Datasets:

namespace-Pt

/

natural-questions-nci

like 1

can't stop the rain biggie and shaq

You Ca n't Stop the Reign

you can't stop the reign

You Ca n't Stop the Reign is the third studio album released by Shaquille O'Neal . It was released on November 19 , 1996 for Interscope Records and featured production from the likes of DJ Quik , Poke and Tone , Mobb Deep , Chris Large , and Easy Mo Bee . The album was moderately successful , making it to # 82 on the Billboard 200 and # 21 on the Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums . Two singles were released , `` Still Ca n't Stop the Reign '' and `` Strait Playin ' '' . The Notorious B.I.G. 's verse from `` Still Ca n't Stop the Reign '' was reused in Michael Jackson 's song `` Unbreakable '' , from his last studio album Invincible .

Track listing ( edit ) `` Shaquille ( Interlude ) '' - : 58 `` You Ca n't Stop the Reign '' - 4 : 43 ( Featuring The Notorious B.I.G. ) Contain a sample of `` You Ca n't Stop The Rain '' by Loose Ends `` D.I.V.A. Radio ( Interlude ) '' - : 55 `` It Was All a Dream '' - 4 : 43 Contain a sample of `` Do n't Do Me This Way '' by Alicia Myers `` No Love Lost '' - 3 : 51 ( Featuring Jay - Z & Lord Tariq ) `` Strait Playin ' '' - 4 : 35 ( Featuring Peter Gunz & DJ Quik ) `` Best to Worst '' - 3 : 58 ( Featuring Peter Gunz ) `` Legal Money '' - 4 : 36 ( Featuring Mobb Deep ) Contain a sample of `` Stop , Look , Listen ( To Your Heart ) '' by Diana Ross and Marvin Gaye `` Edge of Night '' - 4 : 26 ( Featuring Bobby Brown ) Contain a sample of `` In the Air Tonight '' by Phil Collins `` S.H.E. ( Interlude ) '' - : 30 ( Featuring S.H.E. ) `` Let 's Wait a While '' - 4 : 04 Contain a sample of `` Let 's Wait Awhile '' by Janet Jackson `` Can I Play '' - 4 : 24 ( Featuring Peter Gunz ) `` Just Be Good to Me '' - 4 : 32 ( Featuring Alicia Renee ) Contain a sample of `` Just Be Good to Me '' by The S.O.S. Band `` More to Life '' - 4 : 24 ( Featuring Smooth B , Bobby Brown , Ralph Tresvant ) `` Big Dog Stomp '' - 4 : 11 `` Game of Death '' - 4 : 12 ( Featuring Rakim ) Contain a sample of `` Children of the Sun '' by Mandrill `` Outtro ( Interlude ) '' - 1 : 20 ( Featuring Lord Tariq ) `` Player '' - 4 : 15 ( Bonus Track ) Do n't Wanna Be Alone `` - 4 : 01 ( Bonus Track ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stanley , Leo . You Ca n't Stop the Reign at AllMusic Jump up ^ Entertainment Weekly review Shaquille O'Neal Family Shareef O'Neal ( son ) Shaunie O'Neal ( ex-wife ) Music Studio albums Shaq Diesel Shaq Fu : Da Return You Ca n't Stop the Reign Respect Shaquille O'Neal Presents His Superfriends , Vol. 1 Compilation albums The Best of Shaquille O'Neal Singles `` ( I Know I Got ) Skillz '' `` I 'm Outstanding '' `` Shoot Pass Slam '' `` Biological Did n't Bother '' `` No Hook '' `` You Ca n't Stop the Reign '' `` Strait Playin ' '' `` Men of Steel '' `` The Way It 's Goin ' Down '' TV Shaquille Shaq 's Big Challenge Shaq Vs . Shaqtin ' a Fool Upload with Shaquille O'Neal Other Discography Hack - a-Shaq Shaq Fu Shaq -- Kobe feud This 1990s hip hop album -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You_Can%27t_Stop_the_Reign&oldid=852537357 '' Categories : Shaquille O'Neal albums 1996 albums Interscope Records albums Albums produced by DJ Quik Albums produced by Trackmasters Albums produced by Domingo ( producer ) 1990s hip hop album stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 29 July 2018 , at 17 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%20Can%2527t%20Stop%20the%20Reign

one reason the american federation of labor (afl) was successful was that this organization

American Federation of Labor

american federation of labor

The American Federation of Labor ( AFL ) was a national federation of labor unions in the United States founded in Columbus , Ohio , in December 1886 by an alliance of craft unions disaffected from the Knights of Labor , a national labor union . Samuel Gompers of the Cigar Makers ' International Union was elected president at its founding convention and reelected every year , except one , until his death in 1924 . The AFL was the largest union grouping in the United States for the first half of the 20th century , even after the creation of the Congress of Industrial Organizations ( CIO ) by unions which were expelled by the AFL in 1935 over its opposition to industrial unionism . The Federation was founded and dominated by craft unions throughout its first fifty years , after which many craft union affiliates turned to organizing on an industrial union basis to meet the challenge from the Congress of Industrial Organizations ( CIO ) in the 1940s .

In 1955 , the AFL merged with the CIO to create the AFL - CIO , which has comprised the longest lasting and most influential labor federation in the United States to this day . Contents 1 Organizational history 1.1 Origins 1.2 Formation and early years 1.3 Early 20th century 1.3. 1 National Civic Federation 1.3. 2 Canada 1.3. 3 Immigration restriction 1.4 The AFL in World War I , 1914 - 18 1.5 The 1920s 1.6 The New Deal years , 1933 - 38 1.7 World War II until merger , 1939 - 1955 2 Historical problems 2.1 Racism 2.2 Sexism 2.3 Conflicts between affiliated unions 3 Historical achievements 3.1 Organizing and coordination 3.2 Political action 4 Presidents of the American Federation of Labor 5 Affiliated unions and brotherhoods 6 State federations 7 See also 8 Footnotes 9 Bibliography and further reading 9.1 Primary sources 9.2 Secondary sources 9.3 Archives 10 External links Organizational History ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) Terence Powderly , Grand Master Workman of the Knights of Labor , whose refusal to negotiate with craft unions led to formation of the AFL . The American Federation of Labor ( AFL ) organized as an association of trade unions in 1886 . The organization emerged from a dispute with the Knights of Labor ( K of L ) organization , in which the leadership of that organization solicited locals of various craft unions to withdraw from their International organizations and to affiliate with the K of L directly , an action which would have taken funds from the various unions and enriched the K of L 's coffers . The Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions also merged into what would become the American Federation of Labor . One of the organizations embroiled in this controversy was the Cigar Makers ' International Union ( CMIU ) , a group subject to competition from a dual union , a rival `` Progressive Cigarmakers ' Union , '' organized by members suspended or expelled by the CMIU . The two cigar unions competed with one another in signing contracts with various cigar manufacturers , who were at this same time combining themselves into manufacturers ' associations of their own in New York City , Detroit , Cincinnati , Chicago , and Milwaukee . In January 1886 , the Cigar Manufacturers ' Association of New York City attempted to flex its muscle by announcing a 20 percent wage cut in factories around the city . The Cigar Makers ' International Union refused to accept the cut and 6,000 of its members in 19 factories were locked out by the owners . A strike lasting four weeks ensued . Just when it appeared that the strike might be won , the New York District Assembly of the Knights of Labor leaped into the breach , offering to settle with the 19 factories at a lower wage scale than that proposed by the CMIU , so long as only the Progressive Cigarmakers ' Union was employed . The leadership of the CMIU was enraged and demanded that the New York District Assembly be investigated and punished by the national officials of the Knights of Labor . The committee of investigation was controlled by individuals friendly to the New York District Assembly , however , and the latter was exonerated . The American Federation of Labor was thus originally formed as an alliance of craft unions outside the Knights of Labor as a means of defending themselves against this and similar incursions . On April 25 , 1886 , a circular letter was issued by Strasser of the Cigar Makers and P.J. McGuire of the Carpenters , addressed to all national trade unions and calling for their attendance of a conference in Philadelphia on May 18 . The call stated that an element of the Knights of Labor was doing `` malicious work '' and causing `` incalculable mischief by arousing antagonisms and dissensions in the labor movement . '' The call was signed by Strasser and McGuire , along with representatives of the Granite Cutters , the Iron Molders , and the secretary of the Federation of Trades of North America , a forerunner of the AFL founded in 1881 . Forty - three invitations were mailed , which drew the attendance of 20 delegates and letters of approval from 12 other unions . At this preliminary gathering , held in Donaldson Hall on the corner of Broad and Filbert Streets , the K of L was charged with conspiring with anti-union bosses to provide labor at below going union rates and with making use of individuals who had crossed picket lines or defaulted on payment of union dues . The body authored a `` treaty '' to be presented to the forthcoming May 24 , 1886 , convention of the Knights of Labor , which demanded that the K of L cease attempting to organize members of International Unions into its own assemblies without permission of the unions involved and that K of L organizers violating this provision should suffer immediate suspension . For its part , the Knights of Labor considered the demand for the parcelling of the labor movement into narrow craft - based fiefdoms to be anathema , a violation of the principle of solidarity of all workers across craft lines . Negotiations with the dissident craft unions were nipped in the bud by the governing General Assembly of the K of L , however , with the organization 's Grand Master Workman , Terence V. Powderly refusing to enter into serious discussions on the matter . The actions of the New York District Assembly of the K of L were upheld . Formation and early Years ( edit ) Samuel Gompers in the office of the American Federation of Labor , 1887 . Convinced that no accommodation with the leadership of the Knights of Labor was possible , the heads of the five labor organizations which issued the call for the April 1886 conference issued a new call for a convention to be held December 8 , 1886 in Columbus , Ohio in order to construct `` an American federation of alliance of all national and international trade unions . '' Forty - two delegates representing 13 national unions and various other local labor organizations responded to the call , agreeing to form themselves into an American Federation of Labor . Revenue for the new organization was to be raised on the basis of a `` per - capita tax '' of its member organizations , set at the rate of one - half cent per member per month ( i.e. six cents per year ) . Governance of the organization was to be by annual conventions , with one delegate allocated for every 4,000 members of each affiliated union . The founding convention voted to make the President of the new federation a full - time official at a salary of $1,000 per year , and Samuel Gompers of the Cigar Makers ' International Union was elected to the position . Gompers would ultimately be re-elected to the position by annual conventions of the organization for every year save one until his death nearly four decades later . Although the founding convention of the AFL had authorized the establishment of a publication for the new organization , Gompers made use of the existing labor press to generate support for the position of the craft unions against the Knights of Labor . Powerful opinion - makers of the American labor movement such as the Philadelphia Tocsin , Haverhill Labor , the Brooklyn Labor Press , and the Denver Labor Enquirer granted Gompers space in their pages , in which he made the case for the unions against the attacks of employers , `` all too often aided by the K of L . '' Headway was made in the form of endorsement by various local labor bodies . Some assemblies of the K of L supported the Cigar Makers ' position and departed the organization : in Baltimore , 30 locals left the organization , while the membership of the Knights in Chicago fell from 25,000 in 1886 to just 3,500 in 1887 . Factional warfare broke out in the K of L , with Terence Powderly blaming the organization 's travails on `` radicals '' in its ranks , while those opposing Powderly called for an end to what they perceived as `` autocratic leadership . '' In the face of the steady disintegration of its rival , the fledgling American Federation of Labor struggled to maintain itself , with the group showing very slow and incremental growth in its first years , only cracking the 250,000 member mark in 1892 . The group from the outset concentrated upon the income and working conditions of its membership as its almost sole focus . The AFL 's founding convention declaring `` higher wages and a shorter workday '' to be `` preliminary steps toward great and accompanying improvements in the condition of the working people . '' Participation in partisan politics was avoided as inherently divisive , and the group 's constitution was structured to prevent the admission of political parties as affiliates . This fundamentally conservative `` pure and simple '' approach limited the AFL to matters pertaining to working conditions and rates of pay , relegating political goals to its allies in the political sphere . The Federation favored pursuit of workers ' immediate demands rather than challenging the property rights of owners , and took a pragmatic view of politics which favored tactical support for particular politicians over formation of a party devoted to workers ' interests . The AFL 's leadership believed the expansion of the capitalist system was seen as the path to betterment of labor , an orientation making it possible for the AFL to present itself as what one historian has called `` the conservative alternative to working class radicalism . '' Early 20th century ( edit ) Samuel Gompers with John Mitchell of the United Mine Workers of America . The AFL faced its first major reversal when employers launched an open shop movement in 1903 designed to drive unions out of construction , mining , longshore and other industries . Membership in the AFL 's affiliated unions declined between 1904 and 1914 in the face of this concerted anti-union drive , which made effective use of legal injunctions against strikes , court rulings given force when backed with the armed might of the state . At its November 1907 Convention in Norfolk , Virginia the AFL founded the future North America 's Building Trades Unions ( NABTU ) as Department of Building Trades . Ever the pragmatist , Gompers argued that labor should `` reward its friends and punish its enemies '' in both major parties . However , in the 1900s ( decade ) , the two parties began to realign , with the main faction of the Republican Party coming to identify with the interests of banks and manufacturers , while a substantial portion of the rival Democratic Party took a more labor - friendly position . While not precluding its members from belonging to the Socialist Party or working with its members , the AFL traditionally refused to pursue the tactic of independent political action by the workers in the form of the existing Socialist Party or the establishment of a new labor party . After 1908 , the organization 's tie to the Democratic party grew increasingly strong . National Civic Federation ( edit ) Some unions within the AFL helped form and participated in the National Civic Federation . The National Civic Federation was formed by several progressive employers who sought to avoid labor disputes by fostering collective bargaining and `` responsible '' unionism . Labor 's participation in this federation , at first tentative , created internal division within the AFL . Socialists , who believed the only way to help workers was to remove large industry from private ownership , denounced labor 's efforts at cooperation with the capitalists in the National Civic Federation . The AFL nonetheless continued its association with the group , which declined in importance as the decade of the 1910s drew to a close . Canada ( edit ) By the 1890s , Gompers was planning an international federation of labor , starting with the expansion of AFL affiliates in Canada , especially Ontario . He helped the Canadian Trades and Labour Congress with money and organizers , and by 1902 , the AFL came to dominate the Canadian union movement . Immigration restriction ( edit ) 1922 cartoon from the American Federationist . The caption reads : THE UNION MAN 'S BURDEN , Every Organized Worker Carries an Unorganized Worker `` Strapped to His Back '' . The AFL vigorously opposed unrestricted immigration from Europe for moral , cultural , and racial reasons . The issue unified the workers who feared that an influx of new workers would flood the labor market and lower wages . Nativism was not a factor because upwards of half the union members were themselves immigrants or the sons of immigrants from Ireland , Germany and Britain . Nativism was a factor when the AFL even more strenuously opposed all immigration from Asia because it represented ( to its Euro - American members ) an alien culture that could not be assimilated into American society . The AFL intensified its opposition after 1906 and was instrumental in passing immigration restriction bills from the 1890s to the 1920s , such as the 1921 Emergency Quota Act and the Immigration Act of 1924 , and seeing that they were strictly enforced . Mink ( 1986 ) concludes that the link between the AFL and the Democratic Party rested in part on immigration issues , noting the large corporations , which supported the Republicans , wanted more immigration to augment their labor force . The AFL in World War I. , 1914 - 18 ( edit ) Towards the beginning of World War I , the AFL was against prohibition as it was viewed as cultural right of the working class to drink . During World War I , the AFL -- motivated by fear of government repression , and hope of aid ( often in the form of pro-AFL labor policies ) -- had worked out an informal agreement with the United States government , in which the AFL would coordinate with the government both to support the war effort and to join `` into an alliance to crush radical labor groups '' such as the Industrial Workers of the World and Socialist Party of America . The 1920s ( edit ) American Federation of Labor head Samuel Gompers ( right ) endorsed the pro-labor independent Presidential candidate Robert M. La Follette Sr. in 1924 . In the pro-business environment of the 1920s , business launched a large - scale offensive on behalf of the so - called `` open shop '' , which meant that a person did not have to be a union member to be hired . AFL unions lost membership steadily until 1933 . In 1924 , following the death of Samuel Gompers , UMWA member and AFL vice president William Green became the president of the labor federation . The organization endorsed pro-labor progressive Robert M. La Follette Sr. in the 1924 presidential election . He only carried his home state of Wisconsin . The campaign failed to establish a permanent independent party closely connected to the labor movement , however , and thereafter the Federation embraced ever more closely the Democratic Party , despite the fact that many union leaders remained Republicans . Herbert Hoover in 1928 won the votes of many Protestant AFL members . The New deal Years , 1933 - 38 ( edit ) The Great Depression were hard times for the unions , and membership fell sharply across the country . As the national economy began to recover in 1933 , so did union membership . The New Deal of president Franklin D. Roosevelt , a Democrat , strongly favored labor unions . He made sure that relief operations like the Civilian Conservation Corps did not include a training component that would produce skilled workers who would compete with union members in a still glutted market . The major legislation was the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 , called the Wagner Act . It greatly strengthened organized unions , especially by weakening the company unions that many workers belonged to . It was to the members advantage to transform a company union into a local of an AFL union , and thousands did so , dramatically boosting the membership . The Wagner Act also set up to the National Labor Relations Board , which used its powers to rule in favor of unions and against the companies . However , the NLRB was later taken over by leftist elements who favored the CIO over the AFL . In the early 1930s AFL president William Green ( president , 1924 -- 1952 ) experimented with an industrial approach to organizing in the automobile and steel industries . The AFL made forays into industrial unionism by chartering federal labor unions , which would organize across an industry and be chartered by the Federation , not through existing craft unions , guilds , or brotherhoods . As early as 1923 , the AFL had chartered federal labor unions , including six news writer locals that had formerly been part of the International Typographical Union . However , in the 1930s the AFL began chartering these federal labor unions as an industrial organizing strategy . The dues in these federal labor unions ( FLUs ) were kept intentionally low to make them more accessible to low paid industrial workers ; however , these low dues later allowed the Internationals in the Federation to deny members of FLUs voting membership at conventions . In 1933 , Green sent William Collins to Detroit to organize automobile workers into a federal labor union . That same year workers at the Westinghouse plant in East Springfield MA , members of federal labor union 18476 , struck for recognition . In 1933 , the AFL received 1,205 applications for charters for federal labor unions , 1006 of which were granted . By 1934 , the AFL had successfully organized 32,500 autoworkers using the federal labor union model . Most of the leadership of the craft union internationals that made up the federation , advocated for the FLU 's to be absorbed into existing craft union internationals and for these internationals to have supremacy of jurisdiction . At the 1933 AFL convention in Washington , DC John Frey of the Molders and Metal Trades pushed for craft union internationals to have jurisdictional supremacy over the FLU 's ; the Carpenters headed by William Hutchenson and the IBEW also pushed for FLU 's to turn over their members to the authority of the craft internationals between 1933 and 1935 . In 1934 , one hundred FLUs met separately and demanded that the AFL continue to issue charters to unions organizing on an industrial basis independent of the existing craft union internationals . In 1935 the FLUs representing autoworkers and rubber workers both held conventions independent of the craft union internationals . By the 1935 AFL convention , Green and the advocates of traditional craft unionism faced increasing dissension led by John L. Lewis of the coal miners , Sidney Hillman of the Amalgamated , David Dubinsky of the Garment Workers , Charles Howard of the ITU , Thomas McMahon of the Textile Workers , and Max Zaritsky of the Hat , Cap , and Millinery Workers , in addition to the members of the FLU 's themselves . Lewis argued that the AFL was too heavily oriented toward traditional craftsmen , and was overlooking the opportunity to organize millions of semiskilled workers , especially those in industrial factories that made automobiles , rubber , glass and steel . In 1935 Lewis led the dissenting unions in forming a new Congress for Industrial Organization ( CIO ) within the AFL . Both the new CIO industrial unions , and the older AFL crafts unions grew rapidly after 1935 . In 1936 union members enthusiastically supported Roosevelt 's landslide reelection . Proposals for the creation of an independent labor party were rejected . World War II until Merger , 1939 - 1955 ( edit ) The AFL retained close ties to the Democratic machines in big cities through the 1940s . Its membership surged during the war and it held on to most of its new members after wartime legal support for labor was removed . Despite its close connections to many in Congress , the AFL was not able to block the Taft -- Hartley Act in 1947 . In 1955 , the AFL and CIO merged to form the AFL -- CIO , headed by George Meany . Historical problems ( edit ) Racism ( edit ) During its first years , the AFL admitted nearly anyone . Gompers opened the AFL to radical and socialist workers and to some semiskilled and unskilled workers . Women , African Americans , and immigrants joined in small numbers . But by the 1890s , the Federation had begun to organize only skilled workers in craft unions and became an organization of mostly white men . Although the Federation preached a policy of egalitarianism in regard to African American workers , it actively discriminated against black workers . The AFL sanctioned the maintenance of segregated locals within its affiliates -- particularly in the construction and railroad industries -- a practice which often excluded black workers altogether from union membership and thus from employment in organized industries . In 1901 , the AFL lobbied Congress to reauthorize the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act , and issued a pamphlet entitled `` Some reasons for Chinese exclusion . Which shall survive ? '' The AFL also began one of the first organized labor boycotts when they began putting white stickers on the cigars made by unionized white cigar rollers while simultaneously discouraging consumers from purchasing cigars rolled by Chinese workers . Sexism ( edit ) In most ways , the AFL 's treatment of women workers paralleled its policy towards black workers . The AFL never adopted a strict policy of gender exclusion and , at times , even came out in favor of women 's unionism . But despite such rhetoric , the Federation only half - heartedly supported women 's attempts to organize and , more often , took pains to keep women out of unions and the workforce altogether . Only two national unions affiliated with the AFL at its founding openly included women , and others passed by - laws barring women 's membership entirely . The AFL hired its first female organizer , Mary Kenney O'Sullivan , only in 1892 , released her after five months , and it did not replace her or hire another woman national organizer until 1908 . Women who organized their own unions were often turned down in bids to join the Federation , and even women who did join unions found them hostile or intentionally inaccessible . AFL unions often held meetings at night or in bars when women might find it difficult to attend and where they might feel uncomfortable , and male unionists heckled women who tried to speak at meetings . Generally the AFL viewed women workers as competition , as strikebreakers , or as an unskilled labor reserve that kept wages low . As such , the Federation often opposed women 's employment entirely . When it did organize women workers , most often it did so to protect men 's jobs and earning power and not to improve the conditions , lives , or wages of women workers . In response , most women workers remained outside the labor movement . In 1900 , only 3.3 % of working women were organized into unions . In 1910 , even as the AFL surged forward in membership , the number had dipped to 1.5 % . And while it improved to 6.6 % over the next decade , women remained mostly outside of unions and practically invisible inside of them into the mid-1920s . Attitudes gradually changed within the AFL due to the pressure of organized female workers . Female - domination began to emerge in the first two decades of the 20th century , including particularly the International Ladies Garment Workers ' Union . Women organized independent locals among New York hat makers , in the Chicago stockyards , and among Jewish and Italian waist makers , to name only three examples . Through the efforts of middle class reformers and activists , often of the Women 's Trade Union League , these unions joined the AFL . Conflicts between affiliated unions ( edit ) The AFL arbitrated disputes between member unions and enforced its decisions by rescinding charters , when necessary . ( 1919 Cigar Makers ' Union charter certificate . ) From the beginning , unions affiliated with the AFL found themselves in conflict when both unions claimed jurisdiction over the same groups of workers : both the Brewers and Teamsters claimed to represent beer truck drivers , both the Machinists and the International Typographical Union claimed to represent certain printroom employees , and the Machinists and a fledgling union known as the `` Carriage , Wagon and Automobile Workers Union '' sought to organize the same employees -- even though neither union had made any effort to organize or bargain for those employees . In some cases the AFL mediated the dispute , usually favoring the larger or more influential union . The AFL often reversed its jurisdictional rulings over time , as the continuing jurisdictional battles between the Brewers and the Teamsters showed . In other cases the AFL expelled the offending union , as it did in 1913 in the case of the Carriage , Wagon and Automobile Workers Union ( which quickly disappeared ) . These jurisdictional disputes were most frequent in the building trades , where a number of different unions might claim the right to have work assigned to their members . The craft unions in this industry organized their own department within the AFL in 1908 , despite the reservations of Gompers and other leaders about creation of a separate body within the AFL that might function as a federation within a federation . While those fears were partly borne out in practice , as the Building Trades Department did acquire a great deal of practical power gained through resolving jurisdictional disputes between affiliates , the danger that it might serve as the basis for schism never materialized . Affiliates within the AFL formed `` departments '' to help resolve these jurisdictional conflicts and to provide a more effective voice for member unions in given industries . The Metal Trades Department engaged in some organizing of its own , primarily in shipbuilding , where unions such as the Pipefitters , Machinists and Iron Workers joined together through local metal workers ' councils to represent a diverse group of workers . The Railway Employees Department dealt with both jurisdictional disputes between affiliates and pursued a common legislative agenda for all of them . Even that sort of structure did not prevent AFL unions from finding themselves in conflict on political issues . For example , the International Seamen 's Union opposed passage of a law applying to workers engaged in interstate transport that railway unions supported . The AFL bridged these differences on an ad hoc basis . Historical achievements ( edit ) Organizing and coordination ( edit ) The AFL made efforts in its early years to assist its affiliates in organizing : it advanced funds or provided organizers or , in some cases , such as the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers , the Teamsters and the American Federation of Musicians , helped form the union . The AFL also used its influence ( including refusal of charters or expulsion ) to heal splits within affiliated unions , to force separate unions seeking to represent the same or closely related jurisdictions to merge , or to mediate disputes between rival factions where both sides claimed to represent the leadership of an affiliated union . The AFL also chartered `` federal unions '' -- local unions not affiliated with any international union -- in those fields in which no affiliate claimed jurisdiction . The AFL also encouraged the formation of local labor bodies ( known as central labor councils ) in major metropolitan areas in which all of the affiliates could participate . These local labor councils acquired a great deal of influence in some cases . For example , the Chicago Federation of Labor spearheaded efforts to organize packinghouse and steel workers during and immediately after World War I. Local building trades councils also became powerful in some areas . In San Francisco , the local Building Trades Council , led by Carpenters official P.H. McCarthy , not only dominated the local labor council but helped elect McCarthy mayor of San Francisco in 1909 . In a very few cases early in the AFL 's history , state and local bodies defied AFL policy or chose to disaffiliate over policy disputes . Political action ( edit ) Though Gompers had contact with socialists and such as AFL co-founder Peter J. McGuire , the AFL adopted a philosophy of `` business unionism '' that emphasized unions ' contribution to businesses ' profits and national economic growth . The business unionist approach also focused on skilled workers ' immediate job - related interests , while refusing to `` rush to the support of any one of the numerous society - saving or society destroying schemes '' involved in larger political issues . This approach was set by Gompers , who was influenced by a fellow cigar maker ( and former socialist ) Ferdinand Laurrel . Despite his socialist contacts , Gompers himself was not a socialist . In some respects the AFL leadership took a pragmatic view toward politicians , following Gompers ' slogan to `` reward your friends and punish your enemies '' without regard to party affiliation . Over time , after repeated disappointments with the failure of labor 's legislative efforts to protect workers ' rights , which the courts had struck down as unconstitutional , Gompers became almost anti-political , opposing some forms of protective legislation , such as limitations on working hours , because they would detract from the efforts of unions to obtain those same benefits through collective bargaining . The American Federation of Labor Building , a National Historic Landmark , in Washington , D.C. Employers discovered the efficacy of labor injunctions , first used with great effect by the Cleveland administration during the Pullman Strike in 1894 . While the AFL sought to outlaw `` yellow dog contracts , '' to limit the courts ' power to impose `` government by injunction '' and to obtain exemption from the antitrust laws that were being used to criminalize labor organizing , the courts reversed what few legislative successes the labor movement won . The AFL concentrated its political efforts during the last decades of the Gompers administration on securing freedom from state control of unions -- in particular an end to the court 's use of labor injunctions to block the right to organize or strike and the application of the anti-trust laws to criminalize labor 's use of pickets , boycotts and strikes . The AFL thought that it had achieved the latter with the passage of the Clayton Antitrust Act in 1914 -- which Gompers referred to as `` Labor 's Magna Carta '' . But in Duplex Printing Press Co. v. Deering , 254 U.S. 443 ( 1921 ) , the United States Supreme Court narrowly read the Act and codified the federal courts ' existing power to issue injunctions rather than limit it . The court read the phrase `` between an employer and employees '' ( contained in the first paragraph of the Act ) to refer only to cases involving an employer and its own employees , leaving the courts free to punish unions for engaging in sympathy strikes or secondary boycotts . The AFL 's pessimistic attitude towards politics did not , on the other hand , prevent affiliated unions from pursuing their own agendas . Construction unions supported legislation that governed entry of contractors into the industry and protected workers ' rights to pay , rail and mass production industries sought workplace safety legislation , and unions generally agitated for the passage of workers ' compensation statutes . At the same time , the AFL took efforts on behalf of women in supporting protective legislation . It advocated fewer hours for women workers , and based its arguments on assumptions of female weakness . Like efforts to unionize , most support for protective legislation for women came out of a desire to protect men 's jobs . If women 's hours could be limited , reasoned AFL officials , they would infringe less on male employment and earning potential . But the AFL also took more selfless efforts . Even from the 1890s , the AFL declared itself vigorously in favor of women 's suffrage . It often printed pro-suffrage articles in its periodical , and in 1918 , it supported the National Union of Women 's Suffrage . The AFL relaxed its rigid stand against legislation after the death of Gompers . Even so , it remained cautious . Its proposals for unemployment benefits ( made in the late 1920s ) were too modest to have practical value , as the Great Depression soon showed . The impetus for the major federal labor laws of the 1930s came from the New Deal . The enormous growth in union membership came after Congress passed the National Industrial Recovery Act in 1933 and National Labor Relations Act in 1935 . The AFL refused to sanction or participate in the mass strikes led by John L. Lewis of the United Mine Workers and other left unions such as the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America . After the AFL expelled the CIO in 1936 , the CIO undertook a major organizing effort . The AFL responded with its own massive organizing drive that kept its membership totals 50 percent higher than the CIO 's . Presidents of the American Federation of Labor ( edit ) Samuel Gompers , 1886 -- 1894 John McBride , 1894 -- 1895 Samuel Gompers , 1895 -- 1924 William Green , 1924 -- 1952 George Meany , 1952 -- 1955 ( afterwards President of the AFL - CIO ) Affiliated unions and brotherhoods ( edit ) Sources : American Federation of Labor : History , Encyclopedia , Reference Book , pp. 434 -- 446 . American Labor Year Book , 1926 , pp. 85 -- 87 , 103 -- 172 . American Labor Press Directory , pp. 1 -- 11 . Union Date organized Date affiliated 1925 members Comments Asbestos Workers , International Union of Heat and Frost Insulators and 1887 1887 2,400 Journal : Official Journal Actors and Artistes of America , Associated 1919 1919 10,100 Includes : Actors ' Equity Association , American Guild of Musical Artists , American Guild of Variety Artists , Screen Actors Guild . Auto Workers , United 1935 1935 N / A Suspended 1936 due to Communist influence ; helped form CIO . Bakery and Confectionery Workers of America , International Union of 1886 1887 21,800 Started as Journeymen Bakers ' Union . Journal : The Bakers ' Journal . Journeymen Barbers ' International Union of America 1887 1888 48,000 Journal : The Journeyman Barber . Bill Posters and Billers of United States and Canada International Alliance 1902 1903 1,600 Blacksmiths , Drop Forgers and Helpers , International Brotherhood of 1890 1890 5,000 Journal : Blacksmiths Journal . Boilermakers and Iron Shipbuilders , International Brotherhood of 1880 1882 17,100 Two Boilermakers unions amalgamated in 1893 , considered the start date of this union by some . Journal : The Boilermakers and Iron Shipbuilders ' Journal . Bookbinders , International Brotherhood of 1892 1892 13,600 Journal : The International Bookbinder . Boot and Shoe Workers ' Union 1895 1895 36,200 Journal : The Shoe Workers ' Journal . Brewery , Flour , Cereal and Soft Drink Workers of America 1884 1887 16,000 Journal : Brewery , Flour , Cereal and Soft Drink Workers ' Journal . Brick and Clay Workers of America , United 1894 1898 5,000 Journal : Union Clay Worker . Bricklayers ' , Masons and Plasterers ' International Union of America 1865 1916 70,000 Journal : The Bricklayer , Mason and Plasterer . Bridge , Structural and Ornamental Iron Workers , International Association of 1896 1903 16,300 Journal : The Bridgemen 's Magazine . Broom and Whisk Makers ' Union , International 1893 1893 700 Journal : The Broom Maker . Building Service Employees International Union 1921 1921 6,200 Carpenters and Joiners , Amalgamated Association of 1869 1890 N / A AFL charter revoked by 1912 convention for refusing to amalgamate with Brotherhood of Carpenters . Journal : The Carpenter . Carpenters and Joiners of America , United Brotherhood of 1867 1886 317,000 Cigarmakers ' International Union 1864 1887 23,500 Journal : Cigarmakers ' Official Journal . Cloth Hat , Cap and Millinery Workers ' International Union 1901 1902 7,800 Suspended for protracted period in early 1920s for failure to comply with convention decision . Journal : The Headgear Worker . Conductors , Order of Sleeping Car 1918 1919 2,300 Journal : The Sleeping Car Conductor . Coopers ' International Union of North America 1864 1892 1,300 Journal : The Coopers ' International Journal . Cutting Die and Cutter Makers of America , International Union of N / A Suspended for non-payment of dues , 1923 on . Diamond Workers ' Protective Union of America 1910 1912 400 Elastic Goring Weavers , Amalgamated Association of 1894 1894 100 Electrical Workers , International Brotherhood of 1891 1891 142,000 Journal : The Journal of Electrical Workers and Operators . Elevator Constructors , International Union of 1901 1903 8,100 Journal : The Elevator Constructor . Federal Employees , National Federation of 1917 1917 20,200 Disaffiliated from AFL , December 1931 . Journal : Federal Employee . Fire Fighters , International Association of 1918 1918 16,000 Journal : International Fire Fighter . Foundry Employees , International Brotherhood of 1904 1904 3,500 Later amalgamated with the Molders . Fur Workers ' Union of the United States and Canada , International 1913 1913 11,400 Journal : The Fur Worker . Garmernt Workers of America , United 1891 1891 47,500 Journal : The Garment Worker . Glass Bottle Blowers ' Association 1847 1899 6,000 Journal : The Bottle Maker . Glass Workers ' Union , American Flint 1878 1912 5,300 Journal : American Flint . Glass Workers , National Window 1872 1918 2,000 Glove Workers ' Union of America , International 1902 1902 300 Granite Cutters ' International Association 1877 1886 8,500 Journal : Granite Cutters Journal . Hatters of North America , United 1854 1886 11,500 Hod Carriers , Building and Common Laborers ' Union , International 1903 1903 61,500 Now Laborers ' International Union of North America . Horseshoers of United States and Canada , International Union of Journeymen 1874 1893 2,000 Journal : International Horseshoers ' Monthly Magazine . Hotel and Restaurant Employees ' International Alliance and Bartenders ' League of America 1890 1890 38,500 Journal : The Mixer and Server . Iron , Steel and Tin Workers , Amalgamated Association of 1876 1887 11,400 Journal : The Amalgamated Journal . Jewelry Workers ' Union , International 1916 1916 800 Journal : Jewelry Workers ' Monthly Bulletin . Lace Operatives of America , The Chartered Association of N / A Suspended c. 1920 for failure to comply with decisions of convention . Ladies ' Garment Workers Union , International 1900 1900 90,000 Journals : Justice ( English ) ; Gerechtigkeit ( Yiddish ) ; Giustizia ( Italian ) ; Lathers , International Union of Wood , Wire and Metal 1899 1899 8,900 Journal : The Lather . Laundry Workers ' International Union 1900 1900 5,500 Leather Workers ' International Union , United 1896 1896 2,000 Journal : Leather Workers ' Journal . Letter Carriers , National Association of 1889 1917 32,500 Journal : Postal Record . Letter Carriers , National Association of Rural 1919 1919 300 Lithographers of America , Amalgamated 1882 1906 5,300 Journal : Lithographers ' Journal . Longshoremen 's Association , International 1892 1896 31,800 Journal : The Longshoreman . Machinists , International Association of 1888 1895 71,400 Journal : Machinists Monthly Journal . Maintenance of Way Employees , United Brotherhood of 1886 1900 37,400 Journal : Railway Maintenance of Way Employees ' Journal . Marble , Slate and Stone Polishers , Rubbers and Sawyers , Tile and Marble Setters ' Helpers , International Association of 1916 1916 3,200 Marine Engineers ' Beneficial Association , National 1875 N / A Disaffiliated with AFL , 1923 . Masters , Mates and Pilots of America 1897 1914 3,900 Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen , Amalgamated 1897 1897 12,200 Metal Engravers ' International Union 1920 1921 100 Metal Polishers Union of North America , International 1891 1896 6,000 Mine , Mill and Smelter Workers , International Union of 1893 1896 8,500 Journal : The Miners ' Magazine . Mine Workers of America , United 1890 1890 400,000 Journal : United Mine Workers ' Journal . Molders ' Union of America , International 1859 1886 27,500 Later amalgamated with Foundry Employees . Journal : International Molders ' Journal . Musicians , American Federation of 1896 1896 80,000 Journal : International Musician . Office Employees International Union 1942 1945 N / A Oil Field , Gas Well and Refinery Workers of America , International Association of 1919 1919 1,200 Painters , Decorators and Paperhangers of America , Brotherhood of 1887 1887 107,600 Now International Union of Painters and Allied Trades . Journal : The Painter and Decorator . Papermakers , International Brotherhood of 1892 1897 5,000 Journal : Paper Maker Journal . Pattern Makers ' League of North America 1887 1894 7,000 Journal : Pattern Makers Journal . Pavers , Rammersmen , Flag Layers , Bridge and Stone Setters , International Union of 1860 1905 2,000 Paving Cutters ' Union of the United States 1901 1904 2,400 Journal : Paving Cutters ' Journal . Photo - Engravers ' Union of North America , International 1900 1904 7,200 Journal : The American Photo Engraver . Piano , Organ and Musical Instrument Workers ' Union of America , International 1898 1902 600 Plasterers and Cement Finishers ' International Association of the United States and Canada , Operative 1862 1908 30,000 Journal : The Plasterer . Plate Printers ' and Die Stampers ' Union of North America , International 1891 1898 1,200 Amalgamated with Steel and Copper Plate Engravers ' League , late 1925 . Journal : The Plate Printer . Plumbers and Steamfitters of the United States and Canada , United Association of 1889 1897 39,200 Journal : Plumbers , Gas and Steam Fitters ' Journal . Pocketbook Workers of America , International 1923 1925 N / A Journal : International Pocketbook Worker . Postal Employees , National Federation of 1906 1906 23,700 Was National Federation of Postal Employees . Journal : Union Postal Clerk . Potters , National Brotherhood of Operative 1899 1899 8,100 Journal : The Potters ' Herald . Powder and High Explosive Workers , United 1902 1902 200 Print Cutters ' Association of America , International N / A Amalgamated with Timber Workers , 1923 . Printers and Color Mixers of the United States , International Association of Machine N / A Amalgamated with Timber Workers , 1923 . Printing Pressman and Assistants ' Union of North America , International 1889 1890 40,000 Journal : The American Pressman . Pulp , Sulphite and Paper Mill Workers , International Brotherhood of 1906 1909 5,000 Quarry Workers ' International Union of North America 1903 1903 3,000 Journal : Quarry Workers ' Journal . Railroad Carmen , Brotherhood of 1888 1900 125,000 Journal : Railway Carmen 's Journal . Railroad Signalmen of America , Brotherhood of 1908 1914 8,000 Journal : Signalmen 's Journal . Railroad Telegraphers , Order of 1886 1899 39,200 Journal : The Railroad Telegrapher . Railway Clerks , Brotherhood of 1899 1908 91,200 Journal : The Railway Clerk . Railway Mail Association 1898 1917 19,100 Journal : The Railway Post Office . Retail Clerks ' International Protective Association 1890 1891 10,000 Journal : Retail Clerks ' International Advocate . Roofers , United Slate , Tile and Composition + Damp and Waterproof Workers ' Association 1902 1903 3,000 Amalgamated with Slate and Tile Roofers in 1919 . Now United Union of Roofers , Waterproofers and Allied Workers . Sawsmiths ' National Union N / A Apparently defunct from 1924 . Seamen 's International Union of America 1892 1893 16,000 Journal : The Seamen 's Journal . Sheet Metal Workers ' Union , Amalgamated 1888 1890 25,000 Journal : Sheet Metal Workers Journal . Spinners ' Union , International N / A Apparently absorbed through amalgamation or defunct by 1925 . Stage Employees and Moving Picture Machine Operators of the United States and Canada 1893 1894 20,000 Journal : General Bulletin . State , County and Municipal Employees , American Federation of 1932 1936 N / A Stationary Firemen and Oilers , International Brotherhood of 1898 1898 10,000 Journal : Firemen and Oilers Journal . Steam and Operating Engineers , International Union of 1896 1897 25,300 Now International Union of Operating Engineers . Journal : International Steam Engineer . Steam Shovel and Dredgemen , International Brotherhood of 1896 1915 N / A Suspended by AFL in 1920 due to jurisdictional dispute with Steam Engineers . Journal : Steam Shovel and Dredge . Stereotypers and Electrotypers ' Union , International 1902 1902 6,800 Journal : International Stereotypers and Electrotypers ' Union Journal . Stone Cutters ' Association , Journeymen 1853 1907 5,100 Journal : The Stone Cutters Journal . Stove Mounters ' International Union 1892 1894 1,600 Journal : Stove Mounters and Range Workers ' Journal . Street and Electric Railway Employees of America , Amalgamated Association of 1892 1893 101,000 Now Amalgamated Transit Union . Journal : The Motorman and Conductor . Switchmen 's Union of North America 1894 1906 8,900 Journal : The Journal of the Switchmen 's Union of North America . Tailors ' Union of America , Journeymen 1883 1887 9,300 Journal : The Tailor . Teachers , American Federation of 1916 1916 3,500 Journal : American Federation of Teachers Monthly Bulletin . Teamsters , Chauffeurs , Stablemen and Helpers , International Brotherhood of 1899 1899 78,900 Journal : Official Magazine . Technical Engineers ' , Architects ' and Draftsmen 's Unions , International Federation of 1916 1916 600 Telegraphers ' Union of America , Commercial 1902 1902 4,100 Journal : The Commercial Telegraphers ' Journal . Textile Workers of America , United 1901 1901 30,000 Journal : The Textile Worker . Theatrical Press Agents and Managers , Association of 1928 1928 ? Includes : Press Agents and Theatre Managers . Timber Workers , International Union of N / A Disbanded 1923 . Tobacco Workers International Union 1895 1895 1,400 Journal : Tobacco Worker . Transferrers ' Association of America , International Steel Plate N / A Apparently absorbed through amalgamation or defunct by 1925 . Tunnel and Subway Constructors 1910 1910 3,000 Typographical Union , International 1852 1881 71,000 Journals : The Typographical Journal ( English ) ; Buchdrucker - Zeitung ( German ) . Upholsters ' International Union of North America 1882 1892 7,600 Journal : Upholsterers ' Journal . Wall Paper Crafts of North America , United 1923 1923 600 Wire Weavers ' Protective Association , America 1876 1895 400 Wood Carvers ' Association of North America , International 1883 1896 1,000 Journal : The International Woodcarver . State federations ( edit ) Pennsylvania Federation of Labor Texas State Federation of Labor See also ( edit ) Organized labour portal Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions Industrial Workers of the World Knights of Labor Labor federation competition in the United States Labor unions in the United States Western Federation of Miners Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Foner , Phillip S. History of the Labor Movement in the United States : Volume 2 : From the Founding of the AFL to the Emergence of American Imperialism . New York : International Publishers , 1955 ; pp. 132 -- 133 . ^ Jump up to : Foner , History of the Labor Movement in the United States : Volume 2 , pg. 134 . ^ Jump up to : Foner , History of the Labor Movement in the United States : Volume 2 , pg. 135 . Jump up ^ Foner , History of the Labor Movement in the United States : Volume 2 , pp. 135 -- 136 . ^ Jump up to : Foner , History of the Labor Movement in the United States : Volume 2 , pg. 136 . Jump up ^ In addition to noting authorship , in his posthumously - published memoirs Samuel Gompers provides the complete text of the call . See : Gompers , Samuel Seventy Years of Life and Labor : An Autobiography . In two volumes . New York : E.P. Dutton & Co. , 1925 ; vol. 1 , pp. 236 -- 257 . Jump up ^ Gompers , Seventy Years of Life and Labor , vol. 1 , pg. 258 . Jump up ^ Gompers , Seventy Years of Life and Labor , vol. 1 , pg. 257 . ^ Jump up to : Foner , History of the Labor Movement in the United States : Volume 2 , pg. 137 . Jump up ^ Foner , History of the Labor Movement in the United States : Volume 2 , pg. 138 . Jump up ^ Foner , History of the Labor Movement in the United States : Volume 2 , pg. 139 . Jump up ^ History of the Labor Movement in the United States : Volume 2 , pg. 141 . Jump up ^ Foner , History of the Labor Movement in the United States : Volume 2 , pp. 141 -- 142 . ^ Jump up to : Foner , History of the Labor Movement in the United States : Volume 2 , pg. 143 . Jump up ^ Gompers , Seventy Years of Life and Labor , vol. 1 , pg. 275 . Jump up ^ Foner , History of the Labor Movement in the United States : Volume 2 , pg. 160 . Jump up ^ Foner , History of the Labor Movement in the United States : Volume 2 , pg. 164 . Jump up ^ William C. Roberts ( ed . ) , American Federation of Labor : History , Encyclopedia , Reference Book . Washington , DC : American Federation of Labor , 1919 ; pg. 63 . Jump up ^ Roberts , American Federation of Labor : History , Encyclopedia , Reference Book , pg. 6 . Jump up ^ Dubofsky , Melvyn We Shall Be All , Urbana : University of Illinois Press , 2000 ; pp. 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Constitution of NABTU August 2015 , 46 pages Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of Organized Labor and the Democratic Party , Part Two Prairie Fire - The Progressive Voice of the Great Plains '' . www.prairiefirenewspaper.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` archives.nypl.org -- National Civic Federation records '' . archives.nypl.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Robert H. Babcock , Gompers in Canada : A Study in American Continentalism before the First World War ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ Collomp , Catherine `` Unions , Civics , and National Identity , '' Labor History , Fall 1988 , Vol. 29 # 4 pp. 450 -- 74 Jump up ^ A.T. Lane , `` American Trade Unions , Mass Immigration and the Literacy Test : 1900 -- 1917 , '' Labor History , Winter 1984 , Vol. 25 # 1 pp. 5 -- 25 Jump up ^ Gwendolyn Mink , Old Labor and New Immigrants in American Political Development : Union , Party , and State , 1875 -- 1920 ( 1986 ) . Jump up ^ Kazin , Michael ( 1995 ) . The Populist Persuasion . Ithaca and London : Cornell University Press . p. 99 . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 8558 - 4 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Robert Justin ( 2001 ) . Political Repression in Modern America . University of Illinois Press . p. 121 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 06964 - 1 . Jump up ^ Sidney Fine ( 1995 ) . `` Without Blare of Trumpets '' : Walter Drew , The National Erectors ' Association , and the Open Shop Movement , 1903 -- 1957 . University of Michigan Press . p. 203 . Jump up ^ Gary Fink , ed. ( 1984 ) . Biographical Dictionary of American Labor . Greenwood Press . pp. 264 -- 265 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Michael Kazin et al. , eds. ( 2011 ) . The Concise Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History . Princeton University Press . p. 321 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Allan J. Lichtman ( 2000 ) . Prejudice and the Old Politics : The Presidential Election of 1928 . Lexington Books . p. 188 . ^ Jump up to : Irving Bernstein . ( 1969 ) . A History of the American Worker : Turbulent Years . Houghton Mifflin . pp. 94 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Irving Bernstein . ( 1969 ) . A History of the American Worker : Turbulent Years . Houghton Mifflin . pp. 94 -- 95 , 127 . Jump up ^ Irving Bernstein . ( 1969 ) . A History of the American Worker : Turbulent Years . Houghton Mifflin . pp. 94 -- 95 , 627 . Jump up ^ Irving Bernstein . ( 1969 ) . A History of the American Worker : Turbulent Years . Houghton Mifflin . p. 105 . ^ Jump up to : Irving Bernstein . ( 1969 ) . A History of the American Worker : Turbulent Years . Houghton Mifflin . p. 355 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toledo Auto - Lite Strike '' . ufcw324.org . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Irving Bernstein . ( 1969 ) . A History of the American Worker : Turbulent Years . Houghton Mifflin . p. 355,383 -- 396 . Jump up ^ Irving Bernstein . ( 1969 ) . A History of the American Worker : Turbulent Years . Houghton Mifflin . p. 359 . Jump up ^ Irving Bernstein . ( 1969 ) . A History of the American Worker : Turbulent Years . Houghton Mifflin . p. 382 . Jump up ^ Irving Bernstein . ( 1969 ) . A History of the American Worker : Turbulent Years . Houghton Mifflin . pp. 386 -- 398 . Jump up ^ The Social Economic Foundation , A Labor Party for the United States . New York : The Social Economic Foundation , 1936 . Jump up ^ `` American Federation of Labor - Ohio History Central '' . www.ohiohistorycentral.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` George Meany AFL - CIO '' . aflcio.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Michael K. Honey , Southern labor and Black civil rights ( 1993 ) p 149 Jump up ^ Herman , Arthur . Freedom 's Forge : How American Business Produced Victory in World War II , pp. 296 - 302 , Random House , New York , NY . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6964 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ernest Obadele - Starks , Black Unionism in the Industrial South ( 2001 ) p 13 Jump up ^ Philip F. Rubio , A history of affirmative action , 1619 -- 2000 ( 2001 ) p. 69 Jump up ^ Phillip Foner , Women and the American Labor Movement from Colonial Times to the Eve of World War I. New York : The Free Press , 1979 ; pg. 214 . Jump up ^ Alice Kessler - Harris , `` Where Are the Organized Women Workers ? '' Feminist Studies , vol. 3 , no . 1 . ( Autumn , 1975 ) , pg. 96 . Jump up ^ Foner , Women and the American Labor Movement , pp. 304 -- 340 . Jump up ^ Gompers , Samuel ( 1919 ) . `` The Philosophy of Trade Unionism '' . In Robbins , Hayes . Labor and the Common Welfare . New York : E.P. Dutton & Company . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Gompers , Samuel ( 1919 ) . `` Organized Labor 's Challenge '' . In Robbins , Hayes . Labor and the Common Welfare . New York : E.P. Dutton & Company . p. 190 . Jump up ^ `` American Federation Of Labor < Labor In America - The Trade Unions ' Role < Economy 1991 < American History From Revolution To Reconstruction and beyond '' . www.let.rug.nl . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Alice Kessler - Harris , Out to Work : A History of Wage Earning Women in the United States . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1982 ; pp. 200 -- 202 . Bibliography and further reading ( edit ) Primary sources ( edit ) American Federation of Labor . Some Reasons for Chinese Exclusion . Meat vs. Rice . American Manhood against Asiatic Coolieism . Which Shall Survive ? Washington , D.C. : American Federation of Labor , 1901 . Gompers , Samuel . American Labor and the War . New York : George H. Doran Co. , n.d. ( 1918 ) . Gompers , Samuel . Labor and the Employer . New York : E.P. Dutton & Co. , 1920 . Gompers , Samuel . Seventy Years of Life and Labor : An Autobiography . In two volumes . New York : E.P. Dutton & Co. , 1925 . The Samuel Gompers Papers . Currently published in 11 volumes , coverage to 1921 . Urbana : University of Illinois Press , 1991 -- 2009 . Secondary sources ( edit ) Arnesen , Eric , ed . Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working - Class History ( 2006 ) , 2064pp ; 650 articles by experts excerpt and text search Baker , Jay N. `` The American Federation of Labor '' ( 1912 ) https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/785647 Beik , Millie , ed . Labor Relations : Major Issues in American History ( 2005 ) over 100 annotated primary documents excerpt and text search Boris , Eileen , Nelson Lichtenstein , and Thomas Paterson . Major Problems In The History Of American Workers : Documents and Essays ( 2002 ) Brody , David . In Labor 's Cause : Main Themes on the History of the American Worker ( 1993 ) excerpt and text search Brooks , George W. ; Derber , Milton ; McCabe , David A. ; and Taft , Philip ( eds . ) , Interpreting the Labor Movement . Madison : Industrial Relations Research Association , 1952 . Browne , Waldo Ralph . What 's what in the Labor Movement : A Dictionary of Labor Affairs and Labor ( 1921 ) 577pp ; encyclopedia of labor terms , organizations and history . complete text online Commons , John R , et al. History of Labour in the United States . esp . Vol. 2 : 1860 -- 1896 ( 1918 ) ; Vol. 4 : Labor Movements , 1896 -- 1932 ( 1935 ) . Currarino , Rosanne . `` The Politics of ' More ' : The Labor Question and the Idea of Economic Liberty in Industrial America . '' Journal of American History . vol. 93 , no . 1 ( June 2006 ) . Dubofsky , Melvyn , and Foster Rhea Dulles . Labor in America : A History ( 2004 ) , textbook Dubofsky , Melvyn , and Warren Van Tine , eds . Labor Leaders in America ( 1987 ) biographies of key leaders , written by scholars excerpt and text search Foner , Philip S. History of the Labor Movement in the United States . In 10 volumes . New York : International Publishers , 1947 -- 1994 ; Vol. 2 : From the Founding of the American Federation of Labor to the Emergence of American Imperialism ( 1955 ) ; Vol. 3 : The Policies and Practices of the American Federation of Labor , 1900 -- 1909 ( 1964 ) ; Vol. 5 : The AFL in the Progressive Era , 1910 -- 1915 ( 1980 ) ; Vol. 6 : On the Eve of America 's Entrance into World War I , 1915 -- 1916 ( 1982 ) ; Vol. 7 : Labor and World War I , 1914 -- 1918 ( 1987 ) ; Vol. 8 : Post-war Struggles , 1918 -- 1920 ( 1988 ) . a view from the Left that is hostile to Gompers Galenson , Walter . The CIO Challenge to the AFL : A History of the American Labor Movement , 1935 -- 1941 ( 1960 ) online edition Greene , Julie . Pure and Simple Politics : The American Federation of Labor and Political Activism , 1881 -- 1917 ( 1998 ) online edition Karson , Marc . American Labor Unions and Politics , 1900 -- 1918 . Carbondale , IL : Southern Illinois University Press , 1958 . Kersten , Andrew . Labor 's Home Front : The American Federation of Labor during World War II ( 2006 ) excerpt and text search Lichtenstein , Nelson . State of the Union : A Century of American Labor ( 2003 ) excerpt and text search Livesay , Harold C. Samuel Gompers and Organized Labor in America ( 1993 ) , short biography McCartin , Joseph A. Labor 's Great War : The Struggle for Industrial Democracy and the Origins of Modern American Labor Relations , 1912 -- 21 . Chapel Hill : The University of North Carolina Press , 1997 . Mandel , Bernard . Samuel Gompers : A Biography ( 1963 ) online edition Mink , Gwendolyn. Old Labor and New Immigrants in American Political Development : Union , Party , and State , 1875 -- 1920 ( 1986 ) Orth , Samuel Peter . The Armies of Labor : A Chronicle of the Organized Wage - Earners . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press , 1919 . Roberts , William C. ( ed . ) , American Federation of Labor : History , Encyclopedia , Reference Book . Washington , DC : American Federation of Labor , 1919 . Taft , Philip . The A.F. of L. in the Time of Gompers . New York : Harper & Brothers , 1957 . Taft , Philip . The A.F. of L. from the Death of Gompers to the Merger . New York : Harper & Brothers , 1959 . Archives ( edit ) Washington State Federation of Labor Records . 1901 -- 1967 . 45.44 cubic feet ( including 2 microfilm reels , 1 package , and 1 vertical file ) . Harry E.B. Ault Papers. 1899 -- 1956 . 5.46 cubic feet ( 13 boxes ) . At the Labor Archives of Washington , University of Washington Libraries Special Collections . Leo F. Flynn Papers. 1944 -- 1967 . 0.5 linear feet . Contains records from Flynn 's service as an organizer for the American Federation of Labor from 1938 to 1956 . George E. Rennar Papers. 1933 -- 1972 . 37.43 cubic feet . Contains ephemera on the American Federation of Labor . AFL - CIO Archives Guide to Collections . University of Maryland , Labor History Collection , Special Collection and University Archives . Office of President Records , on page 1 , contains multiple collections with material on Samuel Gompers and the American Federation of Labor . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of a 1905 New International Encyclopedia article about American Federation of Labor . Unions of the AFL - CIO , List and links to current AFL - CIO affiliated unions . aflcio.org Guide to the Samuel Gompers Papers . University of Maryland , History Department research project . Bibliography of the Samuel Gompers Papers . University of Maryland , History Department research project . Introductory Summary of AFL History , Lexis - Nexis . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Federation_of_Labor&oldid=854043923 '' Categories : Trade unions established in 1886 1886 establishments in the United States 1886 establishments in Ohio Trade unions disestablished in 1955 American Federation of Labor AFL -- CIO Defunct trade unions in the United States History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) Pittsburgh Labor History Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from December 2011 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית 日本 語 Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 15 : 44 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Federation%20of%20Labor

amarchand and mangal das & suresh a shroff

Amarchand & Mangaldas & Suresh a Shroff & Co

amarchand & mangaldas & suresh a shroff & co

Amarchand & Mangaldas & Suresh A Shroff & Co or AMSS in short , was the largest law firm in India with headquarters in Delhi and Mumbai . It had offices in 8 cities , namely New Delhi , Mumbai , Bengaluru , Ahmedabad , Hyderabad , Kolkata , Chennai and Pune . In 2013 , the firm had nearly 600 lawyers including 85 partners . The firm split into two different law firms in May 2015 - Cyril Amarchand Mangaldas and Shardul Amarchand Mangaldas .

Contents 1 Founding 2 Partnership Structure 3 Change of Reign 4 Notable Partners 5 Awards Founding ( edit ) AMSS was started in 1917 by Amarchand Shroff , the grandfather of Shardul S. Shroff and Cyril Shroff , who are the present Managing Partners . They took charge in 1994 after the death of their father , Suresh . Although Shardul was 39 and Cyril 35 , they were easily accepted as the firm 's future . They had been part of the practice for around a decade and it was a small operation of 25 - 30 lawyers . The firm serves some of the largest corporations and financial institutions domestically and internationally , including clients such as Vedanta Resources , Reliance Industries , GMR Group and Morgan Stanley . It has received national and international acclaim for successful representation of its clients before legal institutions and government agencies , winning advocacy in litigation , and guiding business transactions . In addition , members of the firm regularly participate in several legal reforms committees and policy initiatives of the Government of India . The firm 's clientele includes several leading Indian and international business houses , transnational corporations and financial institutions . Partnership structure ( edit ) Most of the firm 's equity was held by the Shroff family -- Cyril , Shardul and their respective wives , Vandana and Pallavi , who are also practising senior partners in the firm , and family matriarch Bharati Shroff . The rest of the profits are shared with 18 non-family equity partners in a modified lockstep model . Partners on the seven - stage ladder accrue points over time , subject to satisfying the requirements to pass two `` gateways '' at three years and five years . We trained our lawyers on financial statements and basics of accounting , we cross staffed across teams ( such as real estate , M&A , private equity etc . ) . These steps helped us to be first off the blocks , '' Cyril Shroff on the business development and associate management fronts . Change of reign ( edit ) In 1980 elder son of Suresh Shroff , Shardul Shroff took over the charge of the Delhi office . Suresh Shroff died in 1994 . Cyril Shroff , younger son of Suresh Shroff , took over the Mumbai office in 1995 . Following the death of the matriarch Bharati Shroff , the Shroff brothers had a public fallout due to ownership disputes . Their mother had willed her entire partnership interest to Shardul Shroff , contrary to the family framework agreement . ( 1 ) Following directions of the Bombay High Court and several rounds of mediation , the firm was split between the two brothers . The firm run by Cyril Shroff came into existence on 11 May 2015 and was named as Cyril Amarchand Mangaldas . The firm run by Shardul Shroff also came into existence on 11 May 2015 and was named as Shardul Amarchand Mangaldas & Co . Notable Partners ( edit ) Shardul Shroff - Managing Partner ( Delhi ) Cyril Shroff - Managing Partner ( Mumbai ) Pallavi Shroff - Senior Partner ( Delhi ) Vandana Shroff - Senior Partner ( Mumbai ) S.H. Bhojani - Senior Partner ( Mumbai ) L. Viswanathan - Senior Partner ( Mumbai ) Gunjan Shah - Senior Partner ( Delhi ) Akila Agrawal - Senior Partner ( Delhi ) Kalpataru Tripathy - Senior Partner ( Delhi ) Jatin Aneja - Senior Partner ( Delhi ) Dorothy Thomas - Partner and Head , Chennai Office Reeba Chacko - Partner ( Bangalore ) . Pankaj Agarwal - Partner and Head , Ahmedabad Office . Ranjan Negi - Partner , New Delhi Awards ( edit ) Bloomberg : No. 1 legal advisor ALB : Indian Deal Firm of the Year 2012 Legal Era Magazine : Best Law firm of the Year 2012 IBLJ : Best Overall Law Firm 2011 for the 3rd consecutive year & India Law Firm of the Year in 12 practice areas IFLR Asialaw awards 2012 : National Law Firm of the Year Ranked as the ' Top Law Firm in India ' on quality , reputation and capability at RSG Top 40 Firm Rankings 2010 . References Jump up ^ Dey , Sudipto ( 6 May 2015 ) . `` Lawyers see pay hikes ahead of Amarchand Mangaldas split '' . Business Standard . Retrieved 7 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Amarchand opens Ahmedabad '' . Retrieved April 2012 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Amarchand drives expansion plans with new office in Ahmedabad '' . Bar and Bench . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Amarchand launches Chennai office with 8 lawyers ; Looking to expand to nearly 40 lawyers within 4 years '' . Bar and Bench . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 30 . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The end of an era '' . Legally India . 6 May 2015 . Retrieved 7 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The five fundamental differences between India 's top two corporate law firms Amarchand & Mangaldas and AZB Partners '' . The Times Of India . 15 March 2012 . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Amarchand & Mangaldas & Suresh A Shroff & Co : Asialaw firm highlights '' . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Amarchand & Mangaldas & Suresh A Shroff & Co '' . Legal Era . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 24 . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Ganz , Kian ( 17 February 2012 ) . `` India 's biggest law firm prepares for next stage of evolution '' . Live Mint . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cyril Shroff Managing Partner Mumbai & National Capital Market head Amarchand '' . barandbench . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` India 's Biggest In Law , Amarchand Mangaldas '' . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Ganz , Kian ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` www.livemint.com/Companies/ZDcSquacgFaUIrOnk8iZDN/New-realities-for-Cyril-Shroff.html '' . LiveMint . LiveMint . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Law firm Shardul Amarchand Mangaldas starts operations '' . Business Standard . Press Trust of India . 11 May 2015 . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full list of Amarchand partners '' , Legally India Jump up ^ `` Amarchand Mangaldas receives Indian Law Firm of the Year 2012 in the Who 's Who Legal Awards 2012 '' . Legal Era . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 12 . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amarchand_%26_Mangaldas_%26_Suresh_A_Shroff_%26_Co&oldid=864027963 '' Categories : Law firms of India Law firms established in 1917 1917 establishments in India Law firms disestablished in 2015 2015 disestablishments in India Defunct law firms of India Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 October 2018 , at 17 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarchand%20%2526%20Mangaldas%20%2526%20Suresh%20A%20Shroff%20%2526%20Co

who does kristen schaal voice in adventure time

Television Year Title Role Notes 2000 Ntune : The Life of a Boyband Melissa Colby Short 2001 -- 02 The Education of Max Bickford Valerie Holmes 3 episodes Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Abby Episode : `` Brotherhood '' 2005 Cheap Seats : Without Ron Parker Emily Episode : `` Dog Show / World Beard and Mustache Championship '' 2006 Conviction Allie Rubinoff Episode : `` Madness '' Ugly Betty Nancy Episode : `` Pilot '' Six Degrees Gail 2 episodes Freak Show Various ( voice ) 7 episodes 2007 Scott Bateman Presents Various ( voice ) 2 episodes Law & Order : Criminal Intent Alana Binder Episode : `` 30 '' Human Giant Girl in Doritos Commercial Episode : `` Lil 9 - 11 '' Mad Men Nannette Episode : `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' How I Met Your Mother Laura Girard Episode : `` The Platinum Rule '' 2007 -- 09 Flight of the Conchords Mel 21 episodes 2008 Aqua Teen Hunger Force Tammy Tangerine ( voice ) Episode : `` Bible Fruit '' The Whitest Kids U'Know Homeless Woman Episode : `` 2.9 '' 2009 Xavier : Renegade Angel Various ( voice ) Episode : `` Going Normal '' Snake ' n ' Bacon The Green Fairy Episode : `` Pilot '' Comedy Showcase Tourist Episode : `` The Increasingly Poor Decisions of Todd Margaret '' Modern Family Whitney Episode : `` Fifteen Percent '' Comedy Lab Penelope Episode : `` Penelope Princess of Pets '' Fact Checkers Unit Paula Episode : `` One Groundhog Day Dog '' Scared Shrekless Sugar the Gingerbread Girl ( voice ) Short 2010 -- 15 WordGirl Victoria Best ( voice ) 5 episodes 2011 The Simpsons Taffy ( voice ) Episode : `` Homer Scissorhands '' The Penguins of Madagascar Muffy / Buffy / Fluffy ( voice ) Episode : `` Operation : Neighbor Swap '' Soul Quest Overdrive Tammy ( voice ) 5 episodes The Heart , She Holler Hershe Heartshe 6 episodes 2011 -- 12 American Dad ! Librarian / Girl ( voices ) 2 episodes 2011 -- present Bob 's Burgers Louise Belcher ( voice ) Lead role 2012 The Daily Show Mrs. Blomstein Episode : `` Seth MacFarlane '' 2012 -- 13 30 Rock Hazel Wassername 11 episodes 2012 -- 14 Adventure Time Jake Jr. ( voice ) 4 episodes 2012 -- 16 Gravity Falls Mabel Pines ( voice ) Lead role 2013 Archer Tiffy ( voice ) 2 episodes Wilfred Anne 4 episodes NTSF : SD : SUV : : Deborah Episode : `` Trading Faces '' Toy Story of Terror Trixie ( voice ) Short 2013 -- 16 Comedy Bang ! Bang ! Gina Guppies Episode : `` Jessica Alba Wears a Jacket with Patent Leather Pumps '' 2014 The Hotwives of Orlando Amanda Simmons Series regular Glee Mary Halloran Episode : `` The Untitled Rachel Berry Project '' Toy Story That Time Forgot Trixie ( voice ) Short 2014 -- 17 BoJack Horseman Sarah Lynn / Various ( voices ) 11 episodes Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Character Voice - Over Performance 2015 Axe Cop God ( voice ) Episode : `` Axe Cop Saves God '' The Hotwives of Las Vegas Amanda Simmons Episode : `` Old Friends , New Enemies '' 2015 -- present The Last Man on Earth Carol Pilbasian Main role 2016 Wander Over Yonder Mavis ( voice ) Episode : `` The Cartoon '' Brad Neely 's Harg Nallin ' Sclopio Peepio Various ( voice ) Episode : `` For Sarandon '' Great Minds with Dan Harmon Amelia Earhart Episode : `` Amelia Earhart '' Transformers : Rescue Bots Chickadee ( voice ) Episode : `` Camp Cody '' 2020 Sprucia & Gilli Jamie Some episodes

Jake Jr.

Kristen Schaal

kristen schaal

Kristen Joy Schaal ( / ʃɑːl / ; born January 24 , 1978 ) is an American actress , voice artist , comedian and writer best known for current roles as Louise Belcher in Bob 's Burgers ( since 2011 ) and Carol in The Last Man on Earth ( since 2015 ) , as well as for playing Mel in Flight of the Conchords , the over-sexed nurse Hurshe Heartshe on The Heart , She Holler and Mabel Pines in Gravity Falls .

She also provides several voices for BoJack Horseman , most notably for the character of Sarah Lynn , for which she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Character Voice - Over Performance . Other roles include Amanda Simmons on The Hotwives of Orlando , Hazel Wassername on 30 Rock , Victoria Best on WordGirl , Trixie in Toy Story 3 and Anne on Wilfred . She was also an occasional commentator on The Daily Show from 2008 to 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Live comedy 2.2 Film , TV and radio 2.3 Books 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Schaal was born in Longmont , Colorado , to a Lutheran family of Dutch ancestry . She was raised on her family 's cattle ranch , in a rural area near Boulder . Her father is a construction worker and her mother is a secretary . She has a brother , David , who is three years older . She graduated from Northwestern University and then moved to New York in 2000 to pursue a comedy career . In 2005 , she had her first break when she was included in New York magazine 's article `` The Ten Funniest New Yorkers You 've Never Heard Of '' . Career ( edit ) Schaal and comedy partner Kurt Braunohler onstage in 2010 Live Comedy ( edit ) In 2006 , Schaal performed at the 2006 HBO US Comedy Arts Festival in Aspen , where she won the award for `` Best Alternative Comedian '' . She was also the winner of the second annual Andy Kaufman Award ( hosted by the New York Comedy Festival ) , Best Female Stand - up at the 2006 Nightlife Awards in New York City , and `` Best Female Stand Up Comedian '' at the 2007 ECNY Awards . At the 2008 Melbourne International Comedy Festival , she won the Barry Award for her show Kristen Schaal As You Have Probably Never Seen Her Before , tying with Nina Conti . Also in 2006 , Schaal appeared on the first season of the Comedy Central show Live at Gotham . She co-hosts the weekly variety show Hot Tub in Los Angeles , which was voted `` Best Variety Show of 2005 '' by Time - Out New York 's readers poll . She also performs at the Peoples Improv Theater on the improv team , `` Big Black Car '' , which was awarded best improv troupe of 2005 at the Emerging Comics of New York Awards . She is a founding member of the theatre company The Striking Viking Story Pirates , which adapts stories by children into sketches and songs . Schaal performed live at the Edinburgh Fringe 2007 in Scotland , where she was one of six acts ( chosen from over two hundred American productions at the Fringe ) requested to perform at the US Consul General - sponsored `` Fringe USA '' Showcase . On her return to the Edinburgh Fringe Festival in August 2008 , Schaal was nominated for the If. comedy award for Kristen Schaal And Kurt Braunohler : Double Down Hearts . Schaal has also performed at the Royal Albert Hall , London , as part of The Secret Policeman 's Ball 2008 in aid of Amnesty International , and at the Bonnaroo 2009 music festival . In 2010 , Schaal appeared as a stand - up comic on John Oliver 's New York Stand Up Show and at the Solid Sound Festival at the Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art . Film , TV and Radio ( edit ) Schaal at the Brooklyn Book Festival ( 2010 ) Schaal appeared on HBO 's Flight of the Conchords as the stalker - fan Mel , a role which earned her an EWwy nomination for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series in 2009 . She was also a credited consultant and writer for Season 11 of South Park , appeared on the BBC 's Never Mind the Buzzcocks and played the boss in Fuse 's mockumentary The Intern . She made her first appearance as a `` special commentator '' on Comedy Central 's The Daily Show on March 13 , 2008 , often presented in recurring appearances as its news team 's `` Senior Women 's Issues Correspondent '' . On April 13 , 2008 , she made an appearance on Good News Week during the Melbourne International Comedy Festival and in October 2008 she appeared in Amnesty International 's The Secret Policeman 's Ball 2008 . Her other film and television credits include Kate and Leopold , Aqua Teen Hunger Force , Snake ' n ' Bacon , Norbit , Get Him to the Greek , Conviction , Cheap Seats , Freak Show , Cirque du Freak : The Vampire 's Assistant , Adam and Steve , The Goods : Live Hard , Sell Hard , Delirious , Australian show Good News Week , Law & Order : Special Victims Unit , Law & Order : Criminal Intent , The Education of Max Bickford , Comedy Central 's Contest Searchlight , Ugly Betty , How I Met Your Mother , MTV 's Human Giant and Mad Men . She was also a contributor to the sketch / music series The Nighttime Clap on the Fuse music network . She also appeared on Fuse 's original comedy series The P.A. Schaal appeared in two TV pilots written and directed by Jersey City comedian Dan McNamara -- The Calderons and Redeeming Rainbow , both of which were screened as official selections at the 2006 and 2007 New York Television Festivals . She was also in television commercials for Wendy 's , RadioShack , and Starburst . She made an appearance , in April 2008 , on the IFC sketch comedy show The Whitest Kids U ' Know . On April 3 , 2009 she taped an episode of Comedy Central Presents . In 2010 , she added her voice to the PBS Kids GO ! series WordGirl as Victoria Best , a child prodigy whose parents taught her to be the best at everything that she does . Schaal voiced 13 - year - old Mabel Pines on Disney Channel 's hit TV series Gravity Falls . She currently voices the character Louise on the FOX Network series Bob 's Burgers . She also stars in A.D. Miles ' MyDamnChannel.com series Horrible People . In October 2008 , Schaal appeared in an episode of Spicks and Specks . On June 10 , 2009 , Schaal broadcast her first radio show , High Five ! ! , on Sirius XM Radio 's ' RawDog ' channel with co-host Kurt Braunohler . She played Gertha Teeth in the 2009 movie The Vampire 's Assistant . Schaal stars in her own web series , Penelope Princess of Pets , one episode of which doubled as the video for the New Pornographers ' `` Mutiny , I Promise You '' . She voiced Trixie the Triceratops in Toy Story 3 and Pumpkin Witch and Palace Witch in Shrek Forever After . She was also in the music video for Joey Ramone 's `` New York City '' . She also guest starred in the Modern Family episode `` Fifteen Percent '' , as well as the music video for `` Conversation 16 '' by The National . Schaal guest starred on the MC Frontalot album Solved . She was featured with Kurt Braunohler on the Radiolab episode `` Loops '' . Schaal was in a commercial for the Xperia Play version of Minecraft . Schaal guest starred on The Simpsons May 8 , 2011 episode `` Homer Scissorhands '' in which she plays Taffy , a love interest of Milhouse . She is incorrectly listed in the credits as `` Kristen Schall '' . This prompted Simpsons writers to issue her a unique apology on the next week 's episode in which Bart 's chalkboard joke in the intro to the show states `` It 's Kristen Schaal , not Kristen Schall . '' Schaal also appeared in a music video for `` Weird Al '' Yankovic 's 2014 song `` Tacky '' , a parody of Pharrell Williams 's `` Happy '' . In 2013 , Schaal guest starred in the two part episode `` Sea Tunt '' of Archer , lending her voice to a character named Tiffy . In 2014 , Schaal co-starred alongside Casey Wilson , Danielle Schneider , Tymberlee Hill , Andrea Savage , and Angela Kinsey in the first season of the Hulu original series The Hotwives of Orlando . She is currently co-starring alongside Will Forte in the FOX comedy The Last Man on Earth , which premiered on March 1 , 2015 . Schaal also voices the character Sarah Lynn in the Netflix original animated series BoJack Horseman . In 2017 , she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Character Voice - Over Performance for her performance as Sarah Lynn . Schaal appears in A Walk in the Woods ( 2015 ) as hiker Mary Ellen . Books ( edit ) Schaal wrote a book of humor , The Sexy Book of Sexy Sex , with her husband , former Daily Show writer Rich Blomquist . It was published in July 2010 by Chronicle Books . She originally intended for them to write the book under pseudonyms , `` because I do n't want anyone to imagine me doing those things , '' but realized it would be harder to promote the book without using their real names . Personal life ( edit ) Schaal has been married to Daily Show staff writer Rich Blomquist since 2012 . On February 12 , 2018 , Schaal announced on Instagram that she had given birth to their first child , a daughter named Ruby . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes Kate & Leopold Miss Tree Poster Boy Bookstore Lady # 14 2005 Adam & Steve Ruth 2006 Delirious Joelle 2007 Norbit Event Organizer 2009 The Goods : Live Hard , Sell Hard Stewardess Stacey Cirque du Freak : The Vampire 's Assistant Gertha Teeth When in Rome Ilona Valentine 's Day Ms. Gilroy Shrek Forever After Pumpkin / Palace Witch Voice Get Him to the Greek Production Assistant Toy Story 3 Trixie The Blue Triceratops Voice Dinner for Schmucks Susana Going the Distance Female Bartender 2011 Butter Carol - Ann Stevenson Hawaiian Vacation Trixie Triceratops Voice , short film The Muppets Moderator 2012 Sleepwalk with Me Cynthia 2013 Despicable Me 2 Shannon Voice Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 Barb Welcome to the Jungle Brenda 2015 A Walk in the Woods Mary Ellen 2016 Donald Trump 's The Art of the Deal : The Movie Gloria / Deborah Voice The Boss Sandy Haim 2017 All Nighter Roberta Literally , Right Before Aaron Talula Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie Edith Voice Austin Found Nancy 2018 Boundaries JoJo Jaconi 2019 Toy Story 4 Trixie the Triceratops Voice , in production Television Year Title Role Notes 2000 Ntune : The Life of a Boyband Melissa Colby Short 2001 -- 02 The Education of Max Bickford Valerie Holmes 3 episodes Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Abby Episode : `` Brotherhood '' 2005 Cheap Seats : Without Ron Parker Emily Episode : `` Dog Show / World Beard and Mustache Championship '' 2006 Conviction Allie Rubinoff Episode : `` Madness '' Ugly Betty Nancy Episode : `` Pilot '' Six Degrees Gail 2 episodes Freak Show Various ( voice ) 7 episodes 2007 Scott Bateman Presents Various ( voice ) 2 episodes Law & Order : Criminal Intent Alana Binder Episode : `` 30 '' Human Giant Girl in Doritos Commercial Episode : `` Lil 9 - 11 '' Mad Men Nannette Episode : `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' How I Met Your Mother Laura Girard Episode : `` The Platinum Rule '' 2007 -- 09 Flight of the Conchords Mel 21 episodes 2008 Aqua Teen Hunger Force Tammy Tangerine ( voice ) Episode : `` Bible Fruit '' The Whitest Kids U'Know Homeless Woman Episode : `` 2.9 '' 2009 Xavier : Renegade Angel Various ( voice ) Episode : `` Going Normal '' Snake ' n ' Bacon The Green Fairy Episode : `` Pilot '' Comedy Showcase Tourist Episode : `` The Increasingly Poor Decisions of Todd Margaret '' Modern Family Whitney Episode : `` Fifteen Percent '' Comedy Lab Penelope Episode : `` Penelope Princess of Pets '' Fact Checkers Unit Paula Episode : `` One Groundhog Day Dog '' Scared Shrekless Sugar the Gingerbread Girl ( voice ) Short 2010 -- 15 WordGirl Victoria Best ( voice ) 5 episodes 2011 The Simpsons Taffy ( voice ) Episode : `` Homer Scissorhands '' The Penguins of Madagascar Muffy / Buffy / Fluffy ( voice ) Episode : `` Operation : Neighbor Swap '' Soul Quest Overdrive Tammy ( voice ) 5 episodes The Heart , She Holler Hershe Heartshe 6 episodes 2011 -- 12 American Dad ! Librarian / Girl ( voices ) 2 episodes 2011 -- present Bob 's Burgers Louise Belcher ( voice ) Lead role 2012 The Daily Show Mrs. Blomstein Episode : `` Seth MacFarlane '' 2012 -- 13 30 Rock Hazel Wassername 11 episodes 2012 -- 14 Adventure Time Jake Jr. ( voice ) 4 episodes 2012 -- 16 Gravity Falls Mabel Pines ( voice ) Lead role 2013 Archer Tiffy ( voice ) 2 episodes Wilfred Anne 4 episodes NTSF : SD : SUV : : Deborah Episode : `` Trading Faces '' Toy Story of Terror Trixie ( voice ) Short 2013 -- 16 Comedy Bang ! Bang ! Gina Guppies Episode : `` Jessica Alba Wears a Jacket with Patent Leather Pumps '' 2014 The Hotwives of Orlando Amanda Simmons Series regular Glee Mary Halloran Episode : `` The Untitled Rachel Berry Project '' Toy Story That Time Forgot Trixie ( voice ) Short 2014 -- 17 BoJack Horseman Sarah Lynn / Various ( voices ) 11 episodes Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Character Voice - Over Performance 2015 Axe Cop God ( voice ) Episode : `` Axe Cop Saves God '' The Hotwives of Las Vegas Amanda Simmons Episode : `` Old Friends , New Enemies '' 2015 -- present The Last Man on Earth Carol Pilbasian Main role 2016 Wander Over Yonder Mavis ( voice ) Episode : `` The Cartoon '' Brad Neely 's Harg Nallin ' Sclopio Peepio Various ( voice ) Episode : `` For Sarandon '' Great Minds with Dan Harmon Amelia Earhart Episode : `` Amelia Earhart '' Transformers : Rescue Bots Chickadee ( voice ) Episode : `` Camp Cody '' 2020 Sprucia & Gilli Jamie Some episodes References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Schaal , Kristen ; Blomquist , Rich ( July 28 , 2010 ) . The Sexy Book of Sexy Sex . Chronicle Books . ISBN 978 - 0811871266 . ^ Jump up to : Friedlander , Whitney ( 6 May 2016 ) . `` ' Daily Show 's ' Rich Blomquist Signs Overall with Fox TV '' . Variety . Retrieved 17 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` StarTalk with Neil deGrasse Tyson : The Science of Sex '' . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . The original Dutch pronunciation would be / sxaːl / . ^ Jump up to : Patterson , John ( October 15 , 2010 ) . `` Kristen Schaal : The toast of American comedy '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Kooky Monster '' . The Age . Melbourne . March 23 , 2008 . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Todd , Charlie ( September 26 , 2005 ) . `` The Ten Funniest New Yorkers You 've Never Heard Of '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 4th Annual ECNY Award Winners '' . ECNY Awards . February 10 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kent , Melissa ( April 13 , 2008 ) . `` Top comics grin and share the main prize '' . The Age . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Strachan , Alex ( October 17 , 2009 ) . `` Live at Gotham a Prerequisite for the Big Time '' . Edmonton Journal . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Edinburgh Festival If. comedy award shortlist announced '' . The List . August 20 , 2008 . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` COMEDY CENTRAL ( R ) Gets the New Year Rolling with Laughter ! '' . PR Newswire . Bloomberg . January 5 , 2009 . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Liu , Ed ( June 10 , 2009 ) . `` Scholastic Media Renews `` WordGirl '' for 26 More Episodes `` . ToonZone.net . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brophy - Warren , Jamin ( June 10 , 2009 ) . `` '' Flight of the Conchords '' Meets `` South Park '' on Satellite Radio `` . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kristen Schaal ( COMEDIAN ) '' . The Believer . June 2008 . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chen , David ( October 12 , 2009 ) . `` Lee Unkrich Announces Kristen Schaal and Blake Clark Cast in Toy Story 3 ; Toy Story 3D Double Feature To Stay in Theaters '' . / Film . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kristen Schaal '' . Radiolab . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Quintana , Anna ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Danger Zone : Here Are 11 of the Best Celebrity Guest Stars to Ever Appear on ' Archer ' ! '' . Life & Style . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saraiya , Sonia ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` Archer : `` Sea Tunt : Part I '' `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paskin , Willa ( August 22 , 2014 ) . `` The Longest Face '' . Slate . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Powers , Nicole ( December 10 , 2008 ) . `` Kristen Schaal : Confessions of a Disappointed Hillary Supporter '' . SuicideGirls . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schaal , Kristen ( February 12 , 2018 ) . `` After years of trying and some experimental fertility treatments , Rich and I had a baby ! Everyone meet Ruby ! '' . Instagram . Jump up ^ `` Snake'N'Bacon's Cartoon Cabaret '' . michaelkupperman.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Segments of the book were later animated , first for the Comedy Central show TV Funhouse in early 2001 , then for the Adult Swim pilot Snake'N'Bacon in 2009 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( May 16 , 2011 ) . `` Credit Where It 's Due : A ' Simpsons ' Spelling Lesson '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kristen Schaal . Kristen Schaal on IMDb VIAF : 90569873 LCCN : no2009096111 ISNI : 0000 0000 6294 4462 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kristen_Schaal&oldid=837251922 '' Categories : 1978 births 21st - century American comedians 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Colorado American film actresses American Lutherans American people of Dutch descent American people of German descent American stand - up comedians American television actresses American television writers American voice actresses American women comedians Annie Award winners Living people Northwestern University alumni People from Longmont , Colorado Women television writers Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu تۆرکجه Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Kiswahili Latina Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Occitan Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Tiếng Việt 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 17 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen%20Schaal

when will the next senator from alabama be seated

Jones was sworn into office on January 3 , 2018 , becoming the first Democratic U.S. Senator from Alabama since Howell Heflin 's retirement in 1997 .

January 3 , 2018

United States Senate special election in Alabama , 2017

united states senate special election in alabama, 2017

Jones

50 -- 60 % 60 -- 70 % 70 -- 80 % 80 -- 90 % Moore 40 -- 50 % 50 -- 60 % 60 -- 70 % 70 -- 80 % 80 -- 90 % U.S. Senator before election Luther Strange Republican Elected U.S. Senator Doug Jones Democratic Elections in Alabama Federal government ( show ) Presidential elections 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Presidential primaries Democratic 2008 2016 Republican 2008 2012 United States Senate elections 1962 1980 1986 1990 1992 1998 2002 2008 2014 2016 2020 2022 United States House elections 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 Special elections 1st district , 2013 Senate , 2017 Government of Alabama ( show ) Gubernatorial elections 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1906 1910 1914 1918 1922 1926 1930 1934 1938 1942 1946 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 State elections 2006 2008 2012 2014 2018 Ballot measures ( show ) 2006 Amendment 774 Birmingham ( show ) Mayoral elections 2017 Mobile ( show ) Mayoral 2005 2009 2013 Montgomery ( show ) Mayoral elections 2015 Government A special election for the United States Senate in Alabama took place on December 12 , 2017 , to fill a vacancy in the Senate through the end of the term ending on January 3 , 2021 , arising from the resignation on February 8 , 2017 , of Jeff Sessions to serve as U.S. Attorney General . Democratic candidate Doug Jones defeated Republican candidate Roy Moore by a margin of 21,924 votes ( 1.7 % ) . Jones is the first Democrat to win a U.S. Senate seat in the state since 1992 . On February 9 , 2017 , Governor Robert J. Bentley named Luther Strange , the Attorney General of Alabama , to fill the vacancy until a special election could take place . Bentley controversially scheduled the special election to align with the 2018 general election instead of sooner . When Kay Ivey succeeded Bentley as Governor , she rescheduled the special election for December 12 , 2017 . Jones , a former U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Alabama , won the Democratic primary election . Moore , a former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Alabama , competed with Strange and Mo Brooks in the Republican primary , and Moore advanced with Strange to a runoff . President Donald Trump supported Moore 's opponent Strange during the primary runoff , and almost the whole national Republican establishment wanted Strange to win , including Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell , who made the success of Strange 's candidacy a major priority . Trump 's efforts on behalf of Strange included a rally in Huntsville , Alabama , plus tweeting , and Vice-President Mike Pence also campaigned for Strange . With McConnell 's help , Strange outspent Moore by a margin of 10 - to - 1 . However , Moore won the primary runoff in September 2017 . This was the first time that an incumbent U.S. Senator having active White House support lost a primary since Arlen Specter lost to Joe Sestak in 2010 . In mid-November , multiple women alleged that Moore had made unwanted advances or sexual assaults on them when he was in his early thirties and they were in their teens ( the youngest was 14 at the time ) . As a result of these allegations , many national Republican leaders and office holders called for Moore to withdraw from the special election or withdrew their endorsements of him . However , Donald Trump and many Alabama Republicans reaffirmed their support . At the time of the revelations , it was too late to remove his name from the ballot . Many Republican leaders proposed shifting their support to a write - in candidate such as Strange . Moore has stated that he never engaged in sexual misconduct , although he has not denied that he approached or dated teenagers over the age of 16 while he was in his 30s . Sixteen is the legal age of consent in Alabama . In late November , retired Marine Colonel Lee Busby launched a write - in campaign . At 9 : 23 p.m. CST , the Associated Press called the election for Jones , though Moore refused to concede . Jones is the first Democratic candidate to win a statewide election in Alabama since former Lieutenant Governor Lucy Baxley was elected president of the Alabama Public Service Commission in 2008 . Jones was sworn into office on January 3 , 2018 , becoming the first Democratic U.S. Senator from Alabama since Howell Heflin 's retirement in 1997 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Potential appointees 2 Republican primary 2.1 Campaign 2.2 Candidates 2.2. 1 Nominated 2.2. 2 Eliminated in runoff 2.2. 3 Eliminated in primary 2.2. 4 Withdrew 2.2. 5 Declined 2.3 Endorsements 2.4 First round 2.4. 1 Polling 2.4. 2 Results 2.5 Runoff 2.5. 1 Debates 2.5. 2 Averages 2.5. 3 Polling 2.5. 4 Results 3 Democratic primary 3.1 Candidates 3.1. 1 Nominated 3.1. 2 Eliminated in primary 3.1. 3 Withdrew 3.1. 4 Declined 3.2 Endorsements 3.3 Polling 3.4 Results 4 Independents and write - in candidates 4.1 Candidates 4.1. 1 Declared 4.1. 2 Declined 5 General election 5.1 Controversies 5.2 Debates 5.3 Predictions 5.4 Candidates 5.4. 1 On ballot 5.4. 2 Write - in 5.5 Endorsements 5.6 Polling 5.7 Results 5.8 Results by county 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) Potential appointees ( edit ) Following then - President - elect Donald Trump 's nomination of then - Senator Sessions to be U.S. Attorney General , Robert Aderholt , a member of the United States House of Representatives , had asked to be appointed to the seat . Representative Mo Brooks had also expressed interest in the seat , while Strange had stated before being selected that he would run for the seat in the special election whether or not he was appointed . Other potential choices Bentley interviewed for the appointment included Moore , Del Marsh , the President Pro Tem of the Alabama Senate , and Jim Byard , the director of the Alabama Department of Economic and Community Affairs . Republican primary ( edit ) Campaign ( edit ) The Republican primary attracted national attention , especially following Trump 's endorsement of incumbent Senator Luther Strange . Strange was backed by several key figures within the Republican establishment , most notably Mitch McConnell . His two main rivals in the primary consisted of former state judge Roy Moore and Mo Brooks . While Strange showed no signs of losing the first round of the primary , almost every opinion poll showed him trailing Roy Moore in a runoff . Strange came in second place in the first round of the primary behind Roy Moore , securing a spot in the runoff . National interest in the race dramatically increased in the month before the runoff . Strange maintained his endorsement from Trump , who campaigned for him in Huntsville during the closing days of the campaign . Trump 's endorsement of Strange sparked criticism among his own base , many of whom preferred Moore and detested Strange for his seemingly establishment feel . Several notable people close to Trump broke from the President to endorse Moore , including HUD Secretary Ben Carson and Breitbart Executive Chairman Steve Bannon . Despite the endorsement of Trump , Strange was handily defeated by Roy Moore in the runoff . Candidates ( edit ) Nominated ( edit ) Roy Moore , former Chief Justice of the Alabama Supreme Court and candidate for Governor in 2006 and 2010 Eliminated in runoff ( edit ) Luther Strange , incumbent U.S. Senator ( appointed ) and former Attorney General of Alabama Eliminated in primary ( edit ) James Beretta , physician Joseph F. Breault , Air Force chaplain and nominee for the Utah House of Representatives in 2016 Randy Brinson , gastroenterologist and activist Mo Brooks , U.S. Representative Dom Gentile , businessman Karen Jackson , attorney and perennial candidate Mary Maxwell , candidate for NH - 02 in 2006 Bryan Peeples , businessman Trip Pittman , State Senator Withdrew ( edit ) Ed Henry , State Representative ( withdrew from race on May 17 ) . Declined ( edit ) Robert Aderholt , U.S. Representative Slade Blackwell , State Senator Bradley Byrne , U.S. Representative Bill Hightower , State Senator Perry O. Hooper Jr. , former State Representative Mary Scott Hunter , member of the Alabama State Board of Education Del Marsh , President Pro Tempore of the State Senate Jonathan McConnell , businessman and candidate for the U.S. Senate in 2016 John Merrill , Secretary of State of Alabama Glenn Murdock , Associate Justice of the Alabama Supreme Court Gary Palmer , U.S. Representative Jimmy Rane , businessman Martha Roby , U.S. Representative Mike Rogers , U.S. Representative Connie Rowe , State Representative Cam Ward , State Senator Jim Zeigler , Alabama State Auditor Endorsements ( edit ) ( show ) Roy Moore U.S. Cabinet officials Ben Carson , United States Housing and Urban Development Secretary , Director of Department of Neurosurgery at Johns Hopkins Hospital ( 1984 -- 2013 ) , presidential candidate in 2016 Former U.S. Senators Tom Coburn , former U.S. Senator from Oklahoma , 2005 -- 2015 U.S. Representatives Andy Biggs , member of the United States House of Representatives from Arizona 's 5th congressional district Mo Brooks , member of the United States House of Representatives from Alabama 's 5th congressional district and former US Senate candidate Jody Hice , member of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia 's 10th congressional district Jim Jordan , member of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio 's 4th congressional district Steve King , member of the United States House of Representatives from Iowa 's 4th congressional district Thomas Massie , member of the United States House of Representatives from Kentucky 's 4th congressional district Mark Meadows , member of the United States House of Representatives from North Carolina 's 11th congressional district and Chairman of the House Freedom Caucus Former U.S. Representatives Paul Broun , former member of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia 's 10th congressional district Joe Walsh , former member of the United States House of Representatives from Illinois 's 8th congressional district Governors Fob James , 48th Governor of Alabama Statewide officials Ken Cuccinelli , 46th Attorney General of Virginia , former Virginia State Senator , and Republican nominee for Governor of Virginia in 2013 Jim Zeigler , current State Auditor of Alabama State Senators Bill Armistead , former State Senator and former Chair of the Alabama Republican Party Trip Pittman of Montrose , former US Senate candidate Larry Stutts of Sheffield Tom Whatley of Auburn State Representatives Mike Ball of Madison K.L. Brown of Jacksonville Lynn Greer of Rogersville Tommy Hanes of Scottsboro Ed Henry of Hartselle , chairman of Donald Trump 's Alabama campaign . Mike Holmes of Wetumpka Becky Nordgren of Gadsden Ritchie Whorton of Scottsboro Rich Wingo of Tuscaloosa Randy Wood of Anniston Other individuals Steve Bannon , former White House Chief Strategist , executive chairman of Breitbart News Brent Bozell , conservative writer and founder of the Media Research Center Ann Coulter , conservative commentator Steve Deace , Conservative writer for The Washington Times Erick Erickson , conservative blogger and former member of the Macon City Council Nigel Farage , chair of Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy , Member of the European Parliament for South East England , and former chair and leader of the UK Independence Party Paul Gottfried , paleoconservative philosopher , historian and columnist Franklin Graham , Christian evangelist and missionary Laura Ingraham , conservative talk radio host Tim James , businessman , candidate for Governor of Alabama in 2002 and 2010 . Alan Keyes , former Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs under Ronald Reagan , and Republican candidate for President of the United States in 1996 , 2000 , and 2008 Mark Levin , conservative talk radio host Chuck Norris , American martial artist , actor , film producer and screenwriter Phil Robertson , American businessman and reality television star Roger Stone , political consultant , lobbyist , and strategist Richard Viguerie , American conservative figure , political writer Chuck Woolery , game show host , talk show host , and musician Siran Stacy , football player Organizations Coalition of African American Pastors Courageous Conservatives PAC Gun Owners of America National Association for Gun Rights Senate Conservatives Fund ( show ) Luther Strange U.S. President Donald Trump , 45th President of the United States U.S. Vice President Mike Pence , 48th Vice President of the United States U.S. Senators Mitch McConnell , US Senate Majority Leader ( R - KY ) Richard Shelby , United States Senator ( R - AL ) Former State Representatives Perry O. Hooper Jr. , former State Representative Organizations National Rifle Association National Right to Life ( show ) Mo Brooks U.S. Representatives Mark Meadows , U.S. Representative ( R - NC ) and Chairman of the House Freedom Caucus Lamar S. Smith , U.S. Representative ( R - TX ) Mike Rogers , U.S. Representative ( R - AL ) State representatives Ed Henry , State Representative , chairman of Donald Trump 's Alabama campaign . Other individuals Mark Levin , conservative talk radio host Sean Hannity , conservative talk radio host and host of Hannity Laura Ingraham , conservative talk radio host Ann Coulter , conservative commentator Organizations Courageous Conservatives PAC Senate Conservatives Fund FreedomWorks Gun Owners of America Students for Trump First round ( edit ) Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error James Beretta Joseph Breault Randy Brinson Mo Brooks Mary Maxwell Roy Moore Bryan Peeples Trip Pittman Luther Strange Undecided Trafalgar Group ( R ) August 13 -- 14 , 2017 870 ± 3.3 % 1 % 1 % 6 % 17 % 1 % 38 % 1 % 6 % 24 % 5 % Emerson College August 10 -- 12 , 2017 373 ± 5.0 % 1 % 0 % 0 % 15 % 0 % 29 % 0 % 10 % 32 % 11 % Trafalgar Group ( R ) August 8 -- 10 , 2017 1,439 ± 2.6 % 1 % 1 % 4 % 20 % 2 % 35 % 1 % 6 % 23 % 8 % Cygnal August 8 -- 9 , 2017 502 ± 4.4 % -- -- 2 % 18 % -- 31 % -- 7 % 23 % 13 % Strategy Research August 7 , 2017 2,000 ± 2.0 % 1 % 1 % 1 % 19 % 4 % 35 % 1 % 9 % 29 % 0 % JMC Analytics ( R ) August 5 -- 6 , 2017 500 ± 4.4 % -- -- 2 % 19 % -- 30 % -- 6 % 22 % 17 % RRH Elections ( R ) July 31 -- August 3 , 2017 426 ± 5.0 % -- -- 2 % 18 % -- 31 % -- 8 % 29 % 11 % Strategy Research July 24 , 2017 3,000 ± 2.0 % 1 % 1 % 2 % 16 % 5 % 33 % 2 % 5 % 35 % -- Cygnal July 20 -- 21 , 2017 500 ± 2.0 % -- -- -- 16 % -- 26 % -- -- 33 % -- Results ( edit ) Republican primary results Party Candidate Votes % Republican Roy Moore 164,524 38.9 % Republican Luther Strange ( incumbent ) 138,971 32.8 % Republican Mo Brooks 83,287 19.7 % Republican Trip Pittman 29,124 6.9 % Republican Randy Brinson 2,978 0.6 % Republican Bryan Peeples 1,579 0.4 % Republican Mary Maxwell 1,543 0.4 % Republican James Beretta 1,078 0.3 % Republican Dom Gentile 303 0.1 % Republican Joseph Breault 252 0.1 % Total votes 423,282 100.0 % Runoff ( edit ) President Donald Trump supported Moore 's opponent Strange during the primary runoff , and almost the whole national Republican establishment wanted Strange to win . Trump 's efforts on behalf of Strange included a rally in Alabama , plus tweeting . Debates ( edit ) Complete video of debate , September 21 , 2017 Averages ( edit ) Model Moore Strange Spread RealClearPolitics 52.5 % 41.5 % Moore + 11.0 Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Roy Moore Luther Strange Undecided Cygnal September 23 -- 24 , 2017 996 ± 3.1 % 52 % 41 % 7 % Trafalgar Group ( R ) September 23 -- 24 , 2017 1,073 ± 3.0 % 57 % 41 % 2 % Optimus ( R ) September 22 -- 23 , 2017 1,045 ± 2.9 % 55 % 45 % -- Emerson College September 21 -- 23 , 2017 367 ± 5.1 % 50 % 40 % 10 % Gravis Marketing September 21 -- 22 , 2017 559 ± 4.1 % 48 % 40 % 12 % Strategy Research September 20 , 2017 2,000 ± 3.0 % 54 % 46 % -- Strategy Research September 18 , 2017 2,930 ± 3.0 % 53 % 47 % -- JMC Analytics ( R ) September 16 -- 17 , 2017 500 ± 4.4 % 47 % 39 % 14 % Voter Consumer Research ( R - SLF ) September 9 -- 10 , 2017 604 ± 4.0 % 41 % 40 % 19 % Emerson College September 8 -- 9 , 2017 355 ± 5.2 % 40 % 26 % 34 % Strategic National September 6 -- 7 , 2017 800 ± 3.5 % 51 % 35 % 14 % Southeast Research August 29 -- 31 , 2017 401 ± 5.0 % 52 % 36 % 12 % Harper Polling August 24 -- 26 , 2017 600 ± 4.0 % 47 % 45 % 8 % Voter Consumer Research ( R - SLF ) August 21 -- 23 , 2017 601 ± 4.0 % 45 % 41 % 14 % Opinion Savvy August 22 , 2017 494 ± 4.4 % 50 % 32 % 18 % JMC Analytics ( R ) August 17 -- 19 , 2017 515 ± 4.3 % 51 % 32 % 17 % Cygnal August 8 -- 9 , 2017 502 ± 4.4 % 45 % 34 % 11 % RRH Elections ( R ) July 31 -- August 3 , 2017 426 ± 5.0 % 34 % 32 % 34 % ( show ) Hypothetical polling Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Roy Moore Mo Brooks Undecided RRH Elections ( R ) July 31 -- August 3 , 2017 426 ± 5.0 % 43 % 20 % 37 % Results ( edit ) Republican primary runoff results Party Candidate Votes % Republican Roy Moore 262,204 54.6 % Republican Luther Strange ( incumbent ) 218,066 45.4 % Total votes 480,270 100.0 % Results of first round and runoff Moore 30 -- 40 % 40 -- 50 % 50 -- 60 % 60 -- 70 % Strange 30 -- 40 % 40 -- 50 % 50 -- 60 % Brooks 40 -- 50 % 50 -- 60 % Moore 50 -- 60 % 60 -- 70 % 70 -- 80 % Strange 50 -- 60 % Democratic primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Nominated ( edit ) Doug Jones , former United States Attorney for the Northern District of Alabama Eliminated in primary ( edit ) Will Boyd , pastor , former Greenville , Illinois City Councilman , nominee for AL - 05 in 2016 and write - in candidate for the U.S. Senate from Illinois in 2010 Vann Caldwell , Talladega County Constable and perennial candidate Jason Fisher , businessman Michael Hansen , activist and nonprofit executive Robert F. Kennedy Jr. , digital marketing executive for a laboratory supply company ( no relation to the Massachusetts Kennedy family ) Charles Nana , candidate for the U.S. Senate in 2016 Withdrew ( edit ) Ron Crumpton , activist , nominee for the State Senate in 2014 and nominee for the U.S. Senate in 2016 Brian McGee , retired teacher and Vietnam War veteran Declined ( edit ) Roger Bedford , former State Senator and nominee for the U.S. Senate in 1996 Elaine Beech , State Representative Sue Bell Cobb , former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Alabama Chris England , State Representative Craig Ford , State Representative Gary Johnson , minister and political activist Walt Maddox , Mayor of Tuscaloosa Terri Sewell , U.S. Representative Endorsements ( edit ) ( show ) Doug Jones U.S. Vice President Joe Biden , 47th Vice President of the United States U.S. Senator Maggie Hassan , U.S Senator ( D - NH ) U.S. Representatives John Lewis , U.S. Representative ( D - GA ) Tim Ryan , U.S. Representative ( D - OH ) Terri Sewell , U.S. Representative ( D - AL ) Cedric Richmond , U.S. Representative ( D - LA ) , Congressional Black Caucus Chairman Jim Clyburn , U.S. Representative ( D - SC ) , Assistant Minority Leader State figures Patricia Todd , State Representative Christopher J. England , State Representative Omar Neal , Former Tuskegee , Alabama Mayor Newspapers The Washington Post AL.com Other individuals Neera Tanden , president of the Center for American Progress Joe Trippi , Democratic campaign worker and consultant George Will , Author and journalist Organizations Alabama Democratic Conference Communications Workers of America MoveOn.org ( show ) Robert Kennedy Jr . Individual Carl Lewis , Olympic Gold Medalist , University of Houston Track and Field Head Coach Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Will Boyd Vann Caldwell Jason Fisher Michael Hansen Doug Jones Robert Kennedy Jr . Charles Nana Undecided Emerson College August 10 -- 12 , 2017 164 ± 7.6 % 8 % 2 % 1 % 0 % 40 % 23 % 1 % 25 % Strategy Research August 7 , 2017 2,000 ± 2.0 % 9 % 5 % 3 % 7 % 30 % 40 % 5 % -- Strategy Research July 24 , 2017 3,000 ± 2.0 % 6 % 4 % 4 % 4 % 28 % 49 % 5 % -- Results ( edit ) Democratic primary results Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Doug Jones 109,105 66.1 % Democratic Robert Kennedy Jr . 29,215 17.7 % Democratic Michael Hansen 11,105 6.7 % Democratic Will Boyd 8,010 4.9 % Democratic Jason Fisher 3,478 2.1 % Democratic Brian McGee 1,450 0.9 % Democratic Charles Nana 1,404 0.9 % Democratic Vann Caldwell 1,239 0.8 % Total votes 165,006 100.0 % Results Jones 40 -- 50 % 50 -- 60 % 60 -- 70 % 70 -- 80 % 80 -- 90 % 90 -- 100 % Boyd 30 -- 40 % Independents and write - in candidates ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Ron Bishop ( L , write - in ) , Lee Busby ( R , write - in ) , retired Marine colonel Jeff `` Cog '' Coggin ( I , write - in ) , Air Force veteran Chanda Mills Crutcher ( I , write - in ) , minister Eulas Kirtdoll ( I , write - in ) Arlester `` Mack '' McBride ( I , write - in ) Mac Watson ( R , write - in ) Declined ( edit ) Craig Ford , Democratic State Representative General election ( edit ) Controversies ( edit ) Main article : Roy Moore sexual misconduct allegations On November 9 , The Washington Post reported that four women had accused Roy Moore of engaging in sexual conduct with them when they were teenagers and he was an assistant district attorney in his thirties . One of the women was 14 years old at the time , below the legal age of consent . A few days later a fifth woman said that she had received unwanted attention from Moore when she was 15 years old , and that in December 1977 or January 1978 , when she was 16 , Moore sexually assaulted her . Moore denied the allegations . After this , certain Republican leaders and conservative organizations withdrew their endorsements of Moore or asked him to drop out of the campaign . These included Texas Senator Ted Cruz , U.S. Attorney General Jeff Sessions , Ivanka Trump , the National Republican Senatorial Committee , former Republican presidential nominees Mitt Romney and John McCain , Republican Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell , Ohio Governor John Kasich , Utah Senator Mike Lee , Montana Senator Steve Daines , and House Representatives Barbara Comstock , Carlos Curbelo , and Adam Kinzinger , as well as the Young Republican Federation of Alabama . Other conservative websites and organizations such as National Review urged readers not to vote for Moore . Moore continued to receive support from the state party . A week before the election , President Donald Trump strongly endorsed Moore . Following Trump 's endorsement , the RNC reinstated their support for him , and Republican leaders said they would `` let the people of Alabama decide '' whether to elect Moore . At the time of the revelations , it was too close to the election for Moore 's name to be removed from the ballot . Republican officials proposed various ways to promote an alternate Republican candidate . One suggestion was to ask Governor Kay Ivey to delay the special election until 2018 , but Ivey said she had no plans to change the election date . Some Republicans such as Senator Lisa Murkowski floated the prospect of a write - in campaign to elect Luther Strange , with Utah Senator Orrin Hatch actively endorsing a write - in campaign for Strange . However , Strange said it was `` highly unlikely '' that he would run a write - in campaign . Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell proposed Attorney General Jeff Sessions , who formerly held the Senate seat , as a write - in candidate . In late November , Retired Marine Col. Lee Busby launched a write - in campaign stating that he thought there is room for a centrist in the race . Debates ( edit ) Republican nominee Roy Moore refused to debate Democratic nominee Doug Jones . Moore turned down debate invitations extended by the League of Women Voters , WHNT - TV and AL.com . Jones ' campaign said that Jones was `` willing to debate Roy Moore anytime , anywhere '' and accused Moore of `` hiding from the voters , from the media and from his record for weeks . '' Moore and his campaign stated that he refused to debate Jones because their policy positions were already clear to voters and thus there was no need for a formal debate . Predictions ( edit ) Source Ranking As of The Cook Political Report 100 ! Tossup December 7 , 2017 Sabato 's Crystal Ball 100 ! Tossup December 7 , 2017 Rothenberg Political Report 100 ! Tossup December 7 , 2017 Candidates ( edit ) On ballot ( edit ) Roy Moore ( R ) , former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Alabama Doug Jones ( D ) , former United States Attorney for the Northern District of Alabama Write - in ( edit ) Ron Bishop ( L ) Lee Busby ( R ) Jeff `` Cog '' Coggin ( I ) Chanda Mills Crutcher ( I ) Eulas Kirtdoll ( I ) Arlester `` Mack '' McBride ( I ) Mac Watson ( I ) Endorsements ( edit ) ( show ) Doug Jones Former U.S. Executive Branch officials Joe Biden , 47th Vice President of the United States Hillary Clinton , former U.S. Secretary of State and 2016 Democratic presidential nominee Barack Obama , 44th President of the United States U.S. Senators Cory Booker , U.S. Senator from New Jersey Tammy Duckworth , U.S. Senator from Illinois Dick Durbin , U.S. Senate Minority Whip from Illinois Joe Donnelly , U.S. Senator from Indiana Jeff Flake , U.S. Senator from Arizona ( Republican ) Al Franken , U.S. Senator from Minnesota Maggie Hassan , U.S Senator from New Hampshire Kamala Harris , U.S. Senator from California Martin Heinrich , U.S. Senator from New Mexico Tim Kaine , U.S. Senator from Virginia , former 2016 vice presidential nominee Catherine Cortez Masto , U.S. Senator from Nevada Jeff Merkley , U.S. Senator from Oregon Chris Murphy , U.S. Senator from Connecticut Patty Murray U.S. Senator from Washington Brian Schatz , U.S. Senator from Hawaii Chuck Schumer , Senate Minority Leader from New York Jeanne Shaheen , U.S. Senator from New Hampshire Chris Van Hollen , U.S. Senator from Maryland , Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee chairman Elizabeth Warren , U.S. Senator from Massachusetts Sheldon Whitehouse , U.S. Senator from Rhode Island U.S. Representatives Alma Adams , U.S. Representative from North Carolina Karen Bass , U.S. Representative California Joyce Beatty , U.S. Representative from Ohio Sanford Bishop , U.S. Representative from Georgia Anthony G. Brown , U.S. Representative from Maryland G.K. Butterfield , U.S. Representative from North Carolina James Clyburn , U.S. Representative South Carolina , Assistant Minority Leader John Conyers , U.S. Representative from Michigan , Dean Elijah Cummings , U.S. Representative from Maryland Delegate Eleanor Holmes Norton , from the District of Columbia Keith Ellison , U.S. Representative from Minnesota , DNC Vice Chair Marcia Fudge , U.S. Representative from Ohio Tulsi Gabbard , U.S. Representative from Hawaii Al Green , U.S. Representative from Texas David Jolly , former Republican U.S. Representative from Florida Ro Khanna , U.S. Representative from California Barbara Lee , U.S. Representative from California Sheila Jackson Lee , U.S. Representative from Texas John Lewis , U.S. Representative from Georgia Delegate Stacey Plaskett , from the U.S. Virgin Islands Cedric Richmond , U.S. Representative from Louisiana , Congressional Black Caucus Chairman Lisa Blunt Rochester , U.S. Representative from Delaware Tim Ryan , U.S. Representative from Ohio Terri Sewell , U.S. Representative from Alabama Bennie Thompson , U.S. Representative from Mississippi Governors Charlie Baker , 72nd Governor of Massachusetts ( Republican ) Former Governors Deval Patrick , an American politician , civil rights lawyer and businessman who served as the 71st governor of Massachusetts from 2007 to 2015 . Howard Dean , Governor of Vermont 1991 -- 2003 , Democratic National Committee ( DNC ) Chair 2005 -- 2009 Martin O'Malley , Governor of Maryland 2007 -- 2015 , Mayor of Baltimore 1999 -- 2007 State figures Joyce Alene , the U.S. attorney in Birmingham , appointed by Barack Obama . Billy Beasley , Minority Leader of the Alabama Senate Sue Bell Cobb , former Alabama Supreme Court Chief Justice , current candidate for Governor of Alabama Anthony Daniels , Alabama House Minority Leader Artur Davis , former U.S. Representative ( D - AL ) Christopher J. England , State Representative Jason Fisher , former Democratic Candidate for U.S. Senate Parker Griffith , former Alabama congressman and an unsuccessful Democratic nominee for governor in 2014 Robert Harrison , Madison County , Alabama District 6 Commissioner Walt Maddox , Mayor of Tuscaloosa , Alabama , current candidate for Governor of Alabama Renato Mariotti , former federal prosecutor , candidate for Illinois Attorney General . Omar Neal , former Tuskegee , Alabama Mayor Patricia Todd , State Representative Doug Turner , former Republican candidate for the New Mexico gubernatorial election , 2010 Steve Westly , former State Controller and Chief Financial Officer of California Randall Woodfin , Mayor of Birmingham Bob Vance , Circuit Judge in Jefferson County , Alabama Rodger Smitherman , Democratic member of the Alabama Senate , representing the 18th District . Priscilla Dunn , Democratic member of the Alabama Senate , representing the 19th District . Linda Coleman , Democratic member of the Alabama Senate , representing the 20th District . Henry Sanders , Democratic member of the Alabama Senate , representing the 23rd District . Bobby Singleton , Democratic member of the Alabama Senate , representing the 24th District . Vivian Davis Figures , Democratic member of the Alabama Senate , representing the 33rd District and nominee for the U.S. Senate in Alabama in 2014 Marcel Black , Democratic member of the Alabama House of Representatives . representing the 3rd district . Johnny Mack Morrow , Democratic member of the Alabama House of Representatives . representing the 18th district . Laura Hall , Democratic member of the Alabama House of Representatives . representing the 19th district . Craig Ford , Former Minority Leader of the Alabama House of Representatives , currently represents the 28th district . Barbara Boyd , Democratic member of the Alabama House of Representatives . representing the 32nd district . Richard Lindsey , Democratic member of the Alabama House of Representatives . representing the 39th district . Rod Scott , Democratic member of the Alabama House of Representatives . representing the 55th district . Mary Moore , Democratic member of the Alabama House of Representatives . representing the 56th district . Elaine Beech , Democratic member of the Alabama House of Representatives . representing the 65th district . Thad McClammy , Democratic member of the Alabama House of Representatives . representing the 76th district . Alvin Holmes , Democratic member of the Alabama House of Representatives . representing the 78th district . Individuals Uzo Aduba , actress Seth Abramson , attorney , political commentator and professor at the University of New Hampshire John Anzalone , Democratic pollster William Barber II , member of the national board of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) Charles Barkley , former professional basketball player Paul Begala , former adviser to Bill Clinton W. Kamau Bell , stand - up comic and television host . Adam Best , founder of FanSided Donna Brazile , former Acting DNC Chairwoman Maria Cardona , former Senior Advisor to Hillary Clinton James Carville , former aide to Hillary Clinton and Bill Clinton , Fox News contributor Don Cheadle , actor , writer , producer , and director Andrei Cherny , CEO of Aspiration Chelsea Clinton , only child of Bill Clinton and Hillary Clinton Mike Cooley , musician Misha Collins , actor Laverne Cox , actress and advocate Leah D. Daughtry , former chief of staff to Howard Dean and CEO of the 2008 and 2016 Democratic National Convention committees Scott Dworkin , co-founder of The Democrat Coalition Jesse Ferguson , former Deputy National Press Secretary for Hillary Clinton Bonnie Fuller , editor of HollywoodLife.com Constance Hill , CEO of Girls Inc of Central Alabama Jason Isbell , musician Tracy James , longtime Republican , former Jeff Sessions staffer Clara Jeffery , Editor - in - Chief of Mother Jones Michael Kelly , actor Jim Kessler , founder of Third Way ( think tank ) ( Republican ) Jimmy Kimmel , television host and comedian Shaun King , journalist , The Young Turks commentator and civil rights activist Bill Kristol ( Republican ) , editor - in - chief of The Weekly Standard Talia Lavin , writer for the New Yorker William LeGate , entrepreneur , Thiel Fellow , and computer programmer Sean McElwee , policy analyst for Demos Debra Messing , actress Alyssa Milano , American actress , activist , producer and former singer Tim Miller , ( Republican ) former communications director for Jeb Bush 's 2016 presidential campaign Holly O'Reilly , March For Truth organizer Patton Oswalt , stand - up comedian , actor , voice actor and writer Richard Painter , former chief White House ethics lawyer for George W. Bush Adam Parkhomenko , adviser to Hillary Clinton , Founding Partner at The Renegade Group Archie Parnell , Democratic nominee for South Carolina 's 5th congressional district of the U.S. House of Representatives in 2017 Piper Perabo , film and television actress Karine Jean - Pierre , Senior Advisor and National Spokeswoman for MoveOn ; served as the Deputy Campaign Manager to both Barack Obama and Martin O'Malley Joy - Ann Reid , national correspondent at MSNBC Jennifer Rubin , ( Republican ) blogger for The Washington Post Mark Salter , ( Republican ) former chief of staff to John McCain ; has often been referred to as McCain 's `` alter ego '' Symone Sanders , former national press secretary for Bernie Sanders ' 2016 presidential campaign Steve Schmidt ( Republican ) , former Senior Campaign Strategist and Advisor to the John McCain Presidential Campaign . Bakari Sellers , first vice chairman of the South Carolina Democratic Party Samuel Sinyangwe , policy analyst and racial justice activist Topher Spiro , Vice President for Health Policy and senior fellow for Economic Policy at American Progress Michael Skolnik , entrepreneur , film producer , and civil rights activist George Takei , actor , director , author , and activist Neera Tanden , president of the Center for American Progress Channing Tatum , actor Joe Trippi , Democratic campaign worker and consultant Tommy Vietor , former spokesperson for the U.S. National Security Council and Barack Obama Michael Wear , former faith outreach for Barack Obama 's 2012 re-election campaign George F. Will , ( Republican ) columnist for The Washington Post and MSNBC Oliver Willis , Research Fellow at Media Matters for America Keegan - Michael Key , actor , comedian , writer , and producer John Weaver , ( Republican ) chief strategist for Republican Ohio Governor John Kasich ; former advisor to John McCain 's presidential campaigns of 2000 and 2008 , the Democratic Congressional Campaign . Mike Murphy , ( Republican ) political consultant for John McCain , Jeb Bush , John Engler , Tommy Thompson , Spencer Abraham , Christie Whitman , Lamar Alexander , and Arnold Schwarzenegger . George Wallace , an American comedian and actor . Rob Reiner , actor , producer , and activist Carl Reiner , comedian , actor , and writer Kerry Washington , actress and producer . Bellamy Young , actress , singer and producer . Newspapers The Auburn Plainsman , student - run newspaper for Auburn University in Auburn , Alabama The Birmingham News , the principal newspaper for Birmingham , Alabama and the largest newspaper in Alabama The Crimson White , student - run publication of the University of Alabama The Huntsville Times , newspaper serving Huntsville , Alabama and the surrounding areas of north Alabama 's Tennessee Valley region Press - Register , newspaper serving the southwest Alabama counties of Mobile and Baldwin , and Alabama 's oldest newspaper The Washington Post Organizations Alabama Democratic Conference Communications Workers of America Daily Kos Democracy for America End Citizens United Everytown for Gun Safety Human Rights Campaign League of Conservation Voters MoveOn.org NowThis News ( show ) Roy Moore U.S. Executive Branch officials Donald Trump , 45th President of the United States Mike Pence , 48th Vice President of the United States Ben Carson , United States Housing and Urban Development Secretary , Director of Department of Neurosurgery at Johns Hopkins Hospital ( 1984 -- 2013 ) , presidential candidate in 2016 U.S. Senators Tom Coburn , former U.S. Senator from Oklahoma , 2005 -- 2015 John Cornyn , U.S. Senate Majority Whip ( R - TX ) ( Withdrawn ) Ted Cruz , U.S. Senator from Texas ( Withdrawn ) Steve Daines , U.S. Senator from Montana ( Withdrawn ) Mike Lee , U.S. Senator from Utah ( Withdrawn ) Mitch McConnell , U.S. Senate Majority Leader ( R - KY ) ( Withdrawn ) Rand Paul , U.S. Senator from Kentucky U.S. Representatives Robert Aderholt , member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Alabama 's 4th congressional district Andy Biggs , member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Arizona 's 5th congressional district Mo Brooks , member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Alabama 's 5th congressional district and former US Senate candidate Paul Broun , former member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Georgia 's 10th congressional district Bradley Byrne , member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Alabama 's 1st congressional district Jeff Duncan , member of the U.S. House of Representatives from South Carolina 's 3rd congressional district Newt Gingrich ( R - GA ) , former Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives Andy Harris , member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Maryland 's 1st congressional district Jody Hice , member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Georgia 's 10th congressional district ( Withdrawn ) Steve King , member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Iowa 's 4th congressional district Thomas Massie , member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Kentucky 's 4th congressional district Mark Meadows , member of the U.S. House of Representatives from North Carolina 's 11th congressional district and Chairman of the House Freedom Caucus Gary Palmer , member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Alabama 's 6th congressional district Martha Roby , member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Alabama 's 2nd congressional district Mike Rogers , member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Alabama 's 3rd congressional district Joe Walsh , former member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Illinois 's 8th congressional district Statewide office holders Kay Ivey , 54th Governor of Alabama Fob James , 48th Governor of Alabama Twinkle Cavanaugh , President of the Alabama Public Service Commission Ken Cuccinelli , 46th Attorney General of Virginia , former Virginia State Senator , and Republican nominee for Governor of Virginia in 2013 John Merrill , current Alabama Secretary of State Jim Zeigler , current State Auditor of Alabama State Senators Bill Armistead , former State Senator and former Chair of the Alabama Republican Party Gerald Dial , State Senator Larry Grooms , State Senator from South Carolina Bill Hightower of Mobile Del Marsh , President Pro Tempore of the State Senate Trip Pittman of Montrose , former US Senate candidate Larry Stutts of Sheffield Tom Whatley of Auburn State Representatives Will Ainsworth of Guntersville Mike Ball of Madison K.L. Brown of Jacksonville Dickie Drake of Leeds Matt Fridy of Birmingham Lynn Greer of Rogersville Tommy Hanes of Scottsboro Ed Henry of Hartselle , chairman of Donald Trump 's Alabama campaign . Mike Holmes of Wetumpka Mac McCutcheon , Speaker of the Alabama House Arnold Mooney of Birmingham Barry Moore of Enterprise Becky Nordgren of Gadsden Kerry Rich of Guntersville David Sessions of Grand Bay Randall Shedd of Cullman Ritchie Whorton of Scottsboro Jack Williams of Wilmer Rich Wingo of Tuscaloosa Randy Wood of Anniston Sheriffs Ron Abernathy of Tuscaloosa County Blake Dorning of Madison County Todd Entrekin of Etowah County ( Withdrawn ) Bill Franklin of Elmore County Tony Helms of Geneva County Jimmy Kilgore of Talladega County William Maddox of Henry County Dennis Meeks of Covington County Ray Norris of Clarke County Jeff Shaver of Cherokee County Jody Wade of Bibb County Political commentators Brent Bozell , conservative writer and founder of the Media Research Center Mike Cernovich , American alt - lite writer . Ann Coulter , conservative commentator Steve Deace , Conservative writer for The Washington Times Erick Erickson , conservative blogger and former member of the Macon City Council ( Withdrawn ) Sean Hannity , conservative commentator Laura Ingraham , conservative talk radio host Mark Levin , conservative talk radio host Jack Posobiec , pro-Trump internet activist , political commentator and conspiracy theorist . Richard Viguerie , American conservative figure , political writer Religious leaders Chuck Baldwin , politician , radio host , host of `` Chuck Baldwin Live ! '' , founder and former pastor of the Crossroads Baptist Church in Pensacola , current president of Liberty Fellowship in Kalispell , Montana , 2008 Constitution Party presidential candidate , and 2004 Constitution Party vice presidential candidate Gary Bauer , president of American Values Scott Dawson , evangelist James Dobson , President of Focus on the Family and Christian right activist Jerry Falwell Jr. , President of Liberty University Franklin Graham , Christian evangelist and missionary Ralph E. Reed , Jr. , evangelist and candidate for Lieutenant Governor of Georgia in 2006 White nationalists Andrew Anglin , white nationalist , founder and editor of The Daily Stormer David Duke , former Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan , white nationalist , conspiracy theorist , and former Louisiana State Representative William Daniel Johnson , white nationalist and leader of the American Freedom Party . Kevin B. MacDonald , white nationalist , retired professor , conspiracy theorist , and editor of Occidental Observer Robert Warren Ray , white nationalist , writer for The Daily Stormer Paul Nehlen , white nationalist , inventor , Republican candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives in Wisconsin 's 1st congressional district in 2016 and 2018 . Other individuals Steve Bannon , former White House Chief Strategist , executive chairman of Breitbart News Nigel Farage , chair of Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy , Member of the European Parliament for South East England , and former chair and leader of the UK Independence Party Sebastian Gorka , Breitbart columnist and former deputy assistant to US President Donald Trump . Paul Gottfried , paleoconservative philosopher , historian , columnist , and former professor at Elizabethtown College Tim James , businessman , candidate for Governor of Alabama in 2002 and 2010 . Alan Keyes , former Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs under Ronald Reagan , and Republican candidate for President of the United States in 1996 , 2000 , and 2008 Chuck Norris , American martial artist , actor , film producer and screenwriter Phil Robertson , American businessman and reality television star Siran Stacy , retired football player Roger Stone , political consultant , lobbyist , and strategist Frances Taylor , president of the Alabama Federation of Republican Women Kelli Ward , former Arizona State Senator and candidate for U.S. Senate in 2018 Chuck Woolery , game show host , talk show host , and musician Dean Young , former congressional candidate and friend of Roy Moore Organizations American Freedom Party Asian American GOP Coalition Birmingham Young Republicans ( Withdrawn ) Coalition of African American Pastors Courageous Conservatives PAC Gun Owners of America National Association for Gun Rights National Republican Senatorial Committee ( Withdrawn ) National Right to Life Committee National Right to Work PAC Republican National Committee Senate Conservatives Fund The Daily Stormer Tea Party Patriots The Right Stuff Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Roy Moore ( R ) Doug Jones ( D ) Lee Busby ( R ) Other Undecided Change Research December 9 -- 11 , 2017 1,543 ± 2.0 % 51 % 45 % -- -- 4 % SurveyMonkey November 30 -- December 11 , 2017 2,203 ± 4.5 % 47 % 49 % -- -- 4 % Fox News December 7 -- 10 , 2017 1,127 ± 3.0 % 40 % 50 % -- 2 % 8 % Emerson College December 7 -- 9 , 2017 600 ± 3.9 % 53 % 44 % -- 4 % -- Monmouth University December 6 -- 9 , 2017 546 ± 4.2 % 46 % 46 % -- 2 % 6 % Public Policy Polling ( D - Not One Penny ) * December 7 -- 8 , 2017 1,092 -- 46 % 48 % -- -- 6 % Gravis Marketing December 5 -- 8 , 2017 1,254 ± 2.8 % 49 % 45 % -- -- 6 % Trafalgar Group ( R ) December 6 -- 7 , 2017 1,419 ± 3.1 % 51 % 46 % -- 3 % -- Change Research December 5 -- 7 , 2017 2,443 ± 2.0 % 51 % 44 % -- -- 5 % SurveyMonkey November 30 -- December 7 , 2017 1,559 ± 5.5 % 47 % 49 % -- -- 4 % WBRC - TV / Strategy Research December 4 , 2017 3,200 ± 2.0 % 50 % 43 % -- 3 % 4 % Gravis Marketing December 1 -- 3 , 2017 1,276 ± 2.7 % 44 % 48 % -- -- 8 % Emerson College November 30 -- December 2 , 2017 500 ± 4.3 % 49 % 46 % 5 % -- -- CBS News / YouGov November 28 -- December 1 , 2017 1,067 ± 3.8 % 49 % 43 % -- 4 % 4 % Washington Post / Schar School November 27 -- 30 , 2017 739 ± 4.5 % 47 % 50 % -- 3 % -- JMC Analytics ( R ) November 27 -- 28 , 2017 650 ± 3.8 % 49 % 44 % -- 5 % 2 % The Polling Company / National Research Inc ( R ) November 26 -- 28 , 2017 600 ± 4.0 % 46 % 45 % -- -- 9 % Change Research November 26 -- 27 , 2017 1,868 ± 2.3 % 49 % 44 % -- -- 7 % Emerson College November 25 -- 27 , 2017 500 ± 4.3 % 53 % 47 % -- -- -- WBRC - TV / Strategy Research November 20 , 2017 3,000 ± 2.0 % 47 % 45 % -- 3 % 5 % WT&S Consulting ( R ) November 18 -- 20 , 2017 11,641 ± 1.2 % 46 % 40 % -- -- 13 % Change Research November 15 -- 16 , 2017 2,090 -- 43 % 46 % -- -- 11 % The Polling Company / National Research Inc ( R ) November 13 -- 16 , 2017 600 ± 4.0 % 41 % 49 % -- -- 10 % Gravis Marketing November 14 -- 15 , 2017 628 ± 3.5 % 42 % 47 % -- -- 11 % Fox News November 13 -- 15 , 2017 649 ± 3.5 % 42 % 50 % -- 2 % 7 % FOX10 News / Strategy Research November 13 , 2017 3,000 ± 2.0 % 49 % 43 % -- -- 8 % NRSC ( R ) November 12 -- 13 , 2017 500 -- 39 % 51 % -- -- 10 % WT&S Consulting ( R ) November 11 , 2017 1,536 ± 3.3 % 50 % 40 % -- -- 11 % Emerson College November 9 -- 11 , 2017 600 ± 3.9 % 55 % 45 % -- -- -- JMC Analytics ( R ) November 9 -- 11 , 2017 575 ± 4.1 % 44 % 48 % -- 2 % 6 % Change Research November 9 -- 11 , 2017 1,855 -- 44 % 40 % -- 3 % 13 % Gravis Marketing November 10 , 2017 478 ± 4.5 % 48 % 46 % -- -- 6 % WT&S Consulting ( R ) November 9 , 2017 1,354 ± 3.5 % 50 % 39 % -- -- 11 % Opinion Savvy November 9 , 2017 515 ± 4.3 % 46 % 46 % -- 4 % 4 % NRSC ( R ) November 6 -- 7 , 2017 -- -- 51 % 42 % -- -- 8 % WBRC - TV / Strategy Research November 6 , 2017 2,200 ± 2.0 % 51 % 40 % -- -- 9 % Axis Research ( R - SLF ) October 24 -- 26 , 2017 503 ± 4.5 % 56 % 39 % -- -- 5 % FOX10 News / Strategy Research October 19 , 2017 3,000 ± 3.0 % 52 % 41 % -- -- 7 % WBRC - TV / Strategy Research October 16 , 2017 3,000 ± 2.5 % 51 % 40 % -- -- 9 % Fox News October 14 -- 16 , 2017 801 ± 3.5 % 42 % 42 % -- 3 % 11 % NRSC ( R ) October 3 -- 5 , 2017 -- -- 53 % 37 % -- -- 10 % Cygnal / L2 October 2 -- 5 , 2017 497 ± 4.4 % 49 % 41 % -- -- 9 % JMC Analytics ( R ) September 30 -- October 1 , 2017 500 ± 4.4 % 48 % 40 % -- 1 % 11 % Opinion Savvy September 27 -- 28 , 2017 590 ± 4.0 % 50 % 45 % -- -- 5 % Emerson College September 21 -- 23 , 2017 519 ± 4.3 % 52 % 30 % -- -- 18 % Emerson College September 8 -- 9 , 2017 416 ± 4.8 % 44 % 40 % -- -- 16 % * Unpublished poll released on December 15 ( show ) Hypothetical polling with Roy Moore on ballot and Luther Strange as write - in candidate Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Roy Moore ( R ) Doug Jones ( D ) Luther Strange ( R ) Other Undecided Opinion Savvy November 9 , 2017 515 ± 4.3 % 41 % 44 % 12 % 1 % 2 % with Luther Strange on ballot Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Luther Strange ( R ) Doug Jones ( D ) Other Undecided Fox News November 13 -- 15 , 2017 649 LV ± 3.5 % 38 % 48 % 3 % 5 % 823 RV ± 3.0 % 39 % 46 % 3 % 6 % Emerson College September 21 -- 23 , 2017 519 ± 4.3 % 49 % 36 % -- 15 % Emerson College September 8 -- 9 , 2017 416 ± 4.8 % 43 % 40 % -- 17 % with generic Republican / Democrat Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Generic Republican Generic Democrat Undecided Washington Post / Schar School November 27 -- 30 , 2017 739 ± 4.5 % 50 % 44 % 6 % JMC Analytics ( R ) November 27 -- 28 , 2017 650 ± 3.8 % 49 % 46 % 3 % JMC Analytics ( R ) November 9 -- 11 , 2017 575 ± 4.1 % 45 % 47 % 8 % JMC Analytics ( R ) September 30 -- October 1 , 2017 500 ± 4.4 % 49 % 45 % 6 % Results ( edit ) External video Doug Jones election night remarks , December 12 , 2017 , C - SPAN Roy Moore election night remarks , December 12 , 2017 , C - SPAN Jones on stage following his victory Write - in votes by county 1 % > 2 % > 3 % Doug Jones defeated Roy Moore by a margin of 21,924 votes . Voter turnout was 40.54 % of Alabama 's 3,326,812 registered voters . Jones won primarily by running up huge margins in the state 's major cities . The state 's four largest counties -- Jefferson ( home to the state 's largest city of Birmingham ) , Mobile ( home to Mobile ) , Montgomery ( home to the state capital of Montgomery ) and Madison ( home to Huntsville ) -- all gave Jones 56 percent or more of the vote . He carried Jefferson by over 83,800 votes , and Montgomery by almost 30,500 votes ; either county would have been more than enough to give him the victory . Jones also dominated the Black Belt . He took over 96 percent of the black vote , and 61 percent of votes from those under 45 . While Moore dominated the state 's rural areas , he significantly underperformed Trump 's totals in those areas , as well as the suburbs . As of December 15 , Moore demanded a recount and refused to concede the race , despite being urged by Trump , Bannon , and others to do so . If the final margin of victory is less than 0.5 % , then a recount would have been automatically triggered . If not , then either candidate can request a recount at his expense . However , Alabama Secretary of State John Merrill estimates that a recount could cost anywhere from $1 million to $1.5 million , an amount that must be paid in full when the request is made . Moore had only $636,046 on hand by the time the campaign ended . A number of right - leaning websites have pushed conspiracy theories about voter fraud providing the margin for Jones . Merrill noted on December 20 that the only remaining ballots to count are 366 military ballots and 4,967 provisional ballots left to be counted ; even if all those votes were for Moore , the margin would not be sufficient to trigger an automatic recount . Because the number of write - in votes was larger than Jones ' margin of victory , the names written in were both counted and listed . Luther Strange , who lost the Republican primary to Moore , received the most write - in votes , followed by former White House aide Lee Busby , U.S. Rep. Mo Brooks , who also ran in the Republican Senate primary , Libertarian write - in candidate Ron Bishop , Attorney General Jeff Sessions , and Alabama football coach Nick Saban . After the election , Moore filed a lawsuit attempting to block the state from certifying the election and calling for an investigation into voter fraud . On December 28 , 2017 , a judge dismissed this lawsuit and state officials certified the election results , officially declaring Doug Jones the winner . Jones was sworn into office on January 3 , 2018 , by Vice President Mike Pence . Jones became the first Democrat to win a statewide race in Alabama since former Lieutenant Governor Lucy Baxley was elected President of the Alabama Public Service Commission in 2008 over Republican Twinkle Andress Cavanaugh . Prior to that , Democrat Jim Folsom Jr. was elected Lieutenant Governor of Alabama in 2006 over Republican Luther Strange . The last Democrat to win a federal statewide election in Alabama was Richard Shelby in 1992 , who switched to the Republican Party in late 1994 . General election results Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Doug Jones 673,896 49.97 % Republican Roy Moore 651,972 48.34 % Write - in Write - ins 22,852 1.69 % Total votes 1,348,720 100.0 % Democratic gain from Republican Results by county ( edit ) Doug Jones Roy Moore Write - ins Total votes County Votes % Votes % Votes % Turnout % Autauga 5,615 38.38 % 8,762 59.90 % 253 1.73 % 14,630 38.32 % Baldwin 22,261 35.60 % 38,566 61.68 % 1,703 2.72 % 62,530 42.74 % Barbour 3,716 57.53 % 2,702 41.83 % 41 0.63 % 6,459 38.35 % Bibb 1,567 29.95 % 3,599 68.79 % 66 1.26 % 5,232 38.32 % Blount 2,408 16.94 % 11,631 81.80 % 180 1.27 % 14,219 37.45 % Bullock 2,715 80.37 % 656 19.42 % 7 0.21 % 3,378 45.53 % Butler 2,915 51.02 % 2,758 48.27 % 41 0.72 % 5,714 42.36 % Calhoun 12,331 44.04 % 15,238 54.43 % 429 1.53 % 27,998 36.18 % Chambers 4,257 55.75 % 3,312 43.37 % 67 0.88 % 7,636 32.42 % Cherokee 1,529 27.09 % 4,006 70.98 % 109 1.93 % 5,644 33.00 % Chilton 2,306 23.06 % 7,563 75.62 % 132 1.32 % 10,001 35.42 % Choctaw 2,277 53.66 % 1,949 45.93 % 17 0.40 % 4,243 40.10 % Clarke 4,363 51.93 % 3,995 47.55 % 43 0.51 % 8,401 43.96 % Clay 990 27.52 % 2,589 71.96 % 19 0.53 % 3,598 36.92 % Cleburne 600 19.37 % 2,468 79.66 % 30 0.97 % 3,098 29.47 % Coffee 3,730 31.10 % 8,063 67.22 % 202 1.68 % 11,995 36.52 % Colbert 6,881 46.41 % 7,771 52.41 % 171 1.15 % 14,828 37.75 % Conecuh 2,259 55.21 % 1,815 44.35 % 18 0.44 % 4,092 39.84 % Coosa 1,415 42.71 % 1,867 56.39 % 30 0.91 % 3,312 41.42 % Covington 2,107 23.33 % 6,835 75.69 % 88 0.97 % 9,030 35.09 % Crenshaw 1,320 35.46 % 2,347 63.04 % 56 1.50 % 3,725 37.66 % Cullman 4,161 19.73 % 16,609 78.74 % 324 1.54 % 21,094 37.61 % Dale 3,844 35.04 % 6,991 63.72 % 136 1.24 % 10,971 34.87 % Dallas 10,503 74.75 % 3,487 24.82 % 60 0.43 % 14,050 44.88 % DeKalb 3,559 25.62 % 10,097 72.69 % 234 1.68 % 13,890 34.31 % Elmore 7,711 34.33 % 14,415 64.16 % 338 1.50 % 22,464 41.34 % Escambia 3,642 41.78 % 4,987 57.22 % 87 1.00 % 8,716 35.39 % Etowah 10,568 40.34 % 15,730 60.04 % 620 2.37 % 26,918 38.57 % Fayette 1,143 24.39 % 3,491 74.55 % 50 1.07 % 4,684 38.40 % Franklin 1,771 29.34 % 4,216 69.86 % 48 0.80 % 6,035 33.50 % Geneva 1,290 18.92 % 5,433 79.72 % 93 1.37 % 6,816 37.84 % Greene 3,345 87.64 % 462 12.12 % 9 0.24 % 3,816 53.89 % Hale 3,902 69.33 % 1,691 30.11 % 32 0.57 % 5,625 46.26 % Henry 1,899 38.32 % 3,015 60.91 % 38 0.77 % 4,952 39.20 % Houston 9,198 37.81 % 14,846 61.02 % 285 1.17 % 24,329 34.18 % Jackson 3,330 30.82 % 7,317 67.75 % 154 1.43 % 10,801 29.44 % Jefferson 149,759 68.13 % 66,350 30.18 % 3,716 1.69 % 219,825 47.38 % Lamar 779 21.31 % 2,847 77.89 % 29 0.79 % 3,655 34.46 % Lauderdale 9,970 43.02 % 12,818 55.31 % 388 1.67 % 23,176 37.53 % Lawrence 3,033 36.04 % 5,321 63.23 % 61 0.72 % 8,415 35.49 % Lee 19,886 57.61 % 14,059 40.73 % 674 1.95 % 34,519 32.90 % Limestone 9,606 39.19 % 14,298 58.33 % 515 2.10 % 24,514 41.18 % Lowndes 3,783 79.08 % 988 20.65 % 13 0.27 % 4,784 47.14 % Macon 5,783 88.14 % 759 11.56 % 20 0.30 % 6,567 37.70 % Madison 65,997 56.98 % 46,381 40.04 % 3,447 2.98 % 115,825 45.68 % Marengo 4,498 61.11 % 2,805 38.11 % 62 0.84 % 7,361 46.01 % Marion 1,311 19.72 % 5,269 79.25 % 68 1.02 % 6,647 32.82 % Marshall 5,145 26.47 % 13,842 71.21 % 450 2.32 % 19,437 34.22 % Mobile 62,716 56.46 % 46,828 42.15 % 1,546 1.39 % 111,090 38.55 % Monroe 3,266 49.59 % 3,280 49.80 % 40 0.61 % 6,586 40.79 % Montgomery 48,374 72.35 % 17,739 26.53 % 745 1.11 % 66,858 44.05 % Morgan 10,935 35.48 % 19,215 62.34 % 671 2.18 % 30,821 40.28 % Perry 3,140 79.04 % 821 20.68 % 11 0.28 % 3,972 48.70 % Pickens 3,064 50.44 % 2,965 48.81 % 46 0.76 % 6,075 44.18 % Pike 4,015 48.51 % 4,165 50.32 % 97 1.17 % 8,277 37.58 % Randolph 1,695 34.25 % 3,231 65.29 % 23 0.46 % 4,949 29.66 % Russell 6,761 64.77 % 3,622 34.70 % 55 0.53 % 10,438 28.52 % Shelby 27,311 41.71 % 36,455 55.67 % 1,718 2.62 % 65,484 45.63 % St. Clair 6,212 27.43 % 15,889 70.15 % 459 2.03 % 22,560 38.05 % Sumter 3,527 80.91 % 814 18.67 % 18 0.41 % 4,359 43.95 % Talladega 9,977 50.13 % 9,701 48.75 % 223 1.12 % 19,901 37.45 % Tallapoosa 4,605 38.59 % 7,179 60.16 % 150 1.26 % 11,934 40.19 % Tuscaloosa 30,869 57.23 % 22,067 40.91 % 1,007 1.87 % 53,943 40.83 % Walker 4,330 26.20 % 11,938 72.23 % 259 1.57 % 16,527 35.19 % Washington 1,805 34.86 % 3,325 64.21 % 48 0.93 % 5,178 39.78 % Wilcox 3,345 76.74 % 1,000 22.94 % 16 0.37 % 4,359 46.94 % Winston 911 16.10 % 4,681 82.71 % 67 1.18 % 5,659 35.80 % Totals 673,896 49.97 % 651,972 48.34 % 22,852 1.69 % 1,348,720 100.00 % See also ( edit ) United States Senate special election in Massachusetts , 2010 United States Senate elections , 2016 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Unofficial Election Night Result '' . Alabama Secretary of State . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` No special election to replace Sessions ; Bentley says move could save $16 million '' . AL.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Election to Fill the Vacancy of Sen. Jeff Sessions '' , Legislative Reference Service ( February 13 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ `` Governor Ivey Moves US Senate Special Election to Adhere with State Law '' ( Press release ) . Office of the Governor of Alabama . April 18 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bloch , Matthew ; Lee , Jasmine ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Alabama Election Results : Two Republicans Advance , Democrat Wins in U.S. Senate Primaries '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ball , Molly . `` The Alabama Senate Race Gets Moore Strange '' , The Atlantic ( August 16 , 2017 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Sexual misconduct accusations transform Alabama Senate race '' , Associated Press via ABC News ( November 10 , 2017 ) : `` Virtually the entire Republican establishment -- including President Donald Trump -- opposed Moore 's primary bid in September . '' ^ Jump up to : Rogin , Ali . `` Roy Moore defeats Trump - backed Sen. Luther Strange in Alabama GOP primary runoff '' , ABC News ( September 26 , 2017 ) . ^ Jump up to : Scherer , Michael . `` Moore wins Republican Senate primary , dealing blow to GOP establishment '' ( September 27 , 2017 ) : `` He also won despite a last - minute push by Trump for Strange that included a barrage of late tweets and a rally Friday in Alabama . '' Jump up ^ `` Roy Moore beats Trump - backed ' Big Luther ' in Alabama Republican Senate primary '' , The Guardian ( September 17 , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Strauss , Daniel . `` Moore crushes Strange in Alabama Senate primary '' , Politico ( September 26 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Martin , Jonathan and Burns , Alexander . `` Roy Moore Wins Senate G.O.P. Runoff in Alabama '' , The New York Times ( September 26 , 2017 ) : `` Mr. Strange 's defeat was the first time an incumbent senator with active White House support has lost since 2010 , when Arlen Specter , the longtime senator of Pennsylvania , was beaten in a Democratic primary after switching parties . '' ^ Jump up to : McCrummen , Stephanie ; Crites , Alice ; Reinhard , Beth ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Woman says Roy Moore initiated sexual encounter when she was 14 , he was 32 '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tillett , Emily ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` New accuser steps forward in Roy Moore case -- live updates '' . CBS News . Jump up ^ Isenstadt , Alex ; Debenedetti , Gabriel ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` Moore defiant as Senate Republicans sever ties '' . Politico . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Sean ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` Paul Ryan joins GOP calls for Roy Moore to end campaign amid sexual misconduct allegations '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Sean ; Viebeck , Elise ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` McConnell calls on Roy Moore to end Senate campaign following accusations of sexual misconduct '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berenson , Tessa ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` All the Ways Alabama Republicans Are Defending Roy Moore '' . Time . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Jonathan ; Burns , Alexander ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` Republicans Try to Block Moore 's Path as Candidate Denies Sexual Misconduct '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Deidre . `` Alabama Rep. Bradley Byrne says he 'll vote for Roy Moore '' , CNN ( November 16 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Bethea , Charles ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Locals Were Troubled by Roy Moore 's Interactions with Teen Girls at the Gadsden Mall '' . The New Yorker . ISSN 0028 - 792X . Lyman , Brian ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` Roy Moore denies sexual misconduct allegations '' . Montgomery Adviser . ^ Jump up to : Scherer , Michael ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` Retired Marine colonel to launch Senate write - in campaign in Alabama '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chandler , Kim ; Peoples , Steve ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Jones wins in stunning Alabama upset '' . Associated Press . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Sean ; Weigel , David ; Fahrenthold , David A. ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Doug Jones declared victor in Alabama race for Senate ; Roy Moore may seek recount '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lyman , Brian . `` Former Alabama Lt. Gov. Lucy Baxley dies at 78 '' . Montgomery Advertiser . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Doug Jones swearing - in : Watch live as Senate seats new Alabama member '' . Al.com . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sessions ' Nomination Sets Off Political Jockeying for Alabama Senate Seat '' . Roll Call . November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Who Might Replace Sessions ? '' . Roll Call . November 16 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama AG Luther Strange to Run for Sessions Senate Seat '' . The Weekly Standard . November 22 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Governor Near Decision on Sessions Replacement '' . The Daily Progress . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Primary Results '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` At rally for Sen. Luther Strange , Trump vents frustrations in rambling speech '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Runoff Results '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cason , Mike ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Roy Moore announces run for US senate : Alabama chief justice challenging Luther Strange '' . AL.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sharp , John ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` All eyes on ' Big ' Luther Strange as Alabama looks to fill Jeff Sessions ' Senate seat '' . al.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gore , Leada ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Alabama Senate race updated list : 11 Republicans , 8 Democrats qualify '' . AL.com . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Koplowitz , Howard ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Senate candidate Joseph Breault keeping a low profile '' . AL.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lyman , Brian ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` Christian Coalition head Randy Brinson makes Senate bid '' . Montgomery Advertiser . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GOP Rep. Brooks enters Alabama Senate race '' . The Hill . May 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . `` Brooks Announces Primary Challenge to Strange '' . Rollcall.com . May 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Poe , Kelly ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` Hoover businessman Dom Gentile announces run for U.S. Senate seat '' . AL.com . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Koplowitz , Howard ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Senate candidate Dom Gentile drops out of race , endorses Mo Brooks '' . AL.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Koplowitz , Howard ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Senate special election hopeful withdraws ; candidates shrink to 18 '' . AL.com . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 U.S. Senate Special Election Info '' . Alabama Republican Party . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maxwell , Mary W. ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` A New Legislator on the Horizon ? '' . Gumshoe News . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gore , Leada ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Birmingham businessman Bryan Peeples running for U.S. Senate seat '' . AL.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sharp , John ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Alabama State Senator Trip Pittman announces run for U.S. Senate '' . AL.com . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sell , Mary ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Henry says he 'll run for US Senate seat '' . Decatur Daily . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Edgemon , Erin ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Henry says he will not run for U.S. Senate '' . AL.com . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aderholt not running for Senate seat '' . Decatur Daily . April 29 , 2017 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gore , Leada ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Who will challenge Sen. Luther Strange ? With new election date set , here are some possibilities '' . al.com . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Lauren ( @ LaurenWalshTV ) ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Sen. Slade Blackwell ( R - Mountain Brook ) also considered a run for US Senate , but decided not to enter race '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Gattis , Paul ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Alabama 's sudden Senate race : Who 's in , who 's out , and who 's on the fence ? '' . al.com . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sharp , John ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` U.S. Rep. Bradley Byrne not running for Senate '' . AL.com . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gattis , Paul ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Perry Hooper Jr. sets Senate announcement , expected to join race '' . AL.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Koplowitz , Howard ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Perry Hooper Jr. not running for Senate ; endorses Luther Strange '' . AL.com . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Moseley , Brandon ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` Qualifying for Senate Seat Begins Today '' . Alabama Political Reporter . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sharp , John ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Does Senate appointment hurt Luther Strange 's 2018 prospects ? '' . al.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lyman , Brian ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Del Marsh confirms DC trip ; blasts Luther Strange '' . Montgomery Advertiser . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cason , Mike ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Del Marsh will not run for Alabama seat in U.S. Senate '' . AL.com . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wetzel , Michael ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Merrill noncommittal on seeking governor 's job '' . The Decatur Daily . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bentley interviews Aderholt , Byard and Magee for Senate '' . The Montgomery Advertiser . December 30 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gattis , Paul ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Democrat Ron Crumpton drops out of Senate race '' . AL.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ben Carson Splits With Trump , Basically Endorses Roy Moore In Alabama '' . Talking Points Memo . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wegmann , Philip . `` Tom Coburn endorses Roy Moore in Alabama Senate race '' . Washington Examiner . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Facebook '' . Facebook . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Manchester , Julia ( September 16 , 2017 ) . `` Alabama Rep. Mo Brooks endorses Moore for Senate '' . The Hill . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Latest : President Trump to visit Alabama to back Strange in Senate primary runoff against Moore '' . WVTM . Associated Press . September 17 , 2017 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scherer , Michael ( September 16 , 2017 ) . `` Roy Moore picks up endorsement of former rival Mo Brooks in Ala . Senate race '' . The Washington Post Powerpost blog . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brooks to endorse Moore in Alabama Senate race '' . Politico . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Meadows endorses Moore in Alabama Senate race '' . Politico . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Congressman Jim Jordan Endorses Judge Roy Moore '' ( Press release ) . Roy Moore for Senate . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Georgia Politics , Campaigns , and Elections for September 22 , 2017 -- Georgia Politics , Campaigns and Elections '' . GaPundit . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Walsh , Joe ( @ ) ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Look , if you ride your horse to the polls to cast your vote , dang , you got my vote . Judge Roy Moore '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Missing or empty user = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Roy Moore on Senate endorsement : ' People are not voting for President Trump ' '' . AL.com . August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Judge Roy Moore Endorsements '' . RoyMoore.org . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jim Zeigler throws support behind Roy Moore for US Senate '' . AlToday.com . August 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cason , Mike ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Former GOP chairman Bill Armistead to lead Roy Moore campaign '' . AL.com . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trip Pittman endorses Roy Moore in Alabama Senate race '' . AL.com . August 26 , 2017 . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roy Moore gets endorsements from 14 Alabama lawmakers '' . AL.com . August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : ( ( cite news `` Ed Henry endorses Roy Moore for US Senate '' . Decatur Daily . August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Steve Bannon breaks with Trump to pick Roy Moore over Luther Strange in Alabama Senate election '' . Washington Examiner . August 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : @ ForAmerica ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` ForAmerica Chairman Brent Bozell officially endorses Moore in AL Senate '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Roy Moore Gaining Support Among Conservatives In Ala . Senate Race '' . One America News Network . September 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Deace , Steve ( @ SteveDeaceShow ) ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Steve Deace on Twitter : Yes ! Go @ MooreSenate -- finest man I 've met in politics '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Vote for Judge Roy Moore in Alabama '' . The Resurgent . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erickson , Erick ( @ EWErickson ) ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` Vote for Judge Roy Moore in Alabama '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Jacobs , Ben ( September 24 , 2017 ) . `` Nigel Farage to support controversial judge Roy Moore in Alabama election '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Franklin Graham -- I met Judge Roy Moore last year when I ... '' Facebook . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roy Moore on Senate endorsement : ' People are not voting for President Trump ' '' . AL.com . August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` To Revive America 's Good Conscience : Stand With Moore '' . DailyCaller.com . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Keyes , Alan Lee ( @ loyaltoliberty ) ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` My column after Roy Moore came first in the Alabama GOP US Senate vote , urging support for him in the run - off '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Mark Levin : It 's time to make ' mob boss ' McConnell ' heel ! ' '' . Conservative Review . August 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stafford , Dylan . `` Chuck Norris endorses in Alabama Senate race '' . CNN . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gattis , Paul ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Roy Moore gets endorsement from Duck Dynasty patriarch '' . AL.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stone , Roger ( @ RogerJStoneJr ) . `` RI am really pulling for Roy Moore in Alabama . Luther Strange is a McConnell lap dog surrounded by the pungent aroma of corruption '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Missing or empty date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` I Endorse Judge Roy Moore In The Alabama Republican Senate Runoff '' . ConservativeHQ.com . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Woolery , Chuck ( @ chuckwoolery ) ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` I do not agree with # Trump and # McConnell on Lex # LutherStrangeAlabama ! I want more of Roy Moore '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Judge Roy Moore Endorsements '' . Roymoore.org . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roy Moore for US Senate Campaign Announces Endorsement of Coalition of African - American Pastors '' ( Press release ) . Roy Moore for Senate . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Mistaken Endorsement ? -- Courageous Conservatives PAC '' . Courageousconservativespac.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` GOA Recommends Brooks , Moore for Alabama Senate '' . Gun Owners of America . August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gun rights group backs Roy Moore in Senate race '' . al.com . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trump , Donald J. ( @ realDonaldTrump ) ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Senator Luther Strange has done a great job representing the people of the Great State of Alabama . He has my complete and total endorsement ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Trump , Donald J. ( @ realDonaldTrump ) ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ALABAMA , get out and vote for Luther Strange -- he has proven to me that he will never let you down ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Pence to campaign for Luther Strange next Monday '' . Politico . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . `` Report says VP Mike Pence coming to Alabama to campaign for Luther Strange '' . al.com . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mitch McConnell bolsters Strange 's campaign '' . Alabama Political Reporter . August 3 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caygle , Heather ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` GOP Rebuffs Call for Special Prosecutor '' . Politico . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moseley , Brandon ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` NRA endorses Strange '' . Alabama Political Reporter . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Luther Strange Picks Up Pro-Life Group 's Endorsement for Alabama Senate Special Election '' . LifeNews.com . August 3 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kiszla , Cameron ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Sean Hannity , Mike Rogers endorse Mo Brooks ; NRA backs Luther Strange for US Senate seat '' . The Anniston Star . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gattis , Paul ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Mo Brooks gets Senate endorsement from powerful congressman '' . AL.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kiszla , Cameron ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Congressman Rogers endorses Brooks for Senate seat '' . The Anniston Star . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Koplowitz , Howard ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Mo Brooks endorsed by 7 Alabama Trump delegates , including Ed Henry '' . AL.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hagen , Lisa ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Levin endorses Alabama rep in Senate race '' . The Hill . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ @ seanhannity ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` Mo Brooks will support Pres. Trump 's America 1st agenda , he is a proven conservative we need in the Senate . Support @ RepMoBrooks 4 Senate '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Lauten , Elizabeth ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` Fox News ' Sean Hannity endorses Mo Brooks for Alabama U.S. Senate seat '' . Alabama Today . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Conservative Leader Ann Coulter Endorses Congressman Mo Brooks for United States Senate '' . Shoals Insider . July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Levin endorses Mo Brooks for US Senate -- Courageous Conservatives PAC '' . Courageousconservativespac.com . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Endorsement : Mo Brooks for U.S. Senate '' . Senate Conservatives Fund . August 3 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Manchester , Julia ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Mo Brooks lands backing from conservative group '' . The Hill . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GOA Recommends Brooks , Moore for Alabama Senate Op - ed Articles '' . Gunowners.org . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilgore , Ed . `` In Alabama Senate Race , There 's Stiff Competition to Be the Most Pro-Trump '' . Daily Intelligencer . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google Drive '' . Google . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Emerson College Poll : Strange and Moore look poised for Runoff in Alabama Republican Primary , Jones with chance to wrap of Democratic nomination . In Trump Alabama Trusts , base is in support of President '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Emerson College . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AL US Senate Poll Report Final. pdf '' . Google . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Poll : Moore leads Strange in Republican primary for US Senate '' . Montgomery Advertiser . August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grip , Bob ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Moore , Kennedy lead statewide survey '' . FOX10 News . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Senate ( Republican Primary ) Poll Results : Moore 30 % , Strange 22 % , Brooks 19 % , Others 12 % ( 17 % undecided ) '' ( PDF ) . Winwithjmc.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` RRH Elections AL - Sen R Primary Poll : Moore Leads Strange 31 - 29 '' . RRH Elections . August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Journey , Rick ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : New poll finds Strange and Moore in statistical tie for GOP Senate race '' . WBRC . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Strange Pummels Brooks Ahead of Alabama Primary '' . Politico Pro . July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RealClearPolitics -- Election 2017 -- Alabama Senate Run - Off Election -- Moore vs. Strange '' . realclearpolitics.com . Jump up ^ `` AL - Sen : Cygnal ( Sept. 2017 ) '' . Scribd . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AL US Senate Runoff Election Survey '' . Trafalgar Group . September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First look : Alabama poll '' . Axios . September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Strange Closes Gap '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Emerson College Polling Society . September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Moore leads Strange 48 % to 40 % in Big League - Gravis poll '' . Big League Politics . September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grip , Bob . `` Roy Moore leads Luther Strange in FOX10 News poll '' . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Journey , Rick . `` Exclusive : Moore maintains lead over Strange in new poll '' . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Senate Republican Executive Summary Runoff Poll 2 -- Opinion Poll -- Survey Methodology '' . Scribd . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama GOP Runoff Polling Update '' ( PDF ) . Senateleadershipfund.org . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Emerson College Poll : Moore with Significant Lead Over Strange for GOP US Senate Nomination in Alabama . Democrat Doug Jones in statistical tie with both Republicans for General Election '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Emerson College . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama - Runnoff - Strat - Nat - Poll - 1 - 1. pdf '' . Google . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Southeast Research Senate poll -- Opinion Poll -- United States Government '' . Scribd . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Senate Republican Primary Runoff Election '' . HarperPolling.com . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Drucker , David M. `` New Alabama Senate poll : Roy Moore edging Luther Strange by just 4 points '' . Washington Examiner . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Senate ( Republican Runoff ) Poll Results : Moore 51 % , Strange 32 % ( 17 % undecided ) '' ( PDF ) . Opinionsavvy.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Senate ( Republican Runoff ) Poll Results Moore 51 % , Strange 32 % ( 17 % undecided ) '' ( PDF ) . Winwithjmc.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Ben ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Roy Moore beats Trump - backed ' Big Luther ' in Alabama Republican Senate primary '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Gray , Jeremy ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Doug Jones announces run for US Senate '' . AL.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Robert ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Will Boyd enters US Senate race '' . TimesDaily . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Young , Bill ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Seventh Republican , third Democrat announce senate run '' . WAAY . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pillion , Dennis ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Openly gay environmentalist running for Senate in Alabama : ' It 's a long - shot we have to take ' '' . AL.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Senate profile : Robert Kennedy Jr. says he 's more than a name '' . Montgomery Advertiser . August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leder , Travis ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Robert Kennedy , Jr. running for Democratic U.S. Senate nomination in Alabama ; party leader unsure of who he is '' . WAAY - TV . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sharp , John ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Who is Robert Kennedy Jr. ? Alabama ' mystery candidate ' with famous name seeks Senate seat '' . AL.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moseley , Brandon ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Crumpton announces he will challenge Luther Strange '' . Alabama Political Reporter . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williford , Cynthia ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Lee County man running for U.S. Senate in special election '' . Opelika - Auburn News . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pillion , Dennis ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Democratic Senate candidate Brian McGee drops out , endorses Doug Jones '' . AL.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sell , Mary ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Sessions successor : Bentley to ask for recommendations ; Bedford would consider race '' . TimesDaily . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lyman , Brian ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` Alabama House Democrats look at U.S. Senate runs '' . Montgomery Advertiser . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lyman , Brian ; Berry , Deborah B. ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` AL congressional delegation mostly out of Senate race '' . Montgomery Advertiser . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lyman , Brian ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Craig Ford wo n't run for U.S. Senate '' . The Montgomery Advertiser . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moseley , Brandon ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Qualifying Democrats for US Senate Special Election begins today '' . Alabama Political Reporter . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morton , Jason ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Maddox considering running for governor or U.S. Senate '' . The Tuscaloosa News . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Koplowitz , Howard ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Joe Biden endorses Doug Jones in Alabama special election '' . al.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` AL - Sen : Sen. Maggie Hassan ( D. NH ) Helps KKK Prosecutor Doug Jones ( D ) Pull Off A Big Upset Win '' . Daily Kos . August 20 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gattis , Paul ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Civil rights icon John Lewis endorses Doug Jones in Democratic Senate race '' . al.com . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Doug ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Rally for Doug Jones -- with Special Guest , Congressman Tim Ryan ! '' . Doug Jones for Senate . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gattis , Paul ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` U.S. Rep. Terri Sewell endorses Doug Jones in Democratic Senate primary '' . al.com . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` While focus on GOP in Alabama , Doug Jones in Washington to get support '' . USA Today . September 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cryer , Andrew ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Indivisible Alabama Hosts Democratic Candidate Forum in Cullman '' . The Cullman Tribune . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Roy Moore is unfit to serve '' . The Washington Post . October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Our view : Alabama voters must reject Roy Moore ; we endorse Doug Jones for U.S. Senate '' . AL.com . November 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tanden , Neera ( @ neeratanden ) ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Jones prosecuted KKK members behind ' 63 Baptist Church bombing ... I can think no better message than for him to win a Sen seat in Alabama '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Trippi , Joe ( @ JoeTrippi ) ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Take 5 minutes -- Watch and then help get him to U.S. Senate Doug Jones -- Seeking Justice '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Will , George ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Roy Moore is an embarrassment . Doug Jones deserves to win '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Moseley , Brandon ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Alabama Democratic Conference endorses Doug Jones for Senate '' . Alabama Political Reporter . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Koplowitz , Howard ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Doug Jones , Democratic Senate candidate , raises $158 K for campaign '' . al.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Berning , Nick . `` MoveOn members endorse Jones for Senate in Alabama '' . MoveOn.org . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Carl ( @ Carl_Lewis ) ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` Robert Kennedy , Jr. for U.S. Senate '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Grip , Bob . `` Moore , Kennedy lead statewide survey '' . Fox10tv.com . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff , Rick Journey , RNN . `` Exclusive : New poll finds Strange and Moore in statistical tie for GOP Senate race '' . WBRC . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Libertarian announces write - in campaign for U.S. Senate '' . AL.com . September 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : LaPorta , James ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` Marine Colonel Announces He 's Running Against Roy Moore '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dusen , Ray Van . `` Nettleton native , former Aberdeen JROTC instructor enters Alabama U.S. Senate race '' . DJournal.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alabama Mom , Chanda Mills Crutcher , Enters US Senate Race as a Write - in Candidate '' . Yahoo ! News . November 24 , 2017 . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kirtdoll , Eulas Devlin Sr -- Candidate overview '' . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` McBride , Arlester ( MAC ) -- Candidate overview '' . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mac Watson announces write - in Senate campaign '' . Alabama Political Reporter . November 10 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Text of Beverly Young Nelson 's Accusation Against Roy Moore '' . The New York Times . November 13 , 2017 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stolberg , Sheryl Gay ; Martin , Jonathan ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` A Fifth Woman Accuses Senate Candidate Roy Moore of Sexual Misconduct '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ivanka Trump slams Roy Moore over allegations '' . WHNT.com . November 15 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Erickson , Erick ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` Erick Erickson : I do n't blame Roy Moore voters for sticking with him '' . Fox News Channel . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mitt Romney says Alabama 's Roy Moore is ' unfit for office , ' should resign '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The GOP appears torn over what should happen with Roy Moore after sexual misconduct allegations '' . Business Insider . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Sean ; Viebeck , Elise ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` McConnell calls on Roy Moore to end Senate campaign following accusations of sexual misconduct '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greenwood , Max ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` McCain : Allegations against Moore ' deeply disturbing and disqualifying ' '' . The Hill . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sen. Mike Lee pulls Roy Moore endorsement over sex allegations '' . Fox News Channel . November 10 , 2017 . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Daines , Steve ( @ SteveDaines ) ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` I am pulling my endorsement and support for Roy Moore for U.S. Senate . '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Moore Has Put Republican Leaders in a Bind '' . Bloomberg L.P. November 10 , 2017 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bowden , John ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` GOP lawmaker : Senate should expel Moore if he wins '' . The Hill . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bethea , Charles . `` Unlike Their Elders , Alabama 's Young Republicans Wrestle with the Roy Moore Allegations '' . The New Yorker . Jump up ^ Yurkanin , Amy . `` Young Republican group pulls support for Roy Moore '' . al.com . Jump up ^ Allen , Jonathan . `` Why Alabama Young Republicans deserted Roy Moore '' . NBC News . Jump up ^ `` Evangelicals , Where Is Your Faith ? '' . National Review . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Roy Moore Should Drop Out '' . National Review . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Eileen ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Roy Moore Gets Full Trump Endorsement for Alabama Senate Race '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomsen , Jacqueline ; Beavers , Olivia ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` RNC reinstates support for Moore after Trump endorsement '' . The Hill . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Savransky , Rebecca ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` McConnell on if Moore should be in Senate : The people of Alabama will decide '' . The Hill . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Newkirk , Vann R. II ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` How Alabama 's Election Laws Keep Moore on the Ballot '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cason , Mike ( November 11 , 2017 ) . `` Gov. Kay Ivey has no plans to change Senate election date '' . AL.com . Jump up ^ Byrnes , Jesse ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` Republicans float pushing back Alabama special election '' . The Hill . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomsen , Jacqueline ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Strange : ' Highly unlikely ' I 'll run a write - in campaign against Moore '' . The Hill . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vazquez , Maegan ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` McConnell proposes Sessions as a write - in to replace Moore '' . CNN . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roy Moore says press ' mischaracterized ' him , again refuses debate '' . AL.com . November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lockette , Tim ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Moore wo n't participate in Senate debate , organizers say '' . Anniston Star . ^ Jump up to : Kumbroch , David ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` Roy Moore wo n't debate Doug Jones ; campaign declines WHNT News 19 invitation '' . WHNT . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Senate Race Ratings for November 14 , 2017 '' . The Cook Political Report . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Senate '' . Sabato 's Crystal Ball . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Senate Ratings ( October 25 , 2017 ) '' . Senate Ratings . The Rothenberg Political Report . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cason , Mike ( September 30 , 2017 ) . `` Alabama Libertarian announces write - in campaign for U.S. Senate '' . AL.com . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lima , Cristiano ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` Former Kelly aid to mount last - minute Alabama Senate bid against Moore '' . Politico . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( November 24 , 2017 ) . `` Another Write - in Candidate Enters U.S. Senate Race in Alabama '' . Ballot Access News . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Senate write - in candidates say Roy Moore was unacceptable before allegations '' . Al.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cosby , Rita ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Hillary Clinton Exclusive with Rita Cosby : Discusses Roy Moore , Al Franken , Kirsten Gillibrand , President Trump , Her Husband 's Past Behavior , Tax Reform and Uranium One '' . WABC . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zeleny , Jeff ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` First on CNN : Obama tells Alabama voters to reject Roy Moore '' . CNN . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Terkel , Amanda ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Man Who Put KKK Behind Bars Will Now Try To Stop Roy Moore From Reaching Senate '' . Huff Post . Jump up ^ `` AL & AZ - Sen : Sen. Tammy Duckworth ( D. IL ) Goes All In To Help Pull Off Two Huge Upset Victories '' . Daily Kos . Jump up ^ Griffin , Kyle ( @ kylegriffin1 ) ( November 12 , 2017 ) . `` Democratic Sen. Joe Donnelly is raising money for Doug Jones , calls Roy Moore an `` extremist with a record of putting political ideology above the rule of law . '' pic.twitter.com/OQhwOHwNfB '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Weaver , Al . `` Jeff Flake : ' No doubt ' I 'd support a Democrat over Roy Moore '' . Washington Examiner . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AL - Sen : Sen. Al Franken ( D. MN ) Gives Doug Jones ' ( D ) Campaign A Boost In Beating Roy Moore ( R ) '' . Daily Kos . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Daniel ( @ DanielStrauss4 ) ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Sen. KAMALA HARRIS sends out a new fundraising pitch for DOUG JONES where she says Moore is `` just like Donald Trump '' # alsenpic.twitter.com/xXL9qAgFSA '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Doug Jones raises $250 G a day amid growing Roy Moore scandal '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Daniel ( @ DanielStrauss4 ) ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` Sen. Martin Heinrich was supposed to help headline a fundraiser for Doug Jones . The fundraiser did n't happen but he 's sending out a fundraising email anyway . # alsenpic.twitter.com/mxQ15o3lbh '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` AL - Sen : Sen. Catherine Cortez Masto ( D. NV ) Gives Doug Jones ( D ) A Boost In Beating Roy Moore ( R ) '' . Daily Kos . October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AL - Sen : Sen. Jeff Merkley ( D. OR ) Helps Former KKK Prosecutor Doug Jones ( D ) Take On Roy Moore ( R ) '' . Daily Kos . Jump up ^ Murphy , Chris ( @ ChrisMurphyCT ) ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Roy Moore should never get anywhere near the United States Senate . If you agree , click here and do something about it '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Radelat , Ana ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Murphy says he 's ahead in fundraising effort for Roy Moore 's rival '' . The Connecticut Mirror . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` I just gave to Doug Jones ! '' . ActBlue . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schatz , Brian ( @ brianschatz ) ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Not for nothing but Doug Jones seems like a good guy '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Jonathan ; Burns , Alexander ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Obama Returns to Campaign Trail to Rally Black Voters '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Debenedetti , Gabriel ( @ gdebenedetti ) ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Now Elizabeth Warren 's fundraising email for Doug Jones lands : `` Roy Moore is totally unfit to serve in the United States Senate . '' '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` I just gave ! '' . ActBlue . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Jonathan ; Burns , Alexander ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` A Strong Nominee . A Divisive Opponent . But Can Democrats Win in Alabama ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ellison , Keith ( @ keithellison ) ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Yes , Doug Jones , AL , is a Civil Rights Hero . Good man '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Tulsi Gabbard '' . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 -- via Facebook.com . Jump up ^ Hardball ( @ hardball ) ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` '' There is no win for Republicans in this scenario unless Doug Jones wins this race . '' @ DavidJollyFL on the Alabama race . # Hardball '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Khanna , Ro ( @ RoKhanna ) ( November 12 , 2017 ) . `` Roy Moore 's campaign bragged about raising more than $100,000 online in the wake of the story . New polls have the race as a tie . Let 's make sure Doug Jones has the resources to fight '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Metzger , Andy . `` Baker Backing Democrat Jones In Alabama Senate Race '' . WBUR . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cason , Mike ( December 10 , 2017 ) . `` Cory Booker , Deval Patrick stump for Doug Jones in Alabama '' . AL.com . Jump up ^ Dean , Howard ( @ GovHowardDean ) ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` DONT GIVE UP IN ALABAMA ! ! ! If we win , we have a shot at the Senate in 2018 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ O'Malley , Martin ( @ MartinOMalley ) ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` If you have family or friends in Alabama , encourage them to get out to vote for @ GDouglasJones this Tuesday ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Rosenberg , Eli ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` Trump says man who helped convict Klan members in church bombing case is ' soft on crime ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ James , Frannie ( @ KudzuFrannie ) ( September 23 , 2017 ) . `` Thank you for being there . And , for your support of # DougJonesforSenate . Happy to have you aboard the # DigDoug2017Express # ALSENpic.twitter.com/IaePqMiHQp '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Jones , Doug ( @ gdouglasjones ) ( September 23 , 2017 ) . `` Proud to be w / AL Rep Anthony Daniels as he accepts a Champion of Women 's Health from Planned Parenthood # WePersistpic.twitter.com/tSWqdraQMR '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Weigel , David ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Who is Doug Jones , and can he defeat Roy Moore in conservative Alabama ? '' . The Washington Post Powerpost blog . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Jason ( @ Fisher4Alabama ) ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` If he blocks his opponent & refuses to debate , he 'll also ignore his constituents if elected '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Bidgood , Jess ( November 19 , 2017 ) . `` In Race Against Roy Moore , Democratic Candidate Is Mostly on His Own '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Browse Individual contributions '' . FEC . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Log In or Sign Up to View '' ( photo ) . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 -- via Facebook.com . Jump up ^ `` Doug Jones for Senate Committee -- committee overview '' . FEC . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Westly , Steve ( @ SteveWestly ) ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Doug Jones should represent Alabama in the Senate because he is an admirable and progressive leader . As an added benefit , he 's not Roy Moore ! ow.ly/seH830gBMWh '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Woodfin , Randall ( @ WoodfinForBham ) ( November 18 , 2017 ) . `` I proudly endorse @ GDouglasJones for US Senate . Doug Jones has a spotless record of public service and will represent the citizens of our state with honor and integrity . VOTE DECEMBER 12TH ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Jones , Doug ( @ GDouglasJones ) ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Charles Barkley , Uzo Aduba of Orange Is The New Black will join Doug tonight to host our GOTV rally in Birmingham at 6 p.m. Check out the event details below '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Abramson , Seth ( @ SethAbramson ) ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` There are 3 people I ca n't react calmly toward , as I consider them the 3 worst people in America : Donald Trump , Roy Moore and Jeanine Pirro '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Anzalone , John ( @ JohnAnzo ) ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` @ GDouglasJones is the real deal '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Barber , Rev Dr ( @ RevDrBarber ) ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` AL auditor 's bizarre read on the Holy family reveals twisted logic of # slaveholderreligion . If you read the Bible to justify hurting the ppl Jesus loved , you can no longer see the good news for anyone '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Pillion , Dennis ( November 25 , 2017 ) . `` Charles Barkley : Roy Moore should have been disqualified ' way before this woman stuff came up ' '' . AL.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . ( I ) f I lived here , I 'd vote for Doug Jones . Jump up ^ Begala , Paul ( @ PaulBegala ) ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Every Virginian who worked and walked ; every American who phoned and donated ; every progressive who put unity over division , you did this . Let 's do it again soon . In Alabama on Dec. 12 , then in all 50 states in 2018 ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Bell , W. Kamau ( @ wkamaubell ) ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Also ... Alabama , I spend a lot of time defending you . Do n't make me a jerk outta me by turning Roy Moore into a Senator . On December 12 vote for @ GDouglasJones ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Best , Adam ( @ adamcbest ) ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` If Roy Moore wins today , we must help Doug Jones beat him . An anti-LGBTQ birther who totes a gun on stage does n't belong in the US Senate '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Cardona , Maria ( @ MariaTCardona ) ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` WOWZA ! ! ! And this is a FOX NEWS POLL ! ! ! Fox News Senate poll : Doug Jones , Roy Moore are tied '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Carville , James ( @ JamesCarville ) ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` MUST READ from Bama experts on AL Sen @ JohnAnzo and @ ZacMcCrary I 'm not for the Tide but I 'm for @ GDouglasJones '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Cheadle , Don ( @ DonCheadle ) ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Alabama residents : you have less than a month to register to vote ! Register today / support @ GDouglasJones for # ALsen ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Cherny , Andrei ( @ AndreiCherny ) ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Hard to imagine a more stark choice between Doug Jones and Roy Moore '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Clinton , Chelsea ( @ chelseaclinton ) ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Republican Alabama Senate candidate '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Jones , Doug ( @ GDouglasJones ) ( December 10 , 2017 ) . `` Thank you to great Alabamians Mike Cooley and @ drivebytruckers for your support and endorsement ! # VoteDec12 # GOTV4Doug '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Collins , Misha ( @ mishacollins ) ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` If you have a friend in Alabama , call them right now & tell them to get out & vote for @ GDouglasJones ! votefordoug.com '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Cox , Laverne ( @ Lavernecox ) ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` As someone who was born and raised in Mobile , Alabama , who went to high school in Birmingham I implore the citizens of my home state to vote for # DougJones for the U.S. Senate . Please show the country who we really are . '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Daughtry , Leah D. ( @ LeahDaughtry ) ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` I 'll be going to # Alabama to campaign for Doug Jones , who prosecuted ages old 16thSt Baptist bombing case and won '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Dworkin , Scott ( @ funder ) ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` If u were wondering if we 're gon na push for Doug Jones to win in Alabama , the answer is absolutely - yes '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Jesse ( @ JesseFFerguson ) ( November 4 , 2017 ) . `` Longtime Republican , former Jeff Sessions - staffer , supporting Doug Jones for Senate '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Fuller , Bonnie ( @ BonnieFuller ) ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Doug Jones for senator in Alabama : come on Alabama do what 's right for your state & your families ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Browse Individual contributions '' . FEC . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Doug ( @ GDouglasJones ) ( December 10 , 2017 ) . `` '' Please go out and vote , vote for Doug Jones on Tuesday . Do it , it 's the right thing to do '' Jason Isbell '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Jones , Doug ( @ GDouglasJones ) ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Honored to have the support of @ chicmadesimple and all Republicans crossing over to ensure a better future for Alabama ! pic.twitter.com/rpKqQAM0ue '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Clara ( @ ClaraJeffery ) ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Doug Jones is all that stands between us and a future with Roy Moore as a Senator : Read @ pemalevy : '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Kelly , Michael ( @ michaeljkellyjr ) ( October 21 , 2017 ) . `` Watch this video , follow this man @ GDouglasJones , & let 's tell all our friends in # Alabama that this is the direction our Country can go '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Kessler , Jim ( @ ThirdWayKessler ) ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Roy Moore is n't just a kook . He 's a crook '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Samuels , Brett ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Kimmel donates to Doug Jones in Alabama Senate race '' . The Hill . Jump up ^ King , Shaun ( @ ShaunKing ) ( December 10 , 2017 ) . `` Progressives . I share every position you do from Medicare For All , on down . If you say you wo n't vote for Doug Jones in Alabama because he does n't support 82 out of 82 of your positions , that 's dumb AND privileged . Rethink that '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Kristol , Bill ( @ BillKristol ) ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` 1 . Doug Jones would be a better U.S. senator than Roy Moore . Moore as a senator would be a constant embarrassment to the GOP . '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Lavin , Talia B. ( @ chick_in_kiev ) ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` god i hope doug jones wins '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ LeGate , William ( @ williamlegate ) ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` Priorities rn for anyone who cares about our country : 1 . Kill # GOPTaxScam 2 . Call FCC to demand they keep net neutrality ( vote is over Thanksgiving holidays to try to sneak it through ) 3 . Get Doug Jones elected to Senate '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Sean , McElwee ( @ SeanMcElwee ) ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Doug Jones will run against Roy Moore in December . Let 's replace white nationalist Jeff Sessions with the man who prosecuted the KKK '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Messing , Debra ( @ DebraMessing ) ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` Support this decent man ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Milano , Alyssa ( @ Alyssa_Milano ) ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` I love Alabama . And I also love @ GDouglasJones '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Greenwood , Max ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` GOP operative : ' I just donated to a Democrat for the first time ' in Alabama Senate race '' . The Hill . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly , Holly ( @ AynRandPaulRyan ) ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` She worked for Republicans : Luther Strange Jeff Sessions Haley Barbour But she 's voting for Doug Jones on December 12 . Thank you , @ chicmadesimple , and every Republican who will vote their conscience '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Oswalt , Patton ( @ pattonoswalt ) ( November 12 , 2017 ) . `` If everyone who followed ME gave @ GDouglasJones $1 , we could all wave bye - bye to # RoyMooreChildMolester '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Painter , Richard W. ( @ RWPUSA ) ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Alabama : Unless you want a man who talks like the Taliban representing you in the Senate Doug Jones is your man '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Parkhomenko , Adam ( @ AdamParkhomenko ) ( November 4 , 2017 ) . `` Russia is actively trying to change the perceptions of voters to favor GOP candidates in Alabama & Virginia . Where the hell is the outrage ? '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Parnell , Archie ( @ Archie4Congress ) ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` Pay attention to the # ALSen race , & support @ GDouglasJones . Doug Jones can win this special election w your support '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Perabo , Piper ( @ PiperPerabo ) ( November 12 , 2017 ) . `` I believe in Doug Jones and I believe in Alabama , and I donated '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Jean - Pierre , Karine ( @ K_JeanPierre ) ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Dear Alabama : Polls are now open ! Let 's send a resounding loud message against bigotry & sexual assault . We believe in you ! VOTE Doug Jones ! ! '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Opinion -- If Republicans ca n't oppose Roy Moore , they 're headed for extinction '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shelbourne , Mallory ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` GOP strategist donates to Alabama Democrat '' . The Hill . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sanders , Symone D. ( @ SymoneDSanders ) ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` Today , Tim Miller did the right thing . Be like Tim '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Steve ( @ SteveSchmidtSES ) ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` Every Alabama Republican who processes an ounce of decency will vote for Doug Jones on December 12th . Every GOP member of Congress with an ounce of decency will 1 . unendorse 2 . demand no party money is spent . 3. refuse to caucus with Moore 4 . Call for Moore to drop out '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Steve Schmidt : ' Roy Moore Is A Pedophile ' -- All In . MSNBC . November 10 , 2017 . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Papenfuss , Mary ( November 11 , 2017 ) . `` GOP Strategist Says Lincoln Is Rolling In His Grave Over Roy Moore 's Defenders '' . HuffPost . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sellers , Bakari ( @ Bakari_Sellers ) ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` First things first . Not 2018 but Alabama ! Go here . Contribute . $5 , $10 , whatever you can . I 'll be in Bama soon '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Sinyangwe , Samuel ( @ samswey ) ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` If Alabama elects Doug Jones to the Senate on 12 / 12 , he 'd be seated by 12 / 15 and effectively * shut down * the GOP legislative agenda. * By next month. * '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Spiro , Topher ( @ TopherSpiro ) ( November 11 , 2017 ) . `` Republicans already stole a Supreme Court seat . Now they 're trying to steal a Senate seat by rescheduling the election ( ! ) . You know what to do '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Skolnik , Michael ( @ MichaelSkolnik ) ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Dear Alabama , We believe in you ! ! Vote for Doug Jones ! Sincerely , America '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Takei , George ( @ GeorgeTakei ) ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Tonight , AL Republicans nominated anti-LGBT anti-immigrant Roy Moore to be their Senate candidate . Let 's help elect Dem Doug Jones instead '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Vietor , Tommy ( @ TVietor08 ) ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Today is a damn good day to donate $5 , $10 , $50 to @ GDouglasJones here : '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Doug Jones Can Beat Roy Moore . But There 's One Big Problem ... '' . Politico . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Will , George F. ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Roy Moore is an embarrassment . Doug Jones deserves to win '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` George Will : Democrat Doug Jones deserves to win over Roy Moore '' . MSNBC . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Willis , Oliver ( @ owillis ) ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` this doug jones ad is good . its also like a lot of ads that hrc ran and im still pessimistic about alabama '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Key , Keegan - Michael . `` Thank you Keegan - Michael Key for your support ! '' . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 -- via Facebook . Jump up ^ Wallace , George ( @ MrGeorgeWallace ) ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` People of Alabama , ' Tis I , George Wallace . Do as I , George Wallace , say and vote for Doug Jones . I only want the best for Alabama , as I am George Wallace . Roy Moore hates you & Auburn & the Crimson Tide too . I 'm George Wallace & I approved this message & whatnot '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Reiner , Rob ( @ robreiner ) ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Today decency , Democracy , Donald Trump are on the ballot . If Alabama votes Doug Jones , it will have a huge impact on preserving our Republic '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Reiner , Carl ( @ carlreiner ) ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Doug Jones , I meant Doug Jones , I 'm 95 * 8 mos and I am forgetful ... do n't vote for the sexual predator , Moore , vote JONES ! '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Jones , Doug ( @ GDouglasJones ) ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Thank you @ kerrywashington for your support and endorsement ! Do n't know where to vote ? Go to VoteForDoug.com pic.twitter.com/fdv5q9Rbo9 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Jones , Doug ( @ GDouglasJones ) ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Thank you , @ BellamyYoung for your kind words and endorsement ! Have voting questions ? VoteForDoug.com pic.twitter.com/e57fPXEvls '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` EDITORIAL : It 's time for voters to put an end to Moore 's antics . The Auburn Plainsman 's Editorial Board endorses Democrat Doug Jones for Senate '' . The Plainsman . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Our view : Alabama voters must reject Roy Moore ; we endorse Doug Jones for U.S. Senate '' . al.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Three Major Alabama Newspapers Urge Voters To ' Reject ' Roy Moore '' . HuffPost . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vote for Doug Jones '' . The Crimson White . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Opinion -- Roy Moore is unfit to serve '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` I just gave ! '' . ActBlue . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AL - Sen : Democracy For America Goes All In To Help Doug Jones ( D ) Defeat Extremist Roy Moore ( R ) '' . Daily Kos . Jump up ^ United , End Citizens ( @ StopBigMoney ) ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` We 're proud to endorse @ GDouglasJones ' fight against the extremist Roy Moore for # ALsen special election ! pic.twitter.com/rnzwLGpArR '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Watts , Shannon ( @ shannonrwatts ) ( November 11 , 2017 ) . `` Do n't just tweet . Donate : '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Senate Hopeful Doug Jones endorsed by League of Conservation Voters PAC '' . Daily Kos . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ @ nowthisnews ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` This Democrat put KKK terrorists in prison -- now he might win a U.S. Senate seat in the deep Southpic.twitter.com/Dxos5hRRv2 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Trump fully endorses Roy Moore '' . CNN . December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pence , Mike ( @ mike_pence ) ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Congratulations Roy Moore ! We are thrilled you ran on the # MAGA agenda & we are for you ! '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Carney , Jordan ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Cornyn withdraws Moore endorsement '' . The Hill . Jump up ^ `` Ted Cruz Endorses Judge Roy Moore for U.S. Senate '' ( Press release ) . Roy Moore for Senate . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sotomayor , Marianna ( @ MariannaNBCNews ) ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` '' I am not able to urge the people of Alabama to support his candidacy so long as these allegations remain unrefuted , '' Sen. Cruz said when asked if he pulls his endorsement of Roy Moore '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Carter , Brandon ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` Two GOP senators withdraw Roy Moore endorsements after sexual misconduct allegations '' . The Hill . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` McConnell on Moore victory : I share your frustration with Washington '' . The Hill . September 26 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Huge : Rand Paul endorses Ala. 's Roy Moore for Senate '' . The Washington Examiner . October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roy Moore gets endorsements from Alabama Republicans in Congress '' . The Birmingham News . October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Congressman Jeff Duncan of South Carolina Endorses Judge Roy Moore for Senate '' ( Press release ) . Roy Moore For Senate . Jump up ^ `` Newt Gingrich gives endorsement to Roy Moore in Senate race '' . The Birmingham News . November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rep. Andy Harris of Maryland and Virginia Senate hopeful Corey Steward endorsed Roy Moore . Now What ? '' . November 13 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jody Hice withdraws endorsement of Roy Moore '' . covnews.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Montanaro , Domenico ( @ DomenicoNPR ) ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Gov. Kay Ivey says , `` I have no reason to disbelieve any of them '' ( the women ) and yet is going to vote for Moore bc `` We need to have a Republican in the United States Senate '' to vote for Supreme Court justices # 2017 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Twinkle Andress Cavanaugh Endorses Judge Roy Moore for U.S. Senate '' ( Press release ) . Roy Moore For Senate . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Secretary Of State Explains Why He 's Backing Roy Moore '' . WBUR . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` State Senator & Retired General Gerald Dial Endorses Roy Moore '' ( Press release ) . Roy Moore For Senate . Jump up ^ Byrd , Caitlin ( November 24 , 2017 ) . `` South Carolina lawmaker Larry Groom : ' I stand with Roy Moore ' '' . The Post and Courier . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . A Berkeley County lawmaker on Thursday gave his support to Republican Roy Moore despite allegations of sexual assault and misconduct that have surfaced during Moore 's Alabama Senate run . Jump up ^ `` State Senator Bill Hightower Announces Support for Judge Roy Moore '' ( Press release ) . Roy Moore For Senate . Jump up ^ `` Moore Campaign Announces Endorsement of Alabama Senate Pro Tem Del Marsh '' ( Press release ) . Roy Moore For Senate . Jump up ^ `` Representative Will Ainsworth Backs Judge Roy Moore for the U.S. Senate '' ( Press release ) . Roy Moore For Senate . ^ Jump up to : `` Moore Campaign Builds Solid Support Among Alabama Republicans '' ( Press release ) . Roy Moore For Senate . Jump up ^ `` Alabama House Speaker Mac McCutcheon Endorses Judge Roy Moore for U.S. Senate '' ( Press release ) . Roy Moore For Senate . ^ Jump up to : `` Thirteen Alabama sheriffs endorse Roy Moore for Senate '' . AL.com . November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Madison County Sheriff Blake Dorning says he has not , and will not , endorse an AL Senate candidate '' . WHNT . November 11 , 2017 . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cernovich , Mike ( @ Cernovich ) ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Roy Moore , who Trump should have endorsed but did n't at advice of Jared , is currently winning special election . Will Jared be fired ? '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Sean Hannity Stands by Roy Moore After 24 - Hour Ultimatum '' . The Daily Beast . November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Charles Obadiah `` Chuck '' ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` Trump , Pence , McConnell and Washington Establishment vs. Judge Roy Moore '' . Chuck Baldwin LIVE ! . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Bauer Endorses Judge Roy Moore '' ( Press release ) . Roy Moore For Senate . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Moore Campaign Announces Endorsement of Evangelist Scott Dawson '' ( Press release ) . Roy Moore For Senate . Jump up ^ `` Alabama state official defends Roy Moore , citing Joseph and Mary : `` They became parents of Jesus '' `` . The Denver Post . November 10 , 2017 . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jerry Falwell Jr. endorses Judge Roy Moore -- Alabama Political Reporter '' . Alreporter.com . October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Saleh , Maryam ; Grim , Ryan ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Neo-Nazi Website The Daily Stormer Is Now Being Hosted on Island With Mostly Black Residents '' . The Intercept . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . `` HOAXFARE : Judge Moore Accused of Making Out with a 14 - Year - Old Girl Decades Ago ! '' . Daily Stormer . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . `` Male Feminist John McTumor Pounces on Roy Moore Jailbait Allegations ( UPDATES ) '' . Daily Stormer . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Duke , David ( @ DrDavidDuke ) ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Dr. Duke & Atty Advo : Alabama Landslide Warns Trump to Keep Promises -- Cuckservatives Lie ... '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` White supremacist leader recently donated to Roy Moore 's campaign '' . Media Matters for America . November 10 , 2017 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Kevin ( @ TOOEdit ) ( November 11 , 2017 ) . `` Moore 's refusal to quit shows division in GOP , estab wants him out because he supports @ POTUS . Like Dems , it 's politics over principle . Does anyone seriously think Dems who believed @ HillaryClinton corrupt would not have voted for her ? wapo.st/2hl6xnX ? tid = ss_tw '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Nazis endorsed Roy Moore for quoting Hitler `` correctly '' `` . December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sommer , Allison Kaplan ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Meet the White Nationalist Who Wants to Replace House Speaker Paul Ryan '' . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 -- via Haaretz . Jump up ^ `` Alleged White Nationalist Tied to President Trump and Roy Moore Challenging Paul Ryan '' . Christian Post . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` President of Alabama Federation of Republican Women Endorses Judge Roy Moore for U.S. Senate '' ( Press release ) . Roy Moore for Senate . Jump up ^ `` Ward Statement on Alabama Primary Runoff '' . Jump up ^ Koplowitz , Howard . `` Roy Moore friend : Doug Jones campaign ' is finished ' over transgender rights position '' . AL.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Asian American GOP Coalition Endorses Judge Roy Moore for US Senate '' ( Press release ) . Roy Moore for Senate . Jump up ^ `` Birmingham Young Republicans censure Roy Moore , pull endorsement '' . November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Birmingham Young Republicans withdraw Moore support '' . The Hill . November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Diaz , Daniella . `` NRSC severs fundraising ties with Roy Moore '' . CNN . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Right to Life Endorses Judge Roy Moore in Alabama Senate Special Election '' . National Right to Life Committee . November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Sean ; Scherer , Michael ; Weigel , David . `` RNC to support Roy Moore in Senate race in Alabama , weeks after cutting ties with his campaign '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tea Party Patriots Citizens Fund Endorses Roy Moore for U.s. Senate '' . Tea Party Patriots Citizens Fund . September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McFeels : Roy Moore 's Victory Is A Bellwether For Nationalist Politics , retrieved November 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Moore Holds Six - Point Lead On Election Eve '' . Medium . December 11 , 2017 . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama -- Nov 30 -- Dec 11 ( toplines ). xlsx '' . SurveyMonkey . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama 7 -- 10 Dec Topline release '' ( PDF ) . Fox News Channel . December 11 , 2017 . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emerson College Poll : Moore with Significant 9 - point Lead in Final Poll '' ( PDF ) . Emerson College . December 11 , 2017 . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Turnout Big Question in Senate Race '' . Monmouth University . December 11 , 2017 . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Survey Results '' ( PDF ) . Not One Penny . December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gravis Marketing Alabama poll '' ( PDF ) . Big League Politics . December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama US Senate Ballot Test '' ( PDF ) . Trafalgar Group . December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Moore Lead Widens to 51 -- 44 in Alabama '' . Medium . December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama -- Nov 30 -- Dec 7 '' . SurveyMonkey . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Journey , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Roy Moore 's lead over Doug Jones increases in new poll '' . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big League - Gravis Alabama poll : Jones leads Moore 48 % to 44 % with 8 % undecided '' . Big League Politics . December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emerson College Polling '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Emerson College . December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBS News poll : Alabama Republicans call allegations against Roy Moore false '' . YouGov . CBS News . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scherer , Michael ; Clement , Scott ( December 2 , 2017 ) . `` Alabama race is neck and neck , with voters divided over Roy Moore allegations , poll finds '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : JMC Analytics & Polling . `` Alabama Senate Poll Results '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pro-Trump Group 's Survey Shows Close Alabama Senate Race '' . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Moore Opens Up 49 -- 44 Lead in Alabama ; Just 9 % of Trump Voters Believe Allegations Against Moore '' . Medium . November 28 , 2017 . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jones closes gap to 6 points on Moore in Alabama '' ( PDF ) . Emerson College . November 28 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Journey , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` New poll shows Roy Moore and Doug Jones in statistical tie '' . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gattis , Paul ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` New Senate polls have Roy Moore in lead , Doug Jones close '' . AL.com . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jones Holds 3 - Point Lead In Alabama Following 7 - Point Shift Since Sunday '' . Medium . November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gravis Marketing Alabama poll '' ( PDF ) . Big League Politics . November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fox News Poll '' ( PDF ) . November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive FOX10 Poll : Undecided voters may hold key to Moore / Jones race '' . November 15 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Isenstadt , Alex ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` NRSC poll : Moore trails Jones by 12 '' . Politico . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hagen , Lisa ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Republican poll : Moore 12 points behind Democrat Jones '' . The Hill . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gattis , Paul ( November 12 , 2017 ) . `` Doug Jones takes lead on Roy Moore in new Senate poll '' . AL.com . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emerson College Poll : Moore Leads Jones 55 % -- 45 % in Alabama Senate Race . Majority of Voters Not Shaken By Bombshell Moore Allegations '' ( PDF ) . November 13 , 2017 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : JMC Analytics & Polling . `` Alabama Senate Poll Results '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Arlester `` Mack '' McBride ( I ) Jump up ^ `` Roy Moore Was Hurt By Abuse Allegations , But He 's Still Ahead By 4 Points '' . Medium . November 11 , 2017 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big League - Gravis Alabama poll : Roy Moore clings to slim lead over Doug Jones , 48 % to 46 % '' . Big League Politics . November 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alabama Senate Poll 11 / 10 / 17 '' ( PDF ) . Opinion Savvy / Decision Desk HQ . November 10 , 2017 . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Journey , Rick ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Moore maintains 11 - point edge over Jones in new poll '' . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Special Election Poll '' . Politico . October 31 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Moore leads Jones in Senate Poll '' . Fox10 . October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Journey , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Roy Moore has 11 - point edge over Doug Jones in new Senate race poll '' . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fox News Poll Alabama '' ( PDF ) . October 17 , 2017 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hubbard , Matt ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Survey of General Special Election Voters in Alabama '' . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : JMC Analytics & Polling . `` Alabama Senate Poll Results '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Senate Poll '' ( PDF ) . September 29 , 2017 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fox News Poll '' ( PDF ) . November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Unofficial Election Night Results '' . Alabama Secretary of State . December 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Election results from CNN Jump up ^ Kasimar , Ben ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Possible recount in Alabama : What will happen now ? '' . The Hill . Jump up ^ Collins , Kaitlan ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` Trump and Steve Bannon urge Roy Moore to concede '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Abramson , Alana ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` Roy Moore Wo n't Concede the Alabama Senate Race . But He Might Not Be Able to Afford a Recount '' . Fortune . Jump up ^ Weigel , David ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` White House urges Roy Moore to concede , as supporters look for evidence of ' voter fraud ' '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Last uncounted ballots : Moore ca n't close 20,000 - vote loss '' . Associated Press . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bugs Bunny for Senate ? Here are the top write - ins from Alabama 's special election '' . PBS NewsHour . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Louis ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` Roy Moore loses lawsuit seeking new election '' . Politico . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Bob . `` Folsom claims lieutenant governor '' . The Decatur Daily News . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Official General Election Results without Write - In Appendix - 2017 - 12 - 28. pdf '' ( PDF ) . Alabama Secretary of State . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Who got the most write - in votes in Alabama 's Senate race ? Nick Saban makes top 7 '' . Al.com . December 2017 . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official campaign websites Lee Busby ( R ) for Senate Ron Bishop ( L ) for Senate Jeff Coggin ( I ) for Senate Chanda Mills Crutcher ( I ) for Senate Doug Jones ( D ) for Senate Arlester McBride ( I ) for Senate Roy Moore ( R ) for Senate Mac Watson ( I ) for Senate Official Sample Ballot ( 2016 ← ) 2017 United States elections ( → 2018 ) U.S. Senate Alabama U.S. House California 's 34th Georgia 's 6th Kansas 's 4th Montana 's at - large South Carolina 's 5th Utah 's 3rd Governors New Jersey Virginia Mayors Albuquerque , NM Atlanta , GA Atlantic City , NJ Birmingham , AL Boston , MA Buffalo , NY Charlotte , NC Cincinnati , OH Cleveland , OH Detroit , MI El Paso , TX Frederick , MD Hoboken , NJ Jackson , MS Jersey City , NJ Los Angeles , CA Miami , FL Minneapolis , MN New Orleans , LA New York , NY North Miami , FL Omaha , NE Pittsburgh , PA Raleigh , NC Rochester , NY St. Louis , MO St. Paul , MN St. Petersburg , FL San Antonio , TX Seattle , WA City Houston , TX Minneapolis , MN State New Jersey Virginia Territories Puerto Rican status referendum Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Alabama,_2017&oldid=827605769 '' Categories : Alabama elections , 2017 December 2017 events in the United States Roy Moore Special elections to the 115th United States Congress United States Senate elections in Alabama United States Senate elections , 2017 United States Senate special elections Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from December 2017 Cite tweet templates with errors Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Use American English from September 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from January 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Bahasa Indonesia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 18 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Senate%20special%20election%20in%20Alabama%2C%202017

when does new season of the walking dead come on

The eighth season of The Walking Dead , an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC , premiered on October 22 , 2017 , and will consist of 16 episodes . Developed for television by Frank Darabont , the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman , Tony Moore , and Charlie Adlard . The executive producers are Kirkman , David Alpert , Scott M. Gimple , Greg Nicotero , Tom Luse , and Gale Anne Hurd , with Gimple as showrunner . This season adapts the All Out War story arc from the comics , with the survivors of the Alexandria Safe - Zone , the Hilltop Colony , and the Kingdom taking on Negan and the Saviors .

October 22 , 2017

The Walking Dead ( season 8 )

the walking dead ( season 8 )

The eighth season of The Walking Dead , an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC , premiered on October 22 , 2017 , and will consist of 16 episodes . Developed for television by Frank Darabont , the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman , Tony Moore , and Charlie Adlard . The executive producers are Kirkman , David Alpert , Scott M. Gimple , Greg Nicotero , Tom Luse , and Gale Anne Hurd , with Gimple as showrunner . This season adapts the All Out War story arc from the comics , with the survivors of the Alexandria Safe - Zone , the Hilltop Colony , and the Kingdom taking on Negan and the Saviors .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.1. 1 Starring 1.1. 2 Also starring 1.2 Supporting cast 1.2. 1 Alexandria Safe - Zone 1.2. 2 The Hilltop Colony 1.2. 3 The Saviors 1.2. 4 The Kingdom 2 Production 3 Episodes 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of The Walking Dead ( TV series ) characters Main Cast ( edit ) The primary characters of the eighth season include ( from left to right ) : Rick , Carol , Morgan , Daryl , Carl , Enid , Rosita , Tara , Michonne , Gabriel , Aaron , Maggie , Jesus , Gregory , Shiva , Ezekiel , Jadis , Eugene , Simon , Dwight , and Negan The eighth season features twenty series regulars overall . For this season , Katelyn Nacon , Khary Payton , Steven Ogg , and Pollyanna McIntosh were promoted to series regular status , after previously having recurring roles , while Seth Gilliam and Ross Marquand were added to the opening credits . Starring ( edit ) Andrew Lincoln as Rick Grimes , the series ' protagonist , a former sheriff and the leader of Alexandria , who is leading a new alliance to fight Negan and the Saviors . Norman Reedus as Daryl Dixon , Rick 's right - hand man , the group 's primary hunter and a recruiter for Alexandria . Lauren Cohan as Maggie Rhee , the pregnant widow of Glenn and a leading figure of the Hilltop . Chandler Riggs as Carl Grimes , Rick 's bold and courageous teenage son . Danai Gurira as Michonne , Rick 's katana - wielding girlfriend , who acts as a mother figure to Carl and Judith . Melissa McBride as Carol Peletier , a fierce survivor who is spurred into fighting the Saviors as revenge for the deaths of her friends . Lennie James as Morgan Jones , the first survivor Rick had ever encountered , who now resides in the Kingdom and fights for his sanity . Alanna Masterson as Tara Chambler , a caring , optimistic and witty member of the group who serves as a liaison with Oceanside . Josh McDermitt as Eugene Porter , a timorous former member of the group whose resourcefulness leads Negan to take him under his wing . Christian Serratos as Rosita Espinosa , an impulsive member of the group , who is motivated to avenge her ex-boyfriend Abraham 's death . Seth Gilliam as Gabriel Stokes , a priest who has become hardened from his experiences with Rick 's group . Ross Marquand as Aaron , an Alexandrian recruiter who brought Rick 's group to Alexandria and is currently in the fight against the Saviors . Jeffrey Dean Morgan as Negan , the sociopathic leader of the Saviors who serves as the season 's primary antagonist . Also starring ( edit ) Austin Amelio as Dwight , a ruthless subordinate of Negan who now works for Rick as a double agent against the Saviors . Tom Payne as Paul `` Jesus '' Rovia , a scout for the Hilltop Colony . Xander Berkeley as Gregory , the selfish and hypocritical leader of the Hilltop Colony whose influence diminished with Maggie 's prominence . Khary Payton as Ezekiel , the charismatic leader of the Kingdom who allies with Rick against the Saviors . Steven Ogg as Simon , Negan 's psychopathic right - hand man . Katelyn Nacon as Enid , a former member of Alexandria who moved to Hilltop to be with Maggie , and has formed a relationship with Carl . Pollyanna McIntosh as Jadis , the nihilist leader of the Scavengers who betrayed Rick and the group , and is affiliated with Negan . Supporting Cast ( edit ) Alexandria Safe - Zone ( edit ) Jason Douglas as Tobin , the foreman of Alexandria 's construction crew and member of Rick 's militia . Jordan Woods - Robinson as Eric Raleigh , Aaron 's boyfriend and his former recruiting partner , who is now a member of Rick 's militia . Kenric Green as Scott , a supply runner in Alexandria and member of Rick 's militia . Dahlia Legault as Francine , a member of Alexandria 's construction crew and member of Rick 's militia . The Hilltop Colony ( edit ) Peter Luis Zimmerman as Eduardo , a guard of the Hilltop Colony and soldier of the Hilltop 's militia . James Chen as Kal , a guard of the Hilltop Colony . Karen Ceesay as Bertie , a resident of the Hilltop Colony and soldier of the Hilltop 's militia . Jeremy Palko as Andy , a resident of the Hilltop Colony and soldier of the Hilltop 's militia . Brett Gentile as Freddie , a resident of the Hilltop Colony and soldier of the Hilltop 's militia . The Saviors ( edit ) Jayson Warner Smith as Gavin , one of Negan 's top lieutenants , who leads the weapons base . Traci Dinwiddie as Regina , one of Negan 's top lieutenants . Juan Pareja as Morales , a survivor from Rick 's original Atlanta camp who joined the Saviors . Joshua Mikel as Jared , Benjamin 's killer , and a hostile member of the Saviors who antagonizes Morgan . Callan McAuliffe as Dillon , a member of the Saviors who surrenders to Jesus at the satellite station outpost . Lindsey Garrett as Mara , one of Negan 's top lieutenants , who guards one of many outposts . Lee Norris as Todd , a timid member of the Saviors who works at the same outpost as Mara . Whitmer Thomas as Gunther , a member of the Saviors who tortures Ezekiel . Charles Halford as Yago , one of Negan 's top lieutenants , who manages Gavin 's weapons base . The Kingdom ( edit ) Cooper Andrews as Jerry , Ezekiel 's loyal and good - natured bodyguard . Kerry Cahill as Dianne , one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers and a skilled archer . Daniel Newman as Daniel , one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers . Carlos Navarro as Alvaro , one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers . Macsen Lintz as Henry , a resident of the Kingdom and younger brother of the deceased Benjamin . Nadine Marissa as Nabila , a resident and gardener of the Kingdom . Production ( edit ) The Walking Dead was renewed by AMC for a 16 - episode eighth season on October 16 , 2016 , and that same month it was reported that Maria Bello would have a role on the show . Production began on April 25 , 2017 , in Atlanta , Georgia . On July 12 , 2017 , production was shut down after stuntman John Bernecker was killed , after falling more than 20 feet onto a concrete floor . Production resumed on July 17 . The season premiere , which also serves as the series ' milestone 100th episode , was directed by executive producer Greg Nicotero . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Walking Dead episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 100 `` Mercy '' Greg Nicotero Scott M. Gimple October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 11.44 Rick , Maggie and Ezekiel rally their communities together to take down Negan . Gregory attempts to have the Hilltop residents side with Negan , but they all firmly stand behind Maggie . Using a large herd of walkers to their advantage , the group attacks the Sanctuary , taking down the fences and flooding the compound with walkers . With the Sanctuary defaced , Rick , Maggie , and Ezekiel 's groups leave the compound while Gabriel reluctantly saves Gregory ; Gabriel is left behind after Gregory abandons him . Surrounded by walkers , Gabriel hides in a trailer , where he is trapped inside with Negan . 101 `` The Damned '' Rosemary Rodriguez Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell October 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) 8.92 Rick 's forces split into separate parties to attack several of the Saviors ' outposts , during which many members of the group are killed , including Andy , Freddie and Francine ; Eric is critically injured and rushed away by Aaron . Jesus stops Tara and Morgan from executing a group of surrendered Saviors , which includes Jared . While searching a Savior outpost for M2 Browning machine guns with Daryl , Rick is confronted and held at gunpoint by Morales , a survivor he met long ago in the initial Atlanta camp who is now with the Saviors . 102 `` Monsters '' Greg Nicotero Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) 8.52 Daryl finds Morales threatening Rick and shoots him dead ; the duo then pursue a group of Saviors who are transporting the machine guns to another outpost . Gregory returns to Hilltop , and after a heated argument , Maggie ultimately allows him back in the community . Eric dies from his injuries , leaving Aaron distraught . Despite Morgan 's objections , Tara and Jesus lead the group of captured Saviors to Hilltop , where Jesus convinces Maggie to hold them prisoner . Ezekiel 's group attacks another Savior compound , during which several Kingdommers are shot while protecting Ezekiel . 103 `` Some Guy '' Dan Liu David Leslie Johnson November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) 8.69 Ezekiel 's group is ambushed by Saviors wielding the M2 Browning machine guns ; every soldier in the group is killed except for Ezekiel himself and Jerry . Carol clears the inside of the compound , but two Saviors escape with the guns ; their getaway is ultimately foiled by Rick and Daryl . As Ezekiel , Jerry , and Carol head back to the Kingdom , they are surrounded by walkers ; Shiva appears and sacrifices herself to save her master . The trio return to the Kingdom , where Ezekiel 's confidence in himself as a leader has diminished . 104 5 `` The Big Scary U '' TBA TBA November 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) TBD 105 6 `` The King , the Widow , and Rick '' TBA TBA November 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 26 ) TBD 106 7 `` Time for After '' TBA TBA December 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 03 ) TBD 107 8 `` How It 's Gotta Be '' TBA TBA December 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) TBD Release ( edit ) The first trailer for the season was released on July 21 , 2017 , at San Diego Comic - Con . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Mercy '' October 22 , 2017 5.0 11.44 4.28 7.2 15.74 `` The Damned '' October 29 , 2017 4.0 8.92 2.0 4.16 6.0 13.10 `` Monsters '' November 5 , 2017 3.8 8.52 TBD TBD TBD TBD `` Some Guy '' November 12 , 2017 3.9 8.69 TBD TBD TBD TBD 5 `` The Big Scary U '' November 19 , 2017 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 6 `` The King , the Widow , and Rick '' November 26 , 2017 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 7 `` Time for After '' December 3 , 2017 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 8 `` How It 's Gotta Be '' December 10 , 2017 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` Walking Dead Gets Season 8 Premiere Date , Plus Fear TWD Return Date '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( October 16 , 2016 ) . `` Walking Dead gets early season 8 renewal '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' Promotes Trio to Series Regular for Season 8 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead Promotes 3 Actors to Series Regular Ahead of Season 8 '' . TV Line . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Peters , Megan ( October 30 , 2016 ) . `` Maria Bello Getting Role In The Walking Dead Season 8 '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead Cast And Crew Assemble For Season 8 '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' Stuntman Dies After On - Set Accident '' . Variety . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' Production Resumes After Stuntman 's Death '' . Deadline . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Greg Nicotero To Direct The Walking Dead Episode 100 , Season 8 Premiere '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' has lowest - rated premiere since Season 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' stumbles to 5 - year low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Shameless ' has its best premiere in 4 - plus years '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' improves , ' Shameless ' dips in week 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead : The Big Scary U '' . Screener . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead : The King , the Widow , and Rick '' . Screener . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead : Time for After '' . Screener . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead : How It 's Gotta Be '' . Screener . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead season 8 trailer teases surprise flash - forward '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' premiere grows a lot , still trails Season 7 debut by a lot : Cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 16 - 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead , ' ' AHS : Cult ' way above everything else in cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 23 - 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Horror fiction portal Television portal Official website List of The Walking Dead episodes on IMDb List of The Walking Dead episodes at TV.com The Walking Dead Robert Kirkman Tony Moore Charlie Adlard Comic books The Walking Dead Television series The Walking Dead Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Accolades Soundtrack Vol. 1 Talking Dead Fear the Walking Dead Episodes Season 1 Web series The Walking Dead Torn Apart Cold Storage The Oath Fear the Walking Dead Flight 462 Passage Video games The Walking Dead Season One `` 400 Days '' Two Michonne Three : A New Frontier Other games Survival Instinct Road to Survival Novels Rise of the Governor The Road to Woodbury The Fall of the Governor Descent Invasion Search and Destroy Characters Lists Comic book series Television series Aaron Amy Jessie Anderson Andrea Axel Tara Chambler Clementine Daryl Dixon Merle Dixon Dwight Rosita Espinosa Lee Everett Ezekiel Abraham Ford Gareth The Governor Gregory Beth Greene Hershel Greene Maggie Greene Carl Grimes Lori Grimes Rick Grimes Dale Horvath Morgan Jones Lilly Milton Mamet Caesar Martinez Deanna Monroe Paul `` Jesus '' Monroe Morales Michonne Negan Olivia The Prisoners Carol Peletier Sophia Peletier Eugene Porter Glenn Rhee Lizzie and Mika Samuels Gabriel Stokes Bob Stookey T - Dog Shane Walsh Sasha Williams Tyreese Williams Category The Walking Dead episodes Season 1 `` Days Gone Bye '' `` Guts '' `` Tell It to the Frogs '' `` Vatos '' `` Wildfire '' `` TS - 19 '' Season 2 `` What Lies Ahead '' `` Bloodletting '' `` Save the Last One '' `` Cherokee Rose '' `` Chupacabra '' `` Secrets '' `` Pretty Much Dead Already '' `` Nebraska '' `` Triggerfinger '' `` 18 Miles Out '' `` Judge , Jury , Executioner '' `` Better Angels '' `` Beside the Dying Fire '' Season 3 `` Seed '' `` Sick '' `` Walk with Me '' `` Killer Within '' `` Say the Word '' `` Hounded '' `` When the Dead Come Knocking '' `` Made to Suffer '' `` The Suicide King '' `` Home '' `` I Ai n't a Judas '' `` Clear '' `` Arrow on the Doorpost '' `` Prey '' `` This Sorrowful Life '' `` Welcome to the Tombs '' Season 4 `` 30 Days Without an Accident '' `` Infected '' `` Isolation '' `` Indifference '' `` Internment '' `` Live Bait '' `` Dead Weight '' `` Too Far Gone '' `` After '' `` Inmates '' `` Claimed '' `` Still '' `` Alone '' `` The Grove '' `` Us '' `` A '' Season 5 `` No Sanctuary '' `` Strangers '' `` Four Walls and a Roof '' `` Slabtown '' `` Self Help '' `` Consumed '' `` Crossed '' `` Coda '' `` What Happened and What 's Going On '' `` Them '' `` The Distance '' `` Remember '' `` Forget '' `` Spend '' `` Try '' `` Conquer '' Season 6 `` First Time Again '' `` JSS '' `` Thank You '' `` Here 's Not Here '' `` Now '' `` Always Accountable '' `` Heads Up '' `` Start to Finish '' `` No Way Out '' `` The Next World '' `` Knots Untie '' `` Not Tomorrow Yet '' `` The Same Boat '' `` Twice as Far '' `` East '' `` Last Day on Earth '' Season 7 `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' `` The Well '' `` The Cell '' `` Service '' `` Go Getters '' `` Swear '' `` Sing Me a Song '' `` Hearts Still Beating '' `` Rock in the Road '' `` New Best Friends '' `` Hostiles and Calamities '' `` Say Yes '' `` Bury Me Here '' `` The Other Side '' `` Something They Need '' `` The First Day of the Rest of Your Life '' Season 8 `` Mercy '' `` The Damned '' `` Monsters '' `` Some Guy '' Webisodes Torn Apart Cold Storage The Oath Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Walking_Dead_(season_8)&oldid=810621610 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons The Walking Dead ( TV series ) episodes Hidden categories : Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 November 2017 , at 11 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Walking%20Dead%20%28season%208%29

the maximum percentage of tribal population in india

Tribals in Madhya Pradesh

tribals in madhya pradesh

There are 46 recognized Scheduled Tribes in Madhya Pradesh , India , three of which have been identified as ' Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups ( PTGs ) ( formerly known as ' Special Primitive Tribal Groups ' ) . The population of Scheduled Tribals ( ST ) is 21.1 % of the state population ( 15.31 million out of 72.62 million ) , according to the 2011 census . Bounded by the Narmada River to the north and the Godavari River to the southeast , tribal peoples occupy the slopes of the region 's mountains .

The term `` Scheduled Tribes '' refers to specific indigenous peoples whose status is acknowledged to by the Constitution of India . The term Adivasi also applies to indigenous peoples of this area . Contents ( hide ) 1 Diversity of tribes 2 Distribution of tribal population 3 List of recognised tribes 4 Most populous tribes 5 References 6 External links 7 Further reading Diversity of tribes ( edit ) The diversity in the tribes across the state comes from differences in heredity , lifestyle , cultural traditions , social structure , economic structure , religious beliefs and language and speech . Due to the different linguistic , cultural and geographical environments , the diverse tribal world of Madhya Pradesh has been largely cut off from the mainstream of development . Madhya Pradesh holds 1st rank among all the States / Union Territories ( UTs ) in terms of Special Tribal population and 12th rank in respect of the proportion of ST population to total population . Distribution of tribal population ( edit ) The main tribal groups in Madhya Pradesh are Gond , Bhil , Baiga , Korku , Bhariya , Halba , Kaul , Mariya , and Sahariya . Dhar , Jhabua and Mandla districts have a more than 50 percent tribal population . In Khargone , Chhindwara , Seoni , Sidhi and Shahdol districts , 30 to 50 percent of the population is of tribes . The largest population is that of the Bhil tribe . Name of tribe Sub-tribe Population ( Census 1981 ) Districts inhabited Gond Pardhan , Agariya , Ojha , Nagarchi , Solhas 5,349,883 All districts , mainly spread on both banks of Narmada River in Vindhyas and Satpura , Balaghat . Bhil Barela , Bhilala , Patliya 2,505,888 Dhar , Jhabua , East Nimar Baiga Bijhwar , Narotia , Bharotiya , Nahar , Rai Bhaina , Kadh Bhaina 248,949 Mandla , Balaghat Korku Movasiruma , Nahala , Vavari , Bodoya 66,781 East Nimar , Hoshangabad , Betul , Chhindwara , Burhanpur Bharia Bhumiya , Bhuihar , Pando 195,490 Chhindwara , Jabalpur Halba Halbi , Bastariya 236,375 Balaghat kol Rohiya , patel , Rauthail 123,811 Rewa , Satna , Shahdol , Sidhi Mariya Abujh Mariya , Dandami Mariya , Metakoitur 195,490 Jabalpur , Mandla , Panna , Shahdol , Chhindwara Saharia -- 261,816 Guna , Shivpuri , Morena , Gwalior , Vidisha , Rajgarh List of recognised tribes ( edit ) Main article : List of Scheduled Tribes in India § Madhya Pradesh Most populous tribes ( edit ) According to the 2011 Census of India , Bhil is the most populous tribe with a total population of 4,618,068 , constituting 37.7 per cent of the total ST population . Gond is the second largest tribe , with a population of 4,357,918 constituting 35.6 per cent . The next four populous tribes are : Kol , Korku , Sahariya and Baiga . These six tribes constitute 92.2 per cent of the total ST population of the State . Pardhan , Saur and Bharia Bhumia have a population ranging from 105,692 to 2152 , 472 ; together , they form 3.2 percent of state population . Four tribes , namely , Majhi , Khairwar , Mawasi and Panika have populations in the range of 47,806 to 81,335 , and account for another 2.2 percent of the ST population . The remaining thirty three tribes ( out of the total of 46 tribes ) along with the generic tribes constitute the residual 2.5 per cent of total ST population . Tribes having below 1000 population are twelve in number . Bhils have the highest population in Jhabua district followed by Dhar , Barwani and Khargone districts . Gonds have major concentrations in Dindori district , Chhindwara , Mandla , Betul , Seoni and Shahdol districts . Other four major groups Kol , Korku , Sahariya and Baiga have registered the highest population in Rewa , Khandwa , Shivpuri and Shahdol districts respectively . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Madhya Pradesh : DATA HIGHLIGHTS : THE SCHEDULED TRIBES , Census of India 2001 '' ( PDF ) . Govt. of Madhya Pradesh . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 09 . External links ( edit ) ( 2 ) Govt of MP schedule caste and schedule tribe welfare department ( 3 ) Department of tribal development , MP government Census 2011 - Madhya Pradesh Further reading ( edit ) Jain and Bhatnagar : Upkar Madhya Pradesh Samanya Gyan , Upkar Prakashan Agra hide Scheduled Tribes in Madhya Pradesh Baiga Bharia Bhumia Bhil Chero Gond Kol Korku Panika Saharia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tribals_in_Madhya_Pradesh&oldid=834401555 '' Categories : Scheduled Tribes of India Social groups of Madhya Pradesh Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 14 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribals%20in%20Madhya%20Pradesh

who is the actress that plays in the new wonder woman

Gal Gadot as Diana :

Gal Gadot

Wonder Woman ( 2017 film )

wonder woman ( 2017 film )

Wonder Woman is a 2017 American superhero film based on the DC Comics character of the same name , distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures . It is the fourth installment in the DC Extended Universe ( DCEU ) . The film is directed by Patty Jenkins , with a screenplay by Allan Heinberg , from a story by Heinberg , Zack Snyder , and Jason Fuchs , and stars Gal Gadot , Chris Pine , Robin Wright , Danny Huston , David Thewlis , Connie Nielsen , and Elena Anaya . Wonder Woman is the second live action theatrical film featuring the titular character , following her debut in 2016 's Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice . Jenkins 's role as director makes her the first female director of a live - action , theatrically released comic book superhero film . The film tells the story of Princess Diana , who grows up on the Amazon island of Themyscira . After American pilot Steve Trevor crashes offshore of the island and is rescued by her , he tells the Amazons about the ongoing World War . Diana then leaves her home in order to end the conflict .

While development for the film began in 1996 , Jenkins signed on to direct in 2015 . Principal photography began on November 21 , 2015 , with filming taking place in the United Kingdom , France , and Italy before wrapping up on May 9 , 2016 , the 123rd anniversary of the birth of the creator , William Moulton Marston . Additional filming took place in November 2016 . Wonder Woman premiered in Shanghai on May 15 , 2017 , and was released in the United States on June 2 , 2017 , in 2D , 3D and IMAX 3D . It received largely positive reviews from critics , being praised for the direction , performances , action sequences and musical score . The film set numerous box office records , including becoming the highest - grossing film directed by a woman , the biggest domestic opening for a film directed by a woman , the highest - grossing superhero origin film domestically , and the largest opening for a female - led comic book film . Wonder Woman is also the fifth - highest - grossing superhero film domestically and 20th - highest - grossing film in the United States . It has grossed over $821 million worldwide , making it the seventh - highest - grossing film of 2017 . It also helped the DCEU to push past $3 billion at the worldwide box office , making it the seventeenth - highest - grossing film franchise of all time and is now considered one of the greatest superhero films of all time . A sequel , Wonder Woman 2 , is set to be released on December 13 , 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Background 3.2 Development 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Post-production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 5.3 Controversies 5.3. 1 Bans 5.3. 2 Women - only screenings 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 North America 6.1. 2 International 6.2 Critical response 7 Feminist debate 8 Accolades 9 Sequel 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Plot ( edit ) In present - day Paris , Diana Prince receives a photographic plate of herself and four men taken during World War I , prompting her to recall her past . Daughter of Queen Hippolyta , Diana was raised on the hidden island of Themyscira , home to the Amazonian warrior women created by Zeus to protect mankind . Hippolyta shares the Amazonian history with Diana , including how Ares , Zeus 's son , became jealous of humanity and orchestrated its destruction . When the other gods attempted to stop him , Ares killed all but Zeus , who wounded Ares and forced his retreat . Zeus left the Amazons the island and a weapon , the `` Godkiller '' , to prepare them for Ares ' return . Initially forbidding Diana to train as a warrior , Hippolyta allows her sister Antiope to train Diana , but only if the training is more rigorous than that of any other warrior . In 1918 , Diana , now a young woman , rescues American pilot Captain Steve Trevor when his plane crashes off the Themyscira coast . The island is soon invaded by a German cruiser pursuing Trevor . The Amazons kill the crew , but Antiope sacrifices herself to save Diana . Steve is interrogated with the Lasso of Hestia , and reveals that a war is consuming the outside world , and that he is an Allied spy . He has stolen a notebook of the Spanish chief chemist Isabel Maru , who is attempting to engineer a deadlier form of mustard gas , under the orders of General Erich Ludendorff . Believing Ares is responsible for the war , Diana arms herself with the `` Godkiller '' sword , the lasso , and her armor before leaving Themyscira with Steve to find and destroy Ares . In London , they deliver Maru 's notebook to the Supreme War Council , where Sir Patrick Morgan is trying to negotiate an armistice with Germany . Diana translates Maru 's notes and reveals that the Germans plan to release the deadly gas at the war front . Although forbidden by his commanders to act , Steve , with secret funding from Sir Patrick , recruits spy Sameer , marksman Charlie , and smuggler Chief to help prevent the gas from being released . When the team reaches the Western Front in Belgium , they are halted by the enemy lines . Diana goes alone through No Man 's Land and captures the enemy trench , allowing the Allied forces to help her liberate the village of Veld . The team briefly celebrates , while Diana and Steve grow closer romantically . The team learns a gala will be held at the nearby German High Command . Steve and Diana each infiltrate the party , with Steve intending to locate the gas and destroy it , while Diana intends to kill Ludendorff , believing that he is Ares and thus killing him will end the war . Steve stops her to avoid jeopardizing the mission , and Ludendorff unleashes the gas on Veld , killing its inhabitants . Blaming Steve for intervening , Diana pursues Ludendorff to a base where the gas is being loaded into a bomber aircraft bound for London . Diana fights and kills Ludendorff but is confused when his death does not stop the war . Sir Patrick appears and reveals himself as Ares . He tells Diana that although he has subtly given humans ideas and inspirations , using Ludendorff and Maru as pawns in the process , it is ultimately their decision to cause violence as they are inherently corrupt . When Diana attempts to kill Ares with the `` Godkiller '' sword he destroys it , then reveals Diana to be the `` Godkiller '' , as the daughter of Zeus and Hippolyta . He fails to persuade Diana to help him destroy mankind to restore paradise on Earth . While the two battle , the others on Steve 's team destroy Maru 's laboratory . Steve pilots the bomber carrying the gas to a safe altitude and detonates it , sacrificing himself in the process . Ares attempts to direct Diana 's rage and grief at Steve 's death by convincing her to kill Maru , but memories of her experience with Steve cause her to realize that humans have good within them . She spares Maru and redirects Ares ' lightning into him , killing him . Later , the team celebrates the end of the war . In the present day , Diana sends an email to Bruce Wayne thanking him for the photographic plate of her and Steve , and reaffirms her new mission to protect and give love to the world . Cast ( edit ) Gal Gadot as Diana : An immortal Amazon warrior that is the crown princess of Themyscira , and the daughter of Queen Hippolyta and Zeus given to the Amazons to raise , and half - sister of Ares . Describing Wonder Woman and her appeal , Gadot said `` She 's relatable . She has the heart of a human and is very compassionate , but her experiences -- or lack of them , her naivete , really -- make her interested in everything around her and able to view the world in a way that we 'd all like to : with a genuine curiosity . '' On Diana 's relationship with her mother , Gadot said `` Diana is a very opinionated girl . Her mother is very opinionated . Her mother is very protective as well , and they have , you know , the very natural clash that a mother has with her daughter , with their daughters , the first time they want to leave home . '' On taking on the role as Wonder Woman , Gadot stated `` I feel very privileged that I got the opportunity to portray such an iconic , strong female character . I adore this character and everything that she stands for and everything that she symbolizes . '' On Diana going to the world , Gadot stated `` When Diana comes to the real world she 's completely oblivious about gender and society rules , that women are not equal to men . '' Describing Diana 's relationship with her mother and aunts , Jenkins said `` She is the only child they raised together . And their love for her manifests in a different way for each of them . '' On working with Gadot , Jenkins said `` Gal quickly became the person I wanted to talk to about everything . We 'd shoot together all day . And then on weekends , we 'd be like , ' What do you want to do ? ' That 's maybe not totally normal . '' Lilly Aspel was cast as the 8 - year - old Diana and Emily Carey was cast as the 12 - year - old Diana . Chris Pine as Steve Trevor : An American pilot and the love interest of Diana . On his role for the film , Pine said `` I am an American pilot who 's a spy . It 's like a boy 's dream : You 're either a spy or a fighter pilot . The first thing I wanted to be was a fighter pilot a long time ago . I wanted to be Goose ( from Top Gun ) '' . As to how his mortal character would interact with an Amazon , Pine stated `` When I first read the script , it had elements of Romancing the Stone , kind of a very classic fish out of water . Two people that do n't really bond well at first and they 're butting heads and just fun , witty banter '' . When speaking about meeting the director and being cast , Pine said `` Patty is a pretty incredible human being . When we first met about the part of Steve , she sat across from me and essentially acted out the entire film over the course of a two - hour lunch . She was so specific , so articulate , and so ardent . I would 've said yes just for Patty alone . '' Pine went through a workout regime for the film , commenting `` I got in incredible shape for this film '' but also joking `` I was also wearing about 75 pounds of clothing . What I realized is that I made a major mistake , I got in great shape and they just put clothes over all my hard work . '' Robin Wright as Antiope : The sister of Hippolyta , General of the Amazonian army , Diana 's aunt , and mentor . On being cast for the film , Wright said `` It 's two-fold because when Patty Jenkins called me , the director , it was a three - minute long conversation . She said , ' I 'm doing a movie about Wonder Woman . Do you want to be her trainer ? ' And I was like , ' Yes . Of course . ' And the general of the Amazonian army . That was pretty cool . '' Describing her character mentoring and training Diana to be a warrior , Wright said `` It 's a sixth sense that it is coming and I think that 's also in the mythological story behind Antiope and Queen Hippolyta . They know it 's coming and it 's her duty as the aunt to her young niece to make sure she is the fiercest warrior of all time . '' On the Amazons fighting style , Wright said `` It 's hand combat . Yes , swords and knives and arrows , but the precision that they have , right , as these warrior women ; it 's so nice to see that disparity between what we had in the day of just raw fighting materials and the guns and how easy that is in comparison . '' On the message of the film , Wright stated `` Is not just female empowerment . It 's about love and justice . That 's what the film 's about . And what a great message to spread to our little ones . '' Commenting about training for the film , Wright said `` The most empowering was to get into that physical shape . So we were doing horseback riding training , weight training , martial arts , and 2,000 to 3,000 calories a day '' . Danny Huston as General Erich Ludendorff : An ambitious and iron - fisted general of the German Army during World War I. Huston described Ludendorff as a `` pragmatist , realist , patriotic , fighting for his country '' , further explaining , `` he lost his son on the German front lines and was just quite tortured , diabolical , stubborn and believes that what he 's doing is for the betterment of mankind . '' On his character , Huston said `` Ludendorff is a believer that war is a natural habitat for humans . '' Huston stated the film as an anti-war film and `` somebody like Ludendorff would probably think that the idea that love conquers all is quite a naive concept . But finally it 's true and sometimes the best way to examine mankind is from another perspective . '' On the genre of the film , Huston said `` It 's Greek mythology . It 's the origin of story and sometimes we need demigods to look at us to understand what our weaknesses are . It serves the mythological world . '' David Thewlis as Ares : / Sir Patrick Morgan The treacherous son of Zeus and half - brother of Diana , based on the Greek mythological god of War , who masquerades as Sir Patrick Morgan , a speaker for peace on the Imperial War Cabinet as part of his deceptive master plan of conquest and destruction . Describing the Sir Patrick persona of his character , Thewlis said `` Sir Patrick 's entire drive through the other half of the story is to bring about the armistice . That 's his whole intention no matter what 's going on . He meets Diana and see in her somebody who is sympathetic to his cause , quite vehemently so . '' Connie Nielsen as Hippolyta : The Amazon Queen of Themyscira and Diana 's mother . On meeting the director for the role , Nielsen said `` Patty and I met in London , and we just hit it off from the get - go . We could n't stop talking . What was supposed to be a one - hour meeting turned into a two - and - a-half - hour lunch and we just really got each other . '' She described Jenkins ' directing style for the film as `` She 's also the kind of director that I really flourish under . She has very strong and particular and specific ideas about what it is she wants to say . She comes from a place of strength always . And so , when you are dealing with someone like that , you feel absolutely free to be vulnerable , to be creative , and I am a big researcher . '' On playing the character , Nielsen said `` It was a complete and utter pleasure and I absolutely loved every second of playing her . '' On her character being Diana 's mother and Amazonian queen , Nielsen stated `` I 'm queen and I 'm preparing my child for a world that entails a lot of responsibility . So it was important to me to bring that into the character . '' She read The Amazons by Adrienne Mayor to familiarize herself with women warriors and said `` I used what I learned in Mayor 's book as a rallying cry for how I approached Hippolyta . And then , of course , what is a leader who is elected by her peers every year and has been doing this for a thousand years ? That too was interesting to think about '' . Nielsen went through a workout regime for the film , saying `` I did six hours a day . You know , two hours of weight training , two hours of swords training , and then two hours of horseback riding '' . Nicole Kidman was in negotiations for the role but was forced to drop due to scheduling conflicts with Big Little Lies . Previously , Nielsen had been considered for the role of Superman 's mother , Lara Lor - Van , in Man of Steel . Elena Anaya as Isabel Maru / Doctor Poison : A nefarious Spanish chief chemist associated with General Ludendorff who specializes in chemistry and poisons . On her role , Anaya said `` Well , it was a small role in this big ensemble , but it is an important character in the story . I 'm going to be a big nightmare '' for Wonder Woman and Steve Trevor . Describing her character , Anaya said `` Dr. Maru loves rage and enjoys people 's pain . She 's creating terrible weapons , and her purpose in life is to kill as many people as possible , and provoke as much pain as possible '' . She researched World War I and Fritz Haber , the scientist who created mustard gas , to prepare for the role . On the character 's facial scars , Anaya stated `` I went to Patty Jenkins and asked , ' What happened to her ? ' And she said , ' She did it on purpose . ' I was like , ' What ? Patty , you 're going further than I ever imagined . ' She said , ' She wants to provoke painful suffering , so she tested her own gas on her own face . She wanted to know how deep this form of her gas would go , so she put it on her own face . ' You can see half of her face is completely gone . This is the sadistic side of Dr. Maru '' . She also stated her character `` is quite the opposite to the lead role of this movie , one of the strongest characters ever of DC comics , Wonder Woman . I can tell you that Doctor Poison is someone with a capacity to provoke so much pain . '' On Dr. Maru 's relationship with General Ludendorff , Anaya said `` I think that they have a relationship based on loyalty . Ludendorff is a very tormented General that lacks self - confidence . That 's why , in part , he takes these drugs that Dr. Poison gives him . They are from different worlds , but they complement each other '' . Lucy Davis as Etta Candy : Steve Trevor 's comical , loyal , and friendly secretary who befriends Diana . Describing her character , Davis said `` She 's a woman in a man 's world and so being heard and seen are n't the easiest things , but it kind of does n't deter her '' , adding , `` Etta is unapologetically herself and I think that that 's the thing that has drawn me to her the most '' . When asked if she was previously familiar with the character , Davis responded `` No . I was n't . It took me a while to know that I was auditioning for Etta because even when I found out it was Wonder Woman , I still had no idea what the role was . It took a little while then I Googled the character '' . On Etta Candy 's relationship with Steve Trevor , Davis said `` One of the great things that Etta gets to work with Steve Trevor is because Steve is not your typical man , in that he does entrust her with things that in 1918 probably would n't have been entrusted to a secretary of somebody who is quite important '' , further explaining , `` So I think that ( Trevor ) needs her just as much as she needs that because now she 's been given responsibility that she would n't have normally be given before , and equally he has somebody who could probably fly under the radar a bit . So he can trust the person who no one 's really looking at '' . Saïd Taghmaoui as Sameer : A French Moroccan secret agent who is a master of disguise and an ally of Steve Trevor . On his casting , Taghmaoui stated `` I was among hundreds of potential candidates , and I slowly became the favorite '' , adding , `` It was n't easy . It took me three months . ( I 'll have to go through ) extensive physical training . '' Ewen Bremner as Charlie : A heavy - drinking Scottish sharpshooter who has already had a tour of duty and has post-traumatic stress disorder . He is an ally of Steve Trevor . On his role , Bremner said `` I play a character who 's enlisted by Wonder Woman to help save the world as part of a small , unlikely band '' . Describing his character , Bremner stated `` He 's a shellshocked soldier who 's been discharged from the war and is brought back to help on a secret mission '' . On working with Jenkins , Bremner commented `` Patty Jenkins is a force of nature . She has fantastic vision , strength and enthusiasm , which is completely infectious and motivates a cast and crew of thousands to really go beyond themselves . '' Eugene Brave Rock as Chief Napi : A Blackfoot Native American demi - god , and a smuggler who trades with both sides of the war and knows how to get people across the front lines . On his casting , Brave Rock said `` I had no idea it was for Wonder Woman . I lost it when I showed up and I could n't remember my lines . I did n't take it literally until a month later , I got a call saying I got the role and they wanted me to fly to London for a fitting . '' Brave Rock raised several concerns with Jenkins over the representation of the character in the film , particularly that he was not comfortable playing into stereotypes and that he was not keen on his character being simply known as `` Chief '' . Jenkins responded by giving him some extra creative control over his character which Brave Rock says was `` unprecedented '' . Lisa Loven Kongsli as Menalippe : Antiope 's lieutenant and Diana 's aunt . Describing her character , Kongsli said `` Menalippe is a fearless warrior with a strong justice needs . She lives with the other Amazons on the island Themiscyra and exercising continuous battle to assist man in the fight for the good . '' On filming , Konglsi stated `` It 's a blast . I 've worked damn hard to make this happen , so it 's absolutely absurd and fun all at once . '' Additionally , Mayling Ng , Florence Kasumba , Madeleine Vall Beijner , Hayley Jane Warnes and Ann Wolfe portray Orana , Acantha , Egeria , Aella and Artemis , respectively , all of whom are Amazons . James Cosmo appears as Field Marshal Haig , Steffan Rhodri appears as Colonel Darnell , and Dutch model Doutzen Kroes portrays the Amazon Venelia . Samantha Jo was cast as the Amazonian Euboea , and previously played the Kryptonian , Car - Vex , in Man of Steel . Zack Snyder also makes a brief cameo appearance in the film as an unnamed soldier . Production ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Development for a live action Wonder Woman feature film began in 1996 , with Ivan Reitman attached as producer and possible director . In 1999 the project became attached to Jon Cohen , who adapted Wonder Woman for producer Joel Silver , with the hope that Sandra Bullock would star . By 2001 , Todd Alcott was hired to write the screenplay , with Silver Pictures backing the project . At that time , performers such as Mariah Carey and Catherine Zeta - Jones were also rumored to be possible candidates for the role of Wonder Woman . Leonard Goldberg , however , focused on Bullock who said that she was approached for the role . In addition , wrestler Chyna also expressed interest . Lucy Lawless , the star of Xena : Warrior Princess , was also under consideration , though she stated that she would have been more interested if Wonder Woman was portrayed as a `` flawed hero . '' The screenplay went through various drafts written by Alcott , Cohen , Becky Johnston , and Philip Levens , and by August 2003 , Levens had been replaced by screenwriter Laeta Kalogridis . In March 2005 , Warner Bros. and Silver Pictures announced that Joss Whedon would write and direct the film , with a reported salary was of $2 to $3 million . Since Whedon was directing Serenity at the time , and required time to research Wonder Woman 's background , he did not begin the screenplay until late 2005 . Early drafts of his screenplay included Steve Trevor as the narrator , a fierce battle between Diana and her mother over Trevor 's welfare , and after leaving Themyscira , his need to frequently rescue a Diana rendered helpless by the modern world . Whedon was not able to complete a final version of his screenplay however , and left the project in 2007 . Although Whedon stated in May 2005 that he would not cast the part of Wonder Woman until he finished the script , actors such as Kate Beckinsale were linked to the part . In 2010 however , Whedon admitted that he did have an actress in mind for the part , stating that `` Wonder Woman was basically Angelina Jolie . '' A few years later in May 2017 , Indie Ground Films leaked a version of Whedon 's script in - progress online . Some reacted negatively to it on social media in June 2017 , shortly after the release of Patty Jenkins version of the film . When asked about this response to his script , Jenkins said in a June 2017 interview that she has not read it and that Whedon is `` in the DC universe now , and I do n't think there 's any reason to go there ( ... ) It was what it was . I 'm lucky that I 'm the person who got to do it . But I do n't see what would be beneficial about comparing what he would 've done versus what I would have done . '' A day before Whedon 's departure from Wonder Woman , Warner Bros. and Silver Pictures purchased a spec script for the film written by Matthew Jennison and Brent Strickland . Set during World War II , the script impressed executives at Silver Pictures . However , Silver stated that he had purchased the script because he did not want the rights reverting ; while stating the script had good ideas , Silver did not want the film to be a period piece . By April 2008 , Silver hired Jennison and Strickland to write a new script set in contemporary times that would not depict Wonder Woman 's origin , but explore Paradise Island 's history . In November 2008 , Beyoncé met with representatives from DC Comics and Warner Bros. , to discuss her interest in portraying Wonder Woman . In 2010 , Warner Bros. stated that a film was in development , along with films based on DC Comics superheroes the Flash and Aquaman . Both Wonder Woman and Aquaman were still under consideration for solo film subjects as of June 2013 . DC Chief Diane Nelson said Wonder Woman `` has been , since I started , one of the top three priorities for DC and for Warner Bros . We are still trying right now , but she 's tricky . '' On October 5 , 2013 , WB chairman Kevin Tsujihara said he wanted to get Wonder Woman in a film or on TV . Shortly afterward , Paul Feig said he had pitched the studio an idea for Wonder Woman as an action - comedy film . The studio then began to search for female directors to direct the film . While Michelle MacLaren was the studio 's initial choice to direct ( and while she initially indicated interest ) , she eventually left the project due to creative differences . Development ( edit ) DC Films ' co-chairman Geoff Johns and director Patty Jenkins at the WonderCon 2017 . In 2015 , Patty Jenkins accepted an offer to direct Wonder Woman , based on a screenplay by Allan Heinberg and a story co-written by Heinberg , Zack Snyder , Geoff Johns and Jason Fuchs . Of this version , Gadot stated that , for a long time , people did n't know how to approach the story . When Patty and I had our creative conversations about the character , we realized that Diana can still be a normal woman , one with very high values , but still a woman . She can be sensitive . She is smart and independent and emotional . She can be confused . She can lose her confidence . She can have confidence . She is everything . She has a human heart . This version was conceived of as a prequel to the first live - action , theatrical appearance of Wonder Woman , in the 2016 film , Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , placing Wonder Woman in the 1910s and World War I ( a decision which differs from her comic book origins as a supporter of the Allies during World War II ) . As for story development , Jenkins credits the stories by the character 's creator William Moulton Marston in the 1940s and George Perez 's seminal stories in the 1980s in which he modernized the character . In addition , it follows some aspects of DC Comics ' origin changes in The New 52 reboot , where Diana is the daughter of Zeus . Jenkins cited Richard Donner 's Superman as an inspiration . Casting ( edit ) `` I remember when I read in the news that Wonder Woman had been cast and my heart sank ( ... ) I 'm sure we would n't have made the same choice . And then I started paying attention to her , and watching her and looking at her and it was just unbelievable . Frankly , I think they did a better job than I could have because I do n't know that I would have scoured the earth as hard to find her ( ... ) They were looking for all the same things I would have looked for -- all the values that Wonder Woman stands for exuding from someone in an honest way , and boy did they find it ( ... ) She shares every quality with Wonder Woman and that 's no joke . It 's one of those rare things . You need someone who can appear to be Wonder Woman on screen ( ... ) Every once in a while , there 's superhero casting that transcends , because that person is so authentic to the character that it becomes identified with them , like Lynda Carter or Christopher Reeve . '' -- Director Patty Jenkins in response to the interview questions : `` Let 's talk a bit about Gal . You inherited her from Zack Snyder . Was it difficult to not get to choose your own Wonder Woman ? '' and `` What is it about Gal that makes her such a good fit ? '' In late 2013 , Zack Snyder cast Gal Gadot in the role of Wonder Woman for the 2016 film , Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice over Élodie Yung and Olga Kurylenko . Some fans initially reacted to this choice by criticizing Gadot 's appearance . Snyder would later comment on his decision to cast Gadot , stating that he tested a bunch of actresses , as you can imagine . But the thing with Gal is that she 's strong , she 's beautiful , and she 's a kind person , which is interesting , but fierce at the same time . It 's that combination of being fierce but kind at the same time that we were looking for . Gadot described Diana as having `` the heart of a human so she can be emotional , she 's curious , she 's compassionate , she loves people . And then she has the powers of a goddess . She 's all for good , she fights for good . '' She also said that Diana has `` many strengths and powers , but at the end of the day she 's a woman with a lot of emotional intelligence '' . As to how her character is different from her appearance in Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , Gadot said `` We go back 100 years to when she 's more naive '' , further explaining , `` She 's this young idealist . She 's pure . Very different to the experienced , super-confident , grown - up woman you 've seen '' . Gadot underwent a diet and training regimen , practiced different martial arts and gained 17 pounds of muscle for the role . Gadot was previously offered a different role ( as a villain ) in Man of Steel , which she declined because she was pregnant at the time ; this allowed her to later be cast as Wonder Woman in the film 's follow - up . Gadot signed a three - picture deal . She was only paid a base salary of $300,000 for the film itself . Chris Pine was cast as Steve Trevor , a character he described as a `` rogue - ish , cynical realist who 's seen the awful brutish nature of modern civilization '' and added that he is a `` worldly guy , a charming guy '' . He signed a multi-picture deal . Lucy Davis ' performance as Etta Candy is the first live - action cinematic portrayal of the character . As well , Elena Anaya 's performance as Doctor Poison is the cinematic debut of that character . Nicole Kidman was in negotiations for the role of Queen Hippolyta , but was forced to drop out due to scheduling conflicts with Big Little Lies . Filming ( edit ) Production began on November 21 , 2015 , under the working title Nightingale . Among the film sets were Lower Halstow , Kent , Australia House , and the Sassi di Matera , Castel del Monte and Camerota in Southern Italy . Matthew Jensen was the director of photography , filming in the United Kingdom , France and Italy . Production in London ended on March 13 , 2016 . On March 20 , 2016 , filming was underway in Italy . In late April , filming took place at a museum in France , where a Wayne Enterprises truck was spotted alongside Gadot . Production ended on May 9 , 2016 . Patty Jenkins and director of photography Matt Jensen revealed that the film 's look was inspired by painter John Singer Sargent . Reshoots took place in November 2016 , while Gadot was five months pregnant . A green cloth was placed over her stomach to edit out her pregnancy during post-production . To find the perfect location to shoot the Amazon island of Themyscira , the birthplace of Wonder Woman herself , the film 's producers searched all over the world , finally settling on the Amalfi Coast : a stretch of coastline on the Tyrrhenian Sea , located in the Province of Salerno in Southern Italy . It was chosen because most beaches in the world that sit below big cliffs disappear beneath the tide for part of every day . Production designer Aline Bonetto and her location manager Charles Somers considered 47 countries and visited several of them before they found what they were looking for . Bonetto explained that , `` Italy had beautiful weather , a beautiful blue - green sea , not too much tide , not too much wave . Our effects team added some cliffs in post-production , and it was the perfect way to go '' . The estuary at Lower Halstow in Kent , featured in the scenes in which Princess Diana arrives in the Belgium creek to make her way to the warfront . Post-production ( edit ) Bill Westenhofer served as the visual effects supervisor for the film and Martin Walsh served as editor . Music ( edit ) Main article : Wonder Woman ( soundtrack ) On November 3 , 2016 , Rupert Gregson - Williams was hired to write and compose the film 's music . He was joined by Evan Jolly , Tom Howe , Paul Mounsey , and Andrew Kawczynski , who provided additional music . The soundtrack was released on CD , digital , and vinyl the same day as the film . Australian musician Sia sang a song for the film , titled `` To Be Human '' , featuring English musician Labrinth . Written by Florence Welch and Rick Nowels , the track is also featured on the soundtrack . Additional music featured in the film are : `` Another Little Drink Would n't Do Us Any Harm '' by Clifford Grey and Nat Ayer and performed by Edgar Trevor and Cecil Cooper ; `` Molly O'Morgan '' written by Fred Godfrey and Will Letters and performed by Ella Retford ; `` It 's a Long Way to Tipperary '' written by Jack Judge and Harry Williams ; `` Sous les ponts de Paris '' written by Jean Rodor and Vincent Scotto and performed by Lucienne Delyle ; `` I 'll Walk Beside You '' written by Edward Lockton and Alan Murray and performed by Ewen Bremner ; `` Green Grow the Rushes , O '' written by Robert Burns and performed by Ewen Bremner ; and `` Schatzwalzer Op. 4 '' written by Johann Strauss II and performed by the Berlin String Quartet . Also features samples from the movie 's soundtrack `` Is She with You '' from Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice composed by Hans Zimmer and Junkie XL . Release ( edit ) Wonder Woman had its world premiere on May 25 , 2017 in Los Angeles . The film 's London premiere , which was scheduled to take place on May 31 at the Odeon Leicester Square , was cancelled due to the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing . The film had its Latin America premiere in Mexico City on May 27 . It was released in most of the world , including in IMAX , on June 2 , 2017 , after originally being scheduled for June 23 . Belgium , Singapore and South Korea received the film first , with May 31 openings . On April 17 , it was announced that Wonder Woman would be released in China on June 2 , the same day as its North American release . Marketing ( edit ) The success of the superhero television series Supergirl informed the marketing and promotion strategy used for Wonder Woman . According to Time Warner chief marketing officer Kristen O'Hara , they wanted to approach the Wonder Woman marketing campaign in a light manner , similar to how they did with Supergirl . O'Hara elaborated that the modest campaign route they took for Supergirl aided in establishing a large central fanbase among women well in advance of the series , which reportedly generated 5 million female superhero fans in one week . They were then able to model over time , and grow that audience leading up to the 15 - months - later release of Wonder Woman . Though neither the film nor the series are aimed exclusively at women , the latter 's campaign gave them their first opportunity to begin collecting data about female superhero fans . In May 2017 , a promo for Wonder Woman was released during the season finale of Supergirl , featuring a remix of the song `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' and Supergirl ( Melissa Benoist ) wearing Wonder Woman 's boots . The promo included an appearance by Lynda Carter , star of the 1970s Wonder Woman , who plays the American president on Supergirl . The costs for television advertisements for Wonder Woman are higher in comparison to that of previous DCEU film Suicide Squad . Warner Bros. has spent over $3 million on advertisements for Wonder Woman , whereas they spent $2.6 million on advertisements for Suicide Squad . Ticket selling site Fandango reported that Wonder Woman rounded the final leg of its marketing campaign as the most anticipated blockbuster of summer 2017 , according to a poll conducted by 10,000 voters , the biggest survey in company history . Separately , Fandango also found that 92 % of people surveyed said that they are looking forward to seeing a film that features a standalone woman superhero , and 87 % wished Hollywood would make more women - led superhero films . In May 2017 , NASCAR driver Danica Patrick drove her No. 10 car with a Wonder Woman paint scheme at the Go Bowling 400 in Kansas and at the Monster Energy Open in Charlotte . Home media ( edit ) The film was released on Digital HD on August 29 , 2017 and on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D , 4K Ultra-HD Blu - ray and DVD on September 19 , 2017 . Controversies ( edit ) Bans ( edit ) On May 31 , Wonder Woman was banned in Lebanon after the Campaign to Boycott Supporters of Israel asked the Lebanese government 's Ministry of Economy and Trade to block the film because its star , Gal Gadot , is Israeli . The Lebanese government did not , however , ban Gadot 's Fast & Furious films which did screen in Lebanon . On June 7 , Variety reported that a Tunisian court suspended the theatrical release of Wonder Woman after a lawsuit brought by the Al - Chaab party and the Tunisian Association of Young Lawyers to have the film blocked due to Gadot 's Israeli citizenship , military service , and public comments in support of the Israeli military during the 2014 war in Gaza . Jordan was reportedly also considering a ban of the film and suspended screenings pending a decision , but on June 11 , Al Bawaba reported that the government decided not to do so , as there was no legal precedent for it . Women - only screenings ( edit ) Some men were unhappy with women - only screenings held at the Alamo Drafthouse Cinema in Austin , with some opponents of the gender - restricted screening stating on platforms such as Facebook that such screenings were discriminatory against men . A gay Albany Law School professor initiated a complaint with Austin 's Equal Employment and Fair Housing Office claiming discrimination against male prospective customers and employees of the theater . The chain responded with an online statement saying the event `` may have created confusion -- we want everybody to see this film '' and announced a similar event at their Brooklyn location . Tickets sold out in less than an hour , prompting the chain to schedule additional screenings . On July 18 , Alamo Drafthouse proposed settlement offers of a Wonder Woman DVD to the complainants , stating `` Respondent did not realize that advertising a ' women 's only ' screening was a violation of discrimination laws '' Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of October 19 , 2017 , Wonder Woman has grossed $412.5 million in the United States and Canada and $409.1 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $821.6 million , against a production budget of $149 million . Estimates for the number the film needed to surpass internationally in order to cover its production and promotional costs and break even ranged from $300 million to $460 million . North America ( edit ) In May 2017 , early tracking had Wonder Woman opening with $65 -- 75 million , and possibly as high as $105 million . The film opened Friday , June 2 , 2017 , across 4,165 theaters and made $38.7 million on its opening day , including $3.7 million in IMAX . It was the biggest single - day gross for a woman - directed film , ahead of the $35.9 million opening Friday of Catherine Hardwicke 's Twilight in 2008 and the biggest opening day for a woman - led comic book superhero film , ahead of Ghost in the Shell ( $7 million ) . This included $11 million it made from Thursday previews , also the best start for a film directed by a woman , surpassing Fifty Shades of Grey 's $8.6 million which was directed by Sam Taylor - Johnson , and the third - biggest of the year , behind Beauty and the Beast and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . Of that , $1.5 million came from IMAX screenings . Earning a total of $103.3 million on its opening weekend , the film recorded a number of records : the biggest domestic opening of all time for a female director ( surpassing previous record holder Fifty Shades of Grey by Sam Taylor - Johnson ) , the biggest DC Comics release without Batman or Superman ( ahead of Constantine ) , the sixth - biggest non-sequel comic book superhero debut ever , as well as the sixth - biggest June debut weekend . Its three - day opening alone made it the highest - grossing woman - led comic book superhero film ever ( surpassing Ghost in the Shell ) . It was also the 16th superhero film to cross $100 million in its domestic box office launch . About 9 % ( $9 million ) of the opening weekend came from IMAX screenings from 343 theaters . In its second week the film grossed $58.5 million , again topping the box office . It marked a 43.3 % drop for its second weekend at the box office , better than the average 50 -- 60 % decline superhero films tend to see , and was a better second weekend than Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( $51.3 million ) and Suicide Squad ( $43.5 million ) . In its third weekend it grossed $40.8 million , finishing second behind newcomer Cars 3 ( $53.5 million ) . It was the second - best third weekend ever for Warner Bros. and was nearly double what Batman v Superman ( $23.3 million ) , Suicide Squad ( $20.9 million ) and Man of Steel ( $20.7 million ) made in their third weekends . It earned $24.9 million and $15.7 million in its fourth and fifth weekends , respectively , dropping just 39 % and 36 % despite facing rough competition from opening films Transformers : The Last Knight and Despicable Me 3 . It eventually became the highest - grossing film directed by a woman , surpassing the previous records of Jennifer Yuh Nelson 's Kung Fu Panda 2 and Phyllida Lloyd 's Mamma Mia ! . By August 8 , the film had garnered $400 million in ticket sales , becoming the second female - fueled film ( after Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ) , Warner Bros . ' third - biggest movie ( after Christopher Nolan 's The Dark Knight and The Dark Knight Rises ) , holding the record of the highest origin superhero film ; supplanting the previous record held by Spider - Man ( 2002 ) and also becoming the highest - earning film with a female director in terms of domestic earnings , surpassing Frozen ( 2013 ) . International ( edit ) Internationally , the film was released day - and - date with its North American debut in 55 markets ( 72 % of its total release ) , and was projected to debut with anywhere between $92 -- 118 million . It ended up opening to $125 million , including $38 million in China , $8.5 million in Korea , $8.4 million in Mexico , $8.3 million in Brazil and $7.5 million in the UK . In its second week of release , the film brought in another $60 million , including holding the top spot on France , the UK , Australia and Brazil . As of June 25 , 2017 , the biggest markets of Wonder Woman outside North America are China ( US $90 million ) followed by Brazil ( US $34 million ) , UK ( US $28 million ) and Australia ( US $24 million ) . In the Philippines , it broke 2017 box office record for highest - earning non-holiday opening day -- earning $4.7 million and becoming the 6th-most successful commercial film of all time as well overtaking the record set by Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice . The film opened in its last market , Japan , on August 25 and debuted to $3.4 million , helping the international gross cross the $400 million mark . Critical response ( edit ) The chemistry and performances of Gal Gadot and Chris Pine were particularly praised by critics . Wonder Woman received largely positive reviews , with some critics calling it the best film in the DC Extended Universe , and praising Jenkins ' direction , performances , chemistry of Gadot and Pine and musical score . On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 92 % based on 349 reviews , with an average rating of 7.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Thrilling , earnest , and buoyed by Gal Gadot 's charismatic performance , Wonder Woman succeeds in spectacular fashion . '' It is the highest - rated superhero film on the site . On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating , the film has a score of 76 out of 100 , based on 50 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Critics commented favorably on Gadot 's performance and Chris Pine 's Steve Trevor . Andrew Barker of Variety found the film to be more lighthearted than recent DC Comics films : `` Never prone to stewing in solitude , and taking more notes from Richard Donner than from Christopher Nolan , Patty Jenkins ' Wonder Woman provides a welcome respite from DC 's house style of grim darkness -- boisterous , earnest , sometimes sloppy , yet consistently entertaining -- with star Gal Gadot proving an inspired choice for this avatar of truth , justice , and the Amazonian way . '' Vox stated `` Trevor is the superhero girlfriend comic book movies need '' . The San Francisco Chronicle 's Mick LaSalle lauded the performances of Gadot , Pine , Huston , and Thewlis while commending the film 's `` different perspective '' and humor . Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times described Gadot 's performance as inspirational , heroic , heartfelt and endearing and the most `` real '' Wonder Woman portrayal . A.O. Scott of The New York Times wrote that it `` briskly shakes off blockbuster branding imperatives and allows itself to be something relatively rare in the modern superhero cosmos . It feels less like yet another installment in an endless sequence of apocalyptic merchandising opportunities than like ... what 's the word I 'm looking for ? A movie . A pretty good one , too . '' Michael Phillips of Chicago Tribune compared the film to Captain America : The First Avenger , noting that as with `` the first Captain America movie over in the Marvel Comics universe , DC 's Wonder Woman offers the pleasures of period re-creation for a popular audience . Jenkins and her design team make 1918 - era London ; war - torn Belgium ; the Ottoman Empire ; and other locales look freshly realized , with a strong point of view . There are scenes here of dispossessed war refugees , witnessed by an astonished and heartbroken Diana , that carry unusual gravity for a comic book adaptation . '' Katie Erbland of IndieWire commended its thematic depth , explaining that `` Wonder Woman is a war movie . Patty Jenkins ' first -- and we hope not last -- entry into the DC Expanded Universe is primarily set during World War I , but while the feature does n't balk at war - time violence , it 's the internal battles of its compelling heroine that are most vital . '' Alonso Duralde of TheWrap similarly felt that , `` Diana 's scenes of action are thrilling precisely because they 're meant to stop war , not to foment it ; the idea of a demi - god using love to fight war might sound goofy in the abstract , but Jenkins makes the concept work . '' Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post praised Gadot and Pine 's performances as well the film 's detailed plot and narrative while comparing of some slow - motion action sequences to The Matrix . Stephanie Zacharek of Time magazine hailed the film as a `` cut above nearly all the superhero movies that have been trotted out over the past few summers '' while praising Gadot 's performance as `` charming '' and `` marvelous '' and commending Jenkins ' direction of the film as a step forward for women directors in directing big - budget blockbuster films in Hollywood . Elise Jost of Moviepilot observed that `` Gadot 's take on Wonder Woman is one of those unique cases of an actor merging with their story , similar to Robert Downey Jr. 's Tony Stark . Gal Gadot is Wonder Woman , and Wonder Woman is Gal Gadot . '' Jost praised Gadot 's interpretation of Wonder Woman as the one in which Gadot `` absolutely nails the character 's unwaveringly positive outlook on life . She 's a force of nature who believes in the greater good ; her conviction that she 's meant to save the world is stronger than her bullet - deflecting shield . She 's genuine , she 's fun , she 's the warm source of energy at the heart of the movie . '' The Federalist suggests that Wonder Woman is `` a story of Jesus '' . `` The movie is wrapped up in faux Greek mythology , true , but there 's no mistaking the Christology here . '' `` Perhaps Christ in the form of a beautiful and kick - ass Amazon is all that our contemporary society can handle right now '' , stated M. Hudson , a Christian feminist . On HuffPost cultural critic , G. Roger Denson , who regards the superhero genre as a source of contemporary `` Mainstream Mythopoetics '' ( `` the making of new yet vitally meaningful , if not symbolic , stories filled with imagery reflecting , yet also shaping and advancing , the political , legal , moral and social practices of today '' ) , wrote that the `` No Man 's Land '' scene `` that people are crying over in theaters and raving about afterward happens to be among the most powerfully mythopoetic scenes ever filmed at the same time it is one of the oldest myths to have been utilized by artists and writers after it had been invented by early military strategists and leaders . '' Specifically `` used by director Patty Jenkins '' , the scene raises `` the esteem for powerful yet compassionate women as heroes and leaders to a level equal with that of men for having won over a huge and adoring popular audience around the world '' . Steve Rose in The Guardian criticized the film for failing to explore the material 's potential for `` patriarchy - upending subversion '' . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone criticized the film 's over-reliance on exposition : `` Wonder Woman is hobbled by a slogging origin story and action that only comes in fits and starts . Just when Gadot and director Patty Jenkins ... are ready to kick ass , we get backstory . '' `` Gas was intended to win the war . On that much Wonder Woman is absolutely right . '' said David Hambling in Popular Mechanics . Rachel Becker of The Verge stated that despite the scientific liberties of using a `` hydrogen - based '' chemical weapon as a plot device , the film succeeds in evoking real and horrifying history . `` First off , mustard gas is such a horrible , terrifying weapon , it does n't need to be made more potent . But if you were a chemist bent on raining destruction on the Allied forces , you would n't do it by replacing the sulfur atom in mustard gas with a hydrogen atom . You 'd know that sulfur is the linchpin holding together this poisonous molecule . '' Feminist debate ( edit ) Wonder Woman has been the subject of a discussion regarding the appearance and representation of female power in general , and of female action heroes in particular since her initial 1941 appearance in Sensation Comics , as she was created to document `` the growth in the power of women '' , while wearing `` a golden tiara , a red bustier , blue underpants and knee - high , red leather boots . '' She was blacklisted a year later in 1942 in the `` Publications Disapproved for Youth '' because , the group behind the list argued , she was `` not sufficiently dressed '' . A few decades later , Second - wave feminist Gloria Steinem 's Ms. Magazine debuted in 1972 with an image of Wonder Woman on the cover . Historian Tim Hanley suggested that this move shifted `` the focus away from female superiority to sisterhood and equality , essentially making her a mascot of the women 's movement '' . This perception shifted over the years , however , as demonstrated in December 2016 when the United Nations decided to drop the title of `` honorary ambassador for the empowerment of women and girls '' which it had given to the comic book character Wonder Woman a few months before , in a ceremony attended by the actors who had portrayed her ( Lynda Carter and Gal Gadot ) . The title was dropped in response to a petition signed by 44,000 people which argued that Wonder Woman undermines female empowerment due to her costume , described as a `` shimmery , thigh - baring bodysuit with an American flag motif and knee - high boots '' . The petition stated that `` it is alarming that the United Nations would consider using a character with an overtly sexualised image at a time when the headline news in United States and the world is the objectification of women and girls '' . Wonder Woman director Patty Jenkins responded to both the petition and to the U.N. 's decision by stating that she thinks `` that that 's sexist . I think it 's sexist to say you ca n't have both . I have to ask myself what I would apply to any other superhero '' . The debate continued with the release of Jenkins ' 2017 film , Wonder Woman , which according to the BBC had `` some thinking it 's too feminist and others thinking it 's not feminist enough '' . Kyle Killian found an inherent contradiction in the construction of Wonder Woman as `` a warrior '' whom , she states , is also highly sexualized . Killian thus suggests that these elements `` should not be the focus of a kickass heroine -- her beauty , bone structure , and sexiness -- if she is to be a feminist icon '' . Theresa Harold concurred , comparing Wonder Woman to Katniss Everdeen ( of The Hunger Games ) , who `` did n't have to wear a teenager 's wet dream of a costume to fight in '' . Christina Cauterucci also felt that Wonder Woman 's ability to be considered a `` feminist antidote '' was undermined by her `` sex appeal '' . Jenkins disagrees with this line of critique , however . She has stated that she was raised by a Second wave `` feminist mother '' , who taught her to be `` both super aware that there had been sexism but also : ' Congratulations -- thank you , now I get to do whatever I want , Mom ! ' '' Jenkins thus notes that it is this upbringing which has led her to question a feminist critique of Wonder Woman 's costume . When she was working on her own version of Wonder Woman 's `` Gladiator '' re-design of the outfit ( in the 2016 film Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ) Jenkins decided that Wonder Woman ( as well as the other Amazons ) `` should n't be dressed in armor like men ( ... ) It should be different ( ... ) I , as a woman , want Wonder Woman to be hot as hell , fight badass , and look great at the same time -- the same way men want Superman to have huge pecs and an impractically big body . '' Jenkins also notes that she is `` frustrated '' by the critique of Wonder Woman 's appearance , stating `` when people get super critical about her outfit , who 's the one getting crazy about what a woman wears ? That 's who she is ; that 's Wonder Woman . '' Critics such as Valerie Estelle Frankel support Jenkins ' vision . Frankel argues that the film subverts the male gaze , stating that the construction of Wonder Woman tends to shift every few decades as it reflects the state of feminism during different time periods , including Third - wave feminism ( which reflects Jenkins ' approach ) . Zoe Williams offers a similar argument stating that while Wonder Woman `` is sort of naked a lot of the time '' it is n't , at the same time , `` objectification so much as a cultural reset : having thighs , actual thighs you can kick things with , not thighs that look like arms , is a feminist act '' . Williams then juxtaposes Wonder Woman to past female action heroes such as Sarah Connor , Ellen Ripley , and Lara Croft , whom she suggests were all constructed for the male gaze , in which a `` female warrior becomes a sex object '' , ( a point which she argues that Jenkins directly references in the film ) . Gloria Steinem thought that the film `` was very good '' as it made Wonder Woman 's `` Amazon origin story clear ; she was stopping war , not perpetuating it . '' Steinem also noted that she knew `` some women were disappointed by all the makeup , but I may be desperate -- I was just happy that the Amazons had wild hair ! '' Her only complaint lay in the choice to eliminate the World War II setting as the Wonder Woman comic book developed in response to existing comics that were `` so sadistic and racist that there was a congressional hearing on the subject '' . Gal Gadot concurs with Jenkins , arguing that the character `` is a feminist '' as `` feminism is about equality and choice and freedom . And the writers , Patty and myself all figured that the best way to show that is to show Diana as having no awareness of social roles . She has no gender boundaries . To her , everyone is equal . '' In contrast , other critics refer to Jenkins ' vision of Wonder Woman as `` an implausible post-feminist hero '' . American director James Cameron continued this debate through his critique of the representation of female power in Jenkins ' film . In an August 2017 interview with The Guardian , Cameron qualifies Jenkins ' vision of Wonder Woman as `` an objectified icon '' and called the film `` a step backwards '' . In contrast , he states , his character Sarah Connor ( from his Terminator films ) `` was not a beauty icon . She was strong , she was troubled , she was a terrible mother , and she earned the respect of the audience through pure grit . '' Jenkins stated in response that Cameron 's `` inability to understand what ' Wonder Woman ' is , or stands for , to women all over the world is unsurprising as , though he is a great filmmaker , he is not a woman '' . She further argued `` there is no right and wrong kind of powerful woman '' because `` if women have to always be hard , tough and troubled to be strong , and we are n't free to be multidimensional or celebrate an icon of women everywhere because she is attractive and loving , then we have n't come very far have we . '' Reaction to this debate was mixed . Julie Miller sided with Cameron whom she states refers to himself as `` a pretty hardcore feminist '' and who told Vulture that `` I have no problem writing a script in which the males become subservient to the females , which is what happens in Aliens ( ... ) It 's up to Ripley to win the day . '' In contrast , Miller argues that Jenkins and Gadot envisioned Wonder Woman as `` a woman who exuded both femininity and strength , along with genuine confusion as to why men would treat women differently than they do other men '' . Susannah Breslin also agreed with Cameron , describing Jenkins ' Wonder Woman as `` a Playmate with a lasso '' and `` female power with no balls '' . Others were more critical of Cameron 's critique . An article in Newsweek suggested that Cameron 's films include `` lot of objectification '' , and included quotes from Hollywood celebrities such as Jesse McLaren who commented that `` James Cameron 's just confused there 's a female hero whose motivations are n't centered around motherhood . '' Noah Berlatsky found areas of agreement between both Cameron and Jenkins , stating that while Cameron 's objection is `` an old point that 's been made over and over for decades '' , Jenkins film is n't `` solely focused on objectifying Gal Gadot for a male audience '' . A few weeks later in September , Cameron reiterated his criticism in an interview with the Hollywood Reporter . He compared Gal Gadot 's representation of the character to Raquel Welch films of the 1960s , and reinforced a comparison with Linda Hamilton 's portrayal of Sarah Connor . He argued that Connor was `` if not ahead of its time , at least a breakthrough in its time '' because though she `` looked great '' , she `` was n't treated as a sex object '' . He also stated that he while he `` applaud ( s ) Patty directing the film and Hollywood , uh , ' letting ' a woman direct a major action franchise , I did n't think there was anything groundbreaking in Wonder Woman . I thought it was a good film . Period . '' Former Wonder Woman actress Lynda Carter responded to Cameron 's Hollywood Reporter interview by asking him to `` Stop dissing WW . '' Like Jenkins , she suggests that while Cameron does `` not understand the character '' she does . She also refers to Cameron 's critiques as `` thuggish jabs at a brilliant director '' that `` are ill advised '' as the `` movie was spot on '' . Carter also states that she has the authority to make these observations because she has `` embodied this character for more than 40 years '' . A month later , Jenkins responded to Cameron 's comments once again in an interview with Variety , stating that she `` was not upset at all '' as `` everybody is entitled to their own opinion . But if you 're going to debate something in a public way , I have to reply that I think it 's incorrect . '' Tricia Ennis was also critical of Cameron 's statements , arguing that `` while he may consider himself a feminist and an ally to women , ( he ) is not very good at it '' as being an ally means using his position of privilege `` without silencing the voices of those you 're trying to help '' . She also states that it `` is not enough to simply call yourself a feminist . It 's not even enough to create a strong female character ( ... ) You have to bring women to the table . You have to let them speak . You can not speak for them . But speaking for women is exactly what Cameron is doing through his comments ( ... ) Cameron is using his position of power as a respected producer and director to silence women . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . IndieWire Critic 's Poll December 19 , 2016 Most Anticipated of 2017 Wonder Woman Nominated Golden Trailer Awards June 6 , 2017 Best of Show Won Best Fantasy / Adventure Best Summer 2017 Blockbuster Poster Teen Choice Awards August 13 , 2017 Choice Action Movie Choice Action Movie Actor Chris Pine Choice Action Movie Actress Gal Gadot Choice Movie Ship Gal Gadot & Chris Pine Nominated Choice Liplock Chris Pine & Gal Gadot Choice Summer Movie Wonder Woman Choice Summer Movie Actor Chris Pine Choice Summer Movie Actress Gal Gadot Dragon Awards September 3 , 2017 Best Science Fiction or Fantasy Movie Wonder Woman Won Sequel ( edit ) Originally signed for three feature films , with Wonder Woman and Justice League being her second and third films , Gadot signed an extension to her contract for additional films . Jenkins initially signed for only one film , but in an interview with Variety , Geoff Johns revealed that he and Jenkins are writing the treatment for a Wonder Woman sequel and that he has a `` cool idea for the second one '' . At the 2017 San Diego Comic Con , Warner Bros. officially announced a sequel would be released on December 13 , 2019 , and would be titled Wonder Woman 2 . Later , Jenkins was officially signed to return as director , with confirmation that Gadot will be returning as the titular role . On August 19 , 2017 , actress Geena Davis stated that she would like very much to play a role in Wonder Woman 2 and that she is in talks with Jenkins about that matter . Days later , the studio hired Dave Callaham to co-write the film 's script with Jenkins and Johns . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This is by an adjusted Tomatometer with at least 20 reviews each that , uses a weighted Bayesian based formula to account for the differences in ratings . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Davis , Edward ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Stream Track From Rupert Gregson - Williams ' ' Hacksaw Ridge ' Score , Composer Talks ' Wonder Woman , ' Mel Gibson , More '' . The Playlist . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman '' . Consumer Protection BC , Canada . May 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sperling , Nicole ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman : Gal Gadot interview '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Bob ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` How ' Wonder Woman ' lassoed the first female director of a studio superhero movie '' . The Mercury News . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shepherd , Jack ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman review roundup -- Critics conclude Patty Jenkins ' film better than Batman v Superman '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Trey ( June 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' passes ' Mamma Mia ! ' as highest - grossing film by female director '' . MarketWatch . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Galuppo , Mia ; Shanley , Patrick . `` ' Wonder Woman 2 ' Sets Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McBeth , Susie ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Batman vs Superman : Wonder Woman 's origin revealed for Dawn of Justice film '' . Metro . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Gal Gadot Dishes on the New ' Wonder Woman ' Film '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' : Gal Gadot on Creating a Superhero That Young Girls Can Admire '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McNiece , Mia ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Gal Gadot felt ' privileged ' to play Wonder Woman : ' I adore this character ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Woerner , Meredith ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` What it 's like to be a real - life Amazon on the set of ' Wonder Woman ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sperling , Nicole ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman : Gal Gadot , Robin Wright , Connie Nielsen first look '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2016 . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Glock , Allison ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` No Small Wonder : Gal Gadot Takes Summer by Storm '' . Marie Claire . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Outlaw , Kofi ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman : Young Diana Finds Her Power '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Young Wonder Woman Emily Carey Set for ' Anastasia : Once Upon a Time ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Chris Pine Closes Deal to Star Opposite Gal Gadot in ' Wonder Woman ' '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2015 . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con : ' Wonder Woman ' Debuts First Trailer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mullally , William ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive interview : Wonder Woman 's Chris Pine talks ' living the dream ' '' . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Drysdale , Jennifer ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Chris Pine Debuts Shocking New Buzz Cut , Spills on Getting in ' Incredible Shape ' for ' Wonder Woman ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Deckelmeier , Joe ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Robin Wright Says Wonder Woman Is About ' Equality and Justice ' '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` Robin Wright on ' Wonder Woman ' : ' It 's About Love and Justice ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman : Robin Wright Shares Her Favorite Part Of The Movie '' . DC . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pelletiere , Nicole ; Shiro , Faryn ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` Robin Wright on ' Wonder Woman ' '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : O'Hara , Helen ( April 2017 ) . `` Alpha Female '' . Empire . pp. 60 -- 67 . Jump up ^ `` Danny Huston on Making ' Wonder Woman ' , the Superhero Genre and Waltzing with Gal Gadot '' . Collider.com . June 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman : Danny Huston Describes His ' Fascinating ' Villain '' . Screen Rant . May 31 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Donnell , S.C. ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` David Thewlis Cast As Comic Book Accurate Ares in Wonder Woman '' . moviepilot.com . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' : Who Is Really Playing the Villain Ares ? '' . / Film . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` How Ares Factors into the Wonder Woman Movie '' . comingsoon.net . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman : David Thewlis Reveals Surprising Details About His Role '' . DC . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Warner Bros. Casts Wonder Woman 's Mother '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Connie Nielsen is a Modern Day Wonder Woman '' . Haute Living . May 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Connie Nielsen Describes The ' Absolute Pleasure ' of Wonder Woman '' . Screen Rant . June 1 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greco , Patti ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` What It Was Like to Play Diana 's Mother in ' Wonder Woman ' '' . Cosmopolitan . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Casts Superhero 's Mother '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Connie Nielsen & Harry Lennix Rumored For Man of Steel '' . Screen Rant . June 15 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved August 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman : Elena Anaya Confirms She 's Playing a Villain '' . Screen Rant . September 20 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Tasha ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Elena Anaya reveals the secret motives and tragic history behind her Wonder Woman villain '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Galvez , Daniela ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Star Elena Anaya on Female Superheroes in Hollywood '' . Latina . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Elena Anaya Talks WONDER WOMAN in Exclusive Interview '' . DH Movie News . June 2 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Amaya , Eric ( February 21 , 2016 ) . `` Etta Candy Spotted in Wonder Woman Set Photos '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2016 . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lucy Davis Talks Etta Candy In ' Wonder Woman ' '' . Onenewspapge.com . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lucy Davis on Her Top - Secret ' Wonder Woman ' Audition and Etta Candy 's Future on Screen '' . Cosmopolitan . June 2 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman : Lucy Davis Explains Etta Candy 's Relationship With Steve Trevor '' . DC . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Cast : Charlie , Sameer , and Chief '' . Entertainment Weekly . 2017 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Production Begins on Warner Bros. Pictures ' Wonder Woman Feature Film '' . Business Wire . November 21 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2015 . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saïd Taghmaoui Talks WONDER WOMAN Role ; Is He Playing A Superhero ? '' . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sandwell , Ian ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's who T2 Trainspotting 's Ewen Bremner is playing in Wonder Woman '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ewen Bremner webchat -- your questions answered on Trainspotting , Wonder Woman and sunglasses '' . The Guardian . June 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wood , Matt ( June 24 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman Actor Confirms A Major Character Twist '' . Cinemablend.com . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Volmers , Eric ( August 6 , 2016 ) . `` Eugene Brave Rock , actor from Kainai First Nation , to appear in DC 's Wonder Woman '' . Calgary Herald . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2017 . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morin , Brandi ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Blood Tribe actor from Alberta stars in Wonder Woman '' . CBC News . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Friend , David ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` Blood Tribe actor from Alberta on bringing his language to ' Wonder Woman ' '' . National Observer . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vidunderlige Lisa '' . Film Magasinet . June 12 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Brekken , Thor ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Norske Lisa om Wonder Woman - rollen : Jeg kunne drept deg ! '' ( in Norwegian ) . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dybfest Dahl , Ingvill ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Lisa Loven Kongsli med Hollywood - avtale for fire superhelt - filmer '' ( in Norwegian ) . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grønneberg , Anders ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' med norske Lisa setter rekorder '' ( in Norwegian ) . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chan , Boon ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` Singapore 's connection to Wonder Woman '' . The Straits Times . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Florence Kasumba to Play Senator Acantha in Wonder Woman '' . DCComicsMovie.com . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Coggan , Devon ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman : How real - life athletes united to populate the film 's badass Amazon nation '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ann Wolfe Confirmed As Artemis '' . MSN . March 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hu , Tiffany ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Production Had ' Special Moments ' for Actress Samantha Jo '' . NBC . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dyce , Andrew ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` Zack Snyder 's Wonder Woman Cameo Finally Found '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bur , Ty ( April 19 , 1996 ) . `` Comic movies '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( October 28 , 1999 ) . `` Hoffman on the ' Radio ' ; Col deal for Cohen '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( January 24 , 2001 ) . `` Wonder Woman Scribe Chosen '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Stuever , Hank ( April 18 , 2001 ) . `` Wonder Woman 's Powers '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved August 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( May 3 , 2001 ) . `` Estrogen Explosion '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( May 18 , 2001 ) . `` Wonder Woman : It could be Sandra Bullock , Lucy Lawless or Chyna '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Worley , Rob ( May 6 , 2003 ) . `` Wonder Woman Scribe '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Retrieved August 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Worley , Rob ( August 12 , 2003 ) . `` Wonder Woman '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Retrieved August 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Silver Pictures and Warner Bros. Pictures Sign Joss Whedon to Write & Direct DC Comics ' Wonder Woman '' ( Press release ) . Warner Bros. March 17 , 2005 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Siegel , Tatiana ( February 5 , 2007 ) . `` Joss Whedon exits Wonder Woman pic '' . MSNBC . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2007 . Retrieved February 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kozak , Jim ( August -- September 2005 ) . `` Serenity Now ! '' . In Focus . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved September 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` SDCC -- Wonder Woman Update '' . The Kingdom . July 22 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved July 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Aussie Wonder Woman '' . The Age . Australian Associated Press . May 11 , 2005 . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2006 . Retrieved August 1 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Page , Aubrey ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Joss Whedon ' Wonder Woman ' That Never Was '' . Collider . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whedon , Joss ( February 2 , 2007 ) . `` Satin Tights No Longer '' . Whedonesque . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2007 . Retrieved February 2 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Tatiana ; Kit , Borys ( February 1 , 2007 ) . `` Another ' Wonder Woman ' for WB '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2016 . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collura , Scott ( May 20 , 2005 ) . `` Whedon Talking Wonder '' . Now Playing . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2006 . Retrieved August 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Polowy , Kevin ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Kate Beckinsale explains why she never played Wonder Woman '' . yahoo.com . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Svetkey , Benjamin ( November 17 , 2010 ) . `` Joss Whedon 's Wonder Woman fantasy : Angelina Jolie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mueller , Matthew ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Read Joss Whedon 's Rejected Wonder Woman Script '' . comicbook.com . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Joss Whedon 's leaked Wonder Woman script labelled ' sexist ' by DC fans '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hatch , Jenavieve ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Women of Twitter Roast Joss Whedon 's Ridiculous ' Wonder Woman ' Script '' . HuffPost . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosa , Christopher ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` This Unfinished ' Wonder Woman ' Script by Joss Whedon Is Getting Crucified on Twitter '' . Glamour . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Min , Lilian ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Twitter Is Tearing Apart That Old Wonder Woman Script by Joss Whedon '' . Cosmopolitan . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Murray , Daisy ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Josh Whedon 's Sexist Wonder Woman Script Was Leaked and the Women of Twitter Are Going In '' . ELLE . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vary , Adam ( June 24 , 2017 ) . `` This Is What Director Patty Jenkins Has Learned Since ' Wonder Woman ' Destroyed The Box Office '' . Buzzfeed News . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2017 . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mithaiwala , Mansoor ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman Director Discourages Comparisons to Joss Whedon 's Script '' . ScreenRant . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2017 . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rotten , Ryan ; Douglas , Edward ( March 25 , 2007 ) . `` Joel Silver 's Wonder Woman Update '' . SuperHeroHype.com . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2007 . Retrieved March 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sanchez , Stephanie ( April 18 , 2008 ) . `` Wonder Woman Still in Development says Joel Silver '' . IESB . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2008 . Retrieved April 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff ( November 7 , 2008 ) . `` Beyonce wants to lasso the role of Wonder Woman '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Szalai , Georg ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` Warner Bros. sets ' Sherlock ' sequel date ; ' Flash ' close to greenlight '' . Heatvisionblog.com . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Lucas ; Lang , Brent ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` Why ' Man of Steel ' Holds the Key to Warner Bros . ' Future Franchises '' . TheWrap.com . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( July 17 , 2013 ) . `` DC Entertainment Chief Reveals What 's Next for Superman , Wonder Woman and 5 Superheroes Who Deserve Movies ( Q&A ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Handel , Jonathan . `` Warner Bros . ' Kevin Tsujihara Talks ' Gravity , ' J.K. Rowling and Tentpole Strategy '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Collura , Scott ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` Bridesmaids and The Heat Director Paul Feig Pitched a Wonder Woman Movie to Warner Bros . '' . IGN . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` How Powerful Will Wonder Woman Be in ' Batman v Superman ' ? '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ; Kit , Borys ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` 29 Superhero Movies Through 2020 : A Breakdown of What 's Coming '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` Michelle MacLaren in Talks to Direct ' Wonder Woman ' Movie '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2014 . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 24 , 2014 ) . `` Michelle MacLaren Signs to Develop and Direct ' Wonder Woman ' Movie '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2014 . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Movie Lassoes ' Pan ' Writer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2014 . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Movie Loses Director Michelle MacLaren '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Movie Finds a New Director '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Producer Charles Roven on the Many Writers That Tried to Tackle the Script '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Superman and Batman Film Casts Its Wonder Woman '' . DC Comics . December 4 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sloan , Jodie B. ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` Why Placing ' Wonder Woman ' In World War I Could Work Wonders '' . Moviepilot.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex . `` Wonder Woman Director Reveals Comic Book Influences '' . ScreenRant.com . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` The Subtle Genius of Wonder Woman 's Cinematic Origin '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' Director Patty Jenkins on Being Inspired by Richard Donner 's ' Superman ' '' . Collider.com . March 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barna , Daniel ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Patty Jenkins Might Finally End Marvel 's Chokehold on Hollywood '' . Playboy . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` New Actresses Test for ' Batman vs. Superman ' ... as Wonder Woman ? '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2013 . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Gal Gadot Signs Three - Picture Deal with Warner Bros . '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Gal Gadot Signs Three - Picture Deal with Warner Bros . '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2014 . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hawksley , Rupert ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Wonder Woman to be first female - led superhero film since 2005 '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Luchina ( December 28 , 2013 ) . `` Gal Gadot Defends ' Wonder Woman ' Casting '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pringle , Gill ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` Some Kind of Wonderful '' . Filmink . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coggan , Devan ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Gal Gadot : Wonder Woman ' not there because of a love story ' in Batman v Superman '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Russell , Scarlett ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman star Gal Gadot says that her solo movie has ' moments of humour ' '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2016 . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wayne , Teddy ( July 22 , 2015 ) . `` Gal Gadot '' . Interview . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2015 . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ryder , Taryn ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` How Gal Gadot Transformed Her Body to Play Wonder Woman '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on March 19 , 2016 . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Matt ( September 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wonder Woman 's Gal Gadot Had Turned Down a Role in Man of Steel '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rich , Katey ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` No , Gal Gadot Is n't Making 46 Times Less Than Henry Cavill '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Chris Pine in Talks to Co-Star in ' Wonder Woman ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Slotek , Jim ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Chris Pine talks ' Wonder Woman , ' ' Finest Hours ' '' . Toronto Sun . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Angelique ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` From ' The Office ' to ' Wonder Woman ' : Get to Know Lucy Davis '' . ET Online . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` Nicole Kidman in Talks to Join Gal Gadot in ' Wonder Woman ' '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2015 . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Casts Superhero 's Mother '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roach , Araceli ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` Wonder Woman : First Look at Chris Pine as Steve Trevor '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2015 . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Kinsey ( November 21 , 2015 ) . `` Gal Gadot Tweets ' Wonder Woman ' Photo , Signals Filming Is ' Underway ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2016 . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Production Weekly -- Issue 960 -- Thursday , August 27 , 2015 / 211 Listings -- 44 Pages '' . Production Weekly . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` Wonder Woman Movie to Begin Production in November '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2015 . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gregory , Aodhan ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Lower Halstow features in new Wonder Woman trailer '' . kentonline . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Millar , Lisa ( January 10 , 2016 ) . `` Australia House 's 900 - year - old ' holy well ' in basement holds water fit to drink '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2016 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Deehan , Tom ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman to film in multiple Italian locations '' . TheLocationGuide.com . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sapienza , Cinzia ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Neanche la frana ferma Wonder Woman , al via le riprese a Camerota '' ( Not even the landslide stops Wonder Woman , starts filming in Camerota ) . InfoCilento.it ( in Italian ) . Agropoli , Italy : Qwerty Publishing House . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2016 . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Chitwood , Adam ( November 21 , 2015 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' : First Official Image , Full Cast Revealed '' . Collider . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2015 . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Kinsey ( November 21 , 2015 ) . `` Gal Gadot Tweets ' Wonder Woman ' Photo , Signals That Filming Is ' Underway ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2015 . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Varma , Arjun ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman officially wraps filming in London ; will first trailer release at 2016 Comic Con ? '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Most Scenic Wonder Woman Filming Locations Across Europe '' . Condé Nast Traveler . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Patty ( @ pattyjenks ) ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` So happy and excited to have wrapped the first Wonder Woman film ! ! And one William Marston 's birthday , no less ! ( WW 's creator ) '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Armitage , Hugh ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman movie 's look was inspired by someone very surprising '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Gal Gadot did reshoots for Wonder Woman while pregnant '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2017 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beck , Laura ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Here Are the Magical Places the Cast of Wonder Woman Stayed in Italy '' . Cosmopolitan . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Where is Wonder Woman 's idyllic island Themiscyra ? '' . Radio Times . June 2 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kent Film Office . `` Kent Film Office Wonder Woman Article '' . Jump up ^ Caranicas , Peter ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` Gersh , CEC , WPA Book Clients '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2015 . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Lena ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman Gets Hacksaw Ridge Composer '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Credits : Tom Howe '' . tomhowe.co.uk . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Credits : Paul Mounsey '' . hans-zimmer.com . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Credits : Andrew Kawczynski '' . hans-zimmer.com . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rupert Gregson - Williams ( @ RupertGWilliams ) ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` Yes it 'll be released on vinyl '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Wiederhorn , Jon ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Sia 's New Track , ' To Be Human , ' Featured on ' Wonder Woman ' Soundtrack '' . Radio.com . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman '' . Soundtrack.net . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mandell , Andrea ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Gal Gadot glitters at the ' Wonder Woman ' world premiere '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' London Premiere Canceled After Manchester Attack ; Ariana Grande Tour Dates Shelved '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IMAX and Warner Bros. Extend Deal to Include 12 More Films '' . ComingSoon.net . October 19 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` Warner Bros. Pushes ' Jungle Book ' to 2018 , ' Wonder Woman ' Gets New Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2016 . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Russ ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` DC Comics Movies Announced : ' Suicide Squad , ' ' Wonder Woman , ' ' Justice League , ' ' The Flash , ' ' Aquaman ' '' . / Film . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman de Patty Jenkins avec Gal Gadot et Chris Pine '' ( in French ) . cinenews.be. April 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman '' ( in French ) . CineBel. April 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Warner Bros. Belgium ( @ WarnerBrosBE ) ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` C'est la guerrière la plus redoutable . Gal Gadot est # WonderWoman , dès le 31 mai au cinéma '' ( Tweet ) ( in French ) . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Brzeski , Patrick ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` China Sets Release Dates for ' Pirates 5 , ' ' Transformers 5 , ' ' Wonder Woman , ' More '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mueller , Matthew ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` How Supergirl Influenced Wonder Woman 's Marketing '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin , Rebecca ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supergirl ' Cast Unites to Promote ' Wonder Woman ' Film '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Desta , Yohana ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` What 's Going on with Wonder Woman '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman tops Fandango survey of most anticipated summer movies '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 12 , 2017 ) , ' Wonder Woman ' Tickets on Sale Everywhere ; 92 % Of All Moviegoers Want To See Female Superhero Movie , Deadline.com , archived from the original on May 12 , 2017 , retrieved May 12 , 2017 Jump up ^ Maine , D'Arcy ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` Danica Patrick will have a ' Wonder Woman ' paint scheme for two races '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' is coming soon to a living room near you , with one sweet extra '' . Mashable.com . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bearak , Max ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Lebanon bans ' Wonder Woman ' in protest against Israeli actress Gal Gadot '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holpuch , Amanda ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman banned in Lebanon due to Israeli lead , Gal Gadot '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ AP ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` Lebanon Seeks to Ban ' Wonder Woman ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keslassy , Elsa ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Screenings Suspended in Tunisia Amid Opposition to Gal Gadot '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan bans screening of ' Wonder Woman ' film over controversy '' . Xinhua News Agency . June 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Jordan Will Not be Banning Wonder Woman '' . Al Bawaba . June 11 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Buckley , Cara ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Solidarity at an All - Female Screening of ' Wonder Woman ' '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ France , Lisa Respers ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' women - only screenings cause uproar '' . CNN . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holley , Peter ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' It 's sexist ' : Men flip out over women - only ' Wonder Woman ' screenings '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holley , Peter ( June 1 , 2017 ) , `` Why a gay law professor is trying to shut down women - only ' Wonder Woman ' screenings '' , The Washington Post , archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 Jump up ^ Cheong , Ian Miles ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Alamo Drafthouse 's Women - Only ' Wonder Woman ' Screenings Were Illegal '' . DailyCaller.com . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' : All The World Is Waiting For You As Warner Bros. / DC Pic Eyes $175 M+ Global Opening '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Mark ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Is Going To Be Bigger at the Box Office Than Estimates '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Tracking for Solid $65 M Box - Office Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ' Wonder Woman ' Flies Onto Tracking With Projected $65 M+ Opening , On Par With ' Thor ' & ' Captain America ' , Deadline.com , May 12 , 2017 , archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 Jump up ^ Fuster , Jeremy ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman ' : Early Tracking for Debut All Over the Map , From $65 Million to $105 Million '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Box Office : How Big Is Big Enough ? '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( June 3 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Wonder Woman ' Soars To Record - Breaking $39 M Friday '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Wonder Woman ' Nabs Marvel - ous $11 M Thursday '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Wonder Woman ' Leaps to $11 Million on Thursday Night '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Wonder Woman ' Opens to Historic $103 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2017 . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : Five Ways ' Wonder Woman ' Has Already Made History '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Wonder Woman ' Opens to Historic $100.5 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Breaks Glass Ceiling For Female Directors & Stomps On ' Iron Man ' With $100.5 M Debut -- Sunday AM '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' Soars on Saturday ; ' Mummy ' Still Crummy -- Sunday AM Box Office '' . Deadline.com . June 11 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Cars 3 ' $53 M+ Is Third Best Debut For Pixar Series ; ' Wonder Woman ' Still Wows With $40 M+ ; ' All Eyez on Me ' Solid '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Milestone : ' Wonder Woman ' Crosses $400 M in North America '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' Is Now the Top Female - Helmed Film at the Domestic Box Office '' . Blog.womenandhollywood.com . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Lassos $122.5 M Offshore , $223 M Global Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Mummy ' Unearths $141 M Offshore , $172.3 M Global ; ' Wonder Woman ' Flies To $232 M at International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . June 12 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Leaps To $125 M Offshore , $228 M Global Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' now biggest Warner Bros. film in PH '' . ABS - CBN News . July 3 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' grosses P48. 39M on PH opening day '' . Rappler . June 2 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Valerian ' Tops China ; ' Wonder Woman ' Hits $400 M Overseas -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . August 27 , 2017 . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Graham , Adam . `` Review : ' Wonder Woman ' delivers action , humor , thrills '' . The Detroit News . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Kate ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Review : Wonder Woman finally gives DC a superhero story that soars '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jost , Elise ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` # WonderWoman : Why Gal Gadot Was The Perfect Choice To Play Wonder Woman '' . Moviepilot . Moviepilot . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rahman , Abid ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' : What the Critics Are Saying '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Best Superhero Movies of All Time '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2017 . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Breaks Glass Ceiling For Female Directors With $97 M+ Debut ; Earns ' A ' CinemaScore '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nashawaty , Chris ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman is the smart , satisfying DC movie you 've been waiting for '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Linden , Sheri ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barker , Andrew ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' Wonder Woman ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abad - Santos , Alex ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman : Chris Pine 's Steve Trevor is the superhero girlfriend comic book movies need '' . Vox . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' gives different perspective to an action movie '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richard Roeper ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` Heartfelt ' Wonder Woman ' finally gives a brave superhero her due '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' Wonder Woman ' Is a Blockbuster That Lets Itself Have Fun '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' review : Finally , a DC Comics movie that works '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Erbland , Katie ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Is the DC Universe 's Best Superhero Movie Yet , Proving the Future Is Very Much Female -- Review '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Duralde , Alonso ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Review : Gal Gadot 's Amazon Warrior Conquers Superhero Doldrums '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hornaday , Ann ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' saves the day , in more ways than one '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Can We Build a Better Blockbuster ? Wonder Woman Points a Way Forward '' . Time . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hudson , M. ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` The New ' Wonder Woman ' Is Really A Story About Jesus '' . The Federalist . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Wonder Woman ' No Man 's Land ' Scene Is Rooted in History , Myth and Art '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rose , Steve ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman review -- glass ceiling still intact as Gal Gadot reduced to weaponised Smurfette '' . The Guardian . UK . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Review : Gal Gadot Brings Comics ' Original Riot Girl to Life '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hambling , David ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` How Realistic Is the WWI Warfare of ' Wonder Woman ' ? '' . Popular Mechanics . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Becker , Rachel ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman 's chemical weapon makes no scientific sense , but it evokes real and horrifying history '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kilkenny , Katie ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` HOW A MAGAZINE COVER FROM THE 1970S HELPED WONDER WOMAN WIN OVER FEMINISTS '' . Pacific Standard . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lepore , Jill ( October 2014 ) . `` The Surprising Origin Story of Wonder Woman '' . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lepore , Jill ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman 's Unwinnable War '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Jane ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Road Warrior : After fifty years , Gloria Steinem is still at the forefront of the feminist cause . '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dockterman , Eliana ( December 18 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman Breaks Through '' . Time . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman at 75 : How the Superhero Icon Inspired a Generation of Feminists '' . Variety . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Serrao , Nivea ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman named UN Honorary Ambassador for empowerment of women and girls '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Ross , Alice ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` One less woman in politics : Wonder Woman loses job as UN ambassador '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cavna , Michael ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` The U.N. hires Wonder Woman to fight for gender equality . But not everyone is happy about it . '' . Washington Post . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Patty Jenkins wants to be a great director -- not a great female director '' . CBS This Morning . May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman is a feminist , and society is n't ready for her '' . BBC . June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Garrido , Duarte ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman : The feminist hero we hoped for ? '' . Sky News . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Christopher ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman As A Feminist Hero '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Professors in Women 's and Gender Studies Reflect on Wonder Woman , Feminism , and Hollywood '' . Wellesley College News . August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Peacock , Philip ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman kills feminism '' . Sify . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Killian , Kyle ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` How Wonder Woman Is and Is n't a Feminist Superheroine Movie '' . Psychology Today . Jump up ^ Harold , Theresa ( June 24 , 2017 ) . `` Why Wonder Woman is n't the feminist fantasy we 've been told it is '' . Metro . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cauterucci , Christina ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` I Wish Wonder Woman Were as Feminist as It Thinks It Is '' . Slate . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cavna , Michael ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` How ' Wonder Woman ' director Patty Jenkins cracked the superhero - movie glass ceiling '' . Washington Post . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Woerner , Meredith ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` The world needs Wonder Woman . Director Patty Jenkins explains why '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Solis , Marie ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman 's skimpy clothing is no match for the movie 's feminist statement '' . Mic ( media company ) . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berman , Eliza ( March 25 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman Producers on Everything We Can Expect From Her 2017 Movie '' . Time . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leon , Melissa ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Is the Feminist Hero We 've Been Waiting For '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fottrell , Quentin ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Why millions of teenage girls need ' Wonder Woman ' now more than ever '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Zoe ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Why Wonder Woman is a masterpiece of subversive feminism '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Desta , Yohana ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` How Gloria Steinem Saved Wonder Woman '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Gal Gadot : ' Of course ' Wonder Woman is a feminist '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sulcas , Roslyn ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` Can Gal Gadot Make Wonder Woman a Hero for Our Time ? '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` The Complex Gender Politics of the ' Wonder Woman ' Movie '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Hadley ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` James Cameron : ' The downside of being attracted to independent women is that they do n't need you ' '' . TheGuardian.com . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mumford , Gwilym ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Patty Jenkins hits back at James Cameron : ' He does n't understand Wonder Woman ' '' . TheGuardian.com . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Julie ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Patty Jenkins Responds to James Cameron 's Unsolicited Wonder Woman Criticism '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breslin , Susannah ( August 26 , 2017 ) . `` What James Cameron Gets Right About The ' Wonder Woman ' Feminism Debate ( Forbes ) '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Christopher ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` Patty Jenkins responds to James Cameron 's Wonder Woman diss '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bort , Ryan ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Women in film : ' Wonder Woman ' criticism latest example of James Cameron 's questionable feminism '' . Newsweek . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berlatsky , Noah ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` James Cameron 's comments on Wonder Woman completely ignore her history of sex appeal '' . The Verge . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Masters , Kim ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` James Cameron Doubles Down on ' Wonder Woman ' Critique , Details the ' Avatar ' Sequels '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mumford , Gwilym ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` Lynda Carter attacks ' thuggish ' James Cameron over Wonder Woman jibes '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nyren , Erin ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` Lynda Carter to James Cameron : ' Stop Dissing ' ' Wonder Woman ' '' . Variety . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Respers , Lisa ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` Lynda Carter calls out James Cameron over ' Wonder Woman ' '' . CNN . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Setoodeh , Ramin ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Director Patty Jenkins on Equal Pay , Hollywood Sexism and James Cameron 's Nasty Words '' . Variety . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ennis , Tricia ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` James Cameron , Wonder Woman , and the Problem With Bad Feminist Allies '' . Syfy . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kohn , Eric ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 Critics Poll : The Best Films and Performances of the Year According to Over 200 Critics '' . IndieWire . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Wins Top Prize at Golden Trailer Awards '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2017 . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 18th Annual Golden Trailer Award Nominees '' . GoldenTrailer.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : See the First Wave of Nominations '' . Teen Vogue . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hatchett , Keisha ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards Reveals Full List of Nominees '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Winners : ' Wonder Woman ' , ' Beauty And The Beast ' , ' Riverdale ' Among Honorees '' . Deadline . enske Business Media , LLC . August 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Dragon Awards are a far - ranging sci - fi and fantasy reading list '' . The Verge . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schmitz , Greg Dean ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman Sequel Details Emerge , and More Movie News '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Bory ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Director Patty Jenkins Not Signed for Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Officially Announces Wonder Woman Sequel '' . Screen Rant . July 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' sequel title revealed '' . Fox News . July 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin . `` Patty Jenkins Closes Deal to Direct ' Wonder Woman ' Sequel ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Terror , Jude ( August 19 , 2017 ) . `` Geena Davis Available For Wonder Woman 2 Role , Says Geena Davis '' . Bleeding Cool News And Rumors . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` ' The Expendables ' Writer Joins Patty Jenkins , Geoff Johns to Write ' Wonder Woman 2 ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Wonder Woman ( 2017 film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wonder Woman ( 2017 film ) . Official website Official Final Trailer -- Warner Bros. Pictures Wonder Woman on IMDb Wonder Woman at the TCM Movie Database `` ' Wonder Woman ' Director Patty Jenkins Talks Gal Gadot , Sequel Hopes '' . Forbes , June 28 , 2017 . ( Video clip -- Forbes interview with director Patty Jenkins ) . Related topic navboxes Wonder Woman William Moulton Marston Elizabeth Holloway Marston H.G. Peter Other contributors Characters Wonder Women Diana Prince Orana Artemis of Bana - Mighdall Hippolyta Donna Troy Supporting characters Antiope Aphrodite Artemis of Bana - Mighdall Athena Drusilla Etta Candy Fury Hephaestus Hera Heracles / Hercules Hermes I Ching Julia and Vanessa Kapatelis Mala Nemesis ( Thomas Tresser ) Nubia The Olympian Orion Paula Philippus Poseidon Queen Hippolyta Helena Sandsmark Sarge Steel Superman Steve Trevor Wonder Girl ( Cassie Sandsmark , Donna Troy ) Zeus Zola Adversaries Aegeus Angle Man Ares / Mars Baron Blitzkrieg Baroness von Gunther Blue Snowman Veronica Cale Captain Wonder Cheetah Circe Dark Angel Decay Doctor Cyber Doctor Poison Doctor Psycho Duke of Deception Egg Fu / Chang Tzu Eris / Strife Eviless The First Born Giganta Hades Medusa Queen Clea Red Panzer Silver Swan Factions Amazons of Themyscira Amazons of Bana - Mighdall Children of Ares Godwatch Gorilla Knights Olympian Gods Titans of Myth Villainy Inc . Locations Aeaea Boston , Massachusetts London , England Mount Olympus Thalarion Themyscira ( The Paradise Islands ) The Underworld Publications All Star Comics Amazonia Batman / Superman / Wonder Woman : Trinity The Blue Amazon Comic Cavalcade The Legend of Wonder Woman Sensation Comics Superman and Wonder Woman : The Hidden Killer Superman / Wonder Woman Wonder Woman ' 77 The Wonder Woman Chronicles Wonder Woman : Earth One The World 's Greatest Superheroes Storylines Introducing Wonder Woman ( 1941 ) Gods and Mortals ( 1987 ) Challenge of the Gods ( 1987 -- 88 ) War of the Gods ( 1991 ) The Contest ( 1994 ) The Challenge of Artemis ( 1995 ) Paradise Island Lost ( 2001 ) Our Worlds at War ( 2001 ) The Hiketeia ( 2002 ) Down to Earth ( 2003 -- 04 ) Who Is Wonder Woman ? ( 2006 -- 07 ) Amazons Attack ! ( 2007 ) The Circle ( 2008 ) Ends of the Earth ( 2008 ) Rise of the Olympian ( 2009 ) Flashpoint ( 2011 ) Technology Bracelets Golden Girdle of Gaea Invisible plane Lasso of Truth Mental radio Pegasi Purple Ray Sky Kangas In other media Super Friends ( episodes ) Wonder Woman ( 1974 film ) Wonder Woman ( TV series ) ( episodes ) Justice League ( episodes ) Justice League Unlimited ( episodes ) Justice League : The New Frontier Wonder Woman ( 2009 film ) Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths Superman / Batman : Apocalypse Wonder Woman ( 2011 TV pilot ) Young Justice DC Universe Online Justice League : Doom Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox Justice League : War The Lego Movie Justice League : Throne of Atlantis Justice League : Gods and Monsters Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Justice League vs. Teen Titans Justice League Action Wonder Woman ( 2017 film ) Justice League Miscellaneous Alternative versions Earth - Two Bizarra Olive Byrne Cultural impact Professor Marston and the Wonder Women Literature Wonder Women ! The Untold Story of American Superheroines Portal Category DC Extended Universe Feature films Man of Steel Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Suicide Squad accolades Wonder Woman Justice League Aquaman Music Man of Steel Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Suicide Squad `` Heathens '' `` Sucker for Pain '' `` Purple Lamborghini '' `` Gangsta '' Wonder Woman `` To Be Human '' See also Cast Category Live - action films based on DC Comics Serials Adventures of Captain Marvel Spy Smasher Batman Hop Harrigan The Vigilante Superman Congo Bill Batman and Robin Atom Man vs. Superman Blackhawk Single films Supergirl Steel Road to Perdition The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen Catwoman Constantine A History of Violence V for Vendetta Watchmen The Losers Jonah Hex Green Lantern Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Suicide Squad Wonder Woman Justice League Aquaman Franchises Batman 1966 Batman Batman Batman Returns Batman Forever Batman & Robin 2005 Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Superman 1951 Superman and the Mole Men Stamp Day for Superman 1978 Superman Superman II The Richard Donner Cut Superman III Superman IV : The Quest for Peace Superman Returns 2013 Man of Steel Red Red Red 2 Swamp Thing Swamp Thing The Return of Swamp Thing See also DC Extended Universe Justice League Mortal Films directed by Patty Jenkins Monster ( 2003 ) Five ( 2011 ) Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) Zack Snyder Films directed Dawn of the Dead ( 2004 ) 300 ( 2006 ) Watchmen ( 2009 ) Legend of the Guardians : The Owls of Ga'Hoole ( 2010 ) Sucker Punch ( 2011 ) Man of Steel ( 2013 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) Justice League ( 2017 ) Films produced 300 : Rise of an Empire ( 2014 ) Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) See also Cruel and Unusual Films Deborah Snyder Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie -- Action The Matrix Reloaded ( 2003 ) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian ( 2008 ) X-Men Origins : Wolverine ( 2009 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 2010 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Abduction ( 2012 ) Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) Divergent ( 2014 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) Deadpool ( 2016 ) Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) Film in the United States portal Superhero fiction portal 2010s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wonder_Woman_(2017_film)&oldid=807306281 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2017 3D films 2010s action thriller films 2010s coming - of - age films 2010s adventure films 2010s drama films 2010s fantasy films 2010s science fiction films 2010s superhero films 2010s war films American films American war drama films American 3D films American action films American coming - of - age films American epic films American fantasy adventure films American science fiction action films American science fiction war films American superhero films Action adventure films Atlas Entertainment films Chemical war and weapons in popular culture Cruel and Unusual Films films DC Extended Universe films Fantasy war films Film scores by Rupert Gregson - Williams Films based on DC Comics Films based on Greco - Roman mythology Films directed by Patty Jenkins Films set in 1918 Films set in Belgium Films set in France Films set in Germany Films set in London Films set in the Mediterranean Sea Films set in the Ottoman Empire Films set in the United Kingdom Films set on islands Films shot in Italy Films shot in London Films shot in Matera Films shot in Paris Films using computer - generated imagery Greek gods in fiction IMAX films Performance capture in film Prequel films Science fantasy films War adventure films War epic films Western Front films ( World War I ) World War I films Wonder Woman in film and television Hidden categories : CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2017 CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles lacking reliable references from August 2017 Use mdy dates from October 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Comics navigational boxes purge Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Magyar مازِرونی မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 04 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonder%20Woman%20%282017%20film%29

when did mothers day become a national holiday

In 1908 , the US Congress rejected a proposal to make Mother 's Day an official holiday , joking that they would also have to proclaim a `` Mother - in - law 's Day '' . However , owing to the efforts of Anna Jarvis , by 1911 all US states observed the holiday , with some of them officially recognizing Mother 's Day as a local holiday , the first being West Virginia , Jarvis ' home state , in 1910 . In 1914 , Woodrow Wilson signed a proclamation designating Mother 's Day , held on the second Sunday in May , as a national holiday to honor mothers .

1914

Mother 's Day

mother's day

Mother 's Day is a celebration honoring the mother of the family , as well as motherhood , maternal bonds , and the influence of mothers in society . It is celebrated on various days in many parts of the world , most commonly in the months of March or May . It complements similar celebrations honoring family members , such as Father 's Day , Siblings Day , and Grandparents Day .

In the United States , celebration of Mother 's Day began in the early 20th century . It is not related to the many celebrations of mothers and motherhood that have occurred throughout the world over thousands of years , such as the Greek cult to Cybele , the Roman festival of Hilaria , or the Christian Mothering Sunday celebration ( originally a commemoration of Mother Church , not motherhood ) . However , in some countries , Mother 's Day has become synonymous with these older traditions . The modern American - derived version of Mother 's Day has been criticized for having become too commercialized , especially by founder Anna Jarvis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Establishment of holiday 2 Spelling 3 Dates around the world 4 International history and tradition 4.1 Religion 4.2 By country ( A -- G ) 4.2. 1 Albania 4.2. 2 Arab world 4.2. 3 Argentina 4.2. 4 Armenia 4.2. 5 Australia 4.2. 6 Belarus 4.2. 7 Bhutan 4.2. 8 Belgium 4.2. 9 Bolivia 4.2. 10 Brazil 4.2. 11 Canada 4.2. 12 China 4.2. 13 Czech Republic 4.2. 14 Egypt 4.2. 15 Ethiopia 4.2. 16 Estonia 4.2. 17 Finland 4.2. 18 France 4.2. 19 Georgia 4.2. 20 Germany 4.3 By country ( H -- M ) 4.3. 1 Hungary 4.3. 2 India 4.3. 3 Indonesia 4.3. 4 Iran 4.3. 5 Israel 4.3. 6 Italy 4.3. 7 Japan 4.3. 8 Kyrgyzstan 4.3. 9 Latvia 4.3. 10 Lithuania 4.3. 11 Maldives 4.3. 12 Malta 4.3. 13 Mexico 4.4 By country ( N -- S ) 4.4. 1 Nepal 4.4. 2 Netherlands 4.4. 3 New Zealand 4.4. 4 Nicaragua 4.4. 5 North Korea 4.4. 6 Norway 4.4. 7 Pakistan 4.4. 8 Panama 4.4. 9 Paraguay 4.4. 10 Philippines 4.4. 11 Portugal 4.4. 12 Romania 4.4. 13 Russia 4.4. 14 Samoa 4.4. 15 Singapore 4.4. 16 Slovakia 4.4. 17 South Africa 4.4. 18 South Sudan 4.4. 19 Spain 4.4. 20 Sri Lanka 4.4. 21 Sweden 4.4. 22 Switzerland 4.5 By country ( T -- Z ) 4.5. 1 Taiwan 4.5. 2 Thailand 4.5. 3 Ukraine 4.5. 4 United Kingdom 4.5. 5 United States 5 See also 6 Notes 6.1 Footnotes 6.2 Citations 7 References 8 External links Establishment of holiday ( edit ) Main article : Mother 's Day ( United States ) § History The modern holiday of Mother 's Day was first celebrated in 1908 , when Anna Jarvis held a memorial for her mother at St Andrew 's Methodist Church in Grafton , West Virginia . St Andrew 's Methodist Church now holds the International Mother 's Day Shrine . Her campaign to make `` Mother 's Day '' a recognized holiday in the United States began in 1905 , the year her mother , Ann Reeves Jarvis , died . Ann Jarvis had been a peace activist who cared for wounded soldiers on both sides of the American Civil War , and created Mother 's Day Work Clubs to address public health issues . Anna Jarvis wanted to honor her mother by continuing the work she started and to set aside a day to honor all mothers because she believed that they were `` the person who has done more for you than anyone in the world '' . In 1908 , the US Congress rejected a proposal to make Mother 's Day an official holiday , joking that they would also have to proclaim a `` Mother - in - law 's Day '' . However , owing to the efforts of Anna Jarvis , by 1911 all US states observed the holiday , with some of them officially recognizing Mother 's Day as a local holiday , the first being West Virginia , Jarvis ' home state , in 1910 . In 1914 , Woodrow Wilson signed a proclamation designating Mother 's Day , held on the second Sunday in May , as a national holiday to honor mothers . Although Jarvis was successful in founding Mother 's Day , she became resentful of the commercialization of the holiday . By the early 1920s , Hallmark Cards and other companies had started selling Mother 's Day cards . Jarvis believed that the companies had misinterpreted and exploited the idea of Mother 's Day , and that the emphasis of the holiday was on sentiment , not profit . As a result , she organized boycotts of Mother 's Day , and threatened to issue lawsuits against the companies involved . Jarvis argued that people should appreciate and honor their mothers through handwritten letters expressing their love and gratitude , instead of buying gifts and pre-made cards . Jarvis protested at a candy makers ' convention in Philadelphia in 1923 , and at a meeting of American War Mothers in 1925 . By this time , carnations had become associated with Mother 's Day , and the selling of carnations by the American War Mothers to raise money angered Jarvis , who was arrested for disturbing the peace . Spelling ( edit ) In 1912 Anna Jarvis trademarked the phrases `` Second Sunday in May '' and `` Mother 's Day '' , and created the Mother 's Day International Association . She specifically noted that `` Mother 's '' should `` be a singular possessive , for each family to honor its own mother , not a plural possessive commemorating all mothers in the world . '' This is also the spelling used by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in his 1914 presidential proclamation , by the U.S. Congress in relevant bills , and by various U.S. presidents in their proclamations concerning Mother 's Day . Dates around the world ( edit ) While the United States holiday was adopted by some other countries , existing celebrations , held on different dates , honouring motherhood have become described as `` Mother 's Day '' , such as Mothering Sunday in the United Kingdom or , in Greece , the Eastern Orthodox celebration of the presentation of Jesus Christ to the temple ( 2 February of Julian Calendar ) . Both the secular and religious Mother Day are present in Greece . Mothering Sunday is often referred to as `` Mother 's Day '' even though it is an unrelated celebration . In some countries , the date adopted is one significant to the majority religion , such as Virgin Mary Day in Catholic countries . Other countries selected a date with historical significance . For example , Bolivia 's Mother 's Day is the date of a battle in which women participated . See the `` International history and tradition '' section for the complete list . Some ex-communist countries , such as Russia , celebrated International Women 's Day instead of Mother 's Day or simply celebrate both holidays , which is the custom in Ukraine . Kyrgyzstan has recently introduced Mother 's Day , but `` year on year ( International Women 's Day ) is certainly increasing in status '' . This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Gregorian calendar Occurrence Dates Country Second Sunday of February Feb 14 , 2016 Feb 12 , 2017 Feb 11 , 2018 Norway 3 March Georgia 8 March ( with International Women 's Day ) Afghanistan Albania Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Burundi Burkina Faso Kazakhstan Kosovo Laos Macedonia Moldova Montenegro Romania Russia Serbia Slovenia Tajikistan Uzbekistan Vietnam Fourth Sunday in Lent ( Mothering Sunday ) 6 Mar 2016 26 Mar 2017 11 Mar 2018 Guernsey Ireland Isle of Man Jersey Nigeria United Kingdom 21 March ( Spring equinox ) Bahrain Comoros Djibouti Egypt Iraq Jordan Kuwait Libya Lebanon Mauritania Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Somalia Sudan Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen 25 March Slovenia 7 April ( Annunciation day ) Armenia ( Motherhood and Beauty Day ) First Sunday of May May 1 , 2016 May 7 , 2017 May 6 , 2018 Angola Cape Verde Hungary Lithuania Mozambique Portugal Spain 8 May South Korea ( Parents ' Day ) 10 May El Salvador Guatemala Mexico Second Sunday of May May 8 , 2016 May 14 , 2017 May 13 , 2018 May 12 , 2019 Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Aruba Australia Austria Bahamas Bangladesh Barbados Belgium Belize Bermuda Bhutan Bonaire Botswana Brazil Brunei Canada Cambodia Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Congo , Dem . Rep . Congo , Rep . Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Curaçao Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Dominica Ecuador Equatorial Guinea Estonia Ethiopia Faroe Islands Fiji Finland Germany Gabon Gambia Greenland Ghana Greece Grenada Guyana Honduras Hong Kong Iceland India Italy Jamaica Japan Kenya Latvia Liberia Liechtenstein Macau Malaysia Malta Myanmar Namibia Netherlands New Zealand Pakistan Papua New Guinea Peru Philippines Puerto Rico Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Singapore Sint Maarten Slovakia South Africa Sri Lanka Suriname Switzerland Taiwan Tanzania Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Turkey Uganda Ukraine United States Uruguay Vietnam Venezuela Zambia Zimbabwe 14 May Benin 15 May Paraguay ( same day as Día de la Patria ) 19 May Kyrgyzstan ( Russian : День матери , Kyrgyz : Энэ күнү ) 22 May Israel ( new ) 26 May Poland ( Polish : Dzień Matki ) 27 May Bolivia Last Sunday of May ( sometimes First Sunday of June if the last Sunday of May is Pentecost ) May 29 , 2016 May 28 , 2017 May 27 , 2018 Algeria Cameroon Dominican Republic France ( First Sunday of June if Pentecost occurs on this day ) French Antilles ( First Sunday of June if Pentecost occurs on this day ) Madagascar Mali Morocco Niger Haiti Mauritius Senegal Sweden Tunisia 30 May Nicaragua 1 June Mongolia ( together with Children 's Day ) Second Sunday of June Jun 12 , 2016 Jun 11 , 2017 Jun 10 , 2018 Luxembourg First Monday of July Jul 4 , 2016 Jul 3 , 2017 Jul 2 , 2018 South Sudan 12 August Thailand ( birthday of Queen Sirikit ) 15 August ( Assumption of Mary ) Costa Rica Antwerp ( Belgium ) Second Monday of October Oct 10 , 2016 Oct 9 , 2017 Oct 8 , 2018 Malawi 14 October Belarus ( since 1996 ) Third Sunday of October Oct 16 , 2016 Oct 15 , 2017 Oct 21 , 2018 Argentina ( Día de la Madre ) 3 November Timor Leste 16 November North Korea Last Sunday of November Russia 8 December ( Feast of the Immaculate Conception ) Panama 22 December Indonesia Hebrew calendars Occurrence Equivalent Gregorian dates Country Shevat 30 Between 30 January and 1 March - Family Day Israel Hindu calendars Occurrence Equivalent Gregorian dates Country Baisakh Amavasya ( Mata Tirtha Aunsi ) Between 19 April and 19 May 6 May 2016 26 April 2017 Nepal Islamic calendars Occurrence Equivalent Gregorian dates Country 21 Ordibehesht 20 April 2014 10 April 2015 30 March 2016 Iran International History and tradition ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Play media Mother 's Day in the Netherlands in 1925 Northern Pacific Railway postcard for Mother 's Day 1916 . Mother 's Day gift in 2007 Mother and daughter and Mother 's Day card In most countries , Mother 's Day is an observance derived from the holiday as it has evolved in the United States , promoted by companies who saw benefit in making it popular . As adopted by other countries and cultures , the holiday has different meanings , is associated with different events ( religious , historical or legendary ) , and is celebrated on different dates . In some cases , countries already had existing celebrations honoring motherhood , and their celebrations then adopted several external characteristics from the US holiday , such as giving carnations and other presents to one 's mother . The extent of the celebrations varies greatly . In some countries , it is potentially offensive to one 's mother not to mark Mother 's Day . In others , it is a little - known festival celebrated mainly by immigrants , or covered by the media as a taste of foreign culture . Religion ( edit ) In the Roman Catholic Church , the holiday is strongly associated with revering the Virgin Mary . In some Catholic homes , families have a special shrine devoted to the Blessed Virgin Mary . In many Eastern Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches , a special prayer service is held in honor of the Theotokos Virgin Mary . In Islam there is no concept of Mother 's Day , but mothers hold a very high position in religious matters . According to some Islamic traditions , Heaven is said to be found under a mother 's feet , meaning that one can attain admission into heaven after death if they are a caring and loving child to their mothers . In Hindu tradition , Mother 's Day is called `` Mata Tirtha Aunshi '' or `` Mother Pilgrimage fortnight '' , and is celebrated in countries with a Hindu population , especially in Nepal . The holiday is observed on the new moon day in the month of Baisakh , i.e. , April / May . This celebration is based on Hindu religion and it pre-dates the creation of the US - inspired celebration by at least a few centuries . In Buddhism , the festival of Ullambana is derived from the story of Maudgalyayana and his mother . By country ( a -- g ) ( edit ) Albania ( edit ) Mother 's day is celebrated in 8 March . The origin of the 8th of March holiday dates back to 1908 and is associated with a tragic event . A group of workers at a textile factory in New York strikes against extreme working conditions . On March 8 , the factory was shut down and the workers remained trapped inside . Suddenly a fire broke out , where 129 mothers died . Arab world ( edit ) Mother 's Day in most Arab countries is celebrated on 21 March . It was introduced in Egypt by journalist Mustafa Amin and was first celebrated in 1956 . The practice has since been copied by other Arab countries . Argentina ( edit ) In Argentina , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of October . The holiday was originally celebrated on 11 October , the old liturgical date for the celebration of the Maternity of the Blessed Virgin Mary but after the Second Vatican Council , which moved the Virgin Mary festivity to 1 January , the Mother 's Day started to be celebrated the third Sunday of October because of popular tradition . Argentina is the only country in the world that celebrates Mother 's Day on this date . Armenia ( edit ) In Armenia , Mother 's Day is celebrated on 8 March , and on 7 April as Maternity and Beauty Day . Australia ( edit ) In Australia , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday in May . The tradition of giving gifts to mothers on Mother 's Day in Australia was started by Janet Heyden , a resident of Leichhardt , Sydney , in 1924 . She began the tradition during a visit to a patient at the Newington State Home for Women , where she met many lonely and forgotten mothers . To cheer them up , she rounded up support from local school children and businesses to donate and bring gifts to the women . Every year thereafter , Mrs Heyden raised increasing support for the project from local businesses and even the local Mayor . The day has since become commercialised . Belarus ( edit ) Belarus celebrates Mother 's Day on 14 October . Like other ex-Communist republics , Belarus used to celebrate only the International Women Day on 8 March . Mother 's Day in Belarus was officially established by the Belarus government , and it was celebrated for the first time in 1996 . The celebration of the Virgin Mary ( the holiday of Protection of the Holy Mother of God ) is celebrated in the same day . Bhutan ( edit ) Mother 's Day in Bhutan is celebrated on 8 May . It was introduced in Bhutan by the Tourism Council of Bhutan . Belgium ( edit ) In Belgium , Mother 's Day ( Moederdag or Moederkesdag in Dutch and Fête des Mères in French ) is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . In the week before this holiday children make little presents at primary school , which they give to their mothers in the early morning of Mother 's Day . Typically , the father will buy croissants and other sweet breads and pastries and bring these to the mother while she is still in bed -- the beginning of a day of pampering for the mother . There are also many people who celebrate Mother 's Day on 15 August instead ; these are mostly people around Antwerp , who consider that day ( Assumption ) the classical Mother 's Day and the observance in May an invention for commercial reasons . It was originally established on that day as the result of a campaign by Frans Van Kuyck , a painter and Alderman from Antwerp . Bolivia ( edit ) In Bolivia , Mother 's Day is celebrated on 27 May . El Día de la Madre Boliviana was passed into law on 8 November 1927 , during the presidency of Hernando Siles Reyes . The date commemorates the Battle of La Coronilla , which took place on 27 May 1812 , during the Bolivian War of Independence , in what is now the city of Cochabamba . In this battle , women fighting for the country 's independence were slaughtered by the Spanish army . It is not a public holiday , but all schools hold activities and festivities throughout the day . Brazil ( edit ) In Brazil , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . The first Mother 's Day in Brazil was promoted by Associação Cristã de Moços de Porto Alegre ( Young Men 's Christian Association of Porto Alegre ) on 12 May 1918 . In 1932 , then President Getúlio Vargas made the second Sunday of May the official date for Mother 's Day . In 1947 , Archbishop Jaime de Barros Câmara , Cardinal - Archbishop of Rio de Janeiro , decided that this holiday would also be included in the official calendar of the Catholic Church . Mother 's Day is not an official holiday ( see Public holidays in Brazil ) , but it is widely observed and typically involves spending time with and giving gifts to one 's mother . Because of this , it is considered one of the celebrations most related to consumerism in the country , second only to Christmas Day as the most commercially lucrative holiday . Canada ( edit ) See also Other observances in Canada Mother 's Day cookie cake Mother 's Day in Canada is celebrated on the second Sunday in May ( it is not a public holiday or bank holiday ) , and typically involves small celebrations and gift - giving to one 's mother , grandmother , or other important female figures in one 's family . Celebratory practices are very similar to those of other western nations . A Québécois tradition is for Québécois men to offer roses or other flowers to the women . China ( edit ) Mother 's Day is becoming more popular in China . Carnations are a very popular Mother 's Day gift and the most sold flowers in relation to the day . In 1997 Mother 's Day was set as the day to help poor mothers and to remind people of the poor mothers in rural areas such as China 's western region . In the People 's Daily , the Chinese government 's official newspaper , an article explained that `` despite originating in the United States , people in China accept the holiday without hesitation because it is in line with the country 's traditional ethics -- respect for the elderly and filial piety towards parents . '' In recent years , the Communist Party member Li Hanqiu began to advocate for the official adoption of Mother 's Day in memory of Meng Mu , the mother of Mèng Zǐ . He formed a non-governmental organization called Chinese Mothers ' Festival Promotion Society , with the support of 100 Confucian scholars and lecturers of ethics . Li and the Society want to replace the Western - style gift of carnations with lilies , which , in ancient times , were planted by Chinese mothers when children left home . Mother 's Day remains an unofficial festival , except in a small number of cities . Czech Republic ( edit ) In the Czech Republic , Mother 's Day is celebrated every second Sunday in May . It started in former Czechoslovakia in 1923 . The promoter of this celebration was Alice Masaryková . After World War II communists replaced Mother 's Day with International Woman 's Day , celebrated on 8 March . The former Czechoslovakia celebrated Women 's Day until the Velvet Revolution in 1989 . After the split of the country in 1993 , the Czech Republic started celebrating Mother 's Day again . Egypt ( edit ) Mother 's Day in Egypt is celebrated on 21 March , the first day of spring in the northern hemisphere . It was introduced in Egypt by journalist Mustafa Amin in his book Smiling America ( 1943 ) . The idea was overlooked at the time . Later Amin heard the story of a widowed mother who devoted her whole life to raising her son until he became a doctor . The son then married and left without showing any gratitude to his mother . Hearing this , Amin became motivated to promote `` Mother 's Day '' . The idea was first ridiculed by president Gamal Abdel Nasser but he eventually accepted it and Mother 's Day was first celebrated on 21 March 1956 . The practice has since been copied by other Arab countries . When Mustafa Amin was arrested and imprisoned , there were attempts to change the name of the holiday from `` Mother 's Day '' to `` Family Day '' as the government wished to prevent the occasion from reminding people of its founder . These attempts were unsuccessful and celebrations continued to be held on that day ; classic songs celebrating mothers remain famous to this day . Ethiopia ( edit ) Mother 's Day is celebrated for three days in Ethiopia , after the end of rainy season . It comes in mid-fall where people enjoy a three - day feast called `` Antrosht '' . For the feast , ingredients will be brought by the children for a traditional hash recipe . The ingredients are divided along genders , with girls bringing spices , vegetables , cheese and butter , while the boys bring a lamb or bull . The mother hands out to the family the hash . A celebration takes place after the meal . The mothers and daughters anoint themselves using butter on their faces and chests . While honoring their family and heroes , men sing songs . Estonia ( edit ) In Estonia , Mother 's Day ( emadepäev in Estonian ) is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . It is recognized nationally , but is not a public holiday . Finland ( edit ) In Finland , Mother 's Day ( äitienpäivä in Finnish ) is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . It is recognized nationally , and is a public holiday . It is usually celebrated at homes where children or grandchildren bring Mother _́ s day cards that they have drawn to their mothers and grandmothers . Usually some food , coffee and cakes are served for guests . Grown up children visit their parents homes and bring traditionally Mother _́ s day roses or other flowers accompanied with a Mother _́ s day card . The president of Finland honors with medals every year some mothers who have done something exceptional and positive during the year . France ( edit ) In France , amidst alarm at the low birth rate , there were attempts in 1896 and 1904 to create a national celebration honoring the mothers of large families . In 1906 ten mothers who had nine children each were given an award recognising `` High Maternal Merit '' ( `` Haut mérite maternel '' ) . American World War I soldiers fighting in France popularized the US Mother 's Day holiday created by Anna Jarvis . They sent so much mail back to their country for Mother 's Day that the Union Franco - Américaine created a postal card for that purpose . In 1918 , also inspired by Jarvis , the town of Lyon wanted to celebrate a `` journée des Mères '' , but instead decided to celebrate a `` Journée Nationale des Mères de familles nombreuses . '' The holiday was more inspired by anti-depopulation efforts than by the US holiday , with medals awarded to the mothers of large families . The French government made the day official in 1920 as a day for mothers of large families . Since then the French government awards the Médaille de la Famille française to mothers of large families . In 1941 , by initiative of Philippe Pétain , the wartime Vichy government used the celebration in support of their policy to encourage larger families , but all mothers were now honored , even mothers with smaller families . In 1950 , after the war , the celebration was reinstated . The law of 24 May 1950 required that the Republic pay official homage to French Mothers on the last Sunday in May as the `` Fête des Mères '' ( except when Pentecost fell on that day , in which case it was moved to the first Sunday in June ) . During the 1950s , the celebration lost all its patriotic and natalist ideologies , and became heavily commercialized . In 1956 , the celebration was given a budget and integrated into the new Code de l'action Sociale et des familles . In 2004 responsibility for the holiday was transferred to the Minister responsible for families . Georgia ( edit ) Georgia celebrates Mother 's Day on 3 March . It was declared by the first President of Georgia Zviad Gamsakhurdia in order to replace the International Women Day , and it was officially approved by the Supreme Council in 1991 . Nowadays Georgia celebrates both Mother 's Day on 3 March and International Women 's Day on 8 March . Germany ( edit ) Mother 's Day cake in Germany In the 1920s , Germany had the lowest birthrate in Europe , and the declining trend was continuing . This was attributed to women 's participation in the labor market . At the same time , influential groups in society ( politicians of left and right , churchwomen , and feminists ) believed that mothers should be honored but could not agree on how to do so . However , all groups strongly agreed on the promotion of the values of motherhood . In 1923 , this resulted in the unanimous adoption of Muttertag , the Mother 's Day holiday as imported from America and Norway . The head of the Association of German Florists cited `` the inner conflict of our Volk and the loosening of the family '' as his reason for introducing the holiday . He expected that the holiday would unite the divided country . In 1925 , the Mother 's Day Committee joined the task force for the recovery of the volk , and the holiday stopped depending on commercial interests and began emphasizing the need to increase the population in Germany by promoting motherhood . The holiday was then seen as a means to encourage women to bear more children , which nationalists saw as a way to rejuvenate the nation . The holiday did not celebrate individual women , but an idealized standard of motherhood . The progressive forces resisted the implementation of the holiday because it was backed by so many conservatives , and because they saw it as a way to eliminate the rights of working women . Die Frau , the newspaper of the Federation of German Women 's Associations , refused to recognize the holiday . Many local authorities adopted their own interpretation of the holiday : it would be a day to support economically larger families or single - mother families . The guidelines for the subsidies had eugenics criteria , but there is no indication that social workers ever implemented them in practice , and subsidies were given preferentially to families in economic need rather than to families with more children or `` healthier '' children . With the Nazi party in power during 1933 -- 1945 , the situation changed radically . The promotion of Mother 's Day increased in many European countries , including the UK and France . From the position of the German Nazi government , the role of mothers was to give healthy children to the German nation . The Nazi party 's intention was to create a pure `` Aryan race '' according to nazi eugenics . Among other Mother 's Day ideas , the government promoted the death of a mother 's sons in battle as the highest embodiment of patriotic motherhood . The Nazis quickly declared Mother 's Day an official holiday and put it under the control of the NSV ( National Socialist People 's Welfare Association ) and the NSF ( National Socialist Women Organization ) . This created conflicts with other organizations that resented Nazi control of the holiday , including Catholic and Protestant churches and local women 's organizations . Local authorities resisted the guidelines from the Nazi government and continued assigning resources to families who were in economic need , much to the dismay of the Nazi officials . Mother 's Day in UNRRA camp Germany in 1946 In 1938 , the government began issuing an award called Mother 's Cross ( Mutterkreuz ) , according to categories that depended on the number of children a mother had . The medal was awarded on Mother 's Day and also on other holidays due to the large number of recipients . The Cross was an effort to encourage women to have more children , and recipients were required to have at least four . By country ( H. -- M. ) ( edit ) Hungary ( edit ) In Hungary , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the first Sunday of May . It was first celebrated in 1925 by the Hungarian Red Cross Youth . India ( edit ) The modern Mother 's Day has been assimilated into Indian culture , and it is celebrated every year on the second Sunday of May . Indians do not celebrate the occasion as a religious event , and it is celebrated primarily in urban centers . Indonesia ( edit ) Indonesian Mother 's Day ( Indonesian : Hari Ibu ) is celebrated nationally on 22 December . The date was made an official holiday by President Soekarno under Presidential Decree ( Indonesian : Dekrit Presiden ) no . 316 in 1953 , on the 25th anniversary of the 1928 Indonesian Women Congress . The day originally sought to celebrate the spirit of Indonesian women and to improve the condition of the nation . Today , the meaning of Mother 's Day has changed , and it is celebrated by expressing love and gratitude to mothers . People present gifts to mothers ( such as flowers ) and hold surprise parties and competitions , which include cooking and kebaya wearing . People also allow mothers a day off from domestic chores . The holiday is celebrated on the anniversary of the opening day of the first Indonesian Women Congress ( Indonesian : Kongres Perempuan Indonesia ) , which was held from 22 to 25 December 1928 . The Congress took place in a building called Dalem Jayadipuran , which now serves as the office of the Center of History and Traditional Values Preservation ( Indonesian : Balai Pelestarian Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional ) in Brigjen Katamso Street , Yogyakarta . The Congress was attended by 30 feminist organizations from 12 cities in Java and Sumatra . In Indonesia , feminist organizations have existed since 1912 , inspired by Indonesian heroines of the 19th century , e.g. , Kartini , Martha Christina Tiahahu , Cut Nyak Meutia , Maria Walanda Maramis , Dewi Sartika , Nyai Ahmad Dahlan , Rasuna Said , etc . The Congress intended to improve women 's rights in education and marriage . Indonesia also celebrates the Kartini Day ( Indonesian : Hari Kartini ) on 21 April , in memory of activist Raden Ajeng Kartini . This is a celebration of the emancipation of women . The observance was instituted at the 1938 Indonesian Women Congress . During President Suharto 's New Order ( 1965 -- 1998 ) , government propaganda used Mother 's Day and Kartini Day to inculcate into women the idea that they should be docile and stay at home . Iran ( edit ) A woman writes the name of Fatimah during a ceremony for Mother 's Day in Milad Tower In Iran , Mother 's Day is celebrated on 20 Jumada al - thani . This is the sixth month in the Islamic calendar ( a lunar calendar ) and every year the holiday falls on a different day of the Gregorian calendar . This is the birthday anniversary of Fatimah , Prophet Muhammad 's only daughter according to Shia Islam orthodoxy . Mother 's Day was originally observed on 16 December but the date was changed after the Iranian Revolution in 1979 . The celebration is both Women 's Day ( replacing International Women 's Day ) and Mother 's Day . In 1960 , the Institute for Women Protection adopted the Western holiday and established it on 25 Azar ( 16 December ) , the date the Institute was founded . The Institute 's action had the support of Queen Farah Pahlavi , the wife of the last Shah of Persia , who promoted the construction of maternity clinics in remote parts of the country to commemorate the day . The government used the holiday to promote its maternalist view of women . The Shah 's government honored and gave awards to women who represented the idealized view of the regime , including mothers who had many healthy children . The Islamic Republic government is accused of using the holiday as a tool to undercut feminist movements and to promote role models for the traditional concept of family . Fatimah is seen by these critics as the chosen model of a woman completely dedicated to certain traditionally sanctioned feminine roles . However , supporters of the choice contend that there is much more to her life story than simply such `` traditional '' roles . Israel ( edit ) The Jewish population of Israel used to celebrate Mother 's Day on Shevat 30 of the Jewish calendar , which falls between 30 January and 1 March . The celebration was set as the same date that Henrietta Szold died ( 13 February 1945 ) . Henrietta had no biological children , but her organization Youth Aliyah rescued many Jewish children from Nazi Germany and provided for them . She also championed children 's rights . Szold is considered the `` mother '' of all those children , and that is why her annual remembrance day ( יום השנה ) was set as Mother 's Day ( יוֹם הָאֵם , yom ha'em ) . The holiday has evolved over time , becoming a celebration of mutual love inside the family , called Family Day ( יוֹם הַמִשְּפָּחָה , yom hamishpacha ) . This holiday is mainly celebrated in preschools with an activity to which parents are invited . Mother 's Day is mainly celebrated by children at kindergartens . There are no longer mutual gifts among members of the family , and there is no longer any commercialization of the celebration . It is not an official holiday . Italy ( edit ) Mother 's Day in Italy was celebrated for the first time on 24 December 1933 as the `` Day of the mother and the child '' ( Giornata della madre e del fanciullo ) . It was instituted by the Opera nazionale maternità e infanzia in order to publicly reward the most prolific Italian women every year . After World War II , Mother 's Day was first celebrated on 12 May 1957 in Assisi , at the initiative of Reverend Otello Migliosi , the parish priest of the Tordibetto church . This celebration was so popular that in the following year Mother 's Day was adopted throughout Italy . On 18 December 1958 , a proposal was presented to the Italian Senate to make the holiday official . Japan ( edit ) In Japan , Mother 's Day ( 母 の 日 , Haha no Hi ) was initially commemorated during the Shōwa period as the birthday of Empress Kōjun ( mother of Emperor Akihito ) on 6 March . This was established in 1931 when the Imperial Women 's Union was organized . In 1937 , the first meeting of `` Praise Mothers '' was held on 8 May , and in 1949 Japanese society adopted the second Sunday of May as the official date for Mother 's Day in Japan . Today , people typically give their mothers gifts of flowers such as red carnations and roses . Japan is most known for giving carnations on Mother 's Day . Kyrgyzstan ( edit ) In Kyrgyzstan , Mother 's Day is celebrated on 19 May every year . The holiday was first celebrated in 2012 . Mothers are also honored on International Women 's Day This article is about a holiday celebrating mothers and motherhood . For other uses , see Mother 's Day ( disambiguation ) . Latvia ( edit ) Mother 's Day in Latvia was celebrated for the first time in 1922 . Since 1934 , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . After the end of the soviet occupation of Baltic states celebration was resumed in 1992 . Mothers are also honored on International Women 's Day . Lithuania ( edit ) In Lithuania , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the first Sunday of May . Maldives ( edit ) In the Maldives , Mother 's Day is celebrated on 13 May . The day is celebrated in different ways . Children give gifts and spend time with their mothers . Daughters give their mothers cards and handmade gifts and sons give their mothers gifts and flowers . Maldivians love to celebrate Mother 's day , and they have it specially written on their calendar . Malta ( edit ) The first mention of Mother 's Day in Malta occurred during the Radio Children 's Programmes run by Frans H. Said in May 1961 . Within a few years , Mother 's Day became one of the most popular dates in the Maltese calendar . In Malta , this day is commemorated on the second Sunday in May . Mothers are invariably given gifts and invited for lunch , usually at a good quality restaurant . Mexico ( edit ) See also : Public holidays in Mexico § Festivities In Mexico , the government of Álvaro Obregón imported the Mother 's Day holiday from the US in 1922 , and the newspaper Excélsior held a massive promotional campaign for the holiday that year . The conservative government tried to use the holiday to promote a more conservative role for mothers in families , but that perspective was criticized by the socialists as promoting an unrealistic image of a woman who was not good for much more than breeding . In the mid-1930s , the leftist government of Lázaro Cárdenas promoted the holiday as a `` patriotic festival '' . The Cárdenas government tried to use the holiday as a vehicle for various efforts : to stress the importance of families as the basis for national development ; to benefit from the loyalty that Mexicans felt towards their mothers ; to introduce new morals to Mexican women ; and to reduce the influence that the church and the Catholic right exerted over women . The government sponsored the holiday in the schools . However , ignoring the strict guidelines from the government , theatre plays were filled with religious icons and themes . Consequently , the `` national celebrations '' became `` religious fiestas '' despite the efforts of the government . Soledad Orozco García , the wife of President Manuel Ávila Camacho , promoted the holiday during the 1940s , resulting in an important state - sponsored celebration . The 1942 celebration lasted a full week and included an announcement that all women could reclaim their pawned sewing machines from the Monte de Piedad at no cost . Due to Orozco 's promotion , the Catholic National Synarchist Union ( UNS ) took heed of the holiday around 1941 . Shop - owner members of the Party of the Mexican Revolution ( now the Institutional Revolutionary Party ) observed a custom allowing women from humble classes to pick a free Mother 's Day gift from a shop to bring home to their families . The Synarchists worried that this promoted both materialism and the idleness of lower classes , and in turn , reinforced the systemic social problems of the country . Currently this holiday practice is viewed as very conservative , but the 1940s ' UNS saw Mother 's Day as part of the larger debate on the modernization that was happening at the time . This economic modernization was inspired by US models and was sponsored by the state . The fact that the holiday was originally imported from the US was seen as evidence of an attempt at imposing capitalism and materialism in Mexican society . The UNS and the clergy of the city of León interpreted the government 's actions as an effort to secularize the holiday and to promote a more active role for women in society . They concluded that the government 's long - term goal was to cause women to abandon their traditional roles at home in order to spiritually weaken men . They also saw the holiday as an attempt to secularize the cult to the Virgin Mary , inside a larger effort to dechristianize several holidays . The government sought to counter these claims by organizing widespread masses and asking religious women to assist with the state - sponsored events in order to `` depaganize '' them . The clergy preferred to promote 2 July celebration of the Santísima Virgen de la Luz , the patron of León , Guanajuato , in replacement of Mother 's Day . In 1942 , at the same time as Soledad 's greatest celebration of Mother 's Day , the clergy organized the 210th celebration of the Virgin Mary with a large parade in León . There is a consensus among scholars that the Mexican government abandoned its revolutionary initiatives during the 1940s , including its efforts to influence Mother 's Day . Today the `` Día de las Madres '' is an unofficial holiday in Mexico held each year on 10 May , the day on which it was first celebrated in Mexico . In Mexico , to show affection and appreciation to the mother , it is traditional to start the celebration with the famous song `` Las Mañanitas '' , either a cappella , with the help of a mariachi or a contracted trio . Many families usually gather to celebrate this special day trying to spend as much time as possible with mothers to honor them on their day . They are organized to bring some dishes and eat all together or maybe to visit any restaurant . By country ( n -- s ) ( edit ) Nepal ( edit ) In Nepal , there is a festival equivalent to Mother 's Day , called Mata Tirtha Aunsi ( `` Mother Pilgrimage New Moon '' ) , or Mata Tirtha Puja ( `` Mother Pilgrimage Worship '' ) . It is celebrated according to the lunar calendar . It falls on the last day of the dark fortnight in the month of Baishakh which falls in April -- May ( in 2015 , it will occur on 18 April ) . The dark fortnight lasts for 15 days from the full moon to the new moon . This festival is observed to commemorate and honor mothers , and it is celebrated by giving gifts to mothers and remembering mothers who are no more . To honor mothers who have died , it is the tradition to go on a pilgrimage to the Mata Tirtha ponds , located 6 km to the southwest of downtown Kathmandu . The nearby Mata Tirtha village is named after these ponds . Previously , the tradition was observed primarily by the Newar community and other people living in the Kathmandu Valley . Now this festival is widely celebrated across the country . Many tragic folklore legends have been created , suggesting different reasons why this pond became a pilgrimage site . The most popular version says that , in ancient times , the mother of a shepherd died , and he made offerings to a nearby pond . There he saw the face of his mother in the water , with her hand taking the offerings . Since then , many people visited the pond , hoping to see their deceased mother 's face . Pilgrims believe that they will bring peace to their mother 's souls by visiting the sacred place . There are two ponds . The larger one is for ritual bathing . The smaller one is used to `` look upon mother 's face '' , and it 's fenced by iron bars to prevent people from bathing on it . Traditionally , in the Kathmandu valley the South - Western corner is reserved for women and women - related rituals , and the North - Eastern is for men and men - related rituals . The worship place for Mata Tirtha Aunsi is located in Mata Tirtha in the South - Western half of the valley , while the worship place for Gokarna Aunsi , the equivalent celebration for deceased fathers , is located in Gokarna , Nepal , in the North - Eastern half . This division is reflected in many aspects of the life in Kathmandu valley . Mother 's Day is known as Aama ko Mukh Herne Din in Nepali , which literally means `` day to see mother 's face '' . In Nepal Bhasa , the festival is known as Mām yā Khwā Swayegu , which can be translated as `` to look upon mother 's face '' . Netherlands ( edit ) In the Netherlands , Mother 's Day was introduced as early as 1910 by the Dutch branch of the Salvation Army . The Royal Dutch Society for Horticulture and Botany , a group protecting the interest of Dutch florists , worked to promote the holiday ; they hoped to emulate the commercial success achieved by American florists . They were imitating the campaign already underway by florists in Germany and Austria , but they were aware that the traditions had originated in the US . Florists launched a major promotional effort in 1925 . This included the publication of a book of articles written by famous intellectuals , radio broadcasts , newspapers ads , and the collaboration of priests and teachers who wanted to promote the celebration for their own reasons . In 1931 the second Sunday of May was adopted as the official celebration date . In the mid-1930s the slogan Moederdag -- Bloemendag ( Mother 's Day -- Flowers ' Day ) was coined , and the phrase was popular for many years . In the 1930s and 1940 's `` Mother 's Day cakes '' were given as gifts in hospitals and to the Dutch Queen , who is known as the `` mother of the country '' . Other trade groups tried to cash in on the holiday and to give new meaning to the holiday in order to promote their own wares as gifts . Roman Catholic priests complained that the holiday interfered with the honoring of the Virgin Mary , the divine mother , which took place during the whole month of May . In 1926 Mother 's Day was celebrated on 7 July in order to address these complaints . Catholic organizations and priests tried to Christianize the holiday , but those attempts were rendered futile around the 1960s when the church lost influence and the holiday was completely secularized . In later years , the initial resistance disappeared , and even leftist newspapers stopped their criticism and endorsed Mother 's Day . In the 1980s , the American origin of the holiday was still not widely known , so feminist groups who opposed the perpetuation of gender roles sometimes claimed that Mother 's Day was invented by Nazis and celebrated on the birthday of Klara Hitler , Hitler 's mother . New Zealand ( edit ) In New Zealand , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday in May . Mother 's Day is not a public holiday . The New Zealand tradition is to give cards and gifts and to serve mothers breakfast in bed . Nicaragua ( edit ) In Nicaragua , the Día de la Madre has been celebrated on 30 May since the early 1940s . The date was chosen by President Anastasio Somoza García because it was the birthday of Casimira Sacasa , his wife 's mother . North Korea ( edit ) Mother 's Day is celebrated on 16 November as a public holiday in North Korea . The date takes its significance from the First National Meeting of Mothers held in 1961 , for which Kim Il - sung , the leader of the country , published a work called The Duty of Mothers in the Education of Children . The date was designated as Mother 's Day in May 2012 by the Presidium of the Supreme People 's Assembly but only became a public holiday and appeared on the North Korean calendar starting in 2015 . Norway ( edit ) Mother 's Day was first celebrated on 9 February 1919 and was initially organized by religious institutions . Later it has become a family day , and the mother is often treated to breakfast in bed , flowers and cake . It has gradually become a major commercial event , with special pastries , flowers and other presents offered by retailers . Day - cares and primary schools often encourage children to make cards and other gifts . Pakistan ( edit ) In Pakistan , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . Media channels celebrate with special shows . Individuals honor their mothers by giving gifts and commemorative articles . Individuals who have lost their mothers pray and pay their respects to their loved ones lost . Schools hold special programs in order to acknowledge the efforts of their mothers . Panama ( edit ) In Panama , Mother 's Day is celebrated on 8 December , the same day as the Feast of the Immaculate Conception . This date was suggested in 1930 by the wife of Panama 's President Florencio Harmodio Arosemena. 8 December was adopted as Mother 's Day under Law 69 , which was passed the same year . According to another account , in 1924 the Rotary Club of Panama asked that Mother 's Day be celebrated on 11 May . Politician Aníbal D. Ríos changed the proposal so that the celebration would be held on 8 December . He then established Mother 's Day as a national holiday on that date . Paraguay ( edit ) In Paraguay , Mother 's Day is celebrated on 15 May , the same day as the Dia de la Patria , which celebrates the independence of Paraguay . This date was chosen to honor the role played by Juana María de Lara in the events of 14 May 1811 that led to Paraguay 's independence . In 2008 , the Paraguayan Minister of Culture , Bruno Barrios , lamented this coincidence because , in Paraguay , Mother 's Day is much more popular than independence day and the independence celebration goes unnoticed . As a result , Barrios asked that the celebration be moved to the end of the month . A group of young people attempted to gather 20,000 signatures to ask the Parliament to move Mother 's Day . In 2008 , the Comisión de festejos ( Celebration Committee ) of the city of Asunción asked that Mother 's Day be moved to the second Sunday of May . Philippines ( edit ) In the Philippines , Mother 's Day is officially celebrated on the second Sunday of May , but it is not a public holiday . Although not a traditional Filipino holiday , the occasion owes its popularity to American Colonial Period influence . According to a 2008 article by the Philippine News Agency , in 1921 the Ilocos Norte Federation of Women 's Clubs asked to declare the first Monday of December as Mother 's Day `` to honor these fabulous women who brought forth God 's children into this world . '' In response , Governor - General Charles Yeater issued Circular No. 33 declaring the celebration . In 1937 President Manuel L. Quezon issued Presidential Proclamation No. 213 , changing the name of the occasion from `` Mother 's Day '' to `` Parent 's Day '' to address the complaints that there was n't a `` Father 's Day '' . In 1980 President Ferdinand Marcos issued Presidential Proclamation No. 2037 proclaiming the date as both Mother 's Day and Father 's Day . In 1988 President Corazon Aquino issued Presidential Proclamation No. 266 , changing Mother 's Day to the second Sunday of May , and Father 's Day to the third Sunday of June , discontinuing the traditional date . In 1998 President Joseph Estrada returned both celebrations to the first Monday of December . Portugal ( edit ) In Portugal , the `` Dia da Mãe '' ( `` Mother 's Day '' ) is an unofficial holiday held each year on the first Sunday of May ( sometimes coinciding with Labour Day ) . The weeks leading up to this Sunday , school children spend a few hours a day to prepare a gift for their mothers , aided by their school teachers . In general , mothers receive gifts by their family members and this day is meant to be celebrated with the whole family . It used to be celebrated on the 8th December , the same date of the Conception of the Virgin celebration . Romania ( edit ) In Romania , Mother 's Day has been celebrated on the first Sunday of May since 2010 . Law 319 / 2009 made both Mother 's Day and Father 's Day official holidays in Romania . The measure was passed thanks to campaign efforts from the Alliance Fighting Discrimination Against Fathers ( TATA ) . Previously , Mother 's Day was celebrated on 8 March , as part of International Women 's Day ( a tradition dating back to when Romania was part of the Eastern bloc ) . Today , Mother 's Day and International Women 's Day are two separate holidays , with International Women 's Day being held on its original date of 8 March . Russia ( edit ) Main article : International Women 's Day Traditionally Russia had celebrated International Women 's Day and Mother 's Day on 8 March , an inheritance from the Soviet Union , and a public holiday . Women 's Day was first celebrated on the last Sunday in February in 1913 in Russia . In 1917 , demonstrations marking International Women 's Day in Saint Petersburg on the last Sunday in February ( which fell on 8 March on the Gregorian calendar ) initiated the February Revolution . Following the October Revolution later that year , the Bolshevik Alexandra Kollontai persuaded Vladimir Lenin to make it an official holiday in the Soviet Union , and it was established , but was a working day until 1965 . On 8 May 1965 , by the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet , International Women 's Day was declared a non-working day in the Soviet Union `` in commemoration of the outstanding merits of Soviet women in communistic construction , in the defense of their Fatherland during the Great Patriotic War , in their heroism and selflessness at the front and in the rear , and also marking the great contribution of women to strengthening friendship between peoples , and the struggle for peace . But still , women 's day must be celebrated as are other holidays . '' Samoa ( edit ) In Samoa , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday in May , and as a recognised national holiday on the Monday following . Singapore ( edit ) In Singapore , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . It is not recognized as a holiday by the government . Slovakia ( edit ) Czechoslovakia celebrated only Women 's Day until the Velvet Revolution in 1989 . After the country split in 1993 , Slovakia started celebrating both Women 's Day and Mother 's Day . The politicization of Women 's Day has affected the official status of Mother 's Day . Center - right parties want Mother 's Day to replace Women 's Day , and social - democrats want to make Women 's Day an official holiday . Currently , both days are festive , but they are not `` state holidays '' . In the Slovak Republic , Mother 's Day is celebrated every second Sunday in May . South Africa ( edit ) In South Africa , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . It is not recognized as a holiday by the government . The tradition is to give cards and gifts and to serve mothers breakfast in bed or to go out to lunch together as a family . South Sudan ( edit ) In South Sudan , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the first Monday in July . The president Salva Kiir Mayardit proclaimed Mother 's Day as the first Monday in July after handing over from Sudan . Children in South Sudan are presenting mothers with gifts and flowers . The first Mother 's Day was held in that country on 2 July 2012 . Spain ( edit ) In Spain , Mother 's Day or Día de la Madre is celebrated on the first Sunday of May . The weeks leading up to this Sunday , school children spend a few hours a day to prepare a gift for their mothers , aided by their school teachers . In general , mothers receive gifts by their family members & this day is meant to be celebrated with the whole family . It is also said to be celebrated in May , as May is the month dedicated to the Virgin Mary ( mother of Jesus ) according to Catholicism . Sri Lanka ( edit ) In Sri Lanka , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . Sweden ( edit ) In Sweden , Mother 's Day was first celebrated in 1919 , by initiative of the author Cecilia Bååth - Holmberg . It took several decades for the day to be widely recognized . Swedes born in the early nineteen hundreds typically did not celebrate the day because of the common belief that the holiday was invented strictly for commercial purposes . This was in contrast to Father 's Day , which has been widely celebrated in Sweden since the late 1970s . Mother 's Day in Sweden is celebrated on the last Sunday in May . A later date was chosen to allow everyone to go outside and pick flowers . Switzerland ( edit ) In Switzerland , the `` règle de Pentecôte '' law allows Mother 's Day to be celebrated a week late if the holiday falls on the same day as Pentecost . In 2008 , merchants declined to move the date . By country ( t -- z ) ( edit ) Taiwan ( edit ) In Taiwan , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of the month of May , coinciding with Buddha 's birthday and the traditional ceremony of `` washing the Buddha '' . In 1999 the Taiwanese government established the second Sunday of May as Buddha 's birthday , so they would be celebrated in the same day . Since 2006 , the Tzu Chi , the largest charity organization in Taiwan , celebrates the Tzu Chi Day , Mother 's Day and Buddha 's birthday all together , as part of a unified celebration and religious observance . Thailand ( edit ) Mother 's day in Thailand is celebrated on the birthday of the Queen of Thailand , Queen Sirikit ( 12 August ) . The holiday was first celebrated around the 1980s as part of the campaign by the Prime Minister of Thailand Prem Tinsulanonda to promote Thailand 's Royal family . Father 's Day is celebrated on the late King Bhumibol Adulyadej 's birthday . Ukraine ( edit ) Ukraine celebrates Mother 's Day ( Ukrainian : День Матері ) on the second Sunday of May . In Ukraine , Mother 's Day officially became a holiday only in 1999 and is celebrated since 2000 . Since then Ukrainian society struggles to transition the main holiday that recognizes woman from the International Women 's Day , a holiday adopted under the Soviet Union that remained as a legacy in Ukraine after its collapse , to Mother 's Day . United Kingdom ( edit ) Main article : Mothering Sunday Balloons outside , in the week before Mothering Sunday 2008 The United Kingdom celebrates Mothering Sunday , which falls on the fourth Sunday of Lent ( 26 March in 2017 ) . This holiday has its roots in the church and was originally unrelated to the American holiday . Most historians believe that Mothering Sunday evolved from the 16th - century Christian practice of visiting one 's mother church annually on Laetare Sunday . As a result of this tradition , most mothers were reunited with their children on this day when young apprentices and young women in service were released by their masters for that weekend . As a result of the influence of the American Mother 's Day , Mothering Sunday transformed into the tradition of showing appreciation to one 's mother . The holiday is still recognized in the original historical sense by many churches , with attention paid to Mary the mother of Jesus Christ and the concept of the Mother Church . The custom was still popular by the start of the 19th century , but with the Industrial Revolution , traditions changed and the Mothering Day customs declined . By 1935 , Mothering Sunday was less celebrated in Europe . Constance Penswick - Smith worked unsuccessfully to revive the festival in the 1910s -- 1920s . However , US World War II soldiers brought the US Mother 's Day celebration to the UK , and the holiday was merged with the Mothering Sunday traditions still celebrated in the Church of England . By the 1950s , the celebration became popular again in the whole of the UK , thanks to the efforts of UK merchants , who saw in the festival a great commercial opportunity . People from UK started celebrating Mother 's Day on the fourth Sunday of Lent , the same day on which Mothering Sunday had been celebrated for centuries . Some Mothering Sunday traditions were revived , such as the tradition of eating cake on that day , although celebrants now eat simnel cake instead of the cakes that were traditionally prepared at that time . The traditions of the two holidays are now mixed together and celebrated on the same day , although many people are not aware that the festivities have quite separate origins . Mothering Sunday occurs 3 weeks prior to Easter Sunday or the fourth Sunday of Lent , meaning it can fall at the earliest on 1 March ( in years when Easter Day falls on 22 March ) and at the latest on 4 April ( when Easter Day falls on 25 April ) . United States ( edit ) Main article : Mother 's Day ( United States ) Prince Harry , Michelle Obama and Jill Biden helping children create Mother 's Day cards at the White House , 9 May 2013 Handmade Mother 's Day gifts The United States celebrates Mother 's Day on the second Sunday in May . In 1872 Julia Ward Howe called for women to join in support of disarmament and asked for 2 June 1872 , to be established as a `` Mother 's Day for Peace '' . Her 1870 `` Appeal to womanhood throughout the world '' is sometimes referred to as Mother 's Day Proclamation . But Howe 's day was not for honouring mothers but for organizing pacifist mothers against war . In the 1880s and 1890s there were several further attempts to establish an American `` Mother 's Day '' , but these did not succeed beyond the local level . In the United States , Mother 's Day remains one of the biggest days for sales of flowers , greeting cards , and the like ; Mother 's Day is also the biggest holiday for long - distance telephone calls . Moreover , churchgoing is also popular on Mother 's Day , yielding the highest church attendance after Christmas Eve and Easter . Many worshippers celebrate the day with carnations , coloured if the mother is living and white if she is dead . Mother 's Day continues to be one of the most commercially successful U.S. occasions . It is possible that the holiday would have withered over time without the support and continuous promotion of the florist industries and other commercial industries . Other Protestant holidays from the same time , such as Children 's Day and Temperance Sunday , do not have the same level of popularity . See also ( edit ) Holidays portal International Mother 's Day Shrine International Women 's Day May crowning Father 's Day Notes ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Since the Solar Hijri uses the lunar year , which is shorter than the solar year , the day migrates through the seasons . Each year it falls a different day in the Gregorian Calendar , so it is listed separately . Citations ( edit ) Enstam , Elizabeth York . `` The Dallas equal suffrage association , political style , and popular culture : grassroots strategies of the Woman Suffrage Movement , 1913 -- 1919 . '' Journal of Southern History 68.4 ( 2002 ) : 817 +. Student Resources in Context . Web . 14 November 2014 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ L. James Grold ( April 1968 ) , `` Mother 's Day '' , American Journal of Psychiatry , 124 : 1456 -- 1458 , Mother 's Day , conceived by Anna Jarvis to honor unselfish mothers ( ... ) Although there is no direct lineal descent to our modern Mother 's Day custom , secular and religious motherhood have existed for thousands of years before 10 May 1908 : the first church -- St. Andrew 's in Grafton , West Virginia -- responded to her request for a Sunday service honoring mothers . Cybele ( ... ) Jump up ^ Tuleja , Tad ( 1999 ) , Curious Customs : The Stories Behind 296 Popular American Rituals , Galahad Books , p. 167 , ISBN 9781578660704 , Although attempts have been made to link Mother 's Day to ancient cults of the mother goddess , especially the worship of Cybele , the association is more conceptual than historic . Mother 's Day is a modern , American invention . Jump up ^ Robert J. Myers , Hallmark Cards ( 1972 ) , Celebrations ; the complete book of American holidays , Doubleday , p. 143 , Our observance of Mother 's Day is little more than half a century old ( this was written in 1972 ) , yet the nature of the holiday makes it seem as if it had its roots in prehistoric times . Many antiquarians , holiday enthusiasts , and students of folklore have claimed to find the source Mother 's Day in the ancient spring festivals dedicated to the mother goddess , particularly the worship of Cybele . Jump up ^ Helsloot 2007 , p. 208 `` The American origin of the Day , however , was duly acknowledged . ' The idea is imported , . America led the way . ' '' ^ Jump up to : `` Mothering Sunday '' , BBC , retrieved 4 March 2010 ^ Jump up to : Independent Staff ( 8 May 2016 ) . `` Mother 's Day 2016 : Which countries celebrate it on 8 May -- and why ? '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Mother 's Day 2017 , Telegraph Jump up ^ O'Reilly , Andrea ( 6 April 2010 ) . Encyclopedia of Motherhood . Sage Publications ( CA ) . p. 602 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4522 - 6629 - 9 . She organized the first official Mother 's Day service at Andrews Methodist Church in Grafton , West Virginia , on the morning of May 10 , 1908 . That same afternoon , 15,000 people attended a Mother 's Day service at the Wanamaker Store Auditorium in Philadelphia , which she also organized . Jarvis chose the second Sunday in May for Mother 's Day to mark the anniversary of her mother 's death and selected her mother 's favorite flower , the white carnation , as the day 's official emblem . Jump up ^ Engaging Families 2015 Special Editions -- Mother 's Day . Jump up ^ Panati , Charles ( 2016 ) . Panati 's Extraordinary Origins of Everyday Things . Book Sales . p. 59 . ISBN 9780785834373 . Jump up ^ Antolini , Katharine Lane ( 2010 ) . `` Jarvis , Anna '' . Encyclopedia of Motherhood . SAGE . p. 602 . ISBN 9781412968461 . Jump up ^ Connie Park Rice ; Marie Tedesco ( 15 March 2015 ) . Women of the Mountain South : Identity , Work , and Activism . Ohio University Press . pp. 29 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8214 - 4522 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Lois M. Collins ( 6 May 2014 ) . `` Mother 's Day 100 - year history a colorful tale of love , anger and civic unrest '' . DeseretNews.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Hallmark celebrates 100th year of Mother 's Day , started by a woman who grew to despise it '' . kansas.com . Jump up ^ Compare footnote 51 in LaRossa , Ralph ( 1997 ) . The Modernization of Fatherhood : A Social and Political History . University of Chicago Press . p. 272 . ISBN 9780226469041 . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . Technically , at least , Mother 's Day was ' owned ' by Jarvis . She managed not only to incorporate the Mother 's Day International Association , but also to register ' Second Sunday in May , Anna Jarvis , Founder , ' as the organization 's trademark . Jump up ^ Louisa Taylor , Canwest News Service ( 11 May 2008 ) . `` Mother 's Day creator likely ' spinning in her grave ' '' . Vancouver Sun . Canada . Retrieved 7 July 2008 . Jump up ^ House Vote No. 274 ( 7 May 2008 ) H. Res. 1113 : Celebrating the role of mothers in the United States and supporting the goals and ideals of Mother 's Day ( Vote On Passage ) Jump up ^ House Vote No. 275 ( 7 May 2008 ) Table Motion to Reconsider : H RES 1113 Celebrating the role of mothers in the United States and supporting the goals and ideals of Mother 's Day Jump up ^ Presidential proclamations from The American Presidency Project : 71 -- Proclamation 2083 -- Mother 's Day Proclamation , Franklin D. Roosevelt , 3 May 1934 . Proclamation 3535 Mother 's Day , 1963 John F. Kennedy , 26 April 1963 . Proclamation 3583 -- Mother 's Day , 1964 Lyndon B. Johnson , 23 April 1964 Proclamation 4437 -- Mother 's Day , 1976 , Gerald Ford , 5 May 1976 . Proclamation 5801 -- Mother 's Day , 1988 , Ronald Reagan , 26 April 1988 . Proclamation 6133 -- Mother 's Day , 1990 , George Bush , 10 May 1990 Proclamation 6559 -- Mother 's Day , 1993 , Bill Clinton , 7 May 1993 . Proclamation 8253 -- Mother 's Day , 2008 , George W. Bush , 8 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Sources for Bolivia : `` 27 de mayo : madres que inspiran valentía '' . Los Tiempos ( in Spanish ) . 27 May 2009 . `` El Día de la Madre se nutre con la Virgen '' , La Razón ( La Paz ) ( in Spanish ) , 27 May 2006 Jump up ^ Robert A. Saunders ; Vlad Strukov ( 2010 ) , Historical Dictionary of the Russian Federation , Historical Dictionaries of Europe , Historical dictionaries of French history , 78 ( illustrated ed . ) , Scarecrow Press , p. 246 , ISBN 9780810854758 Jump up ^ `` International Women 's Day '' ^ Jump up to : `` Bidzina Ivanishvili Congratulates Mothers on Mother 's Day '' . News Agency InterPressNews ( IPN ) . 3 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ngo , Dong ( 25 June 2009 ) . `` Latest U.S. export to Vietnam : Mother 's Day '' . CNET . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Allen , Emily ; Macphail , Cameron ( 6 March 2016 ) . `` Mother 's Day 2016 : Everything you need to know about Mothering Sunday 2016 '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 6 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sawwan , Ameenah A. ( 23 March 2016 ) . `` A Special Note to Syrian Mothers on Mother 's Day '' . News Deeply . Retrieved 8 May 2016 . Jump up ^ John MacIntyre ( 2005 ) , The amazing mom book : real facts , tender tales , and thoughts from the heart about the most important person on Earth , Sourcebooks , p. 7 , ISBN 9781402203558 , Lebanon in the first day of Spring . ^ Jump up to : `` Lamis ' Story -- International Women 's Day 2015 '' . Medical Aid for Palestinians. 21 March 2015 . Retrieved 8 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Días Nacionales en Chile '' . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Xinhua from China Daily ( 16 May 2006 ) . `` It 's Mother 's Day '' . SCUEC online . Jump up ^ `` Principales efemérides . Mes Mayo '' . Unión de Periodistas de Cuba . Retrieved 7 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Mixed emotions on Women 's Day in Eastern Europe , euractiv.com , 9 March 2010 , archived from the original on 11 March 2010 Jump up ^ `` Calendario Cívico Escolar '' . Dirección Regional de Educación de Lima Metropolitana . Retrieved 7 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Kabita Maharana ( 9 May 2014 ) . `` Mother 's Day 2014 to be Celebrated in US and other Countries : Best Quotes to Say ' Thank You ' to Mum '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 11 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ministerio de Educación y Cultura de Paraguay , Día de la Madre ( in Spanish ) ^ Jump up to : Sources for Israel : http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4801172,00.html https://www.facebook.com/events/1528903660772737/ Jump up ^ Sources : * `` Haiti : Main Holidays '' . discoverhaiti.com . Retrieved 8 July 2008 . * `` 6310. - Fêtes et Jours Fériés en Haiti '' ( in French ) . Archived from the original on 1 April 2008 . Retrieved 8 July 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Lic . Pedro Rafael Díaz Figueroa ( 27 May 1999 ) , `` El origen del Día de la Madre '' , El Nuevo Diario ^ Jump up to : The Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus ( 14 October 2009 ) , Support for mothers remains the key priority of Belarus ' social policy ^ Jump up to : Padre Fabián Castro ( 3 October 2010 ) . `` El día de la madre en el mundo y en la Argentina '' ( in Spanish ) . padrefabian.com.ar . Retrieved 13 May 2013 . La cuestión tiene que ver con el calendario litúrgico que la Iglesia Católica utilizaba antes de la reforma producto del Concilio Vaticano II . Allí el 11 de octubre era la festividad de la Maternidad de la Virgen María . ( Actualmente se celebra el 1 de enero ) . Con este motivo era costumbre argentina pasar la celebración litúrgica al domingo anterior o siguiente al 11 . Con el lento correr de los años la tradición popular fue fijando como el tercer domingo de octubre la celebración de la Madre y las madres . ^ Jump up to : Lee Sang Yong ( 16 December 2014 ) . `` North Korea 's Official 2015 Calendar Revealed '' . Daily NK . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : editorial ( 8 December 2001 ) , `` Bendita Madre '' , Crítica ( in Spanish ) ^ Jump up to : seenthing ( 21 December 2010 ) , Sejarah Perayaan Nasional Hari Ibu 22 Desembe ^ Jump up to : Zhai , Yun Tan ( 7 May 2016 ) . `` Celebrating Mother 's Day ? Make Sure You Have The Date Right '' . NPR . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mata Tirtha Aunsi today '' . República . Kathmandu : Nepal Republic Media . 6 May 2016 . Retrieved 8 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wendy S. DeBano ( 2009 ) , `` Singing against Silence : Celebrating Women and Music and the Fourth Jasmine Festival '' , in Laudan Nooshin , Music and the Play of Power in the Middle East , North Africa and Central Asia , Soas Musicology Series ( illustrated ed . ) , Ashgate Publishing , p. 234 ( footnote 18 ) , ISBN 9780754634577 , In 2002 , Fatemeh 's birthday celebration ( observed according to the hejri calendar ) fell on Thursday 29 August ( 20 Jamādi 1423 ) ( ... ) Fatemeh 's birth date is also currently used to mark Mother 's Day in Iran , ritually recollecting , emphasising and reinscribing her role as a loyal mother , wife and daughter . Prior to the revolution , Mother 's Day was used to promote the gender ideologies of the Pahlavi regime . Jump up ^ Cordelia Candelaria ; Peter J. García ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of Latino popular culture ( illustrated ed . ) . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 375 . ISBN 9780313332104 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Jon ; Schroedel , Jenny ; Schroedel , John ( 2011 ) . Jesus and Mary . East Bridgewater , MA : Adams Media . p. 397 . ISBN 9781572157491 . Jump up ^ `` Islams Women -- Status of Mothers in Islam '' . islamswomen.com . Jump up ^ Teiser , Stephen F. ( 1988 ) . The Ghost Festival in Medieval China . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . p. 114 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 02677 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Jehl , Douglas ( 16 April 1997 ) . `` Mustafa Amin , Liberal Editor Jailed by Nasser , Dies at 83 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Sources for Janet Heyden : `` Near and Far '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 2 May 1927 . `` A Gift for Mother '' . The Sun Herald . 9 May 1954 . Jump up ^ `` Belarus celebrates Mother 's Day for 15th time . The President congratulated the Belarusian mothers . '' , Belteleradio , 14 October 2010 Jump up ^ `` Bhutan celebrates Mother 's Day for 5th time . '' , Bhutanbroadcastingserviceradio , 8 May 2010 Jump up ^ `` Dia das Mães : shoppings têm promoções especiais '' . 11 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 6 June 2012 . Retrieved 13 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mother 's Day Popular in China '' . People 's Daily . 14 May 2001 . Jump up ^ people.com.cn , sina.com.cn ( 17 June 2008 ) . `` Researchers and Experts Propose a Chinese Mother 's Day '' . All - China Women 's Federation . ^ Jump up to : `` Do we need our own Mother 's Day ? '' . China Daily . 16 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mother 's Day - Holidays - HISTORY.com '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Mother 's Day Birtukan ! '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mothers Day History ~ The Complete History of Mother 's Day '' . Mothers Day Central . Retrieved 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pühade ja tähtpäevade seadus '' . Retrieved 3 March 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www. juhlapyhät.fi/aitienpaiva ^ Jump up to : Histoire de la fête des mères et celle de `` l'Union fraternelle des pères de familles méritants d'Artas '' , Union des Familles en Europe Jump up ^ Artas , berceau de la Fête des mères , mairie d'Artas ^ Jump up to : Luc Capdevila ( CRHISCO -- University of Rennes 2 ) , Fabrice Virgili ( IHTP -- CNRS ) , `` Guerre , femmes et nation en France ( 1939 -- 1945 ) '' , in IRICE . ^ Jump up to : Michelle Mouton ( 2007 ) , `` From Mother 's Day to Forced Sterilization '' , From nurturing the Nation to Purifying the Volk : Weimar and Nazi family policy , 1918 -- 1945 , Publications of the German Historical Institute ( illustrated ed . ) , Cambridge University Press , pp. 107 -- 152 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 86184 - 5 ^ Jump up to : Ann Taylor Allen ( February 1995 ) , `` Reviewed work ( s ) : Muttertag und Mutterkreuz : Der Kult um die `` Deutsche Mutter '' im Nationalsozialismus , by Irmgard Weyrather `` , American Historical Review , Frankfurt A.m , 100 ( 1 ) : 186 -- 187 , doi : 10.2307 / 2168063 Jump up ^ TTN ( 13 March 2004 ) . `` Social change in India discussed '' . Times of India . Jump up ^ Charu Amar ( 1 May 2009 ) , `` Kyunki saas bhi toh maa hai ! '' , The Times of India , Mention Mother 's Day and everyone goes on a thinking spree to find the most innovative way to pamper their mommy dearest . Jump up ^ Wardhani , Lynda K. ( 22 December 2010 ) . `` In observance of Mother 's Day '' . The Jakarta Post . ^ Jump up to : Bulbeck , Chilla ( 2009 ) . Sex , love and feminism in the Asia Pacific : a cross-cultural study of young people 's attitudes . ASAA women in Asia . London New York : Routledge . ISBN 9780415470063 . Preview . ^ Jump up to : Kathryn Robinson ( 2009 ) , Gender , Islam and Democracy in Indonesia , ASAA women in Asia , Routledge , pp. 3 , 36 , 44 , 72 , ISBN 9781134118830 Jump up ^ `` Ahmadinejad highlights women 's significant role in society '' . Presidency of The Islamic Republic of Iran News Service . 24 June 2008 . Archived from the original on 16 May 2009 . Retrieved 19 July 2008 . ( ... ) the occasion of the Mother 's Day marking the birthday anniversary of Hazrat Fatemeh Zahra ( SA ) , the beloved daughter of Prophet Mohammad . The day fell on 23 June ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Shahla Haeri ( 1993 ) . `` Obedience versus Autonomy : Women and Fundamentalism in Iran and Pakistan '' . In Martin E. Marty ; R. Scott Appleby ; Helen Hardacre ; Everett Mendelsohn . Fundamentalisms and Society : Reclaiming the Sciences , the Family , and Education . The Fundamentalism Project . 2 ( 2 ed . ) . University of Chicago Press . p. 197 . ISBN 9780226508801 . The more women try to engage the fundamentalists in their own discourse , negotiating and bargaining over their rights ( Islamic or otherwise ) , the more frequently has the Islamic regime emphasized the ideal , the Fatimah model , the quintessential obedient woman . The fundamentalist regime in iran has yet to resolve its central dilemma regarding the role of women and male - female relationships : should women emulate a Zainab - autonomous and assertive - or a Fatimah - obedient and submissive ? Given the logic of an Islamic marriage and the worldview it implies , the fundamentalist regime has shown a marked preference for the latter . Thus Woman 's Day and Mother 's Day in Iran are celebrated on the occasion of Fatimah 's birth . Jump up ^ Firoozeh Kashani - Sabet ( 2011 ) , Conceiving Citizens : Women and the Politics of Motherhood in Iran ( illustrated ed . ) , Oxford University Press , pp. 201 -- 206 , ISBN 9780195308860 Jump up ^ Mahdi , Ali Akbar ( 2003 ) . `` Iranian Women : Between Islamization and Globalization '' . Iran Encountering Globalization : Problems and Prospects . Ali Mohammadi . London and New York : Routledge / Curzon . ISBN 0 - 415 - 30827 - 5 . Archived from the original ( DOC ) on 15 September 2006 . This Shia vision of family is based on a nostalgic and idealistic notion of Imam Ali 's family in which Fatima Zahra ( the Prophet Mohammad 's daughter ) dedicated herself to both her husband and Islamic cause . Other role models for women often cited by the officials and ideologues of the IRI are Khadijah , the prophet Mohammad 's wife , and Zaynab , daughter of the first Shi'i ( sic ) Imam Ali . In fact , the IRI ( Islamic Republic of Iran ) replaced the universal Mother 's Day with Fatima Zahar 's ( sic ) birthday . Jump up ^ Shahla Haeri ( 2009 ) , `` Women , Religion , and Political Agency in Iran '' , in Ali Gheissari , Contemporary Iran : Economy , Society ( illustrated ed . ) , Oxford University Press , p. 137 , ISBN 9780195378481 , Such ( feminist ) gatherings would not have been so remarkable had they not happened against the backdrop of the regime 's ceaseless effort to discourage , even harass , women activists and their supporters . Within the narrative of Islamization , the state 's argument has been , all along , that such gatherings are representative of the culture of imperialism , and hence are subversive and against the public good and the moral order . Above all , the Islamic state has tried hard to co-opt women by appropriating the terminology and language : `` protecting women , '' `` respect for women , '' `` gender complementarity . '' Accordingly , in order to accommodate , and yet control and channel women 's movements and activitites , the state commemorates the birthday of Fatemeh , the Prophet Muhammad 's daughter , as a national woman 's / mother 's day . Jump up ^ `` The Shiite Interpretation of the Status of Women '' . Institute for Advanced Study . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ de Ceglia , F.P. ; Dibattista , L. ( 2013 ) . Il bello della scienza . Intersezioni tra storia , scienza e arte ( in Italian ) . Milan : Angeli . p. 102 . ISBN 9788856849530 . Jump up ^ Anonymous ( 1 April 2010 ) , `` La Festa DeLLa Mamma '' , Italian America ( in Italian ) ( registration required ) Jump up ^ Raul Zaccari -- together with Senators Bellisario , Baldini , Restagno , Piasenti , Benedetti and Zannini . Senato della Repubblica , 78a Seduta Pubblica , 18 dicembre 1958 . `` Istituzione de la festa della Mamma . '' ( Annunzio di presentazione di disegni di legge ) Jump up ^ Светлана Моисеева ( 17 May 2013 ) . `` Президент поздравил кыргызстанцев с Днем матери '' . Вечерный Бишкек. 19 мая народ Кыргызстана отмечает День матери . Эта памятная дата установлена только в прошлом году , но сразу стала для кыргызстанцев одной из любимых . Jump up ^ `` About International Women 's Day '' . International Women 's Day . Retrieved 15 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Apollo.lv ( 13 May 2012 ) . `` Šodien sveicam Māmiņas ! '' . Apollo.lv India . Mātes dienu Latvijā sāka svinēt 1922 . gadā , bet ar 1934 . gadu tika noteikts , ka šī diena svinama katra maija otrajā svētdienā līdzīgi kā citās Eiropas valstīs. 1938 . gadā pēc prezidenta Kārļa Ulmaņa ierosinājuma Mātes dienu sāka dēvēt par Ģimenes dienu , uzsverot mātes lielo lomu ģimenes pavarda veidošanā un uzturēšanā . Jump up ^ Latvijā atzīmē Mātes dienu TVNET ^ Jump up to : Newcomer , page 133 ^ Jump up to : Sherman , page 44 ^ Jump up to : Newcomer , pages 133 -- 134 ^ Jump up to : Newcomer , page 134 Jump up ^ Newcomer , 134 -- 135 ^ Jump up to : Newcomer , 135 -- 136 ^ Jump up to : Newcomer , 136 -- 139 Jump up ^ The History of Mother 's Day from The Legacy Project , a Legacy Center ( Canada ) website Jump up ^ `` When Is Mother 's Day Celebrated In Mexico ? '' . 7 May 2016 . Retrieved 28 September 2016 . Jump up ^ J.C. Heesterman ; Albert W. Van den Hoek ; Dirk H.A. Kolff ; Marianne S. Oort ( 1992 ) . Ritual , State , and History in South Asia : Essays in Honour of J.C. Heesterman . BRILL . p. 786 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 09467 - 3 . Jump up ^ Helsloot 2007 , p. 206 ^ Jump up to : Helsloot 2007 , p. 208 ^ Jump up to : Helsloot 2007 , p. 209 ^ Jump up to : Helsloot 2007 , p. 210 Jump up ^ Helsloot 2007 , p. 213 Jump up ^ Helsloot 2007 , p. 211 Jump up ^ `` Mother 's Day in Norway '' . 11 May 2010 . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World marks Mother 's Day with Utmost Love , Respect '' . ARY News . May 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Penny de Henríquez ( 9 December 2005 ) , `` Origins . La celebración del Día de la Madre '' , La Prensa ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Session of the Honorable Cámara de Senadores . Señor Senador Diego Abente Brun ( in Spanish ) , p. 25 ^ Jump up to : `` Buscan que se cambie fecha del día de la madre '' , Radio Viva 90.1 FM Paraguay , 14 May 2008 Jump up ^ Municipality of Asuncion ( 27 July 2008 ) , Hoy miércoles 27 de agosto se inician las acciones de la Comisión de Festejos por el Bicentenario , con una retreta en la Plaza de los Héroes ^ Jump up to : `` Proclamation No. 58 , s . 1998 '' . Official Gazette ( Philippines ) . 11 December 1998 . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Content Manager 03 ( 1 December 2014 ) . `` The First Monday of December is Mother 's Day and Father 's Day '' . Malacañan Palace ( official residence of the President of the Philippines ) . Jump up ^ `` Romania Celebrates Fathers ' Day On Second Sunday Of May '' . Mediafax . Bucharest. 4 May 2010 . Retrieved 8 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Постановление ЦК ВКП ( б ) . ( 8 March 1966 ) . К советским женщинам , обращение ЦК КПСС в связи с Международным днём 8 Марта . ( DjVu ) . Советское искусство ( in Russian ) . p. 4 . Retrieved 22 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About International Women 's Day '' . International Women 's Day . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Балаховская , Л . Г. ( 1969 -- 1978 ) . Международный женский день 8 марта ... In Введенский , Борис . `` Большая советская энциклопедия '' ( БСЭ ) ( in Russian ) . Москва : `` Советская энциклопедия '' . Jump up ^ Fleurop - Interflora ( Suisse ) ( 22 April 2008 ) , La Fête des Mères 2008 ne sera pas reportée ( in French ) Jump up ^ Camaron Kao ( 14 May 2012 ) , `` Thousands of believers mark Buddha 's birthday '' , China Post Jump up ^ Ko Shu - Ling ( 9 May 2011 ) . `` Sakyamuni Buddha birthday celebrated '' . Taipei Times . The legislature approved a proposal in 1999 to designate the birthday of Sakyamuni Buddha -- which falls on the eighth day of the fourth month of the lunar calendar -- a national holiday and to celebrate the special occasion concurrently with International Mother 's Day , which is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . Jump up ^ `` 300,000 Attend Buddha Day Ceremonies in 34 Countries '' . Tzu Chi. 15 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 4 May 2008 ) , `` Tzu Chi Foundation to stage Mother 's Day event '' , Taipei Times Jump up ^ Caroline Hong ( 23 May 2004 ) , `` Cultural center performs ` bathing Buddha ' ceremony '' , Taipei Times Jump up ^ unsigned ( 15 May 2006 ) , `` Taiwan Quick Take : Tzu Chi celebrates birthday '' , Taipei Times , p. 3 Jump up ^ Thai News Agency ( 10 August 2012 ) . `` Police chief returns earlier for Mother 's Day '' . MCOT news . ( ... ) an audience with Her Majesty Queen Sirikit on Tuesday on the occasion of her birthday , which is also observed as National Mother 's Day . ^ Jump up to : Paul M. Handley ( 2006 ) . The King Never Smiles : a biography of Thailand 's Bhumibol Adulyadej . Yale University Press . p. 288 . ISBN 9780300106824 . ( online version ) Jump up ^ `` Украз Президента України . Про День Матері '' ( in Ukrainian ) . zakon2.rada.gov.ua . ^ Jump up to : Robert J. Myers , Hallmark Cards ( 1972 ) , Celebrations ; the complete book of American holidays , Doubleday , pp. 144 -- 146 Jump up ^ `` Interfaith holy days by faith '' . Religion & Ethics . BBC . Retrieved 20 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` How Mothering Sunday became Mother 's Day '' . Owenspencer-thomas.com . Retrieved 16 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ronald Hutton ( 2001 ) , The stations of the sun : a history of the ritual year in Britain ( illustrated , reprinted ed . ) , Oxford University Press , pp. 174 -- 177 , ISBN 9780192854483 Jump up ^ David Self ( 1993 ) , One hundred readings for assembly , Heinemann Assembly Resources , Heinemann , pp. 27 -- 29 , ISBN 9780435800413 Jump up ^ `` Mother 's Day 2017 : When is Mothering Sunday and why does the date change ? '' . Metro. 2017 - 02 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Bernhard , Virginia ( 2002 ) . `` Mother 's Day '' . In Joseph M. Hawes ; Elizabeth F. Shores . The family in America : an encyclopedia ( 3 , illustrated ed . ) . ABC - CLIO . p. 714 . ISBN 9781576072325 . Jump up ^ Barbara Mikkelson , `` We love you -- call collect '' . Snopes.com . Retrieved 2010.03. 08 . Jump up ^ J. Ellsworth Kalas ( 19 October 2009 ) . Preaching the Calendar : Celebrating Holidays and Holy Days . Westminster John Knox Press . Church attendance on this day is likely to be third only to Christmas Eve and Easter . Some worshipers still celebrate with carnations , colored if the mother is living and white if she is deceased . Jump up ^ `` Mother 's Day Dining Fact Sheet '' . National Restaurant Association . 28 April 2006 . Mother 's Day is the most popular day of the year to dine out , with 38 percent of consumers reporting doing so Jump up ^ Leigh , page 256 General Schmidt , Leigh Eric ( 1997 ) . Princeton University Press , ed . Consumer Rites : The Buying and Selling of American Holidays ( reprint , illustrated ed . ) . pp. 256 -- 275 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 01721 - 2 . Larossa , Ralph ( 1997 ) . University of Chicago Press , ed . The Modernization of Fatherhood : A Social and Political History ( illustrated ed . ) . pp. 90,170 -- 192 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 46904 - 2 . Helsloot , John ( 2007 ) , `` 10 . Vernacular Authenticity : Negotiating Mother 's Day and Father 's Day in the Netherlands '' , in Margry , Peter Jan ; Roodenburg , Herman , Reframing Dutch Culture : Between Otherness and Authenticity , Progress in European Ethnology ( illustrated ed . ) , Ashgate Publishing , pp. 6 -- 7 , 203 -- 224 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 4705 - 8 Newcomer , Daniel ( 2004 ) . Reconciling Modernity : Urban State Formation in 1940s León , Mexico ( illustrated ed . ) . University of Nebraska Press . pp. 132 -- 139 . ISBN 9780803233492 . Sherman , John W. ( 1997 ) . The Mexican Right : The End of Revolutionary Reform , 1929 -- 1940 ( illustrated ed . ) . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 44 . ISBN 9780275957360 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Mother 's Day at Wikimedia Commons Holidays , observances , and celebrations in Algeria January New Year 's Day ( 1 ) Yennayer ( 14 ) February Valentine 's Day ( 14 ) Tafsut ( 28 ) March International Women 's Day ( 8 ) Victory Day ( 19 ) World Water Day ( 22 ) Maghrebi Blood Donation Day ( 30 ) Spring vacation ( 2 last weeks ) April April Fools ' Day ( 1 ) Knowledge Day ( 16 ) Berber Spring ( 20 ) Earth Day ( 22 ) Election Day ( Thursday ) May International Workers ' Day ( 1 ) World Press Freedom Day ( 3 ) Mother 's Day ( last Sunday ) June -- July -- August Summer vacation ( varies ) June Children 's Day ( 1 ) Father 's Day ( 21 ) July Independence Day ( 5 ) September International Day of Peace ( 21 ) October International Day of Non-Violence ( 2 ) Halloween ( 31 ) November Revolution Day ( 1 ) December Christmas Eve ( 24 ) Christmas ( 25 ) New Year 's Eve ( 31 ) Winter vacation ( 2 last weeks ) Varies ( year round ) Hijri New Year 's Day ( Muharram 1 ) Ashura ( Muharram 10 ) Mawlid ( Rabi ' al - Awwal 12 ) Ramadan ( Ramadan 1 ) Laylat al - Qadr ( Ramadan 27 ) Eid al - Fitr ( Shawwal 1 ) Day of Arafah ( Dhu al - Hijjah 9 ) Eid al - Adha ( Dhu al - Hijjah 10 ) Holi ( varies ) Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in Algeria , which often represent the major celebrations of the month . See also : Lists of holidays . Holidays , observances , and celebrations in the United States January New Year 's Day ( federal ) Martin Luther King Jr . Day ( federal ) Confederate Heroes Day ( TX ) Fred Korematsu Day ( CA , FL , HI , VA ) Idaho Human Rights Day ( ID ) Inauguration Day ( federal quadrennial , DC area ) Kansas Day ( KS ) Lee -- Jackson Day ( formerly Lee -- Jackson -- King Day ) ( VA ) Robert E. Lee Day ( FL , GA ) Stephen Foster Memorial Day ( 36 ) The Eighth ( LA , former federal ) January -- February Super Bowl Sunday February American Heart Month Black History Month Washington 's Birthday / Presidents ' Day ( federal ) Valentine 's Day Georgia Day ( GA ) Groundhog Day Lincoln 's Birthday ( CA , CT , IL , IN , MO , NJ , NY , WV ) National Girls and Women in Sports Day National Freedom Day ( 36 ) Primary Election Day ( WI ) Ronald Reagan Day ( CA ) Rosa Parks Day ( CA , MO ) Susan B. Anthony Day ( CA , FL , NY , WI , WV , proposed federal ) February -- March Mardi Gras Ash Wednesday ( religious ) Courir de Mardi Gras ( religious ) Super Tuesday March Irish - American Heritage Month National Colon Cancer Awareness Month Women 's History Month St. Patrick 's Day ( religious ) Spring break ( week ) Casimir Pulaski Day ( IL ) Cesar Chavez Day ( CA , CO , TX , proposed federal ) Evacuation Day ( Suffolk County , MA ) Harriet Tubman Day ( NY ) Holi ( NY , religious ) Mardi Gras ( AL ( in two counties ) , LA ) Maryland Day ( MD ) National Poison Prevention Week ( week ) Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole Day ( HI ) Saint Joseph 's Day ( religious ) Seward 's Day ( AK ) Texas Independence Day ( TX ) Town Meeting Day ( VT ) March -- April Easter ( religious ) Palm Sunday ( religious ) Passover ( religious ) Good Friday ( CT , NC , PR , religious ) Easter Monday ( religious ) April Confederate History Month 420 Day April Fools ' Day Arbor Day Confederate Memorial Day ( AL , FL , MS , SC ) Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust ( week ) Earth Day Emancipation Day ( DC ) Thomas Jefferson 's Birthday ( AL ) Pascua Florida ( FL ) Patriots ' Day ( MA , ME ) San Jacinto Day ( TX ) Siblings Day Walpurgis Night ( religious ) May Asian Pacific American Heritage Month Jewish American Heritage Month Memorial Day ( federal ) Mother 's Day ( 36 ) Cinco de Mayo Harvey Milk Day ( CA ) Law Day ( 36 ) Loyalty Day ( 36 ) Malcolm X Day ( CA , IL , proposed federal ) May Day Military Spouse Day National Day of Prayer ( 36 ) National Defense Transportation Day ( 36 ) National Maritime Day ( 36 ) Peace Officers Memorial Day ( 36 ) Truman Day ( MO ) June Lesbian , Gay , Bisexual and Transgender Pride Month Father 's Day ( 36 ) Bunker Hill Day ( Suffolk County , MA ) Carolina Day ( SC ) Emancipation Day In Texas / Juneteenth ( TX ) Flag Day ( 36 , proposed federal ) Helen Keller Day ( PA ) Honor America Days ( 3 weeks ) Jefferson Davis Day ( AL , FL ) Kamehameha Day ( HI ) Odunde Festival ( Philadelphia , PA ) Senior Week ( week ) West Virginia Day ( WV ) July Independence Day ( federal ) Lā Hoʻihoʻi Ea ( HI , unofficial ) Parents ' Day ( 36 ) Pioneer Day ( UT ) July -- August Summer vacation August American Family Day ( AZ ) Barack Obama Day ( IL ) Bennington Battle Day ( VT ) Hawaii Admission Day / Statehood Day ( HI ) Lyndon Baines Johnson Day ( TX ) National Aviation Day ( 36 ) Service Reduction Day ( MD ) Victory over Japan Day ( RI , former federal ) Women 's Equality Day ( 36 ) September Prostate Cancer Awareness Month Labor Day ( federal ) California Admission Day ( CA ) Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day ( 36 ) Constitution Day ( 36 ) Constitution Week ( week ) Defenders Day ( MD ) Gold Star Mother 's Day ( 36 ) National Grandparents Day ( 36 ) National Payroll Week ( week ) Native American Day ( CA , TN , proposed federal ) Patriot Day ( 36 ) September -- October Hispanic Heritage Month Oktoberfest Rosh Hashanah ( religious ) Yom Kippur ( religious ) October Breast Cancer Awareness Month Disability Employment Awareness Month Filipino American History Month LGBT History Month Columbus Day ( federal ) Halloween Alaska Day ( AK ) Child Health Day ( 36 ) General Pulaski Memorial Day German - American Day Indigenous Peoples ' Day ( VT ) International Day of Non-Violence Leif Erikson Day ( 36 ) Missouri Day ( MO ) National School Lunch Week Native American Day ( SD ) Nevada Day ( NV ) Sweetest Day White Cane Safety Day ( 36 ) October -- November Diwali ( religious ) November Native American Indian Heritage Month Veterans Day ( federal ) Thanksgiving ( federal ) Day after Thanksgiving ( 24 ) Election Day ( CA , DE , HI , KY , MT , NJ , NY , OH , PR , WV , proposed federal ) Family Day ( NV ) Hanukkah ( religious ) Lā Kūʻokoʻa ( HI , unofficial ) Native American Heritage Day ( MD , WA ) Obama Day ( Perry County , AL ) December Christmas ( religious , federal ) Alabama Day ( AL ) Christmas Eve ( KY , NC , SC ) Day after Christmas ( KY , NC , SC , TX ) Festivus Hanukkah ( religious , week ) Indiana Day ( IN ) Kwanzaa ( religious , week ) National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day ( 36 ) New Year 's Eve Pan American Aviation Day ( 36 ) Rosa Parks Day ( OH , OR ) Wright Brothers Day ( 36 ) Varies ( year round ) Eid al - Adha ( religious ) Eid al - Fitr ( religious ) Ramadan ( religious , month ) Legend : ( federal ) = federal holidays , ( state ) = state holidays , ( religious ) = religious holidays , ( week ) = weeklong holidays , ( month ) = monthlong holidays , ( 36 ) = Title 36 Observances and Ceremonies Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in the United States , which often represent the major celebrations of the month . See also : Lists of holidays , Hallmark holidays , public holidays in the United States , New Jersey , New York , Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands . Public holidays in Mexico Statutory holidays Año Nuevo Día de la Constitución Natalicio de Benito Juárez Día del Trabajo Día de Independencia Día de la Revolución Transmisión del Poder Ejecutivo Federal Navidad Civic holidays Día del Ejército Día de la Bandera Aniversario de la Expropiación petrolera Heroica Defensa de Veracruz Cinco de Mayo Natalicio de Miguel Hidalgo Día de la Marina Grito de Dolores Día de los Niños Héroes Consumación de la Independencia Natalicio de José Ma . Morelos y Pavón Descubrimiento de América Festivities Día de los Santos Reyes Día de San Valentín Día del Niño Día de las Madres Día del Maestro Día del estudiante Día del Padre Día de Todos los Santos Día de los Fieles Difuntos Día de la Virgen de Guadalupe Las Posadas Nochebuena Dia de los Santos Inocentes Family History Household Nuclear family Extended family Conjugal family Immediate family Matrifocal family Blended family Dysfunctional family Polyfidelitous families First - degree relatives Parent Father Mother Child Daughter Son Sibling Brother Sister Second - degree relatives Grandparent Grandchild Aunt Uncle Nephew and niece Third - degree relatives Great - grandparent Great - grandchild Grand - nephew and grand - niece Cousin Family - in - law Spouse Wife Husband Parents - in - law Siblings - in - law Stepfamily Stepfather Stepmother Stepchild Stepsibling Kinship Adoption Affinity Consanguinity Disownment Divorce Estrangement Fictive kinship Marriage Nurture kinship Lineage Bilateral descent Common ancestor Family name Family tree Genealogy Heirloom Heredity Inheritance Matrilineality Patrilineality Pedigree chart Progenitor Relationships Agape ( parental love ) Eros ( marital love ) Filial piety Philia ( friendly love ) Storge ( familial love ) Holidays Mother 's Day U.S. Father 's Day Siblings Day National Grandparents Day Wedding anniversary Related Sociology of the family Museum of Motherhood GND : 4371191 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mother%27s_Day&oldid=804926904 '' Categories : August observances December observances Family member holidays February observances January observances June observances March observances May observances Monday observances Motherhood Movable July observances Movable June observances Movable October observances Moveable holidays Non-Gregorian April observances Non-Gregorian February observances Non-Gregorian January observances Non-Gregorian March observances Non-Gregorian May observances November observances Observances in the United States by presidential proclamation Observances set by the Hebrew calendar Observances set by the Islamic calendar Observances set by the Vikram Samvat calendar October observances Public holidays in the Soviet Union Sunday observances Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 uses Russian - language script ( ru ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 Ukrainian - language sources ( uk ) Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from March 2017 Infobox holiday ( other ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles needing additional references from May 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles containing Russian - language text Articles containing Kyrgyz - language text Articles containing Polish - language text Articles needing additional references from March 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles containing Indonesian - language text Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from May 2015 Articles containing Ukrainian - language text Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Holidays and observances by scheduling ( nth weekday of the month ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български བོད ་ ཡིག Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Íslenska Italiano עברית Kalaallisut Kurdî Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Papiamentu پښتو Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Walon 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 23 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother%2527s%20Day

who plays the yellow power ranger in the 2017 movie

Saban 's Power Rangers ( or simply Power Rangers ) is a 2017 American superhero film based on the franchise of the same name , directed by Dean Israelite and written by John Gatins . It is the third Power Rangers film , and is a reboot . The film features the main characters of the Mighty Morphin Power Rangers television series with a new cast , starring Dacre Montgomery , Naomi Scott , RJ Cyler , Becky G , Ludi Lin , Bill Hader , Bryan Cranston , and Elizabeth Banks .

Becky G

Power Rangers ( film )

power rangers ( film )

Saban 's Power Rangers ( or simply Power Rangers ) is a 2017 American superhero film based on the franchise of the same name , directed by Dean Israelite and written by John Gatins . It is the third Power Rangers film , and is a reboot . The film features the main characters of the Mighty Morphin Power Rangers television series with a new cast , starring Dacre Montgomery , Naomi Scott , RJ Cyler , Becky G , Ludi Lin , Bill Hader , Bryan Cranston , and Elizabeth Banks .

It is the first blockbuster film to feature LGBTQ and autistic superheroes . Franchise creator Haim Saban returned to produce the film under his investment firm . The film premiered at the Regency Village Theater in Los Angeles on March 22 , 2017 , and was released in the United States on March 24 , 2017 . Met with mixed reviews upon release , with criticism primarily focusing on its uneven tone and divergences from its source material , Power Rangers grossed $142 million worldwide , and was labelled a box office disappointment . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Marketing 4.1 Video game 4.2 Music 5 Release 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Home media 5.4 Accolades 6 Potential sequels 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In the Cenozoic era , six interplanetary warriors , the Power Rangers , are tasked with protecting life on Earth and the Zeo Crystal . The Green Ranger , Rita Repulsa , betrays them and plans to dominate the universe . The Red Ranger , Zordon , survives Rita 's attack and hides five of the Rangers ' power source , the Power Coins . He orders Alpha 5 to perform a meteor strike that kills him , the dinosaurs , and sends Rita to the bottom of the sea , foiling her scheme . In 21st - century Angel Grove , high school football star Jason Scott is dismissed from the team and placed under house arrest after a failed prank . In detention , he encounters Billy Cranston and Kimberly Hart . After defending Billy from a bully , Billy offers to deactivate Jason 's ankle monitor for help at an old gold mine that evening . Once there , Jason leaves to explore and runs into Kimberly . Billy detonates explosives to break some rock , attracting the attention of Jason , Kimberly and nearby students Trini and Zack . The five discover the Power Coins and each take one . While escaping mine security , their car is hit by a train . The five find themselves at home the next morning and discover that the coins have granted them superhuman abilities . Elsewhere , Rita 's body is found . Waking , she goes on a rampage , hunting pieces of gold to raise her minion Goldar to find the Zeo Crystal . The five teenagers return to the mine and discover an ancient spaceship where they meet Alpha 5 and Zordon 's consciousness . They inform the teenagers about the Rangers history and Rita , warning that they have eleven days until Rita has her full power , finds the Zeo Crystal , and uses it to destroy life on Earth . The five leave the ship with no intention of returning until Zordon pleads with Jason to convince the team . The five return to train the next day , but they can not morph . They spend the next week training against simulated Putties and trying unsuccessfully to morph . To inspire the Rangers , Alpha reveals the Zords . Zack takes his Zord out for a joyride and almost kills the other Rangers when he crashes it . This angers Jason , and they fight . While trying to separate the two , Billy spontaneously morphs . However , when he becomes conscious of it , the armor disappears . Angered at their lack of progress , Zordon dismisses the group . Jason returns to the ship to confront Zordon and discovers that once the Rangers morph , it will open the Morphing Grid and allow Zordon to restore himself in a physical body . Feeling betrayed , Jason accuses Zordon of using the team for his own benefit . That night , the team camp at the mine and bond with each other . Later that night , Rita attacks Trini and orders her to bring the Rangers to the docks . Trini informs them about Rita and they arrive to fight , but are quickly defeated . Rita forces Billy to reveal the location of the Zeo Crystal , which he 'd figured out , kills him , and releases the others . The Rangers take Billy 's body to the ship and ask Zordon to resurrect him . The Rangers agree they would give their lives for each other and resolve to defeat Rita . In doing so , they unlock the Morphing Grid . Zordon revives Billy , sacrificing being able to restore his physical self . With the team restored and confident , the Rangers morph into their armor . Rita creates Goldar , raises an army of Putties , and attacks Angel Grove to find the Zeo Crystal . The Rangers battle the Putties and head to Angel Grove in their Zords . After the Rangers destroy the Putties , Goldar pushes the Rangers and their Zords into a fiery pit . In the pit , the Zords combine and form the Megazord . Rita merges with Goldar . The Rangers battle and destroy Goldar . After refusing Jason 's offer to surrender , a defiant Rita tells the Rangers that more will come for the crystal and leaps at the Megazord only to be slapped into space . The Rangers are praised as local heroes , and with Rita 's threats foiled , they return to their normal lives while keeping their powers . In a mid-credits scene , in detention , the teacher announces that Tommy Oliver will be joining them , but the desk is empty save for a green jacket . Characters ( edit ) Dacre Montgomery as Jason Scott / Red Ranger , the leader of the Power Rangers . Jason was the former star quarterback of Angel Grove High School 's football team before a failed prank led to a run - in with the law . Naomi Scott as Kimberly Hart / Pink Ranger , a former cheerleader . Kimberly took part in a cyberbullying incident by spreading a private image of her friend around school . RJ Cyler as Billy Cranston / Blue Ranger , an autistic and intelligent loner . Billy is the classic nerd who has become a bully magnet . Becky G as Trini / Yellow Ranger , a new girl in town who is struggling make friends and having difficulty relating to her family . She is also questioning her sexual orientation . Ludi Lin as Zack / Black Ranger , a bilingual teen . Zack 's mother is sick , and he lives in fear that he will return home one day to find her dead . Bill Hader as the voice of Alpha 5 : The robot assistant to Zordon . Bryan Cranston as the voice of Zordon : He is the Power Rangers ' mentor and former Red Ranger . Zordon lived millions of years ago before his consciousness became a part of the Morphing Grid at the time of his death . Elizabeth Banks as Rita Repulsa : a millions of years old , former Green Ranger who went rogue and killed her old team before being temporarily subdued by Zordon . She works to form the monster Goldar while attempting to steal the Zeo Crystal , an artifact that channels the Morphing Grid , a dimension that gives the Power Rangers their powers . David Denman as Sam Scott , Jason 's father . Caroline Cave as Beverly Scott , Jason 's mother . Anjali Jay as Maddy Hart , Kimberly 's mother . Patrick Sabongui as Trini 's father . Erica Cerra as Trini 's mother . Kayden Magnuson as Pearl Scott , Jason 's sister . Fiona Fu as Zack 's mother . Sarah Grey as Amanda Clark Emily Maddison as Rebecca Wesley MacInnes as Colt Wallace , a school bully who is constantly picking on Billy . Jaime Callica as Officer Bebe Matt Shively as Damo Garry Chalk as Captain Bowen Fred Tatasciore as the voice of Goldar , a gigantic winged monster made of gold . Tatasciore also provides the vocal effects of the Putties who are depicted as stone golems that can be made from any Earth element . Jason David Frank and Amy Jo Johnson , two of the stars of the original TV series , make cameo appearances as Angel Grove citizens . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Saban Capital Group and Lionsgate announced the film in May 2014 , with Roberto Orci originally attached to produce . Ashley Miller and Zack Stentz were hired to write the film 's script . Orci eventually left the project to work on Star Trek Beyond . On April 10 , 2015 , TheWrap reported that Dean Israelite was in negotiations to direct the film . Israelite told IGN in an interview that the film would be `` completely playful , and it needs to be really fun and funny . But like Project Almanac , it 's going to feel very grounded at the same time , and very contemporary and have a real edge to it , and a real gut to it , it 's going to be a fun , joyful ( movie ) but one that feels completely grounded in a real world , with real characters going through real things '' . Brian Tyler was brought on to compose the film 's music . Israelite has said that the film updates itself from the original series , being more character - driven and incorporating naturalism and a grounded nature . Casting ( edit ) The main cast discussion offsite at Petco Park during San Diego Comic - Con 2016 . From left : Dacre Montgomery , RJ Cyler , Naomi Scott , Becky G and Ludi Lin . Actors began testing for the roles of the five Power Rangers on October 2 , 2015 . On October 7 , 2015 , Naomi Scott was cast as Kimberly . Newcomers Dacre Montgomery , Ludi Lin and RJ Cyler were then cast as Jason , Zack , and Billy , respectively . At the month 's end , Becky G was chosen to play Trini . When it came to casting the Rangers , director Dean Israelite said , `` From the very beginning , diversity was a very important part of the whole process , '' and that while the characters ' races were switched around , he added that , `` We made sure that the essence of each of those characters are who they were in the original show , and this really will be an origin story of those characters . '' On February 2 , 2016 , it was announced that Elizabeth Banks would portray Rita Repulsa . Four months later , Bryan Cranston , who voiced Twin Man and Snizard in the original series , announced he was cast as Zordon . Cranston revealed that he would perform motion - capture and CGI . In September 2016 , Walter Emanuel Jones , the actor who played Zack in the original series , stated none of the original cast would cameo in the film . Towards the end of the month , comedian Bill Hader was cast as Alpha 5 . In March 2017 , it was reported that Amy Jo Johnson and Jason David Frank , who played Kimberly and Tommy in the original series , would cameo in the film , despite Jones ' earlier comments . Filming ( edit ) Filming was originally set to begin in January 2016 but was rescheduled and began on February 29 in Vancouver . On May 28 , 2016 , filming was complete . Additional filming occurred in October 2016 . A cast member claims that the film has broken the record for the longest wire jump , but this has not been independently confirmed . The film was released in Dolby Vision and Dolby Atmos sound . Marketing ( edit ) On March 3 , 2016 , Lionsgate released the first official photo of the five Rangers , and the following month , the company released the first official photo of Banks as Rita Repulsa . On May 5 , the company unveiled the first official images of the Rangers ' suits . Speaking of the suits , director Dean Israelite said that `` The show was about kids coming of age , about metamorphosis , these suits needed to feel like they were catalyzed by these kids and their energy , their spirit '' , while production designer Andrew Menzies commented that the new suits are `` an alien costume that grows on them , that 's not man - made . You ca n't win everyone over , but we are trying to appeal to a more mature audience and gain new fans . '' A teaser poster was released in June , with additional character posters released in July , September , and October . On October 8 , 2016 , a Discover The Power teaser trailer for the film was released . A fictional Angel Grove High School Newspaper website was created , alongside the official Power Rangers website , which features a GIF creator that allows users to make a GIF out of scenes from the teaser trailer . There is also an official toyline , produced by Bandai , and an extensive merchandising range was produced to promote the film . Max Landis , who was fired from writing the film , criticized the trailer , saying that it looked like Chronicle , a film that he had written . The trailer garnered mixed reactions , with some praising it for its darker , contemporary reimagining of the classic characters , while still looking action - packed and fun at the same time , and others criticizing it for its lack of connection to the original series , saying it appeared `` brooding '' . The trailer received over 150 million views in the first two days after it was uploaded . Lionsgate revealed the T - Rex zord toy , among others , on October 28 , 2016 , and the Power Rangers Twitter account revealed the Megazord toy on November 4 , 2016 . On November 15 , 2016 , Lionsgate revealed the toys based on the film 's individual Zords . On December 8 , 2016 , a new poster debuted , as well as a photo of Rita Repulsa . On December 19 , 2016 , Lionsgate and Boom ! Studios announced that they would release a graphic novel titled Power Rangers : Aftershock , set immediately after the events of the movie . An international trailer was released on December 22 , 2016 . Qualcomm and Lionsgate produced a virtual reality mobile app of the film Power Rangers Movie Command Center that was exhibited at the CES 2017 , from January 5 -- 8 , 2017 , and was released in the App Store on March 8 , 2017 . On January 19 , a second trailer , titled It 's Morphin Time ! , was released . Lionsgate debuted yet another trailer , which it called the All - Star Trailer , on February 17 . New TV spots were released on February 27 , two about the Power Rangers , and one about Rita Repulsa . A clip was released on March 6 , followed by two more on March 9 . Thirty - seven stills were then released . Another TV spot was released on March 10 . In the final week before the movie premiered , two more clips , as well as photos , were released . A Build - A-Bear Workshop Power Ranger product range was announced on March 9 , 2017 . Krispy Kreme released doughnuts to promote the film , and served as an advertising partner . Placement of Krispy Kreme products and locations were featured in the film numerous times . The group collaborated with YouTube sports entertainment group Dude Perfect ahead of the film 's release , in a video titled Dude Perfect vs. Power Rangers . Video game ( edit ) Further information : Power Rangers : Legacy Wars Lionsgate and Saban , in collaboration with nWay Games , released a PvP fighting mobile game called Power Rangers : Legacy Wars on March 24 , 2017 , to coincide with the film 's release . The game was featured on both Android and the Apple Store and got to the top spot on the Apple App Store for both iPhones and iPads , for two consecutive days and number two on the Google Play Store . Music ( edit ) The official soundtrack , with music by Brian Tyler , was released digitally on March 24 , 2017 , and on CD on April 4 , distributed by Varèse Sarabande . Power Rangers ( Official Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Brian Tyler Released March 24 , 2017 Genre Film score Length 77 : 35 Label Varèse Sarabande Track listing All music composed by Brian Tyler . Power Rangers ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Power Rangers Theme '' 4 : 22 2 . `` Seek Those Who Are Worthy '' 2 : 48 3 . `` Zordon Awakes '' 2 : 13 4 . `` It 's Morphing Time ! '' 3 : 19 5 . `` Destiny '' 2 : 18 6 . `` Confessions '' 4 : 22 7 . `` Megazord '' 4 : 20 8 . `` United '' 2 : 46 9 . `` Birth of a Legend '' 4 : 10 10 . `` Metamorphosis '' 2 : 39 11 . `` Goldar '' 2 : 01 12 . `` The Morphing Grid '' 3 : 58 13 . `` The Zords '' 2 : 33 14 . `` Let 's Ride '' 2 : 19 15 . `` You Were Born for This '' 2 : 03 16 . `` Reflection '' 2 : 13 17 . `` The Lost Ship '' 2 : 59 18 . `` Be Who You Want to Be '' 2 : 06 19 . `` Hold The Line '' 3 : 36 20 . `` This Is What Matters '' 2 : 04 21 . `` Trespassing '' 1 : 03 22 . `` Rita '' 2 : 28 23 . `` Square One '' 1 : 11 24 . `` Power On '' 2 : 33 25 . `` Together We Stand '' 2 : 19 26 . `` The Final Stand '' 2 : 45 27 . `` Go Go Power Rangers -- End Titles '' 2 : 59 28 . `` Give It All ( With You ) '' ( Featuring Santigold and Vince Staples ) 3 : 14 Release ( edit ) Originally scheduled for release on July 22 , 2016 , Lionsgate delayed it to March 24 , 2017 . All five of the surviving members of the original cast of the Power Rangers series attended the film 's Los Angeles premiere on March 22 , 2017 . It was the first time they had been together publicly since 1995 . Box Office ( edit ) Power Rangers grossed $85.4 million in the United States and Canada and $57 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $142.3 million , against a production budget of $100 million . In the United States and Canada , Power Rangers opened alongside Life , CHiPs and Wilson , and was projected to gross $30 -- 35 million from 3,693 theaters on its opening weekend . The film made $3.6 million from Thursday night previews and $15 million on its first day . It went on to debut to $40.3 million , finishing second at the box office behind Beauty and the Beast ( $90.4 million ) . The audience was notably diverse and mostly 18 -- 34 years old . In its second weekend the film grossed $14.5 million ( a drop of 64 % ) , finishing 4th at the box office . In June 2017 , Dean Israelite said that the film 's PG - 13 rating probably contributed to the film 's underperformance at the box office . Critical response ( edit ) Power Rangers received mixed reviews from critics . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 44 % based on 136 reviews , and an average rating of 5.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Power Rangers has neither the campy fun of its TV predecessor nor the blockbuster action of its cinematic superhero competitors , and sadly never quite manages to shift into turbo for some good old - fashioned morphin time . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating , the film has a score 44 out of 100 , based on 30 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . IGN gave the film a 7 / 10 , saying , `` Power Rangers does n't quite pull off everything it wants to , but it 's a fun time at the theater nonetheless . '' Mike McCahill of The Guardian wrote that `` the film achieves a functioning mediocrity we perhaps might have thought beyond this franchise , '' and gave it 2 out of 5 stars . Mike Ryan of Uproxx gave the film a negative review , writing : `` Power Rangers has one of the most zig - zagged tones of any big budget studio film I 've seen in a long time . It 's jarring at times how often it goes back and forth between ' gritty ' and ' silly ' . '' Writing for Variety , Owen Gleiberman also criticized the film 's conflicting tones , saying : `` ... 25 years ago , Mighty Morphin Power Rangers was launched as superhero fodder for kids , and there was indeed a place for it , but we 're now so awash in superhero culture that kids no longer need the safe , lame , pandering junior - league version of it . They can just watch Ant - Man or the PG - 13 Suicide Squad . Safe , lame , and pandering have all grown up . '' In a review for The Telegraph , Robbie Collin gave it 1 / 5 stars , criticizing the `` abjectly embarrassing frenzy of product placement '' . Home Media ( edit ) Power Rangers was released on Digital HD on June 13 , 2017 , and was followed by a release on Ultra HD , Blu - ray and DVD on June 27 , 2017 with retail exclusive variants being made available at Best Buy , Target and Wal - Mart . The film debuted at the No. 1 spot on the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart , which tracks combined DVD and Blu - ray Disc sales ; NPD 's dedicated Blu - ray Disc sales chart ; and Home Media Magazine 's video rental chart for the week ending July 2 , 2017 . The film retained the top spot on the NPD VideoScan 's overall disc sales chart for the week ending on July 9 , 2017 . Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Recipients Result Ref ( s ) Teen Choice Awards August 13 , 2017 Choice Sci - Fi Movie Power Rangers Nominated Choice Sci - Fi Movie Actor Dacre Montgomery Choice Sci - Fi Movie Actress Becky G . Naomi Scott Choice Scene Stealer RJ Cyler Choice Movie Villain Elizabeth Banks Potential sequels ( edit ) In a May 2016 conference call to analysts , Lionsgate CEO Jon Feltheimer stated , `` We could see doing five or six or seven . '' On March 22 , 2017 , Haim Saban said that he and Lionsgate already have a six - film story arc . However in May 2017 , Forbes noted that due to the underwhelming performance of the film in most markets , it was unlikely any sequels would be made . Later that same month , it was reported that the sequels could still be made thanks to record - breaking merchandise sales . Prior to the home release of the movie , Israelite confirmed that talks were taking place regarding a sequel and that he would like to include Lord Zedd in it . The possibility of a sequel increased once more in early July 2017 when it was reported that the film held the number one spot in home media sales and rentals in its first week . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In the source material , Tommy Oliver was a male , but the cast of the film and the actor who played Oliver in the source material expressed interest in a female version of the character in a sequel . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` POWER RANGERS ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . March 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Power Rangers ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( October 28 , 2015 ) . `` ' Power Rangers ' Title , Budget , and Character Names Revealed '' . Collider . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billy 's Autism Brings Realism To Power Rangers '' . Screen Rant . March 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Richard , Charles ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Power Rangers ' Helmer on LGBTQ Protagonist : ' We Were Truthful About Representing Teenagers ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mendelson , Scott . `` Box Office : We 're ( Probably ) Not Getting A ' Power Rangers ' Sequel '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack J ( March 26 , 2017 ) . `` Power Rangers cast want female green ranger in future '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2017 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porreca , Brian ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Power Rangers ' : Original Green Ranger on Whether Tommy Should Be Female in the Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jayson , Jay ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` Dacre Montgomery Cast As Red Ranger In New Power Rangers Movie '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Spencer ( October 7 , 2015 ) . `` Naomi Scott is the Pink Ranger in Lionsgate 's Power Rangers Reboot ! '' . ComingSoon.net . CRAVEONLINE MEDIA , LLC , AN EVOLVE MEDIA , LLC COMPANY . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2016 . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Knibbs , Kate . `` The Power Rangers Are Bad People '' . The Ringer . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Will ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` R.J. Cyler is your new Blue Ranger '' . EW.com . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2016 . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Spencer ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` Becky G Joins the Power Rangers Reboot '' . ComingSoon.net . Craveonline Media , LLC , An Evolve Media , LLC company . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Power Rangers ' Breaks Ground With First Queer Big - Screen Superhero '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2017 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Power Rangers movie casts Vancouver 's Ludi Lin as Black Ranger '' . CBC.ca . October 22 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee , Traci G. ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` Diversity in ' Power Rangers ' reboot film brings new layers to well - known series '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gonzalez , Umberto ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Power Rangers : ' What We Know So Far ( Photos ) '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Matt ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Power Rangers ' : Bill Hader to Voice Robot Alpha 5 '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Viscardi , James ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Power Rangers : Bryan Cranston Cast As Zordon '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Schaefer , Sandy ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Power Rangers First Look : Elizabeth Banks is Rita Repulsa '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2016 . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` David Denman Joins Lionsgate 's ' Power Rangers ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2016 . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers new photo has the team ready for action '' . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2016 . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Patrick Sabongui ( @ PatrickSabongui ) Twitter '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peters , Megan ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` Patrick Sabongui Shares Details On His Power Rangers Reboot Character '' . Comicbook.com/DC . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` Power Rangers Actress Cast as Legends of Tomorrow 's Stargirl '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Butterfield , Jenny ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` BYEEEE ! 5 SIGNS YOU 'RE BEING GHOSTED '' . Angel Grove High School . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emily Maddison al desnudo y las chicas de la película de Power Rangers ( 2017 ) '' ( Emily Addison and the rest of the Power Rangers Movie ( 2017 ) girls ) . Cinematte ( in Spanish ) . April 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2016 . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Everything We Know About ' Power Rangers ' Reboot '' . Moviepilot. April 22 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` See Elizabeth Banks In Action On The Set Of ' Power Rangers ' '' . ScienceFiction.com. April 26 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Resume JaimeCallica.com '' . jaimecallica.com . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Patel , Rohan ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` POWER RANGERS : Two Original Cast Members Confirmed To Cameo ; Mid-Credits Scene Also Confirmed '' . ComicBookMovie.com . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LIONSGATE AND SABAN BRANDS PARTNER FOR POWER RANGERS LIVE ACTION FEATURE FILM '' . News Wire . May 7 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Power Rangers ' Movie Enlists ' X-Men ' Writers '' . The Hollywood Reporter . July 17 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2014 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Roberto Orci 's ' Star Trek 3 ′ Commitment Knocks Him Out Of ' Power Rangers ' Pic '' . Deadline.com . September 19 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2014 . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ; Ge , Linda ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` Dean Israelite in Negotiations to Direct ' Power Rangers ' Movie for Lionsgate ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Max ( June 5 , 2015 ) . `` Power Rangers Movie Will Be `` Mature But Still Playful , '' Says Director `` . IGN . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Viscardi , James ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Power Rangers Official Plot Released '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How Power Rangers Will Update Itself From The Original TV Series -- CINEMABLEND '' . August 23 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( October 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' Power Rangers ' : Actors Begin Testing for Lionsgate Reboot '' . Variety.com . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Kevin P. ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Power Rangers first look : Get a sneak peek at the new teenagers with attitude '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nolfi , Joey ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Power Rangers : Bryan Cranston teases Zordon character details '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . After lending his voice ( uncredited ) to villains like Twin Man and Snizard across two 1993 episodes of the Fox Kids program , it was announced earlier in June that Cranston 's role in the Power Rangers series had been upgraded to that of Zordon , a mentor to the teenage gang of do - gooders tasked with saving the world from an alien invasion led by the evil Rita Repulsa ( Elizabeth Banks ) . Jump up ^ Crossan , Ashley ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Bryan Cranston Reveals More Details About Zordon in the ' Power Rangers ' Reboot '' . Entertainment Tonight . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Holab , Christian ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` Original Power Rangers actors wo n't appear in the new film '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jayson , Jay ( September 12 , 2015 ) . `` Power Rangers Movie To Begin Filming In January '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` First ' Power Rangers ' Synopsis Is a Throwback to The Original Series '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BIG BUDGET : POWER RANGERS Movie To Film in Vancouver This Winter '' . yvrshoots.com . September 11 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott , Naomi ( May 28 , 2016 ) . `` And that 's a wrap . '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bowen , Marty ( May 28 , 2016 ) . `` That 's a wrap . Much love to Vancouver for taking my family and I in . Even more love to the Power Rangers cast and crew . I 'm very proud of what we have `` in the can . '' # powerrangers `` . Instagram . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RESHOOTS : POWER RANGERS Movie Back in Vancouver For Reshoots '' . yvrshoots.com . October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Awesome , Amy ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` Power Rangers Set Photos Hint At Death '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jancelewicz , Chris ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` The Power Rangers are back , and they claim they set a new world record '' . Global News . Corus Entertainment Inc . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2017 . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Theatrical Releases in Dolby Vision and Dolby Atmos '' . Dolby . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Li , Shirley ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Power Rangers exclusive : Here 's your first look at the gang 's new suit '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2016 . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Power Rangers reboot 's stars align in new teaser poster '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Power Rangers Character Posters Bring the Team Together '' . Comingsoon.net . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2016 . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Max Evry ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Power Rangers New York Comic Con Posters are Here ! '' . Comingsoon.net . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spencer Perry ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` NYCC : Go Go Power Rangers Character Posters ! '' . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( October 8 , 2016 ) . `` Teenagers discover special abilities in the first teaser for Power Rangers '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elderkin , Beth . `` The First Power Rangers Trailer is Here and It 's Super Serious You Guys '' . io9 . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( October 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Power Rangers ' : Watch the First Trailer for the Reboot '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Angel Grove High School '' . Angel Grove High School . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mueller , Matthew ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` Power Rangers Launches New Viral Website '' . Comic Book . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Saban 's Power Rangers. `` Power Rangers Gif Creator -- See The Movie In Theaters March 24 , 2017 '' . gif. powerrangers. movie . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitbrook , James ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` The New Power Rangers Movie Uniforms Work Way Better as Action Figures '' . io9 Gizmodo . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gaita , Paul ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Power Rangers ' Merchandise Hits Stores for New Fans , Nostalgic Adults '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2017 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt . `` ' Chronicle ' Max Landis Critiques ' Power Rangers ' Trailer for Looking a Lot Like ' Chronicle ' '' . Collider . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rivera , Joshua ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` The First ' Power Rangers ' Trailer Is ... Actually Pretty Cool '' . GQ . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Seth ( October 8 , 2016 ) . `` The ' Power Rangers ' Find Their Strength in New Super-Powered Trailer ( VIDEO ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Why so serious ? Power Rangers ' first trailer ditches the kitsch '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Lionsgate Offers New Details About ' Power Rangers , ' ' Robin Hood , ' ' Kingkiller Chronicle ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . He was particularly optimistic about `` Power Rangers , '' which opens on March 24 , noting that the first trailer generated more than 150 million views in its first 48 hours . Jump up ^ Jayson , Jay ( October 28 , 2016 ) . `` Power Rangers Movie T - Rex Battle Zord Revealed '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2016 . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( November 5 , 2016 ) . `` Power Rangers : New Megazord Revealed ! '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2016 . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitbrook , James ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Seriously , What the Hell Is Going on With the Zords in the Power Rangers Movie '' . io9 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCabe , Adam ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` New ' Power Rangers ' poster shows off the Zords in action ! '' . Isidethemagic.net . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` Rita Repulsa Continues Her Campaign of Evil in New Power Rangers Movie Photo '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2016 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yehl , Joshua ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` POWER RANGERS MOVIE ALREADY HAS A GRAPHIC NOVEL SEQUEL COMING '' . IGN . Jump up ^ `` New Power Rangers International Trailer Released '' . Comicbook.com . December 22 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Power Rangers International Trailer Reveals Seconds Of New Footage '' . Bleeding Cool Comic Book , Movie , TV News . December 23 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2016 . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers International Trailer Dives Right Into The Badass Action -- CINEMABLEND '' . CINEMABLEND . December 23 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2016 . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Adi ( January 4 , 2017 ) . `` Qualcomm shows off inside - out VR tracking in a Power Rangers - themed headset '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2017 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Movie Command Center on the App Store '' . App Store . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kamen , Matt ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' It 's Morphin ' Time ! ' in first full Power Rangers trailer '' . WIRED UK . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers : Bryan Cranston 's Zordon greets the team in new trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . January 19 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Power Rangers trailer introduces Bryan Cranston 's Zordon , Megazord '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Elderkin , Beth . `` New Promo Asks If Power Rangers Are More Like Iron Man or Spider - Man '' . io9 . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Power Rangers Trailer Released '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2017 . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Power Rangers Trailer Powers Up ! - ComingSoon.net '' . ComingSoon.net . February 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2017 . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers TV Spots Show Off Big Action '' . ComingSoon.net . February 27 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Delivers a Rita Repulsa Themed Spot '' . ComingSoon.net . February 27 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First Power Rangers Clip Introduces The Rangers To Alpha 5 '' . March 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2017 . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` POWER RANGERS : Jason & Kimberly Bond In Another New Clip ; Plus Two Awesome TV Spots & A Ton Of New Stills '' . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Power Rangers Clip Dives Deep Underwater '' . March 10 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` POWER RANGERS : The Team Heads Underwater In A Cool New Clip ; Plus Over 35 New Hi - Res Stills & New Posters '' . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2017 . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers TV Spots : Zords Ride Into Action '' . Screen Rant . March 10 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2017 . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` POWER RANGERS : Rita Repulsa Attacks Trini While Zordon Introduces Himself In Two New Clips ; Plus New Photos '' . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Build - A-Bear Workshop Announces Power Rangers Line '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Krispy Kreme releases new Power Ranger doughnuts '' . WTKR.com . March 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pressberg , Matt ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Inside ' Power Rangers ' Marketing , From Virtual Reality to Twitter Takeovers ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The New ' Power Rangers ' Is An Extremely Bizarre Movie '' . UPROXX . March 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LIONSGATE , SABAN BRANDS AND GAME DEVELOPER nWAY TEAM FOR SABAN 'S POWER RANGERS MOBILE GAME '' . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2016 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jarvey , Natalie ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` How ' Power Rangers ' Morphed Into a Top Mobile Game '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2017 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers : Legacy WarsApp Rank Graphs -- TopAppCharts.com '' . TopAppCharts . June 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . # 1 in Top Apps ( iPhone ) on Mar 27 , 2017 # 1 in Top Apps ( iPad ) on Mar 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` ' Power Rangers ' Soundtrack Details '' . Film Music Reporter . March 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers ( 2017 ) '' . Soundtrack.Net . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Hits the Big Screen July 22 , 2016 ! '' . comingsoon.net . August 13 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2015 . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Power Rangers , ' Final ' Divergent ' Movie 's Release Dates Moved Back '' . Variety.com . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2015 . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trendell , Andrew ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` The original cast of ' Power Rangers ' reunite for premiere -- NME '' . NME . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Entertainment Tonight ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` The Original ' Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ' Cast Reunites for The First Time Since 1995 '' ( YouTube Video ) . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Can ' Power Rangers ' Slay Disney 's ' Beast ' at the Box Office ? '' . TheWrap . March 21 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' to Repeat at # 1 Over ' Power Rangers ' , ' Life ' and ' CHiPs ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BOX OFFICE TOP 20 : ' BEAUTY ' ADDS $90.4 MILLION IN WEEKEND 2 '' . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' dazzles again at box office '' . Daily Mail . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Power Rangers ' Gets a Surprise Box - Office Boost From Millennial - Age Fans '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2017 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Boss Baby ' Cleans ' Beauty And The Beast 's Clock With $51 M+ Opening ; ' Ghost ' Shell - Shocked At $20 M + '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers : Box Office Success or Failure ? '' . Screen Rant. April 12 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' Ghost In The Shell , ' ' Power Rangers ' Stumble , ' Boss Baby , ' ' Beauty And The Beast ' Hold '' . Forbes . April 16 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nick Romano ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` Power Rangers director says film suffered from PG - 13 rating '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Velocci , Carli ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Power Rangers ' Reboot Has Critics Mixed , But Its Performances Pop '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alama , Alger ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Power Rangers reboot is getting mixed reviews '' . Nerd Reactor . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dolloff , Matt ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` Power Rangers Matches Kong : Skull Island 's Thursday Opening '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Archived from the original on November 27 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Simon ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Power Rangers Review '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCahill , Mike ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Power Rangers review -- colour - coded superpowers revealed in goofy origins story '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` The New ' Power Rangers ' Is An Extremely Bizarre Movie '' . Uproxx . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Film Review : ' Power Rangers ' '' . Variety . March 19 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` Power Rangers review : sadistic , ugly and incompetent , this reboot is even worse than The Fantastic Four '' . The Telegraph . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fuller , Becky ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Power Rangers Trailer Reveals Blu - ray & Digital HD Release Date '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2017 . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lavender Ranger ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Power Rangers Best buy Blu - Ray / DVD Combo Review '' . Henshin Grid . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas K. Arnold ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Power Rangers ' Debuts Atop Home - Video Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas K. Arnold ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Power Rangers ' Stays Top - Selling Disc for Second Week '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knapp , JD ; Rubin , Rebecca ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : ' Riverdale , ' Fifth Harmony Shut Out Competition '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Lionsgate Could Make Up to Seven More ' Power Rangers ' Movies '' . Variety.com . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Plaugic , Lizzie ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Lionsgate wants to make ' five , six , or seven ' Power Rangers movies '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2016 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fine , Marshall ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Power Rangers ' Producer : ' We Already Have a Six - Movie Arc ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Shamus ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` Could Toy Sales Help Power Rangers 2 Chances ? '' . Den of Geek . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fuller , Becky ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` Power Rangers Director Says Sequel Talks Are Taking Place '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2017 . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fuller , Becky ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` Power Rangers Director Wants Lord Zedd in the Sequel '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2017 . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chichizola , Corey ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` Power Rangers Is Doing Well On DVD , And That Could Be A Good Thing '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) PR Mini Production Notes FINAL ( archived ) PR Production Notes 2 ( archived ) External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Power Rangers ( 2017 film ) Saban 's POWER RANGERS website Power Rangers on IMDb Power Rangers Media TV series Saban Entertainment Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( 1993 -- 1995 ; 2010 ) Season 1 2010 re-version Alien Rangers ( 1996 ) Zeo ( 1996 ) Episodes Turbo ( 1997 ) Episodes in Space ( 1998 ) Episodes Lost Galaxy ( 1999 ) Episodes Lightspeed Rescue ( 2000 ) Episodes Time Force ( 2001 ) Episodes Wild Force ( 2002 ) Episodes Disney Ninja Storm ( 2003 ) Episodes Dino Thunder ( 2004 ) Episodes S.P.D. ( 2005 ) Episodes Mystic Force ( 2006 ) Episodes Operation Overdrive ( 2007 ) Episodes Jungle Fury ( 2008 ) Episodes RPM ( 2009 ) Episodes Saban Brands Samurai & Super Samurai ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Season 1 Megaforce & Super Megaforce ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Season 1 Dino Charge & Dino Super Charge ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Season 1 Ninja Steel & Super Ninja Steel ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Episodes Films Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie ( 1995 ) Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie ( 1997 ) Saban 's Power Rangers ( 2017 ) Video games Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( 1994 ) The Movie ( 1995 ) The Fighting Edition ( 1995 ) Zeo : Battle Racers ( 1996 ) Lightspeed Rescue ( 2000 ) Time Force ( 2001 ) Wild Force ( 2002 ) Ninja Storm ( 2003 ) Dino Thunder ( 2004 ) S.P.D. ( 2005 ) Super Legends ( 2007 ) Legacy Wars ( 2017 ) Others `` Go Go Power Rangers '' ( theme song ) `` Power Rangers '' ( song ) A Rock Adventure World Tour Live on Stage Collectible Card Game Comics Justice League / Power Rangers Home video Universe Rangers Planets Races Villains Zords Related articles Cast members Power / Rangers Super Sentai Power Rangers Dino Force Brave Corporate Haim Saban Saban Entertainment Saban Brands Shuki Levy Tony Oliver Bandai Namco Entertainment Bandai Related Saban series VR Troopers Masked Rider Big Bad Beetleborgs Ninja Turtles : The Next Mutation Mystic Knights of Tir Na Nog Related DIC series Superhuman Samurai Syber - Squad Tattooed Teenage Alien Fighters from Beverly Hills Related Adness series Kamen Rider : Dragon Knight Films directed by Dean Israelite Project Almanac ( 2015 ) Power Rangers ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Power_Rangers_(film)&oldid=804810107 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2010s action films 2010s drama films 2010s science fiction films 2010s superhero films 2010s teen films American action films American drama films American fantasy adventure films American fantasy films American films American science fiction action films American science fiction films American superhero films American teen films Film scores by Brian Tyler Films about autism Films about revenge Films based on television series Films directed by Dean Israelite Films set in California Films shot in Vancouver Lions Gate Entertainment films Power Rangers films Reboot films Saban Entertainment films Science fiction action films Science fiction films Screenplays by John Gatins Teen films Teen superhero films Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use mdy dates from August 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Suomi ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 08 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power%20Rangers%20%28film%29

how many times can i vote in the mlb final vote

All - Star Final Vote

all - star final vote

All - Star Final Vote 2007 National League All - Star Final Vote winner Chris Young warming up in the Wrigley Field bullpen . Awarded for Yearly final Major League Baseball All - Star Game selection Country United States & Canada Presented by Esurance and Major League Baseball First awarded 2002 Currently held by Jean Segura ( AL ) and Jesus Aguilar ( NL ) Website http://vote.mlb.com/ All - Star Final Vote is an annual Internet and text message ballot by Major League Baseball fans to elect the final player for each team that participates in the Major League Baseball All - Star Game after all other selections have been made and announced on national television . The first 33 players are selected by a combination of procedures . The sponsorship changes annually , but the contest remains similar from year to year . Each league presents a 5 - man ballot and gives the fans a few days to choose one final All - Star . Contents 1 All - Star selection 2 History 2.1 Winners 3 Results 3.1 2002 candidates 3.2 2003 candidates 3.3 2004 candidates 3.4 2005 candidates 3.5 2006 candidates 3.6 2007 candidates 3.7 2008 candidates 3.8 2009 candidates 3.9 2010 candidates 3.10 2011 candidates 3.11 2012 candidates 3.12 2013 candidates 3.13 2014 candidates 3.14 2015 candidates 3.15 2016 candidates 3.16 2017 candidates 4 Nominees and winners by team 5 See also 6 References All - Star selection ( edit ) The All - Star Game managers selected the entire lineups from 1933 to 1946 . In 1947 , the fans were given the ability to select the starting lineups . This continued until 1957 , when Cincinnati Reds fans stuffed the ballot box and selected seven Reds and Stan Musial . This forced Baseball Commissioner Ford Frick to step in and replace Wally Post and Gus Bell with Willie Mays and Hank Aaron that season and to turn over the starting lineup selection to players , coaches and managers for several subsequent seasons . Since 1970 , the fans have elected the starting lineup of one player for each baseball position ( except the pitcher ) for both the National League and American League teams . In 2003 , the major league players began electing a reserve for each position as well as five starters and three relievers , although the All - Star game managers performed this duty once . Now , the `` Player ballot '' includes coaches , managers and players across both leagues who participate in choosing eight reserves and eight pitchers for each All - Star team . Now , the managers only select the starting pitcher from among those pitchers already elected by the players . The managers also select the remainder of the roster spots except for the final spot while ensuring that each team has at least one representative . The All - Star game manager , guided by the baseball commissioner 's office , then selects a list of five nominees for the fans to choose from for the remaining roster spot for each league 's team . On the Sunday evening nine days before the scheduled All - Star game , the rosters are announced and the All - Star Final Vote nominees are announced on a nationally broadcast show . The voting commences after the announcement of the nominees toward the end of the show , and continues for a prescribed number of days . Generally , a single daily update of the ballot standings is released during the voting . After voting concludes , the top vote - getter for each league is announced . Over the course of the seven years of the voting , over 100 million votes have been cast . History ( edit ) 2002 American League All - Star Final Vote winner Johnny Damon was the first American League winner . The first All - Star Final Vote was held during the 2002 season . The 2002 Major League Baseball All - Star Game had 30 player rosters so the fans were voting for the 30th player . The 2003 Major League Baseball All - Star Game rosters expanded to 32 following the 11 - inning 2002 game . As a result , the fans elected the 32nd player . In 2009 , the rosters again expanded to 33 , including 13 pitchers , following the 15 - inning 2008 Major League Baseball All - Star Game . In 2003 , the first corporate sponsor got involved in the ballot . Over the years , the sponsor has changed and the name of the fan voting procedure has changed both with the changing sponsors and the number of roster spots . As of 2017 , every franchise except the Seattle Mariners have had at least one nominee . As of 2017 , the Chicago White Sox have had four winners , while the Boston Red Sox and Philadelphia Phillies have each had three winners . As of 2017 , the Chicago White Sox have had eleven nominees , most in the American League . The Washington Nationals have had eight , most in the National League . As of 2017 , Billy Wagner is the only three - time nominee . Shane Victorino is the only two - time winner.As of 2017 , no second baseman , shortstop , or designated hitter has been elected . As of 2017 , many All - Star Final Vote winners have played , but only one ( Evan Longoria ) has recorded an extra base hit or a run batted in . Chris Young became the first All - Star Final Vote winner to be involved in the decision as the losing pitcher of the 2007 All - Star Game . Johnny Damon was the first to record a hit or score a run . Winners ( edit ) Year Player Team Position Experience ( All Star / Seasons ) Player Team Position Experience ( All Star / Seasons ) American League National League 2002 Johnny Damon BOS CF ( 0 / 8 ) Andruw Jones ATL CF ( 1 / 7 ) 2003 Jason Varitek BOS ( 0 / 7 ) Geoff Jenkins MIL LF ( 0 / 6 ) Hideki Matsui NYY LF ( 1 / 2 ) Bobby Abreu PHI RF ( 0 / 9 ) 2005 Scott Podsednik CHW OF ( 0 / 5 ) Roy Oswalt HOU SP ( 0 / 5 ) 2006 A.J. Pierzynski CHW ( 1 / 9 ) Nomar Garciaparra LAD 1B ( 5 / 11 ) 2007 Hideki Okajima BOS RP ( 0 / 1 ) Chris Young SD SP ( 0 / 4 ) 2008 Evan Longoria TB 3B ( 0 / 1 ) Corey Hart MIL OF ( 0 / 5 ) 2009 Brandon Inge DET 3B ( 0 / 9 ) Shane Victorino PHI CF ( 0 / 7 ) Nick Swisher NYY OF ( 0 / 7 ) Joey Votto CIN 1B ( 0 / 4 ) 2011 Paul Konerko CHW 1B ( 4 / 15 ) Shane Victorino PHI OF ( 1 / 8 ) 2012 Yu Darvish TEX SP ( 0 / 1 ) David Freese STL 3B ( 0 / 4 ) 2013 Steve Delabar TOR RP ( 0 / 2 ) Freddie Freeman ATL 1B ( 0 / 4 ) 2014 Chris Sale CHW SP ( 2 / 4 ) Anthony Rizzo CHC 1B ( 0 / 3 ) 2015 Mike Moustakas KC 3B ( 0 / 4 ) Carlos Martínez STL SP ( 0 / 2 ) 2016 Michael Saunders TOR OF ( 0 / 8 ) Brandon Belt SF 1B ( 0 / 6 ) 2017 Mike Moustakas KC 3B ( 1 / 6 ) Justin Turner LAD 3B ( 0 / 8 ) All charts include seasons ( including the current one at the time of the voting ) in which the player has appeared in a Major League game for years of experience . Below are some additional abbreviations used throughout . All - star game experience is based on the time of the final ballot nominations ( before voting ) . P -- pitcher SP -- starting pitcher RP -- relief pitcher C -- catcher 1B -- first baseman 2B -- second baseman SS -- shortstop 3B -- third baseman RF -- right fielder CF -- center fielder LF -- left fielder OF -- outfielder DH -- designated hitter ANA -- Anaheim Angels ( until 2004 ) / LAA ( 2005 -- present ) -- Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ARZ -- Arizona Diamondbacks ATL -- Atlanta Braves BAL -- Baltimore Orioles BOS -- Boston Red Sox CHC -- Chicago Cubs CHW -- Chicago White Sox CIN -- Cincinnati Reds CLE -- Cleveland Indians COL -- Colorado Rockies DET -- Detroit Tigers FLA -- Florida Marlins ( until 2011 ) / MIA ( 2012 -- present ) -- Miami Marlins HOU -- Houston Astros KC -- Kansas City Royals LAD -- Los Angeles Dodgers MIL -- Milwaukee Brewers MIN -- Minnesota Twins MTL - Montreal Expos ( until 2004 ) / WSH ( 2005 -- present ) -- Washington Nationals NYM -- New York Mets NYY -- New York Yankees OAK -- Oakland Athletics PHI -- Philadelphia Phillies PIT -- Pittsburgh Pirates SD -- San Diego Padres SF -- San Francisco Giants SEA -- Seattle Mariners STL -- St. Louis Cardinals TB -- Tampa Bay Devil Rays / Rays TEX -- Texas Rangers TOR -- Toronto Blue Jays Results ( edit ) Key * Election winners All - Star Game substitutes 2002 Candidates ( edit ) 2002 National League All - Star Final Vote winner Andruw Jones was the first National League winner . In 2002 , the All - Star game rosters had 30 positions on each team so the fan voting was for the thirtieth roster spot . As a result , the official name of the contest was `` The All - Star 30th Man '' . The voting lasted only two days and was held exclusively online through each of the 30 teams ' official websites and ESPN.com . The voting for the July 9 , 2002 Major League Baseball All - Star Game Final Vote started on June 30 and concluded on with the announcement of the results on July 2 , 2002 . Both winners , Johnny Damon and Andruw Jones played center field and recorded 3 official All - Star game at bats . Player Team Position Experience ( All Star / Seasons ) Votes Player Team Position Experience ( All Star / Seasons ) Votes American League National League Johnny Damon * BOS CF ( 0 / 8 ) 692,989 Andruw Jones * ATL CF ( 1 / 7 ) 559,752 Jim Thome CLE 1B ( 3 / 12 ) 666,825 Brian Giles PIT RF ( 2 / 8 ) 488,725 Eric Chavez OAK 3B ( 0 / 5 ) 266,110 Larry Walker COL RF ( 5 / 14 ) 297,174 Magglio Ordóñez CHW RF ( 3 / 6 ) 179,951 Albert Pujols STL 1B ( 1 / 2 ) 267,196 Darin Erstad ANA CF ( 2 / 7 ) 122,458 Ryan Klesko SD 1B ( 1 / 11 ) 138,824 2003 Candidates ( edit ) 2003 American League All - Star Final Vote winner Jason Varitek gave the Boston Red Sox the first back - to - back All - Star Final Vote winners . In 2003 the final vote had a named sponsor and the rosters expanded to 32 positions . In 2003 , ballot substitution was instituted . On Monday July 7 , 2003 , Kenny Lofton was added to the ballot to replace the Chicago Cubs ' Corey Patterson who was injured on the day before . The voting for the July 15 , 2003 Major League Baseball All - Star Game Final Vote was extended to three days beginning Sunday , July 6 , 2003 at 8 PM Eastern Time and ending on Wednesday , July 9 , 2003 at 6 pm Eastern Time . Although the leading vote totals ( Geoff Jenkins -- 2,872,200 , Jason Varitek -- 3,210,509 of a total 10.8 million ) were released in 2003 individual results were not released for all contestants . In fact , the American League did not even release the final ordinal vote ranking with the final results so only the last update ordinal vote ranking is shown below . Neither Varitek nor Jenkins played , but both Giambi and Castillo batted as well as played in the field 2003 game as substitutes . Giambi replaced Mike Sweeney . Castillo was a last - minute addition to the team . Player Team Position Experience ( All Star / Seasons ) Player Team Position Experience ( All Star / Seasons ) American League National League Jason Varitek * BOS ( 0 / 7 ) Geoff Jenkins * MIL LF ( 0 / 6 ) Frank Thomas CHW DH ( 5 / 14 ) Benito Santiago SFG ( 5 / 18 ) Jason Giambi ^ NYY 1B ( 3 / 9 ) Kenny Lofton PIT CF ( 6 / 13 ) Eric Byrnes OAK OF ( 0 / 4 ) Orlando Cabrera MON SS ( 0 / 7 ) Bengie Molina ANA ( 0 / 6 ) Luis Castillo ^ FLA 2B ( 1 / 8 ) 2004 Candidates ( edit ) 2004 American League All - Star Final Vote winner Hideki Matsui gave the All - Star Final Vote international prominence . The voting for the 2004 Major League Baseball All - Star Game Final Vote again continued for three days , running from Sunday , July 4 , 2004 and ending on Wednesday , July 7 , 2004 . The final results were announced with ordinal vote rankings ( shown below ) and approximate winning vote totals ( Hideki Matsui -- 1.2 million , Bobby Abreu -- 2 million , of more than 9.5 million votes ) . Abreu appeared as a pinch hitter , while Matsui both pinch hit and played left field . Player Team Position Experience ( All Star / Seasons ) Player Team Position Experience ( All Star / Seasons ) American League National League Hideki Matsui * NYY LF ( 1 / 2 ) Bobby Abreu * PHI RF ( 0 / 9 ) Frank Thomas CHW DH ( 5 / 15 ) Aramis Ramírez CHC 3B ( 0 / 7 ) Paul Konerko CHW 1B ( 1 / 8 ) Steve Finley ARZ CF ( 2 / 16 ) Lew Ford MIN OF ( 0 / 2 ) Jason Kendall PIT ( 3 / 9 ) Travis Hafner CLE DH ( 0 / 3 ) Juan Pierre FLA CF ( 0 / 5 ) 2005 Candidates ( edit ) 2005 National League All - Star Final Vote winner Roy Oswalt is among a select few to have been nominated for the All - Star Final Vote twice . In 2005 , the contest was again called the `` Ameriquest All - Star Final Vote '' . The voting for the July 12 , 2005 Major League Baseball All - Star Game Final Vote again continued for three days , running from Sunday , July 3 , 2005 and ending on Wednesday , July 6 , 2005 . This marked the first time pitchers were nominated and the entire National League ballot was composed of pitchers . The American League ballot was composed of four outfielders and a shortstop. 2005 marked the first year that cell phone text message voting was possible . Derek Jeter and Roy Oswalt took the voting lead after Day 1 . By Day 2 , Scott Podsednik overtook Jeter and went on to win . Again , ordinal vote rankings ( shown below ) and winning vote totals ( Podsednik -- 3,965,473 , Oswalt -- 2,652,549 of 15 million votes ) were revealed . Wagner was named to the 2005 team as a replacement for Pedro Martínez but did not play . Both Oswalt and Podsednik played , but Podsednik did not record an official at bat . Player Team Position Experience ( All Star / Seasons ) Player Team Position Experience ( All Star / Seasons ) American League National League Scott Podsednik * CHW LF ( 0 / 5 ) Roy Oswalt * HOU SP ( 0 / 5 ) Derek Jeter NYY SS ( 6 / 11 ) Trevor Hoffman SD RP ( 4 / 13 ) Torii Hunter MIN CF ( 1 / 9 ) Brandon Webb ARZ SP ( 0 / 3 ) Hideki Matsui NYY LF ( 2 / 3 ) Billy Wagner ^ PHI RP ( 3 / 11 ) Carl Crawford TB LF ( 1 / 4 ) Brett Myers PHI SP ( 0 / 4 ) 2006 Candidates ( edit ) 2006 National League All - Star Final Vote winner Nomar Garciaparra , a veteran All - Star at shortstop , won in 2006 as a first baseman . In 2006 , the contest was called the `` Monster All - Star Final Vote '' . The voting for the July 11 , 2006 Major League Baseball All - Star Game Final Vote again continued for three days , running from Sunday , July 2 , 2006 and ending on Wednesday , July 5 , 2006 . Again , only the ordinal vote rankings ( shown below ) and the leading vote getter totals ( Nomar Garciaparra -- 4 million , A.J. Pierzynski -- over 3.6 million of 18.6 million votes ) were announced by Major League Baseball . Liriano and Capuano were selected for the All - Star team as substitutes , but did not play . Liriano replaced José Contreras , and Capuano replaced Tom Glavine . Neither Garciaparra nor Pierzynski played . Player Team Position Experience ( All Star / Seasons ) Player Team Position Experience ( All Star / Seasons ) American League National League A.J. Pierzynski * CHW ( 1 / 9 ) Nomar Garciaparra * LAD 1B ( 5 / 11 ) Francisco Liriano ^ MIN SP ( 0 / 2 ) Chris Capuano ^ MIL SP ( 0 / 4 ) Travis Hafner CLE DH ( 0 / 5 ) Bobby Abreu PHI RF ( 2 / 11 ) Justin Verlander DET SP ( 0 / 2 ) Billy Wagner NYM RP ( 4 / 12 ) Ramón Hernández BAL ( 1 / 8 ) Chris Young SD SP ( 0 / 3 ) 2007 Candidates ( edit ) 2007 American League All - Star Final Vote winner Hideki Okajima was a rookie and first time All - Star . The 2007 `` Monster All - Star Final Vote '' included only pitchers ( the National League included only starting pitchers ) . This is the 2nd time ( 2005 ) only pitchers were eligible for the final roster spot selection . The voting for the July 10 , 2007 Major League Baseball All - Star Game Final Vote was the first four - day election , running from Sunday , July 1 , 2007 and ending on Thursday , July 5 , 2007 . Voting leaders were announced daily . The ordinal vote rankings ( shown below ) and the leading vote getter totals ( Young -- over 4.5 million , Okajima -- over 4.4 million of 23 million votes ) were announced on the MLB.com results posting . Okajima ( 2 -- 0 , 0.88 ERA , & 4 saves in 38 relief appearances ) and Young ( 8 -- 3 , 2.00 ERA , 99 K ) are both first time all stars . There was some controversy surrounding Roy Oswalt 's nomination because he only had a 7 -- 5 record at the time of nominations making him the only pitcher without eight wins nominated . However , he is considered by many to be the victim of lack of run support , questionable relief pitching and an average defense . This respect was shown by the players who had voted him to sixth place among National League starting pitchers making him the first alternate in case of injury to any of the five elected All - star starting pitchers . On the final day of All - Star Final Vote voting , it was announced that Oswalt ( who was running third in the All - Star Final Vote ) would replace John Smoltz who withdrew from All - Star game participation due to injury . Brandon Webb of the Diamondbacks , the reigning NL Cy Young Award winner , replaced injured Colorado reliever Brian Fuentes . Neither Webb nor Oswalt played . Okajima did not play , but Young pitched 1 inning allowing a walk and a 2 run inside - the - park home run . As a result , he was the losing pitcher . Player Team Position Experience ( All Star / Seasons ) Player Team Position Experience ( All Star / Seasons ) American League National League Hideki Okajima * BOS RP ( 0 / 1 ) Chris Young * SD SP ( 0 / 4 ) Jeremy Bonderman DET SP ( 0 / 5 ) Carlos Zambrano CHC SP ( 2 / 7 ) Pat Neshek MIN RP ( 0 / 2 ) Roy Oswalt ^ HOU SP ( 2 / 7 ) Kelvim Escobar LAA SP ( 0 / 11 ) Brandon Webb ^ ARZ SP ( 1 / 5 ) Roy Halladay TOR SP ( 4 / 10 ) Tom Gorzelanny PIT SP ( 0 / 3 ) 2008 Candidates ( edit ) Corey Hart Evan Longoria The 2008 `` Monster All - Star Final Vote '' included no pitchers . The voting for the July 15 , 2008 Major League Baseball All - Star Game Final Vote began Sunday , July 6 , 2008 and ended on Thursday , July 10 , 2008 . The ordinal vote rankings ( shown below ) and the leading vote - getter totals ( Longoria -- 9 million , Hart -- 8 million of 47.8 million votes ) were announced on the MLB.com results posting . Longoria and Hart were both first - time all stars . Longoria drew a record nine million votes for his selection , over second - place finisher Jermaine Dye . Jason Giambi finished in third after a highly publicized `` Support the ' Stache '' campaign . Brian Roberts finished in fourth , followed by José Guillén . Hart accumulated eight million votes , the second highest vote total in the competition 's history . Hart joined teammates outfielder Ryan Braun and pitcher Ben Sheets . Finishing in a close second was New York Mets third baseman David Wright , who eventually made the team as a replacement for injured Chicago Cubs outfielder Alfonso Soriano . Longoria was the first third baseman and second rookie to win the Final Vote . Hart 's victory marked the third time that a club had a winning representative more than once ; Geoff Jenkins ( also from the Milwaukee Brewers ) was elected in 2003 . The other two clubs to have achieved this are the Red Sox ( Damon , Varitek and Okajima ) and the White Sox ( Podsednik and Pierzynski ) . Player Team Position Experience ( All Star / Seasons ) Player Team Position Experience ( All Star / Seasons ) American League National League Evan Longoria * TB 3B ( 0 / 1 ) Corey Hart * MIL OF ( 0 / 5 ) Jermaine Dye CHW OF ( 2 / 13 ) David Wright ^ NYM 3B ( 3 / 5 ) Jason Giambi NYY 1B ( 5 / 14 ) Pat Burrell PHI OF ( 0 / 9 ) Brian Roberts BAL 2B ( 2 / 8 ) Aaron Rowand SF OF ( 1 / 8 ) José Guillén KC OF ( 0 / 12 ) Carlos Lee HOU OF ( 3 / 10 ) 2009 Candidates ( edit ) Shane Victorino Brandon Inge The 2009 `` All - Star Game Sprint Final Vote '' included no pitchers for the second consecutive year . The voting ran from Sunday , July 5 through Thursday , July 9 . Eight of the selected players had never been an MLB All - Star . Washington Nationals shortstop Cristian Guzmán is a two - time All - Star , and Texas Rangers second baseman Ian Kinsler was an All - Star in 2008 . In exchange for their sponsorship , text voting was available exclusively on Sprint capable mobile phones . The Philadelphia Phillies and Detroit Tigers encouraged businesses in Michigan and Pennsylvania to allow their workers time off on Wednesday and Thursday to vote for both Inge and Victorino who were in second place in early voting . Victorino became the fourth Hawaiian ( following pitchers Ron Darling , Sid Fernandez and Charlie Hough ) to be selected to the Major League All - star game . This year 's ballot , which is shown below in order of finish , was influenced by advertisements , online commercials , fliers , merchandise , official endorsements from people such as 2008 Republican presidential candidate John McCain , and contemporary technology such as Twitter . Player Team Position Experience ( All Star / Seasons ) Player Team Position Experience ( All Star / Seasons ) American League National League Brandon Inge * DET 3B ( 0 / 9 ) Shane Victorino * PHI CF ( 0 / 6 ) Ian Kinsler TEX 2B ( 1 / 4 ) Pablo Sandoval SF 3B ( 0 / 2 ) Chone Figgins ^ LAA 3B ( 0 / 8 ) Mark Reynolds ARZ 3B ( 0 / 3 ) Carlos Peña ^ TB 1B ( 0 / 9 ) Matt Kemp LAD CF ( 0 / 4 ) Adam Lind TOR DH / LF ( 0 / 4 ) Cristian Guzmán WSH SS ( 2 / 10 ) 2010 Candidates ( edit ) 2010 Major League Baseball All - Star Game managers Joe Girardi of the American League and Charlie Manuel of the National League presented the 5 - man ballots for the 2010 All - Star Game MLB.com Final Vote Sponsored by Sprint to determine the 34th player for each All - Star roster . Votto was named on 13.7 million of the 26 million ballots , followed by Zimmerman , Gonzalez and Wagner , in order . Swisher , who at the time was the most followed Twitter user , edged out Youkilis , in what was described as the closest race in the history of the All - Star Final Vote . Heath Bell was named substitute for Yovani Gallardo before the conclusion of the Final Vote and was removed from the ballot . Nick Swisher Joey Votto Player Team Position Experience ( All Star / Seasons ) Player Team Position Experience ( All Star / Seasons ) American League National League Nick Swisher * NYY RF ( 0 / 7 ) Joey Votto * CIN 1B ( 0 / 3 ) Kevin Youkilis BOS 1B ( 2 / 7 ) Ryan Zimmerman WSH 3B ( 1 / 5 ) Michael Young TEX 3B ( 7 / 11 ) Carlos Gonzalez COL OF ( 0 / 3 ) Paul Konerko ^ CHW 1B ( 3 / 13 ) Billy Wagner ^ ATL RP ( 6 / 15 ) Delmon Young MIN LF ( 0 / 4 ) Heath Bell ^ SD RP ( 1 / 6 ) 2011 Candidates ( edit ) 2011 Major League Baseball All - Star Game managers Ron Washington of the American League and Bruce Bochy of the National League presented the 5 - man ballots for the 2011 All - Star Game Final Vote Sponsored by Sprint to determine the 34th player for each All - Star roster . Internet fans were able to vote at MLB.com and MLB team websites , while American and Canadian fans were also able to vote by text . Fans were encouraged to participate as campaign managers by generating votes via Twitter , Facebook and MLB.com websites for their choice . The fans elected Paul Konerko and Shane Victorino with 8.4 and 9.2 million votes of 50 million votes . Victorino was the first - two - time winner . MLB.com voters received special offers for discounts or free service . Player Team Position Experience ( All Star / Seasons ) Player Team Position Experience ( All Star / Seasons ) American League National League Paul Konerko * CHW 1B ( 4 / 14 ) Shane Victorino * PHI OF ( 1 / 8 ) Victor Martinez DET C / DH ( 4 / 9 ) Andre Ethier ^ LAD OF ( 1 / 6 ) Alex Gordon KC OF ( 0 / 5 ) Todd Helton COL 1B ( 5 / 14 ) Adam Jones BAL OF ( 1 / 5 ) Michael Morse WSH 1B ( 0 / 7 ) Ben Zobrist TB 2B ( 1 / 5 ) Ian Kennedy ARZ ( 0 / 4 ) 2012 Candidates ( edit ) 2012 Major League Baseball All - Star Game offered the fans 5 - man ballots to express their opinions in the 2012 All - Star Game Final Vote Sponsored by Firestone to determine the 34th player for each All - Star roster . Internet fans were able to vote at MLB.com and MLB team websites , while American and Canadian fans were also able to vote by text . In the final few hours , fans were allowed to vote via Twitter for the first time by using specific hashtags , but Chipper Jones ' name was removed since he had been named to the All - Star game as a replacement for the injured Matt Kemp . The four hours of Twitter voting brought about 2500 votes per minute . Over 50 million votes were cast in the Final vote in total . Player Team Position Experience ( All Star / Seasons ) Player Team Position Experience ( All Star / Seasons ) American League National League Yu Darvish * TEX ( 0 / 1 ) David Freese * STL 3B ( 0 / 4 ) Jonathan Broxton KC ( 2 / 7 ) Michael Bourn ^ ATL OF ( 1 / 6 ) Ernesto Frieri LAA RP ( 0 / 3 ) Bryce Harper ^ WSH OF ( 0 / 1 ) Jason Hammel BAL ( 0 / 7 ) Aaron Hill ARZ 2B ( 1 / 8 ) Jake Peavy ^ CWS ( 3 / 10 ) Chipper Jones ^ ATL 3B ( 7 / 19 ) 2013 Candidates ( edit ) 2013 Major League Baseball All - Star Game offered the fans 5 - man ballots to express their opinions in the 2013 All - Star Game Final Vote to determine the 34th player for each All - Star roster . Internet fans were able to vote at MLB.com , MLB team websites and via by text . In the final six hours , fans were allowed to vote via Twitter . The contest saw an unusual alliance in which Toronto Blue Jays and Atlanta Braves fans supported each other 's nominees . This resulted in Toronto relief pitcher Steve Delabar and Atlanta first baseman Freddie Freeman winning the voting . Both Freeman and National League runner - up Yasiel Puig surpassed the 2009 15.6 million vote record , with Freeman totalling 19.7 . The overall vote total of 79.2 million votes also surpassed the 2009 record ( 68.6 million ) . Player Team Position Experience ( All Star / Seasons ) Player Team Position Experience ( All Star / Seasons ) American League National League Steve Delabar * TOR ( 0 / 2 ) Freddie Freeman * ATL 1B ( 0 / 4 ) David Robertson NYY ( 1 / 6 ) Ian Desmond WSH SS ( 1 / 5 ) Koji Uehara BOS ( 0 / 5 ) Adrian Gonzalez LAD 1B ( 4 / 10 ) Tanner Scheppers TEX ( 0 / 1 ) Hunter Pence SF OF ( 2 / 7 ) Joaquín Benoit DET ( 0 / 13 ) Yasiel Puig LAD OF ( 0 / 1 ) 2014 candidates ( edit ) Player Team Position Experience ( All Star / Seasons ) Player Team Position Experience ( All Star / Seasons ) American League National League Chris Sale * CHW ( 2 / 4 ) Anthony Rizzo * CHC 1B ( 0 / 3 ) Garrett Richards LAA ( 0 / 3 ) Justin Morneau COL 1B ( 4 / 11 ) Rick Porcello DET ( 0 / 5 ) Justin Upton ATL OF ( 2 / 7 ) Corey Kluber CLE ( 0 / 3 ) Anthony Rendon WAS 3B ( 0 / 1 ) Dallas Keuchel HOU ( 0 / 2 ) Casey McGehee MIA 3B ( 0 / 5 ) 2015 candidates ( edit ) Player Team Position Experience ( All Star / Seasons ) Player Team Position Experience ( All Star / Seasons ) American League National League Mike Moustakas * KC 3B ( 0 / 4 ) Carlos Martinez * STL ( 0 / 2 ) Xander Bogaerts BOS SS ( 0 / 2 ) Johnny Cueto CIN ( 1 / 7 ) Yoenis Céspedes DET OF ( 1 / 3 ) Jeurys Familia NYM ( 0 / 3 ) Brian Dozier ^ MIN 2B ( 0 / 3 ) Clayton Kershaw ^ LAD ( 4 / 7 ) Brett Gardner ^ NYY OF ( 0 / 7 ) Troy Tulowitzki ^ COL SS ( 4 / 9 ) 2016 candidates ( edit ) Player Team Position Experience ( All Star / Seasons ) Player Team Position Experience ( All Star / Seasons ) American League National League Michael Saunders * TOR OF ( 0 / 8 ) Brandon Belt * SFG 1B ( 0 / 6 ) Ian Kinsler DET 2B ( 4 / 11 ) Ryan Braun MIL OF ( 6 / 10 ) Evan Longoria TB 3B ( 3 / 9 ) Jake Lamb ARI 3B ( 0 / 3 ) Dustin Pedroia BOS 2B ( 4 / 11 ) Starling Marte ^ PIT OF ( 0 / 5 ) George Springer HOU OF ( 0 / 3 ) Trevor Story COL SS ( 0 / 1 ) 2017 candidates ( edit ) Player Team Position Experience ( All Star / Seasons ) Player Team Position Experience ( All Star / Seasons ) American League National League Mike Moustakas * KC 3B ( 1 / 6 ) Justin Turner * LAD 3B ( 0 / 8 ) Elvis Andrus TEX SS ( 2 / 8 ) Justin Bour MIA 1B ( 0 / 3 ) Xander Bogaerts BOS SS ( 1 / 4 ) Kris Bryant CHC 3B ( 2 / 2 ) Didi Gregorius NYY SS ( 0 / 5 ) Anthony Rendon WSH 3B ( 0 / 4 ) Logan Morrison TAM 1B ( 0 / 7 ) Mark Reynolds COL 1B ( 0 / 10 ) Nominees and winners by team ( edit ) * -- Includes replaced nominee * * -- Was Anaheim Angels from 1997 to 2004 . * * * -- Was Florida Marlins from 1993 to 2011 . * * * * -- Was Tampa Bay Devil Rays from 1998 to 2007 . * * * * * -- Was Montreal Expos from 1969 to 2004 . Team Nominees Winners Winning Percentage Arizona Diamondbacks 7 0 . 000 Atlanta Braves 6 . 333 Baltimore Orioles 0 . 000 Boston Red Sox 7 . 429 Chicago Cubs * . 333 Chicago White Sox 11 . 364 Cincinnati Reds . 500 Cleveland Indians 0 . 000 Colorado Rockies 6 0 . 000 Detroit Tigers 8 . 125 Houston Astros 5 . 200 Kansas City Royals . 250 Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim * * 6 0 . 000 Los Angeles Dodgers 6 . 167 Miami Marlins * * * 0 . 000 Milwaukee Brewers . 500 Minnesota Twins 6 0 . 000 New York Mets 0 . 000 New York Yankees 8 . 250 Oakland Athletics 0 . 000 Philadelphia Phillies 7 . 429 Pittsburgh Pirates 5 0 . 000 San Diego Padres 5 . 200 San Francisco Giants 5 . 200 Seattle Mariners 0 0 N / A St. Louis Cardinals . 667 Tampa Bay Rays * * * * 5 . 200 Texas Rangers . 250 Toronto Blue Jays . 500 Washington Nationals * * * * * 7 0 . 000 See also ( edit ) Baseball awards # United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sports History : MLB All - Star Game '' . Hickocksports.com . July 12 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2007 . Retrieved July 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Meche named All - Star for first time '' . Sports Radio 810 WHB . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved July 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Fans still have say in All - Star festivities '' . MLB Advanced Media , L.P. June 29 , 2007 . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2007 . Retrieved July 28 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Newman , Mark ( July 5 , 2007 ) . `` Young , Okajima win Final Vote '' . MLB Advanced Media , L.P. Archived from the original on July 8 , 2007 . Retrieved July 5 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` All - Star rosters expand to 33 players MLB.com : News '' . 2013 - 10 - 23 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 All - Star Game Final Vote Sponsored by Sprint : 10 Candidates , 4 Days , Millions of Online Votes '' . Reuters . July 3 , 2011 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2013 . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Newman , Mark ( July 7 , 2011 ) . `` Konerko , Victorino go wire - to - wire in Final Vote '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fans select Johnny Damon and Andruw Jones '' . MLB Advanced Media , L.P. July 2 , 2002 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2008 . Retrieved July 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mann , Dinn ( June 30 , 2002 ) . `` May the best 30th Man win '' . MLB Advanced Media , L.P. Archived from the original on March 21 , 2008 . Retrieved July 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` AMERICAN vs. NATIONAL '' . USA TODAY . July 10 , 2002 . Retrieved July 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Eagle , Ed ( July 7 , 2003 ) . `` Vote Lofton into All - Star Game '' . MLB Advanced Media , L.P. Archived from the original on July 10 , 2009 . Retrieved July 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ McCalvy , Adam ( July 9 , 2003 ) . `` Jenkins gets the Final Vote nod '' . MLB Advanced Media , L.P. Archived from the original on July 10 , 2009 . Retrieved July 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Newman , Mark ( July 9 , 2003 ) . `` Final hours to determine final spot '' . MLB Advanced Media , L.P. Archived from the original on July 10 , 2009 . Retrieved July 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` National League at American League ( box score ) '' . ESPN Internet Ventures . July 15 , 2003 . Retrieved July 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Feinsand , Mark ( July 9 , 2003 ) . `` Giambi named to AL All - Star team '' . MLB Advanced Media , L.P. Archived from the original on July 10 , 2009 . Retrieved July 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Moussette , Pierre ( July 13 , 2003 ) . `` Castillo gets All - Star call '' . MLB Advanced Media , L.P. Archived from the original on July 10 , 2009 . Retrieved July 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Newman , Mark ( July 4 , 2004 ) . `` Voting 's over , but fans ' work is n't '' . MLB Advanced Media , L.P. Archived from the original on July 10 , 2009 . Retrieved July 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Newman , Mark ( July 7 , 2004 ) . `` Matsui , Abreu win Final Vote '' . MLB Advanced Media , L.P. Archived from the original on March 21 , 2008 . Retrieved July 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` American League at National League '' . ESPN Internet Ventures . July 13 , 2004 . Retrieved July 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Miller , Doug ( July 3 , 2005 ) . `` Fans decide in MLB. com 's Final Vote '' . MLB Advanced Media , L.P . Retrieved July 5 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Doug ( July 5 , 2005 ) . `` Ring ' em up : Vote with your cell phone '' . MLB Advanced Media , L.P . Retrieved July 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Miller , Doug ( July 6 , 2005 ) . `` Podsednik , Oswalt lead Final Vote '' . MLB Advanced Media , L.P . Retrieved July 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Miller , Doug ( July 7 , 2005 ) . `` Podsednik , Oswalt win Final Vote '' . MLB Advanced Media , L.P . Retrieved July 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Rollins , Wagner late additions to NL All - Star squad '' . MLB Advanced Media , L.P. July 7 , 2005 . Retrieved July 9 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` National League at American League ( box score ) '' . ESPN Internet Ventures . July 12 , 2005 . Retrieved July 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Newman , Mark ( July 6 , 2006 ) . `` Nomar , A.J. named Final Vote winners '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` American League at National League ( box score ) '' . ESPN Internet Ventures . July 11 , 2006 . Retrieved July 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Eagle , Ed ( July 10 , 2006 ) . `` Liriano fills in for Contreras as All - Star '' . MLB Advanced Media , L.P . Retrieved July 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sahly , John ( July 9 , 2006 ) . `` Capuano added to NL All - Star roster '' . MLB Advanced Media , L.P . Retrieved July 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Newman , Mark ( July 1 , 2007 ) . `` Monster All - Star Final Vote is under way '' . MLB Advanced Media , L.P. Archived from the original on July 4 , 2007 . Retrieved July 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Okajima edges Bonderman , Halladay , others for All - Star spot '' . ESPN Internet Ventures . July 5 , 2007 . Retrieved July 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` On day Padres ' Young becomes All - Star , pitcher decides to start suspension '' . ESPN Internet Ventures . July 5 , 2007 . Retrieved July 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Footer , Alyson ( July 1 , 2007 ) . `` Oswalt chosen for NL Final Vote '' . MLB Advanced Media , L.P. Archived from the original on July 5 , 2007 . Retrieved July 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Molony , Jim ( July 5 , 2007 ) . `` Oswalt replacing Smoltz as All - Star '' . MLB Advanced Media , L.P. Archived from the original on July 10 , 2009 . Retrieved July 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Schmetzer , Mark ( July 7 , 2007 ) . `` Webb replaces Fuentes on NL team '' . MLB Advanced Media , L.P . Retrieved July 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` American League at National League ( box score ) '' . ESPN Internet Ventures . July 10 , 2007 . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2007 . Retrieved July 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` MVP Ichiro hits All - Star Game 's first inside - the - park homer '' . ESPN Internet Ventures . July 10 , 2007 . Retrieved July 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Newman , Mark ( July 6 , 2008 ) . `` Cast Final Vote , watch MLB.TV free '' . MLB Advanced Media , L.P. Archived from the original on July 8 , 2008 . Retrieved July 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` David Wright named to National League roster for 2008 All - Star Game '' . MLB Advanced Media , L.P. July 11 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2008 . Retrieved July 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Newman , Mark ( July 10 , 2008 ) . `` Longoria , Hart are fans ' final All - Stars '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media , L.P. Archived from the original on July 13 , 2008 . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 All - Star Game Sprint Final Vote Available Only on MLB.com '' . StreetInsider.com . July 5 , 2009 . Retrieved August 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Newman , Mark ( July 9 , 2009 ) . `` ' Bran - Torino ' takes a ride to All - Star Game : Inge , Victorino win epic contest in Sprint Final Vote '' . MLB.com . Retrieved August 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Postseason feel to All - Star Final Vote : Several members of potential playoff clubs dot ballot '' . MLB.com . July 4 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2010 . Retrieved July 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swisher , Votto win tight Final Vote '' . MLB.com . July 9 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2010 . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dodd , Mike ( July 7 , 2011 ) . `` Paul Konerko , Shane Victorino win Final Vote for All - Star Game berths '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 All - Star Game Final Vote Sponsored by Firestone now under way '' . MLB.com . July 1 , 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stage is set : Twitter voting to count during final four hours of All - Star Game MLB.com Final Vote sponsored by Firestone '' . MLB.com . July 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Newman , Mark ( July 5 , 2012 ) . `` Darvish and Freese win , going to All - Star Game '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` All - Star Game Final Vote sponsored by freecreditscore.com ( # finalvote ) now under way ; Twitter voting returns to Final Vote Thursday , July 11 '' . MLB.com . July 6 , 2013 . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Footer , Alyson ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` Freeman , Delabar win record - setting Final Vote '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jaffe , Jay ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` Freeman wins NL All - Star Final Vote but Puig 's absence a missed opportunity '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2013 . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Freeman , Delabar win All - Star Final Vote ; Puig finishes second '' . Sports Illustrated . July 11 , 2013 . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Major League Baseball All - Star Game Games 1930s -- 1940s 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s -- 1960s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1959 2 1960 1960 2 1961 1961 2 1962 1962 2 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s -- 1980s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s -- 2000s 2010s -- 2020s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Players American League All - Stars National League All - Stars Events Futures Game ( All - time roster ) Home Run Derby Legends & Celebrity Softball Game Results and Awards Results MVPs Records See also Managers Broadcasters Final Vote Venues Arch Ward 2 -- Two All - Star Games were played these seasons . Italics indicate future games . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All-Star_Final_Vote&oldid=854642548 '' Categories : Recurring events established in 2002 Major League Baseball lists Major League Baseball All - Star Game Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 20 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Star%20Final%20Vote

when did cbd oil become legal in wisconsin

Cannabis in Wisconsin

cannabis in wisconsin

Cannabis in Wisconsin is illegal with the exception of non-psychoactive medical CBD oil . Various fines and prison terms apply to cannabis possession , sale , or cultivation .

CBD oil was legalized in 2014 , but under tight controls and for a very limited number of conditions , primarily seizures . Wisconsin was historically a major producer of industrial hemp until 1958 , though a 2017 law has re-opened Wisconsin for hemp farming . Contents 1 Industrial hemp 2 Prohibition 3 Medical use of cannabidiol 4 Reform attempts 5 Sub-jurisdictions 5.1 Menominee Indian Reservation 5.2 Dane County 5.3 City of Fond du Lac 6 References Industrial hemp ( edit ) Industrial hemp was grown experimentally in Wisconsin as early as 1908 on state farms under the direction of the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station . The Rens Hemp Company of Brandon , Wisconsin , closed in 1958 , was the last legal hemp producer nationwide in operation following the World Wars . Prior to its 1957 shutdown , Rens had been the primary provider of hemp rope for the United States Navy . In November 2017 , Governor Scott Walker signed a law legalizing cultivation of industrial hemp ( containing under 0.3 % THC ) , following unanimous approval of the bill in the Legislature . Prohibition ( edit ) The 1939 legislation `` 161.275 Possession and use of marijuana ; penalty '' stated that the penalty for `` growing , cultivating , mixing , compounding , having control of , preparing , possessing , using , prescribing , selling , administering or dispensing marijuana or hemp '' would be no less than one year and no more than two years in the state prison . Medical use of cannabidiol ( edit ) In April 2014 , Wisconsin Act 267 ( 2013 Assembly Bill 726 ) was enacted . The legislation nominally legalized the use of cannabidiol ( CBD ) in the state for treatment of seizure disorders . It was passed by a voice vote in the Assembly and a unanimous 33 -- 0 vote in the Senate . It was renamed `` Lydia 's Law '' by an act a month later in honor of a seven - year - old girl who suffered from a rare form of epilepsy ; the girl 's parents had pushed by CBD legislation in the state . The bill was criticized as being largely symbolic , as in order to gain support for passage in the Senate , its sponsors added a clause specifying that CBD oil must have FDA approval to be prescribed ; prior to that clause the bill had support in the Assembly but was stalled in the Senate . Because CBD does not yet have FDA approval , and because a complex series of steps are required to allow trial usage , Wisconsin doctors are not allowed to prescribe CBD . As of May 2015 , CBD advocates stated that they could not find a doctor in Wisconsin willing to prescribe CBD . In mid-2015 , a state legislator proposed an amendment to remove penalties for possession of CBD oil , negating prescription requirements , but the amendment still would not provide a legal way to create or obtain CBD oil . In February 2017 the Wisconsin Senate passed Senate Bill 10 , a bill allowing people to possess CBD oil by a vote of 31 - 1 . Senate Bill 10 amends Lydia 's Law ( 2013 Act 267 ) , which allowed access to CBD oil under limited circumstances in Wisconsin . Senate Bill 10 allows for possession of CBD oil in Wisconsin if a doctor has certified the oil is being used to treat a medical condition . In addition , the bill requires Wisconsin follow suit if CBD oil is rescheduled at the federal level . In March 2017 , the Wisconsin Assembly passed Assembly Bill 49 unanimously , 98 - 0 , sending Senate Bill 10 / Assembly Bill 29 to Gov. Scott Walker , who signed the bill into law in April 2017 . Reform attempts ( edit ) In 2013 , and 2015 State Representative Melissa Sargent ( D - Madison ) introduced bills to fully legalize cannabis in the state , with no success . 2017 introduced another bill 2015 - 16 Legislative session saw 8 reform bills fail : 2015 AB944 Relating to : expungement of nonfelony possession of marijuana offenses 2015 AB995 Relating to : reclassifying or changing penalties for certain crimes and providing a criminal penalty 2015 Assembly Bill 994 Relating to : reclassifying certain felonies to misdemeanors and providing a criminal penalty . 2015 Assembly Bill 246 / 2015 Senate Bill 167 Relating to : possession of 25 grams or less of marijuana and distribution and delivery of marijuana . 2015 Assembly Bill 945 Relating to : repeat offenses of possession of marijuana . 2015 Senate Bill 789 Relating to : medical use of marijuana , the regulation of marijuana distribution entities , requiring the exercise of rule - making authority , making appropriations , and providing a penalty 2015 Assembly Bill 224 Relating to : marijuana possession , regulation of marijuana distribution and cultivation , medical marijuana , operating a motor vehicle while under the influence 2013 - 14 Legislative session had 6 bills related to marijuana reform Sub-jurisdictions ( edit ) Menominee Indian reservation ( edit ) Main article : Cannabis on American Indian reservations In August 2015 the Menominee Indian Reservation held a vote on proposed measures to legalize medical and / or recreational cannabis . The Menonimee are uniquely placed in the state , as the only American Indian reservation which falls only under federal law , rather than under Wisconsin Public Law 280 like all other reservations in the state , meaning that the state of Wisconsin can not prevent legal changes within the sovereign reservation . Dane county ( edit ) On April 1 , 2014 voters of Dane county voted on a nonbinding referendum to legalize marijuana . It passed with 65 % of the vote . City of Fond du Lac ( edit ) On January 26 , 2011 by Ord . No. 3450 , marijuana for medical purposes was decriminalized within Fond du Lac city limits with the language `` No person within the corporate limits of the City shall possess marijuana or a synthetic cannabinoid unless the substance was obtained directly from or pursuant to a valid prescription or order of a practitioner while acting in the course of his professional practice . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Wisconsin Laws & Penalties '' . Norml.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ NBC15 . `` Walker signs bill legalizing hemp farming in Wisconsin '' . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ United States . Bureau of Plant Industry , Soils , and Agricultural Engineering ( 1908 ) . Report . U.S. Government Printing Office . p. 39 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ United States . Dept. of Agriculture ( 1910 ) . Report of the Secretary of Agriculture . The Department . p. 77 . Jump up ^ Tappi Journal . Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry . 1999 . p. 114 . Jump up ^ John Roulac ( 1 January 1997 ) . Hemp Horizons : The Comeback of the World 's Most Promising Plant . Chelsea Green Pub . p. 59 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 930031 - 93 - 0 . Jump up ^ http://journaltimes.com/news/local/walker-to-sign-bill-legalizing-hemp-farming-in-wisconsin/article_631b0d12-3b76-5fb4-a54a-9971798d155b.html Jump up ^ Wisconsin ( 1939 ) . Wisconsin Statutes , 1939 : Printed Pursuant to the Provisions of Section 35.18 of These Statutes , and Embracing All General Statutes in Force at the Close of the General Session of 1939 . Legislative Reference Bureau . pp. 1893 -- . STANFORD : 36105064280782 . Jump up ^ `` Gov. Walker Renaming Wisconsin Act 267 `` Lydia 's Law '' in Honor of Girl , 7 `` . WSAW . May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Dana ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` Law allowing marijuana derivative for treatment of seizures remains unused '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Jump up ^ Mark Schaff ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Lydia 's Law ' passes , but treatment still elusive '' . Racine Journal - Times . Jump up ^ `` Wisconsin Legislature : SB10 : Bill Text '' . docs.legis.wisconsin.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Senate Vote 12 '' . docs.legis.wisconsin.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Wisconsin Legislature : AB49 : Bill Text '' . docs.legis.wisconsin.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Times , Jessie Opoien The Capital . `` Wisconsin Assembly unanimously approves bill to ease access to CBD oil '' . madison.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ https://www.jsonline.com/story/news/politics/2017/04/17/gov-scott-walker-sign-labor-cannabis-oil-bills/100559792/ Jump up ^ REP . MELISSA SARGENT ( Democratic Wisconsin Assembly member ) ( 2015 - 04 - 13 ) . `` Rep. Melissa Sargent : Marijuana legalization must happen in Wisconsin : Ct '' . Host.madison.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Marley , Patrick ( 2015 - 04 - 13 ) . `` Democratic legislator to introduce bill legalizing pot '' . Jsonline.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` PDF download - 2017 Wisconsin LRB - 2457 Marijuana Legalization Bill '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ url = http://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/search/results?q=marijuana&filter=biennium%3A2015&filter=doctype%3Asession title = Wisconsin State Legislature 2015 Biennium marijuana related bills Jump up ^ url = http://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/search/results?q=marijuana&filter=biennium%3A2013&filter=doctype%3Asession title = Wisconsin State Legislature 2013 Biennium marijuana related bills Jump up ^ Spivak , Cary ( 2015 - 08 - 16 ) . `` Menominee tribe prepares for vote on legalizing marijuana '' . Jsonline.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Dane County State Legalization of Marijuana Referendum , Question 2 ( April 2014 ) '' . Ballotpedia.com. April 4 , 2014 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ City of Fond du Lac Municipal Code Section 500 - 5 url = http://ecode360.com/15559645 Cannabis in Wisconsin Events Great Midwest Marijuana Harvest Festival People Ben Masel Jacki Rickert Legality of cannabis in the United States Legalized Alaska California Colorado District of Columbia Maine Massachusetts Nevada Northern Mariana Islands Oregon Vermont Washington Decriminalized Connecticut Delaware Illinois Maryland Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Nebraska New Hampshire New York North Carolina Ohio Rhode Island U.S. Virgin Islands Medical status Medical cannabis Arizona Arkansas Connecticut Delaware Florida Guam Hawaii Illinois Louisiana Maryland Michigan Minnesota Montana New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island West Virginia CBD oil only Alabama Georgia Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Mississippi Missouri North Carolina South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Illegal American Samoa Idaho South Dakota Cases Leary v. United States ( 1969 ) Ravin v. State ( 1975 ) Conant v. McCaffrey ( 2000 ) United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers ' Cooperative ( 2001 ) Gonzales v. Raich ( 2005 ) Moncrieffe v. Holder ( 2013 ) Related topics Legal history Timeline Medical Non-medical Legality by jurisdiction Rescheduling Dispensaries Cannabis on American Indian reservations Congressional Cannabis Caucus Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 Politicians who have admitted use STATES Act Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_Wisconsin&oldid=842503521 '' Categories : Cannabis in Wisconsin Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 21 : 46 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis%20in%20Wisconsin

where did the name black mamba come from

Black mamba

black mamba

Black mamba snake Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Reptilia Order : Squamata Suborder : Serpentes Family : Elapidae Genus : Dendroaspis Species : D. polylepis Binomial name Dendroaspis polylepis Günther , 1864 Distribution range of black mamba Synonyms Dendroaspis polylepis polylepis ( Günther , 1864 ) Dendraspis polylepis ( Günther , 1864 ) Dendraspis angusticeps ( Boulenger 1896 ) Dendraspis antinorii ( Peters , 1873 ) Dendroaspis polylepis antinorii ( Peters , 1873 ) The black mamba ( Dendroaspis polylepis ) is an extremely venomous snake endemic to parts of sub-Saharan Africa . Skin colour varies from grey to dark brown . Juvenile black mambas tend to be paler than adults and darken with age . It is the longest species of venomous snake indigenous to the African continent ; mature specimens generally exceed 2 meters ( 6.6 ft ) and commonly attain 3 meters ( 9.8 ft ) . Specimens of 4.3 to 4.5 meters ( 14.1 to 14.8 ft ) have been reported . Although most mamba species are tree - dwelling snakes , the black mamba is not generally arboreal , preferring lairs in terrestrial habitats in a range of terrains . These include savannah , woodlands , rocky slopes and , in some regions , dense forest . It is diurnal and chiefly an ambush predator , known to prey on hyrax , bushbabies and other small mammals , as well as birds . It is also a pursuit predator ; in this it resembles other long , speedy , highly venomous species with well - developed vision . Over suitable surfaces it is possibly the fastest species of snake , capable of at least 11 km / h ( 6.8 mph ) over short distances . Adult mambas have few natural predators . In a threat display , the mamba usually opens its inky - black mouth , spreads its narrow neck - flap and sometimes hisses . It is capable of striking at considerable range and may occasionally deliver a series of bites in rapid succession . Its venom is primarily composed of potent neurotoxins that may cause a fast onset of symptoms . Despite its reputation as formidable and highly aggressive , it usually attempts to flee from humans unless threatened or cornered . The black mamba is rated as least concern on the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) 's Red List of Endangered species . Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 2.1 Scalation 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Behaviour and ecology 4.1 Speed 4.2 Diet 4.3 Predators 4.4 Reproduction 4.5 Lifespan 5 Venom 5.1 Pharmaceutical applications 6 Attacks on humans 6.1 Reported bite cases 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Taxonomy ( edit ) The black mamba ( Dendroaspis polylepis ) is an elapid within the genus Dendroaspis . Although it had been known to missionaries and residents , before 1860 , by the name `` mamba '' , which was already established in the vernacular and taken from the Zulu word `` imamba '' , the first formal description was made by German - British zoologist Albert Günther in 1864 . A single specimen was one of many snake species collected by Dr John Kirk , a naturalist who accompanied Dr David Livingstone on the Second Zambesi expedition . The specific epithet polylepis is derived from the Ancient Greek poly ( πολύ ) meaning `` many '' and lepis ( λεπίς ) meaning `` scale '' . In 1873 , German naturalist Wilhelm Peters described Dendraspis Antinorii from a specimen in the museum of Genoa , which had been killed by Orazio Antinori in what is now northern Eritrea . This was subsequently regarded as a subspecies , and is no longer held to be distinct . In 1896 , George Albert Boulenger combined the species ( Dendroaspis polylepis ) as a whole with the eastern green mamba ( Dendroaspis angusticeps ) , a lumping diagnosis that remained in force until 1946 , when FitzSimons split them again into separate species . A 2016 genetic analysis showed that the black and eastern green mambas were each others ' closest relatives , and more distantly related to Jameson 's mamba . A local Ngindo name in Tanzania is ndemalunyayo `` grass - cutter '' as it supposedly clips grass . Description ( edit ) The black interior of the mouth of a black mamba Dendroaspis polylepis is a large , round - bodied , slender , but powerful snake . It tapers smoothly towards the tail , and is of markedly more robust build than its distinctly gracile congeners Dendroaspis angusticeps and Dendroaspis viridis . The head is often said to be `` coffin - shaped '' with a somewhat pronounced brow ridge and a medium - sized eye . It is a highly proteroglyphous snake , with fangs up to 6.5 millimeters ( 0.26 in ) in length located at the front of the maxilla . The adult snake 's length ranges from 2 meters ( 6.6 ft ) to 3 meters ( 9.8 ft ) routinely but , according to some sources , specimens have grown to lengths of 4.3 to 4.5 meters ( 14.1 to 14.8 ft ) . Black mambas weigh about 1.6 kilograms ( 3.5 lb ) on average . A specimen of 1.41 meters ( 4.6 ft ) was found to have weighed 651.7 g ( 1.437 lb ) . Dendroaspis polylepis is the second longest venomous snake species , exceeded in length only by the king cobra . Specimens vary considerably in color ; some are olive - brown to khaki , many are grey , but none are black . Some individuals display dark mottling towards the posterior , which may appear in the form of oblique bars . They have cream colored underbellies and the eyes are dark brown to black with a silver or pale yellow corona surrounding the pupil . Juvenile snakes are lighter in color than adults , typically grey or olive green in appearance , and they darken with age . Scalation ( edit ) See also : Snake_scale § Nomenclature of scales The head , body and tail scalation of the black mamba : Dorsal at midbody : 23 -- 25 ( rarely 21 ) Ventral : 248 -- 281 Subcaudal : 109 -- 132 ( paired ) Anal plate : Divided Upper labials : 7 - 8 Upper labials to eye : 4th ( 3rd and 4th ) Preoculars : 3 ( occasionally 4 ) Postoculars : 3 - 4 ( occasionally 2 -- 5 ) Lower labials : 11 - 13 ( occasionally 10 -- 14 ) Temporal : 2 + 3 ( variable ) Distribution and habitat ( edit ) Juvenile in a tree , Kruger National Park The black mamba has a wide range within sub-Saharan Africa . Specifically , it has been observed in north east Democratic Republic of the Congo , south western Sudan to Ethiopia , Eritrea , Somalia , Kenya , eastern Uganda , Tanzania , Burundi , Rwanda , south to Mozambique , Swaziland , Malawi , Zambia , Zimbabwe and Botswana to KwaZulu - Natal in South Africa , and Namibia ; then northeast across Angola to south eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo . The black mamba 's distribution contains gaps within the Central African Republic , Chad , Nigeria and Mali . These gaps may lead physicians to misidentify black mamba bites and administer an inappropriate antivenom . In 1954 the black mamba was recorded in , in the Dakar region of Senegal . However , this observation , and a subsequent observation that identified a second specimen in the region in 1956 , has not been confirmed and thus the snake 's distribution in this area is inconclusive . The black mamba is primarily terrestrial , but occasionally arboreal , especially where it occurs in forest . It prefers moderately dry environments such as light woodland and scrub , rocky outcrops , and semi-arid dry savannah . It also inhabits moist savanna and lowland forests . Typically it uses termite mounds , abandoned burrows and rock crevices as shelter . The black mamba is not commonly found at altitudes above 1,000 metres ( 3,300 ft ) , although its distribution does include 1,800 metres ( 5,900 ft ) in Kenya and 1,650 metres ( 5,410 ft ) in Zambia . It is rated as a species of least concern on the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) 's Red List of Endangered species , based on its huge range across sub-Saharan Africa and no documented decline . Behaviour and ecology ( edit ) A black mamba in defensive posture The black mamba is graceful but skittish and often unpredictable . It is agile and can move quickly . When it senses a perceived threat , it retreats into brush or a hole . In the wild , a black mamba seldom tolerates humans approaching more closely than about 40 meters . When confronted it is likely to gape in a threat display , exposing its black mouth and flicking its tongue . It also is likely to form a narrow hood by spreading its neck - flap . The threat display may be accompanied by audible hissing . During the threat display , any sudden movement by the intruder may provoke the mamba into a series of rapid strikes leading to severe envenomation . Also , the size of the black mamba , plus its ability to raise its head well off the ground , enable it to launch as much as 40 % of its body length upwards , so mamba bites in humans quite often are on the upper body . This behaviour also permits the snake to land a strike at unexpectedly long range . The black mamba 's reputed readiness to attack is often much exaggerated and usually is provoked by perceived threats , such as blocking its intended retreat , accidentally or otherwise . Speed ( edit ) For its slender body , the black mamba is deceptively powerful ; it is the fastest moving snake indigenous to Africa , and perhaps the fastest anywhere . It does however , move rather clumsily over soft sand , a surface to which it is not adapted . There have been many unrealistic stories concerning the black mamba 's speed , perhaps partly because the slender body exaggerates the impression of speed . These stories include the myth that it can outrun a galloping horse or a running human . On 23 April 1906 , on the Serengeti Plains , an intentionally provoked black mamba was recorded at a speed of 11 km / h ( 6.8 mph ) , over a distance of 43 m ( 141 ft ) . A black mamba would almost certainly not be able to exceed 16 km / h ( 9.9 mph ) , and like most reptiles it can maintain such relatively high speeds only for short distances . Diet ( edit ) The black mamba is diurnal and chiefly an ambush predator , though it has been recorded as hunting partly by pursuit , such as catching pigeons at a watering hole before they can fly high enough to escape . It usually goes hunting from a permanent lair , to which it will regularly return , if the hunting is good and it is not disturbed . It hunts mainly by sight and in doing so it commonly will raise much of its length well off the ground . The black mamba does not typically hold onto prey after biting , instead releasing its quarry and waiting for it to succumb to paralysis and die . This however depends on the type of prey ; for example , it typically will hold onto a bird till it stops struggling to escape . If prey tries to escape or defend itself , the black mamba often may follow up its initial bite with a rapid series of strikes to incapacitate and quickly kill its prey . The snake has been known to prey on hyrax and rock hyrax , bushbabies , and bats . The black mamba has a potent digestive system and has been observed to digest prey fully within eight to ten hours . Predators ( edit ) The yellow mongoose preys on black mambas . Not many predators challenge an adult black mamba although it does face a few threats such as birds of prey , particularly snake eagles . Although all species of snake eagle commonly prey on snakes , there are two species in particular that do so with high frequency , including preying on black mambas ( though eagles have been killed during these attacks ) . These are the black - chested snake eagle ( Circaetus pectoralis ) and the brown snake eagle ( Circaetus cinereus ) . The Cape file snake ( Mehelya capensis ) , which is apparently immune to all African snake venoms and preys on other snakes including venomous ones , is a common predator of black mambas ( limited only by the size it can swallow ) . Mongooses , which also are partially immune to venom , and are often quick enough to evade a bite , will sometimes tackle a young black mamba for prey . Humans do not usually consume black mambas , but they often kill them out of fear . Reproduction ( edit ) Male black mambas engaged in combat Black mambas breed annually and mating occurs in the early spring , when male mambas locate a female by following her scent trail . After finding a potential mate the male will inspect the female by flicking his tongue over her entire body . As in other species of snakes and many other reptiles , fertilization is internal and the intromittent organs of the males are in the form of hemipenes . Females lay clutches of eggs with an incubation period of some 80 to 90 days . Like most snakes female mambas are both oviparous and iteroparous . Egg - laying typically occurs during the middle of summer and egg clutches range from 6 to 17 eggs . During the mating season rival males may compete by wrestling , not by biting . Opponents attempt to subdue each other by intertwining their bodies and raising their heads high off the ground . Observers have on occasion mistaken such wrestling for mating . The black mamba is generally solitary , but not strictly so ; as a rule they interact very little except in male rivalry during the mating season . However , black mambas are well known to share retreats occasionally , either with other mambas , or sometimes with other species of snakes . In hatching , mambas break through the egg shell with an egg tooth and are born with fully developed venom glands ; capable of inflicting a potentially lethal bite minutes after hatching . The body of the newly hatched snake contains the residues of the egg yolk , and assimilates them to sustain the young snake until it finds its first prey . Lifespan ( edit ) There is little information available concerning the lifespan of wild black mambas , but the longest surviving captive example had a recorded lifespan of 11 years . It is possible that wild black mambas live significantly longer than this . Venom ( edit ) A black mamba swallowing prey The black mamba 's venom is composed of neurotoxins ( dendrotoxin ) and cardiotoxins as well as other toxins such as fasciculins . In an experiment , the most abundant toxin found in black mamba venom was observed to be able to kill a mouse in as little as 4.5 minutes . Based on the murine median lethal dose ( LD ) values , the black mamba 's toxicity from all published sources is as follows : ( SC ) subcutaneous ( most applicable to real bites ) : 0.32 mg / kg , 0.28 mg / kg . ( IV ) intravenous : 0.25 mg / kg , 0.011 mg / kg . ( IP ) intraperitoneal : 0.30 mg / kg ( average ) , 0.941 mg / kg . This venom is extremely toxic . A bite from a black mamba can deliver about 100 -- 120 mg of venom on average and the maximum dose recorded is 400 mg . It is reported that before antivenom was widely available , the mortality rate from a bite was nearly 100 % . The bite of a black mamba can potentially cause collapse in humans within 45 minutes , or less . Without effective antivenom therapy , death typically occurs in 7 -- 15 hours . Presently , there is a polyvalent antivenom produced by the South African Institute for Medical Research to treat black mamba bites from many localities , and a new antivenom is currently being developed by the Universidad de Costa Rica 's Instituto Clodomiro Picado . A bite from a black mamba causes initial neurological and neuromuscular symptoms that may commonly include headache and a metallic taste in the mouth , which may be accompanied by a triad of paresthesias , profuse perspiration and salivation . Other symptoms may include ptosis and gradual bulbar palsy . Localised pain or numbness around the bite site is common but not typically severe ; therefore , application of a tourniquet proximal to the bite site is feasible and may assist in slowing the onset of prominent neurotoxicity . Without appropriate treatment , symptoms typically progress to more severe reactions such as tachydysrhythmias and neurogenic shock , leading to death by asphyxiation , cardiovascular collapse , or respiratory failure . Pharmaceutical applications ( edit ) Peptides in black mamba venom have been found to be effective analgesics . These peptides , part of the ' three - finger ' family of snake venom toxins ( mambalgins ) , act as inhibitors for acid - sensing ion channels in the central and peripheral nervous system , causing a pain - inihibiting effect . While this effect can be as strong as that of morphine , mambalgins do not have a resistance to naloxone , suffer less from induced tolerance , and cause no respiratory distress . Attacks on humans ( edit ) The black mamba is popularly regarded as the most dangerous and feared snake in Africa ; to South African locals the black mamba 's bite is known as the `` kiss of death '' . However , attacks on humans by black mambas are rare , as they usually try to avoid confrontation , and their occurrence in highly populated areas is not very common compared with some other species . Additionally , the ocellated carpet viper is responsible for more human fatalities due to snakebite than all other African species combined . A survey of snakebites in South Africa from 1957 to 1963 recorded over 900 venomous snakebites , but only seven of these were confirmed black mamba bites , at a time when effective antivenom was not widely available . Out of more than 900 bites , only 21 ended in fatalities , including all seven black mamba bites . Reported bite cases ( edit ) Danie Pienaar , now head of South African National Parks Scientific Services , survived the bite of a black mamba without antivenom in 1998 . Although no antivenom was administered , Pienaar was in a serious condition , despite the hospital physicians having declared it a `` moderate '' black mamba envenomation . At one point , Pienaar lapsed into a coma and his prognosis was declared `` poor '' . Upon arrival at hospital Pienaar was immediately intubated , given supportive drug therapy , put on mechanical ventilation and placed on life support for three days , until the toxins were flushed out of his system . He was released from hospital on the fifth day . Pienaar believes he survived for several reasons . In an article in Kruger Park Times he said `` Firstly , it was not my time to go . '' The article went on to state , `` The fact that he stayed calm and moved slowly definitely helped . The tourniquet was also essential . '' In another case , 28 - year - old British student Nathan Layton was bitten by a black mamba and died in March 2008 . The black mamba had been found near a classroom at the Southern African Wildlife College in Hoedspruit , where Layton was training to be a safari guide . Layton was bitten by the snake on his index finger while it was being put into a jar , but he did n't realize he 'd been bitten . He thought the snake had only brushed his hand . Approximately 30 minutes after being bitten Layton complained of blurred vision . He collapsed and died of a heart attack , nearly an hour after being bitten . Attempts to revive him failed , and he was pronounced dead at the scene . In a rare case of survival without treatment , American professional photographer Mark Laita was bitten on the leg by a black mamba during a photo - shoot of a black mamba at a facility in Central America . The bite ruptured an artery in his calf , which bled profusely . Laita did not go to the doctor or the hospital , and except for the swollen fang marks giving him intense pain during the night , he was not affected and was fine physically . This led him to believe that either the snake gave him a `` dry bite '' ( a bite without injecting venom ) or the heavy bleeding pushed the venom out . Some commenters on the story suggested that it was a venomoid snake ( in which the venom glands are surgically removed ) , but Laita responded that it was not . Only later did Laita find that he had captured the snake biting his leg in a photograph . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Spawls , S. ( 2010 ) . `` Dendroaspis polylepis '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . IUCN. 2010 : e. T177584A7461853 . doi : 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2010 - 4. RLTS. T177584A7461853. en . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dendroaspis polylepis '' . Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Uetz , P. `` Dendroaspis polylepis Günther , 1864 '' . Reptile Database . Zoological Museum Hamburg . Retrieved 2 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Zululand , a mission tour in South Afrika ( Africa ) . Nisbet. 1862 . pp. 183 -- . Jump up ^ Journal of the Society of Arts . The Society . 1859 . pp. 252 -- . Jump up ^ `` Definition of mamba in English '' . Oxford Dictionaries . OED . Retrieved 11 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Günther , Albert ( 1864 ) . `` Report on a collection of reptiles and fishes made by Dr. Kirk in the Zambesi and Nyassa Regions '' . Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London : 303 -- 14 ( 310 ) . Jump up ^ Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ( 1980 ) . A Greek - English Lexicon ( Abridged ed . ) . Oxford , United Kingdom : Oxford University Press . pp. 410 , 575 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 910207 - 4 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Peters , Wilhem Carl Hartwig ( 1873 ) . `` Über zwei Giftschlangen aus Afrika und über neue oder weniger bekannte Gattungen und Arten von Batrachiern '' . Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussische Akademie des Wissenschaften zu Berlin : 411 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Boulenger , George Albert ( 1896 ) . Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum ( Natural History ) . London , United Kingdom : Printed by order of the Trustees British Museum ( Natural History ) . Department of Zoology . p. 437 . ^ Jump up to : Haagner , GV ; Morgan , DR ( January 1993 ) . `` The maintenance and propagation of the Black mamba Dendroaspis polylepis at the Manyeleti Reptile Centre , Eastern Transvaal '' . International Zoo Yearbook. 32 ( 1 ) : 191 -- 196 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1748 - 1090.1993. tb03534. x . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Figueroa , A. ; McKelvy , A.D. ; Grismer , L.L. ; Bell , C.D. ; Lailvaux , S.P. ( 2016 ) . `` A species - level phylogeny of extant snakes with description of a new colubrid subfamily and genus '' . PLoS ONE . 11 : e0161070 . ISBN 9780643106741 . Jump up ^ Loveridge , Arthur ( 1951 ) . `` On reptiles and amphibians for Tanganyika Territory collected by C.J.P. Ionides '' . Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College . 106 : 175 -- 204 ( 201 ) . ^ Jump up to : Mattison , Chris ( 1987 - 01 - 01 ) . Snakes of the World . New York : Facts on File , Inc. p. 164 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 1082 - X . Jump up ^ Stephen Spawls ; Kim Howell ; Robert Drewes ; James Ashe ( 2002 ) . A Field Guide to the Reptiles of East Africa . London : Bloomsbury . pp. 463 -- 464 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7136 - 6817 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : FitzSimons , Vivian F.M. ( 1970 ) . A Field Guide to the Snakes of Southern Africa ( Second ed . ) . HarperCollins . pp. 167 -- 169 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 212146 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` Black mamba '' . National Geographic Society . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Ouattara , K. ; Lemasson , A. ; Zuberbühler , K. ( 2009 ) . `` Anti-predator strategies of free - ranging Campbell 's monkeys '' . Behaviour. 146 ( 12 ) : 1687 -- 1708 . doi : 10.1163 / 000579509x12469533725585 . Jump up ^ Feldman , A. ; Meiri , S. ( 2013 ) . `` Length -- mass allometry in snakes '' . Biological Journal of the Linnean Society . 108 ( 1 ) : 161 -- 172 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.2012. 02001. x . ^ Jump up to : Randy Schott . `` ADW : Dendroaspis polylepis : INFORMATION '' . Animal Diversity Web . Retrieved 4 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Marais , Johan ( 2004 ) . A complete guide to the snakes of southern Africa ( New ed . ) . Cape Town : Struik . pp. 95 -- 97 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86872 - 932 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Håkansson , Thomas ; Thomas Madsen ( 1983 - 01 - 01 ) . `` On the Distribution of the Black Mamba ( Dendroaspis polylepis ) in West Africa '' . Journal of Herpetology . Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 17 ( 2 ) : 186 -- 189 . doi : 10.2307 / 1563464 . JSTOR 1563464 . Jump up ^ Maina , J.N ( December 1989 ) . `` The morphology of the lung of the black mamba Dendroaspis polylepis '' . The Journal of Anatomy. 167 : 31 -- 46 . PMC 1256818 . PMID 2630539 . Jump up ^ Burton , R. ( 2002 ) . International Wildlife Encyclopedia : Leopard -- marten . USA : Marshall Cavendish . p. 3168 . ISBN 0 - 7614 - 7277 - 0 . Jump up ^ Van Der Vlies , C. ( 2010 ) . Southern Africa Wildlife and Adventure . British Columbia , Canada / Indiana , United States : Trafford Publishing . pp. 180 -- 181 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4269 - 1932 - 9 . Jump up ^ Austin Stevens : Snakemaster , ( 2002 ) `` Seven Deadly Strikes '' documentary Jump up ^ World Book , Inc ( 1999 ) The World Book encyclopedia , Volume 1 , Page 525 Jump up ^ Rose , Walter ; The reptiles and amphibians of southern Africa ; Pub : Maskew Miller , 1950 ^ Jump up to : Mikael Jolkkonen , Muscarinic Toxins from Dendroaspis ( Mamba ) Venom Page 15 , Uppsala University ^ Jump up to : Warren , Schmidt ( 2006 ) Reptiles & Amphibians of Southern Africa , Page 34 Jump up ^ Gerald L. Wood , ( 1976 ) The Guinness book of animal facts and feats , Page 132 Jump up ^ Leopard , Marten ( 2002 ) International Wildlife Encyclopedia , Page 1530 Jump up ^ Harry W. Greene , ( 1997 ) , Snakes : The Evolution of Mystery in Nature , Page 40 ^ Jump up to : Branch , Bill ( 1988 ) . Field Guide to the Sankes and Other Reptiles of Southern Africa . London : New Holland . p. 95 . ISBN 1 - 85368 - 112 - 1 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Bauchot , R. ( 2006 ) . Snakes : A Natural History . Sterling . pp. 41 , 76,176 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 3181 - 5 . Jump up ^ Mehelya capensis ( Southern file snake , Cape file snake ) Archived May 4 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , Iziko South African Museum Jump up ^ `` Mongoose Vs. Snake - Nat Geo Wild '' . Nat Geo Wild . Retrieved 4 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Villagers corner and kill deadly black mamba snake '' . scotsman.com . Retrieved 1 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Spawls , S. ; Branch , B. ( 1995 ) . The dangerous snakes of Africa : natural history , species directory , venoms , and snakebite . Dubai : Oriental Press : Ralph Curtis - Books . pp. 49 -- 51 . ISBN 0 - 88359 - 029 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : GJ Müller ; H Modler ; CA Wium ; DJH Veale ; CJ Marks ( October 2012 ) . `` Snake bite in southern Africa : diagnosis and management '' . CME. 30 ( 10 ) : 362 -- 381 . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Strydom , Daniel ( 1971 - 11 - 12 ) . `` Snake Venom Toxins '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 247 ( 12 ) : 4029 -- 42 . PMID 5033401 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Fry , Bryan , Deputy Director , Australian Venom Research Unit , University of Melbourne ( March 9 , 2002 ) . `` Snakes Venom LD -- list of the available data and sorted by route of injection `` . venomdoc.com . ( archived ) Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sherman A. Minton , ( May 1 , 1974 ) Venom diseases , Page 116 Jump up ^ Philip Wexler , 2005 , Encyclopedia of toxicology , Page 59 ^ Jump up to : JERRY G. WALLS , `` The World 's Deadliest Snakes '' , Reptiles Jump up ^ Thomas J. Haley , William O. Berndt , 2002 , Toxicology , Page 446 Jump up ^ Scott A Weinstein , David A. Warrell , Julian White and Daniel E Keyler ( Jul 1 , 2011 ) `` Bites from Non-Venomous Snakes : A Critical Analysis of Risk and Management of `` Colubrid '' Snake Bites ( page 246 ) Jump up ^ Visser , J ; Chapman , DS ( 1978 ) . Snakes and Snakebite : Venomous snakes and management of snake bite in Southern Africa . Purnell . p. 52 . ISBN 0 - 86843 - 011 - 0 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Terence . `` IMMEDIATE FIRST AID '' . University of California , San Diego . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Sánchez , Andrés ; et al. ( 2017 ) . `` Expanding the neutralization scope of the EchiTAb - plus - ICP antivenom to include venoms of elapids from Southern Africa '' . Toxicon. 125 : 59 -- 64 . doi : 10.1016 / j. toxicon. 2016.11. 259 . PMID 27890775 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 24 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) ^ Jump up to : S.B. Dreyer ; J.S. Dreyer ( November 2013 ) . `` Snake Bite : A review of Current Literature '' . East and Central African Journal of Surgery . 18 ( 3 ) : 45 -- 52 . ISSN 2073 - 9990 . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Závada J. ; Valenta J. ; Kopecký O. ; Stach Z. ; Leden P. `` Black Mamba Dendroaspis Polylepis Bite : A Case Report '' . Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care , First Faculty of Medicine , Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague , Prague , Czech Republic . Retrieved 25 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Diochot , Sylvie ; Baron , Anne ; Salinas , Miguel ; Douguet , Dominique ; Scarzello , Sabine ; Dabert - Gay , Anne - Sophie ; Debayle , Delphine ; Friend , Valérie ; Alloui , Abdelkrim ( 2012 - 10 - 25 ) . `` Black mamba venom peptides target acid - sensing ion channels to abolish pain '' . Nature . 490 ( 7421 ) : 552 -- 555 . doi : 10.1038 / nature11494 . ISSN 0028 - 0836 . Jump up ^ `` Black Mamba : Kiss of Death '' . Smithsonian Channel . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ The new encyclopedia of Reptiles ( Serpent ) . Time Book Ltd. 2002 . Jump up ^ O'Shea , M. ( 2005 ) . Venomous Snakes of the World . United Kingdom : New Holland Publishers . p. 78 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 12436 - 1 ... in common with other snakes they prefer to avoid contact ; ... from 1957 to 1963 ... including all seven black mamba bites - a 100 per cent fatality rate Jump up ^ `` Scientists gather in Kruger National Park for Savanna Science Network Meeting '' . South African Tourism. 5 March 2013 . Retrieved 26 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Surviving a Black Mamba bite '' . Siyabona Africa - Kruger National Park . Siyabona Africa . Retrieved 26 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` British trainee safari guide killed by bite from a black mamba snake he thought had just brushed his hand '' . UK Daily Mail . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Black mamba snake bite killed British student Nathan Layton '' . Mirror News . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Rowan Hooper ( January 19 , 2012 ) Portraits of snake charm worth elephant - killing bite newscientist Jump up ^ Megan Gambino . `` Snakes in a Frame : Mark Laita 's Stunning Photographs of Slithering Beasts '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved 1 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Black Mamba Bite : The Back Story '' . strange behaviors . Retrieved 1 February 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Thorpe , Roger S. ; Wolfgang Wüster , Anita Malhotra ( 1996 ) . Venomous Snakes : Ecology , Evolution , and Snakebite . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 854986 - 4 McDiarmid , Roy W. ; Jonathan A. Campbell ; T'Shaka A. Tourè ( 1999 ) . Snake Species of the World : A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference , Volume 1 . Washington , District of Columbia : Herpetologists ' League . ISBN 978 - 1 - 893777 - 01 - 9 Dobiey , Maik ; Vogel , Gernot ( 2007 ) . Terralog : Venomous Snakes of Africa ( Terralog Vol. 15 ) . Aqualog Verlag GmbH. ; 1st edition . ISBN 978 - 3 - 939759 - 04 - 1 Mackessy , Stephen P. ( 2009 ) . Handbook of Venoms and Toxins of Reptiles . CRC Press ; 1st edition . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8493 - 9165 - 1 Greene , Harry W. ; Fogden , Michael ; Fogden , Patricia ( 2000 ) . Snakes : The Evolution of Mystery in Nature . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 22487 - 2 Spawls , Stephen ; Ashe , James ; Howell , Kim ; Drewes , Robert C. ( 2001 ) . Field Guide to the Reptiles of East Africa : All the Reptiles of Kenya , Tanzania , Uganda , Rwanda and Burundi Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 656470 - 9 Broadley , D.G. ; Doria , C.T. ; Wigge , J. ( 2003 ) . Snakes of Zambia : An Atlas and Field Guide . Frankfurt am Main , Germany : Edition Chimaira . ISBN 978 - 3 - 930612 - 42 - 0 Marais , Johan ( 2005 ) . A Complete Guide to the Snakes of Southern Africa . Cape Town , South Africa : Struik Nature . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86872 - 932 - 6 Engelmann , Wolf - Eberhard ( 1981 ) . Snakes : Biology , Behavior , and Relationship to Man . Leipzig ; English version NY , US : Leipzig Publishing ; English version published by Exeter Books ( 1982 ) . ISBN 0 - 89673 - 110 - 3 Minton , Sherman A. ( 1969 ) . Venomous Reptiles . US : New York Simon Schuster Trade . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 71845 - 3 FitzSimons , Vivian FM ( 1970 ) . A field guide to the snakes of Southern Africa . Canada : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 212146 - 8 Department of the Navy Bureau of Medicine and Surgery ( 2013 ) . Venomous Snakes of the World : A Manual for Use by U.S. Amphibious Forces . Skyhorse Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62087 - 623 - 7 Branch , Bill ( 1988 ) . Bill Branch 's Field Guide to the Snakes and Other Reptiles of Southern Africa ( More than 500 Photographs for Easy Identification ) . Cape Town , South Africa : Struik Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86977 - 641 - 4 Branch , Bill ( 1998 ) . Field Guide to the Snakes and Other Reptiles of Southern Africa . Ralph Curtis Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88359 - 042 - 3 Branch , Bill ( 2005 ) . Photographic Guide to Snakes Other Reptiles and Amphibians of East Africa . Sanibel Island , Florida : Ralph Curtis Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88359 - 059 - 1 Mara , Wil ; Collins , Joseph T ; Minton , SA ( 1993 ) . Venomous Snakes of the World . TFH Publications Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86622 - 522 - 9 Stocker , Kurt F. ( 1990 ) . Medical Use of Snake Venom Proteins . CRC Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8493 - 5846 - 3 Mebs , Dietrich ( 2002 ) . Venomous and Poisonous Animals : A Handbook for Biologists , Toxicologists and Toxinologists , Physicians and Pharmacists . Medpharm . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8493 - 1264 - 9 White , Julian ; Meier , Jurg ( 1995 ) . Handbook of Clinical Toxicology of Animal Venoms and Poisons . CRC Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8493 - 4489 - 3 Vitt , Laurie J ; Caldwell , Janalee P. ( 2013 ) . Herpetology , Fourth Edition : An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles . Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 386919 - 7 Tu , Anthony T. ( 1991 ) . Handbook of Natural Toxins , Vol. 5 : Reptile Venoms and Toxins . Marcel Dekker . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8247 - 8376 - 1 Mattison , Chris ( 1995 ) . The Encyclopedia of Snakes . Facts on File ; 1st U.S. edition . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 3072 - 9 Coborn , John ( 1991 ) . The Atlas of Snakes of the World . TFH Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86622 - 749 - 0 External links ( edit ) Media related to Dendroaspis polylepis at Wikimedia Commons Wikispecies has information related to Dendroaspis polylepis Dendroaspis polylepis at the Reptile Database Black mamba - Clinical Toxinology Resources Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q188690 Wikispecies : Dendroaspis polylepis ARKive : dendroaspis - polylepis EoL : 795080 EPPO : DNDAPO GBIF : 2469875 iNaturalist : 30405 IRMNG : 10373938 ITIS : 700483 IUCN : 177584 NCBI : 8624 uBio : 190302 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_mamba&oldid=857125482 '' Categories : IUCN Red List least concern species Reptiles described in 1864 Elapidae by common name Mambas Reptiles of Southern Africa Fauna of East Africa Snakes of Africa Venomous snakes Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Good articles Use British English from January 2015 Articles with ' species ' microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Afrikaans বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Cebuano Čeština ChiShona ChiTumbuka Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kongo Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 39 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 18 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20mamba

the office jim and pam first date episode

The Client ( the Office )

the client ( the office )

`` The Client '' is the seventh episode of the second season of the American comedy television series The Office , and the show 's thirteenth episode overall . Written by Paul Lieberstein , who also acts in the show as Toby Flenderson , and directed by Greg Daniels , the episode first aired in the United States on November 8 , 2005 on NBC .

The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In this episode , Jan Levinson ( Melora Hardin ) and Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) begin a relationship after landing an important client ( Tim Meadows ) . Meanwhile , the rest of the office finds a screenplay written by Michael and they decide to read it together . The idea for Jan and Michael to have a romantic relationship was conceived by Steve Carell as far back as the filming of the pilot episode . The kiss between the two was rehearsed and filmed `` many , many , many times '' , according to B.J. Novak . While filming , Steve Carell and Tim Meadows improvised a good majority of their dinner scene , but most of it never made the final cut . During the production of the episode , the cast and crew were informed by NBC that the show would be picked up for a whole 22 episodes , a move that `` surprised '' them . The episode received mostly positive reviews from critics and earned a Nielsen rating of 3.8 in the 18 -- 49 demographic , being viewed by 7.5 million viewers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Cultural references 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) and Jan Levinson ( Melora Hardin ) meet with Christian ( Tim Meadows ) , who represents the governmental paper interests of the entire surrounding county . Taking him on could mean the branch will not have to downsize , a threat that has been looming for the past year . Jan is disgusted when Michael changes the meeting location from a hotel meeting room to Chili 's without permission and persists in jokes and personal discussion instead of getting down to business . However , she discovers at the end of the day that there is a method to his madness , as the bonding between Michael and Christian allows him to close the deal . Afterwards , in the parking lot , Michael and the recently divorced Jan kiss and leave together . During the meeting Michael calls Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) to read from one of the joke books in his desk , where she finds a screenplay written by Michael entitled Threat Level : Midnight , starring himself as `` Agent Michael Scarn '' . The staff perform a read - through of the script , in which the character sequence `` Dwigt '' appears . They realize Michael based his incompetent sidekick on Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) , but later changed the name with a search and replace , which did not affect the single misspelling of Dwight 's name . Dwight is upset and shuts down the exercise to invite everyone to set off fireworks outside , but only Kevin Malone ( Brian Baumgartner ) follows . When the staff discuss their worst first dates , Pam astounds them with a story of how her date forgot about her and left her behind at a high school hockey game . Their astonishment increases when they realize the date was her now - fiance Roy . Later , Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) and Pam break off their respective evening plans to enjoy an impromptu dinner on the roof and watch Dwight and Kevin fool around with fireworks . The next day Jim , feigning a joking manner , tells Pam this was their first date . When Pam is unfazed by this , Jim gets angry and taunts her about the hockey game date . Hurt , Pam breaks off the conversation . That morning , Dwight , having spent the night in the office , sees Jan coming by to retrieve her car , igniting gossip that she had sex with Michael . Michael reveals to the documentary crew that they made out and talked long into the night before falling asleep . Jan calls and says she regrets what happened , even accusing Michael of deliberately getting her drunk to initiate a romantic encounter with her , but Michael refuses to accept her change of heart . Production ( edit ) Actor and comedian Tim Meadows guest starred in the episode as the titular client . This episode was the third episode of the series directed by Greg Daniels . Daniels had previously directed the episodes `` Basketball '' and `` The Dundies '' . `` The Client '' was written by Paul Lieberstein , who acts on the show as human resources director Toby Flenderson . The idea for Jan and Michael to have a romantic relationship was conceived by Steve Carell as far back as the filming of the pilot episode . According to writer and producer Greg Daniels `` it was like he ( Michael ) was turned on by his teacher . '' Writer and actor Paul Lieberstein said that the first idea that anybody came up for the episode was the final shot , where Jim and Michael look at each other and shake their heads , suggesting that they had been through similar experiences . The rest of the episode was written to lead to that scene . The scene where Oscar tells a story about a date getting a background check on him was based on an actual date that Paul Lieberstein went on . While filming , Steve Carell and Tim Meadows improvised a lot of their dinner scene , but most of it never made the final cut . One improvised scene that did make the final cut was the `` Baby Back Ribs '' song . In an interview , Jenna Fischer said that the rooftop scene was her favorite to shoot . Fischer recalled that `` there was a very small crew up on the roof and they had the cameras really far away . '' After the main shooting ended , producers decided to do a re-shoot to explain the `` Dwigt '' situation clearly and concisely . The kiss between Michael and Jan was rehearsed and filmed `` many , many , many times '' , according to B.J. Novak . While editing the kiss between Michael and Jan , Greg Daniels brought many people into the editing room to see if they thought the kiss was too long or not long enough . During the production of the episode , the cast and crew were informed by NBC that the show would be picked up for a whole 22 episodes . Initially , the show 's second season had only been brought back for six episodes , to test the water . Despite the lackluster reception the first season had , ratings jumped during the second season to 7.7 million in the fall alone . After the ratings success , Kevin Reilly , NBC Entertainment president , `` surprised '' the cast and crew of the staff and ordered a full season ; he later likened the series to Seinfeld and Cheers , noting that they too had `` slow starts '' . Cultural references ( edit ) Michael tells Jan that he moved their meeting from a Radisson to a Chili 's , per advice -- that he sent in -- to the magazine Small Businessman . During their meeting , Michael tells Christian and Jan the Lighthouse and naval vessel joke . Dwight reveals to the camera that he was once in a production of Oklahoma ! , and played the part of `` Mutie The Mailman '' . He explains that the production had too many kids , so they made up extra roles . Michael 's screenplay is a parody of secret agent films , most notably the James Bond franchise . In Michael 's screenplay , his love interest is named Catherine Zeta - Jones . The name of Michael 's movie has been referenced several other times through the series . In the third season episode `` Product Recall '' , Michael frantically states that , due to the amount of angry customers , the office has been `` put at Threat Level Midnight . '' Michael 's screenplay was eventually turned into a home movie , and is viewed by the entire office in the seventh season episode `` Threat Level Midnight . '' Reception ( edit ) `` The Client '' originally aired on NBC in the United States on November 8 , 2005 . The episode was viewed by 7.5 million viewers and received a 3.8 rating / 9 % share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . This means that it was seen by 3.8 % of all 18 - to 49 - year - olds , and 9 % of all 18 - to 49 - year - olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . The episode retained 73 percent of its lead - in `` My Name is Earl '' audience , the best the show had done up until that point . An encore presentation of the episode , on April 25 , 2006 , received 2.4 rating / 7 % share was viewed by over 4.8 million viewers . The episode received mostly positive reviews from television critics . TV Squad 's Michael Sciannamea gave the episode a largely positive review wrote that Michael is `` totally taken with himself '' , but still `` has shown us his vulnerabilities '' . Sciannamea noted that , by showing the audience Michael 's humanity , the writers were making `` this sitcom so compelling '' . Sciannamea , however , did point out that this is the second week in a row that `` Pam is offended by something Jim has said or done '' , which in his mind `` will get tiresome quickly if it continues '' . `` Miss Alli '' of Television Without Pity graded the episode with a `` B + '' . Rolling Stone named the scene wherein the employees read Threat Level : Midnight as the tenth funniest in The Office 's first three seasons . Erik Adams of The A.V. Club awarded the episode an `` A '' and called it `` a series - best episode of The Office whose series - best status sneaks up on you '' . He was largely complimentary towards the way the episode built towards a climax , and followed various successful `` setup - punchline rhythms '' . He also applauded the introduction of the Threatlevel : Midnight screenplay , calling it `` a subplot so crucial to the mythology of the series , it would form the basis of an entire episode near the end of Steve Carell 's time in Scranton . '' Adams ultimately concluded that the episode is `` a top - notch Office installment overall '' , thanks in large part to the Pam - Jim and Michael - Jan subplots and dynamics . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Shows A -- Z -- Office , The on NBC '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Paul Lieberstein ( writers ) , Greg Daniels ( director ) ( November 8 , 2005 ) . `` The Client '' . The Office . Season 2 . Episode 7 . NBC . Jump up ^ The Office : The Complete First Season ( on - screen ) . Ken Kwapis , et al. NBC . Jump up ^ Mindy Kaling ( writers ) , Greg Daniels ( director ) ( September 20 , 2005 ) . `` The Dundies '' . The Office . Season 2 . Episode 1 . NBC . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( February 23 , 2006 ) . `` Office promotions pay off in a big way '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved July 29 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Lieberstein , Paul ( Writer / Actor ) . 2006 . `` The Client '' ( Commentary track ) , The Office Season Two ( US / NBC Version ) ( DVD ) , Los Angeles , CA : Universal . ^ Jump up to : Novak , B.J. ( November 8 , 2005 ) . `` '' The Office Presents : `` The Client '' `` . TV Guide . Retrieved July 29 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Daniels , Greg ( Producer / Director ) . 2006 . `` The Client '' ( Commentary track ) , The Office Season Two ( US / NBC Version ) ( DVD ) , Los Angeles , CA : Universal . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW with the Stars of The Office '' . Give Me My Remote . January 17 , 2006 . Retrieved July 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Wolk , Josh ( February 17 , 2006 ) . `` Take This Job and Love It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Alli , Miss . `` The Client '' . Television Without Pity . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2008 . Retrieved July 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Justin Spitzer and Brent Forrester ( writers ) , Randall Einhorn ( director ) ( April 26 , 2007 ) . `` Product Recall '' . The Office . Season 3 . Episode 21 . NBC . Jump up ^ B.J. Novak ( writers ) , Tucker Gates ( director ) ( February 17 , 2011 ) . `` Threat Level Midnight '' . The Office . Season 7 . Episode 17 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` The Office -- Seasons -- Season 2 -- Episode Guide '' . NBC . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nov. 15 , 2005 Press Release ( '' The Client `` ) '' ( Press release ) . NBC . February 27 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2008 . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` June 6 , 2006 Press Release ( '' The Fire , '' `` Halloween , '' `` The Client , '' `` Performance Review '' ) '' ( Press release ) . NBC . February 27 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2008 . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sciannamea , Michael ( November 9 , 2005 ) . `` The Office : `` The Client '' `` . TV Squad . Retrieved July 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Lindsey ( October 17 , 2007 ) The 25 Greatest Moments from The Office Rolling Stone , Retrieved June 16 , 2008 . Archived from the original on 20 October 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Erik ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Client ' / ' Performance Review ' '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) `` The Client '' at NBC.com `` The Client '' on IMDb `` The Client '' at TV.com hide The Office ( U.S. ) episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Diversity Day '' `` Health Care '' `` The Alliance '' `` Basketball '' `` Hot Girl '' Season 2 `` The Dundies '' `` Sexual Harassment '' `` Office Olympics '' `` The Fire '' `` Halloween '' `` The Fight '' `` The Client '' `` Performance Review '' `` Email Surveillance '' `` Christmas Party '' `` Booze Cruise '' `` The Injury '' `` The Secret '' `` The Carpet '' `` Boys and Girls '' `` Valentine 's Day '' `` Dwight 's Speech '' `` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' `` Michael 's Birthday '' `` Drug Testing '' `` Conflict Resolution '' `` Casino Night '' Season 3 `` Gay Witch Hunt '' `` The Convention '' `` The Coup '' `` Grief Counseling '' `` Initiation '' `` Diwali '' `` Branch Closing '' `` The Merger '' `` The Convict '' `` A Benihana Christmas '' `` Back from Vacation '' `` Traveling Salesmen '' `` The Return '' `` Ben Franklin '' `` Phyllis ' Wedding '' `` Business School '' `` Cocktails '' `` The Negotiation '' `` Safety Training '' `` Product Recall '' `` Women 's Appreciation '' `` Beach Games '' `` The Job '' Season 4 `` Fun Run '' `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' `` Launch Party '' `` Money '' `` Local Ad '' `` Branch Wars '' `` Survivor Man '' `` The Deposition '' `` Dinner Party '' `` Chair Model '' `` Night Out '' `` Did I Stutter ? '' `` Job Fair '' `` Goodbye , Toby '' Season 5 `` Weight Loss '' `` Business Ethics '' `` Baby Shower '' `` Crime Aid '' `` Employee Transfer '' `` Customer Survey '' `` Business Trip '' `` Frame Toby '' `` The Surplus '' `` Moroccan Christmas '' `` The Duel '' `` Prince Family Paper '' `` Stress Relief '' `` Lecture Circuit '' `` Blood Drive '' `` Golden Ticket '' `` New Boss '' `` Two Weeks '' `` Dream Team '' `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' `` Heavy Competition '' `` Broke '' `` Casual Friday '' `` Cafe Disco '' `` Company Picnic '' Season 6 `` Gossip '' `` The Meeting '' `` The Promotion '' `` Niagara '' `` Mafia '' `` The Lover '' `` Koi Pond '' `` Double Date '' `` Murder '' `` Shareholder Meeting '' `` Scott 's Tots '' `` Secret Santa '' `` The Banker '' `` Sabre '' `` The Manager and the Salesman '' `` The Delivery '' `` St. Patrick 's Day '' `` New Leads '' `` Happy Hour '' `` Secretary 's Day '' `` Body Language '' `` The Cover - Up '' `` The Chump '' `` Whistleblower '' Season 7 `` Nepotism '' `` Counseling '' `` Andy 's Play '' `` Sex Ed '' `` The Sting `` Costume Contest '' `` Christening '' `` Viewing Party '' `` WUPHF.com '' `` China '' `` Classy Christmas '' `` Ultimatum '' `` The Seminar '' `` The Search '' `` PDA '' `` Threat Level Midnight '' `` Todd Packer '' `` Garage Sale '' `` Training Day '' `` Michael 's Last Dundies '' `` Goodbye , Michael '' `` The Inner Circle '' `` Dwight K. Schrute , ( Acting ) Manager '' `` Search Committee '' Season 8 `` The List '' `` The Incentive '' `` Lotto '' `` Garden Party '' `` Spooked '' `` Doomsday '' `` Pam 's Replacement '' `` Gettysburg '' `` Mrs. California '' `` Christmas Wishes '' `` Trivia '' `` Pool Party '' `` Jury Duty '' `` Special Project '' `` Tallahassee '' `` After Hours '' `` Test the Store '' `` Last Day in Florida '' `` Get the Girl '' `` Welcome Party '' `` Angry Andy '' `` Fundraiser '' `` Turf War '' `` Free Family Portrait Studio '' Season 9 `` New Guys '' `` Roy 's Wedding '' `` Andy 's Ancestry '' `` Work Bus '' `` Here Comes Treble '' `` The Boat '' `` The Whale '' `` The Target '' `` Dwight Christmas '' `` Lice '' `` Suit Warehouse '' `` Customer Loyalty '' `` Junior Salesman '' `` Vandalism '' `` Couples Discount '' `` Moving On '' `` The Farm '' `` Promos '' `` Stairmageddon '' `` Paper Airplane '' `` Livin ' the Dream '' `` A.A.R.M. '' `` Finale '' Webisodes The Accountants Kevin 's Loan The Outburst Blackmail Subtle Sexuality The Mentor The 3rd Floor The Podcast The Girl Next Door Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Client_(The_Office)&oldid=841429270 '' Categories : The Office ( U.S. season 2 ) episodes 2005 American television episodes Hidden categories : Tv.com template using numeric id Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 19 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Client%20%28The%20Office%29

what is on the floor of the colosseum

The arena itself was 83 meters by 48 meters ( 272 ft by 157 ft / 280 by 163 Roman feet ) . It comprised a wooden floor covered by sand ( the Latin word for sand is harena or arena ) , covering an elaborate underground structure called the hypogeum ( literally meaning `` underground '' ) . The hypogeum was not part of the original construction but was ordered to be built by Emperor Domitian . Little now remains of the original arena floor , but the hypogeum is still clearly visible . It consisted of a two - level subterranean network of tunnels and cages beneath the arena where gladiators and animals were held before contests began . Eighty vertical shafts provided instant access to the arena for caged animals and scenery pieces concealed underneath ; larger hinged platforms , called hegmata , provided access for elephants and the like . It was restructured on numerous occasions ; at least twelve different phases of construction can be seen .

sand

Colosseum

colosseum

The Colosseum or Coliseum ( / kɒləˈsiːəm / kol - ə - SEE - əm ) , also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre ( Latin : Amphitheatrum Flavium ; Italian : Anfiteatro Flavio ( aŋfiteˈaːtro ˈflaːvjo ) or Colosseo ( kolosˈsɛːo ) ) , is an oval amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome , Italy . Built of concrete and sand , it is the largest amphitheatre ever built . The Colosseum is situated just east of the Roman Forum . Construction began under the emperor Vespasian in AD 72 , and was completed in AD 80 under his successor and heir Titus . Further modifications were made during the reign of Domitian ( 81 -- 96 ) . These three emperors are known as the Flavian dynasty , and the amphitheatre was named in Latin for its association with their family name ( Flavius ) .

The Colosseum could hold , it is estimated , between 50,000 and 80,000 spectators , having an average audience of some 65,000 ; it was used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles such as mock sea battles ( for only a short time as the hypogeum was soon filled in with mechanisms to support the other activities ) , animal hunts , executions , re-enactments of famous battles , and dramas based on Classical mythology . The building ceased to be used for entertainment in the early medieval era . It was later reused for such purposes as housing , workshops , quarters for a religious order , a fortress , a quarry , and a Christian shrine . Although partially ruined because of damage caused by earthquakes and stone - robbers , the Colosseum is still an iconic symbol of Imperial Rome . It is one of Rome 's most popular tourist attractions and also has links to the Roman Catholic Church , as each Good Friday the Pope leads a torchlit `` Way of the Cross '' procession that starts in the area around the Colosseum . The Colosseum is also depicted on the Italian version of the five - cent euro coin . The Colosseum The Colosseum 's original Latin name was Amphitheatrum Flavium , often anglicized as Flavian Amphitheatre . The building was constructed by emperors of the Flavian dynasty , following the reign of Nero . This name is still used in modern English , but generally the structure is better known as the Colosseum . In antiquity , Romans may have referred to the Colosseum by the unofficial name Amphitheatrum Caesareum ( with Caesareum an adjective pertaining to the title Caesar ) , but this name may have been strictly poetic as it was not exclusive to the Colosseum ; Vespasian and Titus , builders of the Colosseum , also constructed an amphitheater of the same name in Puteoli ( modern Pozzuoli ) . The name Colosseum has long been believed to be derived from a colossal statue of Nero nearby ( the statue of Nero was named after the Colossus of Rhodes ) . This statue was later remodeled by Nero 's successors into the likeness of Helios ( Sol ) or Apollo , the sun god , by adding the appropriate solar crown . Nero 's head was also replaced several times with the heads of succeeding emperors . Despite its pagan links , the statue remained standing well into the medieval era and was credited with magical powers . It came to be seen as an iconic symbol of the permanence of Rome . In the 8th century , a famous epigram attributed to the Venerable Bede celebrated the symbolic significance of the statue in a prophecy that is variously quoted : Quamdiu stat Colisæus , stat et Roma ; quando cadet colisæus , cadet et Roma ; quando cadet Roma , cadet et mundus ( `` as long as the Colossus stands , so shall Rome ; when the Colossus falls , Rome shall fall ; when Rome falls , so falls the world '' ) . This is often mistranslated to refer to the Colosseum rather than the Colossus ( as in , for instance , Byron 's poem Childe Harold 's Pilgrimage ) . However , at the time that the Pseudo-Bede wrote , the masculine noun coliseus was applied to the statue rather than to what was still known as the Flavian amphitheatre . The Colossus did eventually fall , possibly being pulled down to reuse its bronze . By the year 1000 the name `` Colosseum '' had been coined to refer to the amphitheatre . The statue itself was largely forgotten and only its base survives , situated between the Colosseum and the nearby Temple of Venus and Roma . The name further evolved to Coliseum during the Middle Ages . In Italy , the amphitheatre is still known as il Colosseo , and other Romance languages have come to use similar forms such as Coloseumul ( Romanian ) , le Colisée ( French ) , el Coliseo ( Spanish ) and o Coliseu ( Portuguese ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Construction , inauguration , and Roman renovations 1.2 Medieval 1.3 Modern 2 Physical description 2.1 Exterior 2.2 Interior seating 2.3 Arena and hypogeum 2.4 Supporting buildings 3 Use 3.1 Today 3.1. 1 Restoration 4 Significance in Christianity 5 Flora 6 Works modeled on , or inspired by , the Colosseum 7 Popular culture references 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Notes 9.2 Bibliography 10 External links History Construction , inauguration , and Roman renovations Colosseum Sestertius of Titus celebrating the inauguration of the Colosseum ( minted 80 AD ) . A map of central Rome during the Roman Empire , with the Colosseum at the upper right corner The site chosen was a flat area on the floor of a low valley between the Caelian , Esquiline and Palatine Hills , through which a canalised stream ran . By the 2nd century BC the area was densely inhabited . It was devastated by the Great Fire of Rome in AD 64 , following which Nero seized much of the area to add to his personal domain . He built the grandiose Domus Aurea on the site , in front of which he created an artificial lake surrounded by pavilions , gardens and porticoes . The existing Aqua Claudia aqueduct was extended to supply water to the area and the gigantic bronze Colossus of Nero was set up nearby at the entrance to the Domus Aurea . Cross-section from the Lexikon der gesamten Technik ( 1904 ) Although the Colossus was preserved , much of the Domus Aurea was torn down . The lake was filled in and the land reused as the location for the new Flavian Amphitheatre . Gladiatorial schools and other support buildings were constructed nearby within the former grounds of the Domus Aurea . Vespasian 's decision to build the Colosseum on the site of Nero 's lake can be seen as a populist gesture of returning to the people an area of the city which Nero had appropriated for his own use . In contrast to many other amphitheatres , which were located on the outskirts of a city , the Colosseum was constructed in the city centre ; in effect , placing it both symbolically and precisely at the heart of Rome . Construction was funded by the opulent spoils taken from the Jewish Temple after the Great Jewish Revolt in 70 AD led to the Siege of Jerusalem . According to a reconstructed inscription found on the site , `` the emperor Vespasian ordered this new amphitheatre to be erected from his general 's share of the booty . '' Along with the spoils , estimated 100,000 Jewish prisoners were brought back to Rome after the war , and many contributed to the massive workforce needed for construction . The slaves undertook manual labor such as working in the quarries at Tivoli where the travertine was quarried , along with lifting and transporting the quarried stones 20 miles from Tivoli to Rome . Along with this free source of unskilled labor , teams of professional Roman builders , engineers , artists , painters and decorators undertook the more specialized tasks necessary for building the Colosseum . Construction of the Colosseum began under the rule of Vespasian in around 70 -- 72 AD ( 73 - 75 AD according to some sources ) The Colosseum had been completed up to the third story by the time of Vespasian 's death in 79 . The top level was finished by his son , Titus , in 80 , and the inaugural games were held in A.D. 80 or 81 . Dio Cassius recounts that over 9,000 wild animals were killed during the inaugural games of the amphitheatre . Commemorative coinage was issued celebrating the inauguration . The building was remodelled further under Vespasian 's younger son , the newly designated Emperor Domitian , who constructed the hypogeum , a series of underground tunnels used to house animals and slaves . He also added a gallery to the top of the Colosseum to increase its seating capacity . In 217 , the Colosseum was badly damaged by a major fire ( caused by lightning , according to Dio Cassius ) which destroyed the wooden upper levels of the amphitheatre 's interior . It was not fully repaired until about 240 and underwent further repairs in 250 or 252 and again in 320 . Gladiatorial fights are last mentioned around 435 . An inscription records the restoration of various parts of the Colosseum under Theodosius II and Valentinian III ( reigned 425 -- 455 ) , possibly to repair damage caused by a major earthquake in 443 ; more work followed in 484 and 508 . The arena continued to be used for contests well into the 6th century . Animal hunts continued until at least 523 , when Anicius Maximus celebrated his consulship with some venationes , criticised by King Theodoric the Great for their high cost . Medieval Map of medieval Rome depicting the Colosseum The Colosseum underwent several radical changes of use during the medieval period . By the late 6th century a small chapel had been built into the structure of the amphitheater , though this apparently did not confer any particular religious significance on the building as a whole . The arena was converted into a cemetery . The numerous vaulted spaces in the arcades under the seating were converted into housing and workshops , and are recorded as still being rented out as late as the 12th century . Around 1200 the Frangipani family took over the Colosseum and fortified it , apparently using it as a castle . Severe damage was inflicted on the Colosseum by the great earthquake in 1349 , causing the outer south side , lying on a less stable alluvial terrain , to collapse . Much of the tumbled stone was reused to build palaces , churches , hospitals and other buildings elsewhere in Rome . A religious order moved into the northern third of the Colosseum in the mid-14th century and continued to inhabit it until as late as the early 19th century . The interior of the amphitheater was extensively stripped of stone , which was reused elsewhere , or ( in the case of the marble façade ) was burned to make quicklime . The bronze clamps which held the stonework together were pried or hacked out of the walls , leaving numerous pockmarks which still scar the building today . Modern The Colosseum in a 1757 engraving by Giovanni Battista Piranesi 1747 view by Giovanni Paolo Panini , emphasizing the semi-rural environs of the Colosseum at the time During the 16th and 17th century , Church officials sought a productive role for the Colosseum . Pope Sixtus V ( 1585 -- 1590 ) planned to turn the building into a wool factory to provide employment for Rome 's prostitutes , though this proposal fell through with his premature death . In 1671 Cardinal Altieri authorized its use for bullfights ; a public outcry caused the idea to be hastily abandoned . Allied troops consult a guidebook outside the Colosseum after liberation in 1944 In 1749 , Pope Benedict XIV endorsed the view that the Colosseum was a sacred site where early Christians had been martyred . He forbade the use of the Colosseum as a quarry and consecrated the building to the Passion of Christ and installed Stations of the Cross , declaring it sanctified by the blood of the Christian martyrs who perished there ( see Significance in Christianity ) . However , there is no historical evidence to support Benedict 's claim , nor is there even any evidence that anyone before the 16th century suggested this might be the case ; the Catholic Encyclopedia concludes that there are no historical grounds for the supposition , other than the reasonably plausible conjecture that some of the many martyrs may well have been . Interior of the Colosseum , Rome ( 1832 ) by Thomas Cole , showing the Stations of the Cross around the arena and the extensive vegetation Later popes initiated various stabilization and restoration projects , removing the extensive vegetation which had overgrown the structure and threatened to damage it further . The façade was reinforced with triangular brick wedges in 1807 and 1827 , and the interior was repaired in 1831 , 1846 and in the 1930s . The arena substructure was partly excavated in 1810 -- 1814 and 1874 and was fully exposed under Benito Mussolini in the 1930s . The Colosseum is today one of Rome 's most popular tourist attractions , receiving millions of visitors annually . The effects of pollution and general deterioration over time prompted a major restoration programme carried out between 1993 and 2000 , at a cost of 40 billion Italian lire ( $19.3 m / € 20.6 m at 2000 prices ) . In recent years the Colosseum has become a symbol of the international campaign against capital punishment , which was abolished in Italy in 1948 . Several anti -- death penalty demonstrations took place in front of the Colosseum in 2000 . Since that time , as a gesture against the death penalty , the local authorities of Rome change the color of the Colosseum 's night time illumination from white to gold whenever a person condemned to the death penalty anywhere in the world gets their sentence commuted or is released , or if a jurisdiction abolishes the death penalty . Most recently , the Colosseum was illuminated in gold in November 2012 following the abolishment of capital punishment in the American state of Connecticut in April 2012 . Because of the ruined state of the interior , it is impractical to use the Colosseum to host large events ; only a few hundred spectators can be accommodated in temporary seating . However , much larger concerts have been held just outside , using the Colosseum as a backdrop . Performers who have played at the Colosseum in recent years have included Ray Charles ( May 2002 ) , Paul McCartney ( May 2003 ) , Elton John ( September 2005 ) , and Billy Joel ( July 2006 ) . The Colosseum today as a background to the busy metropolis Physical description Exterior Original façade of the Colosseum Unlike earlier Greek theatres that were built into hillsides , the Colosseum is an entirely free - standing structure . It derives its basic exterior and interior architecture from that of two Roman theatres back to back . It is elliptical in plan and is 189 meters ( 615 ft / 640 Roman feet ) long , and 156 meters ( 510 ft / 528 Roman feet ) wide , with a base area of 24,000 square metres ( 6 acres ) . The height of the outer wall is 48 meters ( 157 ft / 165 Roman feet ) . The perimeter originally measured 545 meters ( 1,788 ft / 1,835 Roman feet ) . The central arena is an oval 87 m ( 287 ft ) long and 55 m ( 180 ft ) wide , surrounded by a wall 5 m ( 15 ft ) high , above which rose tiers of seating . The outer wall is estimated to have required over 100,000 cubic metres ( 3,531,467 cubic feet ) of travertine stone which were set without mortar ; they were held together by 300 tons of iron clamps . However , it has suffered extensive damage over the centuries , with large segments having collapsed following earthquakes . The north side of the perimeter wall is still standing ; the distinctive triangular brick wedges at each end are modern additions , having been constructed in the early 19th century to shore up the wall . The remainder of the present - day exterior of the Colosseum is in fact the original interior wall . The exterior of the Colosseum , showing the partially intact outer wall ( left ) and the mostly intact inner wall ( center and right ) The surviving part of the outer wall 's monumental façade comprises three stories of superimposed arcades surmounted by a podium on which stands a tall attic , both of which are pierced by windows interspersed at regular intervals . The arcades are framed by half - columns of the Doric , Ionic , and Corinthian orders , while the attic is decorated with Corinthian pilasters . Each of the arches in the second - and third - floor arcades framed statues , probably honoring divinities and other figures from Classical mythology . Two hundred and forty mast corbels were positioned around the top of the attic . They originally supported a retractable awning , known as the velarium , that kept the sun and rain off spectators . This consisted of a canvas - covered , net - like structure made of ropes , with a hole in the center . It covered two - thirds of the arena , and sloped down towards the center to catch the wind and provide a breeze for the audience . Sailors , specially enlisted from the Roman naval headquarters at Misenum and housed in the nearby Castra Misenatium , were used to work the velarium . Entrance LII of the Colosseum , with Roman numerals still visible The Colosseum 's huge crowd capacity made it essential that the venue could be filled or evacuated quickly . Its architects adopted solutions very similar to those used in modern stadiums to deal with the same problem . The amphitheatre was ringed by eighty entrances at ground level , 76 of which were used by ordinary spectators . Each entrance and exit was numbered , as was each staircase . The northern main entrance was reserved for the Roman Emperor and his aides , whilst the other three axial entrances were most likely used by the elite . All four axial entrances were richly decorated with painted stucco reliefs , of which fragments survive . Many of the original outer entrances have disappeared with the collapse of the perimeter wall , but entrances XXIII ( 23 ) to LIV ( 54 ) survive . Spectators were given tickets in the form of numbered pottery shards , which directed them to the appropriate section and row . They accessed their seats via vomitoria ( singular vomitorium ) , passageways that opened into a tier of seats from below or behind . These quickly dispersed people into their seats and , upon conclusion of the event or in an emergency evacuation , could permit their exit within only a few minutes . The name vomitoria derived from the Latin word for a rapid discharge , from which English derives the word vomit . Interior seating The raked areas that once held seating According to the Codex - Calendar of 354 , the Colosseum could accommodate 87,000 people , although modern estimates put the figure at around 50,000 . They were seated in a tiered arrangement that reflected the rigidly stratified nature of Roman society . Special boxes were provided at the north and south ends respectively for the Emperor and the Vestal Virgins , providing the best views of the arena . Flanking them at the same level was a broad platform or podium for the senatorial class , who were allowed to bring their own chairs . The names of some 5th century senators can still be seen carved into the stonework , presumably reserving areas for their use . Diagram of the levels of seating The tier above the senators , known as the maenianum primum , was occupied by the non-senatorial noble class or knights ( equites ) . The next level up , the maenianum secundum , was originally reserved for ordinary Roman citizens ( plebeians ) and was divided into two sections . The lower part ( the immum ) was for wealthy citizens , while the upper part ( the summum ) was for poor citizens . Specific sectors were provided for other social groups : for instance , boys with their tutors , soldiers on leave , foreign dignitaries , scribes , heralds , priests and so on . Stone ( and later marble ) seating was provided for the citizens and nobles , who presumably would have brought their own cushions with them . Inscriptions identified the areas reserved for specific groups . Another level , the maenianum secundum in legneis , was added at the very top of the building during the reign of Domitian . This comprised a gallery for the common poor , slaves and women . It would have been either standing room only , or would have had very steep wooden benches . Some groups were banned altogether from the Colosseum , notably gravediggers , actors and former gladiators . Each tier was divided into sections ( maeniana ) by curved passages and low walls ( praecinctiones or baltei ) , and were subdivided into cunei , or wedges , by the steps and aisles from the vomitoria . Each row ( gradus ) of seats was numbered , permitting each individual seat to be exactly designated by its gradus , cuneus , and number . Arena and hypogeum The Colosseum arena , showing the hypogeum now filled with walls . The walls were added early in the Colosseum 's existence when it was decided it would no longer be flooded and used for naval battles . Latin inscription in the Colosseum The arena itself was 83 meters by 48 meters ( 272 ft by 157 ft / 280 by 163 Roman feet ) . It comprised a wooden floor covered by sand ( the Latin word for sand is harena or arena ) , covering an elaborate underground structure called the hypogeum ( literally meaning `` underground '' ) . The hypogeum was not part of the original construction but was ordered to be built by Emperor Domitian . Little now remains of the original arena floor , but the hypogeum is still clearly visible . It consisted of a two - level subterranean network of tunnels and cages beneath the arena where gladiators and animals were held before contests began . Eighty vertical shafts provided instant access to the arena for caged animals and scenery pieces concealed underneath ; larger hinged platforms , called hegmata , provided access for elephants and the like . It was restructured on numerous occasions ; at least twelve different phases of construction can be seen . Detail of the hypogeum The hypogeum was connected by underground tunnels to a number of points outside the Colosseum . Animals and performers were brought through the tunnel from nearby stables , with the gladiators ' barracks at the Ludus Magnus to the east also being connected by tunnels . Separate tunnels were provided for the Emperor and the Vestal Virgins to permit them to enter and exit the Colosseum without needing to pass through the crowds . Substantial quantities of machinery also existed in the hypogeum . Elevators and pulleys raised and lowered scenery and props , as well as lifting caged animals to the surface for release . There is evidence for the existence of major hydraulic mechanisms and according to ancient accounts , it was possible to flood the arena rapidly , presumably via a connection to a nearby aqueduct . However , the construction of the hypogeum at Domitian 's behest put an end to the practise of flooding , and thus also to naval battles , early in the Colosseum 's existence . Supporting buildings The Colosseum -- a view from the Oppian Hill The Colosseum and its activities supported a substantial industry in the area . In addition to the amphitheatre itself , many other buildings nearby were linked to the games . Immediately to the east is the remains of the Ludus Magnus , a training school for gladiators . This was connected to the Colosseum by an underground passage , to allow easy access for the gladiators . The Ludus Magnus had its own miniature training arena , which was itself a popular attraction for Roman spectators . Other training schools were in the same area , including the Ludus Matutinus ( Morning School ) , where fighters of animals were trained , plus the Dacian and Gallic Schools . Also nearby were the Armamentarium , comprising an armory to store weapons ; the Summum Choragium , where machinery was stored ; the Sanitarium , which had facilities to treat wounded gladiators ; and the Spoliarium , where bodies of dead gladiators were stripped of their armor and disposed of . Around the perimeter of the Colosseum , at a distance of 18 m ( 59 ft ) from the perimeter , was a series of tall stone posts , with five remaining on the eastern side . Various explanations have been advanced for their presence ; they may have been a religious boundary , or an outer boundary for ticket checks , or an anchor for the velarium or awning . Right next to the Colosseum is also the Arch of Constantine . Use Pollice Verso ( Thumbs Down ) by Jean - Léon Gérôme , 1872 The Colosseum was used to host gladiatorial shows as well as a variety of other events . The shows , called munera , were always given by private individuals rather than the state . They had a strong religious element but were also demonstrations of power and family prestige , and were immensely popular with the population . Another popular type of show was the animal hunt , or venatio . This utilized a great variety of wild beasts , mainly imported from Africa and the Middle East , and included creatures such as rhinoceros , hippopotamuses , elephants , giraffes , aurochs , wisents , Barbary lions , panthers , leopards , bears , Caspian tigers , crocodiles and ostriches . Battles and hunts were often staged amid elaborate sets with movable trees and buildings . Such events were occasionally on a huge scale ; Trajan is said to have celebrated his victories in Dacia in 107 with contests involving 11,000 animals and 10,000 gladiators over the course of 123 days . During lunch intervals , executions ad bestias would be staged . Those condemned to death would be sent into the arena , naked and unarmed , to face the beasts of death which would literally tear them to pieces . Other performances would also take place by acrobats and magicians , typically during the intervals . During the early days of the Colosseum , ancient writers recorded that the building was used for naumachiae ( more properly known as navalia proelia ) or simulated sea battles . Accounts of the inaugural games held by Titus in AD 80 describe it being filled with water for a display of specially trained swimming horses and bulls . There is also an account of a re-enactment of a famous sea battle between the Corcyrean ( Corfiot ) Greeks and the Corinthians . This has been the subject of some debate among historians ; although providing the water would not have been a problem , it is unclear how the arena could have been waterproofed , nor would there have been enough space in the arena for the warships to move around . It has been suggested that the reports either have the location wrong , or that the Colosseum originally featured a wide floodable channel down its central axis ( which would later have been replaced by the hypogeum ) . Sylvae or recreations of natural scenes were also held in the arena . Painters , technicians and architects would construct a simulation of a forest with real trees and bushes planted in the arena 's floor , and animals would then be introduced . Such scenes might be used simply to display a natural environment for the urban population , or could otherwise be used as the backdrop for hunts or dramas depicting episodes from mythology . They were also occasionally used for executions in which the hero of the story -- played by a condemned person -- was killed in one of various gruesome but mythologically authentic ways , such as being mauled by beasts or burned to death . Today A panorama of the interior of the Colosseum in 2016 The Colosseum today is now a major tourist attraction in Rome with thousands of tourists each year paying to view the interior arena , though entrance for citizens of the European Union ( EU ) is partially subsidised , and entrance is free for EU citizens under eighteen or over sixty - five years of age . There is now a museum dedicated to Eros located in the upper floor of the outer wall of the building . Part of the arena floor has been re-floored . Beneath the Colosseum , a network of subterranean passageways once used to transport wild animals and gladiators to the arena opened to the public in summer 2010 . The Colosseum is also the site of Roman Catholic ceremonies in the 20th and 21st centuries . For instance , Pope Benedict XVI led the Stations of the Cross called the Scriptural Way of the Cross ( which calls for more meditation ) at the Colosseum on Good Fridays . Restoration In 2011 Diego Della Valle , head of the shoe firm Tod 's , entered into an agreement with local officials to sponsor a € 25 million restoration of the Colosseum . Work was planned to begin at the end of 2011 , taking up to two and a half years . Due to the controversial nature of using a public -- private partnership to fund the restoration , work was delayed and began in 2013 . As of 2014 the restoration is estimated to be complete by 2016 . The restoration is the first full cleaning and repair in the Colosseum 's history . The first stage is to clean and restore the Colosseum 's arcaded façade and replace the metal enclosures that block the ground - level arches . The project plans to create a services center and to restore the galleries and underground spaces inside the Colosseum , including recreating the wooden floor that once covered the underground spaces . Colosseum 2013 Colosseum 2013 Colosseum 2012 Colosseum 2013 Colosseum 2013 Colosseum 2013 Colosseum 2013 Colosseum 2014 Significance in Christianity The Christian Martyrs ' Last Prayer , by Jean - Léon Gérôme ( 1883 ) View of the interior of the Colosseum , by C.W. Eckersberg ( 1815 ) The Colosseum is generally regarded by Christians as a site of the martyrdom of large numbers of believers during the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire , as evidenced by Church history and tradition . On the other hand , other scholars believe that the majority of martyrdoms may have occurred at other venues within the city of Rome , rather than at the Colosseum , citing a lack of still - intact physical evidence or historical records . These scholars assert that `` some Christians were executed as common criminals in the Colosseum -- their crime being refusal to reverence the Roman gods '' , but most Christian martyrs of the early Church were executed for their faith at the Circus Maximus . According to Irenæus ( died about 202 ) , Ignatius of Antioch was fed to the lions in Rome around 107 A.D and although Irenaeus says nothing about this happening at the Colosseum , tradition ascribes it to that place . In the Middle Ages , the Colosseum was not regarded as a monument , and was used as what some modern sources label a `` quarry , '' which is to say that stones from the Colosseum were taken for the building of other sacred sites . This fact is used to support the idea that , at a time when sites associated with martyrs were highly venerated the Colosseum was not being treated as a sacred site . It was not included in the itineraries compiled for the use of pilgrims nor in works such as the 12th century Mirabilia Urbis Romae ( `` Marvels of the City of Rome '' ) , which claims the Circus Flaminius -- but not the Colosseum -- as the site of martyrdoms . Part of the structure was inhabited by a Christian religious order , but it is not known whether this was for any particular religious reason . Pope Pius V ( 1566 -- 1572 ) is said to have recommended that pilgrims gather sand from the arena of the Colosseum to serve as a relic , on the grounds that it was impregnated with the blood of martyrs , although some of his contemporaries did not share his conviction . A century later Fioravante Martinelli listed the Colosseum at the head of a list of places sacred to the martyrs in his 1653 book Roma ex ethnica sacra . Martinelli 's book evidently had an effect on public opinion ; in response to Cardinal Altieri 's proposal some years later to turn the Colosseum into a bullring , Carlo Tomassi published a pamphlet in protest against what he regarded as an act of desecration . The ensuing controversy persuaded Pope Clement X to close the Colosseum 's external arcades and declare it a sanctuary . Cross dedicated to the Christian martyrs , placed in 2000 by Pope John Paul II . At the insistence of St. Leonard of Port Maurice , Pope Benedict XIV ( 1740 -- 1758 ) forbade the quarrying of the Colosseum and erected Stations of the Cross around the arena , which remained until February 1874 . Benedict Joseph Labre spent the later years of his life within the walls of the Colosseum , living on alms , before he died in 1783 . Several 19th century popes funded repair and restoration work on the Colosseum , and it still retains its Christian connection today . A Christian cross stands in the Colosseum , with a plaque , stating : The amphitheater , one consecrated to triumphs , entertainments , and the impious worship of pagan gods , is now dedicated to the sufferings of the martyrs purified from impious superstitions . Other Christian crosses stand in several points around the arena and every Good Friday the Pope leads a Via Crucis procession to the amphitheater . Flora Plants on the inner walls of the Colosseum The Colosseum has a wide and well - documented history of flora ever since Domenico Panaroli made the first catalogue of its plants in 1643 . Since then , 684 species have been identified there . The peak was in 1855 ( 420 species ) . Attempts were made in 1871 to eradicate the vegetation , because of concerns over the damage that was being caused to the masonry , but much of it has returned . 242 species have been counted today and of the species first identified by Panaroli , 200 remain . The variation of plants can be explained by the change of climate in Rome through the centuries . Additionally , bird migration , flower blooming , and the growth of Rome that caused the Colosseum to become embedded within the modern city centre rather than on the outskirts of the ancient city , as well as deliberate transport of species , are also contributing causes . One other romantic reason often given is their seeds being unwittingly transported on the animals brought there from all corners of the empire . Works modeled on , or inspired by , the Colosseum The Kongresshalle , or `` Congress Hall '' , ( 1935 , unfinished ) at the Nazi Party Rally grounds , Nuremberg , Germany The Summer Olympic Games medal from 1928 to 2000 , designed by Giuseppe Cassioli , features a depiction of the Colosseum . At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens the Colosseum was replaced by a depiction of the Panathinaiko Stadium The exterior of the Vancouver Public Library in British Columbia resembles the current state of the Colosseum . It was designed by Moshe Safdie . The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum entrance was inspired by the Colosseum . The Palazzo della Civilta Italiana was very closely modelled on the Colosseum . It was built for Mussolini for the Universal Exhibition of 1942 but the exhibition never happened due to the outbreak of World War II . The architects were Giovanni Guerrini , Ernesto Bruno La Padula , and Mario Romano . This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Popular culture references The iconic status of the Colosseum has led it to be featured in numerous films and other items of popular culture : In the 1953 film Roman Holiday , the Colosseum famously serves as the backdrop for several scenes . In the 1954 film Demetrius and the Gladiators , the Emperor Caligula anachronistically sentences the Christian Demetrius to fight in the Colosseum . The conclusion of the 1957 film 20 Million Miles to Earth takes place at the Colosseum . The Bob Dylan song `` When I Paint My Masterpiece , '' first recorded in 1971 by The Band and later appearing on the album Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Vol. II , mentions both the `` Spanish Stairs '' ( the Spanish Steps ) and the Colosseum . In the 1972 film Way of the Dragon , Bruce Lee fought Chuck Norris in the Colosseum . In Ridley Scott 's 2000 film Gladiator , the Colosseum was re-created via computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) to `` restore '' it to the glory of its heyday in the 2nd century . The depiction of the building itself is generally accurate and it gives a good impression of what the underground hypogeum would have been like . In the 2001 movie Megiddo : The Omega Code 2 , the Colosseum is destroyed by a meteor . In the 2003 movie The Core , the Colosseum is destroyed by huge bolts of lightning . In the 2003 film The Lizzie McGuire Movie , Lizzie McGuire performed as Isabella Parigi for the Italian Music Awards . A scene from the 2008 film Jumper was filmed in the Colosseum . The Colosseum was featured in the 2010 video game Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood . The Colosseum is of great importance to the entire Assassin 's Creed series as a whole : first , it was an entrance site to a Lair of Romulus , second , the Lair beneath the Colosseum led directly to the Temple of Juno Moneta which housed the Apple of Eden , third , it was used in a Passion Play depicting Jesus Christ 's crucifixion where an assassination attempt was unfoiled by the protagonist Ezio Auditore da Firenze and fourth , in the 21st century , Desmond Miles freeran through the maze in the Colosseum in order to find the Temple of Juno Moneta below the Basilica of Santa Maria in Ara Coeli and the Apple kept in it by Ezio in 1506 . The Colosseum was featured as one of the locations of Vitaly 's travelling circus in the animated film Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted ( 2012 ) . The 2012 augmented reality video game Book of Spells , a companion to the Harry Potter series , features an animated tale about the accidental destruction of the Colosseum by rioting wizards in 1754 , and its magical rebuilding before the non-magical Romans woken up by the sound of the explosion arrived at the scene . In the 2013 game Ryse : Son of Rome , a fictionalized , advanced version of the Colosseum serves as the game 's co-op multiplayer environment . An apparently much more sophisticated hypogeum enables far more variety in the arena , including variable height , foliage , fortress walls , towns , siege weapons , and lakes of water and lava . See also Portals Access related topics Rome portal Architecture portal History portal References Notes Jump up ^ `` Building the Colosseum '' . roman-colosseum.info . Jump up ^ Hopkins , p. 2 Jump up ^ `` BBC 's History of the Colosseum p. 2 '' . Bbc.co.uk. 22 March 2011 . Retrieved 16 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Roth , Leland M. ( 1993 ) . Understanding Architecture : Its Elements , History and Meaning ( First ed . ) . Boulder , CO : Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 06 - 430158 - 3 . Jump up ^ William H. Byrnes IV ( Spring 2005 ) `` Ancient Roman Munificence : The Development of the Practice and Law of Charity '' . Rutgers Law Review vol. 57 , issue 3 , pp. 1043 -- 1110 . Jump up ^ `` BBC 's History of the Colosseum p. 1 '' . Bbc.co.uk. 22 March 2011 . Retrieved 16 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Eleonora ( 2012 ) . Rome day by day . Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons Inc. p. 26 . ISBN 9781118166291 . Jump up ^ Dark Tourism - Italy 's Creepiest Attractions , The Local ^ Jump up to : `` Frommer 's Events -- Event Guide : Good Friday Procession in Rome ( Palatine Hill , Italy ) '' . Frommer 's . Archived from the original on 7 January 2009 . Retrieved 8 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Logan , Willy . `` The Flavian Dynasty '' . Archived from the original on 31 May 2011 . Retrieved 25 September 2007 . Jump up ^ J.C. Edmondson ; Steve Mason ; J.B. Rives ( 2005 ) . Flavius Josephus and Flavian Rome . Oxford University Press . p. 114 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 926212 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The Colosseum -- History 1 '' . Retrieved 26 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Mairui , Amedeo . Studi e ricerche sull'Anfiteatro Flavio Puteolano . Napoli : G. Macchiaroli , 1955 . ( OCLC 2078742 ) Jump up ^ `` The Coliseum '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia . New Advent . Retrieved 2 August 2006 . ; the form quoted from the Pseudo-Bede is that printed in Migne , Pat . Lat 94 ( Paris ) , 1862 : 543 , noted in F. Schneider , Rom und Romgedanke im Mittelalter ( Munich ) 1926 : 66f , 251 , and in Roberto Weiss , The Renaissance Discovery of Classical Antiquity ( Oxford : Blackwell ) 1973 : 8 and note 5 . ^ Jump up to : Claridge , Amanda ( 1998 ) . Rome : An Oxford Archaeological Guide ( First ed . ) . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press , 1998 . pp. 276 -- 282 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 288003 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` Building the Colosseum '' . tribunesandtriumphs.org . Jump up ^ Sear , David R. ( 2000 ) . Roman Coins and Their Values - The Millennium Edition . Volume I : The Republic and The Twelve Caesars , 280BC - AD96 ( pp. 468 - 469 , coin # 2536 ) . London : Spink . ISBN 1 902040 35 X Jump up ^ ALFÖLDY , GÉZA ( 1995 ) . `` Eine Bauinschrift Aus Dem Colosseum . '' . Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. 109 : 195 -- 226 . Jump up ^ Cass . Dio lxxviii. 25 . Jump up ^ The repairs of the damages inflicted by the earthquake of 484 were paid for by the Consul Decius Marius Venantius Basilius , who put two inscriptions to celebrate his works ( CIL VI , 1716 ) . Jump up ^ `` MEDIVM AEVVM '' . The - Colosseum . The-Colosseum.Net . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . Names the order : Arciconfraternita del SS . Salvatore ad Sancta Sanctorum , aka del Gonfalone . Co-tenants : the Roman Senate and the Camera Apostolica . `` In 1519 The Confraternita built the little chapel of Santa Maria della Pietà inside the Colosseum . '' Jump up ^ `` Rome . '' Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006 . Jump up ^ The Coliseum in Catholic Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Young , Gayle ( 24 February 2000 ) . `` On Italy 's passionate opposition to death penalty '' . CNN . Retrieved 2 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` INTERNATIONAL : Roman Colosseum Lit to Mark Connecticut 's Abolition of Death Penalty '' . Death Penalty Info . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Colosseum stages peace concert , BBC News Online , 12 May 2002 . Jump up ^ McCartney rocks the Colosseum , BBC News Online , 12 May 2003 . Jump up ^ Sir Elton 's free gig thrills Rome , BBC News Online , 4 September 2005 . Jump up ^ Ian Archibald Richmond , Donald Emrys Strong , Janet DeLaine . `` Colosseum '' , The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization . Ed . Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth . Oxford University Press , 1998 . Jump up ^ Downey , Charles T. ( 9 February 2005 ) . `` The Colosseum Was a Skydome ? '' . Retrieved 2 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Samuel Ball Platner ( as completed and revised by Thomas Ashby ) , A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome . Oxford University Press , 1929 . Jump up ^ The Colosseum.net : The resourceful site on the Colosseum . Jump up ^ Squires , Nick ( 23 June 2010 ) . `` Colosseum to open gladiator passageways for first time '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . Retrieved 30 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Joseph M Champlin , The Stations of the Cross With Pope John Paul II Liguori Publications , 1994 , ISBN 0 - 89243 - 679 - 4 . Jump up ^ Vatican Description of the Stations of the Cross at the Colosseum : Pcf.va Jump up ^ `` Rome Colosseum repair to be funded by Tods shoe firm '' . BBC . 21 January 2011 . Retrieved 16 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Silvers , Eric ( 25 April 2014 ) . `` The Colosseum 's Badly Needed Bath '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 7 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Povoledo , Elisabetta . `` Colosseum Wo n't Be Restored in a Day , but Work Is Finally Scheduled to Start '' . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The-Colosseum.net : Antiquity '' . the-colosseum.net . Jump up ^ `` CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA : The Coliseum '' . newadvent.org . Jump up ^ `` Colosseum & Christian Martyrs '' . tribunesandtriumphs.org . Jump up ^ Hopkins , p. 103 Jump up ^ Brockman , Norbert C. ( 13 September 2011 ) . Encyclopedia of Sacred Places ( 2 volumes ) . ABC - CLIO . p. 108 . ISBN 9781598846553 . Public executions were held there during the empire , and it is for these last events that the Colosseum became a Christian shrine . It is disputed whether many early Christian martyrs actually died in the Colosseum , since there is no mention of that in ancient Christian records . Jump up ^ Brockman , Norbert C. ( 13 September 2011 ) . Encyclopedia of Sacred Places ( 2 volumes ) . ABC - CLIO . p. 108 . ISBN 9781598846553 . There seems little doubt that some Christians were executed as common criminals in the Colosseum - their crime being refusal to reverence the Roman gods . Most martyrs , however , died for their faith at the Circus Maximus . Some were even executed as members of what the Romans considered a Jewish sect , since both Jews and Christians refused to reverence the gods . Jump up ^ Potter , David Stone ( 1999 ) . Life , Death , and Entertainment in the Roman Empire . University of Michigan Press . p. 227 . ISBN 9780472085682 . Retrieved 30 April 2014 . The public execution of condemned offenders , including Christians , is associated above all with the amphitheater , although there were executions at various other venues . Gladiatorial games , hunting displays , and executions also took place at the Circus Maximus , even after the construction of the Colosseum ( Humphrey 1987 , 121 ) . ^ Jump up to : Litfin , Bryan M. ( 1 October 2007 ) . Getting to Know the Church Fathers : An Evangelical Introduction . Brazos Press . p. 44 . ISBN 9781441200747 . But according to Irenaeus ( who spent time in Rome not long after these events took place ) Ignatius did in fact meet his end by being torn apart by wild animals for the amusement of the Roman masses , probably in the infamous Colosseum . The crowd there that day would have viewed the spectacle as a crushing defeat of this meek man 's Christian religion . But Ignatius understood his death to be a shout of victory . Today a Christian cross stands in the Colosseum of Rome with a plaque that reads , `` The amphitheater , one consecrated to triumphs , entertainments , and the impious worship of pagan gods , is now dedicated to the sufferings of the martyrs purified from impious superstitions . '' Jump up ^ Flinn , Frank K. ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of Catholicism . Infobase Publishing . p. 359 . ISBN 9780816075652 . Retrieved 30 April 2014 . He was caught up in the general persecution of the church under the emperor Trajan ( r . 98 - 117 ) , brought to Rome , and fed to the lions in the Coliseum around 107 C.E. His feast day is October 17 . Before his execution , Ignatius wrote seven letters to the churches along his route , one each to Ephesus , Magnesia , Tralles , and Philadelphia , two to the church at Smyrna , and one to Smyrna 's bishop , Polycarp . The letters are a rich source about early theology , liturgy , and church organization . Jump up ^ Hopkins , p. 103 : `` It is likely that Christians were put to death there and that those said to have been martyred ' in Rome ' actually died in the Colosseum . But , despite what we are often told , that is only a guess . One of the possible candidates for martyrdom in the Colosseum is St. Ignatius , a bishop of Antioch ( in Syria ) at the beginning of the second century AD , who was ' condemned to the beasts ' at Rome . '' Jump up ^ Brockman , Norbert C. ( 13 September 2011 ) . Encyclopedia of Sacred Places ( 2 volumes ) . ABC - CLIO . p. 108 . ISBN 9781598846553 . The Christians who did die in the Colosseum often did so under dramatic circumstances , thus cementing the legend . The hero St. Ignatius of Antioch , a disciple of St. John the Beloved , was sent to the beasts by Trajan in 107 . Shortly after , 115 Christians were killed by archers . When Christians refused to pray to the gods for the end of a plague in the latter part of the second century , Marcus Aurelius had thousands killed in the Colosseum for blasphemy . Jump up ^ Hopkins , p. 160 : `` For most of the Middle Ages and early Renaissance the Colosseum was not so much a monument as a quarry . To describe this activity as ' robbery ' is to give the wrong impression . For the most part , there was nothing illegal or unofficial about the removal of this stone . '' Jump up ^ `` The-Colosseum.net : 1300 - 1700 '' . the-colosseum.net . Jump up ^ `` The Coliseum '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New Advent . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . In the Middle Ages , for example , when the sanctuaries of the martyrs were looked upon with so great veneration , the Coliseum was completely neglected ; its name never occurs in the itineraries , or guide - books , compiler for the use of pilgrims to the Eternal City . Jump up ^ `` The Coliseum '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New Advent . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . The `` Mirabilia Romae '' , the first manuscripts of which date from the twelfth century , cites among the places mentioned in the `` Passions '' of the martyrs the Circus Flaminius ad pontem Judaeorum , but in this sense makes no allusion to the Coliseum . Jump up ^ `` The Coliseum '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New Advent . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Pope St. Pius ( 1566 - 72 ) is said to have recommended persons desirous of obtaining relics to procure some sand from the arena of the Coliseum , which , the pope declared , was impregnated with the blood of martyrs . The opinion of the saintly pontiff , however , does not seem to have been shared by his contemporaries . Jump up ^ `` The Coliseum '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New Advent . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . The pamphlet was so completely successful that four years later , the jubilee year of 1675 , the exterior arcades were closed by order of Clement X ; from this time the Coliseum became a sanctuary . ^ Jump up to : `` The Coliseum '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New Advent . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . At the instance of St. Leonard of Port Maurice , Benedict XIV ( 1740 - 58 ) erected Stations of the Cross in the Coliseum , which remained until February , 1874 , when they were removed by order of Commendatore Rosa . St. Benedict Joseph Labre ( d . 1783 ) passed a life of austere devotion , living on alms , within the walls of the Coliseum . Bibliography Coarelli , Filippo ( 1989 ) . Guida Archeologica di Roma . Milano : Arnoldo Mondadori Editore . ISBN 88 - 04 - 11896 - 2 . Hopkins , Keith ; Beard , Mary ( 2005 ) . The Colosseum . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01895 - 8 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Colosseum . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Colosseo . Official website Virtual tour of the Colosseum A 3D model of Colosseum on Sketchfab `` Colosseum '' . The New Student 's Reference Work . 1914 . Landmarks of Rome Bridges Pons Cestius Pons Fabricius Ponte Milvio Ponte Sant'Angelo Ponte Sisto Basilicas and churches St. Peter 's Basilica Sistine Chapel Archbasilica of St. John Lateran Basilica of San Clemente al Laterano Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore Basilica of Santa Maria in Ara Coeli Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls Catacombs Church of the Gesù San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane Santa Croce in Gerusalemme Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri Santa Maria in Cosmedin Santa Maria in Trastevere Santa Prassede Santa Sabina Sant'Ivo alla Sapienza Santa Maria della Vittoria Santa Maria del Popolo San Pietro in Vincoli Roman architecture Villas Villa Farnese Villa of Livia Villa of the Quintilii Villa of the sette bassi Temples Pantheon Temple of Castor and Pollux Temple of Hercules Victor Temple of Portunus Temple of Saturn Temple of Vesta Architecture Altare della Patria Ara Pacis Aurelian Walls Baths of Caracalla Castel Sant'Angelo Circus Maximus Colosseum Column of Marcus Aurelius Comitium Imperial fora Largo di Torre Argentina Mausoleum of Augustus Obelisks Palazzo Barberini Palazzo Farnese Piazza Navona Pyramid of Cestius Roman Forum Servian Wall Spanish Steps Theatre of Marcellus Theatre of Pompey Tiber Island Torre dei Capocci Torre delle Milizie Trajan 's Column Trajan 's Market Trevi Fountain Art Apollo Belvedere Augustus of Prima Porta La Bocca della Verità Laocoön and His Sons Ecstasy of Saint Teresa Seven Hills Aventine Caelian Capitoline Esquiline Palatine Quirinal Viminal Parks and gardens Villa Ada Villa Borghese gardens Villa Doria Pamphili Villa Medici Villa Torlonia Parco degli Acquedotti Piazzas and public spaces Campo de ' Fiori Piazza Colonna Piazza d'Aracoeli Piazza del Popolo Piazza della Minerva Piazza della Repubblica Piazza Farnese Piazza Navona Piazza di Spagna Piazza Venezia Streets Appian Way Clivus Capitolinus Via del Corso Via della Conciliazione Via dei Fori Imperiali Via Sacra Via Veneto Museums Vatican Museums Galleria Borghese Doria Pamphilj Gallery Museum of Roman Civilization Capitoline Museums National Roman Museum National Museum of Oriental Art Palaces Palazzo Farnese Palazzo Colonna Palazzo Chigi Palazzo Barberini Palazzo Riario Palazzo Pamphilj Quirinal Palace Related Vatican City St. Peter 's Square Coordinates : 41 ° 53 ′ 24.61 '' N 12 ° 29 ′ 32.17 '' E  /  41.8901694 ° N 12.4922694 ° E  / 41.8901694 ; 12.4922694 VIAF : 295358893 GND : 4258895 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colosseum&oldid=800841331 '' Categories : 1st - century architecture Amphitheatres in Rome Ancient Roman architecture Building projects of the Flavian dynasty Roman archaeology Ruins in Italy National museums of Italy Round buildings Roman amphitheatres in Italy 1st - century establishments in Italy 80s establishments in the Roman Empire Rome R. XIX Celio Titus Vespasian 80 Buildings and structures completed in the 1st century World Heritage Sites in Italy World Heritage Sites in Europe World Heritage Sites Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from June 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Incomplete lists from August 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Official website not in Wikidata Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW with an wstitle parameter Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Ligure Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Dorerin Naoero Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Twi Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 00 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseum

what is the weight of fifa world cup 2018

The subsequent trophy , called the `` FIFA World Cup Trophy '' , was introduced in 1974 . Made of 18 carat gold with a malachite base , it stands 36.8 centimetres high and weighs 6.1 kilograms . The trophy was made by Stabilimento Artistico Bertoni company in Italy . It depicts two human figures holding up the Earth . The current holders of the trophy are France , winners of the 2018 World Cup .

6.1 kilograms

FIFA World Cup trophy

fifa world cup trophy

FIFA World Cup Trophy FIFA World Cup Trophy , presented since 1974 Given for Winning the FIFA World Cup Presented by FIFA History First award 1930 ( Jules Rimet Trophy ) 1974 ( FIFA World Cup Trophy ) Most recent France Website The FIFA World Cup Trophy - FIFA.com The World Cup is a gold trophy that is awarded to the winners of the FIFA World Cup association football tournament . Since the advent of the World Cup in 1930 , two trophies have been used : the Jules Rimet Trophy from 1930 to 1970 , and the FIFA World Cup Trophy from 1974 to the present day . The first trophy , originally named Victory , but later renamed in honour of FIFA president Jules Rimet , was made of gold plated sterling silver and lapis lazuli and depicted Nike , the Greek goddess of victory . Brazil won the trophy outright in 1970 , prompting the commissioning of a replacement . The original Jules Rimet Trophy was stolen in 1983 and never recovered . The subsequent trophy , called the `` FIFA World Cup Trophy '' , was introduced in 1974 . Made of 18 carat gold with a malachite base , it stands 36.8 centimetres high and weighs 6.1 kilograms . The trophy was made by Stabilimento Artistico Bertoni company in Italy . It depicts two human figures holding up the Earth . The current holders of the trophy are France , winners of the 2018 World Cup . Contents 1 Jules Rimet Trophy 2 New trophy 3 Winners 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Jules Rimet trophy ( edit ) Poster for the 1962 FIFA World Cup featuring the Jules Rimet Trophy The Jules Rimet Trophy was the original prize for winning the FIFA World Cup . Originally called `` Victory '' , but generally known simply as the World Cup or Coupe du Monde , it was renamed in 1946 to honour the FIFA President Jules Rimet who in 1929 passed a vote to initiate the competition . It was designed by French sculptor Abel Lafleur and made of gold - plated sterling silver on a white / yellow marble base . In 1954 this base was replaced with a high base made of lapis lazuli . It stood 35 centimetres ( 14 in ) high and weighed 3.8 kilograms ( 8.4 lb ) . It comprised a decagonal cup , supported by a winged figure representing Nike , the ancient Greek goddess of victory . The Jules Rimet Trophy was taken to Uruguay for the first FIFA World Cup aboard the Conte Verde , which set sail from Villefranche - sur - Mer , just southeast of Nice , on 21 June 1930 . This was the same ship that carried Jules Rimet and the footballers representing France , Romania , and Belgium who were participating in the tournament that year . The first team to be awarded the trophy was Uruguay , the winners of the 1930 World Cup . During World War II , the trophy was held by 1938 champion Italy . Ottorino Barassi , the Italian vice-president of FIFA and president of FIGC , secretly transported the trophy from a bank in Rome and hid it in a shoe - box under his bed to prevent the Nazis from taking it . The 1958 FIFA World Cup in Sweden marked the beginning of a tradition regarding the trophy . As Brazilian captain Hilderaldo Bellini heard photographers ' requests for a better view of the Jules Rimet Trophy , he lifted it up in the air . Every Cup - winning captain ever since has repeated the gesture . Queen Elizabeth II presenting the Jules Rimet trophy to 1966 World Cup winning England captain Bobby Moore On 20 March 1966 , four months before the 1966 FIFA World Cup in England , the trophy was stolen during a public exhibition at Westminster Central Hall . The trophy was found just seven days later wrapped in newspaper at the bottom of a suburban garden hedge on Beulah Hill , Upper Norwood , South London , by a black and white mongrel dog named Pickles . The Jules Rimet Trophy As a security measure , The Football Association secretly manufactured a replica of the trophy for use in exhibitions rather than the original . This replica was used on subsequent occasions up until 1970 when the original trophy had to be handed back to FIFA for the next competition . Since FIFA had explicitly denied the FA permission to create a replica , the replica also had to disappear from public view and was for many years kept under its creator 's bed . This replica was eventually sold at an auction in 1997 for £ 254,500 , when it was purchased by FIFA . The high auction price , ten times the reserve price of £ 20,000 -- £ 30,000 , was led by speculation that the auctioned trophy was not the replica trophy but the original itself . Subsequent testing by FIFA , however , confirmed the auctioned trophy was indeed a replica and FIFA soon afterwards arranged for the replica to be lent for display at the English National Football Museum , which was then based in Preston but is now in Manchester . The Brazilian team won the tournament for the third time in 1970 , allowing them to keep the real trophy in perpetuity , as had been stipulated by Jules Rimet in 1930 . It was put on display at the Brazilian Football Confederation headquarters in Rio de Janeiro in a cabinet with a front of bullet - proof glass . On 19 December 1983 , the wooden rear of the cabinet was opened by force with a crowbar and the cup was stolen again . Four men were tried and convicted in absentia for the crime . The trophy has never been recovered , and it is widely believed to have been melted down and sold . Only one piece of the Jules Rimet Trophy has been found , the original base which FIFA had kept in a basement of the federation 's Zürich headquarters prior to 2015 . The Confederation commissioned a replica of their own , made by Eastman Kodak , using 1.8 kilograms ( 4.0 lb ) of gold . This replica was presented to Brazilian military president João Figueiredo in 1984 . The trophy was the subject of a 2014 documentary `` Mysteries of the Rimet Trophy '' shown as part of ESPN 's 30 for 30 : Soccer Stories films series during the 2014 World Cup . New trophy ( edit ) Captain Philipp Lahm lifts the current World Cup trophy , presented since 1974 , for Germany in 2014 A replacement trophy was commissioned by FIFA for the 1974 World Cup . Fifty - three submissions were received from sculptors in seven countries . Italian artist Silvio Gazzaniga was awarded the commission . The trophy stands 36.5 centimetres ( 14.4 in ) tall and is made of 5 kilograms ( 11 lb ) of 18 carat ( 75 % ) gold , worth approximately US $161,000 in 2018 , with a base 13 centimetres ( 5.1 in ) in diameter containing two layers of malachite . It has been asserted by Sir Martyn Poliakoff of Periodic Videos that the trophy is hollow ; if , as is claimed , it were solid , the trophy would weigh 70 -- 80 kilograms ( 150 -- 180 lb ) and would be too heavy to lift . Produced by Bertoni , Milano in Paderno Dugnano , it weighs 6.175 kilograms ( 13.61 lb ) in total and depicts two human figures holding up the Earth . Gazzaniga described the trophy thus , `` The lines spring out from the base , rising in spirals , stretching out to receive the world . From the remarkable dynamic tensions of the compact body of the sculpture rise the figures of two athletes at the stirring moment of victory '' . U.S. Vice President Joe Biden and John Kerry with the trophy in 2014 The trophy has the engraving `` FIFA World Cup '' on its base . After the 1994 FIFA World Cup a plate was added to the bottom side of the trophy on which the names of winning countries are engraved , names therefore not visible when the trophy is standing upright . The inscriptions state the year in figures and the name of the winning nation in its national language ; for example , `` 1974 Deutschland '' or `` 1994 Brasil '' . In 2010 , however , the name of the winning nation was engraved as `` 2010 Spain '' , in English , not in Spanish . As of 2018 , twelve winners have been engraved on the base . The plate is replaced each World Cup cycle and the names of the trophy winners are rearranged into a spiral to accommodate future winners , with Spain on later occasions written in Spanish ( `` España '' ) . FIFA 's regulations now state that the trophy , unlike its predecessor , can not be won outright : the winners of the tournament receive a bronze replica which is gold - plated rather than solid gold . Germany became the first nation to win the new trophy for the third time when they won the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Winners ( edit ) Jules Rimet Trophy Brazil -- 1958 , 1962 , 1970 Uruguay -- 1930 , 1950 Italy -- 1934 , 1938 West Germany -- 1954 England -- 1966 FIFA World Cup Trophy Germany / West Germany -- 1974 , 1990 , 2014 Argentina -- 1978 , 1986 Italy -- 1982 , 2006 Brazil -- 1994 , 2002 France -- 1998 , 2018 Spain -- 2010 See also ( edit ) Book : FIFA World Cup Association football portal FIFA World Cup References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CBCSports '' . Retrieved 23 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jules Rimet Cup '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 18 March 2013 . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Burnton , Simon ( 13 May 2014 ) . `` World Cup : 25 stunning moments ... No 16 : Conte Verde 's trip to Uruguay '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Sportskeeda ( 2018 ) . `` History of World Cup '' . Sportskeeda . Retrieved 5 Feb 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Blatter mourns loss of ex-Brazil captain Bellini '' . FIFA. 21 March 2014 . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1966 : Football 's World Cup stolen '' . BBC News . 20 March 1966 . Retrieved 28 June 2010 . Jump up ^ REID , ALASTAIR ( 10 September 1966 ) . `` The World Cup '' . The New Yorker . Archived from the original on 24 February 2007 . Retrieved 2 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Dean , Jon ( 18 March 2016 ) . `` How my dog found the stolen World Cup trophy - and put me in the frame '' . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Simon Kuper ( 2006 ) . `` Solid gold mystery awaits the final whistle '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 5 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Jules Rimet Trophy Returns To Museum Display '' . National Football Museum . Retrieved 6 March 2018 Jump up ^ Mark Buckingham ( 2006 ) . `` 1970 World Cup -- Mexico '' . Sky Sports . Archived from the original on 13 October 2006 . Retrieved 2 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup mystery : what happened to the original Jules Rimet trophy ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 6 March 2018 Jump up ^ Bellos , Alex ( 2003 ) . Futebol : The Brazilian Way of Life . London : Bloomsbury . p. 342 . ISBN 0 - 7475 - 6179 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trophy as filled with history as Cup '' . CNN . Associated Press . 22 June 2002 . Archived from the original on 29 April 2011 . Retrieved 5 July 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` The FIFA World Cup Trophy '' . FIFA . Retrieved 19 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup : Piece of original Jules Rimet trophy found '' . 13 January 2015 . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Mysteries of the Rimet Trophy , ESPN Jump up ^ `` Classic Football History of the FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Periodic Videos . `` Chemistry of the World Cup Trophy '' . Retrieved 5 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Professor says World Cup trophy can not be solid gold '' . BBC News . 12 June 2010 . Retrieved 13 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Taça da Copa do Mundo chega ao Brasil ( World Cup trophy arrives in Brazil ) '' . Globo TV . 21 April 2014 . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alemanha x Argentina -- AO VIVO '' . UOL. 13 July 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Germany v Argentina : World Cup final champions not allowed to keep trophy - despite becoming three - time winners '' . The Telegraph . 6 July 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA World Cup trophy . The story of the 1966 theft The Observer FIFA Trophies ( PDF ) Official website of Silvio Gazzaniga , the sculptor of the trophy Poliakoff , Martyn ( 2010 ) . `` Chemistry of the World Cup Trophy '' . The Periodic Table of Videos . University of Nottingham . FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . FIFA History of FIFA FIFA Anthem FIFA Congress FIFA Council FIFA Ethics Committee FIFA headquarters Football at the Summer Olympics List of football federations International Football Association Board Timeline of association football Football codes Association football Beach soccer Futsal Confederations AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Men 's tournaments FIFA World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup FIFA U-20 World Cup FIFA U-17 World Cup FIFA Club World Cup FIFA Futsal World Cup FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup Blue Stars / FIFA Youth Cup Women 's tournaments FIFA Women 's World Cup FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup FIFA Women 's Club World Cup Other tournaments FIFA eWorld Cup Presidents Robert Guérin ( 1904 -- 1906 ) Daniel Burley Woolfall ( 1906 -- 1918 ) Jules Rimet ( 1921 -- 1954 ) Rodolphe Seeldrayers ( 1954 -- 1955 ) Arthur Drewry ( 1955 -- 1961 ) Stanley Rous ( 1961 -- 1974 ) João Havelange ( 1974 -- 1998 ) Sepp Blatter ( 1998 -- 2015 ) Issa Hayatou ( 2015 -- 2016 , acting ) Gianni Infantino ( 2016 -- present ) General Secretaries Louis Muhlinghaus ( 1904 -- 1906 ) Wilhelm Hirschman ( 1906 -- 1931 ) Ivo Schricker ( 1932 -- 1951 ) Kurt Gassmann ( 1951 -- 1960 ) Helmut Käser ( 1961 -- 1981 ) Sepp Blatter ( 1981 -- 1998 ) Michel Zen - Ruffinen ( 1998 -- 2002 ) Urs Linsi ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Jérôme Valcke ( 2007 -- 2015 ) Markus Kattner ( 2015 -- 2016 , acting ) Fatma Samoura ( 2016 -- present ) Awards FIFA 100 FIFA Ballon d'Or FIFA Club of the Century FIFA Development Award FIFA Fair Play Award FIFA Female Player of the Century FIFA FIFPro World XI FIFA Order of Merit FIFA Player of the Century FIFA Presidential Award FIFA Puskás Award FIFA Women 's World Cup awards FIFA World Coach of the Year FIFA World Cup All - Time Team FIFA World Cup Dream Team FIFA World Cup awards FIFA World Player of the Year The Best FIFA Football Awards Rankings FIFA World Rankings ( Former systems : 1999 -- 2006 2006 -- 2018 ) FIFA Women 's World Rankings Congresses 51st ( Paris 1998 ) 53rd ( Seoul 2002 ) 61st ( Zürich 2011 ) 65th ( Zürich 2015 ) Extraordinary ( Zürich 2016 ) Corruption `` FIFA 's Dirty Secrets '' Garcia Report 2015 FIFA corruption case List of banned football officials Others FIFA ( video game series ) List of FIFA country codes FIFA Disciplinary Code FIFA Fan Fest FIFA Futbol Mundial FIFA eligibility rules FIFA International Match Calendar FIFA International Referees List FIFA Master FIFA Transfer Matching System FIFA World Cup Trophy Non-FIFA United Passions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FIFA_World_Cup_Trophy&oldid=854259498 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup FIFA awards Gold objects Awards established in 1974 Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2017 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Lëtzebuergesch Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 01 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA%20World%20Cup%20Trophy

where does the last name randolph come from

The origins of the surname Randolph : English and German : classicized spelling of Randolf , Germanic personal name composed of the elements rand `` rim '' ( of a shield ) , `` shield '' + `` wolf '' . This was introduced into England by Scandinavian settlers in the Old Norse form Rannúlfr , and was reinforced after the Norman Conquest by the Norman form Randolf .

Randolph ( surname )

randolph ( surname )

The origins of the surname Randolph : English and German : classicized spelling of Randolf , Germanic personal name composed of the elements rand `` rim '' ( of a shield ) , `` shield '' + `` wolf '' . This was introduced into England by Scandinavian settlers in the Old Norse form Rannúlfr , and was reinforced after the Norman Conquest by the Norman form Randolf .

List of people with the surname ( edit ) A. Philip Randolph ( 1889 -- 1979 ) , African - American civil rights leader Amanda Randolph ( 1896 -- 1967 ) , American actress and singer Anders Randolf ( 1870 -- 1930 ) , Danish - American actor Ann Cary Randolph Morris ( 1774 -- 1837 ) , a / k / a Nancy Randolph , American anti-slavery activist Arthur Raymond Randolph ( born 1943 ) , American judge Beverley Randolph ( 1754 -- 1797 ) , American politician from Virginia , eighth Governor of Virginia ( 1788 -- 1791 ) Darren Randolph , an Irish professional footballer Edmund Randolph ( 1753 -- 1813 ) , politician from Virginia Epes Randolph ( 1856 -- 1921 ) , American civil engineer and businessman Homer Louis `` Boots '' Randolph III ( 1927 -- 2007 ) , American musician Isabel Randolph ( 1889 -- 1973 ) , American character actress Jane Randolph ( 1915 -- 2009 ) , American actress Jennings Randolph ( 1902 -- 1998 ) , politician from West Virginia Sir John Randolph ( 1693 -- 1737 ) , Speaker of the House of Burgesses and Attorney General for the Colony of Virginia John Randolph ( loyalist ) ( 1727 -- 1784 ) , lawyer and king 's attorney for Virginia from 1766 until he left for Britain at the outset of the American Revolution John Randolph of Roanoke ( 1773 -- 1833 ) , American politician Joyce Randolph ( born 1924 ) , American actress Lillian Randolph ( 1898 -- 1980 ) , American actress and singer Lingan S. Randolph ( 1859 - 1922 ) , American mechanical and consulting engineer Lonnie Randolph ( Indiana politician ) ( born 1949 ) , Indiana State Senator Lowell Fitz Randolph ( 1894 - 1980 ) , American botanist and Professor of botany , Cornell University Mary Randolph ( 1762 -- 1828 ) , Virginia author Ned Randolph ( 1942 - 2016 ) , American politician Peyton Randolph ( 1721 -- 1775 ) , first president of the Continental Congress Paschal Beverly Randolph ( 1825 -- 1875 ) , American medical doctor , occultist , and writer Richard Randolph ( 1686 -- 1749 ) , House of Burgesses member , Treasurer of Virginia Richard Randolph of Bizarre ( 1770 -- 1796 ) , Virginia planter Robert Randolph and the Family Band , American musicians Thomas Randolph , 1st Earl of Moray ( d . 1332 ) , leader in the Wars of Scottish Independence Thomas Randolph , 2nd Earl of Moray ( d . 1332 ) , son of the above John Randolph , 3rd Earl of Moray ( d . 1346 ) , brother of the above Vance Randolph ( 1892 -- 1980 ) , American folklorist Virginia Randolph Cary ( 1786 -- 1852 ) , Virginia author William Randolph ( 1650 -- 1711 ) , Virginia colonist William Randolph II ( 1681 -- 1741 ) , aka William Randolph , Jr. or Councillor Randolph , Treasurer of Virginia Willie Randolph ( born 1954 ) , Major League Baseball manager and player Zach Randolph ( born 1981 ) , National Basketball Association player for the Memphis Grizzlies See also ( edit ) Randolph ( given name ) Surname list This page lists people with the surname Randolph . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Randolph_(surname)&oldid=805483566 '' Categories : Surnames English - language surnames Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Articles with short description All set index articles Talk About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Čeština Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2017 , at 18 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph%20%28surname%29

maximum number of members in lok sabha and rajya sabha

Those elected or nominated ( by the President ) to either house of Parliament are referred to as members of parliament ( MP ) . The Members of Parliament , Lok Sabha are directly elected by the Indian public voting in Single - member districts and the Members of Parliament , Rajya Sabha are elected by the members of all of the State Legislative Assembly by proportional representation . The Parliament has a sanctioned strength of 545 in Lok Sabha including the 2 nominees from the Anglo - Indian Community by the President , and 245 in Rajya Sabha including the 12 nominees from the expertise of different fields of science , culture , art and history . The Parliament meets at Sansad Bhavan in New Delhi .

545 in Lok Sabha including the 2 nominees from the Anglo - Indian Community by the President|245 in Rajya Sabha including the 12 nominees from the expertise of different fields of science , culture , art and history .

Parliament of India

parliament of india

Coordinates : 28 ° 37 ′ 2 '' N 77 ° 12 ′ 29 '' E  /  28.61722 ° N 77.20806 ° E  / 28.61722 ; 77.20806

Parliament of India Emblem of India Type Type Bicameral Houses Rajya Sabha Lok Sabha History Founded 26 January 1950 ( 68 years ago ) ( 1950 - 01 - 26 ) Preceded by Constituent Assembly of India Leadership President Ram Nath Kovind Since 25 July 2017 Chairman of Rajya Sabha ( Vice-President ) Venkaiah Naidu Since 11 August 2017 Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha P.J. Kurien , INC Since 21 August 2012 Speaker of the Lok Sabha Sumitra Mahajan , BJP Since 6 June 2014 Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha M. Thambidurai , AIADMK Since 13 August 2014 Leader of the House ( Lok Sabha ) Narendra Modi , BJP Since 26 May 2014 Leader of the House ( Rajya Sabha ) Arun Jaitley , BJP Since 2 June 2014 Structure Seats 790 245 Members of Rajya Sabha 545 Members of Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha political groups NDA ( Majority ) UPA Lok Sabha political groups NDA ( Majority ) UPA Elections Rajya Sabha voting system Single transferable vote Lok Sabha voting system First past the post Rajya Sabha last election 21 July and 08 August 2017 Lok Sabha last election 7 April -- 12 May 2014 Rajya Sabha next election Indian Rajya Sabha elections , 2018 Lok Sabha next election April -- May 2019 Meeting place Sansad Bhavan , Sansad Marg , New Delhi , India Website parliamentofindia.nic.in Constitution Constitution of India Republic of India This article is part of a series on the politics and government of India Union Government ( show ) Constitution of India Fundamental rights Executive : President Vice President Prime Minister Union Council of Ministers Cabinet Secretary Secretaries ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) Civil services All India Services ( IAS IFS / IFoS IPS ) Parliament : Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) Judiciary : Supreme Court of India ( Chief Justice ) High courts District Courts Elections ( show ) Election Commission : Chief Election Commissioner ( Election commissioners ) Next general election State assembly elections Political parties ( show ) National parties State parties National coalitions : National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) United Progressive Alliance ( NDA ) Federalism ( show ) State governments Governor Chief minister Chief secretary ( Principal secretaries ) Legislatures : Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad Local governments : Divisional commissioners District magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates Rural bodies : District councils Block panchayats Gram Panchayats Urban bodies : Municipal corporations Municipal councils Nagar panchayats Other countries Atlas The Parliament of India is the supreme legislative body of the Republic of India . The Parliament is composed of the President of India and the houses . It is bicameral with two houses : the Rajya Sabha ( Council of States ) and the Lok Sabha ( House of the People ) . The President in his role as head of legislature has full powers to summon and prorogue either house of Parliament or to dissolve Lok Sabha . The president can exercise these powers only upon the advice of the Prime Minister and his Union Council of Ministers . Those elected or nominated ( by the President ) to either house of Parliament are referred to as members of parliament ( MP ) . The Members of Parliament , Lok Sabha are directly elected by the Indian public voting in Single - member districts and the Members of Parliament , Rajya Sabha are elected by the members of all of the State Legislative Assembly by proportional representation . The Parliament has a sanctioned strength of 545 in Lok Sabha including the 2 nominees from the Anglo - Indian Community by the President , and 245 in Rajya Sabha including the 12 nominees from the expertise of different fields of science , culture , art and history . The Parliament meets at Sansad Bhavan in New Delhi . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Parliament House 2.1 General layout of the parliament 2.2 Proposal for a new building 3 Composition 3.1 President of India 3.2 Lok Sabha 3.3 Rajya Sabha 4 Session of parliament 5 Lawmaking procedures 6 Parliamentary committees 7 Incidents 8 Parliament Session and debates 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) Main articles : Imperial Legislative Council and Constituent Assembly of India Parliament House ( edit ) Main article : Sansad Bhavan The Sansad Bhavan ( Parliament House ) is located in New Delhi . It was designed by Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker , who were responsible for planning and construction of New Delhi by British government . The construction of buildings took six years and the opening ceremony was performed on 18 January 1927 by the then Viceroy and Governor - General of India , Irwin . The construction costs for the building were ₹ 8.3 million ( US $130,000 ) . The parliament is 560 feet ( 170 m ) in diameter and covers an area of 6 acres ( 2.4 ha ) . The Central hall consists of the chambers of Lok sabha , Rajya Sabha and the Library hall . Surrounding these three chambers is the four storied circular structure providing accommodations for members and houses Parliamentary committees , offices and the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs . General layout of the Parliament ( edit ) The centre and the focus of the building is the Central Hall . It consists of chambers of Lok Sabha , Rajya Sabha and the Library Hall and between them lie garden courts . Surrounding these three chambers is the four storyed circular structure providing accommodations for Ministers , Chairmen , Parliamentary committees , Party offices , important offices of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha Secretariats and also the offices of the ministry of Parliamentary affairs . The Central Hall is circular in shape and the dome is 29.87 m ( 98 feet ) in diameter . It is a place of historical importance . The Indian Constitution was framed in the Central Hall . The Central Hall was originally used in the library of erstwhile Central Legislative Assembly and the Council of States . In 1946 , it was converted and refurbished into Constituent Assembly Hall . At present , the Central Hall is used for holding joint sittings of both the houses of parliament and also used for address by the President in the commencement of first session after each general election . Proposal for a new building ( edit ) A new Parliament building may replace the existing complex . The new building is being considered on account of the stability concerns regarding the current complex . A committee to suggest alternatives to the current building has been set up by the Former Speaker , Meira Kumar . The present building , an 85 - year - old structure suffers from inadequacy of space to house members and their staff and is thought to suffer from structural issues . The building also needs to be protected because of its heritage tag . Composition ( edit ) The Indian Parliament consists of two houses called the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha with the President of India acting as their head . President of India ( edit ) Main article : President of India The President of India , the Head of state is a component of Parliament . Under Article 60 and Article 111 , President 's responsibility is to scrutinise that bills / laws passed by the parliament are in accordance with constitutional mandate and stipulated procedure is followed before according his / her approval to the bills . The President of India is elected by the members of Parliament of India and the state legislatures and serves for a term of five years . Lok Sabha ( edit ) Main article : Lok Sabha Lok Sabha ( House of the People ) or the lower house has 545 members . 543 members are directly elected by citizens of India on the basis of universal adult franchise representing Parliamentary constituencies across the country and 2 members are appointed by the President of India from Anglo - Indian Community . Every citizen of India who is over 18 years of age , irrespective of gender , caste , religion or race , who is otherwise not disqualified , is eligible to vote for the Lok Sabha. The Constitution provides that the maximum strength of the House be 552 members . It has a term of five years . To be eligible for membership in the Lok Sabha , a person must be a citizen of India and must be 25 years of age or older , mentally sound , should not be bankrupt and should not be criminally convicted . The total elective membership is distributed among the States in such a way that the ratio between the number of seats allotted to each State and the population of the State is , so far as practicable , the same for all States . Rajya Sabha ( edit ) Main article : Rajya Sabha Rajya Sabha ( Council of States ) or the upper house is a permanent body not subject to dissolution . One third of the members retire every second year , and are replaced by newly elected members . Each member is elected for a term of six years . Its members are indirectly elected by members of legislative bodies of the states . The Rajya Sabha can have a maximum of 250 members . It currently has a sanctioned strength of 245 members , of which 233 are elected from States and Union Territories and 12 are nominated by the President . The number of members from a state depends on its population . The minimum age for a person to become a member of Rajya Sabha is 30 years . Session of Parliament ( edit ) Main article : Sessions of parliament in India The period during which the House meets to conduct its business is called a session . The Constitution empowers the president to summon each House at such intervals that there should not be more than a six - month gap between the two sessions . Hence the Parliament must meet at least twice a year . In India , the parliament conducts three sessions each year : Budget session : February to May Monsoon session : July to September Winter session : November to December Lawmaking procedures ( edit ) Main article : Lawmaking procedure in India Legislative proposals are brought before either house of the Parliament in the form of a bill . A bill is the draft of a legislative proposal , which , when passed by both houses of Parliament and assented to by the President , becomes an Act of Parliament . Money bills must originate in the Lok Sabha . The council of states can only make recommendations over the bills to the House , within a period of fourteen days . Parliamentary committees ( edit ) Parliamentary committees are formed to deliberate specific matters at length . The public is directly or indirectly associated and studies are conducted to help committees arrive at the conclusions . Parliamentary committees are of two kinds : Ad hoc committees and the Standing committees . Standing committees are permanent committees constituted from time to time in pursuance of the provisions of an act of Parliament or rules of procedure and conduct of business in Parliament . The work of these committees is of a continuing nature . Ad hoc committees are appointed for a specific purpose and they cease to exist when they finish the task assigned to them and submits a report . Incidents ( edit ) Main article : 2001 Indian Parliament attack On 13 December 2001 , Indian Parliament was attacked by an Islamic terrorist group . The perpetrators were Lashkar - e-Taiba ( Let ) and Jaish - e-Mohammed ( JeM ) terrorists . The attack led to the deaths of five terrorists , six Delhi Police personnel , two Parliament Security Services personnel and a gardener , which totalled 14 fatalities . It also led to increased tensions between India and Pakistan , resulting in the 2001 - 2002 India - Pakistan standoff . Parliament session and debates ( edit ) On 16 November 2016 , The winter session of Indian Parliament had started and during the sittings in both Upper and Lower Houses of Parliament , observed strong opposition , and uproar by political parties , on note ban initiative by Narendra Modi Government on 8 November 2016 . Jawaharlal Nehru and other members taking pledge during the midnight session of the Constituent Assembly of India held on 14 and 15 August 1947 . Constituent Assembly of India Jawaharlal Nehru addressing the Constituent Assembly in 1946 . Indian Prime Minister , Morarji Desai listens to Jimmy Carter as he addresses the Indian Parliament House . President of the United States , Barack Obama addressing Joint Session of the Parliament in 2010 . See also ( edit ) Politics of India Election Commission of India Member of Parliament , Lok Sabha Member of Parliament , Rajya Sabha List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha Indian Parliamentary Group PRS Legislative Research List of legislatures by country References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Live : Ram Nath Kovind becomes the 14th President of India '' . The Hindu . New Delhi , India . 25 July 2017 . Archived from the original on 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Venkaiah Naidu sworn in as Vice-President '' . The Hindu . New Delhi , India . 11 August 2017 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` P.J. Kurien is Rajya Sabha Deputy Chairman '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 23 October 2013 . Retrieved 25 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sumitra Mahajan elected speaker '' . Times of India . Archived from the original on 26 August 2016 . Retrieved 25 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` M Thambidurai elected deputy speaker of Lok Sabha '' . Times of India . 13 August 2014 . Archived from the original on 14 August 2014 . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Narendra Modi is sworn in as the 15th Prime Minister of India '' . The Times of India . 26 May 2014 . Archived from the original on 6 September 2014 . Retrieved 15 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PIB Press Releases '' . Pib.nic.in . Archived from the original on 3 November 2012 . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Deputy Chairman , Rajya Sabha , Parliament of India '' . Archived from the original on 1 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Parliament , Delhi '' . delhiassembly.nic.in . Archived from the original on 6 October 2013 . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi may see a new Parliament building '' . timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 13 July 2012 . Archived from the original on 6 October 2013 . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Firstpost ( 13 July 2012 ) . `` Speaker sets up panel to suggest new home for Parliament '' . Firstpost . Archived from the original on 11 August 2012 . Retrieved 15 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Constitution of India ( PDF ) . Ministry of Law and Justice , Government of India . 1 December 2007 . p. 26 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 September 2014 . Retrieved 27 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lok Sabha '' . parliamentofindia.nic.in . Archived from the original on 1 June 2015 . Retrieved 19 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Parliament -- Government : National Portal of India '' . Home : National Portal of India . Archived from the original on 30 April 2011 . Retrieved 10 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Our Parliament '' ( PDF ) . New Delhi : Lok Sabha Secretariat . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 September 2012 . Retrieved 6 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How bill becomes act '' . parliamentofindia.nic.in . Archived from the original on 16 May 2015 . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Parliamentary Committee . `` Parliament of India '' . Indian Parliament . Archived from the original on 24 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Committees of Rajya Sabha . `` General Information '' . Rajya Sabha Secretariat . Archived from the original on 20 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Lok Sabha - Committee Home . `` Introduction '' . Lok Sabha Secretariat . Archived from the original on 11 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Terrorists attack Parliament ; five intruders , six cops killed '' . rediff.com. 13 December 2001 . Archived from the original on 6 October 2013 . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) `` The Parliamentary System '' by Arun Shourie , Publisher : Rupa & Co External links ( edit ) Media related to Parliament of India at Wikimedia Commons Works written on the topic Parliament of India at Wikisource Parliaments of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau National bicameral legislatures Federal Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Canada Ethiopia Germany India Malaysia Mexico Nigeria Pakistan Russia Somalia South Sudan Sudan Switzerland United States Unitary Afghanistan Algeria Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Bahrain Barbados Belarus Belize Bhutan Bolivia Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Chile Colombia Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Czech Republic Dominican Republic Equatorial Guinea France Gabon Grenada Haiti Indonesia Ireland Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Morocco Myanmar Namibia Netherlands Oman Palau Paraguay Philippines Poland Romania Rwanda Saint Lucia Slovenia South Africa Spain Swaziland Tajikistan Trinidad and Tobago United Kingdom Uruguay Uzbekistan Zimbabwe Dependent and other territories American Samoa Bermuda Isle of Man Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Non-UN states Somaliland Historical Soviet Union Czechoslovakia ( 1920 -- 1939 ) Czechoslovakia ( 1969 -- 1992 ) Yugoslavia Related Unicameralism List of legislatures by country National unicameral legislatures National lower houses National upper houses Parliament of India President of India President of India ( List ) Lok Sabha Speaker Leader of the Lok Sabha Leader of the Opposition Constituencies 1st LS ( 1952 -- 57 ) ( Members ) 2nd LS ( 1957 -- 62 ) ( Members ) 3rd LS ( 1962 -- 67 ) ( Members ) 4th LS ( 1967 -- 71 ) ( Members ) 5th LS ( 1971 -- 77 ) ( Members ) 6th LS ( 1977 -- 80 ) ( Members ) 7th LS ( 1980 -- 84 ) ( Members ) 8th LS ( 1984 -- 89 ) ( Members ) 9th LS ( 1989 -- 91 ) ( Members ) 10th LS ( 1991 -- 96 ) ( Members ) 11th LS ( 1996 -- 98 ) ( Members ) 12th LS ( 1998 -- 99 ) ( Members ) 13th LS ( 1999 -- 2004 ) ( Members ) 14th LS ( 2004 -- 09 ) ( Members ) 15th LS ( 2009 -- 14 ) ( Members ) 16th LS ( 2014 -- 19 ) ( Members ) Rajya Sabha Members Chairman Leader of the Rajya Sabha Leader of the Opposition Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_India&oldid=827388520 '' Categories : 1952 establishments in India Bicameral legislatures National legislatures Parliament of India Parliaments by country Politics of India Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Use dmy dates from January 2018 Use Indian English from January 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা भोजपुरी Català Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Русский संस्कृतम् සිංහල Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ತುಳು Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 36 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 February 2018 , at 12 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament%20of%20India

formula of pressure in terms of specific gravity

Specific gravity

specific gravity

Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a reference substance ; equivalently , it is the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of a reference substance for the same given volume . Apparent specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of a volume of the substance to the weight of an equal volume of the reference substance . The reference substance is nearly always water at its densest ( 4 ° C ) for liquids ; for gases it is air at room temperature ( 25 ° C ) . Nonetheless , the temperature and pressure must be specified for both the sample and the reference . Pressure is nearly always 1 atm ( 101.325 kPa ) . Temperatures for both sample and reference vary from industry to industry . In British beer brewing , the practice for specific gravity as specified above is to multiply it by 1000 . Specific gravity is commonly used in industry as a simple means of obtaining information about the concentration of solutions of various materials such as brines , hydrocarbons , sugar solutions ( syrups , juices , honeys , brewers wort , must , etc . ) and acids .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Details 2 Measurement : apparent and true specific gravity 2.1 Pycnometer 2.2 Digital density meters 3 Examples 4 See also 5 References Details ( edit ) Being a ratio of densities , specific gravity is a dimensionless quantity . Specific gravity varies with temperature and pressure ; reference and sample must be compared at the same temperature and pressure or be corrected to a standard reference temperature and pressure . Substances with a specific gravity of 1 are neutrally buoyant in water . Those with SG greater than 1 are denser than water and will , disregarding surface tension effects , sink in it . Those with an SG less than 1 are less dense than water and will float on it . In scientific work , the relationship of mass to volume is usually expressed directly in terms of the density ( mass per unit volume ) of the substance under study . It is in industry where specific gravity finds wide application , often for historical reasons . True specific gravity can be expressed mathematically as : S G true = ρ sample ρ H 2 O ( \ displaystyle SG_ ( \ text ( true ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ rho _ ( \ text ( sample ) ) ) ( \ rho _ ( \ rm ( H_ ( 2 ) O ) ) ) ) ) where ρ sample ( \ displaystyle \ rho _ ( \ text ( sample ) ) \ , ) is the density of the sample and ρ H 2 O ( \ displaystyle \ rho _ ( \ rm ( H_ ( 2 ) O ) ) ) is the density of water . The apparent specific gravity is simply the ratio of the weights of equal volumes of sample and water in air : S G apparent = W A sample W A H 2 O ( \ displaystyle SG_ ( \ text ( apparent ) ) = ( \ frac ( W_ ( A_ ( \ text ( sample ) ) ) ) ( W_ ( A_ ( \ rm ( H_ ( 2 ) O ) ) ) ) ) ) where W A sample ( \ displaystyle W_ ( A_ ( \ text ( sample ) ) ) ) represents the weight of sample and W A H 2 O ( \ displaystyle W_ ( A_ ( \ rm ( H_ ( 2 ) O ) ) ) ) the weight of water , both measured in air . It can be shown that true specific gravity can be computed from different properties : S G true = ρ sample ρ H 2 O = ( m sample / V ) ( m H 2 O / V ) = m sample m H 2 O g g = W V sample W V H 2 O ( \ displaystyle SG_ ( \ text ( true ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ rho _ ( \ text ( sample ) ) ) ( \ rho _ ( \ rm ( H_ ( 2 ) O ) ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( ( m_ ( \ text ( sample ) ) / V ) ) ( ( m_ ( \ rm ( H_ ( 2 ) O ) ) / V ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( m_ ( \ text ( sample ) ) ) ( m_ ( \ rm ( H_ ( 2 ) O ) ) ) ) ( \ frac ( g ) ( g ) ) = ( \ frac ( W_ ( V_ ( \ text ( sample ) ) ) ) ( W_ ( V_ ( \ rm ( H_ ( 2 ) O ) ) ) ) ) ) where g ( \ displaystyle g ) is the local acceleration due to gravity , V ( \ displaystyle V ) is the volume of the sample and of water ( the same for both ) , ρ sample ( \ displaystyle ( \ rho _ ( \ text ( sample ) ) ) ) is the density of the sample , ρ H 2 O ( \ displaystyle \ rho _ ( \ rm ( H_ ( 2 ) O ) ) ) is the density of water and W V ( \ displaystyle W_ ( V ) ) represents a weight obtained in vacuum . The density of water varies with temperature and pressure as does the density of the sample . So it is necessary to specify the temperatures and pressures at which the densities or weights were determined . It is nearly always the case that measurements are made at 1 nominal atmosphere ( 1013.25 mbar ± variations from changing weather patterns ) . But as specific gravity usually refers to highly incompressible aqueous solutions or other incompressible substances ( such as petroleum products ) , variations in density caused by pressure are usually neglected at least where apparent specific gravity is being measured . For true ( in vacuo ) specific gravity calculations , air pressure must be considered ( see below ) . Temperatures are specified by the notation ( T s / T r ) ( \ displaystyle ( T_ ( \ text ( s ) ) / T_ ( \ text ( r ) ) ) ) with T s ( \ displaystyle T_ ( \ text ( s ) ) ) representing the temperature at which the sample 's density was determined and T r ( \ displaystyle T_ ( \ text ( r ) ) ) the temperature at which the reference ( water ) density is specified . For example , SG ( 20 ° C / 4 ° C ) would be understood to mean that the density of the sample was determined at 20 ° C and of the water at 4 ° C. Taking into account different sample and reference temperatures , we note that , while S G H 2 O = 1.000000 ( \ displaystyle SG_ ( \ rm ( H_ ( 2 ) O ) ) = 1.000000 ) ( 20 ° C / 20 ° C ) , it is also the case that S G H 2 O = 0.998203 / 0.999840 = 0.998363 ( \ displaystyle SG_ ( \ rm ( H_ ( 2 ) O ) ) = 0.998203 / 0.999840 = 0.998363 ) ( 20 ° C / 4 ° C ) . Here , temperature is being specified using the current ITS - 90 scale and the densities used here and in the rest of this article are based on that scale . On the previous IPTS - 68 scale , the densities at 20 ° C and 4 ° C are 0.9982071 and 0.9999720 respectively , resulting in an SG ( 20 ° C / 4 ° C ) value for water of 0.9982343 . As the principal use of specific gravity measurements in industry is determination of the concentrations of substances in aqueous solutions and as these are found in tables of SG vs concentration , it is extremely important that the analyst enter the table with the correct form of specific gravity . For example , in the brewing industry , the Plato table lists sucrose concentration by weight against true SG , and was originally ( 20 ° C / 4 ° C ) i.e. based on measurements of the density of sucrose solutions made at laboratory temperature ( 20 ° C ) but referenced to the density of water at 4 ° C which is very close to the temperature at which water has its maximum density ρ H 2 O ( \ displaystyle \ rho _ ( \ rm ( H_ ( 2 ) O ) ) ) equal to 0.999972 g cm in SI units ( or 62.43 lb ft in United States customary units ) . The ASBC table in use today in North America , while it is derived from the original Plato table is for apparent specific gravity measurements at ( 20 ° C / 20 ° C ) on the IPTS - 68 scale where the density of water is 0.9982071 g cm . In the sugar , soft drink , honey , fruit juice and related industries sucrose concentration by weight is taken from a table prepared by A. Brix which uses SG ( 17.5 ° C / 17.5 ° C ) . As a final example , the British SG units are based on reference and sample temperatures of 60F and are thus ( 15.56 ° C / 15.56 ° C ) . Given the specific gravity of a substance , its actual density can be calculated by rearranging the above formula : ρ substance = S G × ρ H 2 O . ( \ displaystyle ( \ rho _ ( \ text ( substance ) ) ) = SG \ times \ rho _ ( \ rm ( H_ ( 2 ) O ) ) . ) Occasionally a reference substance other than water is specified ( for example , air ) , in which case specific gravity means density relative to that reference . Measurement : apparent and true specific gravity ( edit ) Pycnometer ( edit ) Specific gravity can be measured in a number of value ways . The following illustration involving the use of the pycnometer is instructive . A pycnometer is simply a bottle which can be precisely filled to a specific , but not necessarily accurately known volume , V ( \ displaystyle V ) . Placed upon a balance of some sort it will exert a force . F b = g ( m b − ρ a m b ρ b ) ( \ displaystyle F_ ( b ) = g ( m_ ( b ) - \ rho _ ( a ) ( m_ ( b ) \ over \ rho _ ( b ) ) ) ) where m b ( \ displaystyle m_ ( b ) ) is the mass of the bottle and g ( \ displaystyle g ) the gravitational acceleration at the location at which the measurements are being made . ρ a ( \ displaystyle \ rho _ ( a ) ) is the density of the air at the ambient pressure and ρ b ( \ displaystyle \ rho _ ( b ) ) is the density of the material of which the bottle is made ( usually glass ) so that the second term is the mass of air displaced by the glass of the bottle whose weight , by Archimedes Principle must be subtracted . The bottle is , of course , filled with air but as that air displaces an equal amount of air the weight of that air is canceled by the weight of the air displaced . Now we fill the bottle with the reference fluid e.g. pure water . The force exerted on the pan of the balance becomes : F w = g ( m b − ρ a m b ρ b + V ρ w − V ρ a ) . ( \ displaystyle F_ ( w ) = g ( m_ ( b ) - \ rho _ ( a ) ( m_ ( b ) \ over \ rho _ ( b ) ) + V \ rho _ ( w ) - V \ rho _ ( a ) ) . ) If we subtract the force measured on the empty bottle from this ( or tare the balance before making the water measurement ) we obtain . F w , n = g V ( ρ w − ρ a ) ( \ displaystyle F_ ( w , n ) = gV ( \ rho _ ( w ) - \ rho _ ( a ) ) ) where the subscript n indicated that this force is net of the force of the empty bottle . The bottle is now emptied , thoroughly dried and refilled with the sample . The force , net of the empty bottle , is now : F s , n = g V ( ρ s − ρ a ) ( \ displaystyle F_ ( s , n ) = gV ( \ rho _ ( s ) - \ rho _ ( a ) ) ) where ρ s ( \ displaystyle \ rho _ ( s ) ) is the density of the sample . The ratio of the sample and water forces is : S G A = g V ( ρ s − ρ a ) g V ( ρ w − ρ a ) = ( ρ s − ρ a ) ( ρ w − ρ a ) . ( \ displaystyle SG_ ( A ) = ( gV ( \ rho _ ( s ) - \ rho _ ( a ) ) \ over gV ( \ rho _ ( w ) - \ rho _ ( a ) ) ) = ( ( \ rho _ ( s ) - \ rho _ ( a ) ) \ over ( \ rho _ ( w ) - \ rho _ ( a ) ) ) . ) This is called the Apparent Specific Gravity , denoted by subscript A , because it is what we would obtain if we took the ratio of net weighings in air from an analytical balance or used a hydrometer ( the stem displaces air ) . Note that the result does not depend on the calibration of the balance . The only requirement on it is that it read linearly with force . Nor does S G A ( \ displaystyle SG_ ( A ) ) depend on the actual volume of the pycnometer . Further manipulation and finally substitution of S G V ( \ displaystyle SG_ ( V ) ) , the true specific gravity , ( the subscript V is used because this is often referred to as the specific gravity in vacuo ) for ρ s ρ w ( \ displaystyle \ rho _ ( s ) \ over \ rho _ ( w ) ) gives the relationship between apparent and true specific gravity . S G A = ρ s ρ w − ρ a ρ w 1 − ρ a ρ w = S G V − ρ a ρ w 1 − ρ a ρ w ( \ displaystyle SG_ ( A ) = ( ( \ rho _ ( s ) \ over \ rho _ ( w ) ) - ( \ rho _ ( a ) \ over \ rho _ ( w ) ) \ over 1 - ( \ rho _ ( a ) \ over \ rho _ ( w ) ) ) = ( SG_ ( V ) - ( \ rho _ ( a ) \ over \ rho _ ( w ) ) \ over 1 - ( \ rho _ ( a ) \ over \ rho _ ( w ) ) ) ) In the usual case we will have measured weights and want the true specific gravity . This is found from S G V = S G A − ρ a ρ w ( S G A − 1 ) . ( \ displaystyle SG_ ( V ) = SG_ ( A ) - ( \ rho _ ( a ) \ over \ rho _ ( w ) ) ( SG_ ( A ) - 1 ) . ) Since the density of dry air at 1013.25 mb at 20 ° C is 0.001205 g cm and that of water is 0.998203 g cm the difference between true and apparent specific gravities for a substance with specific gravity ( 20 ° C / 20 ° C ) of about 1.100 would be 0.000120 . Where the specific gravity of the sample is close to that of water ( for example dilute ethanol solutions ) the correction is even smaller . Digital density meters ( edit ) Hydrostatic Pressure - based Instruments : This technology relies upon Pascal 's Principle which states that the pressure difference between two points within a vertical column of fluid is dependent upon the vertical distance between the two points , the density of the fluid and the gravitational force . This technology is often used for tank gauging applications as a convenient means of liquid level and density measure . Vibrating Element Transducers : This type of instrument requires a vibrating element to be placed in contact with the fluid of interest . The resonant frequency of the element is measured and is related to the density of the fluid by a characterization that is dependent upon the design of the element . In modern laboratories precise measurements of specific gravity are made using oscillating U-tube meters . These are capable of measurement to 5 to 6 places beyond the decimal point and are used in the brewing , distilling , pharmaceutical , petroleum and other industries . The instruments measure the actual mass of fluid contained in a fixed volume at temperatures between 0 and 80 ° C but as they are microprocessor based can calculate apparent or true specific gravity and contain tables relating these to the strengths of common acids , sugar solutions , etc . The vibrating fork immersion probe is another good example of this technology . This technology also includes many coriolis - type mass flow meters which are widely used in chemical and petroleum industry for high accuracy mass flow measurement and can be configured to also output density information based on the resonant frequency of the vibrating flow tubes . Ultrasonic Transducer : Ultrasonic waves are passed from a source , through the fluid of interest , and into a detector which measures the acoustic spectroscopy of the waves . Fluid properties such as density and viscosity can be inferred from the spectrum . Radiation - based Gauge : Radiation is passed from a source , through the fluid of interest , and into a scintillation detector , or counter . As the fluid density increases , the detected radiation `` counts '' will decrease . The source is typically the radioactive isotope cesium - 137 , with a half - life of about 30 years . A key advantage for this technology is that the instrument is not required to be in contact with the fluid -- typically the source and detector are mounted on the outside of tanks or piping ... Buoyant Force Transducer : the buoyancy force produced by a float in a homogeneous liquid is equal to the weight of the liquid that is displaced by the float . Since buoyancy force is linear with respect to the density of the liquid within which the float is submerged , the measure of the buoyancy force yields a measure of the density of the liquid . One commercially available unit claims the instrument is capable of measuring specific gravity with an accuracy of + / - 0.005 SG units . The submersible probe head contains a mathematically characterized spring - float system . When the head is immersed vertically in the liquid , the float moves vertically and the position of the float controls the position of a permanent magnet whose displacement is sensed by a concentric array of Hall - effect linear displacement sensors . The output signals of the sensors are mixed in a dedicated electronics module that provides an output voltage whose magnitude is a direct linear measure of the quantity to be measured . In - Line Continuous Measurement : Slurry is weighed as it travels through the metered section of pipe using a patented , high resolution load cell . This section of pipe is of optimal length such that a truly representative mass of the slurry may be determined . This representative mass is then interrogated by the load cell 110 times per second to ensure accurate and repeatable measurement of the slurry . Examples ( edit ) Helium gas has a density of 0.164 g / liter It is 0.139 times as dense as air . Air has a density of 1.18 g / l Material Specific Gravity Balsa wood 0.2 Oak wood 0.75 Ethanol 0.78 Water Table salt 2.17 Aluminium 2.7 Cement 3.15 Iron 7.87 Copper 8.96 Lead 11.35 Mercury 13.56 Depleted uranium 19.1 Gold 19.3 Osmium 22.59 ( Samples may vary , and these figures are approximate . ) Urine normally has a specific gravity between 1.003 and 1.035 . Blood normally has a specific gravity of ~ 1.060 . Vodka 80 proof has a specific gravity of 0.9498 . See also ( edit ) API gravity Baumé scale Buoyancy Fluid mechanics Gravity ( beer ) Hydrometer Jolly balance Pycnometer Plato scale References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hough , J.S. , Briggs , D.E. , Stevens , R and Young , T.W. Malting and Brewing Science , Vol. II Hopped Wort and Beer , Chapman and Hall , London , 1991 , p. 881 Jump up ^ Bettin , H. ; Spieweck , F. : `` Die Dichte des Wassers als Funktion der Temperatur nach Einführung des Internationalen Temperaturskala von 1990 '' PTB - Mitteilungen 100 ( 1990 ) pp. 195 -- 196 Jump up ^ ASBC Methods of Analysis Preface to Table 1 : Extract in Wort and Beer , American Society of Brewing Chemists , St Paul , 2009 Jump up ^ ASBC Methods of Analysis op . cit . Table 1 : Extract in Wort and Beer Jump up ^ DIN51 757 ( 04.1994 ) : Testing of mineral oils and related materials ; determination of density Jump up ^ Density -- VEGA Americas , Inc . Ohmartvega.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Process Control Digital Electronic Hydrometer . Gardco . Retrieved on 2011 - 11 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : UCSB Jump up ^ Table of liqueurs Specific Gravity ( hide ) Mineral identification Cleavage Crystal habit Crystal system Fracture Lustre Mohs scale Specific gravity Streak Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Specific_gravity&oldid=809215362 '' Categories : Concepts in physics Physical quantities Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans فارسی Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Русский Simple English Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska தமிழ் 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 20 : 28 . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific%20gravity

when was night at the museum 3 released

Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb

night at the museum : secret of the tomb

Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb is a 2014 American comedy adventure film directed by Shawn Levy and written by David Guion and Michael Handelman . It is the sequel to the 2006 film Night at the Museum and the 2009 film Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian . The film stars Ben Stiller , Robin Williams , Owen Wilson , Dan Stevens and Ben Kingsley . In Secret of the Tomb , security guard Larry Daley must travel to London to return the tablet of Ahkmenrah , an Egyptian artifact which causes the exhibits to come to life , before the magic disappears .

Principal photography of Secret of the Tomb took place from January to May 2014 in London , England and British Columbia , Canada . The film premiered on December 11 , 2014 , at New York City 's Ziegfeld Theater and was released in the United States on December 19 , 2014 . Secret of the Tomb grossed over $363 million at the box office . This film was dedicated to the memory of Robin Williams , who died four months before the film 's release , and fellow Night at the Museum actor Mickey Rooney , who died before principal photography was finished . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Voices 3 Production 4 Music 4.1 Track listing 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Home media 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1938 Egypt , a team of archaeologists discover the tomb of pharaoh Ahkmenrah , including a young Cecil Fredericks , finding the magical Tablet of Ahkmenrah . The locals warn the group that removing the tablet will end its magic . In present - day New York City , Larry Daley remains the night guard of the American Museum of Natural History . He , Theodore Roosevelt , Sacagawea , Attila the Hun , Jedediah , Octavius and Dexter the capuchin monkey help re-open the Hayden Planetarium . A new wax Neanderthal resembling Larry named Laaa is introduced , identifying Larry as his father . Ahkmenrah shows Larry that the tablet is corroding , which later causes the exhibits to act erratically , causing mayhem at the planetarium 's reopening . Afterwards , Larry catches his son Nick throwing a house party , who plans on taking a gap year to sort out his life . Larry reunites with Cecil , now in retirement , who realises the end of the tablet 's magic will cause the exhibits to become lifeless . Cecil explains Ahkmenrah 's parents , Merenkahre and Shepseheret , may be able to restore the tablet 's power , but are located in the British Museum . Larry convinces the museum 's curator , Dr. McPhee , to let him ship Ahkmenrah to London to restore the tablet , convinced that McPhee knows its secrets . Larry and Nick travel to the British Museum , bypassing the night guard Tilly . To Larry 's surprise , Roosevelt , Sacagawea , Attila , Jed , Octavius , Dexter , and Laaa have come as well . Laaa is left to stand guard while the others search the museum , the tablet bringing its own exhibits to life . They are joined by a wax Sir Lancelot who helps them fight off the aggressive museum exhibits like a Xiangliu statue and a Triceratops skeleton . Jedediah and Octavius fall through a ventilation shaft , but are rescued from an erupting Pompeii model by Dexter . The group find Ahkmenrah 's parents , learning the tablet 's power can be regenerated by moonlight , since it is empowered with the magic of Khonsu . Lancelot mistakes the tablet for the Holy Grail and steals it , leaving to find Camelot . Larry and Laaa are locked in the employee break room by Tilly but escape , Laaa remaining behind to distract Tilly , but they become attracted to each other . Lancelot crashes a performance of the musical Camelot , starring Hugh Jackman and Alice Eve as King Arthur and Queen Guinevere , but Larry and the others chase him to the theatre roof , where the New York exhibits begin to die . Lancelot then sees that the quest was about them and gives the tablet back . The moonlight restores the tablet 's power , saving the exhibits . They decide that Ahkmenrah and the tablet should stay with his parents , even if it means the New York exhibits will no longer come to life . Back in New York , Larry spends some final moments with his friends before sunrise . Three years later , Larry now works as a teacher , and a travelling British Museum exhibit comes to New York . Tilly becomes the new night guard , and gives the tablet to Dr. McPhee , showing him its power , and allowing the exhibits to awaken again . Outside , Larry watches them party inside . Cast ( edit ) Ben Stiller as Larry Daley , a security guard at the American Museum of Natural History . Stiller also plays Laaa , a Neanderthal who resembles Larry . Robin Williams as Theodore Roosevelt , the wax statue of the 26th President of the United States . Owen Wilson as Jedediah , a cowboy diorama miniature . Steve Coogan as Octavius , a Roman soldier miniature . Ricky Gervais as Dr. McPhee , the director of the Museum of Natural History . Rachael Harris as Madeline Phelps , the chairwoman of the American Museum of Natural History . Dan Stevens as Sir Lancelot , the wax statue of the legendary Knight of the Round Table . Rebel Wilson as Tilly , the night security guard at the British Museum . Skyler Gisondo as Nick Daley , the son of Larry Daley . He was previously played by Jake Cherry in the first two films . Rami Malek as Ahkmenrah , the mummy of an ancient pharaoh . Patrick Gallagher as Attila the Hun , the statue of the leader of the Huns . Mizuo Peck as Sacagawea , the polyurethane model of the Lemhi Shoshone woman who is Theodore Roosevelt 's girlfriend . Ben Kingsley as Merenkahre , the mummy of an ancient pharaoh and Ahkmenrah 's father . Dick Van Dyke as Cecil `` C.J. '' Fredericks , a retired security guard from the first film . Percy Hynes White plays the younger Cecil `` C.J. '' Fredericks Mickey Rooney as Gus , a retired security guard from the first film . Bill Cobbs as Reginald , a retired security guard from the first film . Andrea Martin as Rose , an archivist at the Museum of Natural History . Brennan Elliott as Robert Fredericks , C.J. 's father in the prologue . Matt Frewer as Archibald Stanley , an archeologist who accompanies Robert and Cecil in the prologue . Anjali Jay as Shepseheret , the mummy of a Great Royal Wife of Merenkahre and mother of Ahkmenrah . Crystal the Monkey as Dexter , a Capuchin monkey . Hugh Jackman as Himself ( uncredited ) Alice Eve as Herself ( uncredited ) Voices ( edit ) Robin Williams as Garuda Artifact . Brad Garrett as Easter Island Head . Regina Taufen as New York Reporter . Production ( edit ) On January 21 , 2010 , co-writer Thomas Lennon said to Access Hollywood , `` I think it 's a really outstanding idea to do Night at the Museum 3 , in fact . I wonder if someone 's not even already working on a script for that . I can not confirm that for a fact , but I can not deny it for a fact either ... It might be in the works . '' In an October 2011 interview with The Hollywood Reporter , Stiller confirmed the sequel , however , he said that it was only in the `` ideas stage '' . In February 2013 it was announced that the film , directed by Shawn Levy , would be released on December 25 , 2014 . On September 10 , 2013 , it was announced that shooting would start in February 2014 . On November 8 , 2013 , actor Dan Stevens was cast as Lancelot . On November 15 , 2013 , it was announced that Skyler Gisondo would be replacing Jake Cherry in the role of Nicky Daley . On December 18 , 2013 , it was announced that Stiller , Robin Williams , and Ricky Gervais would be returning for the sequel . On January 9 , 2014 , it was announced that Rebel Wilson would play a security guard in the British Museum . On January 14 , 2014 , the film 's release date was moved up from December 25 , 2014 , to December 19 , 2014 . On January 23 , 2014 , it was announced Ben Kingsley would play an Egyptian Pharaoh at the British Museum . Principal photography and production began on January 27 , 2014 . On May 6 , 2014 , it was announced that the film would be titled Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb . In May 2014 , principal photography ended . Music ( edit ) Alan Silvestri returned to score the final installment of the trilogy . Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Film score by Alan Silvestri Released January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) Recorded 2014 Genre Film score Length 56 : 52 Label Varese Sarabande Track listing ( edit ) Varese Sarabande released a soundtrack album of the score on January 6 , 2015 . All tracks written by Alan Silvestri . Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) No . Title Length 1 . `` The Ahkmenrah Expedition '' 3 : 34 2 . `` Performance Prep '' 2 : 02 3 . `` LOL '' 2 : 22 4 . `` The Grand Re-Opening '' 3 : 13 5 . `` The End Will Come '' 2 : 19 6 . `` Sneak And Greet '' 3 : 25 7 . `` Sir Lancelot '' 3 : 33 8 . `` Where Are Jed And Octavius ? '' 2 : 50 9 . `` Main Hall '' 3 : 24 10 . `` Xiangliu '' 3 : 46 11 . `` Male Bonding '' 2 : 15 12 . `` The Legend of the Tablet '' 3 : 11 13 . `` The Escher Fight '' 3 : 45 14 . `` Camelot '' 3 : 49 15 . `` The Quest '' 2 : 35 16 . `` Seeing Your Boy Become A Man '' 3 : 14 17 . `` Laaa Love '' 1 : 53 18 . `` A Farewell Kiss '' 2 : 40 19 . `` Teddy 's Goodbye '' 3 : 02 Total length : 56 : 52 Release ( edit ) The film premiered at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City on December 11 , 2014 . It was then released on December 19 , 2014 in the United States . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb grossed $113.7 million in North America , and $249.5 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $363.2 million against a budget of $127 million . In North America , early analysts were predicting a potential $25 -- $28 million opening . In North America , the film was released on December 19 , 2014 across 3,785 theaters . It opened Friday , December 19 , 2014 and earned $5.6 million on its opening day , placing at number three at the box office . The film underperformed expectations during its opening weekend , earning $17.1 million , which was relatively lower than the openings of the original film ( $30.4 million ) and its sequel ( $54.1 million ) . The film debuted at number two at the box office behind The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies . According to 20th Century Fox , the movie 's audience was 51 % male , with 54 % of the audience under the age of 25 . In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend , cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' , on an A+ to F scale . The film began its international rollout the same weekend as the North American premiere and earned $10.4 million from 27 markets in its opening weekend , debuting at # 3 behind at the box office behind The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies and Penguins of Madagascar . The film expanded to an additional 40 markets in its second week and grossed $31.2 million . It topped the box office outside North America in its fourth weekend with a total gross of $46.2 million , primarily because of China , where it opened at # 1 with $26 million . The other highest opening figures were from Mexico ( $5.85 million ) , Brazil ( $3.1 million ) , Malaysia ( $3.07 million ) , the UK ( $3 million ) , Australia ( $2.8 million ) , Germany ( $2.1 million ) and Singapore ( $2 million ) . For the weekend of January 16 , 2015 , the film grossed $17.8 million , which includes a $3.9 million debut in South Korea . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film received a 48 % approval rating , based on 104 reviews , with an average score of 5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` While not without its moments , Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb is a less - than - inspired sendoff for the trilogy . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 47 out of 100 , based on 33 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend , cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Scott Foundas of Variety gave the film a positive review , praising the visual effects and calling the production values `` topnotch '' , and admiring Guillermo Navarro 's work . He added , `` A most enjoyable capper to director Shawn Levy and producer Chris Columbus ' cheerfully silly and sneakily smart family - entertainment juggernaut ... offers little in the way of secrets of surprises , but should add much holiday cheer to Fox 's box - office coffers . '' Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film three stars out of five and said , `` The third part in what absolutely no one is calling the Night at the Museum ' trilogy ' turns out to be a good - natured and entertainingly surreal panto fantasy . '' Glenn Kenny awarded the film 21⁄2 stars out of 4 praising the Indiana Jones themed - set while criticizing the performances of the cast and said , `` As talent - packed as any Night at the Museum picture may be -- in this third installment ... -- one does n't come to a movie of this sort expecting anybody 's best work . Or at least one certainly should n't , because it wo n't materialize . '' Stephanie Zacharek of The Village Voice gave the film a positive review , saying `` The third installment , Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb may be the best , and even the generally wound - too - tight Ben Stiller -- once again playing a bemused Museum of Natural History guard -- is easy to tolerate . '' Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film two and a half stars out of four , saying `` Where the previous films felt frenetic and forced , this outing feels breezier , more enjoyable and less contrived . '' Joe Neumaier of the New York Daily News gave the film three out of five stars , saying `` There 's a serenity to museum visits , especially if it 's a place you know and love . Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb , amazingly , recaptures that feeling in big - studio franchise form . '' Bill Goodykoontz of The Arizona Republic gave the film two out of five stars , saying `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb is a rather lackluster affair , a cash grab that tries to aim a little higher but confuses sappy shortcuts with real emotion . '' Joe McGovern of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B , saying `` It 's kind of fun , unembarrassingly , and not least of all because the people who made it look like they had a good time doing so . '' Tom Long of The Detroit News gave the film a B , saying `` There are some key elements that make this Night at the Museum sequel work better than its predecessor . '' Stephen Whitty of the Newark Star - Ledger gave the film two out of four stars , saying `` The exhibits in this Night at the Museum may still come to life nightly . But their latest movie stays stubbornly inert . '' Tom Russo of The Boston Globe gave the film two and a half stars out of four , saying `` Seeing Ben Stiller , the late Robin Williams , and their magically roused gang together again , this time in London , is initially all about indulgent , nostalgic smiles rather than new wows . But then comes the movie 's exceptionally clever and fresh final act , which delivers genuine surprise along with many laughs . '' Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph gave the film three out of five stars , saying `` The third Night at the Museum film starts strongly , with its heart in the past ... It 's an exciting opening , and perhaps too exciting for the film 's own good . It 's hard not to be disappointed when the plot moves back to the present and settles into the time - honoured formula of digitised creatures running riot and famous people in fancy dress doing shtick . '' Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a negative review , saying `` Despite relocating across the pond to the esteemed British Museum , the creaky Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb fails to capitalize on the comic potential provided by that change of venue . '' Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club gave the film a C+ , saying `` Secret of the Tomb plays it as a source of corny jokes , pop - culture references , and father - son bonding moments . In other words , it 's exactly the kind of film that should n't be expected to engage with its assorted bizarre subtexts -- but what a movie it could be if it did . '' Sara Stewart of the New York Post gave the film two out of four stars , saying `` For piquing kids ' interest in history and nature , you could do worse than this goofy Ben Stiller franchise . But its third installment is more meh than manic , too reliant on wide shots of the ragtag Museum of Natural History cohorts striding down corridors . You get the feeling returning director Shawn Levy is ready to hang it up . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film one and a half stars out of five , saying `` The dialogue is schmaltzy and often painfully unfunny . The special effects are often so 1980s - bad , one wonders if it was a deliberate choice , to make the creepy visuals of sculptures dancing and paintings moving less frightening to young viewers . Time and again , terrific actors sink in the equivalent of cinematic quicksand , helpless against the sucking sound of this movie . '' Drew Hunt of Slant Magazine gave the film one out of four stars , saying `` None of the entries in the Night at the Museum series could ever pass for high art , but a wealth of comedic talent gave the first two installments a madcap energy that somewhat forgave their childish premises . Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb , the third and supposedly final edition in the franchise , is nothing more than an uncomfortably transparent contractual obligation . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Comedy Nominated Choice Movie Actor : Comedy Ben Stiller Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Actor Ben Stiller Won Home media ( edit ) Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb was released on Blu - ray and DVD on March 10 , 2015 . The film debuted in second place on the home media charts behind The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NIGHT AT THE MUSEUM : SECRET OF THE TOMB ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . December 2 , 2014 . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sneak peek : ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike . `` Rebel Wilson Joins ' Night at the Museum 3 ' Cast '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike . `` ' Downton Abbey 's Dan Stevens Joins ' Night at the Museum 3 ' As Lancelot '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Yamato , Jen . `` Skyler Gisondo Set For ' Night at the Museum 3 ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike . `` Ben Kingsley Joins ' Night at the Museum 3 ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Raring to go ! A grinning Mickey Rooney , 93 , is pushed through airport in wheelchair as he arrives in Canada to film Night at the Museum 3 '' . The Daily Mail . January 19 , 2014 . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Night at the Museum 3 ' In The Works '' . Access Hollywood . January 21 , 2010 . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Stiller Reveals ' Zoolander ' Sequel Secrets ; Future of the Fockers and What He Thinks of ' Tower Heist ' Co-Star Eddie Murphy as Oscar Host '' . The Hollywood Reporter . October 26 , 2011 . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` Shawn Levy Returns to Direct NIGHT AT THE MUSEUM 3 for December 25 , 2014 Release ; THE MAZE RUNNER Set to Open February 14 , 2014 '' . Collider . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Night at the Museum 3 ' In The Works Access Hollywood -- Celebrity News , Photos & Videos '' . Access Hollywood . January 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ricky Gervais Reprising In ' Night at the Museum 3 ′ '' . Deadline.com . December 18 , 2011 . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita . `` Fox Sets Date For ' Planet of the Apes ' Project , Moves Romancer ' The Longest Ride ' Away From ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' ; ' Night at the Museum ' Now Head to Head With ' The Hobbit ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Ben Kingsley Joining Shawn Levy 's Night at the Museum 3 '' . Comingsoon.net . January 23 , 2014 . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` On The Set For 1 / 27 / 14 : Universal 's ' Ouija ' Wraps , ' Night at the Museum 3 ′ Starts For 20th Century Fox `` Studio System News '' . Studiosystemnews.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Quiet on set ! Ben Stiller and Robin Williams are joined by former Downton Abbey star Dan Stevens as they film Night at the Museum 3 in London '' . The Daily Mail . January 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Stiller 's Third Franchise Adventure is Now Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved May 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Labrecque , Jeff ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` Robin Williams leaves behind four upcoming films '' . Insidemovies.ew.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb '' . movie-wave.net . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ' Soundtrack Details '' . filmmusicreporter.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . itunes.apple.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret Of The Tomb Soundtrack List Movie ( 2014 '' . songonlyrics.net . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Soundtrack '' . amazon.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Stiller , ' Night at the Museum ' Cast Remember Robin Williams -- Variety '' . Variety . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kofi Outlaw . `` ' Night at the Museum 3 ′ Trailer # 2 : Do n't Let the Magic Die '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Hobbit ' Finale Opens Strong with $24.5 Million '' . Variety . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Forecast ( cont . ) : ' Night at the Museum , ' ' Annie ' Open Ahead of Christmas Holiday '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Widest Releases '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( December 20 , 2014 ) . `` Hobbit ' Wakes Up Auds ; ' Annie ' Arm Wrestling Ben Stiller For No. 2 -- Friday B.O. '' Deadline.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( December 21 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Hobbit ' Rules Them All With $90.6 Million '' . Variety . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ray Subers ( December 21 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report ( cont . ) : Final ' Night at the Museum ' Narrowly Tops ' Annie ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ray Subers ( December 21 , 2014 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Hobbit ' Finale Adds $109 Million Overseas '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Deadline.com reported slightly different opening figures : $10.93 million from 29 international markets . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( December 22 , 2014 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' Rules While Chinese , Indian And French Films Make Noise : Intl BO Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( December 21 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Hobbit ' Finale Soars To $355 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( December 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' , ' Exodus ' Lead XMas Frame ; Euro , Korea Pics Boom Locally : Intl BO Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( January 11 , 2015 ) . `` Strong Weekend For Fox , Clint Eastwood at International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( January 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' Passes $500 M ; ' American Sniper ' , ' Taken 3 ′ Skillful : Intl Box Office Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Taken ' Repeats , ' Hobbit ' Hits $800 Million '' . boxofficemojo.com . IMDB . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Foundas ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` Film Review : ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peter Bradshaw ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb review -- surreal panto fantasy '' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Glenn Kenny ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Review '' . Rogererbert.com . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Zacharek ( December 16 , 2014 ) . `` The Night at the Museum Movies Are Better Than Critics Say '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Claudia Puig ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Third ' Night at the Museum ' is breezy , bittersweet fun '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb , ' movie review '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Night at the Museum : Tomb ' doomed by ennui '' . The Arizona Republic . December 17 , 2014 . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tom Long ( December 19 , 2014 ) . `` ' Night at the Museum ' is family - friendly fun '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ' review : Bury it '' . Newark Star - Ledger . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tom Russo ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Night at the Museum ' sequel shakes off the dust '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Robbie Collin ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb , review : ' so much fun ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Michael Rechtshaffen . `` ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Review : The creepy Night At The Museum series comes to a close with Secret Of The Tomb '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New ' Night at the Museum ' is a bit musty '' . New York Post . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ' : Please do not touch '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Drew Hunt ( December 15 , 2014 ) . `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb -- Film Review '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WINNERS OF TEEN CHOICE 2015 ANNOUNCED '' . Teen Choice Awards . FOX . August 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2015 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Announces Nominations for the ' 28th Annual Kids ' Choice Awards ' '' . Zap2it . February 20 , 2015 . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meryl Streep gets her first Kids ' Choice Awards nomination : See the full list '' . Entertainment Weekly . February 20 , 2015 . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Hunger Games ' Fends Off ' Night at the Museum ' on Home Video Sales Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb on IMDb Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb at the TCM Movie Database Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb at Box Office Mojo Milan Trenc 's The Night at the Museum Films Night at the Museum ( 2006 ) Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) Secret of the Tomb ( 2014 ) Video games Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian Films directed by Shawn Levy Just in Time ( 1997 ) Jett Jackson : The Movie ( 2001 ) Big Fat Liar ( 2002 ) Just Married ( 2003 ) Cheaper by the Dozen ( 2003 ) The Pink Panther ( 2006 ) Night at the Museum ( 2006 ) Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) Date Night ( 2010 ) Real Steel ( 2011 ) The Internship ( 2013 ) This Is Where I Leave You ( 2014 ) Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( 2014 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Night_at_the_Museum:_Secret_of_the_Tomb&oldid=826483422 '' Categories : 2014 films English - language films 2010s adventure films 2010s comedy films 2010s fantasy films 1492 Pictures films 21 Laps Entertainment films American films American adventure comedy films American sequel films British Museum Cultural depictions of Attila the Hun Cultural depictions of Theodore Roosevelt Fantasy adventure films Films scored by Alan Silvestri Films about Theodore Roosevelt Films directed by Shawn Levy Films set in 1938 Films set in 2014 Films set in Egypt Films set in London Films set in museums Films set in New York City Films shot in London IMAX films Neanderthals in fiction Performance capture in film Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 11 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night%20at%20the%20Museum%3A%20Secret%20of%20the%20Tomb

who plays cruella de vil in 102 dalmatians

102 Dalmatians is a 2000 American live action and CG - animated film adventure drama film directed by Kevin Lima in his live - action directorial debut and produced by Edward S. Feldman and Walt Disney Pictures . It is the sequel to the 1996 film 101 Dalmatians , a live - action remake of the 1961 Disney animated film of the same name and stars Glenn Close reprising her role as Cruella de Vil as she attempts to steal puppies for her `` grandest '' fur coat yet . Close and Tim McInnerny were the only two actors from the first film to return for the sequel , however . The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Costume Design , but lost to Gladiator .

Glenn Close

102 Dalmatians

102 dalmatians

102 Dalmatians is a 2000 American live action and CG - animated film adventure drama film directed by Kevin Lima in his live - action directorial debut and produced by Edward S. Feldman and Walt Disney Pictures . It is the sequel to the 1996 film 101 Dalmatians , a live - action remake of the 1961 Disney animated film of the same name and stars Glenn Close reprising her role as Cruella de Vil as she attempts to steal puppies for her `` grandest '' fur coat yet . Close and Tim McInnerny were the only two actors from the first film to return for the sequel , however . The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Costume Design , but lost to Gladiator .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Release 4 Production 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 Home media releases 7 Video game 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) After three years in prison , Cruella de Vil has been cured of her desire for fur coats by Dr. Pavlov and is released into the custody of the probation office on the provision that she will be forced to pay the remainder of her fortune ( eight million pounds ) to all the dog shelters in the borough of Westminster should she repeat her crime . Cruella therefore mends her working relationship with her valet Alonzo and has him lock away all her fur coats . Cruella 's probation officer , Chloe Simon , nevertheless suspects her , partly because Chloe is the owner of the now - adult Dipstick ( one of the original 15 puppies from the previous film ) . Dipstick 's mate , Dottie , has recently given birth to three puppies : Domino , Little Dipper and Oddball ( who lacks spots ) . To mend her reputation , Cruella buys the Second Chance Dog shelter , owned by Kevin Shepherd , to resolve its financial insolvency that is on the verge of eviction . Meanwhile , Dr. Pavlov discovers that when his therapy 's subjects are subjected to loud noises , they revert to their original states but conceals this discovery . When Big Ben rings in her presence , Cruella reverts to her former personality and enlists the help of French furrier Jean - Pierre LePelt to steal 102 Dalmatian puppies for a new fur coat with a hood . When Kevin tells Chloe that if Cruella violates her parole , her entire fortune will go to him , since his dog shelter is the only one in the borough of Westminster , Cruella has Kevin framed for the theft of the puppies and invites Chloe and Dipstick to dinner while LePelt steals Dottie and her three puppies . Dipstick hurries back to the apartment and hides in LePelt 's truck but is later captured at the train station . Chloe rushes home to save her pets but arrives too late . She is joined by Kevin , who has escaped from prison with help from his dogs and talking parrot , Waddlesworth . Upon finding a ticket for the Orient Express to Paris dropped by LePelt , Kevin and Chloe attempt and fail to stop Cruella and LePelt , but Oddball and Waddlesworth pursue their enemies secretly . In Paris , Kevin and Chloe save some of the captive puppies , but they are seen and locked in the cellar just as the puppies flee . Cruella goes after the puppies alone . Alonzo , when scolded beyond his patience and had enough of being abused , defeats LePelt and frees Kevin and Chloe and they give chase to a bakery , where the puppies and Kevin 's dogs imprison Cruella in an immense cake . She and LePelt are thereupon arrested . Kevin and Chloe are personally awarded the remnants of Cruella 's fortune by Alonzo himself and Oddball 's coat finally develops spots . Cast ( edit ) Glenn Close as Cruella de Vil Ioan Gruffudd as Kevin Shepherd Alice Evans as Chloe Simon Tim McInnerny as Alonzo David Horovitch as Dr. Pavlov Ian Richardson as Mr. Torte Gérard Depardieu as Jean Pierre LePelt Eric Idle as Waddlesworth ( voice ) , The Parrot Carol MacReady as Agnes Ben Crompton as Ewan Melanie Griffith as Margalo ( voice ) Release ( edit ) On November 24 , 1999 , a teaser trailer was released with Toy Story 2 . Production ( edit ) A customized Panther De Ville driven by Cruella de Vil in the film The early working title was 101 Dalmatians Returns . Production began in December 1998 and ended in mid-November 1999 . The film was set to be released on June 30 , 2000 , but was pushed back to November 22 , 2000 . Oxford Prison was used for the scene as Cruella walked out of prison . 102 Dalmatians was filmed partially in Paris . On November 6 , 1999 , Disney released the soundtrack to the movie , including pre-eminently , a cover of Paul Anka 's `` Puppy Love '' ( sung by Myra ) and original songs : Mike Himelstein 's `` What Can a Bird Do ? '' ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) , `` My Spot in the World '' ( sung by Lauren Christy ) and `` Cruella De Vil 2000 '' ( better known as `` Cruella De Vil ( 102 Dalmatians ) , '' sung by Camara Kambon and Mark Campbell of Jack Mack and the Heart Attack -- a derivation of `` Cruella de Vil '' ) . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The film opened at the third position behind M. Night Shyamalan 's Unbreakable and Ron Howard 's How the Grinch Stole Christmas . The film did well at the box office , earning $67 million in the U.S. and $116.7 million overseas , bringing its total to $183.6 million worldwide . Critical response ( edit ) After premiering in New Zealand , the film received positive reviews and was described by media as a `` howling success '' . In America , the film received generally negative reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a 31 % `` Rotten '' rating , based on 90 reviews , with the site 's consensus reading `` This sequel to the live - action 101 Dalmatians is simply more of the same . Critics say it also drags in parts -- potentially boring children -- and that it 's too violent for a G - rated movie . '' On the similar review site Metacritic , the film has a score of 35 / 100 , based on 24 critics . Home media releases ( edit ) 102 Dalmatians was released on VHS and DVD on April 3 , 2001 and re-released on September 16 , 2008 . Video game ( edit ) A video game based on the film , that was entitled 102 Dalmatians : Puppies to the Rescue , was released in 2000 , with Frankie Muniz as the voice of Domino , Molly Marlette as the voice of Oddball and Susanne Blakeslee as the voice of Cruella de Vil . Horace and Jasper also appeared in the game despite not being present in the film . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 102 Dalmatians ( 2000 ) '' . Boxofficemojo.com. 2001 - 04 - 10 . Archived from the original on 15 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards 2000 - Winners and nominees by category '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Release `` 102 Dalmatians '' by Various Artists `` . MusicBrainz.org . Retrieved 15 December 2013 . Puppy Love -- Myra ( Mayra Carol Ambriz Quintana ... composer / lyricist ) : Paul Anka Jump up ^ `` Cruella ... '' citations : `` 102 Dalmatians '' . BBC.co.UK . Retrieved 15 December 2013 . Music Played ( ... ) Camara Kambon ( -- ) Cruella De Vil 2000 ( -- ) Featured Artist : Mark Campbell . `` Search ( Kambon Cruella ) '' . Last.FM . Retrieved 15 December 2013 . `` Search ( Campbell Cruella ) '' . Last.FM . Retrieved 15 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Soundtrack overall citations : `` 102 Dalmatians '' . Amazon.co.UK. 2000 . Retrieved 15 December 2013 . `` 102 Dalmatians -- Various Artists '' . Last.FM . Retrieved 15 December 2013 . Jeff Bennett - What Can a Bird Do ? ( ... ) 604 ( listeners ... ) Myra - Puppy Love ( ... ) 1,359 ( listeners ... ) Lauren Christy - My Spot in the World ( ... ) 201 ( listeners ) Jump up ^ Premiere goes to the dogs Retrieved November 2013 ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ 102 Dalmatians @ Rotten Tomatoes Rotten Tomatoes , Retrieved January 21 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` 102 Dalmatians on Metacritic '' . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 102 Dalmatians : Puppies to the Rescue '' . Amazon . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 102 Dalmatians . Film in the United States portal 2000s portal Disney portal Official website 102 Dalmatians on IMDb 102 Dalmatians at AllMovie 102 Dalmatians at Rotten Tomatoes Dodie Smith 's The Hundred and One Dalmatians Books The Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1956 ) The Starlight Barking ( 1967 ) Animated films One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) 101 Dalmatians II : Patch 's London Adventure ( 2003 ) Live - action films 101 Dalmatians ( 1996 ) 102 Dalmatians ( 2000 ) Video games Disney 's Animated Storybook : 101 Dalmatians ( 1997 ) 101 Dalmatians : Escape from DeVil Manor ( 1997 ) 102 Dalmatians : Puppies to the Rescue ( 2000 ) Miscellaneous One Hundred and One Dalmatians franchise 101 Dalmatians : The Series ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Broadway musical Soundtrack Cruella de Vil Films directed by Kevin Lima A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) 102 Dalmatians ( 2000 ) Eloise at the Plaza ( 2003 ) Eloise at Christmastime ( 2003 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=102_Dalmatians&oldid=803529043 '' Categories : English - language films 2000 films 2000s comedy films American films American children 's adventure films 101 Dalmatians films American comedy films Adventure comedy films Films based on children 's books Films set in London Films set in Paris Films about abduction Films about dogs Films about revenge American sequel films Films directed by Kevin Lima Walt Disney Pictures films Films about animals Film scores by David Newman Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from December 2013 Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Cymraeg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 01 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/102%20Dalmatians

who shot the most 3 pointers in nba history

Rank Name Position ( s ) Team ( s ) played for ( years ) Total 3 - point field goals made Total 3 - point field goals attempted 3 - point field goal percentage Allen , Ray Ray Allen SG Milwaukee Bucks ( 1996 -- 2003 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Boston Celtics ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Miami Heat ( 2012 -- 2014 ) 2,973 7,429 . 400 Miller , Reggie Reggie Miller * SG Indiana Pacers ( 1987 -- 2005 ) 2,560 6,486 . 395 Terry , Jason Jason Terry ^ SG / PG Atlanta Hawks ( 1999 -- 2004 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2004 -- 2012 ) Boston Celtics ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Houston Rockets ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2016 -- present ) 2,261 5,948 . 380 Korver , Kyle Kyle Korver ^ SG / SF Philadelphia 76ers ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Utah Jazz ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Chicago Bulls ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2012 -- 2017 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2017 -- present ) 2,186 5,072 . 431 Pierce , Paul Paul Pierce SF Boston Celtics ( 1999 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Washington Wizards ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 2,143 5,816 . 368 6 Crawford , Jamal Jamal Crawford ^ SG / PG Chicago Bulls ( 2000 -- 2004 ) New York Knicks ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2012 -- 2017 ) Minnesota Timberwolves ( 2017 -- present ) 2,133 6,100 . 350 7 Curry , Stephen Stephen Curry ^ PG Golden State Warriors ( 2009 -- present ) 2,116 4,851 . 436 8 Carter , Vince Vince Carter ^ SG / SF Toronto Raptors ( 1999 -- 2004 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2004 -- 2009 ) Orlando Magic ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Sacramento Kings ( 2017 -- present ) 2,090 5,596 . 373 9 Kidd , Jason Jason Kidd PG Dallas Mavericks ( 1994 -- 1996 , 2008 -- 2012 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1996 -- 2001 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2001 -- 2008 ) New York Knicks ( 2012 -- 2013 ) 1,988 5,701 . 349 10 Johnson , Joe Joe Johnson ^ SG / SF Boston Celtics ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2005 -- 2012 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Miami Heat ( 2016 ) Utah Jazz ( 2016 -- 2018 ) Houston Rockets ( 2018 -- present ) 1,965 5,284 . 372 11 Smith , J.R. J.R. Smith ^ SG New Orleans ( / Oklahoma City ) Hornets ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Denver Nuggets ( 2006 -- 2011 ) New York Knicks ( 2011 -- 2015 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2015 -- present ) 1,887 5,058 . 373 12 Nowitzki , Dirk Dirk Nowitzki ^ PF Dallas Mavericks ( 1999 -- present ) 1,886 4,919 . 383 13 Billups , Chauncey Chauncey Billups PG / SG Boston Celtics ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Toronto Raptors ( 1998 ) Denver Nuggets ( 19 99 , 2008 -- 2011 ) Minnesota Timberwolves ( 2000 -- 2002 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2002 -- 2008 , 2013 -- 2014 ) New York Knicks ( 2011 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2011 -- 2013 ) 1,830 4,725 . 387 14 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2016 ) 1,827 5,546 . 330 15 Lewis , Rashard Rashard Lewis SF / PF Seattle SuperSonics ( 1999 -- 2007 ) Orlando Magic ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Washington Wizards ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Miami Heat ( 2012 -- 2014 ) 1,787 4,625 . 386 16 Stojaković , Peja Peja Stojaković SF Sacramento Kings ( 1999 -- 2006 ) Indiana Pacers ( 2006 ) New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Toronto Raptors ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2011 ) 1,760 4,392 . 401 17 Ellis , Dale Dale Ellis SF / SG Dallas Mavericks ( 1983 -- 1986 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1986 -- 1991 , 1997 -- 1999 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1991 -- 1992 , 1999 -- 2000 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1992 -- 1994 ) Denver Nuggets ( 1994 -- 1997 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 2000 ) 1,719 4,266 . 403 18 Nash , Steve Steve Nash PG Phoenix Suns ( 1996 -- 1998 , 2004 -- 2012 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 1999 -- 2004 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2012 -- 2014 ) 1,685 3,939 . 428 19 Richardson , Jason Jason Richardson SG Golden State Warriors ( 2001 -- 2007 ) Charlotte Bobcats ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Orlando Magic ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 2012 -- 2015 ) 1,608 4,344 . 370 20 Harden , James James Harden ^ SG Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Houston Rockets ( 2012 -- present ) 1,601 4,373 . 366 21 Miller , Mike Mike Miller ^ SF / SG Orlando Magic ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2003 -- 2008 , 2013 -- 2014 ) Minnesota Timberwolves ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Washington Wizards ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Miami Heat ( 2010 -- 2013 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Denver Nuggets ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 1,590 3,910 . 407 22 James , LeBron LeBron James ^ SF Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2003 -- 2010 , 2014 -- present ) Miami Heat ( 2010 -- 2014 ) 1,570 4,581 . 343 23 Rice , Glen Glen Rice SF Miami Heat ( 1989 -- 1995 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1999 -- 2000 ) New York Knicks ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Houston Rockets ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2003 -- 2004 ) 1,559 3,896 . 400 24 Jones , Eddie Eddie Jones SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1994 -- 1999 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Miami Heat ( 2000 -- 2005 , 2007 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2007 -- 2008 ) 1,546 4,147 . 373 25 Hardaway , Tim Tim Hardaway PG Golden State Warriors ( 1989 -- 1993 , 1994 -- 1996 ) Miami Heat ( 1996 -- 2001 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Denver Nuggets ( 2002 ) Indiana Pacers ( 2003 ) 1,542 4,345 . 355 26 Van Exel , Nick Nick Van Exel PG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1993 -- 1998 ) Denver Nuggets ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( 2004 -- 2005 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2005 -- 2006 ) 1,528 4,278 . 357 27 Thompson , Klay Klay Thompson ^ SG Golden State Warriors ( 2011 -- present ) 1,522 3,603 . 422 28 Bibby , Mike Mike Bibby PG Vancouver Grizzlies ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Sacramento Kings ( 2001 -- 2008 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Washington Wizards ( 2011 ) Miami Heat ( 2011 ) New York Knicks ( 2011 -- 2012 ) 1,517 3,999 . 379 29 Ginóbili , Manu Manu Ginóbili ^ SG San Antonio Spurs ( 2002 -- present ) 1,481 4,013 . 369 30 Finley , Michael Michael Finley SF Phoenix Suns ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 1996 -- 2005 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2005 -- 2010 ) Boston Celtics ( 2010 ) 1,454 3,880 . 375 31 Matthews , Wesley Wesley Matthews ^ SG Utah Jazz ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2015 -- present ) 1,403 3,658 . 384 32 Durant , Kevin Kevin Durant ^ SF / SG Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2007 -- 2016 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2016 -- present ) 1,399 3,644 . 384 33 Redick , J.J. J.J. Redick ^ SG Orlando Magic ( 2006 -- 2013 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2013 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 2017 -- present ) 1,398 3,385 . 413 34 Barry , Brent Brent Barry SG Los Angeles Clippers ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Miami Heat ( 1998 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1999 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1999 -- 2004 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Houston Rockets ( 2008 -- 2009 ) 1,395 3,442 . 405 35 Walker , Antoine Antoine Walker PF Boston Celtics ( 1996 -- 2003 , 2005 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Miami Heat ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Minnesota Timberwolves ( 2007 -- 2008 ) 1,386 4,264 . 325 36 Majerle , Dan Dan Majerle SG / SF Phoenix Suns ( 1988 -- 1995 , 2001 -- 2002 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Miami Heat ( 1996 -- 2001 ) 1,360 3,798 . 358 37 Davis , Baron Baron Davis PG Charlotte Hornets ( 1999 -- 2002 ) New Orleans Hornets ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2011 ) New York Knicks ( 2012 ) 1,332 4,159 . 320 38 Richmond , Mitch Mitch Richmond * SG Golden State Warriors ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Sacramento Kings ( 1991 -- 1998 ) Washington Wizards ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 1,326 3,419 . 388 39 Lowry , Kyle Kyle Lowry ^ PG Memphis Grizzlies ( 2006 -- 2009 ) Houston Rockets ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Toronto Raptors ( 2012 -- present ) 1,310 3,558 . 368 40 Houston , Allan Allan Houston SG Detroit Pistons ( 1993 -- 1996 ) New York Knicks ( 1996 -- 2005 ) 1,305 3,247 . 402 41 Anderson , Ryan Ryan Anderson ^ PF New Jersey Nets ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Orlando Magic ( 2009 -- 2012 ) New Orleans Hornets / Pelicans ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Houston Rockets ( 2016 -- present ) 1,304 3,420 . 381 Dunleavy Jr. , Mike Mike Dunleavy Jr. ^ SF / SG Golden State Warriors ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Indiana Pacers ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Chicago Bulls ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2017 ) 3,460 . 377 43 Anthony , Carmelo Carmelo Anthony ^ SF Denver Nuggets ( 2003 -- 2011 ) New York Knicks ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2017 -- present ) 1,299 3,748 . 347 44 Porter , Terry Terry Porter PG Portland Trail Blazers ( 1985 -- 1995 ) Minnesota Timberwolves ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Miami Heat ( 1999 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1999 -- 2002 ) 1,297 3,360 . 386 45 Blaylock , Mookie Mookie Blaylock PG New Jersey Nets ( 1989 -- 1992 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 1992 -- 1999 ) Golden State Warriors ( 1999 -- 2002 ) 1,283 3,816 . 336 46 Ariza , Trevor Trevor Ariza ^ SF New York Knicks ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Orlando Magic ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Houston Rockets ( 2009 -- 2010 , 2014 -- present ) New Orleans Hornets ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Washington Wizards ( 2012 -- 2014 ) 1,275 3,597 . 354 47 Maxwell , Vernon Vernon Maxwell SG San Antonio Spurs ( 1988 -- 1990 , 1996 -- 1997 ) Houston Rockets ( 1990 -- 1995 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1995 -- 1996 , 2000 ) Orlando Magic ( 1998 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1998 ) Sacramento Kings ( 1999 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2001 ) 1,256 3,931 . 320 48 Robinson , Clifford Clifford Robinson PF / SF Portland Trail Blazers ( 1989 -- 1997 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2003 -- 2005 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 1,253 3,515 . 356 49 Jackson , Stephen Stephen Jackson SG / SF New Jersey Nets ( 2000 -- 2001 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2001 -- 2003 , 2012 -- 2013 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Indiana Pacers ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Charlotte Bobcats ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2013 -- 2014 ) 1,252 3,763 . 333 50 Battier , Shane Shane Battier SF Memphis Grizzlies ( 2001 -- 2006 , 2011 ) Houston Rockets ( 2006 -- 2011 ) Miami Heat ( 2011 -- 2014 ) 1,250 3,254 . 384

Ray Allen

List of National Basketball Association career 3 - point scoring leaders

list of national basketball association career 3 - point scoring leaders

This article provides two lists :

A list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular season three - point field goals made . A progressive list of three - point leaders showing how the record has increased through the years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Three - point field goals made leaders 2 Progressive list of 3 - point scoring leaders 3 Notes 4 External links Three - point field goals made leaders ( edit ) This is a list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular - season three - point field goals made . Statistics accurate as of February 28 , 2018 . Active NBA player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame † Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration § 1st time nominee for Hall of Fame in 2018 Rank Name Position ( s ) Team ( s ) played for ( years ) Total 3 - point field goals made Total 3 - point field goals attempted 3 - point field goal percentage Allen , Ray Ray Allen SG Milwaukee Bucks ( 1996 -- 2003 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Boston Celtics ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Miami Heat ( 2012 -- 2014 ) 2,973 7,429 . 400 Miller , Reggie Reggie Miller * SG Indiana Pacers ( 1987 -- 2005 ) 2,560 6,486 . 395 Terry , Jason Jason Terry ^ SG / PG Atlanta Hawks ( 1999 -- 2004 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2004 -- 2012 ) Boston Celtics ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Houston Rockets ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2016 -- present ) 2,261 5,948 . 380 Korver , Kyle Kyle Korver ^ SG / SF Philadelphia 76ers ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Utah Jazz ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Chicago Bulls ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2012 -- 2017 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2017 -- present ) 2,186 5,072 . 431 Pierce , Paul Paul Pierce SF Boston Celtics ( 1999 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Washington Wizards ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 2,143 5,816 . 368 6 Crawford , Jamal Jamal Crawford ^ SG / PG Chicago Bulls ( 2000 -- 2004 ) New York Knicks ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2012 -- 2017 ) Minnesota Timberwolves ( 2017 -- present ) 2,133 6,100 . 350 7 Curry , Stephen Stephen Curry ^ PG Golden State Warriors ( 2009 -- present ) 2,116 4,851 . 436 8 Carter , Vince Vince Carter ^ SG / SF Toronto Raptors ( 1999 -- 2004 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2004 -- 2009 ) Orlando Magic ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Sacramento Kings ( 2017 -- present ) 2,090 5,596 . 373 9 Kidd , Jason Jason Kidd PG Dallas Mavericks ( 1994 -- 1996 , 2008 -- 2012 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1996 -- 2001 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2001 -- 2008 ) New York Knicks ( 2012 -- 2013 ) 1,988 5,701 . 349 10 Johnson , Joe Joe Johnson ^ SG / SF Boston Celtics ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2005 -- 2012 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Miami Heat ( 2016 ) Utah Jazz ( 2016 -- 2018 ) Houston Rockets ( 2018 -- present ) 1,965 5,284 . 372 11 Smith , J.R. J.R. Smith ^ SG New Orleans ( / Oklahoma City ) Hornets ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Denver Nuggets ( 2006 -- 2011 ) New York Knicks ( 2011 -- 2015 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2015 -- present ) 1,887 5,058 . 373 12 Nowitzki , Dirk Dirk Nowitzki ^ PF Dallas Mavericks ( 1999 -- present ) 1,886 4,919 . 383 13 Billups , Chauncey Chauncey Billups PG / SG Boston Celtics ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Toronto Raptors ( 1998 ) Denver Nuggets ( 19 99 , 2008 -- 2011 ) Minnesota Timberwolves ( 2000 -- 2002 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2002 -- 2008 , 2013 -- 2014 ) New York Knicks ( 2011 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2011 -- 2013 ) 1,830 4,725 . 387 14 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2016 ) 1,827 5,546 . 330 15 Lewis , Rashard Rashard Lewis SF / PF Seattle SuperSonics ( 1999 -- 2007 ) Orlando Magic ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Washington Wizards ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Miami Heat ( 2012 -- 2014 ) 1,787 4,625 . 386 16 Stojaković , Peja Peja Stojaković SF Sacramento Kings ( 1999 -- 2006 ) Indiana Pacers ( 2006 ) New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Toronto Raptors ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2011 ) 1,760 4,392 . 401 17 Ellis , Dale Dale Ellis SF / SG Dallas Mavericks ( 1983 -- 1986 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1986 -- 1991 , 1997 -- 1999 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1991 -- 1992 , 1999 -- 2000 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1992 -- 1994 ) Denver Nuggets ( 1994 -- 1997 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 2000 ) 1,719 4,266 . 403 18 Nash , Steve Steve Nash PG Phoenix Suns ( 1996 -- 1998 , 2004 -- 2012 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 1999 -- 2004 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2012 -- 2014 ) 1,685 3,939 . 428 19 Richardson , Jason Jason Richardson SG Golden State Warriors ( 2001 -- 2007 ) Charlotte Bobcats ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Orlando Magic ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 2012 -- 2015 ) 1,608 4,344 . 370 20 Harden , James James Harden ^ SG Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Houston Rockets ( 2012 -- present ) 1,601 4,373 . 366 21 Miller , Mike Mike Miller ^ SF / SG Orlando Magic ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2003 -- 2008 , 2013 -- 2014 ) Minnesota Timberwolves ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Washington Wizards ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Miami Heat ( 2010 -- 2013 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Denver Nuggets ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 1,590 3,910 . 407 22 James , LeBron LeBron James ^ SF Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2003 -- 2010 , 2014 -- present ) Miami Heat ( 2010 -- 2014 ) 1,570 4,581 . 343 23 Rice , Glen Glen Rice SF Miami Heat ( 1989 -- 1995 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1999 -- 2000 ) New York Knicks ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Houston Rockets ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2003 -- 2004 ) 1,559 3,896 . 400 24 Jones , Eddie Eddie Jones SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1994 -- 1999 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Miami Heat ( 2000 -- 2005 , 2007 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2007 -- 2008 ) 1,546 4,147 . 373 25 Hardaway , Tim Tim Hardaway PG Golden State Warriors ( 1989 -- 1993 , 1994 -- 1996 ) Miami Heat ( 1996 -- 2001 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Denver Nuggets ( 2002 ) Indiana Pacers ( 2003 ) 1,542 4,345 . 355 26 Van Exel , Nick Nick Van Exel PG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1993 -- 1998 ) Denver Nuggets ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( 2004 -- 2005 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2005 -- 2006 ) 1,528 4,278 . 357 27 Thompson , Klay Klay Thompson ^ SG Golden State Warriors ( 2011 -- present ) 1,522 3,603 . 422 28 Bibby , Mike Mike Bibby PG Vancouver Grizzlies ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Sacramento Kings ( 2001 -- 2008 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Washington Wizards ( 2011 ) Miami Heat ( 2011 ) New York Knicks ( 2011 -- 2012 ) 1,517 3,999 . 379 29 Ginóbili , Manu Manu Ginóbili ^ SG San Antonio Spurs ( 2002 -- present ) 1,481 4,013 . 369 30 Finley , Michael Michael Finley SF Phoenix Suns ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 1996 -- 2005 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2005 -- 2010 ) Boston Celtics ( 2010 ) 1,454 3,880 . 375 31 Matthews , Wesley Wesley Matthews ^ SG Utah Jazz ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2015 -- present ) 1,403 3,658 . 384 32 Durant , Kevin Kevin Durant ^ SF / SG Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2007 -- 2016 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2016 -- present ) 1,399 3,644 . 384 33 Redick , J.J. J.J. Redick ^ SG Orlando Magic ( 2006 -- 2013 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2013 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 2017 -- present ) 1,398 3,385 . 413 34 Barry , Brent Brent Barry SG Los Angeles Clippers ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Miami Heat ( 1998 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1999 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1999 -- 2004 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Houston Rockets ( 2008 -- 2009 ) 1,395 3,442 . 405 35 Walker , Antoine Antoine Walker PF Boston Celtics ( 1996 -- 2003 , 2005 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Miami Heat ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Minnesota Timberwolves ( 2007 -- 2008 ) 1,386 4,264 . 325 36 Majerle , Dan Dan Majerle SG / SF Phoenix Suns ( 1988 -- 1995 , 2001 -- 2002 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Miami Heat ( 1996 -- 2001 ) 1,360 3,798 . 358 37 Davis , Baron Baron Davis PG Charlotte Hornets ( 1999 -- 2002 ) New Orleans Hornets ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2011 ) New York Knicks ( 2012 ) 1,332 4,159 . 320 38 Richmond , Mitch Mitch Richmond * SG Golden State Warriors ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Sacramento Kings ( 1991 -- 1998 ) Washington Wizards ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 1,326 3,419 . 388 39 Lowry , Kyle Kyle Lowry ^ PG Memphis Grizzlies ( 2006 -- 2009 ) Houston Rockets ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Toronto Raptors ( 2012 -- present ) 1,310 3,558 . 368 40 Houston , Allan Allan Houston SG Detroit Pistons ( 1993 -- 1996 ) New York Knicks ( 1996 -- 2005 ) 1,305 3,247 . 402 41 Anderson , Ryan Ryan Anderson ^ PF New Jersey Nets ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Orlando Magic ( 2009 -- 2012 ) New Orleans Hornets / Pelicans ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Houston Rockets ( 2016 -- present ) 1,304 3,420 . 381 Dunleavy Jr. , Mike Mike Dunleavy Jr. ^ SF / SG Golden State Warriors ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Indiana Pacers ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Chicago Bulls ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2017 ) 3,460 . 377 43 Anthony , Carmelo Carmelo Anthony ^ SF Denver Nuggets ( 2003 -- 2011 ) New York Knicks ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2017 -- present ) 1,299 3,748 . 347 44 Porter , Terry Terry Porter PG Portland Trail Blazers ( 1985 -- 1995 ) Minnesota Timberwolves ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Miami Heat ( 1999 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1999 -- 2002 ) 1,297 3,360 . 386 45 Blaylock , Mookie Mookie Blaylock PG New Jersey Nets ( 1989 -- 1992 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 1992 -- 1999 ) Golden State Warriors ( 1999 -- 2002 ) 1,283 3,816 . 336 46 Ariza , Trevor Trevor Ariza ^ SF New York Knicks ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Orlando Magic ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Houston Rockets ( 2009 -- 2010 , 2014 -- present ) New Orleans Hornets ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Washington Wizards ( 2012 -- 2014 ) 1,275 3,597 . 354 47 Maxwell , Vernon Vernon Maxwell SG San Antonio Spurs ( 1988 -- 1990 , 1996 -- 1997 ) Houston Rockets ( 1990 -- 1995 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1995 -- 1996 , 2000 ) Orlando Magic ( 1998 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1998 ) Sacramento Kings ( 1999 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2001 ) 1,256 3,931 . 320 48 Robinson , Clifford Clifford Robinson PF / SF Portland Trail Blazers ( 1989 -- 1997 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2003 -- 2005 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 1,253 3,515 . 356 49 Jackson , Stephen Stephen Jackson SG / SF New Jersey Nets ( 2000 -- 2001 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2001 -- 2003 , 2012 -- 2013 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Indiana Pacers ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Charlotte Bobcats ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2013 -- 2014 ) 1,252 3,763 . 333 50 Battier , Shane Shane Battier SF Memphis Grizzlies ( 2001 -- 2006 , 2011 ) Houston Rockets ( 2006 -- 2011 ) Miami Heat ( 2011 -- 2014 ) 1,250 3,254 . 384 Progressive list of 3 - point scoring leaders ( edit ) This is a progressive list of 3 - point scoring leaders showing how the record has increased through the years . Statistics accurate as of February 21 , 2018 . Active NBA player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame † Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration § 1st time nominee for Hall of Fame in 2018 Team Abbreviations Team listed is the one player was on when he established the record . BOS Boston Celtics HOU Houston Rockets ORL Orlando Magic SEA Seattle SuperSonics CHA Charlotte Bobcats IND Indiana Pacers PHI Philadelphia 76ers TOR Toronto Raptors CHI Chicago Bulls LAL Los Angeles Lakers PHO Phoenix Suns UTA Utah Jazz CLE Cleveland Cavaliers MIA Miami Heat SAC Sacramento Kings WAS Washington Wizards DEN Denver Nuggets MIL Milwaukee Bucks SAS San Antonio Spurs WSB Washington Bullets GSW Golden State Warriors NYK New York Knicks SDC San Diego Clippers Progressive 3 point Leaders Season Year - by - year leader 3P Active player leader 3P Career record 3P Single season record 3P Season 1979 -- 80 Brian Taylor 000SDC 90 Brian Taylor 000SDC 90 Brian Taylor 000SDC 90 Brian Taylor 000SDC 90 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 Mike Bratz 000CLE 57 134 134 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 Don Buse 000IND 73 Joe Hassett 000GSW 193 Joe Hassett 000GSW 193 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 Mike Dunleavy 000 SAS 67 194 194 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 Darrell Griffith 000UTA 91 Darrell Griffith 000UTA 154 Darrell Griffith 000UTA 91 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 92 246 Darrell Griffith 000UTA 246 92 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 Larry Bird * 000BOS 82 Larry Bird * 000BOS 267 Larry Bird * 000BOS 267 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 90 357 357 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 Danny Ainge 000BOS 148 455 455 Danny Ainge 000BOS 148 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 Michael Adams 000DEN 166 Dale Ellis 000SEA 472 Dale Ellis 000SEA 472 Michael Adams 000DEN 166 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 158 568 568 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 Vernon Maxwell 000HOU 172 Michael Adams 000DEN 1990 -- 91 000WSB 1991 -- 92 658 Michael Adams 000DEN 1990 -- 91 000WSB 1991 -- 92 658 Vernon Maxwell 000HOU 172 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 162 783 783 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 Reggie Miller * 000IND Dan Majerle 000PHO 167 Dale Ellis 000 SAS 1992 -- 94 000 DEN 1994 -- 97 882 Dale Ellis 000 SAS 1992 -- 94 000 DEN 1994 -- 97 882 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 Dan Majerle 000PHO 192 1,013 1,013 Dan Majerle 000PHO 192 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 John Starks 000NYK 217 1,119 1,119 John Starks 000NYK 217 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 Dennis Scott 000ORL 267 1,269 1,269 Dennis Scott 000ORL 267 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 Reggie Miller * 000IND 229 1,461 1,461 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 Wesley Person 000CLE 192 Reggie Miller * 000IND 1,596 Reggie Miller * 000IND 1,596 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 Dee Brown 000TOR 135 1,702 1,702 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 Gary Payton * 000SEA 177 1,867 1,867 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 Antoine Walker 000BOS 221 2,037 2,037 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 Allen , Ray Ray Allen 000MIL 229 2,217 2,217 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 201 2,330 2,330 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 Peja Stojaković 000SAC 240 2,464 2,464 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 Quentin Richardson 0PHO Kyle Korver ^ 00PHI 226 2,560 2,560 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 Allen , Ray Ray Allen 000SEA 269 Allen , Ray Ray Allen 000SEA 2005 -- 07 000BOS 2007 -- 12 000MIA 2012 -- 14 1,755 Allen , Ray Ray Allen 000SEA 269 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 Gilbert Arenas 00WAS Raja Bell 00PHO 205 1,920 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 Jason Richardson 000CHA 243 2,100 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 Rashard Lewis 000ORL 220 2,299 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 Aaron Brooks ^ 000HOU 209 2,444 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 Dorell Wright 000GSW 194 2,612 Allen , Ray Ray Allen 000BOS 2010 -- 12 000MIA 2012 -- 14 2,612 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 Ryan Anderson ^ 000ORL 166 2,718 2,718 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 Stephen Curry ^ 000GSW 272 2,857 2,857 Stephen Curry ^ 000GSW 272 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 261 2,973 2,973 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 286 Jason Terry ^ 000HOU 2014 -- 16 000MIL 2016 -- 18 2,076 286 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 402 2,169 402 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 324 2,242 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 James Harden ^ 000HOU 206 2,255 2017 -- 18 Season Year - by - Year Leader 3P Active Player Leader 3P Career Record 3P Single Season Record 3P Season Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The National Basketball Association did not record 3 - point field goals until the 1979 -- 80 season Jump up ^ `` NBA Progressive Leaders and Records for 3 - Pt Field Goals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Sports - Reference . Retrieved 24 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : A player is not eligible for induction into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame until he has been fully retired for three calendar years . ^ Jump up to : `` Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Announces Eligible Candidates for the Class of 2018 '' . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ American Basketball Association ( ABA ) teams other than those admitted into the NBA in 1976 are not included ; each year is linked to an article about that particular NBA season . External links ( edit ) Basketball-Reference.com enumeration of NBA career leaders in 3 - point field goals made ( hide ) National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Basketball_Association_career_3-point_scoring_leaders&oldid=828252407 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists National Basketball Association statistical leaders Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 13 : 20 . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20National%20Basketball%20Association%20career%203-point%20scoring%20leaders

why do they sing sweet caroline at penn state games

Sweet Caroline

sweet caroline

`` Sweet Caroline '' is a song written and performed by American recording artist Neil Diamond and released in June 1969 as a single with the title `` Sweet Caroline ( Good Times Never Seemed So Good ) '' . It was arranged by Charles Calello , and recorded at American Sound Studio in Memphis , Tennessee .

The song reached No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart the week ending August 16 , 1969 , and was certified gold by the RIAA on August 18 , 1969 for sales of one million singles . `` Sweet Caroline '' was also the first of fifty - eight entries on the US Easy Listening chart , peaking at # 3 . In the autumn of 1969 , Diamond performed `` Sweet Caroline '' on several television shows . It later reached No. 8 on the UK singles chart in 1971 . In a 2007 interview , Diamond stated the inspiration for his song was John F. Kennedy 's daughter , Caroline , who was eleven years old at the time it was released . Diamond sang the song to her at her 50th birthday celebration in 2007 . On December 21 , 2011 , in an interview on CBS 's The Early Show , Diamond said that a magazine cover photo of Caroline Kennedy as a young child on a horse with her parents in the background created an image in his mind , and the rest of the song came together about five years after seeing the picture . However , in 2014 Diamond said the song was about his then - wife Marsha , but he needed a three - syllable name to fit the melody . The song has proven to be enduringly popular , and as of November 2014 has sold over two million digital downloads in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart history 1.1 Weekly charts 1.2 Year - end charts 2 Versions 3 Use at sporting events 4 Personnel 5 Cover versions 6 References 7 External links Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 ) Peak position Australia KMR Canada RPM Top Singles Canada RPM Adult Contemporary US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Adult Contemporary US Cash Box Top 100 Chart ( 1971 ) Peak position Germany 37 Ireland ( IRMA ) 9 Netherlands 16 UK ( OCC ) 8 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 ) Rank Canada RPM Top Singles 37 US Billboard Hot 100 22 US Cash Box 26 Versions ( edit ) There are three distinct mixes of this song . The original mono 45 mix had a louder orchestra and glockenspiel compared to the stereo version on the Brother Love 's Travelling Salvation Show LP . The third version was a remix found only on the initial CD release of Diamond 's His 12 Greatest Hits . This version has the orchestra mixed down and has the background vocals mixed up . It has a longer fade as well . A live version of the song is on his Hot August Night LP . Use at sporting events ( edit ) The playing of `` Sweet Caroline '' has become a fixture at many sporting events in the United States . In this version , the horn figure after Diamond sings `` Sweet Caroline '' in the chorus is replaced by the crowd singing `` Bap Bap Bah '' , and after he sings `` Good times never seemed so good , '' the crowd sings `` So good , so good , so good . '' This pattern is repeated whenever the chorus is played . The song has been played at Fenway Park , home of Major League Baseball 's Boston Red Sox , since at least 1997 , and in the middle of the eighth inning at every game since 2002 . On opening night of the 2010 season at Fenway Park , the song was performed by Diamond himself . `` Sweet Caroline '' was played at Penn State Nittany Lions football games at Beaver Stadium until August 2012 , halting after the Penn State child sex abuse scandal . Performances at Beaver Stadium resumed in September 2013 , however . The song is played at the start of the fourth quarter of Pittsburgh Panthers Football games at Heinz Field . In response , West Virginia University students and fans will yell `` eat shit , Pitt '' during the refrain if heard played . It is also an unofficial song of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , being played at athletic events and pep rallies . On April 16 , 2013 , the day after the Boston Marathon bombing , the New York Yankees -- longtime rivals of the Red Sox -- announced they would play the song during their home game , preceded by a moment of silence , as a tribute to the victims . On Saturday , April 20 , 2013 , during the 8th inning of the Red Sox - Kansas City game in Fenway Park , Neil Diamond led the crowd in a rendition of the song . The song was sung at sporting events across the country after the Boston Marathon bombings , in efforts to show solidarity with those affected by the tragedy . It was also played right before the start of the Hamburg Marathon in Hamburg , Germany , on Sunday , April 21 , 2013 , subsequent to a minute of silence . The song was also played before the start of the Stockholm Marathon in Stockholm , Sweden , on Saturday , June 1 , 2013 , as a tribute to those affected by the Boston Marathon bombings . On April 25 , 2013 , `` Sweet Caroline '' was played following a tribute to the victims of the Boston Marathon bombing during the NFL Draft . Diamond has announced that he will donate all royalties from sales of the song since the marathon bombings to the One Fund Boston charity to help the people most affected by the bombings . Diamond said that sales of the song surged nearly 600 percent in the week after the bombings , to 19,000 copies , up from 2,800 the week before . The song is played after every Carolina Panthers home win . The song is used by the Northern Ireland national football team fans at major tournaments . It is also used by the Castleford Tigers rugby league club after a win at the Mend a hose stadium . It is also used by Northern Irish darts player Daryl Gurney in his walk - on prior to matches which he plays in . The song is also played during the quarter time break of Sydney Swans AFL home games at the Sydney Cricket Ground . The song has also been adopted by Oxford United . The song 's introduction , first verse and chorus are one of the regular songs played at English T20 cricket matches , getting particular coverage on televised matches , especially when David `` Bumble '' Lloyd is part of the commentary team . It is also played at the Olympia Horse Show . Personnel ( edit ) Neil Diamond - vocals , guitar Cover versions ( edit ) Bert Kaempfert released an instrumental version in 1969 Pierre Lalonde in 1969 made a French cover of this song as `` Caroline '' . Andy Williams released a version in 1969 on his album , Get Together with Andy Williams . Elvis Presley covered it in 1970 . Checkmates , Ltd. released a version of the song on their 1971 album , Life . Bobby Womack covered this song in his 1972 album Understanding . Roy Orbison covered it Live on Australian television in 1973 . Frank Sinatra recorded a big band cover of `` Sweet Caroline '' for his 1974 LP Some Nice Things I 've Missed . Neil Diamond has stated this is one of his favorite covers . Julio Iglesias covered this song in Spanish as `` Dulce Carolina '' on his 1972 album Por una mujer . Waylon Jennings performed a version on his 1977 album Ol ' Waylon . Claude Gray in 1986 released a cover version . It peaked at # 77 on the Billboard country charts , making it his last charted single to date . The third full - length release from the punk band Me First and the Gimme Gimmes , entitled `` Have a Ball '' , released July 29 , 1997 , features a punk - rock cover of `` Sweet Caroline '' . In November 2001 , Dustin the Turkey took the song to number one on the Irish Singles Chart . David Archuleta performed the song during the Final Five American Idol Episode on April 29 , 2008 and later recorded a studio version . On July 7 - 8th 2006 , the Dave Matthews Band performed a cover of the song at their 2 - day concert at Fenway Park , which was released as their album `` Live Trax Vol. 6 : Fenway Park '' . In 2009 , Mark Salling covered the song on the Fox TV show Glee . In 2009 , South African singer Steve Hofmeyr covered the song on his album , Tribute . In 2009 , the Boston Pops Orchestra and Keith Lockhart recorded it on their live album The Red Sox Album . Also , on July 4 , 2009 , Neil Diamond performed it with them on the Hatch Shell stage . DJ Ötzi , an Austrian entertainer and singer released it in 2009 finding great success in German - speaking charts peaking at number 19 on the German Singles Chart and number 18 on the Austrian charts . Bertín Osborne covered the song in 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Calello , Charles . `` Calello 's Billboard Magazine Top 100 '' . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Billboard , Hot 100 , August 16 , 1969 Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum '' . www.riaa.com . RIAA . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 78 . Jump up ^ Glaister , Dan ( November 21 , 2007 ) . `` Neil Diamond reveals secret of Sweet Caroline '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Beggy , Carol ; Shanahan , Mark ( November 21 , 2007 ) . `` ' Sweet Caroline ' revealed '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved March 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Sandy ( November 20 , 2007 ) . `` Diamond Reveals ` Caroline ' Inspiration '' . Washington Post . Associated Press . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Respers , Lisa ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Neil Diamond reveals story behind ' Sweet Caroline ' '' . CNN . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Appel , Rich ( November 26 , 2014 ) . `` Revisionist History , Part 5 : Bon Jovi 's ' Prayer ' Answered , ' Caroline ' Is Sweeter Than ' Sugar ' '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 72 . Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , August 30 , 1969 Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Sweet Caroline '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.6104&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=mhe12pta2k83e08udtq66ot062 Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 27 , 1969 Jump up ^ `` Neil Diamond Album Overview Part 4 : 1981 - 2003 The Compilation - Mania Years '' . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Browne , Ian ( April 17 , 2013 ) . `` Fenway Park 's anthem started innocuously '' . MLB.com . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vosk , Stephanie ( May 29 , 2005 ) . `` Another mystery of the Diamond , explained at last '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Clark , Lauren ( 2012 - 08 - 27 ) . `` Penn State Kills ' Sweet Caroline ' '' . Boston Magazine . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` No ' Sweet Caroline ' at Penn State games , no public allowed in most athletic facilities -- This Just In - CNN.com Blogs '' . News.blogs.cnn.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Horne , Kevin ( 2013 - 09 - 23 ) . `` Sweet Caroline Returns to Beaver Stadium '' . Onward State . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` WVU College Gameday ' Sweet Caroline ' '' . YouTube . November 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Summer Ratcliff ( 2014 - 11 - 02 ) , WVU College GameDay `` Sweet Caroline '' , retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 Jump up ^ `` Yankees Twitter '' . New York Yankees. April 16 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 15,000 expected at Hamburg Marathon '' . TheLocal. April 20 , 2013 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Diamond to Donate ' Sweet Caroline ' Royalties to Boston Bombing Charity '' . The New York Times . April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Diamond to Donate ' Sweet Caroline ' Royalties to Boston Charity '' . The Hollywood Reporter. April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Andy ( 17 March 2014 ) . `` Set of Six : Why Castleford Tigers fans are singing Neil Diamond 's Sweet Caroline '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.oufc.co.uk/news/2017/march/a-song-for-wembley/ Jump up ^ `` Elvis Presley - Sweet Caroline ( 1970 ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Checkmates , Ltd. , Life Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Roy Orbison : `` Sweet Caroline '' from Live in Australia `` . Jump up ^ `` Singer / songwriter Neil Diamond here , AMA ! '' . Reddit. 16 October 2014 . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` DMB Live Trax Vol. 6 : Fenway Park '' . Dave Matthews Band . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Tribute '' . Last.fm . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Austriancharts.at : DJ ÖTZI - `` Sweet Caroline '' External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Neil Diamond singles discography Singles 1960s 1962 `` You Are My Love at Last '' `` I 'm Afraid '' 1963 `` At Night '' 1966 `` Solitary Man '' `` Cherry , Cherry '' `` I Got the Feelin ' ( Oh No No ) '' 1967 `` Girl , You 'll Be a Woman Soon '' `` Thank the Lord for the Night Time '' `` Kentucky Woman '' `` Some Day Baby '' 1968 `` New Orleans '' `` Red Red Wine '' `` Brooklyn Roads '' `` Two - Bit Manchild '' `` Shilo '' `` Sunday Sun '' 1969 `` Brother Love 's Travelling Salvation Show '' `` Sweet Caroline '' `` Holly Holy '' Singles 1970s 1970 `` Shilo '' `` Until It 's Time for You to Go '' `` Soolaimon '' `` And The Grass Wo n't Pay No Mind '' `` Solitary Man '' `` Cracklin ' Rosie '' `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' `` Do It '' 1971 `` I Am ... I Said '' `` Done Too Soon '' `` I 'm a Believer '' `` Stones '' 1972 `` Song Sung Blue '' `` Play Me '' `` Walk on Water '' 1973 `` Cherry , Cherry '' `` The Long Way Home '' `` The Last Thing on My Mind '' `` Be '' `` Skybird '' `` Longfellow Serenade '' `` Morningside '' `` I 've Been This Way Before '' `` The Last Picasso '' 1976 `` If You Know What I Mean '' `` Do n't Think ... Feel '' `` Beautiful Noise '' 1977 `` Stargazer '' `` Lady - Oh '' `` Desiree '' 1978 `` God Only Knows '' `` Let Me Take You In My Arms Again '' `` I 'm Glad You 're Here With Me Tonight '' `` You Do n't Bring Me Flowers '' `` The Dancing Bumble Bee / Bumble Boogie '' 1979 `` Forever in Blue Jeans '' `` Say Maybe '' `` The American Popular Song '' `` September Morn '' Singles 1980s 1980 `` That Kind '' `` The Good Lord Loves You '' `` Dancing in the Street '' `` Love on the Rocks '' 1981 `` Hello Again '' `` America '' `` Yesterday 's Songs '' 1982 `` On the Way to the Sky '' `` Be Mine Tonight '' `` Rainy Day Song '' `` Heartlight '' `` I 'm Alive '' `` Turn Around '' Boston Red Sox Formerly the Boston Americans Based in Boston , Massachusetts Franchise History Seasons Records No - hitters Awards Players Owners and executives Managers Coaches Captains Broadcasters Opening Day starters First - round draft picks Logos and uniforms Hall of Fame Ballparks Huntington Avenue Grounds Braves Field Fenway Park Spring training Venues Majestic Park Plant Field Whittington Park Riverside Park Ninth Street Park Payne Park Bader Field Scottsdale Stadium Chain of Lakes Park City of Palms Park JetBlue Park at Fenway South Culture Red Sox Nation Royal Rooters `` Nuf Ced '' McGreevy Curse of the Bambino Green Monster Pesky 's Pole Wally the Green Monster Victoria Snelgrove `` Tessie '' `` Dirty Water '' `` Sweet Caroline '' `` Dream On '' `` I 'm Shipping Up to Boston '' `` Three Little Birds '' Field of Dreams Good Will Hunting Fever Pitch Moneyball Game 6 The Town The Jimmy Fund Yawkey Way Kenmore Square Citgo Sign Golden Outfield Carl Beane Sherm Feller Cheers Still , We Believe : The Boston Red Sox Movie Four Days in October Red Sox Rule Lore Cy Young 's perfect game Slaughter 's Mad Dash Babe Ruth 's 573 - foot home run into Alligator Farm 1948 AL tie - breaker game The Impossible Dream Carlton Fisk waves it fair 1978 AL East tie - breaker game Bill Buckner 's error Aaron Boone 's home run The bloody sock `` Idiots '' break the curse Boston Strong Rivalries New York Yankees Administration Owners : Fenway Sports Group John W. Henry Tom Werner President and CEO : Sam Kennedy President of Baseball Operations : Dave Dombrowski General Manager : Vacant Manager : Alex Cora World Series Championships ( 8 ) 1903 1912 1915 1916 1918 2007 2013 League Pennants ( 13 ) 1903 1904 1912 1915 1916 1918 1946 1967 1986 2007 2013 Division championships ( 9 ) 1986 1988 1990 1995 2007 2013 2016 2017 Wild card berths ( 7 ) 1998 1999 2003 2005 2008 2009 Minor league affiliates AAA Pawtucket Red Sox AA Portland Sea Dogs A Adv . Salem Red Sox Greenville Drive Short A Lowell Spinners Rookie GCL Red Sox DSL Red Sox Broadcasting Television New England Sports Network ( NESN ) Radio WEEI - FM Radio network affiliates Broadcasters Dave O'Brien Jerry Remy Joe Castiglione Tim Neverett Uri Berenguer Juan Oscar Baez Seasons ( 118 ) 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990s 1990 1991 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Carolina Panthers Founded in 1995 Based and headquartered in Charlotte , North Carolina Franchise Franchise Team history Seasons Coaches Players Expansion draft First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Records and statistics Broadcasters Stadiums Memorial Stadium ( Clemson ) Bank of America Stadium Culture and lore Jerry Richardson Sir Purr Cardiac Cats Carolina Topcats `` Sweet Caroline '' ( song ) Rivalries Atlanta Falcons Tampa Bay Buccaneers Seattle Seahawks Hall of Honor Mike McCormack Sam Mills PSL Owners Playoff appearances ( 8 ) 2003 2005 2008 2013 2014 2015 2017 Division championships ( 6 ) 2003 2008 2013 2014 2015 Conference championships ( 2 ) 2003 2015 Retired numbers 51 Media Broadcasters Mick Mixon Eugene Robinson Bill Rosinski TV : WCCB Radio : WBT Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : South Division Seasons ( 23 ) 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweet_Caroline&oldid=820215656 '' Categories : 1969 singles 1971 singles 2001 singles Songs written by Neil Diamond Baseball music Neil Diamond songs Checkmates , Ltd. songs Bobby Womack songs Andy Williams songs Song recordings produced by Chips Moman Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Football songs and chants Boston Red Sox Carolina Panthers Uni Records singles MCA Records singles 1969 songs Schlager songs Songs about women Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 13 January 2018 , at 18 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet%20Caroline

what is the relationship between ibm and lenovo

Lenovo

lenovo

Lenovo Group Ltd. or Lenovo PC International , often shortened as Lenovo ( / lɛnˈoʊvoʊ / lehn - OH - voh ; formerly stylized as lenovo ) is a Chinese multinational technology company with headquarters in Beijing , China and Morrisville , North Carolina . It designs , develops , manufactures and sells personal computers , tablet computers , smartphones , workstations , servers , electronic storage devices , IT management software , and smart televisions . Since 2013 , Lenovo is the world 's largest personal computer vendor by unit sales . It markets the ThinkPad line of notebook computers , IdeaPad and Yoga lines of notebook laptops , and the IdeaCentre and ThinkCentre lines of desktops .

Lenovo has operations in more than 60 countries and sells its products in around 160 countries . Lenovo 's principal facilities are in Beijing and Morrisville , with research centers in Beijing , Shanghai , Shenzhen , Xiamen , Chengdu , Nanjing , and Wuhan in China , Yamato in Kanagawa Prefecture , Japan and Morrisville in the U.S. It operates a joint venture with EMC called LenovoEMC , which sells network - attached storage solutions . It also has a joint venture with NEC , Lenovo NEC Holdings , which produces personal computers for the Japanese market . Lenovo was founded in Beijing in November 1984 as Legend and was incorporated in Hong Kong in 1988 . Lenovo acquired IBM 's personal computer business in 2005 and agreed to acquire its Intel - based server business in 2014 . Lenovo entered the smartphone market in 2012 and as of 2014 was the largest vendor of smartphones in Mainland China . In January 2014 , Lenovo agreed to acquire the mobile phone handset maker Motorola Mobility from Google , and in October 2014 the deal was finalized . Lenovo is listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the Hang Seng China - Affiliated Corporations Index , often referred to as `` Red Chips '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Founding and early history 1.2 IPO , second offerings , and bond sales 1.3 Tianxi 1.4 Mergers , acquisitions , and partnerships 1.4. 1 IBM 1.4. 2 Mobile devices 1.4. 3 NEC 1.4. 4 Medion 1.4. 5 CCE 1.4. 6 Stoneware 1.4. 7 LenovoEMC 1.4. 8 Motorola Mobility 1.4. 9 DataCore 2 Name 3 Security 3.1 Superfish 3.2 Lenovo Service Engine 3.3 Lenovo Customer Feedback program 3.4 Lenovo Accelerator 4 Products and services 4.1 Personal and business computing 4.1. 1 ThinkPad 4.1. 2 ThinkCentre 4.1. 3 ThinkServer 4.1. 4 ThinkStation 4.1. 5 ThinkVision displays 4.1. 6 IdeaPad 4.1. 7 IdeaCentre 4.2 Smartphones 4.3 Smart televisions 4.4 Wearables 4.5 DOit apps 4.5. 1 REACHit 4.5. 2 SHAREit 4.5. 3 WRITEit 4.5. 4 SECUREit 4.5. 5 SYNCit 4.5. 6 SNAPit Camera 4.5. 7 SEEit Gallery 4.6 Lenovo Connect 5 Operations 6 Corporate affairs 6.1 Financials and market share 6.2 Ownership 6.3 Corporate culture 6.4 Leadership 6.4. 1 Yang Yuanqing 6.4. 2 Liu Chuanzhi 6.4. 3 Board of directors 7 Marketing and sponsorships 7.1 Emerging markets 7.1. 1 China 7.1. 2 India 7.1. 3 Africa 7.2 United States 7.3 Ashton Kutcher 7.4 Kobe Bryant 7.5 Olympics 7.6 YouTube Space Lab 7.7 NFL 7.8 The Pursuit 7.9 Tech World 7.10 Goodweird 7.11 Lenovo slogans 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) Founding and early history ( edit ) Liu Chuanzhi founded Lenovo on 1 November 1984 with a group of ten engineers in Beijing with 200,000 yuan . The Chinese government approved Lenovo 's incorporation on the same day . Jiǎ Xùfú ( 贾续福 ) , one of the founders of Lenovo , indicates the first meeting in preparation for starting the company was held on 17 October of the same year . Eleven people , the entirety of the initial staff , attended . Each of the founders was a middle - aged member of the Institute of Computing Technology attached to the Chinese Academy of Sciences . The 200,000 yuan used as start - up capital was approved by Zēng Màocháo ( 曾茂朝 ) . The name for the company agreed upon at this meeting was the Chinese Academy of Sciences Computer Technology Research Institute New Technology Development Company . Their first significant effort , an attempt to import televisions , failed . The group rebuilt itself within a year by conducting quality checks on computers for new buyers . Lenovo soon started developing a circuit board that would allow IBM - compatible personal computers to process Chinese characters . This product was Lenovo 's first major success . Lenovo also tried and failed to market a digital watch . Liu said , `` Our management team often differed on which commercial road to travel . This led to big discussions , especially between the engineering chief and myself . He felt that if the quality of the product was good , then it would sell itself . But I knew this was not true , that marketing and other factors were part of the eventual success of a product . '' The fact that its staff had little business experience compounded Lenovo 's early difficulties . `` We were mainly scientists and did n't understand the market , '' Liu said . `` We just learned by trial - and - error , which was very interesting -- but also very dangerous , '' said Liu . In 1990 , Lenovo started to manufacture and market computers using its own brand name . In May 1988 , Lenovo placed its first recruitment advertisement . The ad was placed on the front page of the China Youth News . Such ads were quite rare in China then . Out of the 500 respondents , 280 were selected to take a written employment exam . 120 of these candidates were interviewed in person . Although interviewers initially only had authority to hire 16 people , 58 were given offers . The new staff included 18 people with graduate degrees , 37 with undergraduate degrees , and three students with no university - level education . Their average age was 26 . Yang Yuanqing , the current CEO of Lenovo , was among that group . Liu Chuanzhi received government permission to form a subsidiary in Hong Kong and to move there along with five other employees . Liu 's father , already in Hong Kong , furthered his son 's ambitions through mentoring and facilitating loans . Liu moved to Hong Kong in 1988 . To save money during this period , Liu and his co-workers walked instead of taking public transportation . To keep up appearances , they rented hotel rooms for meetings . IPO , second offerings , and Bond sales ( edit ) Lenovo became publicly traded after a 1994 Hong Kong listing that raised nearly US $30 million . Prior to its IPO , many analysts were optimistic about Lenovo . The company was praised for its good management , strong brand recognition , and growth potential . Analysts also worried about Lenovo 's profitability . Lenovo 's IPO was massively over-subscribed . On its first day of trading , the company 's stock price hit a high of HK $2.07 and closed at HK $2.00 . Proceeds from the offering were used to finance sales offices in Europe , North America and Australia , to expand and improve production and research and development , and to increase working capital . When Lenovo was first listed , its managers thought the only purpose of going public was to raise capital . They had little understanding of the rules and responsibilities that went along with running a public company . Before Lenovo conducted its first secondary offering in 1997 , Liu proudly announced the company 's intent to mainland newspapers only to have its stock halted for two days by regulators to punish his statement . This occurred several times until Liu learned that he had to choose his words carefully in public . The first time Liu traveled to Europe on a `` roadshow '' to discuss his company 's stock , he was shocked by the skeptical questions he was subjected to and felt offended . Liu later came to understand that he was accountable to shareholders . He said , `` Before I only had one boss , but CAS never asked me anything . I relied on my own initiative to do things . We began to think about issues of credibility . Legend began to learn how to become a truly international company . '' To fund its continued growth , Lenovo issued a secondary offering of 50 million shares on the Hong Kong market in March 2000 and raised about US $212 million . Mary Ma , Lenovo 's chief financial officer from 1990 to 2007 , was in charge of investor relations . Under her leadership , Lenovo successfully integrated Western - style accountability into its corporate culture . Lenovo 's emphasis on transparency earned it a reputation for the best corporate governance among mainland Chinese firms . All major issues regarding its board , management , major share transfers , and mergers and acquisitions were fairly and accurately reported . While Hong Kong - listed firms were only required to issue financial reports twice per year , Lenovo followed the international norm of issuing quarterly reports . Lenovo created an audit committee and a compensation committee with non-management directors . The company started roadshows twice per year to meet institutional investors . Ma organized the first - ever investor relations conference held in Mainland China . The conference was held in Beijing in 2002 and televised on CCTV . Liu and Ma co-hosted the conference and both gave speeches on corporate governance . Former Lenovo logo , used from 2003 until 2015 In May 2015 , Lenovo revealed a new logo at Lenovo Tech World in Beijing , with the slogan `` Innovation Never Stands Still '' ( Chinese : 创新 无 止境 ) . Lenovo 's new logo , created by Saatchi , New York , can be changed by its advertising agencies and sales partners , within restrictions , to fit the context . It has a lounging `` e '' and is surrounded by a box that can be changed to use a relevant scene , solid color , or photograph . Lenovo 's Chief Marketing Officer David Roman said , `` When we first started looking at it , it was n't about just a change in typography or the look of the logo . We asked ' If we really are a net - driven , customer - centric company , what should the logo look like ? ' We came up with the idea of a digital logo first ... designed to be used on the internet and adaptable to context . '' In early June 2015 , Lenovo announced plans to sell up to US $650 million in five - year bonds denominated in Chinese yuan . The bonds will be sold in Hong Kong with coupon ranging from 4.95 % to 5.05 % . This is only the second sale of bonds in Lenovo 's history . Financial commentators noted that Lenovo was paying a premium to list the bonds in yuan given relatively low costs for borrowing in American dollars . Tianxi ( edit ) The Tianxi computer was designed to make it easy for inexperienced Chinese consumers to use computers and access the Internet . One of its most important features was a button that instantly connected users to the Internet and opened the Web browser . It was co-branded with China Telecom and it was bundled with one year of Internet service . The Tianxi was released in 1998 . It was the result of two years of research and development . It had a pastel - colored , shell - shaped case and a seven - port USB hub under its screen . As of 2000 , the Tianxi was the best - selling computer in Chinese history . It sold more than 1,000,000 units in 2000 alone . Mergers , acquisitions , and partnerships ( edit ) Lenovo works to integrate the management of each newly acquired company into its larger culture . Lenovo has a dedicated mergers and acquisitions team that tracks the progress of these integrations . Lenovo has an annual meeting where the management of newly acquired companies meets with its top 100 executives . In these meetings , held in English , Lenovo explains its global strategy and how new executives fit into its plans . IBM ( edit ) The ThinkPad logo , as shown on the ThinkPad x100e notebook computer Lenovo acquired IBM 's personal computer business in 2005 , including the ThinkPad laptop and tablet lines . Lenovo 's acquisition of IBM 's personal computer division accelerated access to foreign markets while improving both Lenovo 's branding and technology . Lenovo paid US $1.25 billion for IBM 's computer business and assumed an additional US $500 million of IBM 's debt . This acquisition made Lenovo the third - largest computer maker worldwide by volume . In regards to the purchase of IBM 's personal computer division , Liu Chuanzhi said , `` We benefited in three ways from the IBM acquisition . We got the ThinkPad brand , IBM 's more advanced PC manufacturing technology and the company 's international resources , such as its global sales channels and operation teams . These three elements have shored up our sales revenue in the past several years . '' IBM acquired an 18.9 % shareholding in Lenovo in 2005 as part of Lenovo 's purchase of IBM 's personal computing division . Since then , IBM has steadily reduced its holdings of Lenovo stock . In July 2008 , IBM 's interest in Lenovo fell below the 5 % threshold that mandates public disclosure . IBM 's Intel based server lines , including IBM System x and IBM BladeCenter were sold to Lenovo in 2014 . Lenovo says it will gain access to more enterprise customers , improve its profit margins , and develop a closer relationship with Intel , the maker of most server processors , through its acquisition of IBM 's x86 - based server business . On 1 October 2014 , Lenovo closed its acquisition of IBM 's server division , with the final price put at $2.1 billion . Lenovo said this acquisition came in at a price lower than the previously announced $2.3 billion partially because of a change in the value of IBM inventories . The deal has been already approved by Europe , China and the United States . The United States Department of Treasury Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States ( CFIUS ) was reportedly the last hurdle for Lenovo , since the United States has the strictest policies . According to Timothy Prickett - Morgan from Enterprise Tech , the deal still awaits `` approval of regulators in China , the European Commission , and Canada . '' After closing , Lenovo said that its goal was to become the world 's largest maker of servers . Lenovo also announced plans to start integrating IBM 's workforce . The acquisition added about 6,500 new employees to Lenovo . Lenovo said that it has no immediate intent to cut jobs . Lenovo said that positions in research and development and customer - facing roles such as marketing would be `` 100 % protected '' , but expected `` rationalization '' of its supply chain and procurement . Lenovo said that its x86 servers will be available to all its channel partners . Lenovo plans to cut prices on x86 products in order to gain market share . This goes in alliance with IBM 's vision of the future around cloud technologies and their own POWER processor architecture . Mobile devices ( edit ) The Vibe X smartphone presented by models at launch Lenovo sold its smartphone and tablet division in 2008 for US $ 100,000,000 in order to focus on personal computers and then paid US $ 200,000,000 to buy it back in November 2009 . As of 2009 , the mobile division ranked third in terms of unit share in China 's mobile handset market . Lenovo invested CN ¥ 100,000,000 in a fund dedicated to providing seed funding for mobile application development for its LeGarden online app store . As of 2010 , LeGarden had more than 1,000 programs available for the LePhone . At the same time , LeGarden counted 2,774 individual developers and 542 developer companies as members . Lenovo entered the smartphone market in 2012 and quickly became the largest vendor of smartphones in Mainland China . Entry into the smartphone market was paired with a change of strategy from `` the one - size - fits - all '' to a diverse portfolio of devices . These changes were driven by the popularity of Apple 's iPhone and Lenovo 's desire to increase its market share in mainland China . Lenovo passed Apple to become the No. 2 provider of smartphones to the Chinese market in 2012 . However , due to there being about 100 smartphone brands sold in China , this second only equated to a 10.4 % market share . In May 2012 , Lenovo announced an investment of US $793 million in the construction of a mobile phone manufacturing and R&D facility in Wuhan , China . NEC ( edit ) On January 27 , 2011 , Lenovo formed a joint venture to produce personal computers with Japanese electronics firm NEC . The companies said in a statement that they would establish a new company called Lenovo NEC Holdings , to be registered in the Netherlands . NEC received US $175 million in Lenovo stock . Lenovo was to own a 51 % stake in the joint venture , while NEC would have 49 % . Lenovo has a five - year option to expand its stake in the joint venture . This joint venture was intended to boost Lenovo 's worldwide sales by expanding its presence in Japan , a key market for personal computers . NEC spun off its personal computer business into the joint venture . As of 2010 , NEC controlled about 20 % of Japan 's market for personal computers while Lenovo had a 5 % share . Lenovo and NEC also agreed to explore cooperating in other areas such as servers and tablet computers . Roderick Lappin , chairman of the Lenovo - NEC joint venture , told the press that the two companies will expand their co-operation to include the development of tablet computers . In April 2014 , Lenovo purchased a portfolio of patents from NEC related to mobile technology . These included over 3,800 patent families in countries around the world . The purchase included standards - essential patents for 3G and LTE cellular technologies and other patents related to smartphones and tablets . Medion ( edit ) In June 2011 , Lenovo announced that it planned to acquire control of Medion , a German electronics manufacturing company . Lenovo said the acquisition would double its share of the German computer market , making it the third - largest vendor by sales ( after Acer and Hewlett - Packard ) . The deal , which closed in the third quarter of the same year , was the first in which a Chinese company acquired a well - known German company . This acquisition will give Lenovo 14 % of the German computer market . Gerd Brachmann , chairman of Medion , agreed to sell two - thirds of his 60 percent stake in the company . He will be paid in cash for 80 percent of the shares and will receive 20 percent in Lenovo stock . That would give him about one percent of Lenovo . CCE ( edit ) In September 2012 , Lenovo agreed to acquire the Brazil - based electronics company Digibras , which sells products under the brand - name CCE , for a base price of 300 million reals ( US $148 million ) in a combination of stock and cash . An additional payment of 400 million reals was made dependent upon performance benchmarks . Prior to its acquisition of CCE , Lenovo already established a $30 million factory in Brazil , but Lenovo 's management had felt that they needed a local partner to maximize regional growth . Lenovo cited their desire to take advantage of increased sales due to the 2014 World Cup that would be hosted by Brazil and the 2016 Summer Olympics and CCE 's reputation for quality . Following the acquisition , Lenovo announced that its subsequent acquisitions would be concentrated in software and services . Stoneware ( edit ) In September 2012 , Lenovo agreed to acquire the United States - based software company Stoneware , in its first software acquisition . The transaction was expected to close by the end of 2012 ; no financial details have been disclosed . Lenovo said that the company was acquired in order to gain access to new technology and that Stoneware is not expected to significantly affect earnings . More specifically , Stoneware was acquired to further Lenovo 's efforts to improve and expand its cloud - computing services . For the two years prior to its acquisition , Stoneware partnered with Lenovo to sell its software . During this period Stoneware 's sales doubled . Stoneware was founded in 2000 . As of September 2012 , Stoneware is based in Carmel , Indiana and has 67 employees . LenovoEMC ( edit ) The signing ceremony for the LenovoEMC joint venture Main article : LenovoEMC Lenovo and EMC formed LenovoEMC as a joint venture to offer network attached storage ( NAS ) solutions . LenovoEMC 's products were formerly offered under the Iomega brand name . After the formation of LenovoEMC , Iomega ceased to exist as business unit . LenovoEMC 's products are designed for small and medium - sized businesses that do not have the budgets for enterprise - class data storage . LenovoEMC is part of a broader partnership between the two companies announced in August 2012 . This partnership also includes an effort to develop x86 - based servers and allowing Lenovo to act as an OEM for some EMC hardware . Lenovo is expected to benefit from the relatively high profit margins of the NAS market . LenovoEMC is part of Lenovo 's Enterprise Products Group . Motorola Mobility ( edit ) Motorola Moto X On 29 January 2014 , Google announced it would sell Motorola Mobility to Lenovo for US $2.91 billion . When Google and Lenovo first announced the acquisition of Motorola , they said the purchase would be funded with $660 million in cash , $750 million in Lenovo stock , and a $1.5 billion promissory note due in three years . As of February 2014 , Google owns about 5.94 % of Lenovo 's stock . The deal includes smartphone lines like the Moto X and Moto G and the Droid Turbo . Lenovo also got the future Motorola Mobility product roadmap . Google will retain the Advanced Technologies & Projects unit and all but 2,000 of the company 's patents . Lenovo will receive royalty free licenses to all the patents retained by Google . Yang Yuanqing stated that `` the acquisition of such an iconic brand , innovative product portfolio and incredibly talented global team will immediately make Lenovo a strong global competitor in smartphones . '' Yang also said , `` Do n't be scared by the $1 billion - a-year loss . We will improve that even from day one . Google is very good at software , ecosystems and services . But we are stronger in the manufacturing of devices . '' Yang said that Lenovo would make Motorola profitable within six quarters . Lenovo has stated that Motorola was purchased in large part due to its long - standing relationships with cellular network operators in the United States and the United Kingdom . Lenovo previously had difficulty breaking into the United Kingdom due to the high proportion of customers who sign contracts and receive phones from carriers . A Lenovo executive said , `` There are lots of reasons why we bought Motorola but primarily because it has a history of distribution in the UK . Motorola has long and established relationships with routes to market in North America and the UK , where people are tied to their network operator . '' Lenovo received approval from the European Union for its acquisition of Motorola in June 2014 . In a statement the European Union said , `` The Commission concluded that the proposed acquisition would not raise competition concerns in relation to smart mobile devices ( smartphones and tablets ) , given the limited market position of the parties and the presence of other strong suppliers in the market . '' At the time of the EU approval Lenovo said it was on track to win final approval of the merger in the United States . The acquisition was completed on 30 October 2014 . Motorola Mobility will remain headquartered in Chicago , and continue to use the Motorola brand , but Liu Jun -- president of Lenovo 's mobile device business , became the company 's chairman . DataCore ( edit ) In March 2017 , Lenovo announced it was partnering with Fort Lauderdale , Florida - based software storage virtualization company DataCore to add DataCore 's parallel I / O - processing software to Lenovo 's storage devices . The servers were reportedly designed to outperform Storage Area Network ( SAN ) SAN arrays . Name ( edit ) `` Lenovo '' is a portmanteau of `` Le - '' ( from Legend ) and `` novo '' , Latin ablative for `` new '' . The Chinese name ( simplified Chinese : 联想 ; traditional Chinese : 聯想 ; pinyin : Liánxiǎng ) means `` association '' ( as in `` word association '' ) or `` connected thinking '' . It can also imply creativity . Lenovo advertisement at the Consumer Electronics Show , 2012 For the first 20 years of its existence , the company 's English name was `` Legend '' ( in Chinese 联想 Liánxiǎng ) . In 2002 , Yang Yuanqing decided to abandon the Legend brand name to expand internationally . `` Legend '' was already in use by many businesses worldwide ( whose products and services ( in the United States , for example ) , would include those from both the technological and non-technological arenas of industry and commerce ) , making it impossible to register in most jurisdictions . In April 2003 , the company publicly announced its new name , `` Lenovo '' , with an advertising campaign including huge billboards and primetime television ads . Lenovo spent 18 million RMB on an eight - week television advertising campaign . The billboards showed the Lenovo logo against blue sky with copy that read , `` Transcendence depends on how you think . '' By the end of 2003 , Lenovo had spent a total of 200 million RMB on rebranding . Security ( edit ) Superfish ( edit ) In February 2015 , Lenovo became the subject of controversy for having bundled software identified as malware on some of its laptops . The software , Superfish Visual Discovery , is a web browser add - on that injects price comparison advertising into search engine results pages . To intercept HTTPS - encrypted communications , the software also installed a self - signed digital certificate . When the Superfish private key was compromised , it was also discovered that the same private key was used across all installations of the software , leaving users vulnerable to security exploits utilizing the key . Lenovo made between US $200,000 to US $250,000 on its deal with Superfish . In 2017 Lenovo agreed to pay $3.5 million as part of a settlement with the US Federal Trade Commission . The head of Superfish responded to security concerns by saying the vulnerability was `` inadvertently '' introduced by Komodia , which built the application . In response to the criticism , Lenovo detailed that it would cease further distribution and use of the Superfish software , and offered affected customers free six - month subscriptions to the McAfee LiveSafe software . Lenovo issued a promise to reduce the amount of `` bloatware '' it bundles with its Windows 10 devices , promising to only include Lenovo software , security software , drivers , and `` certain applications customarily expected by users '' . Salon tech writer David Auerbach compared the Superfish incident to the Sony DRM rootkit scandal , and argued that `` installing Superfish is one of the most irresponsible mistakes an established tech company has ever made . '' Lenovo service Engine ( edit ) From October 2014 through June 2015 , the UEFI firmware on certain Lenovo models had contained software known as `` Lenovo Service Engine , '' which Lenovo says automatically sent non-identifiable system information to Lenovo the first time Windows is connected to the internet , and on laptops , automatically installs the Lenovo OneKey Optimizer program ( software considered to be bloatware ) as well . This process occurs even on clean installations of Windows . It was found that this program had been automatically installed using a new feature in Windows 8 , Windows Platform Binary Table , which allows executable files to be stored within UEFI firmware for execution on startup , and is meant to `` allow critical software to persist even when the operating system has changed or been reinstalled in a ' clean ' configuration '' ; specifically , anti-theft security software . The software was discontinued after it was found that aspects of the software had security vulnerabilities , and did not comply with revised guidelines for appropriate usage of WPBT . On 31 July 2015 , Lenovo released instructions and UEFI firmware updates meant to remove Lenovo Service Engine . Lenovo customer Feedback program ( edit ) At a third time in 2015 , criticism arose that Lenovo might have installed software that looked suspicious on their commercial Think - PC lines . This was discovered by Computerworld writer Michael Horowitz , who had purchased several Think systems with the Customer Feedback program installed , which seemed to log usage data and metrics . Further analysis by Horowitz revealed however that this was mostly harmless , as it was only logging the usage of some pre-installed Lenovo programs , and not the usage in general , and only if the user allowed the data to be collected . Horowitz also criticized other media for quoting his original article and saying that Lenovo preinstalled spyware , as he himself never used that term in this case and he also said that he does not consider the software he found to be spyware . Lenovo Accelerator ( edit ) As of June 2016 , a Duo Labs report stated that Lenovo was still installing bloatware , some of which leads to security vulnerabilities as soon as the user turns on their new PC . Lenovo advised users to remove the offending app , `` Lenovo Accelerator '' . According to Lenovo , the app , designed to `` speed up the loading '' of Lenovo applications , created a man - in - the - middle security vulnerability . Products and services ( edit ) Personal and business computing ( edit ) Lenovo expanded significantly in 2005 through its acquisition of IBM 's personal computer business , including its ThinkPad and ThinkCentre lines . As of January 2013 , shipments of THINK - branded computers have doubled since Lenovo 's takeover of the brand , with profit margins thought to be above 5 % . Lenovo aggressively expanded the THINK brand away from traditional laptop computers in favor of tablets and hybrid devices such as the ThinkPad Tablet 2 , ThinkPad Yoga , ThinkPad 8 , ThinkPad Helix , and ThinkPad Twist ; the shift came as a response to the growing popularity of mobile devices , and the release of Windows 8 in October 2012 . Lenovo has achieved significant success with this high - value strategy and it now controls more than 40 % of the market for Windows computers priced above $900 in the United States . ThinkPad ( edit ) A Lenovo ThinkPad X1 Ultrabook Main article : ThinkPad The ThinkPad is a line of business - oriented laptop computers known for their boxy black design , modeled after a traditional Japanese lunchbox . ThinkPads were originally an IBM product ; they have been manufactured and sold by Lenovo since early 2005 , following its acquisition of IBM 's personal computer division . The ThinkPad has been used in space and is the only laptop certified for use on the International Space Station . ThinkCentre ( edit ) Main article : ThinkCentre The ThinkCentre is a line of business - oriented desktop computers which was introduced in 2003 by IBM and since has been produced and sold by Lenovo since 2005 . ThinkCentre computers typically include mid-range to high - end processors , options for discrete graphics cards , and multi-monitor support . Similar to the ThinkPad line of computers , there have been budget lines of ThinkCentre branded computers in the past . Some examples of this include : M55e series , A50 series , M72 series . These `` budget '' lines are typically `` thin clients '' however . ThinkServer ( edit ) Main article : ThinkServer The ThinkServer product line began with the TS100 from Lenovo . The server was developed under agreement with IBM , by which Lenovo would produce single - socket and dual - socket servers based on IBM 's xSeries technology . An additional feature of the server design was a support package aimed at small businesses . The focus of this support package was to provide small businesses with software tools to ease the process of server management and reduce dependence on IT support . In June 2017 , Lenovo Business Development Executive Les Roach stated that , `` We 're going to do a clean - slate redesign of our entire server portfolio . You 're going to see all new models , new form factors , some denser offerings , and new branding . It wo n't be System X or ThinkServer . It 'll have a new look and feel but keep the base - level engineering . '' The merge is set for summer 2017 . 555 ThinkStation ( edit ) Main article : ThinkStation Lenovo ThinkStations are workstations designed for high - end computing . In 2008 , Lenovo expanded the focus of its THINK brand to include workstations , with the ThinkStation S10 being the first model released . ThinkVision displays ( edit ) High - end monitors are marketed under the ThinkVision name . ThinkVision displays share a common design language with other THINK devices such as the ThinkPad line of notebook computers and ThinkCentre desktops . At the 2014 International CES , Lenovo announced the ThinkVision Pro2840m , a 28 - inch 4K display aimed at professionals . Lenovo also announced another 28 - inch 4K touch - enabled device running Android that can function as an all - in - one PC or an external display for other devices . At the 2016 International CES , Lenovo announced two displays with both USB - C and DisplayPort connectivity . The ThinkVision X24 Pro monitor is a 24 - inch 1920 by 1080 pixel thin - bezel display that uses an IPS LCD panel . The ThinkVision X1 is a 27 - inch 3840 by 2160 pixel thin - bezel display that uses a 10 - bit panel with 99 % coverage of the sRGB color gamut . The X24 includes a wireless charging base for mobile phones . The X1 is the first monitor to receive the TUV Eye - Comfort certification . Both monitors have HDMI 2.0 ports , support charging laptops , mobile phones , and other devices , and have Intel RealSense 3D cameras in order to support facial recognition . Both displays have dual - array microphones and 3 - watt stereo speakers . IdeaPad ( edit ) A model with a Lenovo IdeaPad at a launch party in Japan Main article : IdeaPad The IdeaPad line of consumer - oriented laptop computers was introduced in January 2008 . The IdeaPad is the result of Lenovo 's own research and development ; Unlike the ThinkPad line , its design and branding were not inherited from IBM . The IdeaPad 's design language differs markedly from the ThinkPad and has a more consumer - focused look and feel . In October 2012 , Lenovo released the IdeaPad Yoga 13 , a laptop running Microsoft Windows 8 that can be converted to a tablet by flipping the screen all the way backwards . Lenovo has subsequently released the IdeaPad Yoga 11 running Windows RT and announced the IdeaPad Yoga 11S running Windows 8 . Lenovo 's Yoga products reflect the company 's commitment to the `` PC plus era '' where innovative products allow Lenovo to resist commodity pricing of PCs . In November 2013 , Lenovo introduced the Lenovo Yoga 2 Pro , an Ultrabook - class convertible device that can be used as both a tablet and laptop computer . The Yoga 2 Pro is thinner than the Yoga 13 and has tapered edges giving it an appearance more like a conventional ultrabook laptop vs the earlier model 's pleasing `` book - like '' symmetrical design . At 1.39 kilograms , the Yoga 2 Pro is significantly lighter than the Yoga 13 . The Yoga 2 Pro has a subtle rubber trim around the edge of its top half in order to prevent slipping on hard surfaces when in tent mode . The new design is easier to pick up and hold than Lenovo 's previous generation of Yoga devices . The Yoga 2 Pro comes with a backlit keyboard . Unlike earlier Yoga products , the home button is now a touch - key on the bottom center of the display . Lenovo moved the power button away from the front and to the side in order to prevent accidental key presses . In October 2014 , Lenovo introduced the Yoga 3 Pro , an ultra-thin Broadwell - based 13.3 - inch touchscreen laptop with a hinge that allows for use as a tablet and other configurations . It uses Intel Core M processors and comes standard with solid - state drives . Its screen has 3200 pixel by 1800 pixel resolution and is multitouch capable . It is 13 millimeters thick . The Yoga 3 Pro 's hinge differs significantly from the Yoga 2 Pro . The new all - metal hinge is referred to by Lenovo as a `` watchband . '' It is much less bulky and forms a continuous curved shape from the chassis of the laptop to the bottom of the screen . It has six mounting points as opposed to two for a more solid feel and structural strength . On September 21 , 2016 , Lenovo confirmed that their Yoga series is not meant to be compatible with Linux operating systems , that they know it is impossible to install Linux on some models , and that it is not supported . This came in the wake of media coverage of problems that users were having while trying to install Ubuntu on several Yoga models , including the 900 ISK2 , 900 ISK For Business , 900S , and 710 , which were traced back to Lenovo disabling and removing support for the AHCI storage mode for the device 's Solid State Drive in the computer 's BIOS , in favor of a RAID mode that is only supported by Windows 10 drivers that come with the system . IdeaCentre ( edit ) Main article : IdeaCentre All IdeaCentres are all - in - one machines , combining processor and monitor into a single unit . The desktops were described by HotHardware as being `` uniquely designed '' . The first IdeaCentre desktop , the IdeaCentre K210 , was announced by Lenovo on 30 June 2008 . While the IdeaCentre line consists only of desktops , it shares design elements and features with the IdeaPad line . One such feature was Veriface facial recognition technology . At CES 2011 , Lenovo announced the launch of four IdeaCentre desktops : the A320 , B520 , B320 , and C205 . In the autumn of 2012 , the firm introduced the more powerful IdeaCentre A720 , with a 27 - inch touchscreen display and running Windows 8 . With a TV tuner and HDMI in , the A720 can also serve as a multimedia hub or home theater PC . In 2013 , Lenovo added a table computer to the IdeaCentre line . The Lenovo IdeaCentre Horizon Table PC , introduced at the 2013 International CES is a 27 - inch touchscreen computer designed to lay flat for simultaneous use by multiple people . Thanks to its use of Windows 8 , the Horizon can also serve as a desktop computer when set upright . Smartphones ( edit ) The ThinkPad Tablet 2 from front and back Main article : Lenovo smartphones As of January 2013 , Lenovo only manufactured phones that use the Android operating system from Google . Numerous press reports indicated that Lenovo planned to release a phone running Windows Phone 8 , According to J. D. Howard , a vice president at Lenovo 's mobile division , the company would release a Windows Phone product if there is market demand . Lenovo has implemented an aggressive strategy to replace Samsung Electronics as Mainland China market 's top smartphone vendor . It has spent $793.5 million in Wuhan in order to build a plant that can produce 30 to 40 million phones per year . Data from Analysys International shows that Lenovo experienced considerable growth in smartphone sales in China during 2012 . Specifically , it saw its market share increase to 14.2 % during 2012 's third quarter , representing an increase when compared to 4.8 % in the same quarter of 2011 . IDC analysts said that Lenovo 's success is due to its `` aggressive ramping - up and improvements in channel partnerships . '' Analysys International analyst Wang Ying wrote , `` Lenovo possesses an obvious advantage over rivals in terms of sales channels . '' The company 's CEO , Yang Yuanqing , said , `` Lenovo does not want to be the second player ... we want to be the best . Lenovo has the confidence to outperform Samsung and Apple , at least in the Chinese market . '' According to IHS iSuppli , Lenovo was a top - three smartphone maker in China with a 16.5 % market share in the first quarter of 2012 . According to a May report released by IDC Lenovo ranks fourth in the global tablet market by volume . As of November 2012 , Lenovo was the second largest seller of mobile phones in China when measured by volume . Lenovo 's Lenovo P2 has been nominated by RuangLaptop as a smartphone with the best battery life as of March 2017 . In May 2013 , Lenovo CEO Yang Yuanqing indicated that the company had aimed to release smartphones in the United States within the next year . Later in October , Lenovo expressed interest in acquiring the Canadian smartphone maker BlackBerry Ltd . However , its attempt was reportedly blocked by the Government of Canada , citing security concerns due to the use of BlackBerry devices by prominent members of the government . An official stated that `` we have been pretty consistent that the message is Canada is open to foreign investment and investment from China in particular but not at the cost of compromising national security '' . In January 2014 , Lenovo announced a proposed deal to acquire Motorola Mobility to bolster its plans for the U.S. market . Microsoft officially announced that Lenovo had become the hardware partner of Windows Phone platform at the Mobile World Congress 2014 . In January 2016 , Lenovo announced at CES that the company would be producing the first Project Tango phone . Lenovo plus Motorola was the 3rd largest producer of smartphones by volume in the world between 2011 and 2014 . Since Lenovo 's acquisition of Motorola Mobility , the combined global market share of Lenovo plus Motorola has fallen from 7.2 % in 2014 to 3.9 % in the third quarter of 2016 . A number of factors have been cited as the cause of this reduced demand , including the fact that Lenovo relied heavily on carriers to sell its phones , its phones lacked strong branding and unique features to distinguish them in the competitive Chinese market where a weak economy and saturated market is slowing demand and the culture clash between a more hierarchical PC company and the need to be nimble to sell rapidly - evolving smartphones . In response to the weak sales , Lenovo announced in August 2015 that it would lay off 3,200 employees , mostly in its Motorola smartphone business . In the reorganization which followed , Lenovo was uncertain how to brand its Motorola smartphones . In November 2015 , members of Lenovo management made statements that Lenovo would use the Motorola brand for all its smartphones . Then , in January 2016 , Lenovo announced that it would be eliminating the Motorola brand in favor of `` Moto by Lenovo '' . The company reversed course in March 2017 and announced that the Motorola brand name would be used in all regions in future products . `` In 2016 , we just finished transforming ourselves , '' Motorola Chairman and President Aymar de Lencquesaing said in an interview , `` We have clarity on how we present ourselves . '' Smart televisions ( edit ) A Lenovo A30 TV set - top box Main article : Lenovo LeTV In November 2011 , Lenovo said it would soon unveil a smart television product called LeTV , expected for release in the first quarter of 2012 . `` The PC , communications and TV industries are currently undergoing a `` smart '' transformation . In the future , users will have many smart devices and will desire an integrated experience of hardware , software and cloud services . '' Liu Jun , president of Lenovo 's mobile - Internet and digital - home - business division . In June 2013 Lenovo announced a partnership with Sharp to produce smart televisions . In March 2014 , Lenovo announced that it projected smart television sales surpassing one million units for 2014 . The same month Lenovo released its flagship S9 featuring the fastest CPU of any smart television . Wearables ( edit ) The Lenovo Smartwatch on display at the 2015 Mobile World Congress Rumors that Lenovo was developing a wearable device were confirmed in October 2014 after the company submitted a regulatory finding to the Federal Communications Commission . The device , branded a `` Smartband , '' has a battery life of seven days . It has an optical heart - rate monitor and can be used to track distance and time spent running and calories burned . It can also notify the user of incoming calls and texts . It can also unlock computers without the use of a password . The Smartband went on sale in October 2014 . Lenovo started offering the device for sale on its website without a formal product announcement . DOit apps ( edit ) REACHit ( edit ) REACHit is a storage management application . It is designed to help users access , organize , and search files across multiple devices and operating systems . It connects Windows personal computers , Android devices , and iOS devices and works with Google Drive , OneDrive , Dropbox , and Box . On Windows devices , REACHit is integrated with Windows File Explorer . Lenovo began bundling REACHit with all its computers and tablets in early 2015 . Through a partnership with Microsoft , REACHit is fully integrated with Cortana in Windows 10 , a voice - based integrated assistant . REACHit extends the search capabilities of Cortana , giving it access to a much wider range of files , including those stored in Google Drive , Dropbox , and Microsoft 's own OneDrive as described above , in addition to implementing searches across multiple devices and making them context sensitive . REACHit was discontinued and shut down on September 12 , 2016 . Shareit ( edit ) SHAREit is a free application from Lenovo that allows Windows , Windows Phone , Android , and iOS devices to transfer files directly by ad - hoc Wi - Fi connections . WRITEit ( edit ) In April 2015 , Lenovo released WRITEit , a hand - writing recognition engine that interprets input from a stylus and turns it into text . WRITEit works with almost all applications and online forms that accept text input . Secureit ( edit ) SECUREit protects mobile devices against viruses , unauthorized access , and spam . It includes an anti-theft system that locks the device when someone tries to change the SIM card , making the phone unusable without a password . SECUREit encrypts call records and contacts . It also speeds up devices by ensuring that duplicate background processes do not run and keeping the cache clean . Syncit ( edit ) SYNCit backs up call logs and contact information . SYNCit works on non-Lenovo devices such as Android smartphones . SNAPit Camera ( edit ) The SNAPit Camera app controls cameras on phones and tablets . It allows shooting panoramas , low - light scenes , photo editing , and creating animated GIFs . SEEit Gallery ( edit ) The SEEit Gallery app is designed to complement the SNAPit Camera app . It uses image recognition software to automatically sort photos into folder . This app also lets users edit photos with filters and effects . Lenovo Connect ( edit ) At the Mobile World Congress in 2016 Lenovo introduced Lenovo Connect , a wireless roaming service . This service works across devices , networks , and international borders in China , Europe , the Middle East , and Africa . Lenovo Connect eliminates the need to buy new SIM cards when crossing borders . Lenovo Connect started service for phones and select ThinkPad laptops in China in February 2016 . Operations ( edit ) Lenovo 's principal facilities are in Beijing , Morrisville , North Carolina and Singapore , with research centers in Beijing , Morrisville , Shanghai , Shenzhen , Xiamen , Chengdu , Nanjing , and Wuhan in China , and Yamato in Kanagawa Prefecture , Japan . Lenovo operates factories in Chengdu and Hefei in China , Japan , and as of December 2011 has plans to start production in Argentina . A 700 - square - metre ( 7,500 sq ft ) flagship store opened in Beijing in February 2013 . The Lenovo R&D centre in Shenzhen , Guangdong Lenovo 's manufacturing operations are a departure from the usual industry practice of outsourcing to contract manufacturers . Lenovo instead focuses on vertical integration in order to avoid excessive reliance on original equipment manufacturers and to keep down costs . Speaking on this topic , Yang Yuanqing said , `` Selling PCs is like selling fresh fruit . The speed of innovation is very fast , so you must know how to keep up with the pace , control inventory , to match supply with demand and handle very fast turnover . '' Lenovo benefited from its vertical integration after flooding affected hard - drive manufacturers in Thailand in 2011 , as the company could continue manufacturing operations by shifting production towards products for which hard drives were still available . Lenovo began to emphasize vertical integration after a meeting in 2009 in which CEO Yang Yuanqing , and the head of Lenovo 's supply chain , analyzed the costs versus the benefits of in - house manufacturing , and decided to make at least 50 % of Lenovo 's manufacturing in - house . Lenovo Chief Technology Officer George He said that vertical integration is having an important role in product development . He stated , `` If you look at the industry trends , most innovations for '' PCs , smartphones , tablets and smart TVs are related to innovation of key components -- display , battery and storage . Differentiation of key parts is so important . So we started investing more ... and working very closely with key parts suppliers . '' Previously , lack of integration due to numerous foreign acquisitions and an excessive number of `` key performance indicators '' ( KPIs ) was making Lenovo 's expansion expensive and creating unacceptably slow delivery times to end - customers . Lenovo responded by reducing the number of KPIs from 150 to 5 , offering intensive training to managers , and working to create a global Lenovo culture . Lenovo also doubled - down on vertical integration and manufacturing near target markets in order to cut costs at time when its competitors were making increased use of outsourcing off - shoring . By 2013 , Lenovo ranked 20th on Gartner 's list of top 50 supply chains , whereas in 2010 the company was unranked . In 2012 , Lenovo partially moved production of its ThinkPad line of computers to Japan . ThinkPads will be produced by NEC in Yamagata Prefecture . Akaemi Watanabe , president of Lenovo Japan , said , `` As a Japanese , I am glad to see the return to domestic production and the goal is to realize full - scale production as this will improve our image and make the products more acceptable to Japanese customers . '' In October 2012 , Lenovo announced that it would start assembling computers in Whitsett , North Carolina . Production of desktop and laptop computers , including the ThinkPad Helix began in January 2013 . As of July 2013 , 115 workers were employed at this facility . Lenovo has been in Whitsett since 2008 , where it also has centers for logistics , customer service , and return processing . In 2015 , Lenovo and Hong Kong Cyberport Management Company Limited , a government - sponsored business park for technology firms , reached a deal to `` jointly build a cloud service and product research and development center . '' Lenovo 's Asia Pacific data center will also be housed in Cyperport . Lenovo assembles smartphones in Chennai , India through a contract manufacturing agreement with Flextronics . In November 2015 , Lenovo announced that it would start manufacturing computers in Pondicherry . Corporate Affairs ( edit ) Taikoo Place The company executive headquarters are in Morrisville , North Carolina , near Raleigh in the Research Triangle metropolitan area , in the United States . As of October 2012 , the facility has about 2,000 employees . Lenovo identifies its facilities in Morrisville , Beijing , and Singapore as its `` key location addresses , '' where its principal operations occur . The company stated that `` by foregoing a traditional headquarters model and focusing on centers of excellence around the world , Lenovo makes the maximum use of its resources to create the best products in the most efficient and effective way possible . '' The company registered office is on the 23rd floor of the Lincoln House building of the Taikoo Place in Quarry Bay , Hong Kong . Previously the company 's U.S. headquarters were in Purchase , Harrison , New York . About 70 people worked there . In 2006 , Lenovo announced that it was consolidating its U.S. headquarters , a logistics facility in Boulder , Colorado , and a call center in Atlanta , Georgia to a new facility in Morrisville . The company received offers of over $11 million in incentive funds from the local Morrisville , NC area and from the State of North Carolina on the condition that the company employs about 2,200 people . In early 2016 , Lenovo carried out a comprehensive restructuring of its business units . Financials and market share ( edit ) Lenovo was the world 's largest supplier of personal computers in 2016 , shipping an estimated 55.5 million PCs , for an estimated 21.3 % market share , according to market research firm International Data Corporation . For the fiscal year ending March 2016 , the company reported revenue of USD $44.9 billion . The company 's expansion was boosted in part by a joint venture with NEC in Japan called Lenovo NEC Holdings , and aggressive marketing to both professionals and consumers . From 4 March 2013 , Lenovo was included as a constituent stock in the Hang Seng Index . Lenovo replaced the unprofitable Aluminum Corp of China , a state - owned enterprise , on the list of 50 key companies on the Hong Kong stock exchange that constitute the Hang Seng Index . The inclusion of Lenovo and Tencent , China 's largest internet firm , significantly increased the weight of the technology sector on the index . Being added to the Hang Seng Index was a significant boon for Lenovo and its shareholders as it widened the pool of investors willing to purchase Lenovo 's stock . For instance , index funds pegged to the Hang Seng and pension funds that consider index inclusion now have the opportunity to invest in Lenovo . On November 2013 it was reported that Lenovo achieved double - digit market share in the United States for the first time . Ownership ( edit ) As of 1 October 2011 , 58 % of Lenovo stock was held by the general public , 34 % by Legend Holdings Limited , and 8 % by other entities . The Chinese Academy of Sciences owns 36 % of Legend Holdings . On 4 September 2009 , China Oceanwide Holdings Group , a private investment firm based in Beijing , bought 29 % of Legend Holdings , the parent company of Lenovo , for 2.76 billion yuan . Responding to claims that Lenovo is a state - owned enterprise CEO Yang Yuanqing said : `` Our company is a 100 % market oriented company . Some people have said we are a state - owned enterprise . It 's 100 % not true . In 1984 the Chinese Academy of Sciences only invested $25,000 in our company . The purpose of the Chinese Academy of Sciences to invest in this company was that they wanted to commercialize their research results . The Chinese Academy of Sciences is a pure research entity in China , owned by the government . From this point , you could say we 're different from state - owned enterprises . Secondly , after this investment , this company is run totally by the founders and management team . The government has never been involved in our daily operation , in important decisions , strategic direction , nomination of the CEO and top executives and financial management . Everything is done by our management team . '' In early 2006 , the U.S. State Department was harshly criticized for purchasing 16,000 computers from Lenovo . Critics attempted to smear Lenovo as controlled by the Chinese government and a potential vehicle for espionage against the United States . Yang spoke out forcefully and publicly to defend Lenovo . He said , `` We are not a government - controlled company . '' He pointed out that Lenovo pioneered China 's transition to a market economy and that in the early 1990s had fought and beaten four state - owned enterprises that dominated the Chinese computer market . Those firms had the full backing of the state while Lenovo received no special treatment . The State Department deal went through . Yang worried that fears about Lenovo 's supposed connections to the Chinese government would be an ongoing issue in the United States . Yang worked to ease worries by communicating directly with Congress . In June 2006 , Yang arranged to be seated next to C. Richard D'Amato , a member of the congressional committee that had earlier raised concerns about the security of Lenovo 's products . D'Amato later stated that he was impressed with Yang 's candor . Yang dramatically increased his ownership stake in by acquiring 797 million shares in 2011 . As of June 2011 , Yang owned an 8 percent stake in Lenovo . He previously owned only 70 million shares . In a statement , Yang said , `` While the transaction is a personal financial matter , I want to be very clear that my decision to make this investment is based on my strong belief in the company 's very bright future . Our culture is built on commitment and ownership -- we do what we say , and we own what we do . My decision to increase my holdings represents my steadfast belief in these principles . '' Corporate culture ( edit ) Lenovo 's corporate culture differs from other Chinese companies . While Lenovo was founded using seed capital from the state - owned Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lenovo is run as a private enterprise with little or no interference by the state . Lenovo 's senior executives , including many non-Chinese , rotate between two head offices , one in Beijing and the other in Morrisville , North Carolina , and Lenovo 's research and development center in Japan . Two foreigners have previously served as Lenovo 's CEO . English is Lenovo 's official language . Lenovo 's CEO , Yang Yuanqing , initially did not understand English well , but relocated his family to Morrisville in order to improve his language skills and learn American ways . One American Lenovo executive interviewed by The Economist praised Yang for his efforts to make Lenovo a friendly place for foreigners to work . He said that Yang had created a `` performance culture '' in place of the traditional Chinese work style of `` waiting to see what the emperor wants . '' Leadership ( edit ) Yang Yuanqing ( edit ) Yang Yuanqing , Lenovo 's Chairman and CEO Main article : Yang Yuanqing Yang Yuanqing is the chairman and chief executive officer of Lenovo . One of his major achievements was leading Lenovo to become the best - selling personal computer brand in China since 1997 . In 2001 , Business Week named him one of Asia 's rising stars in business . Yang was president and CEO of Lenovo until 2004 , when Lenovo closed its acquisition of IBM 's PC division , afterward Yang was succeeded as Lenovo CEO by IBM 's Stephen M. Ward , Jr . Ward was succeeded by Bill Amelio on 20 December 2005 . On February 2009 , Yang replaced Amelio as CEO and has served in that capacity ever since . Yang was chairman of Lenovo 's board from 2004 to 2008 , and returned as chairman in 2012 alongside his role as CEO . In 2012 , Yang received a $3 million bonus as a reward for record profits , which he in turn redistributed to about 10,000 of Lenovo 's employees . According to Lenovo spokesman , Jeffrey Shafer , Yang felt that it would be the right thing to , `` redirect ( the money ) to the employees as a real tangible gesture for what they done . '' Shafer also said that Yang , who owns about eight percent of Lenovo 's stock , `` felt that he was rewarded well simply as the owner of the company . '' The bonuses were mostly distributed among staff working in positions such as production and reception who received an average of 2,000 yuan or about US $314 . This was almost equivalent to a monthly salary of an average worker in China . Yang made a similar gift of $3.25 million again in 2013 . According to Lenovo 's annual report , Yang earned $14 million , including $5.2 million in bonuses , during the fiscal year that ended in March 2012 . In 2013 , Barron 's named Yang one of the `` World 's Best CEOs . '' Liu Chuanzhi ( edit ) Main article : Liu Chuanzhi Liu Chuanzhi is the founder and chairman of Lenovo . Liu was trained as an engineer at a military college and later went on to work at the Chinese Academy of Sciences . Like many young people during the Cultural Revolution , Liu was denounced and sent to the countryside where he worked as a laborer on a rice farm . Liu claims Hewlett - Packard as a key source of inspiration . In an interview with The Economist he stated that `` Our earliest and best teacher was Hewlett - Packard . '' For more than ten years , Lenovo was Hewlett - Packard 's distributor in China . In reference to Lenovo 's later acquisition of IBM 's personal computer unit Liu said , `` I remember the first time I took part in a meeting of IBM agents . I was wearing an old business suit of my father 's and I sat in the back row . Even in my dreams , I never imagined that one day we could buy the IBM PC business . It was unthinkable . Impossible . '' Board of directors ( edit ) In early 2013 , Lenovo announced the addition of Yahoo founder Jerry Yang to its board . Lenovo 's CEO Yang Yuanqing said , `` Jerry 's appointment as an observer to our board furthers Lenovo 's reputation as a transparent international company . '' Just prior to the appointment of Jerry Yang , Tudor Brown , the founder of British semiconductor design firm ARM , was also appointed to Lenovo 's board . Speaking of both men Yang Yuanqing said , `` We believe that they will add a great deal to our strategic thinking , long - term direction and , ultimately , our ability to achieve our aspirations in the PC plus era . '' Marketing and sponsorships ( edit ) Emerging markets ( edit ) In 2009 , Lenovo became the first personal computer manufacturer to divide countries into emerging markets and mature markets . Lenovo then developed a different set of strategies for each category . Lenovo 's competitors have widely adopted the same approach In 2012 , Lenovo made a major effort to expand its market share in developing economies such as Brazil and India through acquisitions and increased budgets for marketing and advertising . While Lenovo has not revealed its total spending on marketing , it did increase marketing and advertising expenditures by $248 million in the fiscal year ending in 2012 . China ( edit ) A Lenovo Store in China In China , Lenovo has a vast distribution network designed to make sure that there is at least one shop selling Lenovo computers within 50 kilometers of nearly all consumers . Lenovo has also developed close relationships with its Chinese distributors , who are granted exclusive territories and only carry Lenovo products . As of July 2013 , Lenovo believes that urbanization initiatives being pushed by Premier Li Keqiang will allow it to sustain sales growth in China for the foreseeable future . Speaking at Lenovo 's annual general meeting in Hong Kong in 2013 , Yang Yuanqing said : `` I believe urbanisation will help us further increase the overall ( domestic ) PC market . '' Yang also stressed the opportunity presented by the China 's relatively low penetration rate of personal computers . Lenovo previously benefited from the Chinese government 's rural subsidies , part of a wider economic stimulus initiative , designed to increase purchases of appliances and electronics . That program , which Lenovo joined in 2004 , ended in 2011 . Lenovo enjoys consistent price premiums over its traditional competitors in rural markets and a stronger local sales and service presence . India ( edit ) Lenovo has gained significant market share in India through bulk orders to large companies and government agencies . For example , the government of Tamil Nadu ordered a million laptops from Lenovo in 2012 and single - handedly made the firm a market leader . Lenovo distributes most of the personal computers it sells in India through five national distributors such as Ingram Micro and Redington . Given that most smartphones and tablets are sold to individuals Lenovo is pursuing a different strategy making use of many small state - centric distributors . Amar Babu , Lenovo 's managing director for India , said , `` To reach out to small towns and the hinterland , we have tied up with 40 regional distributors . We want our distributors to be exclusive to us . We will , in turn , ensure they have exclusive rights to distribute Lenovo products in their catchment area . '' As of 2013 , Lenovo had about 6,000 retailers selling smartphones and tablets in India . In February 2013 , Lenovo established a relationship with Reliance Communications to sell smartphones . The smartphones carried by Reliance have dual - SIM capability and support both GSM and CDMA . Babu claims that the relative under penetration of smartphones in India represents an opportunity for Lenovo . Lenovo has assembled a team of senior managers familiar with the Indian market , launched mobile phones at all price points there , and worked on branding to build market share . As of February 2014 , Lenovo claims that its sales of smartphones in India have been increasing 100 % per quarter while the market is only growing 15 - 20 % over the same period . Lenovo did marketing tests of its smartphones in November 2012 in Gujarat and some southern cities , where Lenovo already had a strong presence . Lenovo 's strategy has been to create awareness , maintain a broad selection of phones at all price points , and develop distribution networks . Lenovo partnered with two national distributors and over 100 local distributors . As of February 2014 , more than 7,000 retail outlets in India sold Lenovo smartphones . Lenovo has also partnered with HCL in order to set up 250 service centres in 110 cities . In India , Lenovo grants distributors exclusive territories but allows them to sell computers from other companies . Lenovo uses its close relationships with distributors to gain market intelligence and speed up product development . Lenovo reported a year - on - year increase of about 951 % in tablet sales in India for the first quarter of 2014 . Canalys , a market research firm , said Lenovo took market share away from Apple and Samsung in the country . Africa ( edit ) Lenovo first started doing business in South Africa , establishing a sales office , and then expanded to East African markets such as Kenya , Tanzania , Ethiopia , Uganda , and Rwanda . West Africa followed when Lenovo set - up a Nigerian legal office and then expanded to Ghana , Zimbabwe , Mozambique and Botswana . According to Lenovo 's general manager for Africa , Graham Braum , Lenovo 's strategy is to put `` great emphasis on products that sell well in Africa '' and roll out `` products alongside different African governments ' rolling out of wireless technology . '' Products such as the Lenovo Yoga series are popular in Africa because of their long battery life , as many areas have unreliable electrical supply . Other popular products include the Lenovo notebooks , which were introduced in 2008 . Lenovo picked Nigeria in 2013 to release its smartphone because unlike South Africa and other African countries , there is no requirement to partner with a local telecom firm to sell its phones . In the long term , according to Braum , `` Lenovo in Africa will focus on continuing to consistently supply personal computer products and allow this market to grow , while moving into new territory such as mobile and enterprise . '' United States ( edit ) In the United States , Lenovo began the `` For Those Who Do '' marketing campaign in 2010 , created by the ad agency Saatchi & Saatchi . The campaign was Lenovo 's first to go global , except for its domestic market in China , where it retained its existing `` Imagine '' ( Pinyin : lian xiang ) slogan . The campaign did not reach China because `` do '' carries connotations of manual labor in the country , an image that Lenovo did not want attached to their brand . `` For Those Who Do '' was designed to appeal to young consumers in the 18 - to 25 - year - old demographic by stressing its utility to creative individuals that Lenovo 's advertising refers to as `` doers '' . One of Lenovo 's operational centers is located in North Carolina , United States . Lenovo also started manufacturing products in the USA in 2012 . Ashton Kutcher ( edit ) Main article : Ashton Kutcher In October 2013 , Lenovo announced that it had hired Ashton Kutcher as a product engineer and spokesman . Kutcher announced Lenovo 's Yoga Tablet at a media event the same month ; he flew to China to meet with Lenovo executives shortly thereafter . David Roman , Lenovo 's chief marketing officer , said , `` His partnership goes beyond traditional bounds by deeply integrating him into our organization as a product engineer . Ashton will help us break new ground by challenging assumptions , bringing a new perspective and contributing his technical expertise to Yoga Tablet and other devices . '' Kutcher co-founded A-Grade Investments , an investor in Airbnb , Foursquare , Spotify , Path , Uber , and other technology firms . Kutcher studied biochemical engineering at the University of Iowa . Kobe Bryant ( edit ) Main article : Kobe Bryant Kobe Bryant starred in ads aired in China and other Asian countries for the K900 smartphone in 2013 . Olympics ( edit ) The 2008 Summer Olympics Torch , which was designed by Lenovo Lenovo was an official computer sponsor of the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy , and the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing . When asked about Lenovo 's brand Yang Yuanqing said , `` The Beijing Olympics were very good for brand awareness in countries like the US and Argentina , but not good enough . '' YouTube Space Lab ( edit ) YouTube Space Lab logo Main article : YouTube Space Lab On December 2011 , Lenovo announced the YouTube Space Lab contest . It was held in conjunction with YouTube , NASA , the European Space Agency , and JAXA . The contest allowed students between the ages of 14 and 18 the chance to devise experiments to be performed by astronauts on the International Space Station . The global winners had their experiment results live - streamed from space , and received a trip to either Japan or Russia . NFL ( edit ) In July 2012 , Lenovo and the National Football League ( NFL ) announced that Lenovo had become the NFL 's `` Official Laptop , Desktop and Workstation Sponsor . '' Lenovo said that this was its largest sponsorship deal ever in the United States . Lenovo will receive advertising space in NFL venues and events and be allowed to use the NFL logo on its products and ads . Lenovo said that this sponsorship would boost its efforts to market to the key 18 - to 35 - year - old male demographic . The NFL has been a Lenovo customer since 2007 and the sponsorship resulted from that relationship . NFL stars Jerry Rice , DeAngelo Williams , and Torry Holt were on hand for the announcement and a celebration with 1,500 Lenovo employees . Lenovo 's sponsorship will last at least three years . The Pursuit ( edit ) Lenovo used a short - film entitled The Pursuit in its `` For Those Who Do '' campaign launched in 2011 . The film depicted a mysterious young woman using the IdeaPad Yoga 13 to stay one - step - ahead of her evil pursuers . Martin Campbell , who previously worked on action movies and James Bond films such as GoldenEye and the remake of Casino Royale , shot this film . Lenovo was the first Chinese company to make use of such marketing techniques . Tech World ( edit ) In May 2015 , Lenovo hosted its first ever `` Tech World '' conference in Beijing . The CEOs of Intel , Microsoft , and Baidu delivered keynote addresses along with Lenovo CEO Yang Yuanqing . Lenovo also used Tech World to announce a refresh of its corporate logo and visual identity . The shift in Lenovo 's visual presentation was accompanied by changes in Lenovo 's business model . Lenovo said that it was transitioning from being solely a hardware maker to producing both hardware and software . Lenovo announced several concept and production devices at Tech World including Smart View , a concept smartwatch with two screens and a virtual display ; Smart Cast , a concept smartphone with a built - in laser projector that displays content and virtual user interfaces such as keyboards and musical instruments ; Lenovo Cast , an Android - based streaming video device ; Smart Shoes , concept shoes with a screen to display the user 's mood and fitness tracking sensors ; the ThinkPad 10 , a new tablet computer ; and Cortana integration with Lenovo devices and software , including REACHit , which extends Cortana 's search functions to non-Microsoft services . ZUK , a separate company formed by Lenovo in 2014 , announced several products at Tech World , These included slim power banks , 3D printers that can print food such as chocolate , an outdoor sound box , and a Wi - Fi based control system for home automation . Goodweird ( edit ) Lenovo launched a multi-year advertising campaign called `` Goodweird '' in the last half of 2015 . Goodweird is designed to convey the idea that designs that seem strange initially often become familiar and widely accepted . The Goodweird campaign includes a video with famous images of early attempts to fly with the aid of homemade wings and a bicycle that transitions to a modern - day shot of a man soaring across mountains in a wingsuit before transitioning again to a shot of the Stealth Bomber . Lenovo worked with three agencies on Goodweird : London - based DLKW Low , We Are Social , and Blast Radius . Goodweird is part of Lenovo 's wider strategy to appeal to millennials with an emphasis on design trendsetters . A portion of the funding for Goodweird is being directed to prominent YouTubers and Viners . BuzzFeed has been engaged to create relevant content . Lenovo slogans ( edit ) New World . New Thinking. ( 2005 - 2011 ) For Those Who Do . ( 2011 - 2016 ) We Make The Tools . You Make Them Do . ( 2012 - 2016 ) Different is Better ( 2016 - present ) See also ( edit ) China portal Beijing portal North Carolina portal Companies portal Computer science portal List of computer system manufacturers Lists of Chinese companies References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Financial Statements for Lenovo Group Limited '' . Lenovo . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Burcu Noyan ( 21 July 2015 ) . `` Lenovo Group '' . Fortune . Jump up ^ `` It 's official : Motorola Mobility now belongs to Lenovo - CNET '' . cnet.com . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Our Company '' . About Lenovo . Lenovo . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . we have headquarters in Beijing , China and Morrisville , North Carolina , U.S. Jump up ^ `` Gartner Says Worldwide PC Shipments Declined 8.3 Percent in Fourth Quarter of 2015 '' . www.gartner.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Owen ; Shara Tibken ; Nathalie Tadena ( 13 October 2011 ) . `` Lenovo passes Dell to become world 's No 2 PC maker '' . MarketWatch . Jump up ^ `` US Moto X production plant of Motorola to be shut down by year end '' . Fort Worth News.Net . Retrieved 1 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Tom Warren . `` Motorola is now part of Lenovo '' , The Verge , 30 October 2014 . Retrieved on 30 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ling , Zhijun ( 2006 ) . The Lenovo Affair . Singapore : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 82193 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Dickie , Mure ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` China 's High - Tech Hero '' . Chief Executive . Jump up ^ Snyder Bulik , Beth ( 28 May 2015 ) . `` Worldwide PC Leader Lenovo Rebrands For Post-PC World '' . Advertising Age . United States . Retrieved 8 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Trivedi , Anjani ( 3 June 2015 ) . `` Lenovo Heats Up Hong Kong 's Dim - Sum Bond Market '' . Wall Street Journal . United States . Retrieved 8 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Sima , Katherine ( 19 December 2005 ) . `` Lenovo 's design strategy drives success '' . Plastics News . United States . Retrieved 7 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : William J. Holstein ( 8 August 2014 ) . `` Lenovo Goes Global '' . strategy + business . Jump up ^ Lemon , Sumner ( May 2 , 2005 ) . `` Lenovo Completes Purchase of IBM 's PC Unit '' . PC World . pcworld.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 Jump up ^ Craig Stephen ( August 20 , 2012 ) . `` China 's Lenovo may be one - off success '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved August 20 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : Zhou Xiaoyan ( November 19 , 2012 ) . `` Lenovo , on top of the PC world '' . People 's Daily . People 's Daily Online . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` IBM Investor relations -- IR News and views 01 May 2005 Lenovo completes acquisition of IBM '' . Ibm.com . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ian , Mutuli ( 22 July 2008 ) . `` IBM Offloads $77 million of Lenovo shares '' . financeasia.com . FinanceAsia . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Kunert , Paul ( 23 January 2014 ) . `` It was inevitable : Lenovo stumps up $2.3 bn for IBM System x server biz '' . channelregister.co.uk . The Register . Retrieved 23 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Roger Kay . `` How Lenovo Can Turn Liabilities Into Assets '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` Lenovo says $2.1 billion IBM x86 server deal to close on Wednesday '' ( Press release ) . Reuters. 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Moorhead , Patrick ( 2014 - 06 - 26 ) . `` IBM - Lenovo Server Agreement Basically A Done Deal '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Juro Osawa ( 29 September 2014 ) . `` Lenovo Set to Close IBM Deal , Eyes Top Spot in Server Business '' . WSJ . Jump up ^ `` Jobs cuts not ruled out as Lenovo swallows IBM 's x86 server business '' . The Australian . Jump up ^ Michael Novinson . `` Lenovo President : X86 To Be Fully Integrated Into Business '' . CRN . Jump up ^ `` IBM results show shift to AI and cloud business focus '' . ComputerWeekly . Jump up ^ Nuo , You ; Ning , Yang ( May 11 , 2010 ) . `` Lenovo to take on the big boys with LePhone '' . China Daily . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Lenovo to Acquire Mobile Handset Business '' ( press release ) . Lenovo . November 27 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Lenovo bets on app projects to boost sales '' . South China Morning Post . November 24 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : `` Lenovo Eying Growth in China Smartphone Sector '' . Taipei Times . CNA . November 5 , 2012 . taipeitimes.com ^ Jump up to : Bruce Einhorn ( 3 January 2013 ) . `` In China 's Smartphone Market , Lenovo Gets Busy '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . businessweek.com . Retrieved 26 January 2013 Jump up ^ Melanie Lee ( May 6 , 2012 ) . Chris Lewis , ed . Lenovo to launch mobile devices facility in central China . Reuters . reuters.com . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` NEC , Lenovo Form PC Joint Venture As NEC Posts Wider Loss '' . Fox Business . January 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ David Ranii ( February 2 , 2011 ) . `` With NEC venture , Lenovo eyes Japan '' . Cary News ( North Carolina ) . Jump up ^ `` Lenovo , NEC to jointly develop tablets : Report '' . Reuters . July 4 , 2012 . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Charlie Osborne . `` Lenovo buys mobile , 3G , LTE technology patent portfolio '' . ZDNet . ^ Jump up to : CHRIS V. NICHOLSON ( June 2 , 2011 ) . `` Lenovo to Buy German PC Maker '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` China 's Lenovo to buy Brazilian electronics company CCE '' . Reuters . September 5 , 2012 . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lenovo to acquire Brazil 's biggest PC maker '' . EE Times . September 5 , 2012 . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mehta , Stephanie N. ( September 5 , 2012 ) . `` Urgency drives Lenovo deal in Brazil -- Fortune Tech '' . Tech.fortune.cnn.com . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yun , Liau ( September 25 , 2012 ) . `` Lenovo to stop buying hardware companies '' . ZDNet . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lenovo buys US - based Stoneware to strengthen its cloud computing services '' . The Next Web . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lenovo Acquires Stoneware to Expand Secure Cloud Computing '' . Lenovo . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Paul Mozur ( September 18 , 2012 ) . `` Lenovo Acquires U.S. Software Firm '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lenovo Makes First Software Buy to Expand in Cloud Computing '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . September 18 , 2012 . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tony Bradley @ tonybradleybsg . `` Lenovo and EMC partner on storage for SMBs '' . PCWorld . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Lee . `` Storage giant EMC unites with PC OEM Lenovo on new joint venture '' . Ars Technica . Jump up ^ `` LenovoEMC Forms to Bring NAS Solutions to Businesses of All Sizes '' . Laptop Mag. 2013 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lenovo CEO Vows To Turn Around Motorola in 6 Quarters - Mobile Tech on CIO Today '' . Jump up ^ Drake Bennett ( 17 May 2014 ) . `` China 's Lenovo finds treasure in other companies ' castoffs '' . SFGate . ^ Jump up to : `` Google sells Motorola to Lenovo for $2.91 billion '' . The Verge . Retrieved 30 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lenovo 's BlackBerry takeover was reportedly thwarted by the Canadian government '' . The Verge . Retrieved 30 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Doug Young ( 10 February 2014 ) . `` Google 's Lenovo Buy Just Temporary '' . Seeking Alpha . Jump up ^ `` What can Lenovo do with Motorola ? '' . Mobile News Online . Jump up ^ WRAL TechWire . `` European Union approves Lenovo 's Google Motorola acquisition - TechWire Insider : Editor 's Blog at WRAL TechWire '' . Jump up ^ `` Lenovo Completes Motorola Acquisition '' . The Wall Street Journal . 30 October 2014 . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : `` Lenovo gets into server - based storage virtualization with DataCore '' . theregister.co.uk. 2017 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Todd Crowell ( 2008 ) . `` Ever heard of Lenovo , Haier , CNOOC ? You will '' . Christian Science Monitor ( 30 -- JUN -- 2005 ) . Jump up ^ `` Free Trademark Search - Legend '' . Trademarkia.com . Retrieved 22 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Researchers : Lenovo laptops ship with adware that hijacks HTTPS connections '' . ZDNet . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lenovo 's security breakdown shows the danger of invisible systems '' . The Verge . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Hern , Alex ( 19 February 2015 ) . `` Lenovo accused of compromising user security by installing adware on new PCs '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Fox - Brewster , Thomas ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` How Lenovo 's Superfish ' Malware ' Works And What You Can Do To Kill It '' . Forbes . Forbes.com LLC . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fox - Brewster , Thomas ( 2015 - 02 - 27 ) . `` Lenovo Only Made Up To $250,000 From Nightmare Superfish Deal , Say Sources '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Weise ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` FTC settles with Lenovo over a built - in snooping software , $3.5 million fine '' . USA Today . ^ Jump up to : `` Superfish fallout : Lenovo to give away free McAfee LiveSafe security suite '' . Deccan Chronicle. 2015 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Lenovo slipped ' Superfish ' malware into laptops '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lenovo Promises No More Bloatware Starting with Windows 10 '' . MaximumPC . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Auerbach , David ( 20 February 2015 ) . `` You Had One Job , Lenovo '' . Salon . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lenovo used Windows anti-theft feature to install persistent crapware '' . Ars Technica . Conde Nast . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ James Sanders ( 13 August 2015 ) . `` Windows and UEFI anti-theft mechanism makes systems less secure '' . TechRepublic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lenovo 's Service Engine marks yet another bloatware blunder for the company '' . PC World . IDG . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Michael Horowitz ( 22 September 2015 ) . `` Lenovo collects usage data on ThinkPad , ThinkCentre and ThinkStation PCs '' . Computerworld . Jump up ^ Michael Horowitz ( 20 October 2015 ) . `` Trusting Lenovo '' . Computerworld . Jump up ^ `` Unbox your laptop , and say hello to security risks '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` ut - of - Box Exploitation -- A Security Analysis of OEM Updaters '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Lenovo Urges Windows 10 Users to Uninstall Dangerous Utility '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` From guard shack to global giant ; Chinese industry '' . The Economist. 12 January 2013 . Retrieved 5 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Reisinger , Don ( 2013 - 01 - 10 ) . `` Lenovo chief : We 're in the PC - plus , not post-PC era '' . CNET . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Design Matters : The Bento Box '' . Jump up ^ `` IBM Archives : IBM ThinkPads in space '' . Archived from the original on 20 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lenovo Company History '' . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` ThinkCentre Desktop Features '' . Retrieved 20 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Dave Mitchell ( 7 November 2008 ) . `` Lenovo ThinkServer TS100 review '' . Retrieved 19 December 2011 . Jump up ^ David Hill ( 22 August 2008 ) . `` ThinkServer Debut '' . Retrieved 19 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Garrity , Sean ( 2 June 2017 ) . `` How Lenovo Servers Give Datacenters Competitive Advantages to Handle Today 's Workloads and Prepare for Future Growth '' . HostingAdvice.com . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Jason Hiner ( 10 January 2014 ) . `` CES 2014 : Lenovo talks up $799 4K monitor that works with existing computers '' . TechRepublic . Jump up ^ Brett Howse . `` Lenovo Launches ThinkVision Displays With USB - C Docking At CES '' . Jump up ^ `` Lenovo IdeaPad Hands - On Roundup '' . For starters , the design of the IdeaPads marks a significant change for Lenovo . Unlike the `` all business '' classic ThinkPad line that Lenovo inherited from IBM , the IdeaPads have a consumer - focused feel . Jump up ^ `` Lenovo IdeaPad Hands - On Roundup '' . The glossy screens feature a flush - mount bezel which makes the transition from LCD to keyboard look incredibly smooth . Jump up ^ `` Smartphones and tablets -- PC maker Lenovo 's next frontier '' . Reuters. 8 November 2012 . Retrieved 17 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Dana Wollman ( 5 September 2013 ) . `` Lenovo announces Yoga 2 Pro with 3,200 x 1,800 screen , slimmer design ( update : video ) '' . Engadget . Retrieved 4 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Precious Silva ( 19 September 2013 ) . `` Lenovo Yoga 2 Pro vs. MacBook Pro : Yoga 2 is the Perfect Upgrade and Ultrabook '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 4 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Campbell Simpson . `` Lenovo Yoga 3 Pro : Australian Review '' . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft ad pits Lenovo Yoga convertible against MacBook Air '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . 3 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Elias Plastiras ( 12 January 2016 ) . `` Lenovo Yoga 3 Pro Review : An innovative watchband hinge makes the Yoga 3 Pro one of the best laptop convertibles on the market - Notebooks - Ultraportable - PC World Australia '' . PC World . Jump up ^ `` Lenovo Statement on Linux Support for Yoga Lenovo Newsroom '' . news.lenovo.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Lenovo 's Signature laptops refuse to install Linux '' . BBC News . 2016 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Lenovo confirms that Linux wo n't work on Yoga 900 and 900S laptops '' . VentureBeat . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Lenovo denies deliberately blocking Linux on Windows 10 PCs - TechRepublic '' . TechRepublic . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Kingsley - Hughes , Adrian . `` Lenovo reportedly blocking Linux on Windows 10 Signature Edition PCs ( updated ) ZDNet '' . ZDNet . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Ray Willington ( 4 January 2011 ) . `` Lenovo Introduces New Line Of IdeaCentre Desktops / All - In - One PCs At CES '' . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lenovo announces its first desktop , IdeaCentre K210 '' . 30 June 2008 . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Bob Buskirk ( 8 November 2012 ) . `` Lenovo IdeaCentre A720 Review '' . Retrieved 19 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lenovo IdeaCentre A720 Review '' . 8 November 2012 . Retrieved 25 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lenovo debuts giant IdeaCentre Horizon Table PC '' . msnNOW.com. 7 January 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Lenovo 's Windows Phone 8 Plans In Full Force : First Device Out In 2013 ? '' . Mobile & apps . 2013 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Zak Islam ( 2013 - 01 - 14 ) . `` Lenovo Aims to Beat Samsung as China 's Top Smartphone Maker '' . Tomshardware.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Chloe Albanesius ( 7 May 2012 ) . `` Lenovo Spending $800 Million to Boost Smartphones , Tablets '' . PCMag . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 60 HP dengan baterai besar dan tahan lama Agustus 2017 RuangLaptop '' . RuangLaptop. 2017 - 03 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Lenovo wants to sell phones in the US within a year '' . The Verge . Retrieved 30 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Announces Motorola Owner Lenovo As New Windows Phone Hardware Partner '' . Jump up ^ By author , outlet . `` Lenovo Is Making The First Google Project Tango Phone . '' 8 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How Samsung , Apple , Huaaei Lenovo , Xiaomi performed in 2015 '' . telecomlead. 28 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release : Apple , Huawei , and Xiaomi Finish 2015 with Above Average Year - Over-Year Growth , as Worldwide Smartphone Shipments Surpass 1.4 Billion for the Year , According to IDC '' . IDC. 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Lenovo Group Limited . `` 2016 / 17 Interim Report '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ John Kang ( 29 September 2016 ) . `` What Happened To Lenovo , Once A Top Chinese Smartphone Maker ? '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ John Pletz ( 25 August 2015 ) . `` Lenovo 's problem is n't Moto '' . Crain 's Chicago Business . Jump up ^ Vlad Savov ( 17 May 2016 ) . `` Lenovo and Motorola are repeating the mistakes of HP and Palm '' . The Verge . Jump up ^ Graeme Philipson ( 14 August 2015 ) . `` Lenovo battles with Motorola problems , sacks 3200 '' . ITWire . Jump up ^ Matthew Benson ( 24 November 2015 ) . `` ( Updated ) Report : Lenovo Mobile to be dissolved and sell all phones under the Motorola branding '' . Android Authority . Jump up ^ Roger Cheng ( 1 March 2017 ) . `` Moto Z , this is your mission : Make Motorola relevant again '' . CNET . Jump up ^ LORETTA CHAO And OWEN FLETCHER ( 30 November 2011 ) . `` Lenovo Sets Web - Linked TV '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` Lenovo aims to sell 1m smart TVs '' . Jump up ^ Lenovo smartband has seven - day battery life ( registration required ) Jump up ^ `` Lenovo Smartband does n't just track fitness , it unlocks your computer '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . 27 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Gagliordi , Natalie ( 20 November 2014 ) . `` Lenovo launches REACHit app for storage management '' . ZDNet . United States . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Rubino , Daniel . `` Lenovo and Microsoft launch ReachIt cross-platform search app '' . Windows Central . United States . Retrieved 12 October 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Biersdorfer , J.D. ( 24 November 2014 ) . `` AirDrop Alternatives for Windows and Android '' . New York Times . New York , New York . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Vizard , Mike ( 17 April 2015 ) . `` Lenovo 's WRITEit Makes Digital Pens Truly Usable '' . ITBusinessEdge . United States . Retrieved 25 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Martonik , Andrew ( 23 February 2014 ) . `` Lenovo 's suite of DOit apps for phones and tablets debut at MWC 2014 '' . AndroidCentral . United States . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ken Yeung . `` Lenovo Debuts DOit Suite of Apps '' . The Next Web . Jump up ^ Yeung , Ken ( 23 February 2014 ) . `` Lenovo debuts its DOit suite of apps to help protect , share , and manage your digital information '' . The Next Web . United States . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Lindsey O'Donnell . `` Mobile World Congress 2016 : 8 Breakthrough Products Lenovo Just Revealed '' . CRN . Jump up ^ `` Lenovo snaps up former Motorola employees-Business-chinadaily.com.cn '' . Jump up ^ Jon Russell . `` Lenovo Plans $800 Million Mobile Innovation Center in China '' . The Next Web . Jump up ^ Locations , Lenovo.com ( US ) . Retrieved 22 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lenovo to Build Production Base in Argentina '' . SinoCast Daily Business Beat. 19 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Warc staff ( 10 July 2012 ) . `` Lenovo seeks to build its brand '' . Warc . Retrieved 10 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Loretta Chao ( 9 July 2012 ) . `` As Rivals Outsource , Lenovo Keeps Production In - House '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 12 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Constantin Murariu ( 5 July 2012 ) . `` Lenovo Moves ThinkPad Production Back to Japan '' . Softpedia . Retrieved 12 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lenovo to open first U.S. manufacturing plant in N.C '' . Computerworld. 2 October 2012 . Retrieved 4 October 2012 . Jump up ^ 28 September 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 05 ) . `` Lenovo cranks up Whitsett plant - News-Record.com : News '' . News-Record.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lenovo Group Will Build Development Center In Hong Kong 's Cyberport '' . China Tech News . Asia Media Network . 2015 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Lenovo looking to double local production in India by next year : Report '' . Tech 2 . India . 26 November 2015 . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lenovo to locally manufacture over 50 % of its devices in 2016 '' . IBNLive . Jump up ^ `` We will Make in India to sell in India : Yang Yuanqing '' . india Infoline News Service . India . 20 November 2015 . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Locations . '' ( Archive ) Lenovo . Retrieved on 12 October 2012 . `` Executive Headquarters Morrisville 1009 Think Place Morrisville , NC 27560 USA '' Jump up ^ `` 联系 我们 . '' ( Archive ) Lenovo . Retrieved on 12 October 2012 . `` 行政 总部 地址 : 1009 Think Place Morrisville , NC 27560 USA '' Jump up ^ `` Lenovo plans HQ in N.C. '' ( Archive ) Associated Press at the Charlotte Observer . Friday 17 March 2006 . Retrieved on 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ McGregor , p. 204 . Jump up ^ `` Lenovo launches ' convertible ' tablets ( The News & Observer ( Raleigh , N.C. ) ) . '' Knight Ridder / Tribune at Bloomberg Businessweek. 10 October 2012 . Retrieved on 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheet Mar 2012 . '' ( Archive ) Lenovo . Retrieved on 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Our Locations . '' ( Archive ) Lenovo . Retrieved on 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 / 12 Annual Report Lenovo Group Limited . '' ( Archive ) Lenovo . p. 177 . Retrieved on 12 October 2012 . `` REGISTERED OFFICE 23rd Floor , Lincoln House , Taikoo Place , 979 King 's Road , Quarry Bay , Hong Kong '' Jump up ^ Hogan , Patrick . `` Lenovo shifting U.S. headquarters to Morrisville , but will cut 300 -- 350 Triangle jobs . '' Triangle Business Journal . Thursday 16 March 2006 . Updated Friday 17 March 2006 . p. 1 . Retrieved on 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Yin , Dave ( 21 March 2016 ) . `` Lenovo completely restructures major business units and senior leadership '' . CDN . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lenovo , HP , And Dell Lead the Shrinking PC Market '' . fortune.com. 11 January 2016 . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lenovo Announces Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2015 / 16 Results '' . lenovo.com. 26 May 2016 . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lenovo to Acquire Stake in PC Joint Venture with NEC '' . technews.co. 27 July 2016 . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lenovo added to Hang Seng index , Chalco out '' . reuters.com. 6 February 2013 . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lenovo shares at a high after blue - chip anointment '' . South China Morning Post . 8 February 2013 . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lenovo 's Parker : Here 's the secret to our growth '' . Triangle Business Journal . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Investor fact sheet '' . Retrieved 26 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Lee , Melanie ( 4 September 2009 ) . `` China Oceanwide buys Lenovo parent stake for $404 mln '' . Thomson - Reuters . Jump up ^ `` Q&A ; Chinese Computer Giant Showcases Capitalist Credentials ; Chairman of Lenovo , which acquired IBM 's PC unit , says the firm has few government ties '' . Los Angeles Times . 4 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Steve Hamm ( 20 April 2006 ) . `` Lenovo 's Foreign Affairs '' . Jump up ^ David Ranii ; ( 17 June 2011 ) . `` Lenovo CEO makes huge stock purchase '' . The News & Observer ( Raleigh , North Carolina ) . Jump up ^ Kathrin Hille ( 6 February 2009 ) . `` Lenovo chief replaced in reshuffle '' . The Financial Times . Retrieved 8 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Lyneka Little ( 23 July 2012 ) . `` CEO of Lenovo Gives $3 Million in Bonuses to Employees '' . ABC News . Retrieved 3 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Jena McGregor ( 25 July 2012 ) . `` Lenovo CEO Yang Yuanqing is sharing the wealth -- literally '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Fairchild , Caroline ( 2 September 2013 ) . `` CEO Shares $3.25 Million Bonus With Hourly Workers '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ CY Xu and Madison Park ( 25 July 2012 ) . `` CEO gives part of his bonus to employees '' . CNN . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Bary , Andrew ( 2013 - 03 - 25 ) . `` Barron 's Names World 's Best CEOs - Barrons.com '' . Online.barrons.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Face value : Legend in the making '' . The Economist. 15 September 2001 . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Hille , Kathrin ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) . `` Lenovo optimistic about China 's economy '' . FT.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Can Lenovo protect its leadership in PCs & gain share in mobile , tablet businesses in India ? '' . The Times Of India . 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Sudhir Chowdhary . `` Lenovo creates a big mobile buzz '' . The Financial Express . Jump up ^ `` The tech business week : Lenovo to double Irish workforce , Duolog opens Texas offices '' . Silicon Republic . ^ Jump up to : Dexing , Qin ( 2015 - 02 - 13 ) . `` Lenovo Expands to Africa '' . ECNS.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Spillane , Chris ( 10 May 2013 ) . `` Lenovo Plans to Debut Africa Smartphone in Nigeria This Year '' . Bloomberg . Jump up ^ Salter , Chuck ( 22 November 2011 ) . `` Protect and Attack : Lenovo 's New Strategy '' . Fast Company . Retrieved 1 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Vega , Tanzina ( 28 April 2011 ) . `` Lenovo Aims a Campaign at the Apple Crowd '' . New York Times . Retrieved 1 December 2013 . Jump up ^ ABC News . `` Lenovo to Start Manufacturing Computers in America - ABC News '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Ashton Kutcher joins Lenovo as product engineer . Usatoday.com ( 2013 - 10 - 30 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Pfanner , Eric ( 26 December 2013 ) . `` King of PCs , Lenovo Sets Smartphone Ambitions '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Fran , Foo ( 6 April 2006 ) . `` The world according to Yang Yuanqing , Lenovo chief '' . The Australian . Retrieved 4 February 2013 . Outside Jump up ^ `` Press Releases '' . YouTube Space Lab Resources . Google Sites . Retrieved 27 January 2013 . Jump up ^ DAVID RANII ( 25 July 2012 ) . `` Lenovo becomes an NFL sponsor '' . News Observer . ^ Jump up to : Sacco , Dominic ( 6 June 2015 ) . `` Lenovo 's new look , Smart Shoes and robot research - we look back on Tech World '' . PCR . United Kingdom . Retrieved 8 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Slefo , George ( 30 September 2015 ) . `` New Lenovo Campaign Plays Up Weird in the Good Way '' . Ad Age . United States . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Ling , Zhijun ( 2005 ) . The Lenovo affair : the growth of China 's computer giant and its takeover of IBM - PC . trans . Martha Avery . Singapore : John Wiley & Sons ( Asia ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 82193 - 0 . Retrieved 16 September 2009 . Hamm , Steve ( 2008 ) . The Race for Perfect : Inside the Quest to Design the Ultimate Portlable Computer . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0071606103 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lenovo . Official website Lenovo Products Desktops Business ThinkCentre A Series M Series Edge Series Home / home office IdeaCentre A Series B Series Q Series K Series Essential Desktops Laptops Business ThinkPad T Series E Series X Series W Series L Series Home / home office IdeaPad S Series Z Series Y Series U Series Essential Laptops IdeaPad Yoga Servers ThinkServer Tablets ThinkPad Tablet ThinkPad Tablet 2 ThinkPad 8 ThinkPad 10 IdeaPad WorkPad Workstations ThinkStation Software ThinkVantage Other LePhone LeTV Medion Motorola Mobility Skylight Smart Assistant ThinkLight UltraBay ZUK Mobile Other Liu Chuanzhi ( founder ) Legend Holdings Yang Yuanqing ( CEO , 2009 -- ) William Amelio ( CEO , 2005 -- 09 ) Category Commons Constituents of Hang Seng Index Finance HSBC Holdings Hang Seng Bank Bank of E Asia HKEx CCB AIA ICBC Ping An BOC Hong Kong China Life Bankcomm Bank of China Utilities CLP Holdings HK & China Gas Power Assets China Res Power CKI Holdings Properties Wharf Holdings Henderson Land SHK Ppt New World Dev Sino Land Hang Lung Ppt China Overseas Link REIT China Res Land CK Asset Holdings Commerce and Industry CKH Holdings Swire Pacific A Galaxy Ent MTR Corporation Kunlun Energy China Mer Port Want Want China Geely Auto CITIC Cathay Pac Air Sinopec Corp Tencent China Unicom PetroChina CNOOC China Mobile Lenovo Group Hengan Int'l China Shenhua Belle Int'l Sands China Ltd AAC Tech ( zh ) Mengniu Dairy Constituents of the Hang Seng China - Affiliated Corporations Index Kunlun Energy China Merchants Port Shenzhen International Everbright Ltd . Everbright International CITIC Limited Guangdong Investment China Resources Enterprise Shanghai Industrial Beijing Enterprises Water Group Beijing Enterprises China Overseas Land and Investment China Unicom China Jinmao China Resources Power CNOOC China Mobile China Taiping Lenovo Group CSPC Pharmaceutical China Resources Land Brilliance Auto China Resources Gas COSCO Ship Ports Mengniu Dairy China Power Major information technology companies Largest IT companies Largest Internet companies Largest software companies Consulting and outsourcing Accenture Atos Booz Allen Hamilton BMC Software BT Global Services CACI Capgemini CGI Group Cognizant Deloitte Digital China DXC Technology Fujitsu HCL Technologies Hitachi Consulting IBM Global Services Indra Sistemas Infosys Infor KPMG Leidos NEC NTT DATA Orange Business Services T - Systems Tata Consultancy Services Tech Mahindra Unisys Wipro Imaging Canon Inc . HP Inc . Eastman Kodak Fujifilm Konica Minolta Kyocera Lexmark Nikon Olympus Corporation Panasonic Ricoh ( Pentax ) Samsung Electronics Seiko Epson Sharp Sony Toshiba Xerox Information storage ADATA Dell Technologies ( Dell EMC ) Fujitsu Hitachi Data Systems Hewlett Packard Enterprise IBM Kingston Technology LenovoEMC NetApp Oracle Corporation Plextor Samsung Electronics Seagate Technology Silicon Power Sony Toshiba Transcend Information Western Digital ( SanDisk ) Internet Baidu Facebook Google IAC / InterActiveCorp Microsoft Naver NetEase Netflix Oath Tencent Twitter Uber Vox Media Yandex Cloud computing Akamai Technologies Amazon Web Services Google IBM Microsoft Oracle Corporation Rackspace Salesforce.com E-commerce only Alibaba Group Amazon.com eBay Flipkart Groupon JD.com Shopify Rakuten Mainframes Fujitsu IBM Mobile devices Acer Inc . Amazon.com Apple ( iOS ) Asus BBK Electronics ( OPPO , OnePlus , Vivo ) BlackBerry Limited Google ( Android ) Hisense HTC Huawei I - Mobile Karbonn Lava ( XOLO ) Lenovo ( Motorola Mobility ) LG Electronics Meizu Micromax ( YU ) Microsoft Nokia ( HMD Global ) Panasonic Samsung Sony TCL Corporation Transsion True Xiaomi ZTE Networking equipment Avaya Cisco Systems Ericsson Fujitsu Hewlett Packard Enterprise Huawei Juniper Networks Motorola Solutions NEC Nokia Qualcomm ZTE OEMs Celestica Compal Electronics Flextronics Foxconn Jabil Pegatron Quanta Sanmina Corporation TPV Technology Wistron Corporation Personal computers and servers Acer Inc . Apple Inc . Asus Dell Fujitsu Huawei HP Inc . Lenovo LG Electronics NEC Panasonic Positivo Samsung Electronics Toshiba Servers only Cisco Systems Hewlett Packard Enterprise IBM Inspur Oracle Corporation Financial technology Euronet Worldwide FIS PayPal Fiserv Jack Henry SWIFT Square Point of sale Casio NCR Panasonic Samsung Electronics Seiko Epson Sharp Star Micronics Toshiba Wincor Nixdorf Semiconductors Fujitsu Infineon Technologies Integrated Micro-Electronics , Inc . Intel NXP Semiconductors ( Freescale ) ON Semiconductor Panasonic Renesas Electronics Samsung Electronics Sony STMicroelectronics Texas Instruments Fabless Advanced Micro Devices Broadcom Marvell Technology Group MediaTek Nvidia Qualcomm VIA Technologies Memory Micron Technology Samsung Electronics SanDisk SK Hynix Toshiba Foundries GlobalFoundries TSMC United Microelectronics Corporation Samsung Foundry SMIC Equipment ASML Applied Materials KLA - Tencor Lam Research Tokyo Electron Software Adobe Systems Amadeus IT Group Apple Inc . Autodesk BMC Software CA Technologies FIS Google Hewlett Packard Enterprise IBM Intuit Infor Microsoft Oracle Corporation Quest Software Sage Group SAP SE Symantec VMware Telecommunications América Móvil AT&T Bell Canada Bezeq Bharti Airtel Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited BT Group CenturyLink China Mobile China Telecommunications Corporation China Telecom China Unicom Chunghwa Telecom Comcast Deutsche Telekom Hutchison Asia Idea Cellular Jio KDDI KPN KT Corporation Mahanagar Telephone Nigam MTN MTS Nippon NTT DoCoMo Oi Orange S.A. PCCW Reliance Rogers Shaw Singtel SK Telecom SoftBank Mobile Spark Sprint Corporation Swisscom Taiwan Mobile Tata Teleservices Telecom Italia Telefónica Telenor Telus Telmex Telstra TPG True Türk Telekom Veon Verizon Viettel Vivendi Vodafone Travel technology Amadeus IT Group Sabre Corporation Travelport Video games Activision Blizzard Atari Bandai Namco Capcom ‎ Disney Mobile Electronic Arts Epic Games Gameloft Glu Mobile LucasArts Koei Tecmo Konami Marvelous Microsoft NCsoft Nexon Nintendo Nippon Ichi Software Sega SNK Sony Square Enix Take - Two Interactive Tencent Ubisoft Valve Warner Bros . Methodology : FY2014 / 15 applicable revenues of over : group 1 - 3 , 6 - 12 - US $3 billion ; group 4 - US $2 billion ; group 5 , 13 , 16 - US $1 billion Electronics industry in China Foundries SMIC Hejian Technology Corporation Various Actions Semiconductor Allwinner Technology Aigo Ainol BBK Electronics OPPO Electronics OPPO Digital OnePlus Vivo Smartphone Bluboo BOE BYD Electronic Changhong China Hualu Group Coolpad Group Doogee Gionee G'Five Galanz GPD Gree Electric Hacha Haier Hasee Hisense Hisense Kelon Huawei HiSilicon Ingenic Inspur Joyoung JXD Konka Group Lemote Lenovo Le.com Meitu Meizu Panda Electronics Perception Digital Rockchip Smartisan Skyworth Supor TCL Corporation TP - Link Neffos TPV Technology Umidigi Vernee VTech Wintek Xiaomi ZTE Defunct Asia Commercial Kejian Group Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lenovo&oldid=808736949 '' Categories : Companies in the Hang Seng Index Lenovo American brands Chinese brands Chinese companies established in 1984 American companies established in 1984 Companies based in Beijing Companies based in North Carolina Companies listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange Companies traded over-the - counter in the United States Computer companies established in 1984 Computer hardware companies Display technology companies Electronics companies established in 1984 Electronics companies of China Electronics companies of the United States Manufacturing companies established in 1984 Manufacturing companies of Hong Kong Manufacturing companies of the United States Mobile phone manufacturers Multinational companies headquartered in China Multinational companies headquartered in the United States Netbook manufacturers Supercomputing in China TPG Capital companies Videotelephony Zhongguancun Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages with login required references or sources Use British English from April 2015 Use dmy dates from April 2015 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2011 Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 20 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenovo

what type of air navigation uses calculations of speed and time

Air navigation

air navigation

The basic principles of air navigation are identical to general navigation , which includes the process of planning , recording , and controlling the movement of a craft from one place to another .

Successful air navigation involves piloting an aircraft from place to place without getting lost , not breaking the laws applying to aircraft , or endangering the safety of those on board or on the ground . Air navigation differs from the navigation of surface craft in several ways ; Aircraft travel at relatively high speeds , leaving less time to calculate their position on route . Aircraft normally can not stop in mid-air to ascertain their position at leisure . Aircraft are safety - limited by the amount of fuel they can carry ; a surface vehicle can usually get lost , run out of fuel , then simply await rescue . There is no in - flight rescue for most aircraft . Additionally , collisions with obstructions are usually fatal . Therefore , constant awareness of position is critical for aircraft pilots . The techniques used for navigation in the air will depend on whether the aircraft is flying under visual flight rules ( VFR ) or instrument flight rules ( IFR ) . In the latter case , the pilot will navigate exclusively using instruments and radio navigation aids such as beacons , or as directed under radar control by air traffic control . In the VFR case , a pilot will largely navigate using `` dead reckoning '' combined with visual observations ( known as pilotage ) , with reference to appropriate maps . This may be supplemented using radio navigation aids or satellite based positioning systems such as GPS . Contents ( hide ) 1 Route planning 1.1 IFR planning 2 In flight 3 Navigation aids 4 Flight navigator 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Route planning ( edit ) Adjustment of an aircraft 's heading to compensate for wind flow perpendicular to the ground track The first step in navigation is deciding where one wishes to go . A private pilot planning a flight under VFR will usually use an aeronautical chart of the area which is published specifically for the use of pilots . This map will depict controlled airspace , radio navigation aids and airfields prominently , as well as hazards to flying such as mountains , tall radio masts , etc . It also includes sufficient ground detail -- towns , roads , wooded areas -- to aid visual navigation . In the UK , the CAA publishes a series of maps covering the whole of the UK at various scales , updated annually . The information is also updated in the notices to airmen , or NOTAMs . The pilot will choose a route , taking care to avoid controlled airspace that is not permitted for the flight , restricted areas , danger areas and so on . The chosen route is plotted on the map , and the lines drawn are called the track . The aim of all subsequent navigation is to follow the chosen track as accurately as possible . Occasionally , the pilot may elect on one leg to follow a clearly visible feature on the ground such as a railway track , river , highway , or coast . The aircraft in the picture is flying towards B to compensate for the wind from SW and reach point C . When an aircraft is in flight , it is moving relative to the body of air through which it is flying ; therefore maintaining an accurate ground track is not as easy as it might appear , unless there is no wind at all -- a very rare occurrence . The pilot must adjust heading to compensate for the wind , in order to follow the ground track . Initially the pilot will calculate headings to fly for each leg of the trip prior to departure , using the forecast wind directions and speeds supplied by the meteorological authorities for the purpose . These figures are generally accurate and updated several times per day , but the unpredictable nature of the weather means that the pilot must be prepared to make further adjustments in flight . A general aviation ( GA ) pilot will often make use of either a flight computer -- a type of slide rule -- or a purpose - designed electronic navigational computer to calculate initial headings . The primary instrument of navigation is the magnetic compass . The needle or card aligns itself to magnetic north , which does not coincide with true north , so the pilot must also allow for this , called the magnetic variation ( or declination ) . The variation that applies locally is also shown on the flight map . Once the pilot has calculated the actual headings required , the next step is to calculate the flight times for each leg . This is necessary to perform accurate dead reckoning . The pilot also needs to take into account the slower initial airspeed during climb to calculate the time to top of climb . It is also helpful to calculate the top of descent , or the point at which the pilot would plan to commence the descent for landing . The flight time will depend on both the desired cruising speed of the aircraft , and the wind -- a tailwind will shorten flight times , a headwind will increase them . The flight computer has scales to help pilots compute these easily . The point of no return , sometimes referred to as the PNR , is the point on a flight at which a plane has just enough fuel , plus any mandatory reserve , to return to the airfield from which it departed . Beyond this point that option is closed , and the plane must proceed to some other destination . Alternatively , with respect to a large region without airfields , e.g. an ocean , it can mean the point before which it is closer to turn around and after which it is closer to continue . Similarly , the Equal time point , referred to as the ETP ( also Critical point ( CP ) ) , is the point in the flight where it would take the same time to continue flying straight , or track back to the departure aerodrome . The ETP is not dependent on fuel , but wind , giving a change in ground speed out from , and back to the departure aerodrome . In Nil wind conditions , the ETP is located halfway between the two aerodromes , but in reality it is shifted depending on the windspeed and direction . The aircraft that is flying across the Ocean for example , would be required to calculate ETPs for one engine inoperative , depressurization , and a normal ETP ; all of which could actually be different points along the route . For example , in one engine inoperative and depressurization situations the aircraft would be forced to lower operational altitudes , which would affect its fuel consumption , cruise speed and ground speed . Each situation therefore would have a different ETP . Commercial aircraft are not allowed to operate along a route that is out of range of a suitable place to land if an emergency such as an engine failure occurs . The ETP calculations serve as a planning strategy , so flight crews always have an ' out ' in an emergency event , allowing a safe diversion to their chosen alternate . The final stage is to note which areas the route will pass through or over , and to make a note of all of the things to be done -- which ATC units to contact , the appropriate frequencies , visual reporting points , and so on . It is also important to note which pressure setting regions will be entered , so that the pilot can ask for the QNH ( air pressure ) of those regions . Finally , the pilot should have in mind some alternative plans in case the route can not be flown for some reason -- unexpected weather conditions being the most common . At times the pilot may be required to file a flight plan for an alternate destination and to carry adequate fuel for this . The more work a pilot can do on the ground prior to departure , the easier it will be in the air . IFR planning ( edit ) Instrument Flight Rules ( IFR ) navigation is similar to Visual Flight Rules ( VFR ) flight planning except that the task is generally made simpler by the use of special charts that show IFR routes from beacon to beacon with the lowest safe altitude ( LSALT ) , bearings ( in both directions ) and distance marked for each route . IFR pilots may fly on other routes but they then have to do all of these calculations themselves with the LSALT calculation being the most difficult . The pilot then needs to look at the weather and minimum specifications for landing at the destination airport and the alternate requirements . The pilot must also comply with all the rules including their legal ability to use a particular instrument approach depending on how recently they last performed one . In recent years , strict beacon - to - beacon flight paths have started to be replaced by routes derived through Performance Based Navigation ( PBN ) techniques . When operators are developing flight plans for their aircraft , the PBN approach encourages them to assess the overall accuracy , integrity , availability , continuity and functionality of the aggregate navigation aids present within the applicable airspace . Once these determinations have been made , the operator develops a route that is the most time and fuel efficient while respecting all applicable safety concerns -- thereby maximizing both the aircraft 's and the airspace 's overall performance capabilities . Under the PBN approach , technologies are able to evolve over time ( ground beacons become satellites become ... ) without requiring the underlying aircraft operation to be recalculated . Also , navigation specifications used to assess the sensors and equipment that are available in an airspace can be cataloged and shared to inform equipment upgrade decisions and the ongoing harmonization of the world 's various air navigation systems . In flight ( edit ) Once in flight , the pilot must take pains to stick to plan , otherwise getting lost is all too easy . This is especially true if flying in the dark or over featureless terrain . This means that the pilot must stick to the calculated headings , heights and speeds as accurately as possible , unless flying under visual flight rules . The visual pilot must regularly compare the ground with the map , ( pilotage ) to ensure that the track is being followed although adjustments are generally calculated and planned . Usually , the pilot will fly for some time as planned to a point where features on the ground are easily recognised . If the wind is different from that expected , the pilot must adjust heading accordingly , but this is not done by guesswork , but by mental calculation -- often using the 1 in 60 rule . For example , a two degree error at the halfway stage can be corrected by adjusting heading by four degrees the other way to arrive in position at the end of the leg . This is also a point to reassess the estimated time for the leg . A good pilot will become adept at applying a variety of techniques to stay on track . While the compass is the primary instrument used to determine one 's heading , pilots will usually refer instead to the direction indicator ( DI ) , a gyroscopically driven device which is much more stable than a compass . The compass reading will be used to correct for any drift ( precession ) of the DI periodically . The compass itself will only show a steady reading when the aircraft has been in straight and level flight long enough to allow it to settle . Should the pilot be unable to complete a leg -- for example bad weather arises , or the visibility falls below the minima permitted by the pilot 's license , the pilot must divert to another route . Since this is an unplanned leg , the pilot must be able to mentally calculate suitable headings to give the desired new track . Using the flight computer in flight is usually impractical , so mental techniques to give rough and ready results are used . The wind is usually allowed for by assuming that sine A = A , for angles less than 60 ° ( when expressed in terms of a fraction of 60 ° -- e.g. 30 ° is 1 / 2 of 60 ° , and sine 30 ° = 0.5 ) , which is adequately accurate . A method for computing this mentally is the clock code . However the pilot must be extra vigilant when flying diversions to maintain awareness of position . Some diversions can be temporary -- for example to skirt around a local storm cloud . In such cases , the pilot can turn 60 degrees away his desired heading for a given period of time . Once clear of the storm , he can then turn back in the opposite direction 120 degrees , and fly this heading for the same length of time . This is a ' wind - star ' maneuver and , with no winds aloft , will place him back on his original track with his trip time increased by the length of one diversion leg . Navigation aids ( edit ) Main article : Radio navigation Good pilots use all means available to help navigate . Many GA aircraft are fitted with a variety of navigation aids , such as Automatic direction finder ( ADF ) , inertial navigation , compasses , radar navigation , VHF omnidirectional range ( VOR ) and GNSS . ADF uses non-directional beacons ( NDBs ) on the ground to drive a display which shows the direction of the beacon from the aircraft . The pilot may use this bearing to draw a line on the map to show the bearing from the beacon . By using a second beacon , two lines may be drawn to locate the aircraft at the intersection of the lines . This is called a cross-cut . Alternatively , if the track takes the flight directly overhead a beacon , the pilot can use the ADF instrument to maintain heading relative to the beacon , though `` following the needle '' is bad practice , especially in the presence of a strong cross wind -- the pilot 's actual track will spiral in towards the beacon , not what was intended . NDBs also can give erroneous readings because they use very long wavelengths , which are easily bent and reflected by ground features and the atmosphere . NDBs continue to be used as a common form of navigation in some countries with relatively few navigational aids . VOR is a more sophisticated system , and is still the primary air navigation system established for aircraft flying under IFR in those countries with many navigational aids . In this system , a beacon emits a specially modulated signal which consists of two sine waves which are out of phase . The phase difference corresponds to the actual bearing relative to magnetic north ( in some cases true north ) that the receiver is from the station . The upshot is that the receiver can determine with certainty the exact bearing from the station . Again , a cross-cut is used to pinpoint the location . Many VOR stations also have additional equipment called DME ( distance measuring equipment ) which will allow a suitable receiver to determine the exact distance from the station . Together with the bearing , this allows an exact position to be determined from a single beacon alone . For convenience , some VOR stations also transmit local weather information which the pilot can listen in to , perhaps generated by an Automated Surface Observing System . A VOR which is co-located with a DME is usually a component of a TACAN . Prior to the advent of GNSS , Celestial Navigation was also used by trained navigators on military bombers and transport aircraft in the event of all electronic navigational aids being turned off in time of war . Originally navigators used an astrodome and regular sextant but the more streamlined periscopic sextant was used from the 1940s to the 1990s . From the 1970s airliners used inertial navigation systems , especially on inter-continental routes , until the shooting down of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 in 1983 prompted the US government to make GPS available for civilian use . Finally , an aircraft may be supervised from the ground using surveillance information from e.g. radar or multilateration . ATC can then feed back information to the pilot to help establish position , or can actually tell the pilot the position of the aircraft , depending on the level of ATC service the pilot is receiving . The use of GNSS in aircraft is becoming increasingly common . GNSS provides very precise aircraft position , altitude , heading and ground speed information . GNSS makes navigation precision once reserved to large RNAV - equipped aircraft available to the GA pilot . Recently , more and more airports include GNSS instrument approaches . GNSS approaches consist of either overlays to existing non-precision approaches or stand - alone GNSS non-precision approaches . Flight navigator ( edit ) Further information : Aircrew Civilian flight navigators ( a mostly redundant aircrew position , also called ' air navigator ' or ' flight navigator ' ) , were employed on older aircraft , typically between the late - 1910s and the 1970s . The crew member , occasionally two navigation crew members for some flights , was responsible for the trip navigation , including its dead reckoning and celestial navigation . This was especially essential when trips were flown over oceans or other large bodies of water , where radio navigation aids were not originally available . ( GPS coverage is now provided worldwide ) . As sophisticated electronic and space - based GPS systems came online , the navigator 's position was discontinued and its function was assumed by dual - licensed pilot - navigators , and still later by the flight 's primary pilots ( Captain and First Officer ) , resulting in a downsizing in the number of aircrew positions for commercial flights . As the installation of electronic navigation systems into the Captain 's and FO 's instrument panels was relatively straight forward , the navigator 's position in commercial aviation ( but not necessarily military aviation ) became redundant . ( Some countries task their air forces to fly without navigation aids during wartime , thus still requiring a navigator 's position ) . Most civilian air navigators were retired or made redundant by the early 1980s . See also ( edit ) Aeronautical chart Air navigation service provider Air traffic control Air traffic obstacle Aircraft Aircrew Automatic dependent surveillance -- broadcast Aviation safety ETOPS Flight instruments Flight management system Flight planning Great - circle distance Guidance , navigation and control Instrument landing system Radio navigation Receiver autonomous integrity monitoring Spherical trigonometry Transatlantic flight Wind triangle References ( edit ) Citations Jump up ^ Bowditch , Nathaniel ( 1995 ) . `` Glossary '' . The American Practical Navigator ( PDF ) . 9 . Bethesda , Maryland : National Imagery and Mapping Agency . p. 815 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 939837 - 54 - 0 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Grierson , Mike . Aviation History -- Demise of the Flight Navigator , FrancoFlyers.org website , October 14 , 2008 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Bibliography Grierson , Mike . Aviation History -- Demise of the Flight Navigator , FrancoFlyers.org website , October 14 , 2008 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Richards , Stu . Remember The Airline Navigator , Props , Pistons , Old Jets And the Good Ole Days of Flying website , January 7 , 2009 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Earth navigation calculator for Windows ( free ) Fly Away -- Air Navigation tutorials Satellite navigation systems Operational BDS / BeiDou - 2 / COMPASS DORIS Galileo GLONASS GPS / NavStar IRNSS / NAVIC Historical BDS / BeiDou - 1 Transit Timation Tsiklon GNSS augmentation EGNOS GAGAN GPS C ( retired ) JPALS LAAS MSAS NTRIP QZSS / Michibiki StarFire WAAS Related topics GNSS reflectometry Kalman filter Wavelet Flight instruments Pitot - static Altimeter Airspeed indicator Machmeter Variometer Gyroscopic Attitude indicator Heading indicator Horizontal situation indicator Turn and slip indicator Turn coordinator Turn indicator Navigational Course deviation indicator Horizontal situation indicator Inertial navigation system Magnetic compass Satellite navigation SIGI Related topics Air data inertial reference unit EFIS Glass cockpit Primary flight display V speeds Yaw string Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_navigation&oldid=827945339 '' Categories : Air navigation Air traffic control Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2010 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Nederlands Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Português Русский Simple English Татарча / tatarça Українська 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018 , at 17 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air%20navigation

how long is an olympic speed skating rink

Speed skating rink

speed skating rink

A speed skating rink ( or speed skating oval ) is an ice rink ( but also a sport venue ) in which a speed skating competition is held .

Contents ( hide ) 1 The rink 1.1 Measurement and demarcation 1.2 Alternative speed skating tracks 2 Combination with other sports 3 Indoor speed skating tracks 4 Other major speed skating tracks 5 References 6 Gallery 7 See also The rink ( edit ) A standard long track speed skating track is , according to the regulations of the International Skating Union ( ISU ) , a double - laned track with two curved ends each of 180 ° , in which the radius of the inner curve is not less than 25 metres and not more than 26 metres . The width of the competition lanes is 4 metres . At the opposite straight of the finishing line , there is a crossing area , where the skaters must change lane . ( ISU Special Regulations and Technical Rules ) - Rule 203 At international competitions , the track must be 400 metres long , with a warm - up lane at least 4 metres wide inside the competition lanes . For Olympic competitions , the track must also be enclosed within a building . The design and dimensions of a speed skating track have remained more or less unchanged since the foundation of ISU in 1892 . The speed skating track is also used for the sports of Icetrack cycling and Ice speedway Measurement and demarcation ( edit ) The dimensions of a standard speed skating rink The measurement of the track is made half a meter into the lane . The total length of the track is the distance a competitor skates each lap , i.e. the length of two straights , one inner curve and one outer curve , in addition to the extra distance skated when changing lanes in the cross-over area , which on a standard track equals 7 centimeters . A 400 m track with inner radius 25.0 m has 113.57 m long straights A 400 m track with inner radius 25.5 m has 112.00 m long straights A 400 m track with inner radius 26.0 m has 110.43 m long straights The demarcation of the competition lanes are made by painted lines in the ice ( ot a set of painted marks ) and movable blocks of rubber . On outdoor tracks , snow may also be used for demarcation of the competition lanes . Alternative speed skating tracks ( edit ) Although ISU regulations state that minimum measures for a standard speed skating track , alternative track lengths may be used for competition . The minimum requirements are track length on 200 meters , radius of inner curve of 15 meters and width of the competition lanes 2 meters . Short track speed skating tracks have a length of 111.111 metres ( 364.54 ft ) . The rink is 60 metres ( 200 ft ) long by 30 metres ( 98 ft ) wide , which is the same size as an international - sized ice hockey rink . Combination with other sports ( edit ) Medeu is also suitable for bandy Many speed skating venues have ice hockey rinks or no ice area at all inside the oval . A few are suitable also for bandy , like Hamar Olympic Hall , Ice Palace Krylatskoye , and Medeu . The National Speed Skating Oval in Beijing , China , which is in the process of being built for the 2022 Winter Olympics , is also designed appropriately for that sport . There is a growing cooperation between International Skating Union and Federation of International Bandy , since both have an interest in more indoor venues with large ice surfaces being built . In Norway there is an agreement in place , stating that an indoor arena intended primarily for either bandy or long track speed skating , shall have ice surface for the other sport as well . Indoor speed skating tracks ( edit ) Main article : List of indoor speed skating rinks Below is a complete list of the indoor 400 m speed skating tracks around the world . The data presented are retrieved from the online database Speed Skating News . Country City Track name Elevation ( m ) Finished Belarus Minsk Minsk Arena 209 Canada Calgary Olympic Oval 1105 Canada Fort St. John Pomeroy Sport Centre 671 2009 Canada Richmond Richmond Olympic Oval 2008 * China Changchun Jilin Provincial Speed Skating Rink 210 2005 China Daqing Daqing Stadium 149 2005 China Harbin Heilongjiang Indoor Rink 141 1995 China Qiqihar Indoor Icerink 146 2007 China Shenyang Bayi Speed Skating Oval 48 1999 China Ürümqi Xinjiang Ice Sport Centre 1710 2015 Germany Berlin Sportforum Hohenschönhausen 34 1985 Germany Erfurt Gunda Niemann - Stirnemann Halle 214 2001 Germany Inzell Eisstadion Inzell 690 2011 Italy Torino Oval Lingotto 233 2005 Japan Nagano M - Wave 346 Japan Obihiro Meiji Hokkaido - Tokachi Oval 79 2009 Kazakhstan Astana Alau Ice Palace 348 2011 Netherlands Breda Kunstijsbaan Breda 5 2001 Netherlands Dronten Leisure World Ice Center - 3 1998 Netherlands Enschede IJsbaan Twente 27 2008 Netherlands Groningen Kardinge 0 1993 Netherlands Heerenveen Thialf 0 1986 Netherlands Hoorn De Westfries 0 2006 Netherlands Tilburg Ireen Wüst IJsbaan 13 2009 Netherlands Leeuwarden Elfstedenhal 0 2015 Norway Botngård , Bjugn Fosenhallen 8 2007 Norway Hamar Vikingskipet 125 1992 Norway Stavanger Sørmarka Arena 48 Poland Tomaszów Mazowiecki Arena Lodowa 153 2017 Russia Chelyabinsk Uralskaya Molniya 222 2005 Russia Kolomna Speed Skating Centre 120 2006 Russia Moscow Ice Palace Krylatskoye 127 Russia Sochi Adler Arena Skating Center 5 2012 South Korea Gangneung Gangneung Oval 26 2015 South Korea Seoul Taereung Indoor Ice Rink 63 2000 Sweden Gothenburg Rudhallen 40 2002 USA West Allis , Milwaukee Pettit National Ice Center 216 1993 USA Kearns , Salt Lake City Utah Olympic Oval 1423 2000 Note : The Richmond Olympic Oval was dismantled upon completion of the 2010 Winter Olympics and is no longer used for speed skating . However , if the need arises the speed skating rink can be reinstalled . Other major speed skating tracks ( edit ) In the table below , some of the world 's major outdoor speed skating tracks still in use are listed . This is not a complete list of speed skating venues , but lists most of the outdoor tracks used for world cup competitions and championships the past years . The data in the table are retrieved from the Speed Skating News database . Country City Track name Altitude ( meters ) Finished Other Austria Innsbruck Olympia Eisstadion 586 1963 Canada Halifax Emera Oval 30 2011 Canada Québec City Anneau Gaétan - Boucher 103 1972 Artificial ice in 1985 , now closed , conversion to an indoor oval which now as know the `` Centre de glaces '' for autumn 2020 Canada Winnipeg Susan Auch Oval 234 1979 Natural ice Finland Helsinki Oulunkylän Liikuntapuisto 39 1977 Finland Seinäjoki Jääurheilukeskus 44 1952 Hungary Budapest Városligeti Műjégpálya 115 1968 Italy Baselga di Pinè Ice Rink Pinè 998 1985 Italy Collalbo Arena Ritten 1173 1989 Kazakhstan Almaty Medeu 1691 1951 Artificial ice in 1972 Netherlands Amsterdam Jaap Eden IJsbaan - 5 1961 Netherlands Deventer De Scheg 6 1992 Semi-covered Netherlands The Hague De Uithof 0 1989 Semi-covered Netherlands Haarlem IJsbaan Kennemerland 0 1977 Semi-covered Netherlands Utrecht De Vechtsebanen - 2 1970 Semi-covered Norway Oslo Frogner stadion 42 1914 Artificial ice in 2010 Norway Oslo Valle Hovin 92 1966 Poland Warsaw Tor Stegny 82 1979 Poland Zakopane Tor Cos 932 1956 Switzerland Davos Eisstadion Davos 1560 1894 Natural ice USA Lake Placid James B. Sheffield Olympic Skating Rink 568 1977 USA Roseville John Rose Minnesota Oval 276 1993 Natural ice References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ISU Special Regulations and Technical Rules - Rule 205 Jump up ^ ISU Special Regulations and Technical Rules - Rule 206 Jump up ^ ISU Special Regulations and Technical Rules - Rule 228 Jump up ^ ISU Special Regulations and Technical Rules - Rule 226 Jump up ^ ISU Special Regulations and Technical Rules - Rule 204 Jump up ^ bandyforbundet.no Jump up ^ image at rsport.ru Jump up ^ image at on.kz Jump up ^ Beijing unveils design of speed skating venue for Olympics Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ kuzbassbandyclub.ru ^ Jump up to : Speed Skating News Gallery ( edit ) Olympic Oval ( Calgary ) Richmond Olympic Oval ( Vancouver ) Vikingskipet Olympic Arena ( Hamar ) Sportforum Hohenschönhausen ( Berlin ) Thialf ( Heerenveen ) The Emera Oval in Halifax , Nova Scotia is opened for roller skating in the summertime See also ( edit ) Long track speed skating Ice hockey rink Ice rink Wikimedia Commons has media related to Speed skating rinks . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speed_skating_rink&oldid=833039336 '' Categories : Speed skating Speed skating venues Sports venues by type Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Polski Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 10 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed%20skating%20rink

what is downforce and why is it important in f1 vehicles

Downforce

downforce

Downforce is a downwards thrust created by the aerodynamic characteristics of a car . The purpose of downforce is to allow a car to travel faster through a corner by increasing the vertical force on the tires , thus creating more grip .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Fundamental principles 2 Body 3 Airfoils 3.1 Front 3.2 Rear 3.3 Wings in unusual places 4 See also 5 Further reading 6 External links Fundamental principles ( edit ) The same principle that allows an airplane to rise off the ground by creating lift from its wings is used in reverse to apply force that presses the race car against the surface of the track . This effect is referred to as `` aerodynamic grip '' and is distinguished from `` mechanical grip '' , which is a function of the car 's mass , tires , and suspension . The creation of downforce by passive devices can be achieved only at the cost of increased aerodynamic drag ( or friction ) , and the optimum setup is almost always a compromise between the two . The aerodynamic setup for a car can vary considerably between race tracks , depending on the length of the straights and the types of corners . Because it is a function of the flow of air over and under the car , downforce increases with the square of the car 's speed and requires a certain minimum speed in order to produce a significant effect . Some cars have had rather unstable aerodynamics , such that a minor change in angle of attack or height of the vehicle can cause large changes in downforce . In the very worst cases this can cause the car to experience lift , not downforce ; for example , by passing over a bump on a track or slipstreaming over a crest : this could have some disastrous consequences , such as Peter Dumbreck 's Mercedes - Benz CLR in the 1999 24 Hours of Le Mans , which flipped spectacularly after closely following a competitor car over a hump . Two primary components of a racing car can be used to create downforce when the car is travelling at racing speed : the shape of the body , and the use of airfoils . Most racing formulae have a ban on aerodynamic devices that can be adjusted during a race , except during pit stops . The CFRP floor of the Panoz DP01 ChampCar exhibiting complex aerodynamic design . The underside curves of the Panoz DP01 ChampCar . The downforce exerted by a wing is usually expressed as a function of its lift coefficient : D = 1 2 W H F ρ v 2 ( \ displaystyle D = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) WHF \ rho v ^ ( 2 ) ) Where : D is downforce in newtons W is wingspan in meters H is the thickness of the section in meters F is lift coefficient ρ is air density in kg / m3 v is velocity in m / s In certain ranges of operating conditions and when the wing is not stalled , the lift coefficient has a constant value : the downforce is then proportional to the square of airspeed . In aerodynamics , it is usual to use the top - view projected area of the wing , instead of its frontal area , as a reference surface to define the lift coefficient . This results in different values for F , although the calculated downforce stays the same . Body ( edit ) The rounded and tapered shape of the top of the car is designed to slice through the air and minimize wind resistance . Detailed pieces of bodywork on top of the car can be added to allow a smooth flow of air to reach the downforce - creating elements ( i.e. , wings or spoilers , and underbody tunnels ) . The overall shape of a street car resembles an airplane wing . Almost all street cars have aerodynamic lift as a result of this shape . There are many techniques that are used to counterbalance a street car . Looking at the profile of most street cars , the front bumper has the lowest ground clearance followed by the section between the front and rear tires , and followed yet by a rear bumper usually with the highest clearance . Using this method , the air flowing under the front bumper will be constricted to a lower cross sectional area , and thus achieve a lower pressure . Additional downforce comes from the rake ( or angle ) of the vehicles ' body , which directs the underside air up and creates a downward force , and increases the pressure on top of the car because the airflow direction comes closer to perpendicular to the surface . Volume does not affect the air pressure because it is not an enclosed volume , despite the common misconception . Race cars will exemplify this effect by adding a rear diffuser to accelerate air under the car in front of the diffuser , and raise the air pressure behind it to lessen the car 's wake . Other aerodynamic components that can be found on the underside to improve downforce and / or reduce drag , include splitters and vortex generators . Some cars , such as the DeltaWing , do not have wings , and generate all of their downforce through their body . Airfoils ( edit ) The amount of downforce created by the wings or spoilers on a car is dependent primarily on two things : The shape , including surface area , aspect ratio and cross-section of the device , and The device 's orientation ( or angle of attack ) . A larger surface area creates greater downforce and greater drag ( also known as air resistance ) . The aspect ratio is the width of the airfoil divided by its depth . The aspect ratio formula is written like AR = b squared / s , where AR = aspect ratio , b = spand squared , and s = wing area . Also , a greater angle of attack ( or tilt ) of the wing or spoiler , creates more downforce , which puts more pressure on the rear wheels and more drag . The rear wing of a 1998 Formula One car , with three aerodynamic elements ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) . The rows of holes for adjustment of the angle of attack ( 4 ) and installation of another element ( 5 ) are visible on the wing 's endplate . Front ( edit ) The function of the airfoils at the front of the car is twofold . They create downforce that enhances the grip of the front tires , while also optimizing ( or minimizing disturbance to ) the flow of air to the rest of the car . The front wings on an open - wheeled car undergo constant modification as data is gathered from race to race , and are customized for every characteristic of a particular circuit ( see top photos ) . In most series , the wings are even designed for adjustment during the race itself when the car is serviced . Rear ( edit ) The flow of air at the rear of the car is affected by the front wings , front wheels , mirrors , driver 's helmet , side pods and exhaust . This causes the rear wing to be less aerodynamically efficient than the front wing , Yet , because it must generate more than twice as much downforce as the front wings in order to maintain the handling to balance the car , the rear wing typically has a much larger aspect ratio , and often uses two or more elements to compound the amount of downforce created ( see photo at left ) . Like the front wings , each of these elements can often be adjusted when the car is serviced , before or even during a race , and are the object of constant attention and modification . Wings in unusual places ( edit ) Partly as a consequence of rules aimed at reducing downforce from the front and rear wings of F1 cars , several teams have sought to find other places to position wings . Small wings mounted on the rear of the cars ' sidepods began to appear in mid-1994 , and were virtually standard on all F1 cars in one form or another , until all such devices were outlawed in 2009 . Other wings have sprung up in various other places about the car , but these modifications are usually only used at circuits where downforce is most sought , particularly the twisty Hungary and Monaco racetracks . The 1995 McLaren Mercedes MP4 / 10 was one of the first cars to feature a `` midwing '' , using a loophole in the regulations to mount a wing on top of the engine cover . This arrangement has since been used by every team on the grid at one time or another , and in the 2007 Monaco Grand Prix all but two teams used them . These midwings are not to be confused either with the roll - hoop mounted cameras which each car carries as standard in all races , or with the bull - horn shaped flow controllers first used by McLaren and since by BMW Sauber , whose primary function is to smooth and redirect the airflow in order to make the rear wing more effective rather than to generate downforce themselves . A variation on this theme was `` X-wings '' , high wings mounted on the front of the sidepods which used a similar loophole to midwings . These were first used by Tyrrell in 1997 , and were last used in the 1998 San Marino Grand Prix , by which time Ferrari , Sauber , Jordan and others had used such an arrangement . However it was decided they would have to be banned in view of the obstruction they caused during refueling and the risk they posed to the driver should a car roll over . ( It is rumored that Bernie Ecclestone saw them as being too ugly on television and therefore had them banned ) . Various other extra wings have been tried from time to time , but nowadays it is more common for teams to seek to improve the performance of the front and rear wings by the use of various flow controllers such as the afore - mentioned `` bull - horns '' used by McLaren . See also ( edit ) Bernoulli 's principle Body kit Formula One car Grip ( auto racing ) Ground effect in cars Lift ( force ) Wind tunnel Further reading ( edit ) Simon McBeath , Competition Car Downforce : A Practical Handbook , SAE International , 2000 , ISBN 1 - 85960 - 662 - 8 Simon McBeath , Competition Car Aerodynamics , Sparkford , Haynes , 2006 Enrico Benzing , Ali / Wings . Progettazione e applicazione su auto da corsa . Their design and application to racing car , Milano , Nada , 2012 . Bilingual ( Italian - English ) External links ( edit ) Aerodynamics In Car Racing ( hide ) Automotive handling Main topics Car handling Center of mass Downforce Drifting Electronic Stability Control Fishtailing Inboard brake Oversteer Steering Suspension Tire / Tyre Transaxle Understeer Unsprung mass Vehicle dynamics Weight transfer Spring types Coil Leaf Pneumatic Torsion Suspension types Dependent Beam axle De Dion tube Multi-link Semi-independent Twist beam Independent Double wishbone ( Jaguar IRS ) Dubonnet MacPherson strut ( Chapman strut ) Multi-link Sliding pillar Swing axle Trailing arm ( Semi-trailing arm ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Downforce&oldid=786748428 '' Categories : Aerodynamics Motorsport terminology Vehicle dynamics Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from June 2017 All articles lacking in - text citations All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Hrvatski Italiano 日本 語 Português Suomi தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 21 June 2017 , at 11 : 19 . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downforce

if the president never served in the armed forces he can't be commander in chief

Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell

don't ask, don't tell

`` Do n't ask , do n't tell '' ( DADT ) was the official United States policy on military service by gays , bisexuals , and lesbians , instituted by the Clinton Administration on February 28 , 1994 , when Department of Defense Directive 1304.26 issued on December 21 , 1993 , took effect , lasting until September 20 , 2011 . The policy prohibited military personnel from discriminating against or harassing closeted homosexual or bisexual service members or applicants , while barring openly gay , lesbian , or bisexual persons from military service . This relaxation of legal restrictions on service by gays and lesbians in the armed forces was mandated by United States federal law Pub. L. 103 -- 160 ( 10 U.S.C. § 654 ) , which was signed November 30 , 1993 . The policy prohibited people who `` demonstrate a propensity or intent to engage in homosexual acts '' from serving in the armed forces of the United States , because their presence `` would create an unacceptable risk to the high standards of morale , good order and discipline , and unit cohesion that are the essence of military capability '' .

The act prohibited any homosexual or bisexual person from disclosing his or her sexual orientation or from speaking about any homosexual relationships , including marriages or other familial attributes , while serving in the United States armed forces . The act specified that service members who disclose that they are homosexual or engage in homosexual conduct should be separated ( discharged ) except when a service member 's conduct was `` for the purpose of avoiding or terminating military service '' or when it `` would not be in the best interest of the armed forces '' . Since DADT ended in 2011 , persons who are openly homosexual and bisexual have been able to serve . The `` do n't ask '' part of the DADT policy specified that superiors should not initiate investigation of a service member 's orientation without witnessing disallowed behaviors , though credible evidence of homosexual behavior could be used to initiate an investigation . Unauthorized investigations and harassment of suspected servicemen and women led to an expansion of the policy to `` do n't ask , do n't tell , do n't pursue , do n't harass '' . Legislation to repeal DADT was enacted in December 2010 , specifying that the policy would remain in place until the President , the Secretary of Defense , and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff certified that repeal would not harm military readiness , followed by a 60 - day waiting period . A July 6 , 2011 , ruling from a federal appeals court barred further enforcement of the U.S. military 's ban on openly gay service members . President Barack Obama , Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta , and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral Mike Mullen sent that certification to Congress on July 22 , 2011 , which set the end of DADT to September 20 , 2011 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Origin 3 Court challenges 3.1 McVeigh v. Cohen 3.2 Witt v. Department of the Air Force 3.3 Log Cabin Republicans v. United States of America 4 Debate 5 Repeal 5.1 Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell Repeal Act of 2010 5.2 Implementation of repeal 5.3 Day of repeal and aftermath 6 2012 presidential campaign issue 7 Views of the policy 7.1 Public opinion 7.2 Chaplains and religious groups 8 Discharges under DADT 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Notes 10.2 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links Background ( edit ) Further information : Sexual orientation and the United States military Dignity and Respect , the U.S. Army 's 2001 training guide on the homosexual conduct policy , gave official guidelines on what can be considered credible information of someone 's homosexuality . Engaging in homosexual activity has been grounds for discharge from the American military since the Revolutionary War . Policies based on sexual orientation appeared as the United States prepared to enter World War II . When the military added psychiatric screening to its induction process , it included homosexuality as a disqualifying trait , then seen as a form of psychopathology . When the army issued revised mobilization regulations in 1942 , it distinguished `` homosexual '' recruits from `` normal '' recruits for the first time . Before the buildup to the war , gay service members were court - martialed , imprisoned , and dishonorably discharged ; but in wartime , commanding officers found it difficult to convene court - martial boards of commissioned officers and the administrative blue discharge became the military 's standard method for handling gay and lesbian personnel . In 1944 , a new policy directive decreed that homosexuals were to be committed to military hospitals , examined by psychiatrists and discharged under Regulation 615 - 360 , section 8 . In 1947 , blue discharges were discontinued and two new classifications were created : `` general '' and `` undesirable '' . Under such a system , a serviceman or woman found to be gay but who had not committed any sexual acts while in service would tend to receive an undesirable discharge . Those found guilty of engaging in sexual conduct were usually dishonorably discharged . A 1957 U.S. Navy study known as the Crittenden Report dismissed the charge that homosexuals constitute a security risk , but advocated stringent anti-homosexual policies because `` Homosexuality is wrong , it is evil , and it is to be branded as such . '' It remained secret until 1976 . Fannie Mae Clackum was the first service member to successfully appeal such a discharge , winning eight years of back pay from the US Court of Claims in 1960 . From the 1950s through the Vietnam War , some notable gay service members avoided discharges despite pre-screening efforts , and when personnel shortages occurred , homosexuals were allowed to serve . The gay and lesbian rights movement in the 1970s and 1980s raised the issue by publicizing several noteworthy dismissals of gay service members . Sgt . Leonard Matlovich appeared on the cover of Time in 1975 . In 1982 the Department of Defense issued a policy stating that , `` Homosexuality is incompatible with military service . '' It cited the military 's need `` to maintain discipline , good order , and morale '' and `` to prevent breaches of security '' . In 1988 , in response to a campaign against lesbians at the Marines ' Parris Island Depot , activists launched the Gay and Lesbian Military Freedom Project ( MFP ) to advocate for an end to the exclusion of gays and lesbians from the armed forces . In 1989 , reports commissioned by the Personnel Security Research and Education Center ( PERSEREC ) , an arm of the Pentagon , were discovered in the process of Joseph Steffan 's lawsuit fighting his forced resignation from the U.S. Naval Academy . One report said that `` having a same - gender or an opposite - gender orientation is unrelated to job performance in the same way as is being left - or right - handed . '' Other lawsuits fighting discharges highlighted the service record of service members like Tracey Thorne and Margarethe ( Grethe ) Cammermeyer . The MFP began lobbying Congress in 1990 , and in 1991 Senator Brock Adams ( D - Washington ) and Rep. Barbara Boxer introduced the Military Freedom Act , legislation to end the ban completely . Adams and Rep. Pat Schroeder ( D - Colorado ) re-introduced it the next year . In July 1991 , Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney , in the context of the outing of his press aide Pete Williams , dismissed the idea that gays posed a security risk as `` a bit of an old chestnut '' in testimony before the House Budget Committee . In response to his comment , several major newspapers endorsed ending the ban , including USA Today , the Los Angeles Times , and the Detroit Free Press . In June 1992 , the General Accounting Office released a report that members of Congress had requested two years earlier estimating the costs associated with the ban on gays and lesbians in the military at $27 million annually . During the 1992 U.S. presidential election campaign , the civil rights of gays and lesbians , particularly their open service in the military , attracted some press attention , and all candidates for the Democratic presidential nomination supported ending the ban on military service by gays and lesbians , but the Republicans did not make a political issue of that position . In an August cover letter to all his senior officers , Gen. Carl Mundy , Jr. , Commandant of the Marine Corps , praised a position paper authored by a Marine Corps chaplain that said that `` In the unique , intensely close environment of the military , homosexual conduct can threaten the lives , including the physical ( e.g. AIDS ) and psychological well - being of others '' . Mundy called it `` extremely insightful '' and said it offered `` a sound basis for discussion of the issue '' . The murder of gay U.S. Navy petty officer Allen R. Schindler , Jr. on October 27 , 1992 , brought calls from advocates of allowing open service by gays and lesbians for prompt action from the incoming Clinton administration . Origin ( edit ) The policy was introduced as a compromise measure in 1993 by President Bill Clinton who campaigned in 1992 on the promise to allow all citizens to serve in the military regardless of sexual orientation . Commander Craig Quigley , a Navy spokesman , expressed the opposition of many in the military at the time when he said , `` Homosexuals are notoriously promiscuous '' and that in shared shower situations , heterosexuals would have an `` uncomfortable feeling of someone watching '' . During the 1993 policy debate , the National Defense Research Institute prepared a study for the Office of the Secretary of Defense published as Sexual Orientation and U.S. Military Personnel Policy : Options and Assessment . It concluded that `` circumstances could exist under which the ban on homosexuals could be lifted with little or no adverse consequences for recruitment and retention '' if the policy were implemented with care , principally because many factors contribute to individual enlistment and re-enlistment decisions . On May 5 , 1993 , Gregory M. Herek , associate research psychologist at the University of California at Davis and an authority on public attitudes toward lesbians and gay men , testified before the House Armed Services Committee on behalf of several professional associations . He stated , `` The research data show that there is nothing about lesbians and gay men that makes them inherently unfit for military service , and there is nothing about heterosexuals that makes them inherently unable to work and live with gay people in close quarters . '' Herek added , `` The assumption that heterosexuals can not overcome their prejudices toward gay people is a mistaken one . '' In Congress , Democratic Senator Sam Nunn of Georgia led the contingent that favored maintaining the absolute ban on gays . Reformers were led by Democratic Congressman Barney Frank of Massachusetts , who favored modification ( but ultimately voted for the defense authorization bill with the gay ban language ) , and Barry Goldwater , a former Republican Senator and a retired Major General , who argued on behalf of allowing service by open gays and lesbians . In a June 1993 Washington Post opinion piece , Goldwater wrote : `` You do n't have to be straight to shoot straight , '' after Congressional phone lines were flooded by organized anti-gay opposition , indicating substantial public opposition to Clinton 's open service proposal . External video Video Recording of President William Jefferson Clinton Speaking at a Press Conference on the Topic of Lifting the Ban on Homosexuals in the Military , January 29 , 1993 , NARA Video Recording of President William Jefferson Clinton Speaking at an Announcement on New Policy Regarding Homosexuals in the Military , September 19 , 1993 , NARA Congress rushed to enact the existing gay ban policy into federal law , outflanking Clinton 's planned repeal effort . Clinton called for legislation to overturn the ban , but encountered intense opposition from the Joint Chiefs of Staff , members of Congress , and portions of the public . DADT emerged as a compromise policy . Congress included text in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1994 ( passed in 1993 ) requiring the military to abide by regulations essentially identical to the 1982 absolute ban policy . The Clinton Administration on December 21 , 1993 , issued Defense Directive 1304.26 , which directed that military applicants were not to be asked about their sexual orientation . This is the policy now known as `` Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell '' . The phrase was coined by Charles Moskos , a military sociologist . In accordance with the December 21 , 1993 , Department of Defense Directive 1332.14 , it was legal policy ( 10 U.S.C. § 654 ) that homosexuality was incompatible with military service and that persons who engaged in homosexual acts or stated that they are homosexual or bisexual were to be discharged . The Uniform Code of Military Justice , passed by Congress in 1950 and signed by President Harry S Truman , established the policies and procedures for discharging service members . The full name of the policy at the time was `` Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell , Do n't Pursue '' . The `` Do n't Ask '' provision mandated that military or appointed officials will not ask about or require members to reveal their sexual orientation . The `` Do n't Tell '' stated that a member may be discharged for claiming to be a homosexual or bisexual or making a statement indicating a tendency towards or intent to engage in homosexual activities . The `` Do n't Pursue '' established what was minimally required for an investigation to be initiated . A `` Do n't Harass '' provision was added to the policy later . It ensured that the military would not allow harassment or violence against service members for any reason . The Servicemembers Legal Defense Network was founded in 1993 to advocate an end to discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation in the U.S. Armed Forces . Court challenges ( edit ) DADT was upheld by five federal Courts of Appeal . The Supreme Court , in Rumsfeld v. Forum for Academic and Institutional Rights , Inc. ( 2006 ) , unanimously held that the federal government could constitutionally withhold funding from universities , no matter what their nondiscrimination policies might be , for refusing to give military recruiters access to school resources . An association of law schools had argued that allowing military recruiting at their institutions compromised their ability to exercise their free speech rights in opposition to discrimination based on sexual orientation as represented by DADT . McVeigh v. Cohen ( edit ) In January 1998 , Senior Chief Petty Officer Timothy R. McVeigh ( not to be confused with convicted Oklahoma City bomber , Timothy J. McVeigh ) won a preliminary injunction from a U.S. district court that prevented his discharge from the U.S. Navy for `` homosexual conduct '' after 17 years of service . His lawsuit did not challenge the DADT policy , but asked the court to hold the military accountable for adhering to the policy 's particulars . The Navy had investigated McVeigh 's sexual orientation based on his AOL email account name and user profile . District Judge Stanley Sporkin ruled in McVeigh v. Cohen that the Navy had violated its own DADT guidelines : `` Suggestions of sexual orientation in a private , anonymous email account did not give the Navy a sufficient reason to investigate to determine whether to commence discharge proceedings . '' He called the Navy 's investigation `` a search and destroy mission '' against McVeigh . The case also attracted attention because a navy paralegal had misrepresented himself when querying AOL for information about McVeigh 's account . Frank Rich linked the two issues : `` McVeigh is as clear - cut a victim of a witch hunt as could be imagined , and that witch hunt could expand exponentially if the military wants to add on - line fishing to its invasion of service members ' privacy . '' AOL apologized to McVeigh and paid him damages . McVeigh reached a settlement with the Navy that paid his legal expenses and allowed him to retire with full benefits in July . The New York Times called Sporkin 's ruling `` a victory for gay rights , with implications for the millions of people who use computer on - line services '' . Witt v. Department of the Air Force ( edit ) In April 2006 , Margaret Witt , a major in the United States Air Force who was being investigated for homosexuality , filed suit in the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington seeking declaratory and injunctive relief on the grounds that DADT violates substantive due process , the Equal Protection Clause , and procedural due process . In July 2007 the Secretary of the Air Force ordered her honorable discharge . Dismissed by the district court , the case was heard on appeal , and the Ninth Circuit issued its ruling on May 21 , 2008 . Its decision in Witt v. Department of the Air Force reinstated Witt 's substantive - due - process and procedural - due - process claims and affirmed the dismissal of her Equal Protection claim . The Ninth Circuit , analyzing the Supreme Court decision in Lawrence v. Texas ( 2003 ) , determined that DADT had to be subjected to heightened scrutiny , meaning that there must be an `` important '' governmental interest at issue , that DADT must `` significantly '' further the governmental interest , and that there can be no less intrusive way for the government to advance that interest . The Obama administration declined to appeal , allowing a May 3 , 2009 , deadline to pass , leaving Witt as binding on the entire Ninth Circuit , and returning the case to the District Court . On September 24 , 2010 , District Judge Ronald B. Leighton ruled that Witt 's constitutional rights had been violated by her discharge and that she must be reinstated to the Air Force . The government filed an appeal with the Ninth Circuit on November 23 , but made no attempt to have the trial court 's ruling stayed pending the outcome . In a settlement announced on May 10 , 2011 , the Air Force agreed to drop its appeal and remove Witt 's discharge from her military record . She will retire with full benefits . Log Cabin Republicans v. United States of America ( edit ) In 2010 , a lawsuit filed in 2004 by the Log Cabin Republicans ( LCR ) , the nation 's largest Republican gay organization , went to trial . Challenging the constitutionality of DADT , the plaintiffs stated that the policy violates the rights of gay military members to free speech , due process and open association . The government argued that DADT was necessary to advance a legitimate governmental interest . Plaintiffs introduced statements by President Barack Obama , from prepared remarks , that DADT `` does n't contribute to our national security '' , `` weakens our national security '' , and that reversal is `` essential for our national security '' . According to plaintiffs , these statements alone satisfied their burden of proof on the due process claims . On September 9 , 2010 , Judge Virginia A. Phillips ruled in Log Cabin Republicans v. United States of America that the ban on service by openly gay service members was an unconstitutional violation of the First and Fifth Amendments . On October 12 , 2010 , she granted an immediate worldwide injunction prohibiting the Department of Defense from enforcing the `` Do n't Ask Do n't Tell '' policy and ordered the military to suspend and discontinue any investigation or discharge , separation , or other proceedings based on it . The Department of Justice appealed her decision and requested a stay of her injunction , which Phillips denied but which the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals granted on October 20 and stayed pending appeal on November 1 . The U.S. Supreme Court refused to overrule the stay . District Court neither anticipated questions of constitutional law nor formulated a rule broader than is required by the facts . The constitutional issues regarding DADT are well - defined , and the District Court focused specifically on the relevant inquiry of whether the statute impermissibly infringed upon substantive due process rights with regard to a protected area of individual liberty . Engaging in a careful and detailed review of the facts presented to it at trial , the District Court properly concluded that the Government put forward no persuasive evidence to demonstrate that the statute is a valid exercise of congressional authority to legislate in the realm of protected liberty interests . See Log Cabin , 716 F. Supp . 2d at 923 . Hypothetical questions were neither presented nor answered in reaching this decision . On October 19 , 2010 , military recruiters were told they could accept openly gay applicants . On October 20 , 2010 , Lt. Daniel Choi , an openly gay man honorably discharged under DADT , re-enlisted in the U.S. Army . Following passage of the Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell Repeal Act of 2010 , the Justice Department asked the Ninth Circuit to suspend LCR 's suit in light of the legislative repeal . LCR opposed the request , noting that gay personnel were still subject to discharge . On January 28 , 2011 , the Court denied the Justice Department 's request . The Obama administration responded by requesting that the policy be allowed to stay in place while they completed the process of assuring that its end would not impact combat readiness . On March 28 , the LCR filed a brief asking that the court deny the administration 's request . In 2011 , while waiting for certification , several service members were discharged under DADT at their own insistence , until July 6 when a three - judge panel of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals re-instated Judge Phillips ' injunction barring further enforcement of the U.S. military 's ban on openly gay service members . On July 11 , the appeals court asked the DOJ to inform the court if it intended to proceed with its appeal . On July 14 , the Justice Department filed a motion `` to avoid short - circuiting the repeal process established by Congress during the final stages of the implementation of the repeal '' . and warning of `` significant immediate harms on the government '' . On July 15 , the Ninth Circuit restored most of the DADT policy , but continued to prohibit the government from discharging or investigating openly gay personnel . Following the implementation of DADT 's repeal , a panel of three judges of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals vacated the Phillips ruling . Debate ( edit ) Following the July 1999 murder of Army Pfc . Barry Winchell , apparently motivated by anti-gay bias , President Clinton issued an executive order modifying the Uniform Code of Military Justice to permit evidence of a hate crime to be admitted during the sentencing phase of a trial . In December , Secretary of Defense William Cohen ordered a review of DADT to determine if the policy 's anti-gay harassment component was being observed . When that review found anti-gay sentiments were widely expressed and tolerated in the military , the DOD adopted a new anti-harassment policy in July 2000 , though its effectiveness was disputed . On December 7 , 1999 , Hillary Clinton told an audience of gay supporters that `` Gays and lesbians already serve with distinction in our nation 's armed forces and should not face discrimination . Fitness to serve should be based on an individual 's conduct , not their sexual orientation . '' Later that month , retired Gen. Carl E. Mundy defended the implementation of DADT against what he called the `` politicization '' of the issue by both Clintons . He cited discharge statistics for the Marines for the past 5 years that showed 75 % were based on `` voluntary admission of homosexuality '' and 49 % occurred during the first 6 months of service , when new recruits were most likely to reevaluate their decision to enlist . He also argued against any change in the policy , writing in the New York Times : `` Conduct that is widely rejected by a majority of Americans can undermine the trust that is essential to creating and maintaining the sense of unity that is critical to the success of a military organization operating under the very different and difficult demands of combat . '' The conviction of Winchell 's murderer , according to the New York Times , `` galvanized opposition '' to DADT , an issue that had `` largely vanished from public debate '' . Opponents of the policy focused on punishing harassment in the military rather than the policy itself , which Sen. Chuck Hagel defended on December 25 : `` The U.S. armed forces are n't some social experiment . '' The principal candidates for the Democratic presidential nomination in 2000 , Al Gore and Bill Bradley , both endorsed military service by open gays and lesbians , provoking opposition from high - ranking retired military officers , notably the recently retired commandant of the Marine Corps , Gen. Charles C. Krulak . He and others objected to Gore 's statement that he would use support for ending DADT as a `` litmus test '' when considering candidates for the Joint Chiefs of Staff . The 2000 Democratic Party platform was silent on the issue , while the Republican Party platform that year said : `` We affirm that homosexuality is incompatible with military service . '' Following the election of George W. Bush in 2000 , observers expected him to avoid any changes to DADT , since his nominee for Secretary of State Colin Powell had participated in its creation . Conservative critics of DADT were disappointed that he failed to withdraw the `` do n't ask '' directives and return the military to its earlier complete ban on service by gays and lesbians . In July 2004 the American Psychological Association issued a statement that DADT `` discriminates on the basis of sexual orientation '' and that `` Empirical evidence fails to show that sexual orientation is germane to any aspect of military effectiveness including unit cohesion , morale , recruitment and retention . '' It said that the U.S. military 's track record overcoming past racial and gender discrimination demonstrated its ability to integrate groups previously excluded . The Republican Party platform that year reiterated its support for the policy -- `` We affirm traditional military culture , and we affirm that homosexuality is incompatible with military service . '' -- while the Democratic Party maintained its silence . In February 2005 , the Government Accountability Office released estimates of the cost of DADT . It reported at least $95.4 million in recruiting costs and at least $95.1 million for training replacements for the 9,488 troops discharged from 1994 through 2003 , while noting that the true figures might be higher . In September , as part of its campaign to demonstrate that the military allowed open homosexuals to serve when its manpower requirements were greatest , the Center for the Study of Sexual Minorities in the Military ( now the Palm Center ) reported that army regulations allowed the active duty deployment of Army Reservists and National Guard troops who claim to be or who are accused of being gay . An U.S. Army Forces Command spokesperson said the regulation was intended to prevent Reservists and National Guard members from pretending to be gay to escape combat . Advocates of ending DADT repeatedly publicized discharges of highly trained gay and lesbian personnel , especially those in positions with critical shortages , including fifty - nine Arabic speakers and nine Persian speakers . Elaine Donnelly , president of the Center for Military Readiness , later argued that the military 's failure to ask about sexual orientation at recruitment was the cause of the discharges : ( Y ) ou could reduce this number to zero or near zero if the Department of Defense dropped Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ... We should not be training people who are not eligible to be in the Armed Forces . '' In February 2006 , a University of California Blue Ribbon Commission that included Lawrence Korb , a former assistant defense secretary during the Reagan administration , William Perry , Secretary of Defense in the Clinton administration , and professors from the United States Military Academy released their assessment of the GAO 's analysis of the cost of DADT released a year earlier . The commission report stated that the GAO did not take into account the value the military lost from the departures . They said that that total cost was closer to $363 million , including $14.3 million for `` separation travel '' following a service member 's discharge , $17.8 million for training officers , $252.4 million for training enlistees , and $79.3 million in recruiting costs . In 2006 , Soulforce , a national LGBT rights organization , organized its Right to Serve Campaign , in which gay men and lesbians in several cities attempted to enlist in the Armed Forces or National Guard . Donnelly of the Center for Military Readiness stated in September : `` I think the people involved here do not have the best interests of the military at heart . They never have . They are promoting an agenda to normalize homosexuality in America using the military as a battering ram to promote that broader agenda . '' She said that `` pro-homosexual activists ... are creating media events all over the country and even internationally . '' In 2006 , a speaking tour of gay former service members , organized by SLDN , Log Cabin Republicans , and Meehan , visited 18 colleges and universities . Patrick Guerriero , executive director of Log Cabin , thought the repeal movement was gaining `` new traction '' but `` Ultimately '' , said , `` we think it 's going to take a Republican with strong military credentials to make a shift in the policy . '' Elaine Donnelly called such efforts `` a big P.R. campaign '' and said that `` The law is there to protect good order and discipline in the military , and it 's not going to change . '' In December 2006 , Zogby International released the results of a poll of military personnel conducted in October 2006 that found that 26 % favored allowing gays and lesbians to serve openly in the military , 37 % were opposed , while 37 % expressed no preference or were unsure . Of respondents who had experience with gay people in their unit , 6 % said their presence had a positive impact on their personal morale , 66 % said no impact , and 28 % said negative impact . Regarding overall unit morale , 3 % said positive impact , 64 % no impact , and 27 % negative impact . Retired Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General John Shalikashvili and former Senator and Secretary of Defense William Cohen opposed the policy in January 2007 : `` I now believe that if gay men and lesbians served openly in the United States military , they would not undermine the efficacy of the armed forces '' Shalikashvili wrote . `` Our military has been stretched thin by our deployments in the Middle East , and we must welcome the service of any American who is willing and able to do the job . '' Shalikashvili cited the recent `` Zogby poll of more than 500 service members returning from Afghanistan and Iraq , three quarters of whom said they were comfortable interacting with gay people . The debate took a different turn in March when Gen. Peter Pace , Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , told the editorial board of the Chicago Tribune he supported DADT because `` homosexual acts between two individuals are immoral and ... we should not condone immoral acts . '' His remarks became , according to the Tribune , `` a huge news story on radio , television and the Internet during the day and showed how sensitive the Pentagon 's policy has become . '' Sen. John Warner , who backed DADT , said `` I respectfully , but strongly , disagree with the chairman 's view that homosexuality is immoral '' , and Pace expressed regret for expressing his personal views and said that DADT `` does not make a judgment about the morality of individual acts . '' Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney , then in the early stages of his campaign for the 2008 Republican presidential nomination , defended DADT : When I first heard ( the phrase ) , I thought it sounded silly and I just dismissed it and said , well , that ca n't possibly work . Well , I sure was wrong . It has worked . It 's been in place now for over a decade . The military says it 's working and they do n't want to change it ... and they 're the people closest to the front . We 're in the middle of a conflict right now . I would not change it . '' That summer , after U.S. senator Larry Craig was arrested for lewd conduct in a men 's restroom , conservative commentator Michael Medved argued that any liberalization of DADT would `` compromise restroom integrity and security '' . He wrote : `` The national shudder of discomfort and queasiness associated with any introduction of homosexual eroticism into public men 's rooms should make us more determined than ever to resist the injection of those lurid attitudes into the even more explosive situation of the U.S. military . '' In November 2007 , 28 retired generals and admirals urged Congress to repeal the policy , citing evidence that 65,000 gay men and women were serving in the armed forces and that there were over a million gay veterans . On November 17 , 2008 , 104 retired generals and admirals signed a similar statement . In December , SLDN arranged for 60 Minutes to interview Darren Manzella , an Army medic who served in Iraq after coming out to his unit . On May 4 , 2008 , while Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral Mike Mullen addressed the graduating cadets at West Point , a cadet asked what would happen if the next administration were supportive of legislation allowing gays to serve openly . Mullen responded , `` Congress , and not the military , is responsible for DADT . '' Previously , during his Senate confirmation hearing in 2007 , Mullen told lawmakers , `` I really think it is for the American people to come forward , really through this body , to both debate that policy and make changes , if that 's appropriate . '' He went on to say , `` I 'd love to have Congress make its own decisions '' with respect to considering repeal . In May 2009 , when a committee of military law experts at the Palm Center , an anti-DADT research institute , concluded that the President could issue an Executive Order to suspend homosexual conduct discharges , Obama rejected that option and said he wanted Congress to change the law . On July 5 , 2009 , Colin Powell told CNN said that the policy was `` correct for the time '' but that `` sixteen years have now gone by , and I think a lot has changed with respect to attitudes within our country , and therefore I think this is a policy and a law that should be reviewed . '' Interviewed for the same broadcast , Mullen said the policy would continue to be implemented until the law was repealed , and that his advice was to `` move in a measured way ... At a time when we 're fighting two conflicts there is a great deal of pressure on our forces and their families . '' In September , Joint Force Quarterly published an article by an Air Force colonel that disputed the argument that unit cohesion is compromised by the presence of openly gay personnel . In October 2009 , the Commission on Military Justice , known as the Cox Commission , repeated its 2001 recommendation that Article 125 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice , which bans sodomy , be repealed , noting that `` most acts of consensual sodomy committed by consenting military personnel are not prosecuted , creating a perception that prosecution of this sexual behavior is arbitrary . '' In January 2010 , the White House and congressional officials started work on repealing the ban by inserting language into the 2011 defense authorization bill . During Obama 's State of the Union Address on January 27 , 2010 , he said that he would work with Congress and the military to enact a repeal of the gay ban law and for the first time set a timetable for repeal . At a February 2 , 2010 , congressional hearing , Senator John McCain read from a letter signed by `` over one thousand former general and flag officers '' . It said : `` We firmly believe that this law , which Congress passed to protect good order , discipline and morale in the unique environment of the armed forces , deserves continued support . '' The signature campaign had been organized by Elaine Donnelly of the Center for Military Readiness , a longtime supporter of a traditional all - male and all - heterosexual military . Servicemembers United , a veterans group opposed to DADT , issued a report critical of the letter 's legitimacy . They said that among those signing the letter were officers who had no knowledge of their inclusion or who had refused to be included , and even one instance of a general 's widow who signed her husband 's name to the letter though he had died before the survey was published . The average age of the officers whose names were listed as signing the letter was 74 , the oldest was 98 , and Servicemembers United noted that `` only a small fraction of these officers have even served in the military during the ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' period , much less in the 21st century military . '' That same month , the Human Rights Campaign launched its `` Repeal DADT Now Campaign '' to mobilize grassroots support and target swing states . The Center for American Progress issued a report in March 2010 that said a smooth implementation of an end to DADT required eight specified changes to the military 's internal regulations . On March 25 , 2010 , Defense Secretary Gates announced new rules mandating that only flag officers could initiate discharge proceedings and imposing more stringent rules of evidence on discharge proceedings . Repeal ( edit ) The underlying justifications for DADT have been subjected to increasing suspicion and outright rejection by the early 21st century . Mounting evidence obtained from the integration efforts of foreign militaries , surveys of U.S. military personnel , and studies conducted by the DoD gave credence to the view that the presence of open homosexuals within the military would not be detrimental at all to the armed forces . A DoD study conducted on the behest of Secretary of Defense Robert Gates in 2010 supports this most . The DoD working group conducting the study considered the impact that lifting the ban would have on unit cohesion and effectiveness , good order and discipline , and military morale . The study included a survey that revealed significant differences between respondents who believed they had served with homosexual troops and those who did not believe they had.In analyzing such data , the DoD working group concluded that it was actually generalized perceptions of homosexual troops that led to the perceived unrest that would occur without DADT . Ultimately , the study deemed the overall risk to military effectiveness of lifting the ban to be low . Citing the ability of the armed forces to adjust to the previous integration of African - Americans and women , the DoD study asserted that the United States military could adjust as had it before in history without an impending serious effect . In March 2005 , Rep. Martin T. Meehan introduced the Military Readiness Enhancement Act in the House . It aimed `` to amend title 10 , United States Code , to enhance the readiness of the Armed Forces by replacing the current policy concerning homosexuality in the Armed Forces , referred to as ' Do n't ask , do n't tell , ' with a policy of nondiscrimination on the basis of sexual orientation '' . As of 2006 , it had 105 Democrats and 4 Republicans as co-sponsors . He introduced the bill again in 2007 and 2009 . During the 2008 presidential election campaign , Senator Barack Obama advocated a full repeal of the laws barring gays and lesbians from serving in the military . Nineteen days after his election , Obama 's advisers announced that plans to repeal the policy might be delayed until 2010 , because Obama `` first wants to confer with the Joint Chiefs of Staff and his new political appointees at the Pentagon to reach a consensus , and then present legislation to Congress '' . As president he advocated a policy change to allow gay personnel to serve openly in the armed forces , stating that the U.S. government has spent millions of dollars replacing troops expelled from the military , including language experts fluent in Arabic , because of DADT . On the eve of the National Equality March in Washington , D.C. , October 10 , 2009 , Obama stated in a speech before the Human Rights Campaign that he would end the ban , but he offered no timetable . Obama said in his 2010 State of the Union Address : `` This year , I will work with Congress and our military to finally repeal the law that denies gay Americans the right to serve the country they love because of who they are . '' This statement was quickly followed up by Defense Secretary Robert Gates and Joint Chiefs Chairman Michael Mullen voicing their support for a repeal of DADT . Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell repeal Act of 2010 ( edit ) See also : Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell Repeal Act of 2010 The Senate passed S. 4023 65 - 31 with all Democrats ( except for one abstention ) and 8 Republicans in support . Both yes One yes , one did not vote One yes , one no One no , one did not vote Both no Democrats in both houses of Congress first attempted to end DADT by amending the Defense Authorization Act . On May 27 , 2010 , on a 234 -- 194 vote , the U.S. House of Representatives approved the Murphy amendment to the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2011 . It provided for repeal of the DADT policy and created a process for lifting the policy , including a U.S. Department of Defense study and certification by key officials that the change in policy would not harm military readiness followed by a waiting period of 60 days . The amended defense bill passed the House on May 28 , 2010 . On September 21 , 2010 , John McCain led a successful filibuster against the debate on the Defense Authorization Act , in which 56 Senators voted to end debate , four short of the 60 votes required . Some advocates for repeal , including the Palm Center , OutServe , and Knights Out , opposed any attempt to block the passage of NDAA if it failed to include DADT repeal language . The Human Rights Campaign , the Center for American Progress , Servicemembers United and SLDN refused to concede that possibility . Obama meeting with the Joint Chiefs of Staff on the eve of publication of a Defense Department report on repeal of DADT . The American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU ) filed a lawsuit , Collins v. United States , against the Department of Defense in November 2010 seeking full compensation for those discharged under the policy . On November 30 , 2010 , the Joint Chiefs of Staff released the `` Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell '' Comprehensive Review Working Group ( CRWG ) report authored by Jeh C. Johnson , General Counsel of the Department of Defense , and Army General Carter F. Ham . It outlined a path to the implementation of repeal of DADT . The report indicated that there was a low risk of service disruptions due to repealing the ban , provided time was provided for proper implementation and training . It included the results of a survey of 115,000 active - duty and reserve service members . Across all service branches , 30 percent thought that integrating gays into the military would have negative consequences . In the Marine Corps and combat specialties , the percentage with that negative assessment ranged from 40 to 60 percent . The CRWG also said that 69 percent of all those surveyed believed they had already worked with a gay or lesbian and of those , 92 percent reported that the impact of that person 's presence was positive or neutral . The same day , in response to the CRWG , 30 professors and scholars , most from military institutions , issued a joint statement saying that the CRWG `` echoes more than 20 studies , including studies by military researchers , all of which reach the same conclusion : allowing gays and lesbians to serve openly will not harm the military ... We hope that our collective statement underscores that the debate about the evidence is now officially over ... '' The Family Research Council 's president , Tony Perkins , interpreted the CRWG data differently , writing that it `` reveals that 40 percent of Marines and 25 percent of the Army could leave '' . Gates encouraged Congress to act quickly to repeal the law so that the military could carefully adjust rather than face a court decision requiring it to lift the policy immediately . The United States Senate held two days of hearings on December 2 and 3 , 2010 , to consider the CRWG report . Defense Secretary Robert Gates , Joint Chiefs Chairman Michael Mullen urged immediate repeal . The heads of the Marine Corps , Army , and Navy all advised against immediate repeal and expressed varied views on its eventual repeal . Oliver North , writing in National Review the next week , said that Gates ' testimony showed `` a deeply misguided commitment to political correctness '' . He interpreted the CRWG 's data as indicating a high risk that large numbers of resignations would follow the repeal of DADT . Service members , especially combat troops , he wrote , `` deserve better than to be treated like lab rats in Mr. Obama 's radical social experiment '' . Obama signs the Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell Repeal Act of 2010 On December 9 , 2010 , another filibuster prevented debate on the Defense Authorization Act . In response to that vote , Senators Joe Lieberman and Susan Collins introduced a bill that included the policy - related portions of the Defense Authorization Act that they considered more likely to pass as a stand - alone bill . It passed the House on a vote of 250 to 175 on December 15 , 2010 . On December 18 , 2010 , the Senate voted to end debate on its version of the bill by a cloture vote of 63 -- 33 . The final Senate vote was held later that same day , with the measure passing by a vote of 65 -- 31 . U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates released a statement following the vote indicating that the planning for implementation of a policy repeal would begin right away and would continue until Gates certified that conditions were met for orderly repeal of the policy . President Obama signed the repeal into law on December 22 , 2010 . Implementation of repeal ( edit ) The repeal act established a process for ending the DADT policy . The President , the Secretary of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff were required to certify in writing that they had reviewed the Pentagon 's report on the effects of DADT repeal , that the appropriate regulations had been reviewed and drafted , and that implementation of repeal regulations `` is consistent with the standards of military readiness , military effectiveness , unit cohesion , and recruiting and retention of the Armed Forces '' . Once certification was given , DADT would be lifted after a 60 - day waiting period . Representative Duncan D. Hunter announced plans in January 2011 to introduce a bill designed to delay the end of DADT . His proposed legislation required all of the chiefs of the armed services to submit the certification at the time required only of the President , Defense Secretary and Joint Chiefs Chairman . In April , Perkins of the Family Research Council argued that the Pentagon was misrepresenting its own survey data and that hearings by the House Armed Services Committee , now under Republican control , could persuade Obama to withhold certification . Congressional efforts to prevent the change in policy from going into effect continued into May and June 2011 . On January 29 , 2011 , Pentagon officials stated that the training process to prepare troops for the end of DADT would begin in February and would proceed quickly , though they suggested that it might not be completed in 2011 . On the same day , the DOD announced it would not offer any additional compensation to service members who had been discharged under DADT , who received half of the separation pay other honorably discharged service members received . In May 2011 , the U.S. Army reprimanded three colonels for performing a skit in March 2011 at a function at Yongsan Garrison , South Korea , that mocked the repeal . In May 2011 , revelations that an April Navy memo relating to its DADT training guidelines contemplated allowing same - sex weddings in base chapels and allowing chaplains to officiate if they so chose resulted in a letter of protest from 63 Republican congressman , citing the Defense of Marriage Act ( DOMA ) as controlling the use of federal property . Tony Perkins of the Family Research Council said the guidelines `` make it even more uncomfortable for men and women of faith to perform their duties '' . A Pentagon spokesperson replied that DOMA `` does not limit the type of religious ceremonies a chaplain may perform in a chapel on a military installation '' , and a Navy spokesperson said that `` A chaplain can conduct a same - sex ceremony if it is in the tenets of his faith '' . A few days later the Navy rescinded its earlier instructions `` pending additional legal and policy review and interdepartmental coordination '' . While waiting for certification , several service members were discharged at their own insistence until a July 6 ruling from a federal appeals court barred further enforcement of the U.S. military 's ban on openly gay service members , which the military promptly did . Anticipating the lifting of DADT , some active duty service members wearing civilian clothes marched in San Diego 's gay pride parade on July 16 . The DOD noted that participation `` does not constitute a declaration of sexual orientation '' . President Obama , Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta , and Admiral Mike Mullen , Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , sent the certification required by the Repeal Act to Congress on July 22 , 2011 , setting the end of DADT for September 20 , 2011 . A Pentagon spokesman said that service members discharged under DADT would be able to re-apply to rejoin the military then . At the end of August 2011 , the DOD approved the distribution of the magazine produced by OutServe , an organization of gay and lesbian service members , at Army and Air Force base exchanges beginning with the September 20 issue , coinciding with the end of DADT . On September 20 , Air force officials announced that 22 Air Force Instructions were `` updated as a result of the repeal of DADT '' . On September 30 , 2011 , the Department of Defense modified regulations to reflect the repeal by deleting `` homosexual conduct '' as a ground for administrative separation . Day of repeal and aftermath ( edit ) US Navy LT Gary C. Ross marries Dan Swezy , becoming the first active member of the U.S. military to legally marry a same - sex partner . On the eve of repeal , US Air Force 1st Lt. Josh Seefried , one of the founders of OutServe , an organization of LGBT troops , revealed his identity after two years of hiding behind a pseudonym . Senior Airman Randy Phillips , after conducting a social media campaign seeking encouragement coming out and already out to his military co-workers , came out to his father on the evening of September 19 . When the video of their conversation he posted on YouTube went viral , it made him , in one journalist 's estimation , `` the poster boy for the DADT repeal '' . The moment the repeal took effect at midnight on September 19 , US Navy Lt. Gary C. Ross married his same - sex partner of eleven and a half years Dan Swezy , making them the first same - sex military couple to legally marry in the United States . Retired Rear Adm. Alan S. Steinman became the highest - ranking person to come out immediately following the end of DADT . HBO produced a World of Wonder documentary , The Strange History of Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell , and premiered it on September 20 . Variety called it `` an unapologetic piece of liberal advocacy '' and `` a testament to what formidable opponents ignorance and prejudice can be '' . Discharge proceedings on the grounds of homosexuality , some begun years earlier , came to an end . In the weeks that followed , a series of firsts attracted press attention to the impact of the repeal . Reservist Jeremy Johnson became the first person discharged under DADT to re-enlist . Jase Daniels became the first to return to active duty , re-joining the Navy as a third class petty officer . On December 2 , Air Force intelligence officer Ginger Wallace became the first open LGBT service member to have a same - sex partner participate in the `` pinning - on '' ceremony that marked her promotion to colonel . On December 23 , after 80 days at sea , US Navy Petty Officer 2nd Class Marissa Gaeta won the right to the traditional `` first kiss '' upon returning to port and shared it with her same - sex partner . Her ship 's commanding officer , in one report , `` said that the crew 's reaction upon learning who was selected to have the first kiss after a raffle was positive '' . On January 20 , 2012 , U.S. service members deployed to Bagram , Afghanistan , produced a video in support of the It Gets Better Project , which aims to support LGBT at - risk youth . Widespread news coverage continued even months after the repeal date , when a photograph of Marine Sgt . Brandon Morgan kissing his partner at a February 22 , 2012 , homecoming celebration on Marine Corps Base Hawaii went viral . When asked for her comment , a spokesperson for the Marine Corps said : `` It 's your typical homecoming photo . '' Petty Officer 2nd Class Marissa Gaeta of the USS Oak Hill ( LSD - 51 ) shares the traditional `` first kiss '' with her fiancée , Petty Officer 3rd Class Citlalic Snell , December 23 , 2011 . On September 30 , 2011 , Under Secretary of Defense Clifford Stanley announced the DOD 's policy that military chaplains are allowed to perform same - sex marriages `` on or off a military installation '' where local law permits them . His memo noted that `` a chaplain is not required to participate in or officiate a private ceremony if doing so would be in variance with the tenets of his or her religion '' and `` a military chaplain 's participation in a private ceremony does not constitute an endorsement of the ceremony by DoD '' . Some religious groups announced that their chaplains would not participate in such weddings , including an organization of evangelical Protestants , the Chaplain Alliance for Religious Liberty and Roman Catholics led by Archbishop Timothy Broglio of the Archdiocese for the Military Services , USA . In late October 2011 , speaking at the Air Force Academy , Col. Gary Packard , leader of the team that drafted the DOD 's repeal implementation plan , said : `` The best quote I 've heard so far is , ' Well , some people 's Facebook status changed , but that was about it . ' '' In late November , discussing the repeal of DADT and its implementation , Marine Gen. James F. Amos said `` I 'm very pleased with how it has gone '' and called it a `` non-event '' . He said his earlier public opposition was appropriate based on ongoing combat operations and the negative assessment of the policy given by 56 % of combat troops under his command in the Department of Defense 's November 2010 survey . A Defense Department spokesperson said implementation of repeal occurred without incident and added : `` We attribute this success to our comprehensive pre-repeal training program , combined with the continued close monitoring and enforcement of standards by our military leaders at all levels . '' In December 2011 , Congress considered two DADT - related amendments in the course of work on the National Defense Authorization Act for 2012 . The Senate approved 97 - 3 , an amendment removing the prohibition on sodomy found in Article 125 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice as recommended by the Comprehensive Review Working Group ( CRWG ) a year earlier . The House approved an amendment banning same - sex marriages from being performed at military bases or by military employees , including chaplains and other employees of the military when `` acting in an official capacity '' . Neither amendment appeared in the final legislation . In July 2012 the Department of Defense granted permission for military personnel to wear their uniforms while participating in the San Diego Pride Parade . This was the first time that U.S. military personnel were permitted to wear their service uniforms in such a parade . Marking the first anniversary of the passage of the Repeal Act , television news networks reported no incidents in the three months since DADT ended . One aired video of a social gathering for gay service members at a base in Afghanistan . Another reported on the experience of lesbian and gay troops , including some rejection after coming out to colleagues . The Palm Center , a think tank that studies issues of sexuality and the military , released a study in September 2012 that found no negative consequences , nor any effect on military effectiveness from DADT repeal . This study began six months following repeal and concluded at the one year mark . The study included surveys of 553 generals and admirals who had opposed repeal , experts who supported DADT , and more than 60 heterosexual , gay , lesbian and bisexual active duty service personnel . On January 7 , 2013 , the ACLU reached a settlement with the federal government in Collins v. United States . It provided for the payment of full separation pay to service members discharged under DADT since November 10 , 2004 , who had previously been granted only half that . 2012 presidential Campaign issue ( edit ) Several candidates for the 2012 Republican presidential nomination called for the restoration of DADT , including Michele Bachmann , Rick Perry , and Rick Santorum . Newt Gingrich called for an extensive review of DADT 's repeal . Ron Paul , having voted for the Repeal Act , maintained his support for allowing military service by open homosexuals . Herman Cain called the issue `` a distraction '' and opposed reinstating DADT . Mitt Romney said that the winding down of military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan obviated his opposition to the repeal and said he was not proposing any change to policy . On September 22 , 2011 , the audience at a Republican candidates ' debate booed a U.S. soldier posted in Iraq who asked a question via video about the repeal of DADT , and none of the candidates noticed or responded to the crowd 's behavior . Two days later , Obama commented on the incident while addressing a dinner of the Human Rights Campaign : `` You want to be commander in chief ? You can start by standing up for the men and women who wear the uniform of the United States , even when it 's not politically convenient '' . In June 2012 , Rep. Howard McKeon , Republican chair of the House Armed Services Committee , said he considered the repeal of DADT a settled issue and if Romney became president would not advocate its reinstatement , though others in his party might . Views of the policy ( edit ) Public Opinion ( edit ) Protest in New York by Soulforce , a civil rights group . According to a December 2010 Washington Post-ABC News poll 77 % of Americans said gays and lesbians who publicly disclose their sexual orientation should be able to serve in the military . That number showed little change from polls over the previous two years , but represented the highest level of support in a Post-ABC poll . The support also cut across partisan and ideological lines , with majorities of Democrats ( 86 % ) , Republicans ( 74 % ) , independents ( 74 % ) , liberals ( 92 % ) , conservatives ( 67 % ) , white evangelical Protestants ( 70 % ) and non-religious ( 84 % ) in favor of homosexuals serving openly . A November 2010 survey by the Pew Research Center found that 58 % of the U.S. public favored allowing gays and lesbians to serve openly in the military , while less than half as many ( 27 % ) were opposed . According to a November 2010 CNN / Opinion Research Corporation poll , 72 % of adult Americans favored permitting people who are openly gay or lesbian to serve in the military , while 23 % opposed it . `` The main difference between the CNN poll and the Pew poll is in the number of respondents who told pollsters that they did n't have an opinion on this topic -- 16 percent in the Pew poll compared to only five percent in the CNN survey '' , said CNN Polling Director Keating Holland . `` The two polls report virtually the same number who say they oppose gays serving openly in the military , which suggests that there are some people who favor that change in policy but for some reason were reluctant to admit that to the Pew interviewers . That happens occasionally on topics where moral issues and equal - treatment issues intersect . '' A February 2010 Quinnipiac University Polling Institute national poll showed 57 % of American voters favored gays serving openly , compared to 36 % opposed , while 66 % said not allowing openly gay personnel to serve is discrimination , compared to 31 % who did not see it as discrimination . A CBS News / New York Times national poll done at the same time showed 58 % of Americans favored gays serving openly , compared to 28 % opposed . Chaplains and religious groups ( edit ) Chaplain groups and religious organizations took various positions on DADT . Some felt that the policy needed to be withdrawn to make the military more inclusive . The Southern Baptist Convention battled the repeal of DADT , warning that their endorsements for chaplains might be withdrawn if the repeal took place . They took the position that allowing gay men and women to serve in the military without restriction would have a negative impact on the ability of chaplains who think homosexuality is a sin to speak freely regarding their religious beliefs . The Roman Catholic Church called for the retention of the policy , but had no plans to withdraw its priests from serving as military chaplains . Sixty - five retired chaplains signed a letter opposing repeal , stating that repeal would make it impossible for chaplains whose faith teaches that same - sex behavior is immoral to minister to military service members . Other religious organizations and agencies called the repeal of the policy a `` non-event '' or `` non-issue '' for chaplains , claiming that chaplains have always supported military service personnel , whether or not they agree with all their actions or beliefs . Discharges under DADT ( edit ) After the policy was introduced in 1993 , the military discharged over 13,000 troops from the military under DADT . The number of discharges per fiscal year under DADT dropped sharply after the September 11 attacks and remained comparatively low through to the repeal . Discharges exceeded 600 every year until 2009 . Year Coast Guard Marines Navy Army Air Force Total 0 36 258 136 187 617 1995 15 69 269 184 235 772 12 60 315 199 284 870 10 78 413 197 309 1,007 1998 14 77 345 312 415 1,163 1999 12 97 314 271 352 1,046 2000 19 114 358 573 177 1,241 14 115 314 638 217 1,273 2002 29 109 218 429 121 906 2003 -- -- -- -- -- 787 15 59 177 325 92 668 2005 16 75 177 386 88 742 2006 -- -- -- -- -- 623 2007 -- -- -- -- -- 627 2008 -- -- -- -- -- 619 2009 -- -- -- -- -- 428 11 -- -- -- -- 261 Total ≥ 156 ≥ 889 ≥ 3,158 ≥ 3,650 ≥ 2,477 13,650 Disclaimer : These statistics are not official , and only include soldiers who came forward to the Servicemembers Legal Defense Network . Because some soldiers do not disclose their discharge , some of the numbers may be inaccurate . Rear Adm. Vic Guillory , commander of U.S. Naval Forces Southern Command and U.S. 4th Fleet leads DADT repeal training for Tier 2 command leadership at Naval Station Mayport , March 17 , 2011 Naval Special Warfare Command personnel watching Chief of Naval Operations Adm. Gary Roughead during DADT repeal training , April 6 , 2011 DADT Repeal training for enlisted , officer and civilian staff at Naval Medical Center San Diego , May 5 , 2011 See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Military history portal LGBT portal Sexual orientation and military service -- for information on policies in military services worldwide Steve May , gay Republican Arizona legislator , Army reservist until May 2001 References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Department of Defense Directive 1304.26 '' . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gays in the Military '' . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 654 ( b ) Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 654 ( e ) Jump up ^ `` Army Regulation 40 - 501 , Standards of Medical Fitness , Chapters 2 - 27n and 3 -- 35 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' The Legal Brief ' ' `` Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell , Do n't Pursue , Do n't Harass : Reference ( a ) : Personnel Manual , COMDTINST M1000. 6 , Ch. 12. E '' . '' ( PDF ) . United States Coast Guard Ninth District Legal Office . May 2010 . Retrieved October 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Sheryl Gay Stolberg ( December 22 , 2010 ) . `` Obama Signs Away ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` In reversal , federal court orders immediate end to ' do n't ask , do n't tell ' policy '' . The Washington Post . Associated Press . July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved July 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Obama certifies end of military 's gay ban '' . NBC News . Reuters . July 22 , 2011 . Retrieved July 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bérubé , Coming Out Under Fire , 9 -- 14 , 19 Jump up ^ Bérubé , Coming Out Under Fire , 142 -- 3 Jump up ^ Jones , p. 3 Jump up ^ Jennifer Terry , An American Obsession : Science , Medicine , and Homosexuality in Modern Society ( University of Chicago Press , 1999 ) , 347 Jump up ^ E. Lawrence Gibson , Get Off my Ship : Ensign Berg vs. the U.S. Navy ( NY : Avon , 1978 ) , 256 -- 67 Jump up ^ Lillian Faderman ( 1991 ) . Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers : A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth - Century America . New York : Penguin . p. 155 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 017122 - 8 . Jump up ^ Lillian Faderman ( 1991 ) . Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers : A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth - Century America . New York : Penguin . pp. 119 -- 138 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 017122 - 8 . Jump up ^ TIME : `` The Sexes : The Sergeant v. the Air Force '' . September 8 , 1975 . Retrieved July 26 , 2011 . Other prominent cases included Copy Berg , Stephen Donaldson . Jump up ^ Fordham University : `` Homosexuals in the Armed Forces : United States GAO Report '' , June 12 , 1992 . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vaid , Virtual Equality , 155 - 8 Jump up ^ Nathaniel Frank , Unfriendly Fire : How the Gay Ban Undermines the Military and Weakens America ( NY : St. Martin 's Press , 2009 ) , 118 -- 20 ; McFeeley , `` Getting It Straight '' , 237 - 8 Jump up ^ McFeeley , `` Getting It Straight '' , 238 Jump up ^ Stephen F. Hayes , Cheney : The Untold Story of America 's Most Powerful and Controversial Vice President ( NY : HarperCollins , 2007 ) , 256 Jump up ^ Brian P. Mitchell , Women in the military : Flirting with Disaster ( Washington : Regnery Publishing , 1998 ) , 281 Jump up ^ McFeeley , `` Getting It Straight '' , 237 ; Vaid , Virtual Equality , 158 - 9 Jump up ^ Schmalz , Jeffrey ( August 20 , 1992 ) . `` The Gay Vote ; Gay Rights and AIDS Emerging As Divisive Issues in Campaign '' , The New York Times . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . See also : Schmitt , Eric ( August 26 , 1992 ) . `` Marine Corps Chaplain Says Homosexuals Threaten Military '' , The New York Times : Retrieved February 27 , 2012 Jump up ^ Vaid , Virtual Equality , 160 Jump up ^ McFeeley , `` Getting It Straight '' , 239 Jump up ^ Schmitt , Eric ( August 26 , 1992 ) . `` Marine Corps Chaplain Says Homosexuals Threaten Military '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Reza , H.G. ( January 9 , 1993 ) . `` Homosexual Sailor Beaten to Death , Navy Confirms '' , Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Shankar , Thom ( November 30 , 2007 ) . `` A New Push to Roll Back ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schmitt , Eric ( January 27 , 1993 ) . `` Military Cites Wide Range of Reasons for Its Gay Ban '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ National Defense Research Institute ; Rand Corporation Rand Corporation ( 1993 ) . Sexual orientation and U.S. military personnel policy : options and assessment . Santa Monica , Calif : Rand . p. 406 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8330 - 1441 - 2 . Jump up ^ Gregory M. Herek : Oral Statement of Gregory M. Herek , PhD to the House Armed Services Committee Archived September 27 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . The professional groups were the American Psychological Association , the American Psychiatric Association , the National Association of Social Workers , the American Counseling Association , the American Nursing Association , and the Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States . Jump up ^ `` Major General Barry M. Goldwater '' . US Air Force . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Here Publishing ( July 7 , 1998 ) . The Advocate . Here Publishing . p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : Herek , Gregory . ( Lesbians and Gay Men in the U.S. Military : Historical Background `` Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell Revisited '' ) Check url = value ( help ) . Retrieved June 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Do n't Ask Do n't Tell Do n't Pursue '' . Robert Crown Law Library . September 7 , 1999 . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Defense Directive 1304.26 : Qualification Standards for Enlistment , Appointment , and Induction '' . Department of Defense . December 21 , 1993 . Jump up ^ `` DoDD 1332.14 , December 21 , 1993 '' . Stanford University . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2010 . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Title 10 , Subtitle A , Part II , Chapter 37 , § 654 . Policy concerning homosexuality in the armed forces '' . Cornell Law School . June 9 , 2010 . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Chuck Stewart ( 2001 ) . Homosexuality and the law : a dictionary . Santa Barbara : ABC - CLIO . pp. 196 -- 7 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 267 - 7 . Jump up ^ The New York Times : Eric Schmitt , `` U.S. Agencies Split over Legal Tactics on Gay Troop Plan '' , December 19 , 1993 . Retrieved April 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Richenberg v. Perry , 97 F. 3d 256 ( 8th Cir. 1996 ) ; Thomasson v. Perry , 80 F. 3d 915 ( 4th Cir. 1996 ) ; Able v. United States , 155 F. 3d 628 ( 2d Cir. 1998 ) ; Cook v. Gates , 528 F. 3d 42 ( 1st Cir. 2008 ) ; Holmes v. California National Guard , 124 F. 3d 1126 ( 9th Cir. 1998 ) Jump up ^ Mears , Bill ( 2006 ) . `` Justices uphold military recruiting on campuses '' . CNN . Retrieved March 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Sporkin , Stanley ( January 26 , 1998 ) . `` Memorandum Opinion , Timothy R. McVeigh v. William S. Cohen , et al . '' ( PDF ) . U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rich , Frank ( January 17 , 1998 ) . `` The 2 Tim McVeighs '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shenon , Philip ( June 12 , 1998 ) . `` Sailor Victorious in Gay Case of On - Line Privacy '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bravin , Jess ; Laura Meckler ( May 19 , 2009 ) . `` Obama Avoids Test on Gays in Military '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Gene ( September 24 , 2010 ) . `` Judge orders lesbian reinstated to Air Force -- Case challenges ' Do n't ask , do n't tell ' policy '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` DOJ Appeals Lesbian 's Reinstatement to Air Force '' . CBS News . November 24 , 2010 . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seattle Post Intelligencer : Pulkkinnen , Levi ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` Pentagon settles with McChord major fired for being lesbian '' . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 Jump up ^ Garcia , Michelle ( July 22 , 2010 ) . `` Key DADT Repeal Advocate Testifies '' . Advocate.com . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2010 . Retrieved July 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Law.com : Constitutional Challenge to ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' Reaches Trial Jump up ^ Woods , Daniel ( July 23 , 2010 ) . `` Closing arguments , Log Cabin Republicans v. United States of America '' ( PDF ) . Log Cabin Republicans . Retrieved July 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` US judge : ' Do n't ask , do n't tell ' unconstitutional '' . Associated Press . September 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Phil Willon ( September 9 , 2010 ) . `` Judge declares U.S. military 's ' do n't ask , do n't tell ' policy openly banning gay service members unconstitutional '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Judge orders military to stop enforcing do n't ask , do n't tell '' . CNN . October 12 , 2010 . Retrieved October 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , John ( October 12 , 2010 ) . `` Judge Orders U.S. Military to Stop ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Justice department seeks stay of judge 's ' do n't - ask - do n't - tell ' ruling '' . CNN . October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Appeals court delays injunction against ' do n't ask , do n't tell ' '' . CNN . October 19 , 2010 . Retrieved October 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Do n't ask , do n't tell ' back in force after appeals court issues stay '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Jump up ^ John Schwartz ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` Military Policy on Gays to Stand , Pending Appeal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ed O'Keefe ( November 6 , 2010 ) . `` Group asks high court to lift ' do n't ask ' ban '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Military recruiters told they can accept openly gay applicants '' . CNN . October 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` '' Do n't ask , do n't tell '' no longer enforced , Dan Choi reenlists `` . Salon . Jump up ^ The Advocate : `` DADT Case Still Alive '' Archived February 2 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , January 30 , 2011 . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' End Urged By Lawyers For Log Cabin Republicans '' . Huffington Post . March 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Harmon , Andrew ( June 27 , 2011 ) . `` Pentagon Confirms New DADT Discharges '' . The Advocate . Retrieved July 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Appeals court orders immediate halt to gay military ban '' . MSNBC . July 6 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2011 . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 9th Circuit orders gov 't to state position on DADT '' . San Diego Union Tribune . July 11 , 2011 . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mohajer , Shaya Tayefe ( July 15 , 2011 ) . `` Court : ' do n't ask , do n't tell ' will stay in place '' . News & Observer . Associated Press . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gerstein , Josh ( September 29 , 2011 ) . `` Appeals court nullifies ' do n't ask , do n't tell ' ruling '' . The Politico . Retrieved September 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : David F. Burrelli ( February 2010 ) . Homosexuals and the U.S. Military : Current Issues . DIANE Publishing . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4379 - 2329 - 2 . Jump up ^ National Archives : Executive Order 13140 , October 6 , 1999 . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ CNN : `` Pentagon to review do n't ask , do n't tell policy '' , December 13 , 1999 . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nagourney , Adam ( December 9 , 1999 ) . `` Hillary Clinton Faults Policy Of ' Do n't Ask ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mundy , Carl E. ( December 20 , 1999 ) . `` ' Do n't Ask ' Policy : Do n't Call It A Failure '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schmitt , Eric ( December 25 , 1999 ) . `` Gay Rights Advocates Plan to Press Clinton to Undo Policy of ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The New York Times : Steven Lee Myers , `` Officers Riled by Policy on Gays Proposed in Gore - Bradley Debate '' , January 7 , 2000 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ American Presidency Project : Democratic Party Platform of 2000 , August 14 , 2000 . Retrieved December 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ American Presidency Project : Republican Party Platform of 2000 , July 31 , 2000 . Retrieved December 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ABC News : Julia Campbell , `` Bush on Gay Rights Issues '' , January 17 , 2001 . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ American Psychological Association : Proceedings of the American Psychological Association for the legislative year 2004 . Minutes of the meeting of the Council of Representatives July 28 & 30 , 2004 , Honolulu , Hawaii . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ American Presidency Project : Republican Party Platform of 2004 , August 30 , 2004 . Retrieved December 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ American Presidency Project : Democratic Party Platform of 2004 , July 26 , 2004 . Retrieved December 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Report : ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' costs $363 M '' . USA Today . February 14 , 2006 . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2007 . Retrieved March 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chibbaro , Lou ( 2005 ) . `` Out gay soldiers sent to Iraq -- Regulation keeps straights from ' playing gay ' to avoid war '' . Washington Blade . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2008 . Retrieved March 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Aaron Belkin , How We Won : Progressive Lessons from the Repeal of `` Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell '' ( Kindle Edition ) , ch. 6 , paragraphs 22 - 5 Jump up ^ Belkin , How We Won , ch. 2 , paragraphs 18ff . Jump up ^ Nasaw , Daniel ( June 29 , 2009 ) . `` Do n't ask , do n't tell : gay veteran of Iraq takes on US army '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved November 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Stephen ( June 8 , 2007 ) . `` Do n't Ask , Do n't Translate '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Congress , House , Military Personnel Subcommittee , Do n't Ask Do n't Tell Review , 110th Cong. , 2nd sess. , July 23 , 2008 , 39 Jump up ^ Alvarez , Lizette ( September 14 , 2006 ) . `` Gay Groups Renew Drive Against ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ChristiansUnite.com : Chad Groening , `` ' Coordinated ' Campaign Targets Military Ban on Homosexuals '' , September 21 , 2006 . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : The New York Times : John Files , `` Advocates Hope Supreme Court Ruling Can Renew Attention to ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' '' , March 13 , 2006 . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Opinions of Military Personnel on Sexual Minorities in the Military '' ( PDF ) . 2006 . Retrieved October 13 , 2010 . Respondents uncertain whether they had served with gay personnel , 2 % thought gays would have a positive effect on personal morale , while 29 % thought that they would have no impact and 48 % thought that they would have a negative effect . Regarding overall unit morale , 2 % thought that gays would have a positive effect on overall unit morale , 26 % thought they would have no effect , and 58 % thought they would have a negative effect . Some 73 % of respondents said that they felt comfortable in the presence of gay and lesbian personnel . Jump up ^ Lubold , Gordon ( January 15 , 2007 ) . `` Former JCS chairman : It 's time to give ' do n't ask , do n't tell ' policy another look '' . Air Force Times . Retrieved January 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Former Defense Secretary William Cohen Says Congress Should Re-Visit `` Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell '' `` . Servicemembers Legal Defense Network . January 3 , 2007 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2011 . Retrieved December 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Shanker , Tom ; Healy , Patrick ( November 30 , 2007 ) . `` A New Push to Roll Back ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shalikashvili , John ( January 2 , 2007 ) . `` Second Thoughts on Gays in the Military '' , The New York Times . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Madhani , Aamer ( March 13 , 2007 ) . `` Do n't drop ` do n't ask , do n't tell , ' Pace says '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved December 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Neikirk , William ; Demirjian , Karoun ( March 14 , 2007 ) . `` Pace takes fire on gays remark '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved December 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shanker , Thom ( March 14 , 2007 ) . `` Top General Explains Remarks on Gays '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marinucci , Carla ( March 17 , 2007 ) . `` Romney defends general , ' do n't ask , do n't tell ' policy '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Medved , Michael ( September 5 , 2007 ) . `` Larry Craig and `` Do n't Tap , Do n't Tell '' `` . townhall.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Admirals , generals : Let gays serve openly '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . November 18 , 2008 . Retrieved October 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sidki , Pelin ( November 10 , 2009 ) . `` Discharged under ' do n't ask , do n't tell ' '' . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chairman of the Joint Chiefs Tells Cadets Military Ready to Accept Gay Service Members '' ( Press release ) . Servicemembers Legal Defense Network . May 6 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2011 . Retrieved December 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Herek , Gregory M. ; Belkin , Aaron ; Frank , Nathaniel ; Hillman , Elizabeth L. ; Mazur , Diane H. ; Wilson , Bridget J. ( May 12 , 2009 ) . `` How to End `` Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell '' : A Roadmap of Political , Legal , Regulatory , and Organizational Steps to Equal Treatment '' ( PDF ) . Palm Center ; University of California , Santa Barbara . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Youssef , Nancy , `` Judge rejects Obama 's ' do n't ask , do n't tell ' argument '' . October 20 , 2010 . Retrieved July 14 , 2015 ... In July 2009 , the White House and other Democrats reportedly pressured Florida Rep. Alcee Hastings to withdraw an amendment to the National Defense Authorization Act ( H.R. 2647 ) that would have prevented the military from using federal funds to expel gay service members . Clark , Lesley ( July 28 , 2009 ) . `` Lawmaker backs off effort to fight Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell '' . The Miami Herald . Retrieved July 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Time to review policy on gays in U.S. military : Powell , July 5 , Reuters Jump up ^ Prakash , Om ( 2009 ) . `` The Efficacy of `` Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell '' '' ( PDF ) . Joint Force Quarterly . 2009 ( 55 ) : 88 -- 94 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 27 , 2010 . Retrieved December 22 , 2010 . The article won the Secretary of Defense National Security Essay competition for 2009 . Jump up ^ Bumiller , Elisabeth ( September 30 , 2009 ) . `` Rare Source of Attack on ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Novak , Lisa M. ( October 27 , 2009 ) . `` Panel urges ending UCMJ 's sodomy ban '' , Stars and Stripes . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stein , Sam ( January 12 , 2010 ) . `` DADT Repeal : Dems Move Forward With Plans '' . Huffington Post . USA . Retrieved January 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Joint Chiefs of Staff : `` Testimony Regarding DoD ' Dont Ask , Dont Tell ' Policy '' Archived January 30 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , February 22 , 2010 . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Guardian : `` Retired military officers : keep ban on gays '' , March 31 , 2009 . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chris Johnson , New report undermines officers ' letter supporting ' Do n't Ask ' , Washington Blade , March 3 , 2010 Jump up ^ Human Rights Campaign , `` Repeal DADT Now '' Archived December 2 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved December 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Center for American Progress , `` Implementing the Repeal of ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' in the U.S. Armed Forces '' . Retrieved December 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gates eases ban on gays in the military '' . CNN . March 26 , 2010 . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Crandall , Carla . `` The Effects of Repealing Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell : Is the Combat Exclusion the Next Casualty in the March Toward Integration ? '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ H.R. 1059 Jump up ^ `` Obama : Repeal of ' do n't ask , do n't tell ' possible '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . April 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Scarborough , Rowan ( November 21 , 2008 ) . `` Obama to delay repeal of ' do n't ask , do n't tell ' : advisers see consensus building before lifting ban on gays '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved November 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Obama , Barack ; The Office of the President - elect ( 2008 ) . `` Plan to Strengthen Civil Rights '' . Agenda Civil Rights . Change.gov . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2011 . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Christine ( October 10 , 2009 ) . `` Gays Question Obama ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' Pledge '' . USA Today . Associated Press . Retrieved December 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gerstein , Josh ( October 10 , 2009 ) . `` President Obama offers little new in speech to gay rights activists at HRC dinner '' . Politico . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Obama calls for ' do n't ask , do n't tell ' repeal '' . CNN . January 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bumiller , Elizabeth ( February 2 , 2010 ) . `` Top Defense Officials Seek to End ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Final vote results for roll call 317 '' . Clerk.house.gov . May 27 , 2010 . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Allen , Jared ; Tiron , Roxana ( May 25 , 2010 ) . `` GOP to defend ' Do n't ask , Do n't Tell ' '' . The Hill . Retrieved May 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fritze , John ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` Congress advances repeal of ' do n't ask , do n't tell ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Herszenhorn , David M. ; Hulse , Carl ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` House Votes to Allow Repeal of ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' Law '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Herszenhorn , David M. ( May 28 , 2010 ) . `` House Passes Bill With ' Do n't Tell ' Repeal '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Senate halts ' do n't ask , do n't tell ' repeal '' . CNN . September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Ed ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` ' Do n't ask , do n't tell ' splitting gay rights groups '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Collins v. United States -- Class Action for Military Separation Pay '' . American Civil Liberties Union . November 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Daniel , Lisa ( November 30 , 2010 ) . `` Repeal of ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' Offers Few Risks , Report Finds '' . Armed Forces Press Service , United States Department of Defense . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Ed ( November 30 , 2010 ) . `` ' Do n't ask , do n't tell ' report authors speak out '' . Washington Post . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Department of Defense : `` Report of the Comprehensive Review of the Issues Associated with a Repeal of ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' '' Archived January 13 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , November 30 , 2010 . Retrieved January 30 , 2012 ; comprehensive report . Survey results 63 -- 79 , analysis 120 - 6 , quote 121 : `` Overall , in response to a variety of questions , 50 -- 55 % of the force indicated that repeal will have a mixed or no effect ; about 15 -- 20 % believe that repeal will have a positive effect , while another 30 % believe it will have a negative effect . '' ^ Jump up to : Bumiller , Elisabeth ( November 30 , 2010 ) . `` Pentagon Sees Little Risk in Allowing Gay Men and Women to Serve Openly '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Military and Civilian Professors Say That `` Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell '' Debate is Over -- 30 Scholars Conclude that Prejudice is the Only Remaining Rationale for Gay Ban `` . Palmcenter.org . December 15 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2011 . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 ... The signers ' affiliations included current and former academics at the Army War College , Naval Academy , West Point , Air Force Academy , Naval Postgraduate School , Naval War College , Air Command and Staff College and National Defense University and such non-military institutions as Harvard , Yale and Princeton . The statement was organized by the Pam Center . Jump up ^ Perkins , Tony ( December 9 , 2010 ) . Washington Times : `` Listen to the Marines on ' Do n't Ask ' '' . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bumiller , Elizabeth ( February 2 , 2010 ) . `` Top Defense Officials Seek to End ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bumiller , Elizabeth ( December 3 , 2010 ) . `` Service Chiefs Tell Panel of Risks to ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' Repeal '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ North , Oliver ( December 7 , 2010 ) . `` Gays in the Military '' , National Review : Retrieved February 26 , 2012 Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Ed ; Kane , Paul ( December 9 , 2010 ) . `` ' Do n't ask , do n't tell ' procedural vote fails '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Ed ; Whitlock , Craig ( December 11 , 2010 ) . `` New bill introduced to end ' do n't ask , do n't tell ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Final vote results for roll call 638 '' . Clerk.house.gov . December 15 , 2010 . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate Roll Call '' , U.S. Senate , December 18 , 2010 . Retrieved December 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hulse , Carl ( December 18 , 2010 ) . `` Senate Repeals Ban Against Openly Gay Military Personnel '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Statement by Secretary Robert Gates on Senate Vote to Repeal ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' '' ( Press release ) . United States Department of Defense . December 18 , 2010 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2010 . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell Repeal Act of 2010 Jump up ^ Maze , Rick ( January 14 , 2011 ) . `` New bill seeks to slow DADT repeal '' Archived January 20 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Marine Corps Times : Retrieved February 14 , 2012 Jump up ^ Tony Perkins , ( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` It 's Not Too Late to Block the Repeal of ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' '' , Fox News : Retrieved April 4 , 2012 Jump up ^ Stars and Stripes : `` House panel votes to delay repeal of ' do n't ask , do n't tell ' '' , May 12 , 2011 . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 ; Shane , Leo III ( June 16 , 2011 ) . `` Lawmakers want Obama to halt DADT repeal '' , Stars and Stripes : Retrieved January 11 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Military lays out plan to implement gay ban repeal '' . USA Today . January 29 , 2011 . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Defense Department Says It Will Deny Full Separation Pay For Gay And Lesbian Service Members Honorably Discharged Under `` Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell '' `` . American Civil Liberties Union . January 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gould , Joe ( May 23 , 2011 ) . `` 3 colonels punished over skit mocking gays '' , Military Times : Retrieved February 14 , 2012 Jump up ^ Dwyer , Devin ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' : Navy OKs Bases , Chaplains for Same - Sex Marriages After Repeal '' , ABC News : Retrieved February 21 , 2012 Jump up ^ Eckholm , Erik ( May 11 , 2011 ) . `` Navy Rescinds Guidelines For Same - Sex Marriages '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keyes , Charley ( May 9 , 2011 ) . `` Navy plan to allow same - sex marriage on bases draws opposition '' , CNN : Retrieved February 21 , 2012 Jump up ^ Dwyer , Devin ( May 11 , 2011 ) . `` Navy Scraps Rules on Gay Marriages After GOP Protest , '' ABC News : Retrieved 21 February 2011 Jump up ^ Tighman , Andrew ( July 8 , 2011 ) . Army Times : `` Pentagon suspends DADT in wake of court ruling '' . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Marty Graham , ( July 16 , 2011 ) . `` Military members march for San Diego gay pride '' , Reuters : Retrieved February 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Viola Gienger and Flavia Krause - Jackson ( July 22 , 2011 ) . `` Obama , Pentagon Certify End of Gay Ban Wo n't Harm Military '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved July 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chris Geidner ( July 22 , 2011 ) . `` Gone in 60 Days '' . MetroWeekly . Retrieved July 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stars and Stripes : Shane , Leo III ( August 30 , 2011 ) . `` Gay military magazine to land at Army , AF bases '' . Retrieved February 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Atlantic : `` Memorandum '' , September 20 , 2011 . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NUMBER 1332.14 '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Defense . September 30 , 2011 . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Belkin , Aaron ; Ender , Morten G. ; et al. ( 2013 ) . `` Readiness and DADT Repeal : Has the New Policy of Open Service Undermined the Military ? '' . Armed Forces & Society . 39 ( 4 ) : 587 . doi : 10.1177 / 0095327X12466248 . Jump up ^ Daily Beast : Josh Seefried , `` I am a Gay Airman '' , September 19 , 2011 . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Huffington Post : `` Randy Phillips , Gay Airman , Comes Out To Mom On YouTube '' , September 29 , 2011 . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mak , Tim ( September 20 , 2011 ) . `` Post - ' do n't ask ' , gay Navy Lt. marries '' . Politico . Retrieved October 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Thomas Francis , `` On base , ' do n't ask , do n't tell ' demise is cause for celebration '' , MSNBC : September 21 , 2011 . Retrieved January 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brian Lowry , `` The Strange History of Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell '' , Variety , September 18 , 2011 . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . See also Internet Movie Database : `` The Strange History of Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ( 2011 ) '' . A private showing in San Francisco for OutServe preceded the public premiere . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dwyer , Devin ( September 20 , 2011 ) . `` ' Do n't Ask Do n't Tell ' Repeal Spares Decorated Air Force Aviator '' , ABC News : Retrieved January 31 , 2012 Jump up ^ Jennifer Rizzo , ( September 24 , 2011 ) . `` Discharged gay sailor re-enlists in Navy Reserves '' , CNN : Retrieved January 27 , 2012 Jump up ^ Fellman , Sam ( December 12 , 2011 ) . `` Twice - discharged gay sailor reinstated '' , Navy Times . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chris Johnson , ( December 1 , 2011 ) . `` ' Pinning - on ' ceremony ' big deal ' for lesbian couple '' , Washington Blade : Retrieved January 28 , 2012 ; Parrish , Karen ( January 25 , 2012 ) . `` Colonel ' Proud , Humbled ' to Represent Gay , Lesbian Troops '' Archived April 14 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , Department of Defense : Retrieved January 27 , 2012 Jump up ^ Daily Mail : `` Sealed with a ( lesbian ) kiss : Gay sailors share Navy 's traditional homecoming embrace as ship returns '' , December 23 , 2012 . Retrieved January 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Murray , Rheana ( January 23 , 2012 ) . `` LGBT servicemembers in Afghanistan post ' It Gets Better ' video to encourage youth bullied because of sexuality '' , Daily News ( New York ) . Retrieved January 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Miami Herald : Rothaus , Steve ( February 28 , 2012 ) . `` Gay marine , partner reflect on first kiss seen around the globe : ' The world went away for a few minutes ' '' . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 ; MSNBC : `` Marine in gay kiss photo : Breaking stereotypes a ' good feeling ' '' , February 28 , 2012 . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rowan Scarborough , ( March 1 , 2012 ) . `` Gay Marine 's kiss sparks praise , anger '' , The Washington Times . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keyes , Charley ( September 30 , 2011 ) . `` Military chaplains allowed to perform same - sex weddings '' , CNN : Retrieved February 21 , 2012 Jump up ^ Stanley , Paul ( October 6 , 2011 ) . `` Evangelical Chaplains Refuse to Marry Gay Couples on Military Bases '' , The Christian Post : Retrieved March 3 , 2012 Jump up ^ Andrew Tilghman , ( September 30 , 2011 ) . `` Church leader opposes DoD on same - sex weddings '' , Army Times . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ U.S. Air Force Academy : Don Branum , `` Academy experts discuss effects of DADT repeal '' Archived October 28 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , October 25 , 2011 . Retrieved February 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Burns , Robert ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` Do n't Ask Do n't Tell : Top Marine Says Service Embracing Gay Ban Repeal '' , Huffington Post . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Geidner , Chris ( December 12 , 2011 ) . `` Defense Bill Conference Report Strips Anti-Gay House Language , Keeps Military Sodomy Ban '' Archived January 9 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , MetroWeekly : Retrieved February 20 , 2012 Jump up ^ Article 125 's prohibition against bestiality was included in its definition of sodomy . House Republicans , the Family Research Council , and People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals objected to the removal of `` unnatural carnal copulation ... with an animal '' from Article 125 , not `` unnatural carnal copulation with another person of the same or opposite sex '' . See : Herb , Jeremy ( December 9 , 2011 ) . `` Repeal of sodomy , bestiality ban sparks fight on Defense bill '' , The Hill : Retrieved February 20 , 2012 : `` The Pentagon , however , says that even if the article in the military code was repealed , having sex with animals would still be covered under different statutes . ' It is difficult to envision a situation where a service member engages in sexual conduct with an animal that would not be conduct prejudicial to good order and discipline or service - discrediting , ' said Defense spokesman Lt. Col. Todd Breasseale . '' Jump up ^ `` U.S. military can wear uniform in San Diego gay pride parade : Defense Department '' . CNN . July 20 , 2012 . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ NBC Nightly News : `` No incidents reported since DADT repealed '' , December 21 , 2011 . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tejada , Alicia ( December 24 , 2011 ) . `` ' Out ' on the Front Lines : Troops Reflect on ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' '' , ABC News : Retrieved March 3 , 2012 Jump up ^ Shapiro , Lila ( September 10 , 2012 ) . `` Do n't Ask Do n't Tell Study Shows No Negative Effects On Military One Year After Repeal '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Belkin , Aaron ; Morton Ender ( 2013 ) . `` Readiness and DADT Repeal : Has the New Policy of Open Service Undermined the Military ? '' . Armed Forces & Society . 39 ( 4 ) : 587 . doi : 10.1177 / 0095327X12466248 . Jump up ^ Geidner , Chris ( January 7 , 2013 ) . `` Servicemembers Kicked Out Under Military 's Gay Ban Since ' 04 To Receive Full Separation Pay '' . Buzz Feed . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Colorado Independent : Andy Birkey , `` Openly gay soldiers may destroy military , Bachmann says '' , October 5 , 2011 . Retrieved January 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ABC News : Arlette Saenz , `` Perry Prefers DADT , Says Obama Should Have Overthrown Iran Regime '' , November 8 , 2011 . Retrieved January 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ NPR : Mark Memmott , `` Boos Heard At GOP Debate After Gay Soldier Asks About ' Do n't Ask ' '' , September 23 , 2011 . Retrieved January 30 , 2012 . See also : `` Santorum : Race , Homosexuality Not Comparable Measures for Military Service '' , Fox News : October 9 , 2011 . Retrieved January 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rowan Scarborough , `` Gingrich tough on women , gays in military '' , The Washington Times . December 11 , 2011 . Retrieved January 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Luke ( October 26 , 2011 ) . `` Ron Paul : Heterosexuals ' Causing More Trouble Than Gays ' In The Military '' , Huffington Post : Retrieved January 30 , 2012 Jump up ^ Johnson , Chris ( October 20 , 2011 ) . `` Raising Cain '' . Washington Blade : Retrieved January 30 , 2012 Jump up ^ Military Culture Coalition : Romney Endorses Gays - In - Military ( LGBT ) Law ; Gingrich Opposed `` , December 12 , 2011 . Retrieved January 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wolf , Z. Byron ( September 23 , 2011 ) . `` Debate Crowd Booed Gay Soldier '' , ABC News : Retrieved February 13 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Obama : Do n't stand silent when soldier is booed '' , MSNBC : October 1 , 2011 . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fox News : `` GOP lawmaker says ' do n't ask , do n't tell ' repeal is settled issue '' , June 21 , 2012 . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Ed ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` Most back repealing ' do n't ask , do n't tell , ' poll says '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pew Research Center : `` Most Continue to Favor Gays Serving Openly in Military '' , Nov 29 , 2010 . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CNN Opinion Research November 11 -- 14 , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Steinhauser , Paul ( November 29 , 2010 ) . `` Poll : Majority support gays serving openly in military '' , CNN Political Ticker : Retrieved February 14 , 2012 Jump up ^ Quinnipiac University : `` U.S. Voters Say Gays In Military Should Come Out , Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds '' , February 10 , 2010 . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ CBS News : `` Gays in the military '' , February 11 , 2010 . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Baptists , Catholics Threaten to Withdraw Chaplains Over DADT '' , November 1 , 2010 Archived October 11 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved February 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Banks , Adelle M. ( June 19 , 2010 ) . `` Southern Baptists Convention fighting ' do n't ask , do n't tell ' repeal '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Southern Baptists Convention fighting ' do n't ask , do n't tell ' repeal '' . The Washington Post . June 18 , 2010 . Retrieved October 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Retired chaplains back ' do n't ask ' '' , Washington Times October 31 , 2010 . Retrieved February 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` HRC Back Story , April 28 , 2010 '' . Hrcbackstory.org. April 28 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2010 . Retrieved October 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Servicemembers Legal Defense Network '' . Sldn.org . August 4 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2010 . Retrieved October 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Resnicoff , Arnold E. ( July 12 , 2010 ) . `` If gays serve openly , will chaplains suffer ? No , the mission is to serve all troops . '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Shane , Leo ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` Stars and Stripes : Obama Wants to End `` Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell '' `` . Stars and Stripes . U.S. Department of Defense . Retrieved January 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Continued discharges anger ' do n't ask , do n't tell ' critics : Gay - rights groups urge reversal now Bryan Bender , Boston Globe ; May 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Servicemembers Legal Defense Network -- Annual Gay Discharges Under `` Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell , Do n't Pursue , Do n't Harass '' ^ Jump up to : Individual service numbers from Servicemembers Legal Defense Network , `` Freedom to Serve '' ^ Jump up to : 365Gay.com -- Military Discharging Two Soldiers Per Day For Being Gay Despite War Group Says Archived July 2 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Continued discharges anger ' do n't ask , do n't tell ' critics The Boston Globe , Bryan Bender -- May 20 , 2009 Jump up ^ 261 DADT Discharges in 2010 Bibliography ( edit ) Allan Bérubé ( 1990 ) . Coming Out Under Fire : The History of Gay Men and Women in World War Two . Plume . ISBN 978 - 0 - 452 - 26598 - 1 . Allan Bérubé , `` How Gay Stays White and What Kind of White It Stays '' , in My Desire for History : Essays in Gay , Community , and Labor History , John D'Emilio and Estelle B. Freeman , eds . ( University of North Carolina Press , 2011 ) Elizabeth Drew ( 1994 ) . On the Edge : The Clinton Presidency . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0671871471 . OCLC 31077297 . Tim McFeeley , `` Getting It Straight : A Review of the ' Gays in the Military ' Debate '' , in John D'Emilio , William B. Turner , and Urvashi Vaid , eds. , Creating Change : Sexuality , Public Policy , and Civil Rights ( NY : St. Martin 's Press , 2000 ) David Mixner , Stranger Among Friends ( NY : Bantam , 1996 ) Randy Shilts ( May 1 , 1993 ) . Conduct Unbecoming : Lesbians and Gays in the U.S. Military : Vietnam to the Persian Gulf . St Martins Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 09261 - 0 . Urvashi Vaid ( 1995 ) . Virtual Equality : The Mainstreaming of Gay & Lesbian Liberation . Anchor Books . ISBN 0385472986 . OCLC 32468601 . Further reading ( edit ) Belkin , Aaron ( 2008 ) . `` ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' : Does the Gay Ban Undermine the Military 's Reputation ? '' . Armed Forces & Society . 34 ( 2 ) . Belkin , Aaron ( 2013 ) . Readiness and DADT Repeal : Has the New Policy of Open Service Undermined the Military ? Armed Forces & Society , Forthcoming ... Access OnlineFirst at http://afs.sagepub.com/content/early/2012/12/06/0095327X12466248.abstract Bowling , Kirby L. ; Firestone , Juanita M. ; Harris , Richard J. ( 2005 ) . `` Analyzing Questions That Cannot Be Asked of Respondents Who Cannot Respond '' . Armed Forces & Society . 31 ( 3 ) . Carter , Chad C. and Antony B. Kolenc ( 2005 ) . `` ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' : Has the Policy Met Its Goals ? '' , University of Dayton Law Review , Fall 2005 Huffman , J. Ford and Schultz , Tammy S. ( editors ) ( 2012 ) , The End of Do n't Ask Do n't Tell : The Impact in Studies and Personal Essays by Service Members and Veterans , Marine Corps University Levy , Yagil ( 2007 ) . `` The Right to Fight : A Conceptual Framework for the Analysis of Recruitment Policy toward Gays and Lesbians '' . Armed Forces & Society . 33 ( 2 ) . Moradi , Bonnie ; Miller , Laura ( 2010 ) . `` Attitudes of Iraq and Afghanistan War Veterans toward Gay and Lesbian Service Members '' . Armed Forces & Society . 36 ( 3 ) . Schaub , Gary Jr ( 2010 ) . `` Unit Cohesion and the Impact of DADT '' ( PDF ) . Strategic Studies Quarterly . 4 ( 3 ) : 85 -- 101 . Library resources about Do n't ask , do n't tell Resources in your library Resources in other libraries External links ( edit ) Wikinews has news related to : Do n't ask , do n't tell Wikimedia Commons has media related to Do n't ask , do n't tell . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Do n't ask , do n't tell Wikisource has original text related to this article : Category : Do n't ask , do n't tell Document Library , Robert Crown Law Library at Stanford Law Library Text of Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell Repeal Act of 2010 Elaine Donnelly and Aaron Belkin Debate DADT at Maxwell Air Force Base , summer 2010 Do n't Ask Do n't Tell Review , House of Representatives , Military Personnel Subcommittee , July 23 , 2008 LGBT rights in the United States By entity State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district District of Columbia Unincorporated territories American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands By type Same - sex unions Marriage Civil unions Domestic partnership by municipality Military Blue discharge Do n't ask , do n't tell 2010 repeal Transgender service Adoption Employment discrimination by municipality Immigration policy Transgender rights Intersex rights State laws and constitutional amendments Bans on conversion therapy for minors Hate crime laws Sodomy laws State bans on local anti-discrimination laws State constitutional amendments banning same - sex unions State statutes banning same - sex unions No promo homo laws Federal laws , executive orders , and decisions Defense of Marriage Act Executive Order 12968 Executive Order 13087 Executive Order 13672 Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr . Hate Crimes Prevention Act Romer v. Evans Lawrence v. Texas United States v. Windsor Obergefell v. Hodges Federal Marriage Amendment ( proposed ) Employment Non-Discrimination Act ( proposed ) Equality Act ( proposed ) Student Non-Discrimination Act ( proposed ) Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2013 See also LGBT movements Lesbian , gay , bisexual , and transgender ( LGBT ) topics Academic fields Discourse LGBT topics in education Gender studies Lavender linguistics Lesbian feminism LGBT literature LGBT / Queer studies Queer theory Transfeminism Community Culture Anthems Bars Bisexual community Coming out Community center Cross-dressers Drag king Drag queen Fiction topics Gay friendly Icons Lesbian utopia Literature Music Neighborhoods Organizations Periodicals Pride Pride parade Religious groups Rodeos Same - sex relationships Slang List of slang terms Slogans Sports Symbols Tourism Category : LGBT culture Gender identities Sexual identities Sexual diversities Gender identities Male Female Androgyne Bigender Boi Cisgender Gender bender Gender neutrality Genderqueer Pangender Trans man Trans woman Transgender Transsexual Womyn Third sex / Third gender Akava'ine Androgynos Bakla Bissu Eunuch Fa'afafine Fakaleiti Femminiello Hijra Kathoey Khanith Köçek Mahu Mak nyah Mukhannathun Muxe Sworn virgins Takatāpui Tomboy Travesti Tumtum Two - Spirit Winkte Sexual orientation identities Sexual orientations Asexual Bisexual Heterosexual Homosexual Attraction to transgender people Banjee Bi-curious Ex-gay Ex-ex - gay Gay Heteroflexible Lesbian Monosexual Non-heterosexual Pansexual Polyamorous Queer Questioning Romantic orientation Same gender loving Related Gender and Sexual Diversity Erotic target location error Gender roles Human female sexuality Human male sexuality Sexuality and gender identity - based cultures Intersex Hermaphrodite History LGBT history History of homosexuality History of lesbianism LGBT history timeline Social movements History of Christianity and homosexuality History of same - sex unions Pederasty Category : LGBT history Pre-modern era Adelphopoiesis Homosexuality in ancient Egypt Homosexuality in ancient Greece Homosexuality in ancient Peru Homosexuality in ancient Rome Homosexuality in medieval Europe 16th to 19th century Mollies Urnings 20th century Homosexuals in Nazi Germany and the Holocaust Sea queens Stonewall riots Festival of Light action White Night riots 21st century Timeline of same - sex marriage LGBTQ culture in New York City Stonewall National Monument Rights and legal issues LGBT rights by country or territory Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania List of LGBT rights articles by region LGBT rights topics Adoption Civil unions and partnerships Hate crime laws Intersex human rights Military service Parenting Same - sex marriage Timeline List of couples Socialism Sodomy laws Transgender rights United Nations / Yogyakarta Principles La Francophonie Commonwealth of Nations LGBT rights movements Homophile Gay liberation LGBT rights groups LGBT rights activists Pink capitalism Sexual orientations -- Medicine , science and sexology Biology Birth order Demographics Environment Heterosexual -- homosexual continuum Homosexuality and psychology Kinsey scale Klein Grid Neuroscience Prenatal hormones Sexual inversion Sexual orientation change efforts Sexual orientation identity Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine Social attitudes Prejudice Violence Social attitudes Anti-LGBT slogans Heteronormativity Heteropatriarchy Homonationalism Pinkwashing Gay panic LGBT rights opposition LGBT stereotypes Religion and homosexuality Transgenderism and religion Prejudice and discrimination AIDS stigma Biphobia Genderism Heterosexism Homophobia Internalized homophobia Lesbophobia Non-binary discrimination Riddle scale SPLC - designated list of anti-gay U.S. hate groups Transmisogyny Transphobia Violence against LGBT people Corrective rape Death penalty for homosexuality Gay bashing History of violence in the UK History of violence in the US 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting Significant acts of violence against LGBT people Trans bashing Unlawfully killed transgender people LGBT suicides Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_ask,_don%27t_tell&oldid=801556742 '' Categories : Do n't ask , do n't tell 1990s in LGBT history 1993 in law 1993 in military history American political catchphrases Clinton administration controversies Clinton Administration initiatives Discrimination in the United States LGBT rights in the United States Secrecy Sexual orientation and the United States military United States federal civil rights legislation United States federal defense and national security legislation United States military law Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2014 Webarchive template wayback links Pages with URL errors Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Use mdy dates from December 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 11 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%2527t%20ask%2C%20don%2527t%20tell

what are the 5 sauces of french cuisine

Marie - Antoine Carême set forth what he considered the four grandes sauces of French cuisine in the early 19th century : béchamel , espagnole , velouté , and allemande . In the early 20th century , Auguste Escoffier refined this list to the contemporary five `` mother sauces '' by dropping allemande as a daughter sauce of velouté , and adding hollandaise and sauce tomate , in his classic Le Guide Culinaire and its abridged English translation A Guide to Modern Cookery .

Category : mother sauces

category : mother sauces

Marie - Antoine Carême set forth what he considered the four grandes sauces of French cuisine in the early 19th century : béchamel , espagnole , velouté , and allemande . In the early 20th century , Auguste Escoffier refined this list to the contemporary five `` mother sauces '' by dropping allemande as a daughter sauce of velouté , and adding hollandaise and sauce tomate , in his classic Le Guide Culinaire and its abridged English translation A Guide to Modern Cookery .

References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Carême , Marie Antonin ( 1854 ) . L'art de la cuisine française au dix - neuvième siècle ( in French ) . 3 . Paris : Au Depot de librairie . p. 1 . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Escoffier , Auguste ; Gilbert , Philéas ; Fétu , E. ; Suzanne , A. ; Reboul , B. ; Dietrich , Ch. ; Caillat , A. ; et al. ( 1903 ) . Le Guide Culinaire , Aide - mémoire de cuisine pratique ( in French ) . Paris : Émile Colin , Imprimerie de Lagny . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Escoffier , Auguste ( 1907 ) . A Guide to Modern Cookery . London : William Heinemann . pp. 2 , 15 . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . Pages in category `` mother sauces '' The following 5 pages are in this category , out of 5 total . This list may not reflect recent changes ( learn more ) . Béchamel sauce Espagnole sauce Hollandaise sauce Tomato sauce V Velouté sauce Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Mother_sauces&oldid=744880431 '' Categories : French sauces Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Talk Help About Wikipedia Español Polski Русский Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2016 , at 00 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category%3AMother%20sauces

when did the speed limit change from 55 to 65

National Maximum speed law

national maximum speed law

55 mph ( 90 km / h ) speed limit sign being erected in response to the National Maximum Speed Law . The National Maximum Speed Law ( NMSL ) in the United States was a provision of the Federal 1974 Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act that prohibited speed limits higher than 55 miles per hour ( 90 km / h ) . It was drafted in response to oil price spikes and supply disruptions during the 1973 oil crisis . While Federal officials hoped gasoline consumption would fall by 2.2 % , actual savings were estimated at between 0.5 % and 1 % . The law was widely disregarded by motorists nationwide , and some states opposed the law , but many jurisdictions discovered it to be a major source of revenue . Actions ranged from proposing deals for an exemption to de-emphasizing speed limit enforcement . The NMSL was modified in 1987 and 1988 to allow up to 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) limits on certain limited access , rural roads . Congress repealed the NMSL in 1995 , fully returning speed limit setting authority to the individual states . The law 's safety benefit is disputed as research found conflicting results . With the sole exception of World War II , when the U.S. Office of Defense Transportation established a national maximum `` Victory Speed Limit '' of 35 mph to conserve gasoline and rubber for the American war effort , which was in effect from May 1942 to V-J Day , when the war ended on August 14 , 1945 , the power to set speed limits historically belonged to the states . Immediately before the National Maximum Speed Law became effective , speed limits were as high as 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) . ( Kansas had lowered its turnpike speed limit from 80 before 1974 . ) Montana and Nevada generally posted no speed limits on highways , limiting drivers to only whatever was safe for conditions . Contents 1 1973 -- 55 mph National Speed Limit 2 Enactment 3 Safety impact 4 Fuel savings 5 Opposition and noncompliance 6 1987 and 1988 -- 65 mph limit 6.1 Reclassified roads 6.2 1995 -- Repeal of federal limits 7 Speedometers 8 In popular culture 9 Annotations 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links 1973 -- 55 mph National speed limit ( edit ) In 1973 , Congress enacted a national speed limit of 55 mph ( 90 km / h ) . Some states , such as Washington , enacted lower speed limits . As of November 20 , 1973 , several states had modified speed limits : 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) : Rhode Island , Maryland , Massachusetts , New Jersey , New York , Vermont , and Washington 55 mph ( 90 km / h ) : North Carolina and Oregon California lowered some 70 mph ( 115 km / h ) limits to 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) . In late November 1973 , Texas Governor Dolph Briscoe recommended adoption of a 55 mph ( 90 km / h ) statewide limit . On December 4 , the Texas Highway Commission , with a 3 -- 0 vote , adopted this 55 mph ( 90 km / h ) speed limit , citing unsafe speed differentials between the flow of traffic and people driving too slowly to comply with President Nixon 's and Governor Briscoe 's requests for voluntary slowdowns . The legality of the measure was questioned , and two Texas legislators threatened to sue to block the limit . However , by December 6 , Texas Attorney General John Hill ruled that the speed reduction `` ' was in excess ' of the commissioners ' legal power , '' citing that a 1943 Texas Attorney General 's opinion held that the legislature holds the power to set the statewide speed limit and the Commission 's authority was limited to changing it in specific locales where safety factors required lower limits . As an emergency response to the 1973 oil crisis , on November 26 , 1973 , President Richard Nixon proposed a national 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) speed limit for passenger vehicles and a 55 mph ( 90 km / h ) speed limit for trucks and buses . That , combined with a ban on ornamental lighting , no gasoline sales on Sunday , and a 15 % cut in gasoline production , were proposed to reduce total gas consumption by 200,000 barrels a day , representing a 2.2 % drop from annualized 1973 gasoline consumption levels . Nixon partly based this on a belief that cars achieve maximum efficiency between 40 and 50 mph ( 65 and 80 km / h ) and that trucks and buses were most efficient at 55 mph ( 90 km / h ) . The California Trucking Association , the then - largest trucking association in the United States , opposed differential speed limits on grounds that they are `` not wise from a safety standpoint . '' Enactment ( edit ) The Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act was a bill in the U.S. Congress that enacted the National Maximum Speed Law . States had to agree to the limit if they desired to receive federal funding for highway repair . The uniform speed limit was signed into law by President Nixon on January 2 , 1974 , and became effective 60 days later , by requiring the limit as a condition of each state receiving highway funds , a use of the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution . The legislation required 55 mph ( 90 km / h ) speed limits on all four - lane divided highways unless the road had a lower limit before November 1 , 1973 . In some cases , like the New York Thruway , the 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) speed limit had to be raised to comply with the law . The law capped speed limits at 55 mph ( 90 km / h ) on all other roads . A survey by the Associated Press found that , as of Wednesday , January 2 , 1974 : 12 states already had maximum speed limits of 55 mph ( 90 km / h ) . 9 states had maximum speed limits of 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) . 29 states had lower limits . This includes some states that voluntarily lowered their limits in advance of the federal requirement . On May 12 , 1974 , the United States Senate defeated a proposal by Senator Robert Dole to raise the speed limit to 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) . The 55 mph ( 90 km / h ) National Maximum Speed Limit was made permanent when Congress enacted and President Gerald Ford signed into law the Federal - Aid Highway Amendments of 1974 on January 4 , 1975 . Safety impact ( edit ) The limit 's effect on highway safety is unclear . During the time the law was enacted and after it was repealed automobile fatalities decreased , and this was widely attributed mainly to automobile safety improvements , owing to an increase in the safety of cars themselves . This decrease in fatalities from automobile accidents makes figuring out the actual impact of the law difficult . Although the vast majority of states reported fewer traffic deaths in 1974 compared with 1973 , there were in fact three states where traffic deaths actually increased in 1974 , 1975 and 1976 , compared to 1973 , notwithstanding the 55 mph ( 90 km / h ) speed limit : Alaska , New Hampshire and Wyoming . According to the National Research Council , there was a decrease in fatalities of about 3,000 to 5,000 lives in 1974 , and about 2,000 to 4,000 lives saved annually thereafter through 1983 , due to slower and more uniform traffic speeds since the law took effect . Later , the National Academies wrote that there is `` a strong link between vehicle speed and crash severity ( which ) supports the need for setting maximum limits on high - speed roads , '' but that `` the available data do not provide an adequate basis for precisely quantifying the effects that changes in speed limits have on driving speeds , safety , and travel time on different kinds of roads . '' The Academies report also noted that on rural interstates , the free - flowing traffic speed should be the major determinant of the speed limit , because `` Drivers typically can anticipate appropriate driving speeds . '' This is due , in part , to the strong access control in these areas but also is an acknowledgement of the difficulty of enforcing the 55 mph ( 90 km / h ) speed limit in these areas . A Cato Institute report showed that the safety record worsened in the first few months of the new speed limits , suggesting that the fatality drop found by the NRC was a statistical anomaly that regressed to the mean by 1978 . After the oil crisis abated , the NMSL was retained mainly due to the possible safety aspect . Insurance Institute for Highway Safety analysts wrote three papers that argue that increase from 55 to 65 mph ( 90 to 105 km / h ) on rural roads led to a 25 % to 30 % increase in deaths ( 1 / 3 from increased travel , 2 / 3 from increased speed ) while the full repeal in 1995 led to a further 15 % increase in fatalities . In contrasting work , researchers at University of California Transportation Science Center argue that the interstates in question are only part of the equation , one also must account for traffic moving off the relatively more dangerous country roads and onto the relatively safer interstates . Accounting for this they find that raising rural speed limits to 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) caused a 3.4 % to 5.1 % decrease in fatalities . Fuel savings ( edit ) In 1998 , the U.S. Transportation Research Board footnoted an estimate that the 1974 National Maximum Speed Limit ( NMSL ) reduced fuel consumption by 0.2 to 1.0 percent . Rural interstates , the roads most visibly affected by the NMSL , accounted for 9.5 % of the U.S. 's vehicle - miles - traveled in 1973 , but such free - flowing roads typically provide more fuel - efficient travel than conventional roads . Conservative think tank The Heritage Foundation claims that the United States Department of Transportation 's Office of Driver Research found total fuel savings to be 1 % and that `` independent studies '' found a 0.5 % savings . Opposition and noncompliance ( edit ) Despite federal compliance standards mandated by Congress that no more than 50 percent of free - flowing traffic on 55 mph - posted highways exceed 55 mph ( 90 km / h ) from 1981 onwards , which required up to a 10 percent reduction in federal highway funding for states in noncompliance , by the 1980s traffic surveys showed the NMSL was widely violated : The speed limit had very low compliance , contrary to the commonly accepted engineering practice that says that the speed limit should criminalize only the fastest 15 % of drivers : From April through June 1982 , speed was monitored on New York 's Interstate highways , and an 83 % noncompliance rate was found , despite extreme penalties ranging from $100 ( 1982 dollars , equal to $254 today ) or 30 days jail on a first offense to $500 ( 1982 dollars , equal to $1,268 today ) , up to 180 days in jail , and a six - month driver 's license revocation upon third conviction in 18 months . In the 4th quarter of 1988 , 85 % of drivers violated the 55 mph ( 90 km / h ) speed limits on Connecticut rural interstates . In 1985 , the Texas 's State Department of Highways and Public Transportation surveyed motorist speeds at 101 locations on six types of urban and rural roads . It found that 82.2 % of motorists violated the speed limit on rural interstates , 67.2 % violated speed limits on urban interstates , and 61.6 % violated speed limits on all roads . Western states began to reduce fines in the 1980s , effectively minimizing the impact of the 55 mph ( 90 km / h ) limit : Arizona , Idaho , Montana , Nevada replaced traditional speeding fines with $5 -- $15 energy wasting fines as long as drivers did not exceed the speed limit in effect before the 55 mph ( 90 km / h ) federal requirement . Nevada 's energy wasting fine was enacted on April 15 , 1981 , when signed by Governor Robert List . Motorists not exceeding 70 mph ( 115 km / h ) in 55 mph ( 90 km / h ) zones could be issued $5 `` energy wasting '' fines . However , standard speeding tickets were still allowed and `` troopers were directed not to take the new law as a signal to stop writing tickets '' . In 1986 , North Dakota 's fine for speeding up to 15 mph ( 25 km / h ) over the limit was only $15 and had no license points . South Dakota cut speeding fines in 1985 and stopped assessing points for being 10 mph ( 15 km / h ) or less above the speed limit in 1986 . On August 1 , 1986 , Minnesota , which normally suspended licenses after three tickets , stopped counting speeding tickets for no more than 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) . In 1981 , 33 state legislatures debated measures to oppose the NMSL . In 1985 , The U.S. Department of Transportation found the states of Arizona , Maryland and Vermont were out of compliance with the 55 mph ( 90 km / h ) national speed limit , according to speed monitoring data collected and submitted by these states , showing that over 50 percent of their highway traffic exceeded 55 mph ( 90 km / h ) in Fiscal Year 1984 ; the House Public Works and Transportation Subcommittee on Surface Transportation held hearings on July 23 , 1985 , to discuss proposals to revise the federal compliance requirements for 55 mph ( 90 km / h ) on the basis of recommendations made by the National Research Council , to help these and other states come into compliance and avoid sanctions . Some law enforcement officials openly questioned the speed limit . In 1986 , Jerry Baum , director of the South Dakota Highway Patrol , said `` Why must I have a trooper stationed on an interstate , at 10 in the morning , worried about a guy driving 60 mph ( 100 km / h ) on a system designed to be traveled at 70 ? He could be out on a Friday night watching for drunken drivers . '' Even organizations supporting the NMSL , such as the American Automobile Association ( AAA ) provided lists of locations where the limit was strictly enforced . On June 1 , 1986 , Nevada challenged the NMSL by posting a 70 mph ( 115 km / h ) limit on 3 miles ( 5 km ) of Interstate 80 . The Nevada statute authorizing this speed limit included language that invalidated itself if the federal government suspended transportation funding . Indeed , the Federal Highway Administration immediately withheld highway funding , which automatically invalidated the statute by its own terms . 1987 and 1988 -- 65 mph limit ( edit ) In the April 2 , 1987 , Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act , Congress permitted states to raise speed limits to 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) on rural Interstate highways . In a bill that passed in mid-December 1987 , Congress allowed certain non-Interstate rural roads built to Interstate standards to have the higher speed limits . As of December 29 , 1987 , the states of California , Florida , Illinois , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , and Oklahoma had applied for and been accepted into this program . The program was originally slated to last four years . These reforms were vehemently opposed by highway safety advocates , including the National Safety Council , Public Citizen , Mothers Against Drunk Driving and the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety , all ardent , long - time supporters of 55 mph ( 90 km / h ) . Under the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 , passed by Congress and signed by President George H.W. Bush on December 18 , 1991 , the 65 mph speed limit was made permanent for rural non-Interstate highways built to Interstate standards . It also declared a moratorium on Federal sanctions against states in noncompliance with the 55 mph ( 90 km / h ) national speed limit for FY 1990 and 1991 , and directed the U.S. Department of Transportation to promulgate new compliance standards for the 65 mph rural freeways , as well as for all 55 mph ( 90 km / h ) highways . As required by ISTEA , they were published in the Code of Federal Regulations 23 CFR Part 1260 , but no further action was taken by USDOT against the states for speed limit noncompliance for the last few years the National Maximum Speed Law was still in effect , before it was repealed in 1995 . Reclassified roads ( edit ) A few roads that were n't Interstate Highways but were built to Interstate standards were redesignated as Interstate Highways to qualify for the increased speed limit : Kansas petitioned the Federal Highway Administration on May 14 , 1987 , to `` designate the turnpike as an Interstate Highway between Topeka and Emporia '' . This Kansas Turnpike segment had existed since 1956 without a numerical designation . Interstate status was granted , Interstate 335 was designated , and the 65 mph speed limit signs went up . Interstate 88 in Illinois had previously been designated as Illinois Route 5 . 50 miles ( 80 km ) of the Maine Turnpike between Portland and West Gardiner were designated as Interstate 495 in 1988 . The designation for this segment was changed in 2004 to Interstate 95 to simplify the Interstate numbering scheme in Maine . 1995 -- repeal of federal limits ( edit ) Congress lifted all federal speed limit controls in the National Highway System Designation Act of 1995 , returning all speed limit determination authority to the states effective December 8 , 1995 . Several states immediately reverted to already existing laws . For example , most Texas rural limits that were above 55 mph ( 90 km / h ) in 1974 immediately reverted to 70 mph ( 115 km / h ) , causing some legal confusion before the new signs were posted . Montana reverted to non-numerical speed limits on most rural highways , although its legislature adopted 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) as a limit in 1999 ; as a result , according to Insurance Institute for Highway Safety researcher Anne McCartt , `` What 's impressive is the huge drop in the percent of vehicles going very fast ... The proportion of vehicles exceeding 75 mph , the limit set ( by Montana ) in 1999 , tumbled 45 percent . The proportion surpassing 80 mph plummeted 85 percent . Large trucks slowed , too . '' ( She did not mention that the IIHS survey of traffic speeds on Interstate highways in 2006 she referred to , found Montana , as compared with New Mexico and Nevada , had the highest compliance with the 75 mph speed limit on rural interstates : 76 percent . ) Hawaii was the last state to raise its speed limit when , in response to public outcry after an experiment with traffic enforcement cameras in 2002 , it raised the maximum speed limit on parts of Interstates H - 1 and H - 3 to 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) . Despite the repeal of federal speed limit controls , 2011 maximum speed limits were , on average , lower than in 1974 : States with same speed limit as pre-1974 : 25 States with higher speed limit than pre-1974 : 8 States with lower speed limits than pre-1974 : 17 The introduction to 70 or 75 mph speed limits was in effect that year . The introduction to 80 mph limits was in about 2005 , and Texas introduced 85 ( 140 ) in 2011 . Although traffic deaths and death rates have generally declined in the United States since 1989 , highway safety advocates have long continued to assert that increases in state speed limits , following the repeal of the National Maximum Speed Law , have had a detrimental effect on highway safety , and have conducted many studies including statistical analyses that claim to support this argument . For example , the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety declared that , `` ... ( E ) ach 5 mph increase in the maximum speed limit resulted in a 4 percent increase in fatalities . The increase on Interstates and freeways ... was 8 percent . Comparing the annual number of fatalities in the 41 states ( studied ) with the number that would have been expected if each state 's maximum speed limit had remained unchanged since 1993 , ( we ) arrived at the estimate of 33,000 additional fatalities over the 20 - year period ( from 1993 to 2013 ) . Speedometers ( edit ) 55 mph is emphasized on this dashboard . On October 1 , 1980 , in a regulation that also regulated speedometer and odometer accuracy , the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) required speedometers to have special emphasis on the number 55 and a maximum speed of 85 mph ( 137 km / h ) . However , on October 19 , 1980 , NHTSA proposed eliminating speedometer and odometer rules because they were `` unlikely to yield significant safety benefits '' and `` ( a ) highlighted ' 55 ' on a speedometer scale adds little to the information provided to the driver by a roadside speed limit sign . '' In popular Culture ( edit ) The number 55 became a popular shorthand for the 55 mph speed limit . For example , a hand with a pair of fives in Texas hold'em poker is referred to as a `` speed limit '' . Rock musician Sammy Hagar released `` I Ca n't Drive 55 '' , a hit single protesting the rule . The title of Minutemen 's critically acclaimed double album Double Nickels on the Dime refers to the NMSL , and in jest , to the Sammy Hagar single . One of a series of advertising campaigns for the 55 mph speed limit offered , `` Speed limit 55 . It 's not just a good idea . It 's the law . '' . Intelligentsia riffed that with a more absolute statement based on the speed of light : `` 186,000 miles per second . It 's not just a good idea , it 's the law . '' Annotations ( edit ) Jump up ^ The 2.2 % drop figure was calculated by finding daily consumption to be 9,299,684 barrels of petroleum . Obtain 1973 's petroleum consumption from transportation sector at 2.1 e from the Energy Consumption by Sector section , then convert to barrels using A1 in the Thermal Conversion Factors section ( assume `` conventional motor gasoline '' since ethanol - based or purportedly smog - reducing gas was not common in 1973 ) . Jump up ^ Includes Texas where the same pre-1974 speed limits are applicable on the vast majority of rural roads despite some 75 and 80 mph limits . Jump up ^ Includes Virginia where the vast majority of rural freeways have a 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) limit . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Rising Chorus Against 55 - MPH Speed Limit , '' U.S. News and World Report . March 17 , 1975 . Jump up ^ `` Speed Limit 55 : Is It Achievable ? '' Report to the Congress by the Comptroller General of the United States . Washington , D.C. : General Accounting Office , February 14 , 1977 . Retrieved from https://www.gao.gov/assets/120/118193.pdf Jump up ^ Catherine Perrone and Lauren Handley , `` Home Front Friday : The Victory Speed Limit . '' National World War II Museum , New Orleans , Louisiana . Retrieved from http://nww2m.com/2015/12/home-front-friday-get-in-the-scrap/ Jump up ^ Lynn Arave , `` ' Patriotic Speed Limit ' was 35 mph . '' Deseret News , Salt Lake City , Utah , February 17 , 2009 . Retrieved from http://www.deseretnews.com/article/705285620/patriotic-speed-limit-was-35-mph.html Jump up ^ `` Daytime Speed Limits '' . States ' Attitudes Toward Speed Limits . Reasonable Drivers Unanimous . March 9 , 1998 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lindsey , Robert ( November 20 , 1973 ) . `` Nation Is Living on Less Energy For Travel , Heating and Lights '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Retrieved July 22 , 2008 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Speed Limit on State Agenda '' . Associated Press . December 3 , 1973 . Retrieved July 22 , 2008 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Texas Commission OKs 55 MPH Limit '' . Associated Press . December 5 , 1973 . Retrieved July 22 , 2008 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Kinch , Jr. , Sam ( December 6 , 1973 ) . `` Lower Speed Limit Not Legal , Hill Rules '' . The Dallas Morning News . p. 1 . Retrieved July 22 , 2008 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Cowan , Edward ( November 27 , 1973 ) . `` Politics and Energy : Nixon 's Silence on Rationing Reflects Hope That Austerity Can Be Avoided '' . The New York Times . p. 30 . Retrieved July 22 , 2008 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Staff ( June 28 , 2008 ) . Annual Energy Review ( PDF ) ( 2007 ed . ) . Washington , DC : Energy Information Administration . Jump up ^ `` 55 Mile - per - hour Speed Limit Approved by House '' . United Press International . December 4 , 1973 . p. 30 . Retrieved July 22 , 2008 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Unequal Limits Hit '' . United Press International . November 30 , 1973 . Retrieved July 22 , 2008 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Travel Mode Improvement Program staff . `` Chapter 8 . Transition to Short - Term Planning '' . TMIP : Urban Transportation Planning In the United States : An Historical Overview . US Department of Transportation . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2009 . Retrieved July 22 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nixon Approves Limit of 55 MPH '' . The New York Times . January 3 , 1974 . pp. 1 , 24 . Retrieved July 22 , 2008 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : `` Brief For The Respondents In Opposition '' . Nevada v. Skinner . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2010 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cowan , Edward ( May 14 , 1974 ) . `` Senate Rejects a Rise in Speed Limits on Highways to 60 MPH from 55 '' . The New York Times . p. 74 . Retrieved July 22 , 2008 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Public Law 93 - 643 , sec. 23 United States Code 154 . Retrieved from https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/93/s3934 Jump up ^ Morrow , Adrian ( April 5 , 2011 ) . `` US Motorists Enjoy Least Deadly Driving Year Since 1949 '' . Globe and Mail . Toronto . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McFeatters , Ann ( September 14 , 1986 ) . `` Critics say auto safety laws not worth cost '' . Houston Chronicle . Scripps - Howard News Service . p. 18 . Retrieved July 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( 1977 ) `` 55 mph Fact Book , '' p. 12 , Table 1 . Jump up ^ Transportation Research Board . 1984 . `` 55 : A decade of experience . '' Special Report 204 . Washington , DC : National Academies Press , pp. 31 - 34 . Accessed from http://nap.edu/11373 . Jump up ^ `` Road Conditions Vary Too Widely For Single Approach to Speed Limits '' . Transportation Research Board . National Research Council . Oct 1 , 1998 . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Moore , Stephen ( May 31 , 1999 ) . `` Speed Does n't Kill : The Repeal of the 55 - MPH Speed Limit '' . Cato Institute . pp. 7 -- 9 . Retrieved April 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Statement on Signing the Federal - Aid Highway Amendments of 1974 , '' President Gerald R. Ford , January 4 , 1975 . Retrieved from http://presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=4750 . ^ Jump up to : Staff ( May 2011 ) . `` Q&A : Speed and speed limits '' . Insurance Institute for Highway Safety . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . , citing Transportation Research Board . 1984 . 55 : a decade of experience . Special Report 204 . Washington , DC. , available for purchase online at ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Lave , Charles ; Elias , Patrick . `` Did the 65 MPH Speed Limit Save Lives ? '' ( PDF ) . Accident Analysis and Prevention . Amsterdam : Elsevier . 26 ( 1 ) : 49 -- 62 . doi : 10.1016 / 0001 - 4575 ( 94 ) 90068 - x . ISSN 0001 - 4575 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Special Report 254 : Managing Speed '' ( PDF ) . Transportation Research Board : 189 . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . Bloomquist ( 1984 ) estimated that the 1974 National Maximum Speed Limit ( NMSL ) reduced fuel consumption by 0.2 to 1.0 percent . Jump up ^ `` Highway Statistics 1973 ( Table VM - 2 : VEHICLE MILES , BY STATE AND HIGHWAY SYSTEM - 1973 ) '' ( PDF ) . Federal Highway Administration : 76 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 4 , 2013 . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lexus IS250 2.5 L 6cyl , Auto 6 speed Sedan , 5 seats , 2WD Archived August 4 , 2012 , at Archive.is Jump up ^ IS 250 Kraftstoffverbrauch kombiniert 8 , 9 L / 100 km ( innerorts 12 , 5 L / außerorts 6 , 9 L ) bei CO2 - Emissionen von 209 g / km nach dem vorgeschriebenen EU - Messverfahren `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2010 . Retrieved April 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 2009 Lexus IS 250 6 cyl , 2.5 L , Automatic ( S6 ) , Premium http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/findacar.htm Jump up ^ Copulos , Milton R. ( September 9 , 1986 ) . `` The High Cost of the 55 MPH Speed Limit '' ( PDF ) . The Backgrounder . Washington , DC : The Heritage Foundation ( 532 ) : 1 -- 8 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1978 , Public Law 95 - 599 , 92 Stat. 2689 , pp. 2729 - 30 . Retrieved from https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-92-pg2689.pdf ^ Jump up to : Grimes , Paul ( December 26 , 1982 ) . `` Practical Traveler : The 55 - MPH Speed Limit '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Robert A. ( May 7 , 1989 ) . `` 85 % of Drivers on Interstates Are Speeders '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Speeders in Majority on Texas Highways '' . Houston Chronicle . United Press International . January 9 , 1987 . p. 12 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robison , Clay ( June 15 , 1986 ) . `` 55 MPH Law Violated , but Unlikely to Change '' . Houston Chronicle . p. 2 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nevada Speeders Getting $5 ' Energy Wasting ' Fines '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . April 16 , 1981 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Some States Trying to Skirt Federally Mandated 55 MPH Speed Limit '' . Houston Chronicle. April 14 , 1986 . p. 3 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ House Public Works and Transportation Subcommittee on Surface Transportation , July 23 , 1985 . Hearings on the Monitoring and Enforcement of the 55 mph National Maximum Speed Limit . Retrieved from https://www.c-span.org/video/?125574-1/55-mph-speed-limit Jump up ^ See also op - ed by James E. Smith , commissioner , California Highway Patrol . `` Selectively Raising Limit Makes Better Policy . '' The Police Chief , International Association of Chiefs of Police , January 1987 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` States in a rush to raise 55 mph limit on rural roads . '' Chicago Tribune , April 5 , 1987 . Retrieved from http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1987-04-05/news/8701250868_1_speed-limit-highway-bill-road-construction-bill Jump up ^ Molotsky , Irvin ( December 29 , 1987 ) . `` 20 States to Win the Right to Set a 65 MPH Speed '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Judith Lee Stone , `` Raising The Limit Puts Traffic On The Fast Track To Higher Deaths . '' Traffic Safety , May - June 1988 , pp. 32 - 33 . National Safety Council Jump up ^ Rep. James J. Howard ( D - NJ ) . `` Higher Speed Limits Will All Be Dangerous . '' USA Today , March 17 , 1987 , p. 12 - A . Jump up ^ See also op - ed , Jack B. Walsh , superintendent , Ohio State Highway Patrol. `` 55 mph : Holding The Line . '' The Police Chief , January 1987 , p. 19 , International Association of Chiefs of Police . Jump up ^ Public Law 102 - 240 , 105 Stat. 1914 . Retrieved from https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE/105-pg.1914.pdf Jump up ^ `` 65 MPH Approved for Route '' . Wichita Eagle - Beacon . October 24 , 1987 ... Jump up ^ `` It 's Time To Clear Up the Confusion : Maine Interstate Redesignation 2004 '' ( PDF ) . Maine Department of Transportation and Maine Turnpike Authority . 2004 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Insurance Institute for Highway Safety , Status Report , Vol. 43 , # 1 , p. 3 , January 31 , 2008 , citing Retting , R.A. and Teoh , E.R. 2008 . `` Traffic Speeds on Interstates and Freeways 10 Years After Repeal of National Maximum Speed Limit . '' Traffic Injury Prevention 9 ( 2 ) : 119 - 24 . Jump up ^ Antone , Rod ( April 18 , 2002 ) . `` State Approves Higher Speed Limits '' . Honolulu Star - Bulletin . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Staff . `` Summary Chart '' . States ' Attitudes Towards Speed Limits . Reasonable Drivers Unanimous . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ National Highway Traffic Safety Administration . `` An Analysis of The Significant Decline in Motor Vehicle Fatalities in 2008 . '' DOT HS 811 346 . Retrieved from https://crashstats.nhtsa.gov/Api/Public/Viewpublication/811346 Jump up ^ Csaba Csere , `` In 1998 , Speed Still Did n't Kill . '' Car and Driver , September 1999 . Retrieved from https://www.caranddriver.com/columns/csaba-csere-in-1998-speed-still-didnt-kill-column Jump up ^ `` Speed Limit Increases Cause 33,000 Deaths In 20 Years . '' Insurance Institute for Highway Safety , Status Report , vol. 51 , no . 4 , April 12 , 2016 , citing Charles M. Farmer , `` Relationship of Traffic Fatality Rates to Maximum State Speed Limits . '' Traffic Injury Prevention , 5 / 19 / 2017 : 18 ( 4 ) : 375 - 380 . Retrieved from https://www.iihs.org/iihs/sr/statusreport/article/51/4/3 . Jump up ^ Lee S. Friedman , Donald Hedeker and Elihu D. Richter . `` Long - Term Effects of Repealing the National Maximum Speed Limit in the United States . '' American Journal of Public Health , September 2009 , v. 99 ( 9 ) : 1626 - 1631 . Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc2724439/ Jump up ^ Kramer , Larry ( March 10 , 1978 ) . `` Odometer Security Rules Due '' . Washington Post . p . B11 . Retrieved July 22 , 2008 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( effective September 1 , 1979 ) . 49 C.F.R. 571.127 `` Standard No. 127 Speedometers and Odometers . '' Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Conlon , Michael J. ( October 22 , 1981 ) . `` Speedometer Rules Slated for Scrapping '' . United Press International . Retrieved July 22 , 2008 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ McComas , Richard ( 2004 - 12 - 05 ) . `` 400 + Hole Card Hand Names '' . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Bennett , James T. ( 2014 ) . Mandate Madness : How Congress Forces States and Localities to Do Its Bidding . New Brunswick , New Jersey : Transaction Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4128 - 5372 - 9 . Jump up ^ Advertising Council and U.S. Department of Transportation , `` 55 Saves Lives , '' 1977 . Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?V=0vlfe6NiYse Jump up ^ Advertising Council and U.S. Department of Transportation , `` 55 mph : It 's A Law We Can Live With , '' 1978 . Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?watch?v-GxBeSp8m5bw Jump up ^ Van Riper , A. Bowdoin ( 2002 ) . Science in Popular Culture : A Reference Guide . Westport , Connecticut , USA : Greenwood Press . p. 268 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 31822 - 0 . Further reading ( edit ) Singell , Larry D. ; McNown , Robert F. ( October 1985 ) . `` A Cost - Benefit Analysis of the 55 MPH Speed Limit : Reply '' . Southern Economic Journal . Chapel Hill , NC : Southern Economic Association , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . 52 ( 2 ) : 550 -- 553 . doi : 10.2307 / 1059644 . ISSN 0038 - 4038 . JSTOR 1059644 . Clotfelter , Charles T. ; Hahn , John C. ( June 1978 ) . `` Assessing the 55 MPH National Speed Limit '' . Policy Sciences . Springer Netherlands . 9 ( 3 ) : 281 -- 294 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00136831 . ISSN 0032 - 2687 . Rask , Mark . `` American Autobahn : The Road To An Interstate Freeway With No Speed Limit . '' Minneapolis , MN : Vanguard , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 9669136 - 0 - 4 . LCCN : 98 - 90867 . Baxter , James J. `` Thirty Years Down , Many More to Go . '' Driving Freedoms , Vol. 23 , Issue 1 , Winter 2012 . National Motorists Association Foundation , Waunakee , WI . Retrieved from http://www.motorists.org/newsletter/ . `` The 20th Anniversary of the Repeal of the 55 mph National Maximum Speed Limit : A look at the impact of the NMA 's defining achievement in motorists ' rights . '' Driving Freedoms , Vol. 26 , Issue 3 , Summer 2015 , pp 6 -- 7 . National Motorists Association Foundation , Waunakee , WI . Retrieved from http://www.motorists.org/newsletter/ . External links ( edit ) External images `` Photograph of 55 mph speed limit replacing a 70 mph limit '' . February 12 , 1974 . `` Photograph of KSDOT workers changing a 75 mph sign to 55 mph '' . 1974 . Speed Limits in the United States Road Limits ( by jurisdiction ) Rail Limits National Mandates World War II ( 1942 -- 1945 ) National Maximum Speed Law ( 1974 -- 1995 ) Traffic law and safety Rules of the road All - way stop Assured clear distance ahead Australian Road Rules Boulevard rule Green Cross Code Move over law New Zealand Road Code Overtaking Left - and right - hand traffic Right - of - way School bus traffic stop laws Traffic code Turn on red Vienna Convention on Road Traffic Road user guides Driver 's manual The Highway Code The Highway Code ( Malta ) Road Users ' Code Rules of the Road ( Ireland ) Enforcement Impaired driving Breathalyzer Field sobriety testing Camera Enforcement Red light Highway patrol / State police Parking enforcement Road traffic control Textalyzer Traffic court Traffic guard Traffic stop Traffic ticket Warning Speed limit Advisory speed limit Assured clear distance ahead National Maximum Speed Law School zone Speed limit enforcement Speed limits by country Category : Speed limits by country Moving violations Impaired driving Canada United States Distracted driving Mobile phones and driving Texting while driving Reckless driving Street racing Tailgating Vehicular homicide Wrong - way driving Driver licensing Commercial driver 's license European driving licence Graduated driver licensing Inter-American Driving Permit International Driving Permit Learner 's permit Point system Driving licences by country List of countries by minimum driving age Traffic violations reciprocity Commercial Driver 's License Information System Driver License Agreement Driver License Compact Non-Resident Violator Compact Parking Alternate - side parking Decriminalised parking enforcement Disabled parking permit Double parking Parking chair Parking violation Wheel clamp Car safety Seat belt laws Click It or Ticket Clunk Click Every Trip Road safety Tachograph Digital tachograph Drivers ' working hours ( Europe ) Epilepsy and driving Hours of service ( US ) `` How 's my driving ? '' sign Old age and driving Sleep deprived driving Slow moving vehicle Vision Zero Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Maximum_Speed_Law&oldid=852445115 '' Categories : Road transport United States federal transportation legislation United States repealed legislation Traffic law Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Webarchive template archiveis links Use mdy dates from April 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti Edit links This page was last edited on 29 July 2018 , at 01 : 44 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Maximum%20Speed%20Law

two lovely black eyes oh what a surprise

Charles Coborn

charles coborn

Colin Whitton McCallum ( 4 August 1852 -- 23 November 1945 ) , known by his stage name Charles Coborn , was a British music hall singer and comedian . In a long career , Coborn was known largely for two comic songs : `` Two Lovely Black Eyes '' , and `` The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo . ''

Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 2 Selected filmography 3 References 4 External links Biography ( edit ) He was born in Stepney , east London , and adopted his stage name from Coborn Road , near Mile End . He made his music hall debut on the Isle of Dogs in 1872 , and by 1879 was being billed at the Oxford Music Hall in London as `` The Comic of the Day '' . In 1886 , he heard American William J. Scanlan 's song `` My Nellie 's Blue Eyes '' . Liking the melody but not the words , Coborn rewrote it as `` Two Lovely Black Eyes '' , and began performing it regularly wearing a faded frock coat , carrying a battered umbrella and with two blackened eyes . He premièred it at the Paragon Theatre , in the Mile End Road , and the song was instantly successful . In 1891 , he bought the rights to Fred Gilbert 's song , `` The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo '' . When Gilbert first offered the song , Coborn was reluctant to adopt it . In his autobiography he stated : `` ( I ) liked the tune very much , especially the chorus , but I was rather afraid that some of the phrasing was rather too highbrow for an average music hall audience . '' But when he found that he could not get the chorus out of his head , he changed his mind . The song became a staple of his act , and he performed it on tour in different languages throughout the world . Coborn later estimated that he had performed the song 250,000 times in the course of his career , and could sing it in 14 languages . Coborn confirmed that Gilbert 's inspiration was the gambler and confidence trickster Charles Wells , who was reported to have won one - and - a-half million francs at the Monte Carlo casino , using the profits from previous fraud . Coborn 's other , less successful , songs included `` Should Husbands Work ? '' , in which he took up the music hall tradition of ( normally conservative ) social comment ; `` I 've Loved Another Girl Since Then '' ; `` He 's All Right When You Know Him '' ; and `` I 've Never Turned Money Away '' , which created controversy when Coborn performed it in the stereotyped manner of a Jew in a Jewish - owned theatre . He apologised afterwards , but was banned from appearing at the venue again . He toured extensively , and performed in New York City and Toronto in 1900 . Described as a ' literate man of high principles ' , he was never fully accepted by the music hall establishment , but undertook much charitable work in the First World War and later in efforts to improve the conditions of music hall entertainers . He continued to make occasional appearances , including a performance in the 1943 film Variety Jubilee at the age of 91 . He died in London in 1945 . He is buried with his wife in Brompton Cemetery , London . Recordings that he made in the 1920s can be found on the Chairman 's Choice - Music Hall Greats album . His eldest son , Major Duncan McCallum , became MP for Argyll . Selected filmography ( edit ) Say It With Flowers ( 1934 ) Variety Jubilee ( 1943 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Charles Coborn '' . Rfwilmut.clara.net . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Whitton and Ritch Genealogy from Scotland '' . Robertwhitton.eu. 1945 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Gammond , Peter ( 1991 ) . The Oxford Companion to Popular Music . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 122 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 311323 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Baker , Richard Anthony ( 2014 ) . British Music Hall : An Illustrated History . Barnsley : Pen & Sword . pp. 228 -- 230 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78383 - 118 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` cockney history , tower hamlets , east end of london , Charles Coborn , music hall , Bow , Mile End , Victorian '' . 2007 - 10 - 30 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Quinn , R . The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo , Charles Deville Wells , Gambler and Fraudster Extraordinaire ( Stroud , The History Press , 2016 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7509 - 6177 - 6 . Jump up ^ The Times , 13 July 1893 Jump up ^ Michael Kilgarriff ( 1998 ) Sing Us One of the Old Songs : A Guide to Popular Song 1860 -- 1920 Jump up ^ Coborn , C. : The Man who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo ( pp. 227 -- 8 ) : ( London : Hutchinson , c. 1928 ) Jump up ^ Bill Clark . `` Chairman 's Choice - Music Hall Greats - Windyridge CDR22 '' . Musichallcds.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original works written by or about : Charles Coborn Charles Coborn - you can hear him singing `` The Man who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo '' , Video on YouTube Charles Coborn on IMDb Charles Coborn at AllMusic VIAF : 24791602 LCCN : no2002082402 BNF : cb139407079 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Coborn&oldid=789235559 '' Categories : 1852 births 1945 deaths Music hall performers British male singers Burials at Brompton Cemetery People from Stepney 19th - century English people 20th - century British people Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Use dmy dates from April 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 6 July 2017 , at 05 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Coborn

can i make a wikipedia page for myself

Wikipedia : autobiography

wikipedia : autobiography

Writing an autobiography on Wikipedia is an example of conflict of interest editing and is strongly discouraged . Editing a biography about yourself is acceptable only if you are removing unambiguous vandalism or clear - cut and serious violations of our biography of living persons policy .

Wikipedia has gone through many prolonged disputes about the significance , factual accuracy , and neutrality of such articles . Avoiding such editing keeps Wikipedia neutral and helps avoid pushing a particular point of view . Writing autobiographies is discouraged because it is difficult to write a neutral , verifiable autobiography , and there are many pitfalls . If you have been published elsewhere on a topic , we welcome your expertise on the subject for Wikipedia articles . However , every Wikipedia article must cover its subject in a neutral , fair , and comprehensive way to advance knowledge of the subject as a whole . Please forget your biases while enriching the Wikipedia readers ' knowledge . Articles that exist primarily to advance the interests of the contributor will likely be deleted . Contents ( hide ) 1 The problem with autobiographies 1.1 Why these problems exist 2 If Wikipedia already has an article about you 3 Problems in an article about you 4 Creating an article about yourself 5 See also 6 References The problem with autobiographies It is said that Zaphod Beeblebrox 's birth was marked by earthquakes , tidal waves , tornadoes , firestorms , the explosion of three neighbouring stars , and , shortly afterwards , by the issuing of over six and three quarter million writs for damages from all of the major landowners in his Galactic sector . However , the only person by whom this is said is Beeblebrox himself , and there are several possible theories to explain this . -- The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy , Fit the Ninth There are a number of fundamental problems with autobiographies : They are often biased , usually positively . People will write overly positive impressions of themselves , and often present opinions as facts . Wikipedia aims to avoid presenting opinions as facts . ( Neutral point of view does not mean simply writing in the third person ) . They can be unverifiable . If the only source for a particular fact about you is yourself , then readers can not verify it . ( One common area where this is the case is with hopes , dreams , thoughts , and aspirations . There is no way for readers to verify what you think . ) Everything in Wikipedia articles must be verifiable . They can contain original research . People often include in autobiographies information that has never been published before , or which is the result of firsthand knowledge . This type of information would require readers to perform primary research to verify it . Wikipedia does not distribute previously - unpublished information ; original research is not permitted in Wikipedia . Why these problems exist Just because you honestly believe you are being neutral does n't mean you are . Unconscious biases can and do exist , and are a very common cause of the problems with autobiographies -- which is why we discourage autobiographies themselves and not just active , deliberate self - promotion . Not only does this affect neutrality but it also affects the verifiability and unoriginal research of the autobiography . One may inadvertently slip things in that one may not think need to be attributable even though they do , due to those very same biases . The threshold between objectivity and autobiographical puffery is culturally constructed and the measure derives from what we are accustomed to consuming as disinterested journalism . The more truly neutral the source , the more truly diverse the sources , the more truly relevant the information , the less risk of the material presenting a self - aggrandizing impression . The principle of neutrality can be understood from the idea that facts appear impressive only when presented matter - of - factly . Merely using neutral language does not guarantee that the language will sound neutral . Even if you believe you can synthesize an autobiography based only on verifiable material that is not original research you may still not be able to synthesize it in a completely neutral manner . For example , a recognized authority or prominent figure ( or a writer composing on the person 's behalf ) might list objective summary data indicating such things as the sheer volume of one 's published material , or the fact that their work has been translated into numerous languages or performed abroad . True claims expressing mere volume or scope can present a non-neutral impression that is usually recognizable to observers as deliberate self - aggrandizement as opposed to restrained journalism . Likewise , deep biographical detail , such as details of one 's religious beliefs , the careers of one 's non-notable family members , or the mere fact that one has famous friends may not become relevant until and unless one has gained substantial fame . Avoid writing your own eulogy : as economist John Maynard Keynes pointed out , `` In the long run , we 're all dead . '' If Wikipedia already has an article about you Shortcut : WP : AUTO # IFEXIST It is difficult to write neutrally and objectively about oneself ( see above about unconscious biases ) . You should generally let others do the writing . Contributing material or making suggestions on the article 's talk page is considered proper -- let independent editors write it into the article itself or approve it if you still want to make the changes yourself . It may help attract attention to your talk page request to include the ( ( request edit ) ) template as part of the request . In clear - cut cases , it is permissible to edit pages connected to yourself . So , you can revert vandalism ; but of course it has to be simple , obvious vandalism and not a content dispute . Similarly , you should feel free to remove obviously mistaken facts about yourself , such as marital status , current employer , place of birth , and so on . ( Note it on the talk page . ) If the fact has different interpretations , others will edit it . Since Wikipedia is an encyclopedia , it should be a tertiary source -- it should not contain any `` new '' information or theories ( see Wikipedia : No original research ) and most information should exist in checkable third - party sources . Facts , retellings of events , and clarifications which you may wish to have added to an article about yourself must be verifiable with reliable sources . If you are a regular Wikipedia editor , you can identify yourself on the article 's talk page with the ( ( Notable Wikipedian ) ) notice . Problems in an article about you Shortcut : WP : AUTOPROB Main page : Wikipedia : Contact us / Article problem / Factual error ( from subject ) If Wikipedia has an article about you , we want it to be accurate , fair , balanced and neutral -- to accurately reflect the sourced , cited opinions of reliable sources . If you believe reliable sources exist which will make the article more balanced , you can help by pointing other editors to such sources . You may wish to make suggestions on the article 's talk page or , if the problem is clear - cut and uncontroversial , you may wish to edit the page yourself . If your edit may be misinterpreted , you should explain it on the talk page . Note that if the fact has different interpretations , others will edit it . Your edits are more likely to be accepted if they are neutral and well - sourced to third parties . If others do not agree with the changes you propose , you may pursue dispute resolution . For instance , the Biographies of living persons noticeboard may offer a forum for impartial contributors to help resolve differences . If you feel insufficient attention is being paid to problems with an article about you , try placing a note on the help desk detailing the problems . Legal problems with material in an article about you , please email info-en-q@wikimedia.org promptly with full details . But do not post legal threats on Wikipedia itself ( articles , talk pages , noticeboards ) -- doing so is a serious violation of Wikipedia rules ( see WP : No legal threats ) and will lead to your being immediately blocked from further editing until you withdraw the threat . If the article about you has no photo , or you can supply a better one , feel free to contribute one under a suitable free content license . ( If you did not create the photo yourself e.g. photos from promotional materials , make sure you have the legal authority to release the photo under such a license . ) Creating an article about yourself Policy shortcut : WP : YOURSELF Upon some of Cato 's friends expressing their surprise , that while many persons without merit or reputation had statues , he had none , he answered , `` I had much rather it should be asked why the people have not erected a statue to Cato , than why they have . '' Encyclopaedia Britannica ( 1797 ) If your life and achievements are verifiable and genuinely notable , someone else will probably create an article about you sooner or later . ( See Wikipedia : Wikipedians with articles . ) Creating an article about yourself is strongly discouraged . We want biographies here , not autobiographies . Independent creation encourages independent validation of both significance and verifiability . All edits to articles must conform to Wikipedia : No original research , Wikipedia : Neutral point of view , and Wikipedia : Verifiability . Even if you did manage to pull off an autobiography conforming to our content policies , it still may not get checked simply because you made it . If no third party has yet created an article about you , there is the danger that , should the article be vandalised , there will be no interested editors watching and the vandalism may remain uncorrected for long periods . Self - created articles are often listed on articles for deletion . Deletion is not certain , but many feel strongly that you should not start articles about yourself . Beware that third - party comments may be most uncomplimentary . Many people exaggerate their own significance or notability above what third parties would think . If you are not `` notable '' under Wikipedia guidelines , an article you create about yourself may qualify for speedy deletion . Note that anything you submit will be edited mercilessly by others . Many autobiographical articles have been a source of dismay to their original authors after a period of editing by the community , and in several instances have been listed for deletion by their original authors . In some cases the article is kept even if the original author requests otherwise . If you create an autobiography , you must have no promotional intent and must be willing to accept it being neutralized if it is not neutral , or even deleted if it comes to that . If you do turn out to be notable , you must expect the article to stay -- you can not just get it deleted because you are not happy with it . Our neutral point of view policy is absolute and non-negotiable , and all encyclopedic topics are fair game for Wikipedia . One thing you can do to assist other Wikipedia editors : if you already maintain a personal website , please ensure that any information that you want in your Wikipedia article is already on your own website . As long as it 's not involving grandiose claims like `` I was the first to create this widget , '' or `` My book was the biggest seller that year , '' a personal website can be used as a reference for basic biographical information . As the Wikipedia : Verifiability policy states : Self - published sources and other published sources of dubious reliability may be used as sources in articles about themselves ... so long as the material is neither unduly self - serving nor an exceptional claim , it does not involve claims about third parties , it does not involve claims about events not directly related to the source , there is no reasonable doubt as to its authenticity , ( and ) the article is not based primarily on such sources . '' Finally , you should also consider the time and effort expended by the Wikipedia community , as well as the impact to your reputation . Even if you do manage to pull off a neutral , verifiable autobiography , the very fact that so many autobiographies have not been that way has trained Wikipedians to expect the opposite -- and hence editors may feel they are wasting their time or effort if they become provoked by the fact it 's still an autobiography , regardless of policy compliance . This may also result in a reputation hit not only because you violated the guideline , but also because editors may feel that you have wasted their effort . The proper way to get your own writing about yourself into Wikipedia if you really think that you can meet the inclusion criteria and are willing to accept having a neutral , non-promotional article , is to make a proposal at Articles for creation containing the text you want , instead of just putting it into the encyclopedia directly , and seek the consensus of the community through discussion . Not only does this provide independent viewpoints on it that can allow you to discover biases you were not aware of having , it also helps provide an indication of good faith and that you are willing to put the interests of Wikipedia first instead of standing in a conflict of interest . See also Adding a photo of you to Wikipedia -- why you should do it , and how . Adding an audio recording of your voice to Wikipedia -- why you should do it , and how . How to report problems in an article about you ( also for suggesting updates ) Wikipedia : An article about yourself is nothing to be proud of Wikipedia : Biographies of living persons Wikipedia : Conflict of interest Wikipedia : Criteria for speedy deletion # A7 ( articles about real people that do not indicate why their subject is important or significant can be speedily deleted ) Wikipedia : Notability ( people ) Wikipedia : Notable person survival kit Category : Notable Wikipedians Template : Notable Wikipedian Template : Autobiography Template : COI References Jump up ^ Rogers Cadenhead ( 2005 - 12 - 19 ) . `` Wikipedia Founder Looks Out for Number 1 '' . cadenhead.org . ( hide ) Wikipedia key policies and guidelines Five pillars What Wikipedia is not Ignore all rules Content Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Autobiography Image use Wikipedia is not a dictionary Article titles Notability Citing sources Identifying reliable sources medicine Do not include copies of primary sources Plagiarism Do n't create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Conduct Civility Consensus Editing policy Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sock puppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid - contribution disclosure Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Deletion Deletion policy Proposed deletion Criteria for speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Proposed deletion of BLP Proposed deletion ( books ) Revision deletion Enforcement Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection Editing Article size Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Set index articles Subpages User pages Talk page guidelines Signatures Broad - concept article Project namespace WikiProjects Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Understandability Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories , lists , and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace WMF List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy Values FAQ List of all policies and guidelines List of policies List of guidelines Lists of attempts in creating fundamental principles Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Autobiography&oldid=799345283 '' Categories : Wikipedia content guidelines WikiProject Biography Wikipedia conflict of interest guidelines Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected project pages Wikipedia move - protected project pages Talk Project page Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Wikidata Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe اردو ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 September 2017 , at 03 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . Privacy policy About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia%3AAutobiography

who is the youngest player in the mls

Freddy Adu

freddy adu

Fredua Koranteng `` Freddy '' Adu ( born June 2 , 1989 ) is an American soccer player who plays for Las Vegas Lights FC in the United Soccer League . Adu plays primarily as an attacking midfielder , but he is also used as a winger or forward .

At the age of 14 , he became the youngest athlete ever to sign a professional contract in the United States , after he was selected by D.C. United in the 2004 MLS SuperDraft on January 16 , 2004 . Three months later , on April 3 , 2004 , he became the youngest player to appear in a Major League Soccer ( MLS ) game when he came on as a substitute in a game against the San Jose Earthquakes . Two weeks later , on April 17 , he became the youngest scorer in MLS history , scoring a goal in a 3 -- 2 loss to the MetroStars . From even before the time of his signing with D.C. United , Adu was spoken of and treated as the future of United States soccer ; even being referred to as `` the next Pelé '' . However , he failed to live up to the expectations and after leaving D.C. United in 2006 , has turned into a journeyman , playing for thirteen teams in eight different countries : the United States , Portugal , Monaco , Greece , Turkey , Brazil , Serbia , and Finland . Contents ( hide ) 1 Childhood 2 Professional career 2.1 Signing with MLS 2.2 D.C. United 2.3 Real Salt Lake 2.4 Benfica 2.4. 1 Loans 2.5 Philadelphia Union 2.6 Bahia 2.7 2014 trials 2.8 Jagodina 2.9 KuPS 2.10 Tampa Bay Rowdies 2.11 2017 trials 2.12 Las Vegas Lights FC 3 International career 3.1 Youth teams 3.2 Senior team 4 Personal life 5 References 6 External links Childhood ( edit ) Adu , a Ghanaian American , grew up in the port city of Tema , Ghana , where he played soccer against men three times his age . In 1997 , when he was eight , his mother won the Green Card Lottery , and his family moved to Rockville , Maryland , in the United States , where he attended Sequoyah Elementary School . In February 2003 , he became a U.S. citizen . Soon after arriving in the United States , he was discovered by a local soccer coach and began playing with boys several years older . Adu attended The Heights School , a private school in Potomac , Maryland , for several years . While playing with the U.S. Olympic Development Program in an under - 14 tournament against the youth squads of such traditionally strong Italian teams as Lazio and Juventus , Adu 's team won the competition , he led the tournament in scoring , and he was named MVP . Professional career ( edit ) Signing with MLS ( edit ) At the age of 14 , Adu became the youngest American ever to sign a major league professional contract in any team sport when he was chosen by D.C. United as the number one overall pick in the 2004 MLS SuperDraft . In order to allow Adu to play close to home , MLS assigned him to D.C. United on November 18 , 2003 , working a deal with the Dallas Burn , who owned the top pick in the 2004 MLS SuperDraft . Dallas was compensated with a player allocation . Having already signed with D.C. United , Adu effectively became the first player selected in that draft , two months before it officially took place . D.C. United had previously signed American youngsters Bobby Convey in 2000 , and Santino Quaranta in 2001 -- both aged 16 and the youngest player in MLS at the times of being drafted . D.C. United ( edit ) Adu playing for D.C. United On April 3 , Adu came on in United 's first game of the 2004 season against the San Jose Earthquakes as a second - half substitute , making him the youngest player ever to appear in United States professional sports . On April 17 , at the age of fourteen , Adu scored his first professional goal in the 75th minute of a 3 -- 2 away loss against the MetroStars . In doing so , he became the youngest player in MLS history to score a goal . In his first season as a pro , Adu finished the year with five goals and three assists , while playing in all 30 regular season games . Although briefly a starter , Adu was relegated to a substitute when D.C. United acquired central midfielder Christian Gómez mid-season , and it was in this role that he appeared in United 's MLS Cup victory . He played in three of four playoff games by D.C. United , assisting in one goal during that time . Adu was criticized from a number of different angles in his first season as a professional . Some commentators have suggested that Adu was too young to be playing professionally and that he needed more time to develop mentally and physically amongst players his own age . In his second season , he was suspended for one game after he complained about his playing time in the media . During November 2006 , Adu had a trial with English club Manchester United for a fortnight , but he was not able to gain a work permit and so could not play in any competitive games , and only trained with several players from the Manchester United academy during his two weeks . Continued development , especially of his defensive skills , helped Adu become a starting midfielder during the 2006 season . In addition , Adu had been chosen to take spot kicks during D.C. United 's two penalty shootouts -- scoring on both attempts . He was selected to the MLS All - Star team twice , once as a commissioner 's choice and once as the coach 's . He was selected to the MLS 2006 semifinals Best XI by Soccer America magazine . In 2005 , he was nominated for FIFPRO Young player of the year . Real Salt Lake ( edit ) On December 11 , 2006 , D.C. United traded Adu and goalkeeper Nick Rimando to Real Salt Lake in exchange for a major allocation , goalkeeper Jay Nolly , and future considerations . Adu made his debut for Real Salt Lake on April 7 , 2007 , playing the full 90 minutes in a 2 -- 2 draw with FC Dallas . He scored his first goal for the club on May 20 , 2007 , converting a penalty kick in the 68th minute of a 2 -- 1 loss to FC Dallas . Adu went on to score his second goal with Salt Lake from another penalty in a 1 -- 1 draw in an exhibition against Boca Juniors . Adu was also captain of the U-20 United States men 's national team in the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup , where he made an impressive showing . After the conclusion of that tournament , Benfica of the Portuguese Liga secured Adu 's rights from MLS for a transfer fee of $2 million . Benfica ( edit ) On July 28 , 2007 , Adu opted out of playing for Real in their regular - season match , and later that day , boarded a plane to Portugal to negotiate with Benfica . On July 30 , Benfica issued an official statement announcing that Adu had been transferred to their club . The following day , the signing was completed and he trained with the team in Lisbon . Adu cost Benfica US $2 million . On August 14 , 2007 , Adu made his debut with Benfica against Copenhagen in a UEFA Champions League qualifying match , coming into the game in the 37th minute as a substitute . Loans ( edit ) In July 2008 , Adu joined French club AS Monaco on a season - long loan , with an option to join the Ligue 1 club permanently at the end of the deal , an option that was eventually declined by Monaco . In July 2009 , after participating in the Gold Cup game against Honduras , he returned to Benfica for training . Adu was loaned to Portuguese club Belenenses for the 2009 -- 10 season . On October 13 , Adu made his first league start in Portugal , a 1 -- 0 loss to Nacional . Adu was injured just before half time , and was substituted . In December 2009 Adu 's season long loan was cut short . Adu signed a 12 - month loan deal with Greek side Aris in January 2010 , joining fellow USA international Eddie Johnson . Assigned squad number 11 , Adu made his debut on January 31 and assisted a 90th - minute goal by Johnson . He scored his first goal on February 14 against Ergotelis . On February 1 , 2011 , Adu moved to Turkish Second Division side Çaykur Rizespor on what was his fourth loan deal away from Benfica . Adu made his debut for his new club on February 20 . He set up teammates Mithat Yaşar and Gökhan Kaba with goals in a 3 -- 0 win over Orduspor and was named Man of the Match . Two weeks later , on March 6 , Adu scored his first goal for his new club in a 1 -- 0 win over Gaziantep Büyükşehir Belediyespor . Philadelphia Union ( edit ) In August 2011 , Adu returned to Major League Soccer , signing with Philadelphia Union , reuniting him with former D.C. United and United States national U-23 coach Piotr Nowak . Though terms were not disclosed , as per club policy , it was stated that he was not a designated player . Adu debuted for Philadelphia Union on August 13 in a match against FC Dallas and scored his first goal for the club on September 7 , 2011 against New England Revolution . Bahia ( edit ) On April 5 , 2013 , Adu joined Bahia of Brazil . The deal also saw Kléberson move in the opposite direction . He was released by the club on November 7 , 2013 . 2014 trials ( edit ) After his release from Bahia he started a succession of unsuccessful trials around Europe . In February 2014 , Adu began training with Blackpool . However , at the end of February they decided against offering Adu a contract , though they gave permission for him to continue training with club to aid his fitness . In June 2014 , Adu began training with Norwegian club Stabæk , managed by former United States national team coach Bob Bradley . In July 2014 , Adu joined Dutch club AZ Alkmaar on trial , but he did not convince the club to offer him a contract . Jagodina ( edit ) After a trial with AZ that ended without a contract , Adu signed with Serbian club FK Jagodina on July 24 , 2014 . On July 25 , it was announced that Adu had signed a one - and - a-half year contract with Jagodina . Adu made his debut for Jagodina on September 24 , 2014 , coming on as a second - half substitute in a Serbian Cup match against FK BSK Borča . To date , this is his only first - team appearance for the club . Adu was released by Jagodina , who opted not to renew his six - month contract , on December 21 , 2014 . Following Adu 's release from Jagodina , Adu was linked with a move to the Swedish Allsvenskan in February 2015 . KuPS ( edit ) On March 28 , 2015 , KuPS announced the signing of Adu on a one - year contract , subject to passing a medical . Adu also played some games for KuPS ' reserve team SC Kufu in the Finnish third division . On July 7 of the same year Adu exercised an option in his contract to terminate it . Tampa Bay Rowdies ( edit ) On July 14 , 2015 , Tampa Bay Rowdies of the North American Soccer League announced the signing of Adu . Contract details of the signing were not disclosed . It is his 12th professional club . 2017 trials ( edit ) Prior to the 2017 MLS season , Adu went on trial with the Portland Timbers but was not offered a contract . Adu then went on trial with newly promoted Polish Ekstraklasa side Sandecja Nowy Sącz in August 2017 . Las Vegas Lights FC ( edit ) Adu joined the expansion Las Vegas Lights FC on a trial basis prior to the 2018 season . Adu was not selected for either of the team 's first two preseason matches . He was selected for the third and final preseason match against his former club D.C. United , playing 30 minutes and notching an assist -- the first assist recorded in club history and his first in nearly three years -- in a 4 - 2 defeat . On March 15 , 2018 , Las Vegas added Adu to the regular season roster . International career ( edit ) Youth teams ( edit ) Adu played for the United States in five international youth tournaments : the 2003 FIFA U-17 World Championship in Finland , the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship in the United Arab Emirates , the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship in the Netherlands , the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Canada , and the 2008 Summer Olympics . Adu captained the United States U-20 men 's national team in January 2007 as it qualified for the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Canada . By playing in the 2007 tournament finals , held from June to July , Adu became only the second player in the world to play in three FIFA U-20 World Cups . On July 3 , 2007 , Adu scored a hat - trick in U.S. 's 6 -- 1 victory over Poland in the group stage of the tournament . This accomplishment made him the first player to ever score a hat trick in both the U-20 and U-17 World Cups . In the following 2 -- 1 victory over Brazil Adu assisted on both USA goals by Jozy Altidore . Adu helped lead the U-23 men 's national team in its campaign to qualify for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , China . He scored two goals from free kicks in the U.S. 's 3 -- 0 win over Canada in the semifinals of the tournament , which ultimately qualified them for the Olympics along with Honduras . He scored four goals in total in the three games in which he played , leading all players in scoring , and was selected to the tournament Best XI . Adu was named to the 18 - man squad that represented the United States in the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing . Adu played in the first two games of group play against Japan and Netherlands . He assisted on a Sacha Kljestan goal in the Netherlands match , but he , as well as teammate Michael Bradley , was then suspended for the final game of group play against Nigeria after each player earned his second yellow card of group play late in the Netherlands match . The US team was eliminated from the Olympics after falling to Nigeria . Senior team ( edit ) Adu was recruited early in his career by the Ghanaian national team . Although he was open to playing for Ghana , he ultimately decided against it . Adu was called into the national team 's training camp by coach Bruce Arena in January 2006 for a friendly match against Canada . Adu was capped in that game on January 22 ( at 16 years and 234 days ) , becoming the youngest player to debut with the U.S. national team when he replaced an injured Eddie Johnson in the 81st minute at Torero Stadium in San Diego , California . Adu made his first start for the senior international team in a friendly against South Africa on November 17 , 2007 . Adu played in both legs of the 2nd round qualifiers for the 2010 World Cup against Barbados on June 8 and 22 , 2008 , starting in the latter . He provided the assist on Eddie Lewis ' goal , the lone goal in the 2nd leg of the United States 1 -- 0 victory ( 9 -- 0 aggregate ) in Barbados . Adu scored his first international goal ( at 19 years and 170 days ) as a member of the full U.S. national squad from a free kick in a November 19 , 2008 , World Cup qualifier against Guatemala . Despite a two - year absence from the national team due to his increasingly unstable club situation , Adu was a shock inclusion in the U.S. roster for the 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup , making the team despite playing for a second division club . After having failed to make an appearance in the team 's friendly against Spain as well as the first four tournament matches , Adu was a surprise substitute in the semifinal against Panama , coming on in the second half of a scoreless draw for Juan Agudelo . It was Adu 's pass from mid-field that freed Landon Donovan on a counterattack , where he was able to cross the ball to Clint Dempsey for the winner . Adu started the following game , the 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup final vs. Mexico . He had a hand in both of the U.S. goals as they lost 4 -- 2 . Personal life ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : more recent information . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2017 ) Adu dated American singer JoJo from May 2005 until September 2006 . A Washington Post article in November 2006 reported that the couple split after one year . JoJo mentioned on American Top 40 with Ryan Seacrest that she and Adu were still good friends . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Player Bio Freddy Adu '' . ussoccer.com . United States Soccer Federation . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2014 . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Is the next Freddy Adu , well , Freddy Adu ? '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ `` Freddy Adu is right on track -- MLS -- soccer -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . November 1 , 2011 . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Freddy Adu , 26 , joins Tampa Bay -- his 13th professional club '' . BBC Sport . July 15 , 2015 . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wahl , Grant ( March 3 , 2003 ) . `` Who 's Next ? Freddy Adu at 13 , America 's soccer prodigy has the world at his feet '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved May 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ La Canfora , Jason ( August 24 , 2001 ) . `` A 12 - Year - Old 's Amazing Feat '' . The Washington Post . pp. A01 . Jump up ^ At the time , it was believed that a baseball player named Fred Chapman pitched one game for the Philadelphia Athletics of the American Association in 1887 at the age of 14 . Subsequent research revealed that this player was actually named Frank Chapman , and was 26 years old when he made his sole big - league appearance . Jump up ^ `` Fire , Adu-less United go scoreless in playoffs opener '' . usatoday.com . October 21 , 2005 . Retrieved July 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ White , Joseph ( October 18 , 2005 ) . `` Upset over playing time , Adu hints at leaving United '' . usatoday.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ferguson confirms interest in Adu '' . BBC Sport . November 10 , 2006 . Retrieved June 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Adu starts two - week Man Utd trial '' . BBC Sport . November 20 , 2006 . Retrieved June 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Looking back : Unforgettable in every way '' . mlsnet.com . May 11 , 2005 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2006 . Retrieved September 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` FC Dallas use shootout to boot out D.C. '' mlsnet.com . August 24 , 2005 . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2005 . Retrieved September 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` FIFPro Young Player Award nominations announced '' . fifpro.org . August 18 , 2005 . Retrieved May 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ready for Freddy ! Real Salt Lake acquires teen phenom Freddy Adu from D.C. United '' . mlsnet.com . December 11 , 2006 . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2007 . Retrieved December 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Match Tracker : FC Dallas v. Real Salt Lake '' . mlsnet.com. April 7 , 2007 . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2007 . Retrieved April 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Match Tracker : Real Salt Lake v. FC Dallas '' . mlsnet.com . May 20 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2009 . Retrieved May 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Freddy Adu still in Benfica 's sights '' . CBC.ca . Associated Press . July 25 , 2007 . Retrieved December 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Major League Soccer : News : Article Archived June 27 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Sport Lisboa e Benfica -- Futebol SAD announces agreement of principle for the purchase of football player Freddy Adu '' ( PDF ) . SL Benfica ( in Portuguese ) . Published by CMVM . July 30 , 2007 . Retrieved October 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Adu to return to Portugal 's Benfica SI.com , May 8 , 2009 Jump up ^ Adu Returns to Portugal Archived January 13 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Soccer365 , July 9 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Adu Sent To Belenenses On Loan -- '' . Goal.com . August 31 , 2009 . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Adu 's first Belenenses start lasts 45 minutes '' . Sports Illustrated . October 13 , 2009 . Retrieved October 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Adu 's loan to Belenenses reportedly killed '' . CNN . December 29 , 2009 . Retrieved May 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Π. Α. Ε . Άρης Archived January 14 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` : : Yanks Abroad -- International Soccer , Made in America : : '' . Yanks-abroad.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Freddy Adu headed to Rizespor in Turkey '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived December 15 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Adu named Man of the Match in 1st game with Rizespor IMG Academy Blog '' . Imgacademy.com . February 22 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2013 . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Çaykur Rizespor vs Gaziantep Büyükşehir Belediyespor LIVE Commentary -- '' . Goal.com . March 6 , 2011 . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rizespor -- Gaziantep 1 -- 0 Freddy Adu -- YouTube '' . YouTube.com . March 6 , 2011 . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goff , Steven ( August 11 , 2011 ) . `` Stats , scores and schedules '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Zeitlin , Dave ( August 12 , 2011 ) . `` Freddy Adu returns to MLS , joins Philadelphia Union '' . MLSsoccer.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Union mount big comeback to tie Revolution 4 -- 4 '' . philadelphiaunion.com . September 7 , 2011 . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Freddy Adu é o novo reforço do Bahia - Esporte Clube Bahia '' . June 26 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Freddy Adu to be released from Brazilian club Bahia due to `` technical deficiencies '' `` . nbcsports.com . Jump up ^ `` Freddy Adu -- Ten Years On '' -- Blackpool F.C. 's official YouTube channel Jump up ^ `` No contract offer for Freddy Adu '' . Blackpool Gazette . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Freddy Adu heads to Norway to train with Bob Bradley 's Stabaek '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved June 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Freddy Adu 's trial at AZ Alkmaar ends without a contract offer '' . Sports Illustrated . si.com . July 13 , 2014 . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) FK Jagodina : Fredi Adu stigao u Jagodinu ( Serbian ) July 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ ( 3 ) MLS Soccer : American Exports : Freddy Adu lands in Serbia with FK Jagodina -- July 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jevremović , G. Blic Sport : Jagodina dovela nekadašnjeg `` novog Pelea '' , Fredi Adu potpisao za `` ćurane '' ( Serbian ) July 25 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Transfert -- Jagodina vire Freddy Adu '' . L'Equipe.fr . Jump up ^ `` Freddy Adu on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Sources : Freddy Adu closing in on move to Sweden '' . www.goal.com . Goal.com . February 27 , 2015 . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Freddy Adu KuPS : n paitaan '' . kups1923.com ( in Finnish ) . KuPS . March 28 , 2015 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` KuPSin kohuhankinta lähtee seurasta -- Freddy Adulla `` uudet haasteet edessä '' `` . Yle ( in Finnish ) . July 7 , 2015 . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nytt klubb - brudd for Freddy Adu '' . vg.no ( in Norwegian ) . vg.no . July 7 , 2015 . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` News -- Tampa Bay Rowdies '' . rowdiessoccer.com . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport -- Freddy Adu , 26 , joins Tampa Bay -- his 13th professional club '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ `` Freddy Adu no longer on trial with the Timbers '' . Jump up ^ `` Freddy Adu joins Polish club Sandecja Nowy Sacz on trial against manager 's wishes '' . skysports.com . Sky Sports . 1 August 2017 . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Lights FC bring in Freddy Adu on trial basis '' . Jump up ^ `` LIGHTS FC CLOSES SOCCER SPRING TRAINING IN FRONT OF ANOTHER STRONG HOME CROWD , HEADS INTO FINAL PREPARATIONS FOR USL REGULAR SEASON '' . Jump up ^ `` Roster '' . Jump up ^ `` Pato and Adu on top '' . Fifa.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Goal feast in the east '' . Fifa.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Site of U.S. Soccer '' . US Soccer.com. 6 July 2007 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Concacaf Archived April 10 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 2008 U.S. Olympic Men 's Soccer Team Archived June 6 , 2009 , at WebCite Jump up ^ `` U.S. Ties Netherlands 2 -- 2 Forcing Pivotal Match Wednesday Against Nigeria '' . U.S. Soccer . August 10 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2008 . Retrieved September 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Down to 10 Men After Three Minutes , Valiant U.S. Effort Falls Short as 2 -- 1 Loss to Nigeria Knocks Them Out of 2008 Olympics '' . USSoccer.com . August 13 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2008 . Retrieved September 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bell , Jack ( 25 April 2004 ) . `` Ghana Wants Adu for Its National Team '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Piers ( 12 December 2005 ) . `` Ghana plan Adu swoop '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adu leaves Ghana door open '' . BBC Sport. 22 June 2006 . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Freddy Adu gets another shot with U.S. national team -- Total Soccer Fútbol Total -- MiamiHerald.com Jump up ^ `` 2011 Gold Cup : U.S. Advances to Final '' . The New York Times . June 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Men Fall 4 -- 2 in 2011 Gold Cup Final '' . U.S. Soccer . June 25 , 2011 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Argetsinger , A ; Roberts , R ( June 2 , 2006 ) . `` Freddy Adu Celebrates a Sweet 17 '' . Washington Post . p . C03 . Retrieved November 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Argetsinger , A ; Roberts , R ( November 22 , 2006 ) . `` Kramer 's Tirade , Adding Insult to Inaccuracy . Love , etc '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 23 , 2007 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Freddy Adu . Freddy Adu on Twitter Freddy Adu at Major League Soccer Freddy Adu at Soccerway Freddy Adu at ForaDeJogo Freddy Adu -- FIFA competition record Freddy Adu at National-Football-Teams.com Las Vegas Lights FC -- current squad 1 Ferriño 2 Drake 3 Huiqui 4 Íñigo 5 Guillen - Torres 6 Jaime 7 C. Alvarez 8 Díaz 9 Ochoa 10 Calderón 11 Adu 13 Herrera - Perla 14 Mendoza 16 Alatorre 17 García 18 Kanan 20 Hernandez 21 Thomas 22 A. Alvarez 23 Torres 24 Guzman 26 Portugal 33 Garduño 44 Kobayashi Head Coach : Sánchez Goalkeeping Coach : Gomez Strength & Condition Coach : Barrios Head Trainer : Jeffries Technical Director : Chelis List of first overall MLS draft picks MLS College Draft McKeon Jakins Cullen Moore MLS SuperDraft Shak Carrieri Gbandi Eskandarian Adu Besagno Wynne Edu Myers Zakuani Mwanga Salgado Wenger Farrell Blake Larin Harrison Danladi Moutinho D.C. United first - round draft picks Pope Care Moore Convey Lisi Nelsen Quaranta Mapp Kanté Eskandarian Stokes Adu Moose Arguez Wallace Pontius Kitchen DeLeon Kemp Birnbaum Aguilar Büscher Odoi - Atsem East ATL CHI CLB DCU MTL NE NYC NYRB ORL PHI TFC West COL FCD LA HOU MIN POR RSL SEA SJ SKC VAN Defunct CHV MIA TB 2004 MLS SuperDraft first - round selections Freddy Adu Chad Marshall Joseph Ngwenya Matt Taylor Ryan Cochrane Ramón Núñez Clarence Goodson Clint Dempsey Scott Buete Steve Cronin United States squads United States men 's soccer squad -- 2008 Summer Olympics 1 Seitz 2 Wynne 3 Orozco 4 Bradley 5 McCarty 6 Edu 7 Holden 8 Szetela 9 Davies 10 Feilhaber 11 Adu 12 Altidore 13 Ianni 14 Rogers 15 Parkhurst 16 Kljestan 17 McBride ( c ) 18 Guzan Coach : Nowak United States squad -- 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup runners - up 1 Howard 2 Bornstein 3 Bocanegra ( c ) 4 Casey 5 Onyewu 6 Pearce 7 Beasley 8 Dempsey 9 Davies 10 Donovan 11 Wynne 12 M. Bradley 13 Clark 14 Califf 15 DeMerit 16 Kljestan 17 Altidore 18 Guzan 19 Adu 20 Torres 21 Spector 22 Feilhaber 23 Robles Coach : B. Bradley United States squad -- 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup runners - up 1 Perkins 2 Pearce 3 Goodson 4 Marshall 5 Beckerman 6 Cherundolo ( c ) 7 Rogers 8 Pause 9 Davies 10 Holden 11 Ching 12 Conrad 13 Clark 14 Parkhurst 15 Cronin 16 Heaps 17 Cooper 18 Robles 19 Adu 20 Quaranta 21 Evans 22 Arnaud 23 Busch 25 Feilhaber Coach : Bradley United States squad -- 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup runners - up 1 Howard 2 Spector 3 Bocanegra ( c ) 4 M. Bradley 5 Onyewu 6 Cherundolo 7 Edu 8 Dempsey 9 Agudelo 10 Donovan 11 Wondolowski 12 Bornstein 13 Jones 14 Lichaj 15 Ream 16 Kljestan 17 Altidore 18 Rimando 19 Rogers 20 Adu 21 Goodson 22 Bedoya 23 Hahnemann Coach : B. Bradley VIAF : 75715456 LCCN : n2004141224 GND : 1018928200 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freddy_Adu&oldid=832686676 '' Categories : 1989 births Living people African - American soccer players American expatriate soccer players American expatriates in Brazil American expatriates in Greece American expatriates in Monaco American expatriates in Portugal American expatriates in Serbia American expatriates in Turkey American expatriate sportspeople in Finland Expatriate footballers in Brazil Expatriate footballers in Greece Expatriate footballers in Monaco Expatriate footballers in Portugal Expatriate footballers in Serbia Expatriate footballers in Turkey Expatriate footballers in Finland D.C. United players Real Salt Lake players S.L. Benfica footballers AS Monaco FC players C.F. Os Belenenses players Aris Thessaloniki F.C. players Çaykur Rizespor footballers Philadelphia Union players Esporte Clube Bahia players FK Jagodina players Kuopion Palloseura players Association football forwards Association football wingers Footballers at the 2008 Summer Olympics 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup players 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup players 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup players American people of Ghanaian descent Ghanaian emigrants to the United States Olympic soccer players of the United States Parade High School All - Americans ( boys ' soccer ) Sportspeople from Rockville , Maryland People from Tema Soccer players from Maryland D.C. United draft picks United States men 's youth international soccer players United States men 's under - 20 international soccer players United States men 's under - 23 international soccer players United States men 's international soccer players Major League Soccer players Major League Soccer All - Stars Primeira Liga players Ligue 1 players Superleague Greece players Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players Veikkausliiga players Designated Players ( MLS ) Major League Soccer first round draft picks Tampa Bay Rowdies players North American Soccer League players American soccer players Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 maint : Unfit url Webarchive template webcite links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Use mdy dates from August 2015 Articles using Template : Medal with Runner - up All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles to be expanded from August 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes MLS player ID same as Wikidata Soccerway template with ID same as Wikidata FIFA player ID same as Wikidata NFT template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Malagasy Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 12 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddy%20Adu

what type of tree is the charlie brown christmas tree

Christmas tree

christmas tree

A Christmas tree is a decorated tree , usually an evergreen conifer such as spruce , pine , or fir or an artificial tree of similar appearance , associated with the celebration of Christmas . The modern Christmas tree was developed in medieval Livonia ( present - day Estonia and Latvia ) and early modern Germany , where Protestant Germans brought decorated trees into their homes . It acquired popularity beyond the Lutheran areas of Germany and the Baltic countries during the second half of the 19th century , at first among the upper classes .

The tree was traditionally decorated with `` roses made of colored paper , apples , wafers , tinsel , ( and ) sweetmeats '' . In the 18th century , it began to be illuminated by candles , which were ultimately replaced by Christmas lights after the advent of electrification . Today , there is a wide variety of traditional ornaments , such as garlands , baubles , tinsel , and candy canes . An angel or star might be placed at the top of the tree to represent the Angel Gabriel or the Star of Bethlehem from the Nativity . Edible items such as gingerbread , chocolate and other sweets are also popular and are tied to or hung from the tree 's branches with ribbons . In the Western Christian tradition , Christmas trees are variously erected on days such as the first day of Advent or even as late as Christmas Eve depending on the country ; customs of the same faith hold that the two traditional days when Christmas decorations , such as the Christmas tree , are removed are Twelfth Night and , if they are not taken down on that day , Candlemas , the latter of which ends the Christmas - Epiphany season in some denominations . The Christmas tree is sometimes compared with the `` Yule - tree '' , especially in discussions of its folkloric origins . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Possible predecessors 1.1. 1 Georgia 1.1. 2 Poland 1.1. 3 Estonia , Latvia and Germany 1.2 18th to early 20th centuries 1.2. 1 Germany 1.2. 2 Adoption by European nobility 1.2. 3 Britain 1.2. 4 North America 1.3 1935 to present 1.3. 1 Public Christmas trees 1.3. 2 Chrismon trees 2 Customs and traditions 2.1 Setting up and taking down 2.2 Decoration 3 Production 3.1 Natural trees 3.2 Artificial trees 4 Environmental issues 5 Religious issues 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Possible predecessors ( edit ) From Northern Antiquities , an English translation of the Prose Edda from 1847 . Painted by Oluf Olufsen Bagge . The relevance of ancient pre-Christian customs to the 16th - century German initiation of the Christmas tree custom is disputed . Resistance to the custom was often because of its supposed Lutheran origins . Other sources have offered a connection between the first documented Christmas trees in Alsace around 1600 and pre-Christian traditions . For example , according to the Encyclopædia Britannica , `` The use of evergreen trees , wreaths , and garlands to symbolize eternal life was a custom of the ancient Egyptians , Chinese , and Hebrews . Tree worship was common among the pagan Europeans and survived their conversion to Christianity in the Scandinavian customs of decorating the house and barn with evergreens at the New Year to scare away the devil and of setting up a tree for the birds during Christmas time . '' During the Roman mid-winter festival of Saturnalia , houses were decorated with wreaths of evergreen plants , along with other antecedent customs now associated with Christmas . The modern Christmas tree is frequently traced to the symbolism of trees in pre-Christian winter rites , wherein Viking and Saxon worshiped trees . The story of Saint Boniface cutting down Donar 's Oak illustrates the pagan practices in 8th century among the Germans . A later folk version of the story adds the detail that an evergreen tree grew in place of the felled oak , telling them about how its triangular shape reminds humanity of the Trinity and how it points to heaven . Alternatively , it is identified with the `` tree of paradise '' of medieval mystery plays that were given on 24 December , the commemoration and name day of Adam and Eve in various countries . In such plays , a tree decorated with apples ( to represent the forbidden fruit ) and wafers ( to represent the Eucharist and redemption ) was used as a setting for the play . Like the Christmas crib , the Paradise tree was later placed in homes . The apples were replaced by round objects such as shiny red balls . At the end of the Middle Ages , an early predecessor appears referred in the Regiment of the Order of Cister around 1400 , in Alcobaça , Portugal . The Regiment of the local high - Sacristans of the Cistercian Order refers to what may be considered one of the oldest references to the Christmas tree : `` Note on how to put the Christmas branch , scilicet : On the Christmas eve , you will look for a large Branch of green laurel , and you shall reap many red oranges , and place them on the branches that come of the laurel , specifically as you have seen , and in every orange you shall put a candle , and hang the Branch by a rope in the pole , which shall be by the candle of the altar - mor . '' Modern Christmas trees originated during the Renaissance of early modern Germany . Its 16th - century origins are sometimes associated with Protestant Christian reformer Martin Luther , who is said to have first added lighted candles to an evergreen tree . The first recorded Christmas tree can be found on the keystone sculpture of a private home in Turckheim , Alsace ( then part of Germany , today France ) , dating 1576 . Georgia ( edit ) Chichilaki , a Georgian Christmas tree variety Georgians have their own traditional Christmas tree called Chichilaki , made from dried up hazelnut or walnut branches that are shaped to form a small coniferous tree . These pale - colored ornaments differ in height from 20 cm ( 7.9 in ) to 3 meters ( 9.8 feet ) . Chichilakis are most common in the Guria and Samegrelo regions of Georgia near the Black Sea , but they can also be found in some stores around the capital of Tbilisi . Georgians believe that Chichilaki resembles the famous beard of St. Basil the Great , because Eastern Orthodox Church commemorates St. Basil on January 1 . Poland ( edit ) There was an old pagan custom , associated with Koliada , of suspending a branch of fir , spruce or pine called Podłaźniczka from the ceiling . The branches were decorated with apples , nuts , cookies , colored paper , stars made of straw , ribbons and colored wafers . Some people believed that the tree had magical powers that were linked with harvesting and success in the next year . In the late 18th and early 19th century , these traditions were almost completely replaced by the German custom of decorating the Christmas tree . Estonia , Latvia and Germany ( edit ) Girl with Christmas tree , painting 1892 by Franz Skarbina ( 1849 -- 1910 ) Customs of erecting decorated trees in wintertime can be traced to Christmas celebrations in Renaissance - era guilds in Northern Germany and Livonia . The first evidence of decorated trees associated with Christmas Day are trees in guildhalls decorated with sweets to be enjoyed by the apprentices and children . In Livonia ( present - day Estonia and Latvia ) , in 1441 , 1442 , 1510 and 1514 , the Brotherhood of Blackheads erected a tree for the holidays in their guild houses in Reval ( now Tallinn ) and Riga . On the last night of the celebrations leading up to the holidays , the tree was taken to the Town Hall Square , where the members of the brotherhood danced around it . A Bremen guild chronicle of 1570 reports that a small tree decorated with `` apples , nuts , dates , pretzels and paper flowers '' was erected in the guild - house for the benefit of the guild members ' children , who collected the dainties on Christmas Day . In 1584 , the pastor and chronicler Balthasar Russow in his Chronica der Provinz Lyfflandt ( 1584 ) wrote of an established tradition of setting up a decorated spruce at the market square , where the young men `` went with a flock of maidens and women , first sang and danced there and then set the tree aflame '' . After the Protestant Reformation , such trees are seen in the houses of upper - class Protestant families as a counterpart to the Catholic Christmas cribs . This transition from the guild hall to the bourgeois family homes in the Protestant parts of Germany ultimately gives rise to the modern tradition as it developed in the 18th and 19th centuries . 18th to early 20th centuries ( edit ) Germany ( edit ) A little Christmas tree on the table , painting by Ludwig Blume - Siebert in 1888 By the early 18th century , the custom had become common in towns of the upper Rhineland , but it had not yet spread to rural areas . Wax candles , expensive items at the time , are found in attestations from the late 18th century . Along the lower Rhine , an area of Roman Catholic majority , the Christmas tree was largely regarded as a Protestant custom . As a result , it remained confined to the upper Rhineland for a relatively long period of time . The custom did eventually gain wider acceptance beginning around 1815 by way of Prussian officials who emigrated there following the Congress of Vienna . In the 19th century , the Christmas tree was taken to be an expression of German culture and of Gemütlichkeit , especially among emigrants overseas . A decisive factor in winning general popularity was the German army 's decision to place Christmas trees in its barracks and military hospitals during the Franco - Prussian War . Only at the start of the 20th century did Christmas trees appear inside churches , this time in a new brightly lit form . Adoption by European nobility ( edit ) Christmas tree painting 1877 by H.J. Overbeek In the early 19th century , the custom became popular among the nobility and spread to royal courts as far as Russia . Princess Henrietta of Nassau - Weilburg introduced the Christmas tree to Vienna in 1816 , and the custom spread across Austria in the following years . In France , the first Christmas tree was introduced in 1840 by the duchesse d'Orléans . In Denmark a Danish newspaper claims that the first attested Christmas tree was lit in 1808 by countess Wilhemine of Holsteinborg . It was the aging countess who told the story of the first Danish Christmas tree to the Danish writer Hans Christian Andersen in 1865 . He had published a fairy - tale called The Fir - Tree in 1844 , recounting the fate of a fir - tree being used as a Christmas tree . Britain ( edit ) An engraving published in the 1840s of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert created a craze for Christmas trees . The Christmas Tree 1911 by Albert Chevallier Tayler Although the tradition of decorating the home with evergreens was long established , the custom of decorating an entire small tree was unknown in Britain until some two centuries ago . At the time of the personal union with Hanover , George III 's German - born wife , Charlotte of Mecklenburg - Strelitz , introduced a Christmas tree at a party she gave for children in 1800 . The custom did not at first spread much beyond the royal family . Queen Victoria as a child was familiar with it and a tree was placed in her room every Christmas . In her journal for Christmas Eve 1832 , the delighted 13 - year - old princess wrote : After dinner ... we then went into the drawing - room near the dining - room ... There were two large round tables on which were placed two trees hung with lights and sugar ornaments . All the presents being placed round the trees ... After Victoria 's marriage to her German cousin Prince Albert , by 1841 the custom became even more widespread as wealthier middle - class families followed the fashion . In 1842 a newspaper advert for Christmas trees makes clear their smart cachet , German origins and association with children and gift - giving . An illustrated book , The Christmas Tree , describing their use and origins in detail , was on sale in December 1844 . On 2 January 1846 Elizabeth Fielding ( née Fox Strangways ) wrote from Laycock Abbey to William Henry Fox - Talbot : `` Constance is extremely busy preparing the Bohemian Xmas Tree . It is made from Caroline 's description of those she saw in Germany '' . In 1847 Prince Albert wrote : `` I must now seek in the children an echo of what Ernest ( his brother ) and I were in the old time , of what we felt and thought ; and their delight in the Christmas - trees is not less than ours used to be '' . A boost to the trend was given in 1848 when The Illustrated London News , in a report picked up by other papers , described the trees in Windsor Castle in detail and showed the main tree , surrounded by the royal family , on its cover . In fewer than ten years their use in better - off homes was widespread . By 1856 a northern provincial newspaper contained an advert alluding casually to them , as well as reporting the accidental death of a woman whose dress caught fire as she lit the tapers on a Christmas tree . They had not yet spread down the social scale though , as a report from Berlin in 1858 contrasts the situation there where `` Every family has its own '' with that of Britain , where Christmas trees were still the preserve of the wealthy or the `` romantic '' . Their use at public entertainments , charity bazaars and in hospitals made them increasingly familiar however , and in 1906 a charity was set up specifically to ensure even poor children in London slums ' who had never seen a Christmas tree ' would enjoy one that year . Anti-German sentiment after World War I briefly reduced their popularity but the effect was short - lived and by the mid-1920s the use of Christmas trees had spread to all classes . In 1933 a restriction on the importation of foreign trees led to the `` rapid growth of a new industry '' as the growing of Christmas trees within Britain became commercially viable due to the size of demand . By 2013 the number of trees grown in Britain for the Christmas market was approximately 8 million and their display in homes , shops and public spaces a normal part of the Christmas season . North America ( edit ) First published image of a Christmas tree , frontispiece to Hermann Bokum 's 1836 The Stranger 's Gift The Queen 's Christmas tree at Windsor Castle published in The Illustrated London News , 1848 The tradition was introduced to North America in the winter of 1781 by Hessian soldiers stationed in the Province of Québec ( 1763 -- 1791 ) to garrison the colony against American attack . General Friedrich Adolf Riedesel and his wife , the Baroness von Riedesel , held a Christmas party for the officers at Sorel , delighting their guests with a fir tree decorated with candles and fruits . The Christmas tree became very common in the United States in the early nineteenth century . The first image of a Christmas tree was published in 1836 as the frontispiece to The Stranger 's Gift by Hermann Bokum . The first mention of the Christmas tree in American literature was in a story in the 1836 edition of The Token and Atlantic Souvenir , titled `` New Year 's Day , '' by Catherine Maria Sedgwick , where she tells the story of a German maid decorating her mistress 's tree . Also , a woodcut of the British Royal family with their Christmas tree at Windsor Castle , initially published in The Illustrated London News December 1848 , was copied in the United States at Christmas 1850 , in Godey 's Lady 's Book . Godey 's copied it exactly , except for the removal of the Queen 's tiara and Prince Albert 's moustache , to remake the engraving into an American scene . The republished Godey 's image became the first widely circulated picture of a decorated evergreen Christmas tree in America . Art historian Karal Ann Marling called Prince Albert and Queen Victoria , shorn of their royal trappings , `` the first influential American Christmas tree '' . Folk - culture historian Alfred Lewis Shoemaker states , `` In all of America there was no more important medium in spreading the Christmas tree in the decade 1850 -- 60 than Godey 's Lady 's Book '' . The image was reprinted in 1860 , and by the 1870s , putting up a Christmas tree had become even more common in America . Several cities in the United States with German connections lay claim to that country 's first Christmas tree : Windsor Locks , Connecticut , claims that a Hessian soldier put up a Christmas tree in 1777 while imprisoned at the Noden - Reed House , while the `` First Christmas Tree in America '' is also claimed by Easton , Pennsylvania , where German settlers purportedly erected a Christmas tree in 1816 . In his diary , Matthew Zahm of Lancaster , Pennsylvania , recorded the use of a Christmas tree in 1821 , leading Lancaster to also lay claim to the first Christmas tree in America . Other accounts credit Charles Follen , a German immigrant to Boston , for being the first to introduce to America the custom of decorating a Christmas tree . August Imgard , a German immigrant living in Wooster , Ohio , is said to be the first to popularize the practice of decorating a tree with candy canes . In 1847 , Imgard cut a blue spruce tree from a woods outside town , had the Wooster village tinsmith construct a star , and placed the tree in his house , decorating it with paper ornaments , gilded nuts and Kuchen . German immigrant Charles Minnegerode accepted a position as a professor of humanities at the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg , Virginia , in 1842 , where he taught Latin and Greek . Entering into the social life of the Virginia Tidewater , Minnigerode introduced the German custom of decorating an evergreen tree at Christmas at the home of law professor St. George Tucker , thereby becoming another of many influences that prompted Americans to adopt the practice at about that time . An 1853 article on Christmas customs in Pennsylvania defines them as mostly `` German in origin '' , including the Christmas tree , which is `` planted in a flower pot filled with earth , and its branches are covered with presents , chiefly of confectionary , for the younger members of the family . '' The article distinguishes between customs in different states however , claiming that in New England generally `` Christmas is not much celebrated '' , whereas in Pennsylvania and New York it is . When Edward H. Johnson was vice president of the Edison Electric Light Company , a predecessor of Con Edison , he created the first known electrically illuminated Christmas tree at his home in New York City in 1882 . Johnson became the `` Father of Electric Christmas Tree Lights '' . The lyrics sung in the United States to the German tune O Tannenbaum begin `` O Christmas tree ... '' , giving rise to the mistaken idea that the German word Tannenbaum ( fir tree ) means `` Christmas tree '' , the German word for which is instead Weihnachtsbaum . 18th to early 20th century representations The Christmas tree by Winslow Homer , 1858 Christmas in the Netherlands , c. 1899 Illustration for Harper 's Bazaar , published 1 January 1870 . Christmas tree depicted as Christmas card by Prang & Co . ( Boston ) 1880 Vera Komissarzhevskaya as Nora in Ibsen 's A Doll 's House ( c. 1904 ) . Photo by Elena Mrozovskaya An Italian American family on Christmas , 1924 1935 to present ( edit ) A Christmas tree from 1951 , in a home in New York state In Russia , the Christmas tree was banned after the October Revolution but then reinstated as a New - year spruce ( Новогодняя ёлка , Novogodnyaya yolka ) in 1935 . It became a fully secular icon of the New Year holiday , for example , the crowning star was regarded not as a symbol of Bethlehem Star , but as the Red star . Decorations , such as figurines of airplanes , bicycles , space rockets , cosmonauts , and characters of Russian fairy tales , were produced . This tradition persists after the fall of the USSR , with the New Year holiday outweighing the Christmas ( 7 January ) for a wide majority of Russian people . The TV special A Charlie Brown Christmas ( 1965 ) was influential on the pop culture surrounding the Christmas tree . Aluminum Christmas trees were popular during the early 1960s in the US . They were satirized in the Charlie Brown show and came to be seen as symbolizing the commercialization of Christmas . The term Charlie Brown Christmas tree , describing any poor - looking or malformed little tree , also derives from the 1965 TV special , based on the appearance of Charlie Brown 's Christmas tree . 1935 to present Christmas tree with presents Christmas Tree in the cozy room at the Wisconsin Governor 's mansion . Christmas tea with Christmas Tree at an espresso shop in Eugene , Oregon A Soviet - era ( 1960s ) New Year tree decoration depicting a cosmonaut Christmas Trees in church An aluminum Christmas tree Public Christmas trees ( edit ) An early example of a public Christmas celebration tree for the unemployed in Prague Since the early 20th century , it has become common in many cities , towns , and department stores to put up public Christmas trees outdoors , such as the Macy 's Great Tree in Atlanta ( since 1948 ) , the Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree in New York City , and the large Christmas tree at Victoria Square in Adelaide . The use of fire retardant allows many indoor public areas to place real trees and be compliant with code . Licensed applicants of fire retardant solution spray the tree , tag the tree , and provide a certificate for inspection . Real trees are popular with high end visual merchandising displays around the world . Leading global retailers such as Apple often place real trees in their window displays . In 2009 , Apple placed two Fraser fir trees in every one of its retail establishments . The United States ' National Christmas Tree has been lit each year since 1923 on the South Lawn of the White House . Today , the lighting of the National Christmas Tree is part of what has become a major holiday event at the White House . President Jimmy Carter lit only the crowning star atop the tree in 1979 in honor of the Americans being held hostage in Iran . The same was true in 1980 , except that the tree was fully lit for 417 seconds , one second for each day the hostages had been in captivity . During most of the 1970s and 1980s , the largest decorated Christmas tree in the world was put up every year on the property of the National Enquirer in Lantana , Florida . This tradition grew into one of the most spectacular and celebrated events in the history of southern Florida , but was discontinued on the death of the paper 's founder in the late 1980s . In some cities , a charity event called the Festival of Trees is organized , in which multiple trees are decorated and displayed . The giving of Christmas trees has also often been associated with the end of hostilities . After the signing of the Armistice in 1918 the city of Manchester sent a tree , and £ 500 to buy chocolate and cakes , for the children of the much - bombarded town of Lille in northern France . In some cases the trees represent special commemorative gifts , such as in Trafalgar Square in London , where the City of Oslo , Norway presents a tree to the people of London as a token of appreciation for the British support of Norwegian resistance during the Second World War ; in Boston , where the tree is a gift from the province of Nova Scotia , in thanks for rapid deployment of supplies and rescuers to the 1917 ammunition ship explosion that leveled the city of Halifax ; and in Newcastle upon Tyne , where the main civic Christmas tree is an annual gift from the city of Bergen , in thanks for the part played by soldiers from Newcastle in liberating Bergen from Nazi occupation . Norway also annually gifts a Christmas tree to Washington , D.C. as a symbol of friendship between Norway and the US and as an expression of gratitude from Norway for the help received from the US during World War II . Public Christmas trees Christmas tree in Milan , Italy , 2008 Christmas tree in Vatican City , 2007 Christmas tree in Salerno old town , Italy , 2008 . Trafalgar Square Christmas tree Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree Christmas tree on the Römerberg in Frankfurt ( 2008 ) in Lisbon ( 2005 ) , at 75 metres ( 246 feet ) the tallest Christmas tree in Europe . Boston 's Christmas Tree . An Árbol navideño luminoso in Madrid ( 2011 ) Christmas tree in Warsaw Christmas tree in South Coast Plaza , California Christmas tree in Stockholm at NK shopping mall Christmas trees in Ocean Terminal , Harbour City , Hong Kong Chrismon trees ( edit ) A Chrismon tree in the nave of St. Alban 's Anglican Cathedral in Oviedo , Florida A `` Chrismon tree '' is a Christmas tree decorated with explicitly Christian symbols in white and gold . First introduced by North American Lutherans in 1957 , the practice has rapidly spread to other Christian denominations , including Anglicans , Catholics , Methodists , and the Reformed . `` Chrismon '' ( plural `` Chrismons '' ) was adopted for the type of Christmas decoration and explained as a portmanteau of `` Christ - monogram '' ( a Christogram ) . Customs and traditions ( edit ) Setting up and taking down ( edit ) ( hide ) This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section may be confusing or unclear to readers . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A candle on a Christmas tree Both setting up and taking down a Christmas tree are associated with specific dates . Traditionally , Christmas trees were not brought in and decorated until Christmas Eve ( 24 December ) or , in the traditions celebrating Christmas Eve rather than the first day of Christmas , 23 December , and then removed the day after Twelfth Night ( 5 January ) ; to have a tree up before or after these dates was even considered bad luck , and that to avoid bad luck from affecting the house 's residents , the tree must be left up until after the following Twelfth Night passes . In many areas , it has become customary to set up one 's Christmas tree at the beginning of the Advent season . Some families in the U.S. and Canada will put up a Christmas tree a week prior to American Thanksgiving ( the fourth Thursday of November ) , and Christmas decorations can show up even earlier in retail stores , often the day after Halloween ( 31 October ) . In Canada many families wait until after Remembrance Day , as to show respect to fallen soldiers . Some households do not put up the tree until the second week of December , and leave it up until 6 January ( Epiphany ) . In Germany , traditionally the tree is put up on 24 December and taken down on 7 January , though many start one or two weeks earlier , and in Roman Catholic homes the tree may be kept until February 2 ( Candlemas ) . In Italy , Ireland and Argentina , along with many countries in Latin America , the Christmas tree is put up on 8 December ( Immaculate Conception day ) and left up until 6 January . In Australia , the Christmas tree is usually put up on 1 December , which occurs about a 2 weeks before the school summer holidays ( except for South Australia , where most people put up their tree after in late November following the completion of the Adelaide Christmas Pageant , a time frame that has started to filter into other states as the official time Christmas decorations and in store Santa Claus start to appear ) and is left up until it is taken down . Some traditions suggest that Christmas trees may be kept up until no later than 2 February , the feast of the Presentation of Jesus at the Temple ( Candlemas ) , when the Christmas season effectively closes . Superstitions say that it is a bad sign if Christmas greenery is not removed by Candlemas Eve . Decoration ( edit ) Main article : Christmas ornament This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) White House Christmas tree Christmas ornaments at the Christmas market , Strasbourg Christmas ornaments are decorations ( usually made of glass , metal , wood , or ceramics ) that are used to decorate a Christmas tree . The first decorated trees were adorned with apples , white candy canes and pastries in the shapes of stars , hearts and flowers . Glass baubles were first made in Lauscha , Germany , and also garlands of glass beads and tin figures that could be hung on trees . The popularity of these decorations grew into the production of glass figures made by highly skilled artisans with clay molds . Tinsel and several types of garland or ribbon are commonly used to decorate a Christmas tree . Silvered saran - based tinsel was introduced later . Delicate mold - blown and painted colored glass Christmas ornaments were a specialty of the glass factories in the Thuringian Forest , especially in Lauscha in the late 19th century , and have since become a large industry , complete with famous - name designers . Baubles are another common decoration , consisting of small hollow glass or plastic spheres coated with a thin metallic layer to make them reflective , with a further coating of a thin pigmented polymer in order to provide coloration . Lighting with electric lights ( Christmas lights or , in the United Kingdom , fairy lights ) is commonly done . A tree - topper , sometimes an angel but more frequently a star , completes the decoration . In the late 1800s , home - made white Christmas trees were made by wrapping strips of cotton batting around leafless branches creating the appearance of a snow - laden tree . In the 1940s and 1950s , popularized by Hollywood films in the late 1930s , flocking was very popular on the West Coast of the United States . There were home flocking kits that could be used with vacuum cleaners . In the 1980s some trees were sprayed with fluffy white flocking to simulate snow . Decorations A transparent Christmas bauble A golden bauble decorating a Christmas tree Christmas baubles A snowman - shaped decoration painted as a baseball A toy bear Christmas decoration . Fabergé egg as a Christmas decoration . Christmas decorations Red ornamented Christmas bauble Christmas baubles Production ( edit ) See also : Christmas tree production Undecorated Christmas trees for sale Each year , 33 to 36 million Christmas trees are produced in America , and 50 to 60 million are produced in Europe . In 1998 , there were about 15,000 growers in America ( a third of them `` choose and cut '' farms ) . In that same year , it was estimated that Americans spent $1.5 billion on Christmas trees . By 2016 that had climbed to $2.04 billion for natural trees and a further $1.86 billion for artificial trees . In Europe , 75 million trees worth € 2.4 billion ( $3.2 billion ) are harvested annually . Father and son with their dog collecting a tree in the forest , painting by Franz Krüger ( 1797 -- 1857 ) Trees on sale at a Christmas market in Vienna , painting by Carl Wenzel Zajicek ( 1908 ) A grower in Waterloo , Nova Scotia , prunes balsam fir trees in October . The tree must experience three frosts to stabilize the needles before cutting . Natural trees ( edit ) See also : Christmas tree cultivation The most commonly used species are fir ( Abies ) , which have the benefit of not shedding their needles when they dry out , as well as retaining good foliage color and scent ; but species in other genera are also used . In northern Europe most commonly used are : Norway spruce Picea abies ( the original tree , generally the cheapest ) Silver fir Abies alba Nordmann fir Abies nordmanniana Noble fir Abies procera Serbian spruce Picea omorika Scots pine Pinus sylvestris Stone pine Pinus pinea ( as small table - top trees ) Swiss pine Pinus cembra In North America , Central America and South America most commonly used are : Douglas fir Pseudotsuga menziesii Balsam fir Abies balsamea Fraser Fir Abies fraseri Grand fir Abies grandis Guatemalan fir Abies guatemalensis Noble fir Abies procera Red fir Abies magnifica White fir Abies concolor Pinyon pine Pinus edulis Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi Scots pine Pinus sylvestris Stone pine Pinus pinea ( as small table - top trees ) Norfolk Island pine Araucaria heterophylla Several other species are used to a lesser extent . Less - traditional conifers are sometimes used , such as giant sequoia , Leyland cypress , Monterey cypress and eastern juniper . Various types of spruce tree are also used for Christmas trees ( including the blue spruce and , less commonly , the white spruce ) ; but spruces begin to lose their needles rapidly upon being cut , and spruce needles are often sharp , making decorating uncomfortable . Virginia pine is still available on some tree farms in the southeastern United States ; however , its winter color is faded . The long - needled eastern white pine is also used there , though it is an unpopular Christmas tree in most parts of the country , owing also to its faded winter coloration and limp branches , making decorating difficult with all but the lightest ornaments . Norfolk Island pine is sometimes used , particularly in Oceania , and in Australia , some species of the genera Casuarina and Allocasuarina are also occasionally used as Christmas trees . But , by far , the most common tree is the Monterey pine . Adenanthos sericeus or Albany woolly bush is commonly sold in southern Australia as a potted living Christmas tree . Hemlock species are generally considered unsuitable as Christmas trees due to their poor needle retention and inability to support the weight of lights and ornaments . Some trees , frequently referred to as `` living Christmas trees '' , are sold live with roots and soil , often from a plant nursery , to be stored at nurseries in planters or planted later outdoors and enjoyed ( and often decorated ) for years or decades . Others are produced in a container and sometimes as topiary for a porch or patio . However , when done improperly , the combination of root loss caused by digging , and the indoor environment of high temperature and low humidity is very detrimental to the tree 's health ; additionally , the warmth of an indoor climate will bring the tree out of its natural winter dormancy , leaving it little protection when put back outside into a cold outdoor climate . Often Christmas trees are a large attraction for living animals , including mice and spiders . Thus , the survival rate of these trees is low . However , when done properly , replanting provides higher survival rates . European tradition prefers the open aspect of naturally grown , unsheared trees , while in North America ( outside western areas where trees are often wild - harvested on public lands ) there is a preference for close - sheared trees with denser foliage , but less space to hang decorations . In the past , Christmas trees were often harvested from wild forests , but now almost all are commercially grown on tree farms . Almost all Christmas trees in the United States are grown on Christmas tree farms where they are cut after about ten years of growth and new trees planted . According to the United States Department of Agriculture 's agriculture census for 2007 , 21,537 farms were producing conifers for the cut Christmas tree market in America , 5,717.09 square kilometres ( 1,412,724 acres ) were planted in Christmas trees . A Christmas tree farm near New Germany , Nova Scotia , Canada . The life cycle of a Christmas tree from the seed to a 2 - metre ( 7 ft ) tree takes , depending on species and treatment in cultivation , between 8 and 12 years . First , the seed is extracted from cones harvested from older trees . These seeds are then usually grown in nurseries and then sold to Christmas tree farms at an age of 3 -- 4 years . The remaining development of the tree greatly depends on the climate , soil quality , as well as the cultivation and how the trees are tended by the Christmas tree farmer . Artificial trees ( edit ) Main article : Artificial Christmas tree An artificial Christmas tree A lighted artificial Christmas tree with ornaments The first artificial Christmas trees were developed in Germany during the 19th century , though earlier examples exist . These `` trees '' were made using goose feathers that were dyed green. , as one response by Germans to continued deforestation . Feather Christmas trees ranged widely in size , from a small 2 - inch ( 51 mm ) tree to a large 98 - inch ( 2,500 mm ) tree sold in department stores during the 1920s . Often , the tree branches were tipped with artificial red berries which acted as candle holders . Over the years , other styles of artificial Christmas trees have evolved and become popular . In 1930 , the U.S. - based Addis Brush Company created the first artificial Christmas tree made from brush bristles . Another type of artificial tree is the aluminum Christmas tree , first manufactured in Chicago in 1958 , and later in Manitowoc , Wisconsin , where the majority of the trees were produced . Most modern artificial Christmas trees are made from plastic recycled from used packaging materials , such as polyvinyl chloride ( PVC ) . Approximately 10 % of artificial Christmas trees are using virgin suspension PVC resin ; despite being plastic most artificial trees are not recyclable or biodegradable . Other trends have developed in the early 2000s as well . Optical fiber Christmas trees come in two major varieties ; one resembles a traditional Christmas tree . One Dallas - based company offers `` holographic mylar '' trees in many hues . Tree - shaped objects made from such materials as cardboard , glass , ceramic or other materials can be found in use as tabletop decorations . Upside - down artificial Christmas trees became popular for a short time and were originally introduced as a marketing gimmick ; they allowed consumers to get closer to ornaments for sale in retail stores and opened up floor space for more products . Artificial trees became increasingly popular during the late 20th century . Users of artificial Christmas trees assert that they are more convenient , and , because they are reusable , much cheaper than their natural alternative . They are also considered much safer as natural trees can be a significant fire hazard . Between 2001 and 2007 artificial Christmas tree sales in the U.S. jumped from 7.3 million to 17.4 million . Currently it is estimated that around 58 % of Christmas trees used in the United States are artificial while numbers in the United Kingdom are indicated to be around 66 % . Artificial trees A tree with fibre optic lights Christmas tree and presents Athens , Greece White Christmas tree Spanish artificial Christmas tree A chrismon tree ( St. Alban 's Anglican Cathedral , Oviedo , Florida ) An artificial Aluminum Christmas tree Artificial tree Environmental issues ( edit ) Poinsettia flowers arranged into the conical shape of a `` Christmas tree '' , topped with a `` Star of Bethlehem '' , in San Diego ( 2005 ) The debate about the environmental impact of artificial trees is ongoing . Generally , natural tree growers contend that artificial trees are more environmentally harmful than their natural counterparts . However , trade groups such as the American Christmas Tree Association , continue to refute that artificial trees are more harmful to the environment , and maintain that the PVC used in Christmas trees has excellent recyclable properties . Christmas tree recycling point ( point recyclage de sapins ) in Paris , 22 January 2010 Live trees are typically grown as a crop and replanted in rotation after cutting , often providing suitable habitat for wildlife . Alternately , live trees can be donated to livestock farmers of such animals like goats who find that such trees uncontaminated by chemical additives are excellent fodder . In some cases management of Christmas tree crops can result in poor habitat since it sometimes involves heavy input of pesticides . Concerns have been raised about people cutting down old and rare conifers , such as the Keteleeria evelyniana and Abies fraseri , for Christmas trees . Discarded trees curbside in North Hollywood , Los Angeles Real or cut trees are used only for a short time , but can be recycled and used as mulch , wildlife habitat , or used to prevent erosion . Real trees are carbon - neutral , they emit no more carbon dioxide by being cut down and disposed of than they absorb while growing . However , emissions can occur from farming activities and transportation . An independent life - cycle assessment study , conducted by a firm of experts in sustainable development , states that a natural tree will generate 3.1 kg ( 6.8 lb ) of greenhouse gases every year ( based on purchasing 5 km ( 3.1 miles ) from home ) whereas the artificial tree will produce 48.3 kg ( 106 lb ) over its lifetime . Some people use living Christmas or potted trees for several seasons , providing a longer life cycle for each tree . Living Christmas trees can be purchased or rented from local market growers . Rentals are picked up after the holidays , while purchased trees can be planted by the owner after use or donated to local tree adoption or urban reforestation services . Most artificial trees are made of recycled PVC rigid sheets using tin stabilizer in the recent years . In the past , lead was often used as a stabilizer in PVC , but is now banned by Chinese laws . The use of lead stabilizer in Chinese imported trees has been an issue of concern among politicians and scientists over recent years . A 2004 study found that while in general artificial trees pose little health risk from lead contamination , there do exist `` worst - case scenarios '' where major health risks to young children exist . A 2008 United States Environmental Protection Agency report found that as the PVC in artificial Christmas trees aged it began to degrade . The report determined that of the 50 million artificial trees in the United States approximately 20 million were 9 or more years old , the point where dangerous lead contamination levels are reached . A professional study on the life - cycle assessment of both real and artificial Christmas trees revealed that one must use an artificial Christmas tree at least 20 years to leave an environmental footprint as small as the natural Christmas tree . Religious issues ( edit ) A 1931 edition of the Soviet magazine Bezbozhnik , distributed by the League of Militant Atheists , depicting an Orthodox Christian priest being forbidden to cut down a tree for Christmas The Christmas tree was first used by German Lutherans in the 16th century , with records indicating that a Christmas tree was placed in the Cathedral of Strassburg in 1539 , under the leadership of the Protestant Reformer , Martin Bucer . In the United States , these `` German Lutherans brought the decorated Christmas tree with them ; the Moravians put lighted candles on those trees . '' When decorating the Christmas tree , many individuals place a star at the top of the tree symbolizing the Star of Bethlehem , a fact recorded by The School Journal in 1897 . Professor David Albert Jones of Oxford University writes that in the 19th century , it became popular for people to also use an angel to top the Christmas tree in order to symbolize the angels mentioned in the accounts of the Nativity of Jesus . Under the Marxist - Leninist doctrine of state atheism in the Soviet Union , after its foundation in 1917 , Christmas celebrations -- along with other religious holidays -- were prohibited as a result of the Soviet anti-religious campaign . The League of Militant Atheists encouraged school pupils to campaign against Christmas traditions , among them being the Christmas tree , as well as other Christian holidays , including Easter ; the League established an anti-religious holiday to be the 31st of each month as a replacement . With the Christmas tree being prohibited in accordance with Soviet anti-religious legislation , people supplanted the former Christmas custom with New Year 's trees . In 1935 the tree was brought back as New Year tree and became a secular , not a religious holiday . Pope John Paul II introduced the Christmas tree custom to the Vatican in 1982 . Although at first disapproved of by some as out of place at the centre of the Roman Catholic Church , the Vatican Christmas Tree has become an integral part of the Vatican Christmas celebrations , and in 2005 Pope Benedict XVI spoke of it as part of the normal Christmas decorations in Catholic homes . In 2004 , Pope John Paul called the Christmas tree a symbol of Christ . This very ancient custom , he said , exalts the value of life , as in winter what is evergreen becomes a sign of undying life , and it reminds Christians of the `` tree of life '' of Genesis 2 : 9 , an image of Christ , the supreme gift of God to humanity . In the previous year he said : `` Beside the crib , the Christmas tree , with its twinkling lights , reminds us that with the birth of Jesus the tree of life has blossomed anew in the desert of humanity . The crib and the tree : precious symbols , which hand down in time the true meaning of Christmas . '' The Catholic Church 's official Book of Blessings has a service for the blessing of the Christmas tree in a home . Likewise the Protestant Episcopal Church in The Anglican Family Prayer Book , which has the imprimatur of The Rt. Rev. Catherine S. Roskam of the Anglican Communion , has long had a ritual titled Blessing of a Christmas Tree , as well as Blessing of a Crèche , for use in the church and the home . In 2005 , the city of Boston renamed the spruce tree used to decorate the Boston Common a `` Holiday Tree '' rather than a `` Christmas Tree '' . The name change drew a poor response from the public and it was reversed after the city was threatened with several lawsuits . Chrismon trees are a variety developed in 1957 by a Lutheran laywoman in Virginia , as a specifically religious version appropriate for a church 's Christmas celebrations , although most Christian churches continue to display the traditional Christmas tree in their sanctuaries during Christmastide . See also ( edit ) Badnjak Christmas traditions Christmas tree controversies Eiresione Festive ecology Festivus pole Hanukkah bush Kadomatsu Legend of the Christmas Spider Tree worship Weihnachten Yule log References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Perry , Joe ( 27 September 2010 ) . Christmas in Germany : A Cultural History . University of North Carolina Press . p. 32 . ISBN 9780807899410 . A chronicle from Stasbourg , written in 1604 and widely seen as the first account of a Christmas tree in German - speaking lands , records that Protestant artisans brought fir trees into their homes in the holiday season and decorated them with `` roses made of colored paper , apples , wafers , tinsel , sweetmeats , etc . '' ... The Christmas tree spread out in German society from the top down , so to speak . It moved from elite households to broader social strata , from urban to rural areas , from the Protestant north to the Catholic south , and from Prussia to other German states . Jump up ^ Christmas trees were hung in St. George 's Church , Sélestat since 1521 : Selestat.fr -- Office de la Culture de Sélestat -- The history of the Christmas tree since 1521 Archived December 18 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Dunphy , John J. ( 26 November 2010 ) . From Christmas to Twelfth Night in Southern Illinois . Arcadia Publishing Incorporated . p. 28 . ISBN 9781614232537 . Having a Christmas tree became so closely identified with following Luther 's path that German Catholics initially wanted nothing to do with this symbol of Protestantism . Their resistance endured until the nineteenth century , when Christmas trees finally began finding their way into Catholic homes . Jump up ^ Ingeborg Weber - Kellermann ( 1978 ) . Das Weihnachtsfest . Eine Kultur - und Sozialgeschichte der Weihnachtszeit ( Christmas : A cultural and social history of Christmastide ) ( in German ) . Bucher . p. 22 . ISBN 3 - 7658 - 0273 - 5 . Man kann als sicher annehmen daß die Luzienbräuche gemeinsam mit dem Weinachtsbaum in Laufe des 19 . Jahrhunderts aus Deutschland über die gesellschaftliche Oberschicht der Herrenhöfe nach Schweden gekommen sind . ( English : One can assume with certainty that traditions of lighting , together with the Christmas tree , crossed from Germany to Sweden in the 19th century via the princely upper classes . ) ^ Jump up to : Mandryk , DeeAnn ( 25 October 2005 ) . Canadian Christmas Traditions . James Lorimer & Company . p. 67 . ISBN 9781554390984 . The eight - pointed star became a popular manufactured Christmas ornament around the 1840s and many people place a star on the top of their Christmas tree to represent the Star of Bethlehem . ^ Jump up to : Jones , David Albert ( 27 October 2011 ) . Angels . Oxford University Press . p. 24 . ISBN 9780191614910 . The same ambiguity is seen in that most familiar of angels , the angel on top of the Christmas tree . This decoration , popularized in the nineteenth century , recalls the place of the angels in the Christmas story ( Luke 2.9 -- 18 ) . ^ Jump up to : Crump , William D. ( 15 September 2001 ) . The Christmas Encyclopedia , 3d ed . McFarland . p. 386 . ISBN 9780786468270 . Christmas trees in the countryside did not appear until World War I , although Slovenians of German ancestry were decorating trees before then . Traditionally , the family decorates their Christmas tree on Christmas Eve with electric lights , tinsel , garlands , candy canes , other assorted ornaments , and topped with an angel figure or star . The tree and Nativity scene remain until Candlemas ( February 2 ) , when they are removed . Jump up ^ `` Candlemas '' . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Any Christmas decorations not taken down by Twelfth Night ( January 5th ) should be left up until Candlemas Day and then taken down . Jump up ^ Daniel J. Foley ( 1999 ) . The Christmas Tree . Omnigraphics . p. 45 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55888 - 286 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Greg Dues ( 2008 ) . Advent and Christmas . Bayard . pp. 13 -- 15 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58595 - 722 - 4 . Next to the Nativity scene , the most popular Christmas tradition is to have a Christmas tree in the home . This custom is not the same as bringing a Yule tree or evergreens into the home , originally popular during the month of the winter solstice in Germany . ^ Jump up to : Sheryl Karas ( 1998 ) . The Solstice Evergreen : history , folklore , and origins of the Christmas tree . Aslan . pp. 103 -- 04 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 944031 - 75 - 9 . Jump up ^ Gillian Cooke , A Celebration of Christmas , 1980 , page 62 : `` Martin Luther has been credited with the creation of the Christmas tree ... The Christmas tree did not spring fully fledged into ... tree was slow to spread from its Alsatian home , partly because of resistance to its supposed Lutheran origins . '' Jump up ^ `` Christmas tree '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2012 . ^ Jump up to : BBC Religion & Ethics -- Did the Romans invent Christmas ? Jump up ^ Fritz Allhoff , Scott C. Lowe ( 2010 ) . Christmas . John Wiley & Sons . His biographer , Eddius Stephanus , relates that while Boniface was serving as a missionary near Geismar , Germany , he had enough of the locals ' reverence for the old gods . Taking an axe to an oak tree dedicated to Norse god Thor , Boniface chopped the tree down and dared Thor to zap him for it . When nothing happened , Boniface pointed out a young fir tree amid the roots of the oak and explained how this tree was a more fitting object of reverence as it pointed towards the Christian heaven and its triangular shape was reminiscent of the Christian trinity . Jump up ^ The story , not recounted in the vitae written in his time , appears in a BBC Devon website , `` Devon Myths and Legends '' , and in a number of educational storybooks , including St. Boniface and the Little Fir Tree : A Story to Color by Jenny Melmoth and Val Hayward ( Warrington : Alfresco Books 1999 ISBN 1 - 873727 - 15 - 1 ) , The Brightest Star of All : Christmas Stories for the Family by Carrie Papa ( Abingdon Press 1999 ISBN 978 - 0 - 687 - 64813 - 9 ) and `` How Saint Boniface Kept Christmas Eve '' by Mary Louise Harvey in The American Normal Readers : Fifth Book , 207 - 22 . Silver , Burdett and Co. 1912 . Jump up ^ Philip Lazowski ( 2004 ) . Understanding Your Neighbor 's Faith . KTAV Publishing House . pp. 203 -- 04 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88125 - 811 - 0 . Jump up ^ Michael P. Foley ( 2005 ) . Why Do Catholics Eat Fish on Friday ? . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 6967 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ann Ball ( 1997 ) . Catholic Traditions in Crafts . Our Sunday Visitor . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87973 - 711 - 5 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. 2003 . The modern Christmas tree ... originated in western Germany . The main prop of a popular medieval play about Adam and Eve was a fir tree hung with apples ( paradise tree ) representing the Garden of Eden . The Germans set up a paradise tree in their homes on December 24 , the religious feast day of Adam and Eve . They hung wafers on it ( symbolizing the host , the Christian sign of redemption ) ; in a later tradition , the wafers were replaced by cookies of various shapes . Candles , too , were often added as the symbol of Christ . In the same room , during the Christmas season , was the Christmas pyramid , a triangular construction of wood , with shelves to hold Christmas figurines , decorated with evergreens , candles , and a star . By the 16th century , the Christmas pyramid and paradise tree had merged , becoming the Christmas tree . Jump up ^ Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal ( National Library of Portugal ) - Codices Alcobacenses ( ( 1 ) ) ; ( BN : cod . alc . CLI / 64 , Page . 330 ) Translated ( `` Nota de como has de poer o ramo de natal , scilicet : Em vespera de natal , buscarás huu grande Ramo de loureiro verde , e colherás muitas laranjas vermelhas e poer lhas has metidas pelos ramos que dele procedem specificadamente segundo já viste . E em cada hua laranja , poeras hua candea . E pendurarás o dicto Ramo per hua corda na polee que ha de star acerca da lampada do altar moor '' ) Jump up ^ `` History of Christmas Trees '' . History . Retrieved 15 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Helen Haidle ( 2002 ) . Christmas Legends to Remember ' . p. 119 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56292 - 534 - 5 . Jump up ^ Debbie Trafton O'Neal , David LaRochelle ( 2001 ) . Before and After Christmas . Augsburg Fortress . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8066 - 4156 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ehrsam , Roger ( 1999 ) . Le Vieux Turckheim . Ville de Turckheim : Jérôme Do Bentzinger . ISBN 290623883X . Jump up ^ Friedrich Amelung ( 1885 ) . Geschichte der Revaler Schwarzenhäupter : von ihrem Ursprung an bis auf die Gegenwart : nach den urkundenmäßigen Quellen des Revaler Schwarzenhäupter - Archivs 1 , Die erste Blütezeit von 1399 -- 1557 ( History of the Tallinn Blackheads : from their origins until the present day : from the testimonial sources of the Tallinn Blackheads archive. 1 : The first golden age of 1399 -- 1557 ) ( in German ) . Reval : Wassermann . Jump up ^ Ingeborg Weber - Kellermann ( 1978 ) . Das Weihnachtsfest . Eine Kultur - und Sozialgeschichte der Weihnachtszeit ( Christmas : A cultural and social history of Christmastide ) ( in German ) . Bucher . p. 22 . ISBN 3 - 7658 - 0273 - 5 . Man kann als sicher annehmen daß die Luzienbräuche gemeinsam mit dem Weinachtsbaum in Laufe des 19 . Jahrhunderts aus Deutschland über die gesellschaftliche Oberschicht der Herrenhöfe nach Schweden gekommen sind . ( English : One can assume with certainty that traditions of lighting , together with the Christmas tree , crossed from Germany to Sweden in the 19th century via the princely upper classes . ) Jump up ^ Johannes Marbach ( 1859 ) . Die heilige Weihnachtszeit nach Bedeutung , Geschichte , Sitten und Symbolen ( The holy Christmas season for meaning , history , customs and symbols ) ( in German ) . p. 416 . Was ist auch eine deutsche Christenfamilie am Christabend ohne Christbäumchen ? Zumal in der Fremde , unter kaltherzigen Engländern und frivolen Franzosen , unter den amerikanischen Indianern und den Papuas von Australien . Entbehren doch die nichtdeutschen Christen neben dem Christbäumchen noch so viele Züge deutscher Gemüthlichkeit . ( English : What would a German Christian family do on Christmas Eve without a Christmas tree ? Especially in foreign lands , among cold - hearted Englishmen and frivolous Frenchmen , among the American Indians and the Papua of Australia . Apart from the Christmas tree , the non-German Christians suffer from a lack of a great many traits of German ' Gemütlichkeit ' . ) Jump up ^ Jan Hermelink ( 2003 ) . `` Weihnachtsgottesdienst '' ( Christmas worship ) . In Christian Grethlein ; Günter Ruddat . Liturgisches Kompendium ( in German ) . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht . p. 290 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 525 - 57211 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Danmarks første juletræ blev tændt i 1808 '' . Kristelig Dagblad . December 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bingham , John ( 25 December 2015 ) . `` Queen 's Christmas Day message : Monarch quotes from Bible to address a nation shaken by year of atrocities '' . telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Stow , John ( 1603 ) . Survey of London . London : John Windet . Against the feast of Christmas every man 's house , as also the parish churches , were decked with holm , ivy , bays , and whatsoever the season of the year afforded to be green . Jump up ^ `` The History of the Christmas Tree at Windsor '' . Jump up ^ In 1829 the diarist Greville , visiting Panshanger country house , describes three small Christmas trees `` such as is customary in Germany '' , which Princess Lieven had put up . Hole , Christine ( 1950 ) . English Custom and Usage . London : B.T. Batsford Ltd. p. 16 . Jump up ^ Queen Victoria ( 1912 ) . Reginald Brett , 2nd Viscount Esher , ed . The girlhood of Queen Victoria : a selection from Her Majesty 's diaries . J. Murray . p. 61 . Jump up ^ Marie Claire Lejeune . Compendium of symbolic and ritual plants in Europe . Man & Culture . p. 550 . ISBN 90 - 77135 - 04 - 9 . Jump up ^ '' GERMAN CHRISTMAS TREES . The nobility and gentry are respectfully informed that these handsome JUVENILE CHRISTMAS PRESENTS are supplied and elegantly fitted up ... '' : Times ( London , England ) 20 December 1842 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ The Christmas Tree : published by Darton and Clark , London . `` The ceremony of the Christmas tree , so well known throughout Germany , bids fair to be welcomed among us , with the other festivities of the season , especially now the Queen , within her own little circle , has set the fashion , by introducing it on the Christmas Eve in her own regal palace . '' Book review of The Christmas Tree from the Weekly Chronicle , 14 December 1844 , quoted in an advert headlined `` A new pleasure for Christmas '' in The Times , 23 December 1844 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Caroline Augusta Edgcumbe , née Feilding , Lady Mt Edgcumbe ( 1808 -- 1881 ) ; William Henry Fox - Talbot 's half - sister . Jump up ^ Correspondence of William Henry Fox - Talbot , British Library , London , Manuscripts -- Fox Talbot Collection , envelope 20179 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Godfrey and Margaret Scheele ( 1977 ) . The Prince Consort , Man of many Facets : The World and The Age of Prince Albert . Oresko Books . p. 78 . ISBN 9780905368061 . Jump up ^ At the beginning of the year the custom was well - enough known for The Times to compare the January budget of 1848 with gifts handed out beneath `` the Christmas tree '' : The Times ( London , England ) , 21 January 1848 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Special Christmas supplement edition , published 23 December 1848 . Jump up ^ The Times ( London , England ) , 27 December 1848 . p. 7 Jump up ^ `` Now the best Christmas box / You can give to the young / Is not toys , nor fine playthings , / Nor trees gaily hung ... '' : Manchester Guardian , Saturday , January 05 , 1856 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Manchester Guardian , 24 January 1856 , p. 3 : the death of Caroline Luttrell of Kilve Court , Somerset . Jump up ^ The Times ( London , England ) , 28 December 1858 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ The Poor Children 's Yuletide Association . The Times ( London , England ) , 20 December 1906 , p. 2 '' `` The association sent 71 trees ' bearing thousands of toys ' to the poorest districts of London . '' Jump up ^ `` A Merry Christmas '' : The Times ( London , England ) , 27 December 1918 , p. 2 : `` ... the so - called `` Christmas tree '' was out of favour . Large stocks of young firs were to be seen at Covent Garden on Christmas Eve , but found few buyers . It was remembered that the ' Christmas tree ' has enemy associations . '' Jump up ^ The next year a charity fair in aid of injured soldiers featured ' a huge Christmas - tree ' . ' St. Dunstan 's Christmas Fair ' . The Times ( London , England ) , 20 December 1919 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ ' Poor families in Lewisham and similar districts are just as particular about the shape of their trees as people in Belgravia ... ' ' Shapely Christmas Trees ' : The Times ( London , England ) , 17 December 1926 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Christmas Tree Plantations . The Times ( London , England ) , 11 December 1937 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas tree grower Ivor Dungey gets award '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Emmy E. Werner ( 2006 ) . In Pursuit of Liberty : Coming of Age in the American Revolution . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 115 . ISBN 9780275993061 . ^ Jump up to : Alfred Lewis Shoemaker ( 1999 ) ( 1959 ) . Christmas in Pennsylvania : a folk - cultural study . Stackpole Books . pp. 52 -- 53 . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 0328 - 2 . Jump up ^ Karal Ann Marling ( 2000 ) . Merry Christmas ! Celebrating America 's greatest holiday . Harvard University Press . p. 244 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00318 - 7 . Jump up ^ Joseph Wenzel IV ( 30 November 2015 ) . `` First Decorated Christmas Tree in Windsor Locks '' . WFSB . Archived from the original on 10 December 2015 . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Christmas '' . Gareth Marples . Retrieved December 2 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Professor Brought Christmas Tree to New England '' . Harvard University Gazette . December 12 , 1996 . Archived from the original on August 23 , 1999 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` They 're Still Cheering Man Who Gave America Christmas Tree '' . Wisconsin Rapids Daily Tribune . 24 December 1938 . Retrieved 16 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Minnigerode ( 1814 -- 1894 ) '' . Encyclopedia Virginia . Virginia Foundation for the Humanities . Jump up ^ ' Notes and Queries ' , volume 8 ( 217 ) , 24 December 1853 , p. 615 Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of Electric Christmas Lighting in America '' . oldchristmastreelights.com . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Claus '' . Jump up ^ `` 1 мая собираются праздновать 59 % россиян '' ( May 1 going to celebrate 59 % of Russians ) ( in Russian ) . April 27 , 2012 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . New Year is among the most important holidays for 81 % of Russians , while Christmas is such only for 19 % , ranking after Victory Day , Easter , International Women 's Day . Jump up ^ Belk , Russell ( 2000 ) . `` Materialism and the Modern U.S. Christmas '' . Advertising & Society Review . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lighting of the National Christmas Tree '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2008 . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Flashback Blog : The World 's Largest Decorated Christmas Tree '' . The Palm Beach Post . December 3 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2009 . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ' Manchester 's Gift To Lille ... ( FROM G. WARD PRICE . ) ' The Times ( London , England ) , 21 December 1918 , p. 7 Jump up ^ `` Town twinning : Bergen , Norway '' . Newcastle City Council . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` DC : Christmas Tree Lighting at Union Station '' . Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2012 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weaver Jr. , J. Dudley ( 2002 ) . Presbyterian Worship : A Guide for Clergy . Geneva Press . p. 79 . ISBN 9780664502188 . Jump up ^ Segler , Franklin M. ; Bradley , Randall ( 1 October 2006 ) . Christian Worship : Its Theology and Practice , Third Edition . B&H Publishing Group . p. 222 . A Chrismon tree is an evergreen tree adorned with symbols of Christ . The symbols are white and gold , and the three has white lights . Jump up ^ Morris - Pierce , Elizabeth ; Berger , Stephen A. ; Dreher , Eulonda A. ; Russel W. Dalton ; D. Andrew Richardson ; Jeanne Mueller ; Judith Hale Wood ; Ellen Edgar ; James Edgar ( 1 January 2002 ) . In Search of Christmas . CSS Publishing . p. 27 . ISBN 9780788019166 . Chrismons were first used in 1957 to decorate a Christmas tree in the Lutheran Church of the Ascension in Danville , Virginia . Jump up ^ Crump , William D. ( 15 September 2001 ) . The Christmas Encyclopedia , 3d ed . McFarland . p. 71 . ISBN 9780786468270 . Over time , the popularity of the Chrismons tree grew and spread to other denominations around the world , while Chrismons themselves have become meaningful decorations throughout the year . Jump up ^ `` Chrismon Tree '' . St. John 's Anglican Church . Archived from the original on 9 December 2014 . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . A number of ladies of St. John 's have been hard at work producing beautiful Chrismons ( Christian Monograms ) out of wire and beads to decorate a `` Chrismon Tree '' that will be put up and dedicated on the First Sunday in Advent Jump up ^ Glavich , Mary Kathleen ( 2010 ) . Leading Young Catholics Into Scripture . Twenty - Third Publications . p. 36 . ISBN 9781585958009 . A parallel Advent activity is the more recent custom of making a Chrismon tree ( Christ + monogram ) . The Chrismon tree bears symbols of Jesus from the New Testament . While the children hang their symbols , related Scripture texts might be read . Possible figures for the Chrismon tree are Mary , Joseph , the star , manger , shepherd , angel , sheep , three kings , gifts , fish , dove , grapes , wheat , vine , crown , rock , alpha and omega symbols , Chi - Rho , anchor , and cross . The symbols are usually white and gold . Jump up ^ First United Methodist Church , Midland , Texas : Offering Christ , 1885 -- 1985 : One Hundred Years on Main Street in Downtown Midland . Taylor Publishing Company . 1985 . Jump up ^ `` Advent & Christmas at BRC '' . Brunswick Reformed Church . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ so in The Lutheran Witness , Volume 83 ( 1964 ) , p. 548 `` the Chrismon ( from CHRISt - MONogram ) tree '' , and in James Edgar , Ellen Edgar , A Chrismon Service ( 1981 ) , p. 2 . The word 's actual etymology , from Middle Latin ( Landulf of Milan , 12th century ) crismon , is less than clear : George Henry Lane - Fox Pitt - Rivers , The riddle of the ' Labarum ' and the origin of Christian symbols , Allen & Unwin , 1966 , p. 28 ; `` I can find no roots , etymology or grounds for the adoption of the word adopted by some Christians , ' Chrismon ' , which is supposed to mean the ' Monogram of Christ ' , and which appears in some dictionaries ( i.e. Funk and Wagnalis , 1922 ) . '' Jump up ^ Stookey , Laurence Hull ( 1 December 2011 ) . Calendar : Christ 's Time for the Church . Abingdon Press . p. 107 . ISBN 9781426728044 . Beyond that the term `` Chrismon '' is used loosely to refer to symbols related to Christ , including the orb , crown , fish , star , anchor , and a wide variety of forms on the cross . All of these , often made in materials of gold and white , are used on a pine or fir tree in place of the more usual multicolored ornaments used on trees at home . Lights are also usually of clear glass rather than being colored . Jump up ^ Peter Mazar ( 2000 ) . School Year , Church Year : Customs and Decorations for the Classroom . Liturgy Training Publications . p. 161 . ISBN 1568542402 . Jump up ^ `` Customs of the Weeks after Epiphany '' . Holy Trinity ( German ) Catholic Church , Boston . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Superstitions '' . Snopes.com . December 2006 . Jump up ^ Gary A. Chastagner and D. Michael Benson ( 2000 ) . `` The Christmas Tree '' . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2006 . Retrieved December 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Yanofsky , David ( 21 December 2017 ) . `` What the Christmas tree industrial complex looks like from space '' . Quartz . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Living Christmas Trees '' . Clemson University . Retrieved July 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas tree '' . Department of Forestry , Michigan State University . Archived from the original on 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BLM and Forest Service Christmas tree permits available '' . Bureau of Land Management . November 30 , 2004 . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Census of Agriculture : Specialty Crops ( Volume 2 , Subject Series , Part 8 ) '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Agriculture . November 2009 . Table 1 , page 1 . Jump up ^ `` Unsere kleine Baumschule -- Wissenswertes '' ( Our little nursery : Trivia ) ( in German ) . 2010 . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2007 . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bruce David Forbes ( 2007 ) . Christmas : A Candid History . University of California Press . pp. 121 -- 22 . ISBN 0 - 5202 - 5104 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : James Hewitt ( 2007 ) . The Christmas Tree . Lulu.com . pp. 33 -- 36 . ISBN 1430308206 . ^ Jump up to : Broderick Perkins ( December 12 , 2003 ) . `` Faux Christmas Tree Crop Yields Special Concerns '' . Realty Times . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2008 . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Silverthorne ( 1994 ) . Christmas in Texas . Texas A&M University Press . p. 62 . ISBN 0 - 8909 - 6578 - 1 . Jump up ^ Karal Ann Marling ( 2000 ) . Merry Christmas ! : Celebrating America 's Greatest Holiday . Harvard University Press . pp. 58 -- 62 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00318 - 7 . Jump up ^ Peter Cole ( 2002 ) . Christmas Trees : Fun and Festive Ideas . Chronicle Books . p. 23 . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 3577 - 4 . Jump up ^ Cassandra A. Fortin ( October 26 , 2008 ) . `` It 's beginning to look a lot like Christmas ( 1958 ) '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Candice Gaukel Andrews ( 2006 ) . Great Wisconsin Winter Weekends . Big Earth Publishing . p. 178 . ISBN 1 - 9315 - 9971 - 8 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Berry ( December 9 , 2008 ) . `` Fake Christmas Trees Not So Green '' . LiveScience . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Katherine Neer ( December 2006 ) . `` How Christmas Trees Work '' . howStuffWorks . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Table - top Christmas Tree '' . Popular Mechanics : 117 . January 1937 . Jump up ^ `` Glass Christmas Tree , one - day course listing '' . Diablo Glass School . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2008 . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Demand Grows for Upside Down Christmas Tree '' ( Audio ) . All Things Considered . NPR . November 9 , 2005 . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Tree Safety '' . About.com . ^ Jump up to : Sharon Caskey Hayes ( November 26 , 2008 ) . `` Grower says real Christmas trees are better for environment than artificial ones '' . Kingsport Times - News . Kingsport , Tennessee . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Tree Resource : Your Source On Xmas Decorations '' . Christmas Tree Source . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Facts on PVC Used in Artificial Christmas Trees '' . American Christmas Tree Association . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2008 . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Goats , elk happy to munch on your used Christmas trees '' . CBC News . Dec 29 , 2014 . Retrieved 1 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pesticides & Wildlife Christmas Trees '' . ipm.ncsu.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Engineer Update : Old Christmas trees protect town beach '' . United States Army Corps of Engineers . March 2007 . Archived from the original on 24 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas tree recycling begins Friday in Columbia County '' . The Augusta Chronicle . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Recycling your tree can be a gift for environment '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Jump up ^ David Biello ( December 4 , 2008 ) . `` I 'm Dreaming of a Green Christmas ( Tree ) '' ( podcast transcript ) . Scientific American . Retrieved December 22 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Life Cycle Assessment ( LCA ) of Christmas trees -- A study ends the debate over which Christmas tree , natural or artificial , is most ecological '' . Ellipsos Inc . December 16 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2012 . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Recycling Your Tree : Real Christmas Trees are Recyclable '' . National Christmas Tree Association . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Maas , R.P. ; Patch , S.C. ; Pandolfo , T.J. ( 2004 ) . `` Artificial Christmas trees : How real are the lead exposure risks ? '' . Journal of environmental health . 67 ( 5 ) : 20 -- 24 , 32 . PMID 15628192 ... Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Levin , R. ; Brown , M.J. ; Kashtock , M.E. ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Lead Exposures in U.S. Children , 2008 : Implications for Prevention '' . Environmental Health Perspectives. 116 ( 10 ) : 1285 -- 1293 . doi : 10.1289 / ehp. 11241 . PMC 2569084 . PMID 18941567 ... Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Senn , Frank C. ( 2012 ) . Introduction to Christian Liturgy . Fortress Press . p. 118 . ISBN 9781451424331 . The Christmas tree as we know it seemed to emerge in Lutheran lands in Germany in the sixteenth century . Although no specific city or town has been identified as the first to have a Christmas tree , records for the Cathedral of Strassburg indicate that a Christmas tree was set up in that church in 1539 during Martin Bucer 's superintendency . Jump up ^ `` The Christmas Tree '' . Lutheran Spokesman. 29 -- 32 . 1936 . The Christmas tree became a widespread custom among German Lutherans by the eighteenth century . Jump up ^ Kelly , Joseph F. ( 2010 ) . The Feast of Christmas . Liturgical Press . p. 94 . ISBN 9780814639320 . German Lutherans brought the decorated Christmas tree with them ; the Moravians put lighted candles on those trees . Jump up ^ Blainey , Geoffrey ( 24 October 2013 ) . A Short History of Christianity . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 418 . ISBN 9781442225909 . Many Lutherans continued to set up a small fir tree as their Christmas tree , and it must have been a seasonal sight in Bach 's Leipzig at a time when it was virtually unknown in England , and little known in those farmlands of North America where Lutheran immigrants congregated . Jump up ^ Wells , Dorothy ( 1897 ) . `` Christmas in Other Lands '' . The School Journal . E.L. Kellogg & Company . 55 : 697 -- 8 . Christmas is the occasional of family reunions . Grandmother always has the place of honor . As the time approaches for enjoying the tree , she gathers her grandchildren about her , to tell them the story of the Christ child , with the meaning of the Christ child , with the meaning of the Christmas tree ; how the evergreen is meant to represent the life everlasting , the candle lights to recall the light of the world , and the star at the top of the tree is to remind them of the star of Bethlehem . Jump up ^ Jennifer Eremeeva ( 15 Dec 2010 ) . `` And so , is this Christmas ? '' . Russia Beyond the Headlines . Russian Christians adhere to the Eastern Orthodox calendar , which lags 13 days behind the modern day calendar . This discrepancy was corrected in 1918 , by the fledgling Bolshevik regime , but Christmas never reverted to December 25th in Russia , because the Bolsheviks began a systematic campaign to phase out traditional religious holidays and replace them with Soviet ones . Christmas was shifted to New Year 's Eve . At the beginning , stringent measures were put in place to see off any holdover of the old days : Christmas trees , introduced to Russia by Tsar Peter The Great in the 17th Century , were banned in 1916 by the Holy Synod as too German . The Bolsheviks kept the tree ban in place . Stalin declared Ded Moroz `` an ally of the priest and kulak , '' and outlawed him from Russia . Jump up ^ Connelly , Mark ( 2000 ) . Christmas at the Movies : Images of Christmas in American , British and European Cinema . I.B. Tauris . p. 186 . ISBN 9781860643972 . A chapter on representations of Christmas in Soviet cinema could , in fact be the shortest in this collection : suffice it to say that there were , at least officially , no Christmas celebrations in the atheist socialist state after its foundation in 1917 . ^ Jump up to : Echo of Islam . MIG. 1993 . In the former Soviet Union , fir trees were usually put up to mark New Year 's day , following a tradition established by the officially atheist state . Jump up ^ Ramet , Sabrina Petra ( 10 November 2005 ) . Religious Policy in the Soviet Union . Cambridge University Press . p. 138 . ISBN 9780521022309 . The League sallied forth to save the day from this putative religious revival . Antireligioznik obliged with so many articles that it devoted an entire section of its annual index for 1928 to anti-religious training in the schools . More such material followed in 1929 , and a flood of it the next year . It recommended what Lenin and others earlier had explicitly condemned -- carnivals , farces , and games to intimidate and purge the youth of religious belief . It suggested that pupils campaign against customs associated with Christmas ( including Christmas trees ) and Easter . Some schools , the League approvingly reported , staged an anti-religious day on the 31st of each month . Not teachers but the League 's local set the programme for this special occasion . Jump up ^ Dice , Elizabeth A. ( 2009 ) . Christmas and Hanukkah . Infobase Publishing . p. 44 . ISBN 9781438119717 . The Christmas tree , or Yolka , is another tradition that was banned during the Soviet era . To keep the custom alive , people decorated New Year 's trees instead . Jump up ^ Margaret Stenhouse ( December 22 , 2010 ) . `` The Vatican Christmas Tree '' . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2013 . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pre-Christmas Reflection : May Our Spirits Open to the True Spiritual Light '' . Zenit News Agency . December 21 , 2005 . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas tree is symbol of Christ , says Pope -- And a Sign of ' Undying Life ' '' . Zenit News Agency . December 19 , 2004 . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2007 . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Urbi et Orbi message of His Holiness Pope John Paul II , Christmas 2003 '' ( in Latin ) . December 25 , 2003 . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Order for the Blessing of a Christmas Tree '' . Crossroads Initiative . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kitch , Anne E. ( 2004 ) . The Anglican Family Prayer Book . Morehouse Publishing . p. 125 . Jump up ^ `` Boston 's ' Holiday Tree ' Sparks Controversy '' . The Harvard Crimson . November 28 , 2005 . Retrieved January 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` At Christmas , what 's in a name ? '' . ABC News . November 29 , 2005 . Retrieved 19 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Vipperman , Heather F. `` Chrismons Ministry '' . History . Lutheran Church . Retrieved 27 November 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Christmas tree . Wikisource has the text of the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia article Christmas . Christmas trees at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Christmas Christmas Eve Children 's Day Boxing Day Nochebuena Saint Nicholas Day St. Stephen 's Day Sol Invictus Yule In Christianity Biblical Magi Adoration of the Magi Adoration of the Shepherds Advent Angel Gabriel Annunciation Annunciation to the shepherds Baptism of the Lord Bethlehem Christingle Christmastide Epiphany Herod the Great Jesus Joseph Mary Massacre of the Innocents flight into Egypt Nativity Fast Nativity of Jesus in art in later culture Nativity scene Saint Nicholas Star of Bethlehem Twelfth Night In folklore Badalisc La Befana Belsnickel Caganer Christkind Ded Moroz Elves Father Christmas Grýla Jack Frost Joulupukki Knecht Ruprecht Korvatunturi Krampus Mikulás Miner 's figure Mrs. Claus Nisse / Tomte North Pole Old Man Winter Olentzero Père Fouettard Père Noël Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Saint Lucy Santa 's reindeer Santa 's workshop Sinterklaas Tió de Nadal Vertep Yule Cat Yule Lads Zwarte Piet Gift - bringers Saint Nicholas Santa Claus List of Christmas gift - bringers by country Traditions Advent calendar Advent candle Advent wreath Boar 's Head Feast Candle arches Cards Carols by Candlelight Cavalcade of Magi Crackers Decorations Events and celebrations Feast of the Seven Fishes Flying Santa Google Santa Tracker Hampers Las Posadas Letters Lights Lord of Misrule Markets Meals and feasts Moravian star Nine Lessons and Carols NORAD Tracks Santa Nutcrackers dolls Ornaments Parades list Piñatas Pyramids Räuchermann Seals Secret Santa Spanbaum Stamps Stockings Tree Twelve Days Wassailing Windows Yule Goat Yule log By country Australia and New Zealand Denmark Germany Hawaii Hungary Iceland Indonesia Ireland Mexico Norway Philippines Poland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Sweden Ukraine Music Carols list Hit singles UK Hit singles US Music books Carols for Choirs The Oxford Book of Carols The New Oxford Book of Carols Piae Cantiones Other media Films Poetry `` Old Santeclaus with Much Delight '' `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' Television specials Yule Log In modern society Advent Conspiracy Black Friday ( partying ) Black Friday ( shopping ) Bronner 's Christmas Wonderland Christmas club Christmas creep Christmas Day ( Trading ) Act 2004 Christmas Lectures Christmas Mountains Christmas truce Controversies Cyber Monday Economics Giving Tuesday El Gordo Holiday season In July In August Leon Day NBA games NFL games Puritan New England American Civil War Post-War United States Running of the Santas SantaCon Santa 's Candy Castle Small Business Saturday Super Saturday Virginia O'Hanlon White Christmas Winter festivals WWE Tribute to the Troops Xmas Food and drink Dinner Joulupöytä Julebord Kūčios Réveillon Twelve - dish supper Smörgåsbord Wigilia Sweets bûche de Noël Cake Candy cane Cookies Fruitcake Gingerbread Kourabiedes Melomakarono Mince pie Pavlova Pecan pie Pumpkin pie Pudding Rosca de reyes Szaloncukor Turrón Soup Menudo Sauce Cranberry sauce Beverages Apple cider Champurrado Eggnog Mulled wine Smoking Bishop Ponche crema Dumpling Hallaca Tamale Meat Ham Roast goose Romeritos Turkey Stuffing Portal ( hide ) Christmas trees Cultivation Christmas tree cultivation Christmas tree cultivation history Christmas tree pests and weeds Production Canadian production Danish production Global production Mexican production U.S. production Artificial Artificial Christmas tree Aluminum Christmas tree Feather Christmas tree Pre-lit tree Decorations Candy cane Christmas ornament Christmas lights Garland Pickle Pleated Christmas hearts Shiny Brite ornaments Szaloncukor Tinsel Tree - topper Individual trees Anthem Boston California Capitol Chicago Grand Place ( Brussels ) Grove ( L.A. ) Lisbon ( Portugal ) Macy 's ( Atlanta ) Milwaukee Mount Ingino ( Italy ) U.S. Capitol U.S. National Tree Rockefeller Center Sri Lanka Toledo ( Ohio ) Zoo Trafalgar Square ( London ) Tree ( Paris ) Vatican White House Trade groups American Christmas Tree Association British Christmas Tree Growers Association Canadian Christmas Tree Growers Association Christmas Tree Promotion Board Danish Christmas Tree Growers Association National Christmas Tree Association Other topics Chichilaki Christmas tree stand Festive ecology Hanukkah bush Holiday tree Rouse Simmons Singing Christmas Tree Tree baler LCCN : sh85025322 GND : 4065076 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas_tree&oldid=830230463 '' Categories : Christmas in Germany Christmas trees Christmas decorations Holidays Hidden categories : Articles containing Spanish - language text Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing German - language text Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) Use American English from January 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in American English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles containing Middle Low German - language text Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles containing Russian - language text Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2012 Articles needing additional references from December 2012 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2012 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Articles using small message boxes Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles containing French - language text Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Aragonés Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย ትግርኛ Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 73 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 March 2018 , at 15 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas%20tree

who sings the song ill stand by you

I 'll Stand by You

i'll stand by you

`` I 'll Stand by You '' is a song recorded by The Pretenders from their sixth studio album , Last of the Independents ( 1994 ) . Written by Chrissie Hynde and the songwriting team of Tom Kelly and Billy Steinberg ; it was the Pretenders ' last successful single in North America .

The song pledges love and faithful assistance in times of personal darkness . Since its initial release , `` I 'll Stand by You '' has also become a major hit for British girl group Girls Aloud in 2004 and American country singer Carrie Underwood in 2007 , both times recorded as a charity single . Colombian singer Shakira performed the song for the live charity telethon Hope for Haiti Now in 2010 ; her cover version was released on the charity benefit album of the same name . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Pretenders original 1.1 Chart positions 1.1. 1 Peak positions 1.1. 2 End of year charts 1.1. 3 Personnel 2 Girls Aloud version 2.1 Background and release 2.2 Critical reception 2.3 Chart performance 2.4 Music video 2.5 Live performances 2.6 Track listings and formats 2.7 Personnel 2.8 Chart positions 2.8. 1 Year - end chart 2.8. 2 Certification 3 Carrie Underwood version 3.1 Music video 3.2 Chart positions 4 Shakira version 4.1 Track listing 4.2 Chart positions 5 Other versions 6 References 7 External links The Pretenders original ( Edit ) `` I 'll Stand by You '' was released as the second single from the album Last of the Independents ( 1994 ) , and it reached number 16 on the US Billboard Hot 100 , number 21 on Billboard 's Modern Rock Tracks chart , and number 10 in the United Kingdom . It charted higher in the UK and the U.S. than `` Night in My Veins '' , the album 's first single . The music video for `` I 'll Stand by You '' was released in 1994 and features Chrissie Hynde caring for an ill man. . It was later featured in the pilot episode of Dawson 's Creek . Since 2010 the song has been used in an appeal advert for the NSPCC . Chart positions ( edit ) Peak positions ( edit ) Chart ( 1994 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 7 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 12 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 20 Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 ) 32 France ( SNEP ) 29 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 58 Iceland ( Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ) 19 Ireland ( IRMA ) 22 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 25 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 29 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 14 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 21 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 10 US Billboard Hot 100 16 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 21 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 23 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 21 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 11 US Radio Songs ( Billboard ) 11 End of year charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1994 ) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 88 End of year chart ( 1995 ) Position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 95 Personnel ( edit ) Chrissie Hynde -- guitar , vocals Adam Seymour -- guitar Additional musicians J.F.T. Hood -- drums David Paton -- bass guitar Tom Kelly -- piano , guitar London Gospel Choir -- choir David Lord -- string arrangement Bob Clearmountain -- mixing Tony Philips -- mixing Steve Williams -- engineer Girls Aloud version ( Edit ) `` I 'll Stand by You '' Single by Girls Aloud from the album What Will the Neighbours Say ? B - side `` Real Life '' Released 15 November 2004 Format CD single digital download Recorded Length 3 : 44 Label Polydor Songwriter ( s ) Chrissie Hynde Tom Kelly Billy Steinberg Producer ( s ) Xenomania Girls Aloud singles chronology `` Love Machine '' ( 2004 ) `` I 'll Stand by You '' ( 2004 ) `` Wake Me Up '' ( 2005 ) `` Love Machine '' ( 2004 ) `` I 'll Stand by You '' ( 2004 ) `` Wake Me Up '' ( 2005 ) Audio sample file help Music video `` I 'll Stand by You '' on YouTube In 2004 , the British all - female pop group Girls Aloud recorded a cover of `` I 'll Stand by You '' as the official Children in Need charity single . Their version was produced by Brian Higgins and his production team Xenomania . The track was announced a single just ten days before its 15 November 2004 release . It became Girls Aloud 's second number one on the UK Singles Chart , spending two weeks at the top position and receiving a silver certification from the British Phonographic Industry . The song appears on Girls Aloud 's second studio album What Will the Neighbours Say ? ( 2004 ) . The music video , directed by Trudy Bellinger , saw Girls Aloud stranded in a desert as they `` stand by '' each other . `` I 'll Stand by You '' was promoted through various live appearances and has since been performed on a number of the group 's concert tours . Despite its success , Girls Aloud 's cover of the song was largely panned by contemporary music critics . Background and release ( Edit ) The first version of `` I 'll Stand by You '' that Xenomania created was described as a `` weird , modernist breakbeat version '' , which was scrapped upon deciding an updated version of the original song would be better suited for Children in Need . The track 's release was announced a single just ten days before its release date . Nicola Roberts said , `` Hopefully if our single does well it 's a lot of money going to the charity . '' The single was released on 15 November 2004 in the UK , the week of the Children in Need 2004 telethon . It was available on two different CD singles . The first disc includes `` Real Life '' , a song taken from Girls Aloud 's second album What Will the Neighbours Say ? . The second CD format featured a medley of songs taken from the album , as well as the Tony Lamezma 's Club Romp remix of the track . The Gravitas Vocal Dub Mix Edit of `` I 'll Stand by You '' appears on the `` Wake Me Up '' single . In order to promote the release , Girls Aloud toured radio stations across the United Kingdom and performed an acoustic arrangement of `` I 'll Stand by You '' that they arranged themselves . They also visited children 's hospitals . Critical reception ( Edit ) Girls Aloud 's version of `` I 'll Stand By You '' was not well received by most contemporary music critics . It was called `` a particular soggy area '' on Girls Aloud 's album . Alexis Petridis of The Guardian , who praised Girls Aloud 's album , said that `` I 'll Stand by You '' was `` a thing of death - dealing tedium . '' BBC Music felt it was `` arguable whether this cover adds much to the Pretenders ' original . '' Sam Shepherd of musicOMH bluntly stated `` perhaps the children most in need , are those that part with their pocket money for this drivel ( ... ) This is a sub-karaoke version , limp , tired , and uninspired . '' However , Stylus Magazine actually commended the song , comparing it to Shakespears Sister and calling it `` far , far better than anyone gives it credit for . '' Chart performance ( Edit ) `` I 'll Stand by You '' debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart on 21 November 2004 , becoming Girls Aloud 's second single to do so . Despite competition from four new top ten entries , the song also remained at the top for a second week . It slipped to number four in its third week , making way for Band Aid 20 's take on `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Girls Aloud spent a fourth week in the top five . The single spent two further weeks in the top ten , holding on at number nine . Overall , `` I 'll Stand by You '' spent fourteen weeks in the top 75 , including nine weeks in the top forty . The single was ranked thirty - fourth on the year - end chart ( see 2004 in British music ) . It was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry . The song entered the Irish Singles Chart at number four . It spent a second week at number four , before rising to number three . It spent three more consecutive weeks at number three . It then slipped back down to number four , and spent two more weeks in the top five . Music video ( Edit ) The video for Girls Aloud 's version of `` I 'll Stand by You '' was directed by Trudy Bellinger . It begins with each member of the group lying or sitting motionless in a parched desert . At the song 's climax , a thunderstorm begins , and the members of Girls Aloud come together and stand in a circle . A special Children in Need version of the video depicts the group members holding `` Pudsey '' teddy bears , the mascot of the organisation , towards the end of the video . Live performances ( Edit ) Girls Aloud toured radio stations across the United Kingdom and performed an acoustic arrangement of `` I 'll Stand by You '' that they arranged themselves . As the charity 's official single of the year , the song was showcased as the Children in Need 2004 telethon . They also performed the song on television programmes such as Blue Peter , CD : UK , Countdown , Diggin ' It , GMTV , Ministry of Mayhem , Popbusters , Top of the Pops , and Xchange . In 2005 , Girls Aloud performed `` I 'll Stand by You '' at Dublin 's ChildLine Concert and on the TV show All Time Greatest Love Songs . In 2006 , they performed the song on Australia 's Sunrise . The group also performed the cover version on their 2005 MTV special ( as seen on the Girls on Film DVD ) and ITV1 's The Girls Aloud Party ( 2008 ) . `` I 'll Stand by You '' has been performed by Girls Aloud on most of their concert tours . For 2005 's What Will the Neighbours Say ? Live , Girls Aloud 's first tour , they sang the song in colourful , simple evening gowns . It was also included on 2006 's Chemistry Tour and 2007 's The Sound of Girls Aloud : The Greatest Hits Tour . `` I 'll Stand by You '' was included on a ballad section on 2008 's Tangled Up Tour , in which Girls Aloud walk along a catwalk which reaches the middle of the crowd . Track listings and formats ( Edit ) These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of `` I 'll Stand by You '' . UK CD1 ( Polydor / 9869129 ) `` I 'll Stand by You '' -- 3 : 44 `` Real Life '' -- 3 : 41 UK CD2 ( Polydor / 9869130 ) `` I 'll Stand by You '' -- 3 : 44 `` I 'll Stand by You '' ( Tony Lamezma 's Club Romp ) -- 5 : 05 `` What Will the Neighbours Say ? Album Medley '' -- 3 : 14 `` I 'll Stand by You '' ( video ) -- 3 : 44 `` I 'll Stand by You '' ( karaoke video ) -- 3 : 44 `` I 'll Stand by You '' ( game ) The Singles Boxset ( CD7 ) `` I 'll Stand by You '' -- 3 : 44 `` Real Life '' -- 3 : 41 `` I 'll Stand by You '' ( Tony Lamezma 's Club Romp ) -- 5 : 05 `` What Will the Neighbours Say ? Album Medley '' -- 3 : 14 `` I 'll Stand by You '' ( Gravitas Vocal Dub Mix ) -- 7 : 27 `` I 'll Stand by You '' ( video ) -- 3 : 44 `` I 'll Stand by You '' ( karaoke video ) -- 3 : 44 `` I 'll Stand by You '' ( game ) Personnel ( edit ) Nadine Coyle -- co-lead vocals Cheryl Tweedy -- co-lead vocals Sarah Harding -- co-lead vocals Nicola Roberts -- co-lead vocals Kimberley Walsh -- co-lead vocals Chart positions ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 85 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Year - end chart ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 ) Peak position United Kingdom ( 2004 ) 34 Certification ( edit ) Country Certification ( sales thresholds ) United Kingdom Silver Carrie Underwood version ( Edit ) `` I 'll Stand by You '' Single by Carrie Underwood from the album Idol Gives Back Released April 24 , 2007 Genre Country Length 3 : 31 Songwriter ( s ) Chrissie Hynde Tom Kelly Billy Steinberg Producer ( s ) Nigel Lythgoe Ken Warwick Richard Curtis Carrie Underwood singles chronology `` Wasted '' ( 2007 ) `` I 'll Stand by You '' ( 2007 ) `` So Small '' ( 2007 ) `` Wasted '' ( 2007 ) `` I 'll Stand by You '' ( 2007 ) `` So Small '' ( 2007 ) `` I 'll Stand by You '' was covered in 2007 by Carrie Underwood as a charity single , recorded for the show Idol Gives Back which aired on April 25 , 2007 . Carrie Underwood performed the song during her visit to Africa , which was used as soundtrack for a video vignette , where Underwood is seen singing to children and doing different activities with them . The single and the video were released on the U.S. iTunes Store on April 26 , 2007 . Ryan Seacrest announced that all money made on digital downloads would be donated to charity to help millions of poor children at the time . On its first few days of release , the song sold 124,496 digital downloads , prompting a debut on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 at number six , Underwood 's highest Hot 100 position since her 2005 debut single `` Inside Your Heaven '' , which debuted at number one . It was eventually removed from iTunes , leading the single to have one of the biggest falls in Hot 100 history . The single collected over 300,000 digital downloads in the time period it was available for download . As announced , all profits from the sale of the single were donated to charity . The single also received unsolicited airplay on U.S. country music radio stations , despite not being officially released to country radio . Underwood performed the song on the American Idol Season Six Finale on May 23 , 2007 . Music video ( Edit ) Underwood in the music video . The music video was filmed in Africa . Underwood is seen singing to young children and helping them with different art projects , such as painting . At one point in the video , she is seen walking into a cemetery with a girl on her arms , and a boy by her hand who is carrying flowers . Underwood is also seen crying towards the end of the video , when she is helping an ill person . This music video was made available for download on the U.S. iTunes Store . Chart positions ( edit ) Chart ( 2007 ) Peak position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 10 US Billboard Hot 100 6 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 41 Charted from unsolicited airplay . Shakira version ( Edit ) `` I 'll Stand by You '' Promotional single by Shakira featuring The Roots from the album Hope for Haiti Now Released January 23 , 2010 Format Digital download Recorded Kaufman Astoria Studios ( Queens , New York ) Length 3 : 55 Label MTV Songwriter ( s ) Chrissie Hynde Tom Kelly Billy Steinberg `` I 'll Stand by You '' is a cover in 2010 by the Colombian singer Shakira as a promotional charity single for the Hope for Haiti Now campaign and was released on 23 January 2010 , in the wake of the devastating 2010 Haiti earthquake . Recorded live on the charity telethon Hope for Haiti Now : A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief on January 22 , 2010 in New York City . She performed the song during the program , exactly before Wyclef Jean 's speech and after Reese Witherspoon 's call on the phone bank . The song is found on the charity benefit album , Hope for Haiti Now . Track listing ( edit ) Album version `` I 'll Stand by You '' ( with The Roots ) - 3 : 55 Chart positions ( edit ) Chart ( 2010 ) Peak position Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 53 Other versions ( Edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song was also recorded by the popular Chicago area band ALTER EGO in May 2015 and released online for digital download . The song was also recorded by Patti Labelle on her 2005 album Classic Moments . She performed the song as a tribute to Destiny 's Child when they won an award for being the best selling female group of all time . She also performed the song on the NBC show ' Clash of the Choirs , where she had one of her choir members sing the lead vocals . Rod Stewart covered the song for his album Still the Same ... Great Rock Classics of Our Time ( 2006 ) . Marcia Hines recorded a version for her album Life ( 2007 ) . In 2008 , Kate Ceberano recorded a version for her album So Much Beauty . American Idol Season 6 contestant Gina Glocksen performed the song in the Top 10 round . In 2009 , the cast of Glee covered the song for the episode `` Ballad '' for Finn 's unborn child . The song can be heard on the compilation Glee : The Music , Volume 2 . The girl group `` Belle Amie '' performed the song in the 2010 X Factor finals . Xenia and Sara Oromchi performed and recorded a cover duet of the song during the Battle Rounds of the first season of The Voice . One of American Idol Season 10 Top 24 Girls , Pia Toscano , performed this song , in which the judges made their first standing ovation of the season . Kim Wilde released a version of the song in 2011 as a bonus track on her covers album Snapshots `` . Girl group Fifth Harmony performed the song on the second season of The X Factor USA during Thanksgiving week . During the 12th season of American Idol , contestant Angela Miller performed the song . In a 2013 commercial for Progressive Insurance , characters Flo and Rob perform snippets of the song to promote Progressive 's loyalty program . In 2013 Amber Riley covered the song for the Glee episode `` The Quarterback '' as a tribute to the character Finn who died prior to the episode and in recognition of the death of Cory Monteith earlier in 2013 . Yunita Nursetia performed the song on the eighth season of Indonesian Idol during Top 15 Show . Intan Rahayuning and Gloria Jessica performed duet of the song during the Battle Rounds of the second season of The Voice Indonesia . French contestant Aude Henneville performed the song on the first season of The Voice : la plus belle voix during Blind Audition . The song was also covered by Idina Menzel for the TV Movie `` Beaches '' A version of the song is featured in a MassMutual advertisement that aired during the 2018 NHL Winter Classic highlighting the good deeds performed by ordinary citizens during 2017 . References ( Edit ) Jump up ^ Byers , Michele ; Lavery , David . Dear Angela : Remembering My So - called Life . Lexington Books . p. 53 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 1692 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` NSPCC ' Enough is Enough ' advert - Advertising Showcase UTalkMarketing '' . www.utalkmarketing.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Pretenders -- I 'll Stand by You '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Pretenders -- I 'll Stand by You '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 2620 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 2635 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eurochart Hot 100 Singles '' ( PDF ) . Music & Media . 21 May 1994 . Retrieved 31 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Pretenders -- I 'll Stand by You '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Pretenders -- I 'll Stand by You '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ( 26.05. 1994 - 01.06. 1994 ) '' ( PDF ) . Dagblaðið Vísir - Tónlist . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- I 'll Stand by You '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Pretenders '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 31 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Pretenders -- I 'll Stand by You '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Pretenders -- I 'll Stand by You '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pretenders Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pretenders Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pretenders Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pretenders Chart History ( Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pretenders Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pretenders Chart History ( Radio Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Hit Tracks of 1994 '' . RPM . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 -- 1995 '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Peter ( 2009 ) . `` I 'll Stand By You '' . The Singles Boxset ( Booklet ) . Girls Aloud . London , England : Fascination Records . p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Girls Aloud help Children In Need '' . CBBC Newsround . BBC . 2004 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Girls Aloud -- What Will The Neighbours Say ? '' . Virgin Media . Virgin Group . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Petridis , Alexis ( 2004 - 11 - 26 ) . `` Girls Aloud , What Will The Neighbours Say ? '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ David Hooper . `` Girls Aloud , What Will The Neighbours Say ? '' . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Sam Shepherd . `` Girls Aloud -- I 'll Stand By You ( Polydor ) '' . musicOMH.com . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ William B. Swygart ( 2004 - 12 - 13 ) . `` Girls Aloud -- What Will The Neighbours Say ? '' . Stylus Magazine . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 02 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Girls Aloud seize number one slot '' . BBC News . BBC . 2004 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Girls Aloud hold on to top spot '' . CBBC Newsround . BBC . 2004 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Karen Attwood ( 2004 - 12 - 06 ) . `` Band Aid heads for Christmas number one spot '' . Manchester Evening News . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Band Aid 20 retains number one spot '' . BBC News . BBC . 2004 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Girls Aloud -- I 'll Stand By You '' . ChartStats.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Girls Aloud '' . The Official UK Charts Company . British Phonographic Industry . 2004 - 11 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Certified Awards Search '' . British Phonographic Industry . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 singles , week ending 18 November 2004 '' . Irish Singles Chart . GfK . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 singles , week ending 25 November 2004 '' . Irish Singles Chart . GfK . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 singles , week ending 2 December 2004 '' . Irish Singles Chart . GfK . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 singles , week ending 9 December 2004 '' . Irish Singles Chart . GfK . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 singles , week ending 16 December 2004 '' . Irish Singles Chart . GfK . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 singles , week ending 23 December 2004 '' . Irish Singles Chart . GfK . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 singles , week ending 30 December 2004 '' . Irish Singles Chart . GfK . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 singles , week ending 6 January 2005 '' . Irish Singles Chart . GfK . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 singles , week ending 12 January 2005 '' . Irish Singles Chart . GfK . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Trudy Bellinger : Music Videos '' . Merge @ Crossroads . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 49 , 2004 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Girls Aloud -- Jump '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Hot Country Songs '' ( PDF ) . Billboard : 51 . May 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Carrie Underwood sets record with iTunes track Archived December 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Billboard Archived February 23 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Carrie Underwood Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Carrie Underwood Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Carrie Underwood Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Hope For Haiti Now : A Global Benefit For Earthquake Relief '' . Hope For Haiti Now . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Hope For Haiti Now '' . Amazon.com ( US ) . Amazon . 2010 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Shakira -- I 'll Stand by You '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` MassMutual TV Commercial , ' 2017 Year in Review : The Unsung ' '' . iSpot.tv . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . External links ( Edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Girls Aloud version Preceded by `` Vertigo '' by U2 UK Singles Chart number - one single 21 November 2004 -- 28 November 2004 Succeeded by `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' by Band Aid 20 The Pretenders Chrissie Hynde Martin Chambers Nick Wilkinson James Walbourne Eric Heywood James Honeyman - Scott Pete Farndon Robbie McIntosh Malcolm Foster Blair Cunningham T.M. Stevens Johnny Marr Adam Seymour Andy Rourke Studio albums Pretenders Pretenders II Learning to Crawl Get Close Packed ! Last of the Independents Viva el Amor Loose Screw Break Up the Concrete Alone Live albums The Isle of View Extended plays Extended Play Compilation albums The Singles Greatest Hits The Best of Pretenders Songs `` Stop Your Sobbing '' `` Kid '' `` Brass in Pocket '' `` Precious '' `` Private Life '' `` Talk of the Town '' `` Message of Love '' `` I Go to Sleep '' `` Back on the Chain Gang '' `` My City Was Gone '' `` 2000 Miles '' `` Middle of the Road '' `` Thin Line Between Love and Hate '' `` Do n't Get Me Wrong '' `` Hymn to Her '' `` My Baby '' `` Where Has Everybody Gone ? '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` I 'm Not in Love '' `` I 'll Stand by You '' `` Human '' Related articles Discography Members John McKenzie Book Girls Aloud songs Sound of the Underground `` Sound of the Underground '' `` No Good Advice '' `` Some Kind of Miracle '' `` Life Got Cold '' `` Jump '' What Will the Neighbours Say ? `` The Show '' `` Love Machine '' `` I 'll Stand by You '' `` Jump '' `` Wake Me Up '' `` Graffiti My Soul '' `` Here We Go '' Chemistry `` Biology '' `` See the Day '' `` Whole Lotta History '' `` Long Hot Summer '' `` Swinging London Town '' The Sound of Girls Aloud : The Greatest Hits `` Something Kinda Ooooh '' `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' Tangled Up `` Call the Shots '' `` Sexy ! No No No ... '' `` Ca n't Speak French '' Out of Control `` The Promise '' `` The Loving Kind '' `` Untouchable '' Ten `` Something New '' `` On the Metro '' `` Beautiful ' Cause You Love Me '' `` Memory of You '' Other songs `` Stay Another Day '' `` Walk This Way '' ( vs. Sugababes ) `` Theme to St. Trinian 's '' Book Category Portal Carrie Underwood songs Discography Awards and nominations Songs Some Hearts `` Jesus , Take the Wheel '' `` Some Hearts '' `` Do n't Forget to Remember Me '' `` Before He Cheats '' `` Wasted '' Carnival Ride `` So Small '' `` All - American Girl '' `` Last Name '' `` Just a Dream '' `` I Told You So '' Play On `` Cowboy Casanova '' `` Temporary Home '' `` Undo It '' `` Mama 's Song '' Blown Away `` Good Girl '' `` Blown Away '' `` Two Black Cadillacs '' `` See You Again '' Greatest Hits : Decade # 1 `` Something in the Water '' `` Little Toy Guns '' Storyteller `` Smoke Break '' `` Heartbeat '' `` Church Bells '' `` Dirty Laundry '' Cry Pretty `` Cry Pretty '' Featured singles `` Just Stand Up ! '' ( with Artists Stand Up To Cancer ) `` Remind Me '' ( with Brad Paisley ) `` Ca n't Stop Lovin ' You '' ( with Aerosmith ) `` Somethin ' Bad '' ( with Miranda Lambert ) `` The Fighter '' ( with Keith Urban ) Other singles `` Inside Your Heaven '' Promotional singles `` I 'll Stand by You '' `` Praying for Time '' `` Home Sweet Home '' `` There 's a Place for Us '' `` Chaser '' `` The Champion '' ( with Ludacris ) Other songs `` Eighteen Inches '' `` Ever Ever After '' Book Category Shakira songs Discography Pies Descalzos `` ¿ Dónde Estás Corazón ? '' `` Antología '' `` Estoy Aquí '' `` Pies Descalzos , Sueños Blancos '' `` Se Quiere , Se Mata '' `` Un Poco de Amor '' Dónde Están los Ladrones ? `` Ciega , Sordomuda '' `` Inevitable '' `` Moscas en la Casa '' `` No Creo '' `` Octavo Día '' `` Ojos Así / Eyes Like Yours '' `` Tú '' Laundry Service `` Objection ( Tango ) / Te Aviso , Te Anuncio ( Tango ) '' `` The One '' `` Que Me Quedes Tú '' `` Te Dejo Madrid '' `` Underneath Your Clothes '' `` Whenever , Wherever / Suerte '' Fijación Oral , Vol. 1 `` Día de Enero '' `` Día Especial '' `` La Tortura '' `` Pure Intuition / Las De La Intuición '' `` No '' Oral Fixation , Vol. 2 `` Do n't Bother '' `` Hips Do n't Lie / Sera , Sera ( Las Caderas No Mienten ) '' `` Illegal '' She Wolf `` Did It Again / Lo Hecho Está Hecho '' `` Give It Up to Me '' `` Gypsy / Gitana '' `` She Wolf / Loba '' Sale el Sol `` Addicted to You '' `` Antes de las Seis '' `` Islands '' `` Loca '' `` Rabiosa '' `` Sale el Sol '' Shakira `` Ca n't Remember to Forget You / Nunca Me Acuerdo de Olvidarte '' `` Dare ( La la la ) / La La La ( Brazil 2014 ) '' `` Empire '' `` Medicine '' El Dorado `` Chantaje '' `` Me Enamoré '' `` Perro Fiel '' `` Trap '' Collaborations `` Beautiful Liar / Bello Embustero '' `` Dançando '' `` Deja Vu '' `` Get It Started '' `` La Bicicleta '' `` Mi Verdad '' `` Si Tú No Vuelves '' `` Te Lo Agradezco , Pero No '' Charity songs `` El Ultimo Adios ( The Last Goodbye ) '' `` Gracias a la Vida '' `` Sing '' `` Somos El Mundo 25 Por Haiti '' `` What More Can I Give / Todo Para Ti '' Other songs `` Despedida '' `` Try Everything '' `` Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) / Waka Waka ( Esto es África ) '' Book Category Template WikiProject Children in Need Telethons 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Charity singles `` Almost Seems ( Too Late to Turn ) '' ( 1985 ) `` Heroes '' ( 1986 ) `` Perfect Day '' ( 1997 ) `` Especially for You '' ( 1998 ) `` Love Me '' ( 1999 ) `` Never Had a Dream Come True '' ( 2000 ) `` Have You Ever '' ( 2001 ) `` Do n't Let Me Down '' / `` You and I '' ( 2002 ) `` I 'm Your Man ( 2003 ) `` I 'll Stand by You '' ( 2004 ) `` A Night to Remember '' ( 2005 ) `` Downtown '' ( 2006 ) `` Headlines ( Friendship Never Ends ) '' ( 2007 ) `` Do Ya / Stay with Me '' ( 2008 ) `` The Official BBC Children in Need Medley '' ( 2009 ) `` Love You More '' ( 2010 ) `` Teardrop '' ( 2011 ) `` Something New '' ( 2012 ) `` How Long Will I Love You '' ( 2013 ) `` Wake Me Up '' ( 2014 ) `` Take Me Home '' ( 2015 ) `` All We Needed '' ( 2016 ) `` Fields of Gold '' ( 2017 ) Related articles Pudsey Bear Children in Need Rocks the Royal Albert Hall Children in Need Rocks Manchester Children in Need Rocks 2013 Comic Relief Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27ll_Stand_by_You&oldid=838053431 '' Categories : 1994 singles 2004 singles 2007 singles 2010 singles Rock ballads Carrie Underwood songs Charity singles Girls Aloud songs Music videos directed by Trudy Bellinger The Pretenders songs Rod Stewart songs Songs written by Chrissie Hynde Songs written by Tom Kelly ( musician ) Songs written by Billy Steinberg Song recordings produced by Xenomania UK Singles Chart number - one singles Sire Records singles Number - one singles in Israel 1994 songs Torch songs Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardradiosongs Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Articles needing additional references from January 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Svenska Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 16 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%2527ll%20Stand%20by%20You

what was the nickname for the new deal

Alphabet agencies

alphabet agencies

The alphabet agencies ( also New Deal agencies ) were the U.S. federal government agencies created as part of the New Deal of President Franklin D. Roosevelt . The earliest agencies were created to combat the Great Depression in the United States and were established during Roosevelt 's first 100 days in office in 1933 . William Safire notes that the phrase `` gave color to the charge of excessive bureaucracy . '' Democrat Al Smith , who turned against Roosevelt , said his government was `` submerged in a bowl of alphabet soup . ''

In total , at least 100 offices were created during Roosevelt 's terms of office as part of the New Deal , and `` even the Comptroller - General of the United States , who audits the government 's accounts , declared he had never heard of some of them . '' While previously all monetary appropriations had been separately passed by Act of Congress , as part of their power of the purse ; the National Industrial Recovery Act allowed Roosevelt to allocate $3.3 billion without Congress ( as much as had been previously spent by government in ten years time ) , through executive orders and other means . These powers were used to create many of the alphabet agencies . Other laws were passed allowing the new bureaus to pass their own directives within a wide sphere of authority . Even though the National Industrial Recovery Act was found to be unconstitutional , many of the agencies created under it remained . Some alphabet agencies were established by Congress , such as the Tennessee Valley Authority . Others were established through Roosevelt executive orders , such as the Works Progress Administration and the Office of Censorship , or were part of larger programs such as the many that belonged to the Works Progress Administration . The agencies were sometimes referred to as alphabet soup . Some of the agencies still exist today , while others have merged with other departments and agencies or were abolished , or found unconstitutional . Partial list of Alphabet Agencies ( edit ) Initialism Year Agency AAA 1933 Agricultural Adjustment Administration CCC 1933 Civilian Conservation Corps CWA 1933 Civil Works Administration DRS 1935 Drought Relief Service DSH 1933 Subsistence Homesteads Division EBA 1933 Emergency Banking Act FAA 1933 Federal Aviation Administration FAP 1935 Federal Art Project FCA 1933 Farm Credit Administration FCC 1934 Federal Communications Commission FDIC 1933 Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation FERA 1933 Federal Emergency Relief Administration FHA 1934 Federal Housing Administration FLSA 1938 Fair Labor Standards Act FMP 1935 Federal Music Project ( part of WPA ) FSA 1935 Farm Security Administration FSRC 1933 Federal Surplus Relief Corporation FTP 1935 Federal Theatre Project ( part of WPA ) FWA 1939 Federal Works Agency FWP 1935 Federal Writers ' Project ( part of WPA ) HOLC 1933 Home Owners ' Loan Corporation NIRA 1933 National Industrial Recovery Act NLRA 1935 National Labor Relations Act NLRB 1934 National Labor Relations Board / The Wagner Act NRA 1933 National Recovery Administration NYA 1935 National Youth Administration PRRA 1933 Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration PWA 1933 Public Works Administration RA 1935 Resettlement Administration REA 1935 Rural Electrification Administration ( now Rural Utilities Service ) SEC 1934 Securities and Exchange Commission SSA 1935 Social Security Administration SSB 1935 Social Security Board ( now Social Security Administration ) TVA 1933 Tennessee Valley Authority USHA 1937 United States Housing Authority USMC 1936 United States Maritime Commission WPA 1935 Works Progress Administration Songs ( edit ) Roosevelt 's alphabet soup was manifested in an armada of alphabet agencies , making them a popular motif for numerous cartoons ( see cover picture ) . Since the New Deal is also part of the curriculum of American schools , a number of young people have embraced the subject and immortalized it with rap songs on video clips . Beth Crawford , Robbie Fuentes , Eric Richter and Emily Spiek alias Frankie & his New Deal Crew : `` Alphabet Soup , New Deal Rap '' . `` That alphabet soup was the President 's plan ... So in Frankie we trust with his alphabet soup ... '' Colin , Matt , Chase and Tyler , to `` Ignition `` by R. Kelly : `` FDR 's New Deal '' . `` ... now gim me that CCC , now gim me that AAA and pass that NRA ... '' Katie Morganne and Jason : `` FDR Alphabet Soup Song '' , over agencies created in the New Deal . `` It all started out in 1932 when FDR represents the brothers in blue ... '' Joshua Wagner : `` The Great Depression / New Deal Song '' . `` Back in gold old 1933 we faced depression here in our country , FDR made new deals to help us out , so we could conquer unemployment and drought . '' Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ William Safire ( 2008 ) . Safire 's Political Dictionary . Oxford University Press . p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : Flynn , John . The Roosevelt Myth , Garden City Books , 1948 . Jump up ^ Alphabet Soup , New Deal Rap : youtube . Jump up ^ FDR 's New Deal : youtube . Jump up ^ FDR Alphabet Soup Song : youtube . Jump up ^ The Author 's reply on a comment : ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ The Great Depression / New Deal Song : youtube . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alphabet_agencies&oldid=832629410 '' Categories : New Deal agencies Federal assistance in the United States Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 03 : 12 . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet%20agencies

what are the main objectives of labor unions

A trade union or trades union , also called a labour union ( Canada ) or labor union ( US ) , is an organization of workers who have come together to achieve many common goals ; such as protecting the integrity of its trade , improving safety standards , and attaining better wages , benefits ( such as vacation , health care , and retirement ) , and working conditions through the increased bargaining power wielded by the creation of a monopoly of the workers . The trade union , through its leadership , bargains with the employer on behalf of union members ( rank and file members ) and negotiates labour contracts ( collective bargaining ) with employers . The most common purpose of these associations or unions is `` maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment '' . This may include the negotiation of wages , work rules , complaint procedures , rules governing hiring , firing and promotion of workers , benefits , workplace safety and policies .

protecting the integrity of its trade|improving safety standards|attaining better wages|benefits|vacation|health care|retirement|working conditions

Trade union

trade union

`` Labor leader '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with Labour Leader . `` Labour union '' redirects here . For the Polish political party , see Labour Union ( Poland ) . For the British political party , see Labour Union ( UK ) . For the Canadian political party , see Union Labour . For the album by King Syze , see The Labor Union . Part of a series on Organized labour Labour movement ( show ) Timeline New Unionism Proletariat Social Movement Unionism Socialism Syndicalism Anarcho - syndicalism Labour rights ( show ) Child labour Eight - hour day Five - day work week Annual leave Collective bargaining Minimum wage Occupational safety and health Trade unions ( hide ) Trade unions by country Trade union federations International comparisons ITUC IWA WFTU Strike action ( show ) Chronological list of strikes General strike Secondary action Sitdown strike Work - to - rule Labour parties ( show ) Australian British Dutch Irish Israeli Maltese New Zealand Norwegian List of Labour parties Academic disciplines ( show ) Industrial relations Labour economics Labour history Labour law A trade union or trades union , also called a labour union ( Canada ) or labor union ( US ) , is an organization of workers who have come together to achieve many common goals ; such as protecting the integrity of its trade , improving safety standards , and attaining better wages , benefits ( such as vacation , health care , and retirement ) , and working conditions through the increased bargaining power wielded by the creation of a monopoly of the workers . The trade union , through its leadership , bargains with the employer on behalf of union members ( rank and file members ) and negotiates labour contracts ( collective bargaining ) with employers . The most common purpose of these associations or unions is `` maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment '' . This may include the negotiation of wages , work rules , complaint procedures , rules governing hiring , firing and promotion of workers , benefits , workplace safety and policies . Unions may organize a particular section of skilled workers ( craft unionism ) , a cross-section of workers from various trades ( general unionism ) , or attempt to organize all workers within a particular industry ( industrial unionism ) . The agreements negotiated by a union are binding on the rank and file members and the employer and in some cases on other non-member workers . Trade unions traditionally have a constitution which details the governance of their bargaining unit and also have governance at various levels of government depending on the industry that binds them legally to their negotiations and functioning . Originating in Great Britain , trade unions became popular in many countries during the Industrial Revolution . Trade unions may be composed of individual workers , professionals , past workers , students , apprentices or the unemployed . Trade union density , or the percentage of workers belonging to a trade union , is highest in the Nordic countries . Contents 1 Definition 2 History 2.1 National general unions 2.2 Legalization and expansion 3 Prevalence 4 Trade unions by country 4.1 Australia 4.2 Belgium 4.3 Canada 4.4 Colombia 4.5 Costa Rica 4.6 Germany 4.7 India 4.8 Japan 4.9 Mexico 4.10 Scandinavia 4.11 United Kingdom 4.12 United States 4.13 Vatican ( Holy See ) 5 Structure and politics 6 Shop types 7 Diversity of international unions 8 International unionization 9 Criticisms 10 Union publications 11 Film 12 See also 13 Notes and references 14 Further reading 14.1 Britain 14.2 United States 14.3 Other 15 External links Definition ( edit ) Since the publication of the History of Trade Unionism ( 1894 ) by Sidney and Beatrice Webb , the predominant historical view is that a trade union `` is a continuous association of wage earners for the purpose of maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment . '' Karl Marx described trade unions thus : `` The value of labour - power constitutes the conscious and explicit foundation of the trade unions , whose importance for the ( ... ) working class can scarcely be overestimated . The trade unions aim at nothing less than to prevent the reduction of wages below the level that is traditionally maintained in the various branches of industry . That is to say , they wish to prevent the price of labour - power from falling below its value '' ( Capital V1 , 1867 , p. 1069 ) . A modern definition by the Australian Bureau of Statistics states that a trade union is `` an organization consisting predominantly of employees , the principal activities of which include the negotiation of rates of pay and conditions of employment for its members . '' Yet historian R.A. Leeson , in United we Stand ( 1971 ) , said : Two conflicting views of the trade - union movement strove for ascendancy in the nineteenth century : one the defensive - restrictive guild - craft tradition passed down through journeymen 's clubs and friendly societies , ... the other the aggressive - expansionist drive to unite all ' labouring men and women ' for a ' different order of things ' . Recent historical research by Bob James in Craft , Trade or Mystery ( 2001 ) puts forward the view that trade unions are part of a broader movement of benefit societies , which includes medieval guilds , Freemasons , Oddfellows , friendly societies , and other fraternal organizations . The 18th century economist Adam Smith noted the imbalance in the rights of workers in regards to owners ( or `` masters '' ) . In The Wealth of Nations , Book I , chapter 8 , Smith wrote : We rarely hear , it has been said , of the combination of masters , though frequently of those of workmen . But whoever imagines , upon this account , that masters rarely combine , is as ignorant of the world as of the subject . Masters are always and everywhere in a sort of tacit , but constant and uniform combination , not to raise the wages of labor above their actual rate ( . ) When workers combine , masters ... never cease to call aloud for the assistance of the civil magistrate , and the rigorous execution of those laws which have been enacted with so much severity against the combination of servants , labourers and journeymen . As Smith noted , unions were illegal for many years in most countries , although Smith argued that it should remain illegal to fix wages or prices by employees or employers . There were severe penalties for attempting to organize unions , up to and including execution . Despite this , unions were formed and began to acquire political power , eventually resulting in a body of labour law that not only legalized organizing efforts , but codified the relationship between employers and those employees organized into unions . History ( edit ) Early 19th century workplace militancy manifested in the Luddite riots , when unemployed workers destroyed labour saving machines The origins of trade unions can be traced back to 18th century Britain , where the rapid expansion of industrial society then taking place , drew women , children , rural workers and immigrants into the work force in large numbers and in new roles . This pool of unskilled and semi-skilled labour spontaneously organized in fits and starts throughout its beginnings , and would later be an important arena for the development of trade unions . Trade unions have sometimes been seen as successors to the guilds of medieval Europe , though the relationship between the two is disputed , as the masters of the guilds employed workers ( apprentices and journeymen ) who were not allowed to organize . Trade unions and collective bargaining were outlawed from no later than the middle of the 14th century when the Ordinance of Labourers was enacted in the Kingdom of England . As collective bargaining and early worker unions grew with the onset of the Industrial Revolution , the government began to clamp down on what it saw as the danger of popular unrest at the time of the Napoleonic Wars . In 1799 , the Combination Act was passed , which banned trade unions and collective bargaining by British workers . Although the unions were subject to often severe repression until 1824 , they were already widespread in cities such as London . Workplace militancy had also manifested itself as Luddism and had been prominent in struggles such as the 1820 Rising in Scotland , in which 60,000 workers went on a general strike , which was soon crushed . Sympathy for the plight of the workers brought repeal of the acts in 1824 , although the Combination Act 1825 severely restricted their activity . By the 1810s , the first labour organizations to bring together workers of divergent occupations were formed . Possibly the first such union was the General Union of Trades , also known as the Philanthropic Society , founded in 1818 in Manchester . The latter name was to hide the organization 's real purpose in a time when trade unions were still illegal . National general unions ( edit ) Poster issued by the London Trades Council , advertising a demonstration held on 2 June 1873 The first attempts at setting up a national general union were made in the 1820s and 30 's . The National Association for the Protection of Labour was established in 1830 by John Doherty , after an apparently unsuccessful attempt to create a similar national presence with the National Union of Cotton - spinners . The Association quickly enrolled approximately 150 unions , consisting mostly of textile related unions , but also including mechanics , blacksmiths , and various others . Membership rose to between 10,000 and 20,000 individuals spread across the five counties of Lancashire , Cheshire , Derbyshire , Nottinghamshire and Leicestershire within a year . To establish awareness and legitimacy , the union started the weekly Voice of the People publication , having the declared intention `` to unite the productive classes of the community in one common bond of union . '' In 1834 , the Welsh socialist Robert Owen established the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union . The organization attracted a range of socialists from Owenites to revolutionaries and played a part in the protests after the Tolpuddle Martyrs ' case , but soon collapsed . More permanent trade unions were established from the 1850s , better resourced but often less radical . The London Trades Council was founded in 1860 , and the Sheffield Outrages spurred the establishment of the Trades Union Congress in 1868 , the first long - lived national trade union center . By this time , the existence and the demands of the trade unions were becoming accepted by liberal middle class opinion . In Principles of Political Economy ( 1871 ) John Stuart Mill wrote : If it were possible for the working classes , by combining among themselves , to raise or keep up the general rate of wages , it needs hardly be said that this would be a thing not to be punished , but to be welcomed and rejoiced at . Unfortunately the effect is quite beyond attainment by such means . The multitudes who compose the working class are too numerous and too widely scattered to combine at all , much more to combine effectually . If they could do so , they might doubtless succeed in diminishing the hours of labour , and obtaining the same wages for less work . They would also have a limited power of obtaining , by combination , an increase of general wages at the expense of profits . Legalization and expansion ( edit ) Labour union demonstrators held at bay by soldiers during the 1912 Lawrence textile strike in Lawrence , Massachusetts Trade unions were finally legalized in 1872 , after a Royal Commission on Trade Unions in 1867 agreed that the establishment of the organizations was to the advantage of both employers and employees . This period also saw the growth of trade unions in other industrializing countries , especially the United States , Germany and France . In the United States , the first effective nationwide labour organization was the Knights of Labor , in 1869 , which began to grow after 1880 . Legalization occurred slowly as a result of a series of court decisions . The Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions began in 1881 as a federation of different unions that did not directly enrol workers . In 1886 , it became known as the American Federation of Labor or AFL . In Germany the Free Association of German Trade Unions was formed in 1897 after the conservative Anti-Socialist Laws of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck were repealed . In France , labour organization was illegal until 1884 . The Bourse du Travail was founded in 1887 and merged with the Fédération nationale des syndicats ( National Federation of Trade Unions ) in 1895 to form the General Confederation of Labour ( France ) . Prevalence ( edit ) The percentage of union election campaigns accompanied by illegal firings increased during the Reagan administration The prevalence of unions in various countries can be assessed using the measure `` union density '' . The definition of union density is `` the proportion of paid workers who are union members '' . Trade union density figures are provided below for various countries : Trade unions by country ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) Supporters of unions , such as the ACTU or Australian Labor Party ( ALP ) , often credit trade unions with leading the labour movement in the early 20th century . This generally sought to end child labour practices , improve worker safety , increase wages for both union workers and non-union workers , raise the entire society 's standard of living , reduce the hours in a work week , provide public education for children , and bring other benefits to working class families . Melbourne Trades Hall was opened in 1859 with Trades and Labour Councils and Trades Halls opening in all cities and most regional towns in the following forty years . During the 1880s Trade unions developed among shearers , miners , and stevedores ( wharf workers ) , but soon spread to cover almost all blue - collar jobs . Shortages of labour led to high wages for a prosperous skilled working class , whose unions demanded and got an eight - hour day and other benefits unheard of in Europe . Eight - hour day march circa 1900 , outside Parliament House in Spring Street , Melbourne . Australia gained a reputation as `` the working man 's paradise . '' Some employers tried to undercut the unions by importing Chinese labour . This produced a reaction which led to all the colonies restricting Chinese and other Asian immigration . This was the foundation of the White Australia Policy . The `` Australian compact '' , based around centralised industrial arbitration , a degree of government assistance particularly for primary industries , and White Australia , was to continue for many years before gradually dissolving in the second half of the 20th century . In the 1870s and 1880s , the growing trade union movement began a series of protests against foreign labour . Their arguments were that Asians and Chinese took jobs away from white men , worked for `` substandard '' wages , lowered working conditions and refused unionisation . Objections to these arguments came largely from wealthy land owners in rural areas . It was argued that without Asiatics to work in the tropical areas of the Northern Territory and Queensland , the area would have to be abandoned . Despite these objections to restricting immigration , between 1875 and 1888 all Australian colonies enacted legislation which excluded all further Chinese immigration . Asian immigrants already residing in the Australian colonies were not expelled and retained the same rights as their Anglo and Southern compatriots . The Barton Government which came to power following the first elections to the Commonwealth parliament in 1901 was formed by the Protectionist Party with the support of the Australian Labor Party . The support of the Labor Party was contingent upon restricting non-white immigration , reflecting the attitudes of the Australian Workers Union and other labour organisations at the time , upon whose support the Labor Party was founded . Belgium ( edit ) Main article : List of trade unions in Belgium With 65 % of the workers belonging to a union Belgium is a country with one of the highest percentages of labour union membership . Only the Scandinavian countries have a higher labour union density . The biggest union with around 1.7 million members is the Christian democrat Confederation of Christian Trade Unions ( ACV - CSC ) which was founded in 1904 . The origins of the union can be traced back to the `` Anti-Socialist Cotton Workers Union '' that was founded in 1886 . The second biggest union is the socialist General Federation of Belgian Labour ( ABVV - FGTB ) which has a membership of more than 1.5 million . The ABVV - FGTB traces its origins to 1857 , when the first Belgian union was founded in Ghent by a group of weavers . The socialist union , in its current form , was founded in 1898 . The third ' big ' union in Belgium is the liberal General Confederation of Liberal Trade Unions of Belgium ( ACLVB - CGSLB ) which is relatively small in comparison to the first two with a little under 290 thousand members . The ACLVB - CGSLB was founded in 1920 in an effort to unite the many small liberal unions . Back then the liberal union was known as the `` Nationale Centrale der Liberale Vakbonden van België '' . In 1930 , the ACLVB - CGSLB adopted its current name . Besides these `` big three '' there is a long list of smaller unions , some more influential then others . These smaller unions tend to specialize in one profession or economic sector . Next to these specialized unions there is also the Neutral and Independent Union that reject the pillarization that , according to them , the `` big three '' represent . There is also a small Flemish nationalist union that exists only in the Flemish - speaking part of Belgium , called the Vlaamse Solidaire Vakbond . The last Belgian union worth mentioning is the very small , but highly active anarchist union called the Vrije Bond . Canada ( edit ) Labour unions have existed in Canada since the early 1800s . There is a record of skilled tradesmen in the Maritimes having a union organization during the War of 1812 . Canadian unionism had early ties with Britain . Tradesmen who came from Britain brought traditions of the British trade union movement , and many British unions had branches in Canada . Canadian unionism ties with the United States eventually replaced those with Britain . Collective bargaining was first recognized in 1945 , following a strike by the United Auto Workers at the General Motors ' plant in Oshawa , Ontario . Justice Ivan Rand issued a landmark legal decision following a strike in Windsor , Ontario , involving 17,000 Ford workers . He granted the union the compulsory check - off of union dues . Rand ruled that all workers in a bargaining unit benefit from a union - negotiated contract . Therefore , he reasoned they must pay union dues , although they do not have to join the union . The post-World War II era also saw an increased pattern of unionization in the public service . Teachers , nurses , social workers , professors and cultural workers ( those employed in museums , orchestras and art galleries ) all sought private - sector collective bargaining rights . The Canadian Labour Congress was founded in 1956 as the national trade union center for Canada . In the 1970s the federal government came under intense pressures to curtail labour cost and inflation . In 1975 , the Liberal government of Pierre Trudeau introduced mandatory price and wage controls . Under the new law , wages increases were monitored and those ruled to be unacceptably high were rolled back by the government . Pressures on unions continued into the 1980s and ' 90 's . Private sector unions faced plant closures in many manufacturing industries and demands to reduce wages and increase productivity . Public sector unions came under attack by federal and provincial governments as they attempted to reduce spending , reduce taxes and balance budgets . Legislation was introduced in many jurisdictions reversing union collective bargaining rights , and many jobs were lost to contractors . Prominent domestic unions in Canada include ACTRA , the Canadian Union of Postal Workers , the Canadian Union of Public Employees , the Public Service Alliance of Canada , the National Union of Public and General Employees , and Unifor . International unions active in Canada include the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees , United Automobile Workers , United Food and Commercial Workers , and United Steelworkers . Colombia ( edit ) Main article : Trade unions in Colombia Until around 1990 Colombian trade unions were among the strongest in Latin America . However , the 1980s expansion of paramilitarism in Colombia saw trade union leaders and members increasingly targeted for assassination , and as a result Colombia has been the most dangerous country in the world for trade unionists for several decades . Between 2000 and 2010 Colombia accounted for 63.12 % of trade unionists murdered globally . According to the International Trade Union Confederation ( ITUC ) there were 2832 murders of trade unionists between 1 January 1986 and 30 April 2010 , meaning that `` on average , men and women trade unionists in Colombia have been killed at the rate of one every three days over the last 23 years . '' Costa Rica ( edit ) Main article : Trade unions in Costa Rica Costa Rican agricultural unions demonstration , January 2011 In Costa Rica , trade unions first appeared in the late 1800s to support workers in a variety of urban and industrial jobs , such as railroad builders and craft tradesmen . After facing violent repression , such as during the 1934 United Fruit Strike , unions gained more power following the 1948 Costa Rican Civil War . Today , Costa Rican unions are strongest in the public sector , including the fields of education and medicine , but also have a strong presence in the agricultural sector . In general , Costa Rican unions support government regulation of the banking , medical , and education fields , as well as improved wages and working conditions . Germany ( edit ) Main article : Trade unions in Germany Trade unions in Germany have a history reaching back to the German revolution in 1848 , and still play an important role in the German economy and society . In 1875 the SPD , the Social Democratic Party of Germany , which is one of the biggest political parties in Germany , supported the forming of unions in Germany . The most important labour organisation is the German Confederation of Trade Unions ( Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund -- DGB ) , which represents more than 6 million people ( 31 December 2011 ) and is the umbrella association of several single trade unions for special economic sectors . The DBG is not the only Union Organization that represents the working trade . There are smaller organizations , such as the CGB , which is a Christian - based confederation , that represent over 1.5 million people . India ( edit ) Main article : Trade unions in India In India , the Trade Union movement is generally divided on political lines . According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour , trade unions had a combined membership of 24,601,589 in 2002 . As of 2008 , there are 11 Central Trade Union Organisations ( CTUO ) recognized by the Ministry of Labour . The forming of these unions was a big deal in India . It led to a big push for more regulatory laws which gave workers a lot more power . A trade union with nearly 2,000,000 members is the Self Employed Women 's Association ( SEWA ) which protects the rights of Indian women working in the informal economy . In addition to the protection of rights , SEWA educates , mobilizes , finances , and exalts their members ' trades . Multiple other organizations represent workers . These organizations are formed upon different political groups . These different groups allow different groups of people with different political views to join a Union . Japan ( edit ) Main article : Labor unions in Japan 2011 National Trade Union Council ( Zenrokyo ) May Day march , Tokyo Labour unions emerged in Japan in the second half of the Meiji period as the country underwent a period of rapid industrialization . Until 1945 , however , the labour movement remained weak , impeded by lack of legal rights , anti-union legislation , management - organised factory councils , and political divisions between `` cooperative '' and radical unionists . In the immediate aftermath of the Second World War , the US Occupation authorities initially encouraged the formation of independent unions . Legislation was passed that enshrined the right to organise , and membership rapidly rose to 5 million by February 1947 . The organisation rate , however , peaked at 55.8 % in 1949 and subsequently declined to 18.2 % ( 2006 ) . The labour movement went through a process of reorganisation from 1987 to 1991 from which emerged the present configuration of three major labour union federations , Rengo , Zenroren , and Zenrokyo , along with other smaller national union organisations . Mexico ( edit ) Before the 1990s , unions in Mexico had been historically part of a state institutional system . From 1940 until the 1980s , worldwide spread of neo-liberalism through the Washington Consensus , the Mexican unions did not operate independently , but instead as part of a state institutional system , largely controlled by the ruling party . During these 40 years , the primary aim of the labour unions was not to benefit the workers , but to carry out the state 's economic policy under their cosy relationship with the ruling party . This economic policy , which peaked in the 1950s and 60 's with the so - called `` Mexican Miracle '' , saw rising incomes and improved standards of living but the primary beneficiaries were the wealthy . In the 1980s , Mexico began adhering to Washington Consensus policies , selling off state industries such as railroad and telecommunications to private industries . The new owners had an antagonistic attitude towards unions , which , accustomed to comfortable relationships with the state , were not prepared to fight back . A movement of new unions began to emerge under a more independent model , while the former institutionalized unions had become very corrupt , violent , and led by gangsters . From the 1990s onwards , this new model of independent unions prevailed , a number of them represented by the National Union of Workers / Unión Nacional de Trabajadores . Current old institutions like the Oil Workers Union and the National Education Workers ' Union ( Sindicato Nacional de Trabajadores de la Educación , or SNTE ) are examples of how the use of government benefits are not being applied to improve the quality in the investigation of the use of oil or the basic education in Mexico as long as their leaders show publicly that they are living wealthily . With 1.4 million members , the teachers ' union is Latin America 's largest ; half of Mexico 's government employees are teachers . It controls school curriculums , and all teacher appointments . Until recently , retiring teachers routinely `` gave '' their lifelong appointment to a relative or `` sell '' it for anywhere in between $4,700 and $11,800 . Scandinavia ( edit ) Workers on strike in Oslo , Norway , 2012 Trade unions ( Danish : Fagforeninger , Swedish : Fackföreningar ) have a long tradition in Scandinavian society . Beginning in the mid-19th century , they today have a large impact on the nature of employment and workers ' rights in many of the Nordic countries . One of the largest trade unions in Sweden is the Swedish Confederation of Trade Unions , ( LO , Landsorganisationen ) , incorporating unions such as the Swedish Metal Workers ' Union ( IF Metall = Industrifacket Metall ) , the Swedish Electricians ' Union ( Svenska Elektrikerförbundet ) and the Swedish Municipality Workers ' Union ( Svenska Kommunalarbetareförbundet , abbreviated Kommunal ) . One of the aims of IF Metall is to transform jobs into `` good jobs '' , also called `` developing jobs '' . Today , the world 's highest rates of union membership are in the Scandinavian countries . In 2010 , the percentage of workers belonging to a union ( labour union density ) was 68.3 % in Sweden and 54.8 % in Norway , while it was 34.9 % in Ireland and 18.4 % in Germany . Excluding full - time students working part - time , Swedish union density was 69 % in 2015 - 2017 . In all the Nordic countries with a Ghent system -- Sweden , Denmark and Finland -- union density is about 70 % . The considerably raised membership fees of Swedish union unemployment funds implemented by the new center - right government in January 2007 caused large drops in membership in both unemployment funds and trade unions . From 2006 to 2008 , union density declined by six percentage points : from 77 % to 71 % . United Kingdom ( edit ) Main articles : Trade unions in the United Kingdom and History of trade unions in the United Kingdom Public sector workers in Leeds striking over pension changes by the government in November 2011 Moderate New Model Unions dominated the union movement from the mid-19th century and where trade unionism was stronger than the political labour movement until the formation and growth of the Labour Party in the early years of the 20th century . Trade unionism in the United Kingdom was a major factor in some of the economic crises during the 1960s and the 1970s , culminating in the `` Winter of Discontent '' of late 1978 and early 1979 , when a significant percentage of the nation 's public sector workers went on strike . By this stage , some 12,000,000 workers in the United Kingdom were trade union members . However , the election of the Conservative Party led by Margaret Thatcher at the general election in May 1979 , at the expense of Labour 's James Callaghan , saw substantial trade union reform which saw the level of strikes fall . The level of trade union membership also fell sharply in the 1980s , and continued falling for most of the 1990s . The long decline of most of the industries in which manual trade unions were strong -- e.g. steel , coal , printing , the docks -- was one of the causes of this loss of trade union members . In 2011 there were 6,135,126 members in TUC - affiliated unions , down from a peak of 12,172,508 in 1980 . Trade union density was 14.1 % in the private sector and 56.5 % in the public sector . United States ( edit ) Main articles : Labor unions in the United States and Labor history of the United States Labour unions are legally recognized as representatives of workers in many industries in the United States . In the United States , trade unions were formed based on power with the people , not over the people like the government at the time . Their activity today centres on collective bargaining over wages , benefits and working conditions for their membership , and on representing their members in disputes with management over violations of contract provisions . Larger unions also typically engage in lobbying activities and supporting endorsed candidates at the state and federal level . Most unions in America are aligned with one of two larger umbrella organizations : the AFL - CIO created in 1955 , and the Change to Win Federation which split from the AFL - CIO in 2005 . Both advocate policies and legislation on behalf of workers in the United States and Canada , and take an active role in politics . The AFL - CIO is especially concerned with global trade issues . Child labourers in an Indiana glass works . Trade unions have an objective interest in combating child labour . In 2010 , the percentage of workers belonging to a union in the United States ( or total labour union `` density '' ) was 11.4 % , compared to 18.3 % in Japan , 27.5 % in Canada and 70 % in Finland . Union membership in the private sector has fallen under 7 % -- levels not seen since 1932 . Unions allege that employer - incited opposition has contributed to this decline in membership . The most prominent unions are among public sector employees such as teachers , police and other non-managerial or non-executive federal , state , county and municipal employees . Members of unions are disproportionately older , male and residents of the Northeast , the Midwest , and California . Union workers in the private sector average 10 - 30 % higher pay than non-union in America after controlling for individual , job , and labour market characteristics . Because of their inherently governmental function , public sector workers are paid the same regardless of union affiliation or non-affiliation after controlling for individual , job , and labour market characteristics . The economist Joseph Stiglitz has asserted that , `` Strong unions have helped to reduce inequality , whereas weaker unions have made it easier for CEOs , sometimes working with market forces that they have helped shape , to increase it . '' The decline in unionization since the Second World War in the United States has been associated with a pronounced rise in income and wealth inequality and , since 1967 , with loss of middle class income . Vatican ( holy see ) ( edit ) The Association of Vatican Lay Workers represents lay employees in the Vatican . Structure and Politics ( edit ) Cesar Chavez speaking at a 1974 United Farm Workers rally in Delano , California . The UFW during Chavez 's tenure was committed to restricting immigration . Unions may organize a particular section of skilled workers ( craft unionism , traditionally found in Australia , Canada , Denmark , Norway , Sweden , Switzerland , the UK and the US ) , a cross-section of workers from various trades ( general unionism , traditionally found in Australia , Belgium , Canada , Denmark , Netherlands , the UK and the US ) , or attempt to organize all workers within a particular industry ( industrial unionism , found in Australia , Canada , Germany , Finland , Norway , South Korea , Sweden , Switzerland , the UK and the US ) . These unions are often divided into `` locals '' , and united in national federations . These federations themselves will affiliate with Internationals , such as the International Trade Union Confederation . However , in Japan , union organization is slightly different due to the presence of enterprise unions , i.e. unions that are specific to a specific plant or company . These enterprise unions , however , join industry - wide federations which in turn are members of Rengo , the Japanese national trade union confederation . In Western Europe , professional associations often carry out the functions of a trade union . In these cases , they may be negotiating for white - collar or professional workers , such as physicians , engineers or teachers . Typically such trade unions refrain from politics or pursue a more liberal politics than their blue - collar counterparts . A union may acquire the status of a `` juristic person '' ( an artificial legal entity ) , with a mandate to negotiate with employers for the workers it represents . In such cases , unions have certain legal rights , most importantly the right to engage in collective bargaining with the employer ( or employers ) over wages , working hours , and other terms and conditions of employment . The inability of the parties to reach an agreement may lead to industrial action , culminating in either strike action or management lockout , or binding arbitration . In extreme cases , violent or illegal activities may develop around these events . The Great Southwest Railroad Strike of 1886 was a trade union strike involving more than 200,000 workers In other circumstances , unions may not have the legal right to represent workers , or the right may be in question . This lack of status can range from non-recognition of a union to political or criminal prosecution of union activists and members , with many cases of violence and deaths having been recorded historically . Unions may also engage in broader political or social struggle . Social Unionism encompasses many unions that use their organizational strength to advocate for social policies and legislation favourable to their members or to workers in general . As well , unions in some countries are closely aligned with political parties . Unions are also delineated by the service model and the organizing model . The service model union focuses more on maintaining worker rights , providing services , and resolving disputes . Alternately , the organizing model typically involves full - time union organizers , who work by building up confidence , strong networks , and leaders within the workforce ; and confrontational campaigns involving large numbers of union members . Many unions are a blend of these two philosophies , and the definitions of the models themselves are still debated . In Britain , the perceived left - leaning nature of trade unions has resulted in the formation of a reactionary right - wing trade union called Solidarity which is supported by the far - right BNP . In Denmark , there are some newer apolitical `` discount '' unions who offer a very basic level of services , as opposed to the dominating Danish pattern of extensive services and organizing . A rally of the trade union UNISON in Oxford during a strike on 28 March 2006 In contrast , in several European countries ( e.g. Belgium , Denmark , the Netherlands and Switzerland ) , religious unions have existed for decades . These unions typically distanced themselves from some of the doctrines of orthodox Marxism , such as the preference of atheism and from rhetoric suggesting that employees ' interests always are in conflict with those of employers . Some of these Christian unions have had some ties to centrist or conservative political movements and some do not regard strikes as acceptable political means for achieving employees ' goals . In Poland , the biggest trade union Solidarity emerged as an anti-communist movement with religious nationalist overtones and today it supports the right - wing Law and Justice party . Although their political structure and autonomy varies widely , union leaderships are usually formed through democratic elections . Some research , such as that conducted by the Australian Centre for Industrial Relations Research and Training , argues that unionized workers enjoy better conditions and wages than those who are not unionized . Shop types ( edit ) Companies that employ workers with a union generally operate on one of several models : A closed shop ( US ) or a `` pre-entry closed shop '' ( UK ) employs only people who are already union members . The compulsory hiring hall is an example of a closed shop -- in this case the employer must recruit directly from the union , as well as the employee working strictly for unionized employers . A union shop ( US ) or a `` post-entry closed shop '' ( UK ) employs non-union workers as well , but sets a time limit within which new employees must join a union . An agency shop requires non-union workers to pay a fee to the union for its services in negotiating their contract . This is sometimes called the Rand formula . In certain situations involving state public employees in the United States , such as California , `` fair share laws '' make it easy to require these sorts of payments . An open shop does not require union membership in employing or keeping workers . Where a union is active , workers who do not contribute to a union may include those who approve of the union contract ( free riders ) and those who do not . In the United States , state level right - to - work laws mandate the open shop in some states . In Germany only open shops are legal ; that is , all discrimination based on union membership is forbidden . This affects the function and services of the union . An EU case concerning Italy stated that , `` The principle of trade union freedom in the Italian system implies recognition of the right of the individual not to belong to any trade union ( '' negative '' freedom of association / trade union freedom ) , and the unlawfulness of discrimination liable to cause harm to non-unionized employees . '' In Britain , previous to this EU jurisprudence , a series of laws introduced during the 1980s by Margaret Thatcher 's government restricted closed and union shops . All agreements requiring a worker to join a union are now illegal . In the United States , the Taft - Hartley Act of 1947 outlawed the closed shop . In 2006 , the European Court of Human Rights found Danish closed - shop agreements to be in breach of Article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms . It was stressed that Denmark and Iceland were among a limited number of contracting states that continue to permit the conclusion of closed - shop agreements . Diversity of International unions ( edit ) Union law varies from country to country , as does the function of unions . For example , German and Dutch unions have played a greater role in management decisions through participation in corporate boards and co-determination than have unions in the United States . Moreover , in the United States , collective bargaining is most commonly undertaken by unions directly with employers , whereas in Austria , Denmark , Germany or Sweden , unions most often negotiate with employers associations . Concerning labour market regulation in the EU , Gold ( 1993 ) and Hall ( 1994 ) have identified three distinct systems of labour market regulation , which also influence the role that unions play : `` In the Continental European System of labour market regulation , the government plays an important role as there is a strong legislative core of employee rights , which provides the basis for agreements as well as a framework for discord between unions on one side and employers or employers ' associations on the other . This model was said to be found in EU core countries such as Belgium , France , Germany , the Netherlands and Italy , and it is also mirrored and emulated to some extent in the institutions of the EU , due to the relative weight that these countries had in the EU until the EU expansion by the inclusion of 10 new Eastern European member states in 2004 . In the Anglo - Saxon System of labour market regulation , the government 's legislative role is much more limited , which allows for more issues to be decided between employers and employees and any union or employers ' associations which might represent these parties in the decision - making process . However , in these countries , collective agreements are not widespread ; only a few businesses and a few sectors of the economy have a strong tradition of finding collective solutions in labour relations . Ireland and the UK belong to this category , and in contrast to the EU core countries above , these countries first joined the EU in 1973 . In the Nordic System of labour market regulation , the government 's legislative role is limited in the same way as in the Anglo - Saxon system . However , in contrast to the countries in the Anglo - Saxon system category , this is a much more widespread network of collective agreements , which covers most industries and most firms . This model was said to encompass Denmark , Finland , Norway and Sweden . Here , Denmark joined the EU in 1973 , whereas Finland and Sweden joined in 1995 . '' The United States takes a more laissez - faire approach , setting some minimum standards but leaving most workers ' wages and benefits to collective bargaining and market forces . Thus , it comes closest to the above Anglo - Saxon model . Also , the Eastern European countries that have recently entered into the EU come closest to the Anglo - Saxon model . In contrast , in Germany , the relation between individual employees and employers is considered to be asymmetrical . In consequence , many working conditions are not negotiable due to a strong legal protection of individuals . However , the German flavor or works legislation has as its main objective to create a balance of power between employees organized in unions and employers organized in employers associations . This allows much wider legal boundaries for collective bargaining , compared to the narrow boundaries for individual negotiations . As a condition to obtain the legal status of a trade union , employee associations need to prove that their leverage is strong enough to serve as a counterforce in negotiations with employers . If such an employees association is competing against another union , its leverage may be questioned by unions and then evaluated in a court trial . In Germany , only very few professional associations obtained the right to negotiate salaries and working conditions for their members , notably the medical doctors association Marburger Bund and the pilots association Vereinigung Cockpit . The engineers association Verein Deutscher Ingenieure does not strive to act as a union , as it also represents the interests of engineering businesses . Beyond the classification listed above , unions ' relations with political parties vary . In many countries unions are tightly bonded , or even share leadership , with a political party intended to represent the interests of the working class . Typically this is a left - wing , socialist , or social democratic party , but many exceptions exist , including some of the aforementioned Christian unions . In the United States , trade unions are almost always aligned with the Democratic Party with a few exceptions . For example , the International Brotherhood of Teamsters has supported Republican Party candidates on a number of occasions and the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization ( PATCO ) endorsed Ronald Reagan in 1980 . In Britain trade union movement 's relationship with the Labour Party frayed as party leadership embarked on privatization plans at odds with what unions see as the worker 's interests . However , it has strengthened once more after the Labour party 's election of Ed Miliband , who beat his brother David Miliband to become leader of the party after Ed secured the trade union votes . Additionally , in the past , there was a group known as the Conservative Trade Unionists , or CTU , formed of people who sympathized with right wing Tory policy but were Trade Unionists . Historically , the Republic of Korea has regulated collective bargaining by requiring employers to participate , but collective bargaining has only been legal if held in sessions before the lunar new year . International unionization ( edit ) The largest trade union federation in the world is the Brussels - based International Trade Union Confederation ( ITUC ) , which has approximately 309 affiliated organizations in 156 countries and territories , with a combined membership of 166 million . The ITUC is a federation of national trade union centres , such as the AFL - CIO in the United States and the Trades Union Congress in the United Kingdom . Other global trade union organizations include the World Federation of Trade Unions . National and regional trade unions organizing in specific industry sectors or occupational groups also form global union federations , such as Union Network International , the International Transport Workers Federation , the International Federation of Journalists , the International Arts and Entertainment Alliance or Public Services International . Criticisms ( edit ) Main article : Opposition to trade unions Trade unions have been accused of benefiting insider workers , those having secure jobs , at the cost of outsider workers , consumers of the goods or services produced and the shareholders of the unionized business . In the United States , the outsourcing of labour to Asia , Latin America , and Africa has been partially driven by increasing costs of union partnership , which gives other countries a comparative advantage in labour , making it more profitable to purchase disorganized , low - wage labour from these regions . Milton Friedman , economist and advocate of laissez - faire capitalism , sought to show that unionization produces higher wages ( for the union members ) at the expense of fewer jobs , and that , if some industries are unionized while others are not , wages will tend to decline in non-unionized industries . On the other hand , several studies have emphasized so - called revitalization strategies where trade unions attempt to better represent labour market outsiders , such as the unemployed and precarious workers . Thus , for instance , trade unions in both Nordic and southern European countries have devised collective bargaining agreements that improved the conditions of temporary agency workers . Union Publications ( edit ) Several sources of current news exist about the trade union movement in the world . These include LabourStart and the official website of the international trade union movement Global Unions . A source of international news about unions is RadioLabour which provides daily ( Monday to Friday ) news reports . Labor Notes is the largest circulation cross-union publication remaining in the United States . It reports news and analysis about union activity or problems facing the labour movement . Another source of union news is the Workers Independent News , a news organization providing radio articles to independent and syndicated radio shows in the United States . Film ( edit ) The 2010 British film Made in Dagenham , starring Sally Hawkins , dramatizes the Ford sewing machinists strike of 1968 that aimed for equal pay for women . Trade unions were often portrayed in the scripts of Jim Allen . Examples include The Big Flame , The Rank and File and Days of Hope . These films all depict union leaders as untrustworthy and prone to betraying the striking workers . The British National Union of Mineworkers has been portrayed in numerous films such as Brassed Off , Billy Elliot and Pride . Bastard Boys , a 2007 dramatization of the 1998 Australian waterfront dispute . The 2000 film Bread and Roses deals with the struggle of poorly paid janitorial workers in Los Angeles and their fight for better working conditions and the right to unionize . Hoffa , a 1992 American biographical film directed by Danny DeVito and based on the life of Teamsters Union leader Jimmy Hoffa . Matewan is a 1987 American drama film written and directed by John Sayles that dramatizes the events of the Battle of Matewan , a coal miners ' strike in 1920 in Matewan , a small town in the hills of West Virginia . Haskell Wexler was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Cinematography . The 1985 documentary film Final Offer by Sturla Gunnarsson and Robert Collision shows the 1984 union contract negotiations with General Motors . The 1979 film Norma Rae , directed by Martin Ritt and starring Sally Field , is based on the true story of Crystal Lee Jordan 's successful attempt to unionize her textile factory . The 1978 film F.I.S.T. , directed by Norman Jewison and starring Sylvester Stallone , is loosely based on the Teamsters Union and their former President Jimmy Hoffa . The 1959 film I 'm All Right Jack , a comedy with Peter Sellers playing the shop steward Fred Kite . The 1954 film On the Waterfront , directed by Elia Kazan , concerns union violence among longshoremen . Other documentaries : Made in L.A. ( 2007 ) ; American Standoff ( 2002 ) ; The Fight in the Fields ( 1997 ) ; With Babies and Banners : Story of the Women 's Emergency Brigade ( 1979 ) ; Harlan County , USA ( 1976 ) ; The Inheritance ( 1964 ) Other dramatizations : 10,000 Black Men Named George ( 2002 ) ; Matewan ( 1987 ) ; American Playhouse -- `` The Killing Floor '' ( 1985 ) ; Salt of the Earth ( 1954 ) ; The Grapes of Wrath ( 1940 ) ; Black Fury ( 1935 ) ; Metello ( 1970 ) . See also ( edit ) Organized labour portal Labor federation competition in the United States Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act List of trade unions New Unionism Salt ( union organizing ) Textile and clothing trade unions Union busting Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Frost , Daniel ( 1 April 1967 ) . `` Labor 's Antitrust Exemption '' . California Law Review . Archived from the original on 2017 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 15 . ... the United States Supreme Court again undertook the delicate task of defining the antitrust exemption granted labor unions by section six of the Clayton Act . ^ Jump up to : Webb , Sidney ; Webb , Beatrice ( 1920 ) . History of Trade Unionism . Longmans and Co . London . ch . I ^ Jump up to : Poole , M. , 1986 . Industrial Relations : Origins and Patterns of National Diversity . London UK : Routledge . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) OECD . Retrieved : 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trade Union Census '' . Australian Bureau of Statistics . Retrieved 27 July 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1928 ) . The Guild and the Trade Union . The Age . Jump up ^ Kautsky , Karl ( April 1901 ) . `` Trades Unions and Socialism '' . International Socialist Review . 1 ( 10 ) . Retrieved 27 July 2011 . Jump up ^ G.D.H. Cole ( 2010 ) . Attempts at General Union . Taylor & Francis . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Principles of Political Economy ( 1871 ) Book V , Ch. 10 , para. 5 Jump up ^ `` Trade union '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Aaron ( 23 May 1994 ) . `` Why America Needs Unions But Not the Kind It Has Now '' . BusinessWeek . Archived from the original on 26 April 2005 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Johnson , S. , 2004 . An empirical examination of union density in six countries : Canada , Ecuador , Mexico , Nicaragua , the United States and Venezuela . Washington , DC , US : Inter-American Development Bank , Research Network Working Paper £ R - 487 , p. 5 , available at : `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 July 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 05 ... Jump up ^ Johnson , S. , 2004 . `` An empirical examination of union density in six countries : Canada , Ecuador , Mexico , Nicaragua , the United States and Venezuela . '' Washington , DC , US : Inter-American Development Bank , Research Network Working Paper £ R - 487 , available at : `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 July 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 05 ... Jump up ^ Hall - Jones , P. , 2010 . Unionism and Economic Performance . Internet article & statistics . Available at : http://www.newunionism.net/library/member%20contributions/news/Unionism%20and%20Economic%20Performance.htm Archived 6 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ OECD , 2010 . Statistics on Trade Union Density . Paris , France : OECD. stat Extracts Web ¬ site ( online ) . Available at : http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TUD . Jump up ^ History of the ACTU . Archived 21 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Australian Council of Trade Unions . ^ Jump up to : Markey , Raymond ( 1 January 1996 ) . `` Race and organized labor in Australia , 1850 -- 1901 '' . Highbeam Research . Retrieved 14 June 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Griffiths , Phil ( 4 July 2002 ) . `` Towards White Australia : The shadow of Mill and the spectre of slavery in the 1880s debates on Chinese immigration '' ( RTF ) . 11th Biennial National Conference of the Australian Historical Association . Retrieved 14 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Aantal leden christelijke vakbond neemt jaar na jaar toe '' . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 130 jaar ACV - geschiedenis '' . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hoeveel leden telt het ABVV ? - Vlaams ABVV - Socialistische vakbond in Vlaanderen - Algemeen Belgisch Vakverbond ABVV '' . www.vlaamsabvv.be . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Structuur en kerncijfers van de ACLVB '' . 12 October 2015 . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Geschiedenis van de ACLVB '' . 12 October 2015 . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 27 July 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 14 July 2013 . Jump up ^ American Center for International Labor Solidarity ( 2006 ) , Justice For All : The Struggle for Worker Rights in Colombia Archived 17 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , p11 Jump up ^ An ILO mission in 2000 reported that `` the number of assassinations , abductions , death threats and other violent assaults on trade union leaders and unionized workers in Colombia is without historical precedent '' . According to the Colombian Government , during the period 1991 -- 99 there were 593 assassinations of trade union leaders and unionized workers while the National Trade Union School holds that 1 336 union members were assassinated . '' -- ILO , 16 June 2000 , Special ILO Representative for cooperation with Colombia to be appointed by Director - General Jump up ^ `` By the 1990s , Colombia had become the most dangerous country in the world for unionists '' -- Chomsky , Aviva ( 2008 ) , Linked labor histories : New England , Colombia , and the making of a global working class , Duke University Press , p11 Jump up ^ `` Colombia has the world 's worst record on these assassinations ... '' -- 20 November 2008 , Colombia : Not Time for a Trade Deal ^ Jump up to : International Trade Union Confederation , 11 June 2010 , ITUC responds to the press release issued by the Colombian Interior Ministry concerning its survey Jump up ^ International Trade Union Confederation ( 2010 ) , Annual Survey of violations of trade union rights : Colombia ^ Jump up to : `` Historia del Sindicalismo '' . SITRAPEQUIA website ( in Spanish ) . San José : Sindicato de Trabajadores ( as ) Petroléros Químicos y Afines. 2014 . Archived from the original on 5 May 2014 . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Herrera , Manuel ( 30 April 2014 ) . `` Sindicatos alzarán la voz contra modelo neoliberal en celebraciones del 1 ° de mayo '' . La Nacion ( in Spanish ) . San Jose . Retrieved 7 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Conradt , David . `` Social Democratic Party of Germany '' . ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA. 2017 Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Jump up ^ Fulton , L. ( 2015 ) . `` Trade Unions . Worker Participation . SEEurope Network '' . Worker-Participation.eu . SEEurope Network . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 3 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Sengupta , Meghna . `` Trade Unions in India '' . Pocket Lawyer . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Datta , Rekah . `` From Development to Empowerment : The Self - Employed Women 's Association in India '' . International Journal of Politics , Culture , and Society . Jump up ^ Chand , Smriti. `` 6 Major Central Trade Unions of India '' . Your Article Library . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Nimura , K . The Formation of Japanese Labor Movement : 1868 -- 1914 ( Translated by Terry Boardman ) . Retrieved 11 June 2011 ^ Jump up to : Cross Currents . Labor unions in Japan . CULCON . Retrieved 11 June 2011 Jump up ^ Weathers , C. ( 2009 ) . Business and Labor . In William M. Tsutsui ( Ed . ) , A Companion to Japanese History ( pp. 493 -- 510 ) . Chichester , UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd . Jump up ^ Jung , L. ( 30 March 2011 ) . National Labour Law Profile : Japan . ILO . Retrieved 10 June 2011 Jump up ^ Japan Institute for Labour Policy and Training . Labor Situation in Japan and Analysis : 2009 / 2010 . Archived 27 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 10 June 2011 Jump up ^ Dolan , R.E. & Worden , R.L. ( Eds . ) . Japan : A Country Study . Labor Unions , Employment and Labor Relations . Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress , 1994 . Retrieved 12 June 2011 ^ Jump up to : Dan La Botz U.S. - supported Economics Spurred Mexican Emigration , pt. 1 , interview at The Real News , 1 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Juan Montes ; José de Córdoba ( 21 December 2012 ) . `` Mexico Takes On Teachers Over School Control '' . Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Anders Bruhn , Anders Kjellberg and Åke Sandberg ( 2013 ) `` A New World of Work Challenging Swedish Unions '' in Åke Sandberg ( ed . ) Nordic Lights . Work , Management and Welfare in Scandinavia . Stockholm : SNS ( pp. 155 - 160 ) Jump up ^ `` Trade Union Density '' OECD StatExtracts. 2010 . Accessed : 28 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Anders Kjellberg Kollektivavtalens täckningsgrad samt organisationsgraden hos arbetsgivarförbund och fackförbund ( Appendix 3 in English ) , Department of Sociology , Lund University . Studies in Social Policy , Industrial Relations , Working Life and Mobility . Research Reports 2018 : 1 Jump up ^ Anders Kjellberg ( 2011 ) `` The Decline in Swedish Union Density since 2007 '' Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies ( NJWLS ) Vol. 1 . No 1 ( August 2011 ) , pp. 67 - 93 Jump up ^ Anders Kjellberg `` The Decline in Swedish Union Density since 2007 '' Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies ( NJWLS ) Vol. 1 . No 1 ( August 2011 ) , pp. 67 -- 93 Jump up ^ Schifferes , Steve ( 8 March 2004 ) . `` The trade unions ' long decline '' . BBC News . Retrieved 16 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United Kingdom : Industrial relations profile '' . EUROPA. 15 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 16 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Kazin , Michael ( 1995 ) . The Populist Persuasion . BasicBooks . p. 154 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Trade Union Density OECD . StatExtracts . Retrieved : 17 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Union Members Summary Bureau of Labor Statistics , 27 January 2012 Retrieved : 26 February 2012 Jump up ^ `` Not With a Bang , But a Whimper : The Long , Slow Death Spiral of America 's Labor Movement '' . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ 8 - 31 - 2004 Union Membership Trends in the United States Gerald Mayer . Congressional Research Service . 31 Aug 2004 Jump up ^ Doree Armstrong ( 12 February 2014 ) . Jake Rosenfeld explores the sharp decline of union membership , influence . UW Today . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . See also : Jake Rosenfeld ( 2014 ) What Unions No Longer Do . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0674725115 Jump up ^ Keith Naughton , Lynn Doan and Jeffrey Green ( 20 February 2015 ) . As the Rich Get Richer , Unions Are Poised for Comeback . Bloomberg . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . `` A 2011 study drew a link between the decline in union membership since 1973 and expanding wage disparity . Those trends have since continued , said Bruce Western , a professor of sociology at Harvard University who co-authored the study . '' Jump up ^ Stiglitz , Joseph E. ( 4 June 2012 ) . The Price of Inequality : How Today 's Divided Society Endangers Our Future ( Kindle Locations 1148 - 1149 ) . Norton . Kindle Edition . Jump up ^ Barry T. Hirsch , David A. Macpherson , and Wayne G. Vroman , `` Estimates of Union Density by State , '' Monthly Labor Review , Vol. 124 , No. 7 , July 2001 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Biggest Strikes in American History Archived 2 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . '' . Fox Business . 9 August 2011 Jump up ^ Amnesty International report 23 September 2005 -- fear for safety of SINALTRAINAL member José Onofre Esquivel Luna Jump up ^ See the website of the Danish discount union `` Det faglige Hus '' at http://www.detfagligehus.dk/ ( website in Danish ) Jump up ^ Poland , Professor Jacek Tittenbrun of Poznan University , . `` The economic and social processes that led to the revolt of the Polish workers in the early eighties '' . www.marxist.com . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Solidarność popiera Kaczyńskiego jak kiedyś Wałęsę at news.money.pl ( in Polish ) Jump up ^ See E McGaughey , ' Democracy or Oligarchy ? Models of Union Governance in the UK , Germany and US ' ( 2017 ) ssrn.com Jump up ^ `` Australian Centre for Industrial Relations Research and Training report '' ( PDF ) . Acirrt.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 July 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ Eurofound website `` FREEDOM OF ASSOCIATION / TRADE UNION FREEDOM '' , `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 17 April 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Eurofound , http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/eiro/2006/01/feature/dk0601104f.htm Jump up ^ Bamberg , Ulrich ( June 2004 ) . `` The role of German trade unions in the national and European standardisation process '' ( PDF ) . TUTB Newsletter. 24 -- 25 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 July 2011 . Retrieved 27 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Gold , M. , 1993 . The Social Dimension -- Employment Policy in the European Community . Basingstroke England UK : Macmillan Publishing Jump up ^ Hall , M. , 1994 . Industrial Relations and the Social Dimension of European Integration : Before and after Maastricht , pp. 281 -- 331 in Hyman , R. & Ferner A. , eds. : New Frontiers in European Industrial Relations , Basil Blackwell Publishing Jump up ^ Wagtmann , M.A. ( 2010 ) : Module 3 , Maritime & Port Wages , Benefits , Labour Relations . International Maritime Human Resource Management textbook modules . Available at : https://skydrive.live.com/?cid=f90c069a3e6bb729&id=F90C069A3E6BB729%21107#cid=F90C069A3E6BB729&id=F90C069A3E6BB729%21182 Jump up ^ Kramarz , Francis ( 19 October 2006 ) . `` Outsourcing , Unions , and Wages : Evidence from data matching imports , firms , and workers '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Milton ( 2007 ) . Price theory ( ( New ed . ) , 3rd printing ed . ) . New Brunswick , NJ : Transaction Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 202 - 30969 - 9 . Jump up ^ Vlandas , Timothee ; Benassi , Chiara ( 2016 ) . Union inclusiveness and temporary agency workers . European Journal of Industrial Relations . Further reading ( edit ) Britain ( edit ) Aldcroft , D.H. and Oliver , M.J. , eds . Trade Unions and the Economy , 1870 -- 2000 . ( 2000 ) . Campbell , A. , Fishman , N. , and McIlroy , J. eds . British Trade Unions and Industrial Politics : The Post-War Compromise 1945 -- 64 ( 1999 ) . Clegg , H.A. et al . A History of British Trade Unions Since 1889 ( 1964 ) ; A History of British Trade Unions Since 1889 : vol. 2 1911 - 1933 . ( 1985 ) ; A History of British Trade Unionism Since 1889 , vol. 3 : 1934 -- 51 ( 1994 ) , The major scholarly history ; highly detailed . Davies , A.J. To Build a New Jerusalem : Labour Movement from the 1890s to the 1990s ( 1996 ) . Laybourn , Keith . A history of British trade unionism c. 1770 - 1990 ( 1992 ) . Minkin , Lewis . The Contentious Alliance : Trade Unions and the Labour Party ( 1991 ) 708 pp online Pelling , Henry . A history of British trade unionism ( 1987 ) . Wrigley , Chris , ed . British Trade Unions , 1945 - 1995 ( Manchester University Press , 1997 ) Zeitlin , Jonathan . `` From labour history to the history of industrial relations . '' Economic History Review 40.2 ( 1987 ) : 159 - 184 . Historiography Directory of Employer 's Associations , Trade unions , Joint Organisations United States ( edit ) Arnesen , Eric , ed . Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working - Class History ( 2006 ) , 3 vol ; 2064pp ; 650 articles by experts excerpt and text search Beik , Millie , ed . Labor Relations : Major Issues in American History ( 2005 ) over 100 annotated primary documents excerpt and text search Boris , Eileen , and Nelson Lichtenstein , eds . Major Problems In The History Of American Workers : Documents and Essays ( 2002 ) Brody , David . In Labor 's Cause : Main Themes on the History of the American Worker ( 1993 ) excerpt and text search Dubofsky , Melvyn , and Foster Rhea Dulles . Labor in America : A History ( 2004 ) , textbook , based on earlier textbooks by Dulles . Taylor , Paul F. The ABC - CLIO Companion to the American Labor Movement ( 1993 ) 237pp ; short encyclopedia Zieger , Robert H. , and Gilbert J. Gall , American Workers , American Unions : The Twentieth Century ( 3rd ed. 2002 ) excerpt and text search Other ( edit ) Berghahn , Volker R. , and Detlev Karsten . Industrial Relations in West Germany ( Bloomsbury Academic , 1988 ) . European Commission , Directorate General for Employment , Social Affairs & Inclusion : Industrial Relations in Europe 2010 . Gumbrell - McCormick , Rebecca , and Richard Hyman . Trade unions in western Europe : Hard times , hard choices ( Oxford UP , 2013 ) . Hodder , A. and L. Kretsos , eds . Young Workers and Trade Unions : A Global View ( Palgrave - Macmillan , 2015 ) . review Kester , Gérard . Trade unions and workplace democracy in Africa ( Routledge , 2016 ) . Kjellberg , Anders . `` The Decline in Swedish Union Density since 2007 '' , Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies ( NJWLS ) Vol. 1 . No 1 ( August 2011 ) , pp. 67 -- 93 . Kjellberg , Anders ( 2017 ) The Membership Development of Swedish Trade Unions and Union Confederations Since the End of the Nineteenth Century ( Studies in Social Policy , Industrial Relations , Working Life and Mobility ) . Research Reports 2017 : 2 . Lund : Department of Sociology , Lund University . Lipton , Charles ( 1967 ) . The Trade Union Movement of Canada : 1827 -- 1959 . ( 3rd ed . Toronto , Ont. : New Canada Publications , 1973 ) . Markovits , Andrei . The Politics of West German Trade Unions : Strategies of Class and Interest Representation in Growth and Crisis ( Routledge , 2016 ) . McGaughey , Ewan , ' Democracy or Oligarchy ? Models of Union Governance in the UK , Germany and US ' ( 2017 ) ssrn.com Misner , Paul . Catholic Labor Movements in Europe . Social Thought and Action , 1914 - 1965 ( 2015 ) . online review Mommsen , Wolfgang J. , and Hans - Gerhard Husung , eds . The development of trade unionism in Great Britain and Germany , 1880 - 1914 ( Taylor & Francis , 1985 ) . Orr , Charles A. `` Trade Unionism in Colonial Africa '' Journal of Modern African Studies , 4 ( 1966 ) , pp. 65 -- 81 Panitch , Leo & Swartz , Donald ( 2003 ) . From consent to coercion : The assault on trade union freedoms , third edition . Ontario : Garamound Press . Ribeiro , Ana Teresa . `` Recent Trends in Collective Bargaining in Europe . '' E-Journal of International and Comparative Labour Studies 5.1 ( 2016 ) . online Taylor , Andrew . Trade Unions and Politics : A Comparative Introduction ( Macmillan , 1989 ) . Upchurch , Martin , and Graham Taylor . The Crisis of Social Democratic Trade Unionism in Western Europe : The Search for Alternatives ( Routledge , 2016 ) . Visser , Jelle . `` Union membership statistics in 24 countries . '' Monthly Labor Review . 129 ( 2006 ) : 38 + online Visser , Jelle . `` ICTWSS : Database on institutional characteristics of trade unions , wage setting , state intervention and social pacts in 34 countries between 1960 and 2007 . '' Institute for Advanced Labour Studies , AIAS , University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam ( 2011 ) . online External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trade union . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Trade union Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Trade Unions . LabourStart international trade union news service RadioLabour New Unionism Network Younionize Global Union Directory Australia Australian Council of Trade Unions ( ACTU ) -- Australian Council of Trade Unions Europe Trade union membership 1993 -- 2003 -- European Industrial Relations Observatory report on membership trends in 26 European countries Trade union membership 2003 -- 2008 -- European Industrial Relations Observatory report on membership trends in 28 European countries Trade Union Ancestors -- Listing of 5,000 UK trade unions with histories of main organizations , trade union `` family trees '' and details of union membership and strikes since 1900 . TUC History online -- History of the British union movement Trade EU -- European Trade Directory Short history of the UGT in Catalonia United States Labor rights in the USA Labor Notes magazine Jewish Law ( Halakhah ) Benjamin Brown , `` Trade Unions , Strikes , and the Renewal of Halakhic Labor Law : Ideologies in the Rulings of Rabbis Kook , Uziel , and Feinstein '' ( 5 ) Trade unions and organized labour Trade union ( public sector ) Labour history Labour rights Labour movement Formation Structure Labour council Union organizer National trade union centre Global union federation Union representative Clerk of the Chapel Father of the Chapel Local union Union dues Vigilance committee Union label Salt Trades Hall Duty of fair representation Models Organizing model Service model Social Movement Unionism Community unionism Members - only unionism One Big Union Open - source unionism Business unionism Dual unionism Solidarity unionism Syndicalism Types Company union Independent union General union Craft unionism Industrial unionism Industrial relations Shops and hiring Closed shop Open shop Agency shop Union shop Hiring hall Bump Scope clause Actions Unfair list Strike action recognition secondary action Strike notice Occupation of factories Precarious work Precarity General strike Sitdown strike Slowdown Bossnapping Stay - away Labour unrest Grievance Organizational dissent Overtime ban Industrial action Walkout Contingent work Whipsaw strike Wildcat strike action Work - to - rule Green ban Picketing Bargaining Collective bargaining Collaborative bargaining Mutual gains bargaining Pattern bargaining Bargaining unit Union security agreement Master contract Enterprise bargaining agreement Compensation Strike pay Union wage premium Workers ' compensation Reactions Opposition to trade unions Labour spies in the United States Union busting Givebacks Churn and burn Paper local Anti-union violence Anti-union violence in the United States Union violence Demarcation dispute Strikebreaker Goon squad Featherbedding Other topics International comparisons of labour unions Labour code Labour law Eight - hour day Worker centre Trade unions by region Trade unions in Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla ( Spain ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) Trade unions in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Trade unions in the Caribbean Greater Antilles Cayman Islands Cuba Dominican Republic Haiti Jamaica Puerto Rico Leeward Antilles Aruba Bonaire Curaçao Federal Dependencies of Venezuela Leeward Islands Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda British Virgin Islands Guadeloupe Montserrat Saba Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin U.S. Virgin Islands Saint Kitts and Nevis Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Windward Islands Dominica Grenada Martinique Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Other islands Barbados Bahamas Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Continental coasts Belize Bermuda Colombia Costa Rica French Guiana Guatemala Guyana Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Suriname Venezuela Trade unions in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Trade unions in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Trade unions in Oceania Sovereign states Australia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Associated states of New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Dependencies and other territories American Samoa Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Easter Island French Polynesia Guam Hawaii New Caledonia Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Pitcairn Islands Tokelau Wallis and Futuna Trade unions in South America Sovereign states Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Falkland Islands French Guiana South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Links to related articles Syndicalism Precursors Guild socialism Utopian socialism Revolutions of 1848 Orthodox Marxism Variants Anarcho - syndicalism Syndical Communism National syndicalism Revolutionary syndicalism Yellow syndicalism DeLeonism Economics Co-operative economics Labour economics Labour rights General strike Workers ' self - management Labour unionisation Mutual aid Organisations Industrial Workers of the World ( IWW ) International Workers ' Association ( IWA - AIT ) and affiliates : Confederación Nacional del Trabajo ( CNT - AIT , Spain ) Brazilian Workers Confederation ( COB ) Argentine Regional Workers ' Federation ( FORA ) Free Workers ' Union ( FAU , Germany ) Confederation of Revolutionary Anarcho - Syndicalists ( CRAS , Russia ) Norsk Syndikalistisk Forbund ( NSF - IAA , Norway ) Solidarity Federation ( SF - IWA , Britain ) Leaders Daniel De Leon Victor Griffuelhes Hubert Lagardelle Juan García Oliver Rudolf Rocker Georges Sorel Fernand Pelloutier Related subjects Criticism of capitalism Post-capitalism Libertarian socialism Criticism of wage labour Labour power Revisionism Social democracy Precursors Humanism Age of Enlightenment French Revolution Utopian socialism Trade unionism Revolutions of 1848 Orthodox Marxism Development Revisionism Reformism Gradualism Democratic socialism Frankfurt Declaration Keynesianism Welfare capitalism Third Way Modern European socialism Policies Representative democracy Civil liberties Labor rights Mixed economy Land reform Nationalization Welfare state Fair trade Environmental protection Secularism Organizations Social democratic parties Socialist International Party of European Socialists Progressive Alliance International Trade Union Confederation ( ITUC ) People Jacinda Ardern Clement Attlee Obafemi Awolowo José Batlle y Ordóñez David Ben - Gurion Eduard Bernstein Rómulo Betancourt Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Louis Blanc Willy Brandt Hjalmar Branting Gro Harlem Brundtland Jeremy Corbyn Bettino Craxi Ignacy Daszyński Eugene V. Debs Tommy Douglas Willem Drees Émile Durkheim Friedrich Ebert Bülent Ecevit Albert Einstein Tage Erlander Einar Gerhardsen Felipe González João Goulart Bob Hawke Rudolf Hilferding Jean Jaurès Zhang Junmai Tetsu Katayama Karl Kautsky Charles Kennedy Alexander Kerensky Martin Luther King Jr . Wim Kok Ricardo Lagos Ferdinand Lassalle Jack Layton René Lévesque Ramsay MacDonald Nelson Mandela Evo Morales Jawaharlal Nehru Daniel Ortega Olof Palme Georgi Plekhanov Romano Prodi John Ruskin Bertrand Russell Bernie Sanders Michael Joseph Savage Thorvald Stauning Norman Thomas Joop den Uyl Anthem The Internationale Portal : Politics Portal : Economics Portal : Socialism Substantive human rights Note : What is considered a human right is controversial and not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights . Civil and political Cannabis rights Equality before the law Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention Freedom of assembly Freedom of association Freedom from cruel and unusual punishment Freedom from discrimination Freedom from exile Freedom of information Freedom of movement Freedom of religion Freedom from slavery Freedom of speech Freedom of thought Freedom from torture Legal aid Liberty LGBT rights Nationality Personhood Presumption of innocence Right of asylum Right to die Right to a fair trial Right to family life Right to keep and bear arms Right to life Right to petition Right to privacy Right to protest Right to refuse medical treatment Right of self - defense Security of person Universal suffrage Economic , social and cultural Digital rights Equal pay for equal work Fair remuneration Labor rights Right to an adequate standard of living Right to clothing Right to development Right to education Right to food Right to health Right to housing Right to Internet access Right to property Right to public participation Right of reply Right of return Right to science and culture Right to social security Right to water Right to work Trade union membership Sexual and reproductive Abortion Family planning Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation Intersex human rights LGBT rights Reproductive health Right to sexuality Violations Corporal punishment War and conflict Civilian Combatant Freedom from genocide Prisoner of war Wartime sexual violence Business organizations Types Employers ' organization Chamber of commerce Inter-professional association Trade association List of food industry trade associations List of industry trade groups in the United States Cooperative federation Corporate groups Chaebol ( South Korea ) Combine ( Russia ) Concern ( Germany ) Conglomerate ( Anglosphere ) Keiretsu ( Japan ) Xi ( China ) Zaibatsu ( Japan ) Business network Bamboo network ( Sinosphere and Southeast Asia ) Business alliance Consortium Joint venture Patent pool Oppositional groups Trade union Consumer organization See also Business networking Cartel Company registers Real Estate Hegemony ( Hong Kong ) GND : 4020872 - 2 LCCN : sh85136516 NARA : 10638986 NDL : 00569612 Jump up ^ published by HMSO ( Her Majesty 's Stationery Office ) on 1986 ISBN 0 - 11 - 361250 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_union&oldid=853751578 '' Categories : Trade unions Labour relations Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with Polish - language external links Use British English Oxford spelling from April 2016 Use dmy dates from April 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Papiamentu Polski Português Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 Zazaki 中文 57 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 19 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade%20union

the story of the donkey dog cat and rooster

Town Musicians of Bremen

town musicians of bremen

The `` Town Musicians of Bremen '' ( German : Die Bremer Stadtmusikanten ) is a popular fairy tale retrieved and recorded by the Brothers Grimm . It was first published in Grimms ' Fairy Tales in 1819 . It tells the story of four aging domestic animals , who after a lifetime of hard work are neglected and mistreated by their former masters . Eventually , they decide to run away and become town musicians in the city of Bremen . Contrary to the story 's title the characters never arrive in Bremen , as they succeed in tricking and scaring off a band of robbers , capturing their spoils , and moving into their house . According to the Aarne -- Thompson classification system , the story qualifies as a Type 130 folktale ( `` Outcast animals find a new home '' ) .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cultural legacy 2.1 Screen and stage adaptations 2.2 Literature 2.3 Music 2.4 Art and sculpture 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) In the story , a donkey , a dog , a cat , and a rooster ( or hen ) , all past their prime years in life and usefulness on their respective farms , were soon to be discarded or mistreated by their masters . One by one , they leave their homes and set out together . They decide to go to Bremen , known for its freedom , to live without owners and become musicians there ( `` Something better than death we can find anywhere '' ) . On the way to Bremen , they see a lighted cottage ; they look inside and see four robbers enjoying their ill - gotten gains . Standing on each other 's backs , they decide to scare the robbers away by making a din ; the men run for their lives , not knowing what the strange sound is . The animals take possession of the house , eat a good meal , and settle in for the evening . Later that night , the robbers return and send one of their members in to investigate . He sees the Cat 's eyes shining in the darkness and the robber thinks he is seeing the coals of the fire . He reaches over to light his candle . Things happen in quick succession ; the Cat scratches his face with her claws , the Dog bites him on the leg , the Donkey kicks him with his hooves , and the Rooster crows and chases him out the door , screaming . He tells his companions that he was beset by a horrible witch who scratched him with her long fingernails ( the Cat ) , an ogre with a knife ( the Dog ) , a giant who had hit him with his club ( the Donkey ) , and worst of all , the judge who screamed from the rooftop ( the Rooster ) . The robbers abandon the cottage to the strange creatures who have taken it , where the animals live happily for the rest of their days . In the original version of this story , which dates from the twelfth century , the robbers are a bear , lion , and wolf , all animals featured in heraldric devices . When the donkey and his friends arrive in Bremen , the townsfolk applaud them for having rid the district of the terrible beasts . An alternate version involves the animals ' master ( s ) being deprived of his livelihood ( because the thieves stole his money and / or destroyed his farm or mill ) and having to send his animals away , unable to take care of them any further . After the animals dispatch the thieves , they take the ill - gotten gains back to their master so he can rebuild . Other versions involve at least one wild , non-livestock animal , such as a lizard , helping the domestic animals out in dispatching the thieves . Cultural legacy ( edit ) The tale has been retold through animated pictures , motion pictures ( often musicals ) , theatre plays and operas . Screen and stage adaptations ( edit ) Town Musicians of Bremen , 1969 Soviet animated film German - U.S. composer Richard Mohaupt created the opera Die Bremer Stadtmusikanten , which premiered in Bremen 1949 . The tale was adapted in humorous fashion for the British children 's series Wolves , Witches and Giants narrated by Spike Milligan , but with the action taking place in ' Brum ' ( short for Birmingham ) rather than Bremen . In the Soviet Union , the story was loosely adapted into an animated musical in 1969 by Yuri Entin and Vasily Livanov at the studio Soyuzmultfilm , The Bremen Town Musicians . It was followed by a sequel called On the Trail of the Town Musicians of Bremen . In 2000 , a second 56 - minute sequel was made , called The New Bremen Musicians ( Но́вые бре́менские , Novyye bremenskiye ) . In 1976 , in Italy , Sergio Bardotti and Luis Enríquez Bacalov adapted the story into a musical play called I Musicanti , which two years later was translated into Portuguese by the Brazilian composer Chico Buarque . The musical play was called Os Saltimbancos , was later released as an album , and became one of the greatest classics for children in Brazil . This version was also made into a movie . In Spain , the story was made into an animated feature film , Los Trotamúsicos in 1989 , directed by Cruz Delgado ( es ) . This in itself inspired the Spanish animated series Los Trotamúsicos . The series follows the story of four animal friends : Koki the rooster , Lupo the dog , Burlón the cat and Tonto the donkey ; who form a band in the playing respectively guitar , drums , trumpet and saxophone . Unlike in the original story , they arrive to Bremen , before going back to live in the robbers ' house . In 1972 , Jim Henson produced a version with his Muppets called The Muppet Musicians of Bremen . In 1981 in Japan , Tezuka Productions made loose science fiction themed animated feature film adaptation titled Bremen 4 : Angels in Hell ( ブレーメン 4 地獄 の 中 の 天使 たち / Bremen 4 : Jigoku no Naka no Tenshi - tachi ) revolving around an Alien visiting Earth , during a military invasion of a fictional Bremen and giving the 4 animals based on the ones from the original tale , a device that can transform them in to humans . Despite being aimed at children the film has aa substantial amount of gun violence and depictions of war crimes but its core theme is Anti-war . In Germany and the United States , the story was adapted into an animated feature in 1997 under the title The Fearless Four ( Die furchtlosen Vier ) , though it varied considerably from the source material . It starred R&B singer James Ingram as Buster the dog , guitarist B.B. King as Fred the donkey , singer and pianist Oleta Adams as Gwendolyn the cat and Italian musician Zucchero Fornaciari as Tortellini the Rooster in the original English version . On Cartoon Network in between cartoon breaks during the Out of Tune Toons marathon and on Cartoonetwork Video , there are cartoon shorts ( called `` Wedgies '' ) of an animal garage band based on the tale called The Bremen Avenue Experience featuring a cat ( Jessica ) , dog ( Simon ) , donkey ( Barret ) and rooster ( Tanner ) . They are either a modern adaptation of Town Musicians of Bremen or descendants of the old musicians of Bremen . The HBO Family animated series , Happily Ever After : Fairy Tales for Every Child , adapted this story in Season 3 and did a country / African - American twist on it featuring Jenifer Lewis as Hazel ( the dog ) , Gladys Knight as Chocolate ( the donkey ) , Dionne Warwick as Miss Kitty ( the cat ) , and George Clinton as Scratchmo ( the rooster ) . Literature ( edit ) Richard Scarry wrote an adaptation of the story in his book Richard Scarry 's Animal Nursery Tales in 1975 . In it , the donkey , dog , cat and rooster set out since they are bored with farming . In the visual novel Morenatsu , the dog character Kouya is part of a rock band with three other performers : who are a cat , a bird , and a horse . The protagonist makes note of the resemblance to the Town Musicians of Bremen , with a brief monologue explaining the fairy tale . The fourth volume of the comic album series Blacksad a mystery unfolds in New Orleans around the remaining members of a defunct musical group formerly composed of a dog , a cat , a rooster , and a donkey , all of whom had migrated to the city from their home on a Southern island . Music ( edit ) In the early 20th century , the American folk / swing / children 's musician Frank Luther popularized the musical tale as the Raggletaggletown Singers , presented in children 's school music books and performed in children 's plays . In 2015 , Japanese rock musician Kenshi Yonezu released his third album titled Bremen , with the sixth track `` Will - O - Wisp '' 's lyrics being centred on the Town Musicians of Bremen . In 2012 , American artists Pigpen Theatre Co. released their debut album titled Bremen , with the fifth track `` Bremen '' 's lyrics telling the story of the Town Musicians of Bremen . The Musicians of Bremen ( 1972 ) , based on the Brothers Grimm fairy tale , the `` Town Musicians of Bremen '' , for male voices : two countertenors , tenor , two baritones and bass ; premiered by The King 's Singers in Sydney on 15 May 1972 . A recording may be heard here : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C57Y7HtiUIE Art and sculpture ( edit ) Persiflage by Heinrich - Otto Pieper Statues modeled after the Town Musicians of Bremen statue now reside in front of each of the five German veterinary schools . A persiflage of this tale can be found on the wall in the Fort Napoleon , Ostend , Belgium . Heinrich - Otto Pieper , a German soldier during World War I , painted the German and the Austro - Hungarian eagles throned on a rock , under the light of a Turkish crescent . They look with contempt on the futile efforts of the Town Musicians of Bremen to chase them away . These animals are symbols for the Allied Forces : on top the French cock , standing on the Japanese jackal , standing on the English bulldog , standing on the Russian bear . Italy is depicted as a twisting snake and Belgium a tricolored beetle . A sculpture in Riga shows the animals breaking through a wall ( symbolising the Iron Curtain ) . See also ( edit ) Children 's literature portal Joseph Jacobs cites this as a parallel version of the Irish Jack and His Comrades . Ub Iwerks ' ComiColor Cartoon The Bremen Town Musicians ( 1935 film ) The Bremen Town Musicians 1969 ( Soviet musical cartoon ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tales Similar To Bremen Town Musicians '' . SurLaLune Fairy Tales . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Die Bremer Stadtmusikanten / Bremen Town Musicians '' . German stories . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The New Bremen Musicians , Animator.ru Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0138073/ Jump up ^ `` Los 4 músicos de Bremen ( 1989 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Sing Alone and like It Music , Charles L. Gary , Educators Journal April / May 1952 38 : 48 - 49 Jump up ^ https://www.liveriga.com/en/3123-bremen-town-musicians External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Bremen Town Musicians Wikimedia Commons has media related to Town musicians of Bremen . SurLaLune 's Annotated Bremen Town Musicians , including variants , modern interpretations and illustrations Full text of The Bremen Town Musicians from `` The Fairy Book '' Golden Books 1954 version Some of the best known adaptations are : Town Musicians of Bremen on IMDb Disney 1922 animated version Town Musicians of Bremen on IMDb Russian animated version Town Musicians of Bremen on IMDb Brazilian musical free adaptation of the tale Town Musicians of Bremen on IMDb 1989 Spanish animated movie version Town Musicians of Bremen on IMDb 1997 German edition , also released in English under the title `` The Fearless Four '' Town Musicians of Bremen on IMDb The Muppet Musicians of Bremen The Disney version of The Four Musicians of Bremen at The Encyclopedia of Disney Animated Shorts Skulptures of the Musicians of Bremen , limited edition ( German ) Full text in side - by - side German and English at About.com hide The Brothers Grimm Key articles Jacob Grimm Wilhelm Grimm Grimms ' Fairy Tales Deutsche Sagen Deutsche Mythologie Notable tales `` Bearskin '' `` The Brave Little Tailor '' `` Brother and Sister '' `` Cat and Mouse in Partnership '' `` Cinderella '' `` The Devil with the Three Golden Hairs '' `` The Dog and the Sparrow '' `` The Elves and the Shoemaker '' `` The Four Skillful Brothers '' `` The Frog Prince '' `` The Fisherman and His Wife '' `` The Golden Bird '' `` The Golden Goose '' `` The Goose Girl '' `` The Goose - Girl at the Well '' `` Hans My Hedgehog '' `` Hansel and Gretel '' `` The Hut in the Forest '' `` Jorinde and Joringel '' `` The Juniper Tree '' `` The King of the Golden Mountain '' `` King Thrushbeard '' `` Little Red Riding Hood '' `` Mary 's Child '' `` Mother Holle '' `` Old Hildebrand '' `` Old Sultan '' `` The Queen Bee '' `` Rapunzel '' `` The Riddle '' Rumpelstiltskin `` The Seven Ravens '' `` The Six Servants '' `` The Six Swans '' `` Sleeping Beauty '' `` Snow White '' `` Snow - White and Rose - Red '' `` The Story of the Youth Who Went Forth to Learn What Fear Was '' `` The Three Little Men in the Wood '' `` The Three Spinners '' `` Thumbling '' `` Town Musicians of Bremen '' `` Trusty John '' `` The Turnip '' `` The Twelve Brothers '' `` The Twelve Dancing Princesses '' The White Snake `` The Wolf and the Seven Young Goats '' `` The Wonderful Musician '' Other Grimm 's law Göttingen Seven Grim Tales The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm Grimm 's Fairy Tale Classics The Brothers Grimm Grimm Tales The Sisters Grimm Fairy tale American McGee 's Grimm German Fairy Tale Route Grimm Once Upon a Time hide `` Town Musicians of Bremen '' by the Brothers Grimm Film The Bremen Town Musicians ( 1969 ) The Fearless Four ( 1997 ) TV The Muppet Musicians of Bremen ( 1972 ) Los Trotamúsicos ( 1989 ) Sequel On the Trail of the Bremen Town Musicians The New Bremen Town Musicians Art Turn Back GND : 4225766 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Town_Musicians_of_Bremen&oldid=839309532 '' Categories : Grimms ' Fairy Tales Fairy tales Culture in Bremen ( city ) German folklore Fictional chickens Fictional cats Fictional dogs Fictional donkeys Fictional quartets Animal tales Germany in fiction Hidden categories : Articles containing German - language text Articles containing Russian - language text Interlanguage link template link number Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית Кырык мары Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 文言 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 May 2018 , at 16 : 27 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town%20Musicians%20of%20Bremen

when did man utd last win at anfield

Date Venue Score Competition 12 October 1895 Anfield 7 -- 1 Second Division 22 April 1905 Anfield 4 -- 0 Second Division 1 April 1907 Anfield 0 -- 1 First Division 25 March 1908 Anfield 7 -- 4 First Division 30 January 1909 Anfield 3 -- 1 First Division 9 October 1909 Anfield 3 -- 2 First Division 26 November 1910 Anfield 3 -- 2 First Division 11 November 1911 Anfield 3 -- 2 First Division 29 March 1913 Anfield 0 -- 2 First Division 15 April 1914 Anfield 1 -- 2 First Division 26 December 1914 Anfield 1 -- 1 First Division 1 January 1920 Anfield 0 -- 0 First Division 9 February 1921 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 17 December 1921 Anfield 2 -- 1 First Division 19 September 1925 Anfield 5 -- 0 First Division 28 August 1926 Anfield 4 -- 2 First Division 24 December 1927 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 13 February 1929 Anfield 2 -- 3 First Division 25 January 1930 Anfield 1 -- 0 First Division 3 April 1931 Anfield 1 -- 1 First Division 27 March 1937 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 7 September 1938 Anfield 1 -- 0 First Division 3 May 1947 Anfield 1 -- 0 First Division 3 September 1947 Anfield 2 -- 2 First Division 27 December 1948 Anfield 0 -- 2 First Division 7 September 1949 Anfield 1 -- 1 First Division 23 August 1950 Anfield 2 -- 1 First Division 24 November 1951 Anfield 0 -- 0 First Division 13 December 1952 Anfield 1 -- 2 First Division 22 August 1953 Anfield 4 -- 4 First Division 13 April 1963 Anfield 1 -- 0 First Division 13 April 1964 Anfield 3 -- 0 First Division 31 October 1964 Anfield 0 -- 2 First Division 1 January 1966 Anfield 2 -- 1 First Division 25 March 1967 Anfield 0 -- 0 First Division 11 November 1967 Anfield 1 -- 2 First Division 12 October 1968 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 13 December 1969 Anfield 1 -- 4 First Division 5 September 1970 Anfield 1 -- 1 First Division 25 September 1971 Anfield 2 -- 2 First Division 15 August 1972 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 22 December 1973 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 18 November 1975 Anfield 3 -- 1 First Division 3 May 1977 Anfield 1 -- 0 First Division 25 February 1978 Anfield 3 -- 1 First Division 14 April 1979 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 26 December 1979 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 14 April 1981 Anfield 0 -- 1 First Division 24 October 1981 Anfield 1 -- 2 First Division 16 October 1982 Anfield 0 -- 0 First Division 2 January 1984 Anfield 1 -- 1 First Division 31 March 1985 Anfield 0 -- 1 First Division 9 February 1986 Anfield 1 -- 1 First Division 26 December 1986 Anfield 0 -- 1 First Division 4 April 1988 Anfield 3 -- 3 First Division 3 September 1988 Anfield 1 -- 0 First Division 23 December 1989 Anfield 0 -- 0 First Division 16 September 1990 Anfield 4 -- 0 First Division 26 April 1992 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 6 March 1993 Anfield 1 -- 2 Premier League 4 January 1994 Anfield 3 -- 3 Premier League 19 March 1995 Anfield 2 -- 0 Premier League 17 December 1995 Anfield 2 -- 0 Premier League 19 April 1997 Anfield 1 -- 3 Premier League 6 December 1997 Anfield 1 -- 3 Premier League 5 May 1999 Anfield 2 -- 2 Premier League 11 September 1999 Anfield 2 -- 3 Premier League 31 March 2001 Anfield 2 -- 0 Premier League 4 November 2001 Anfield 3 -- 1 Premier League 1 December 2002 Anfield 1 -- 2 Premier League 9 November 2003 Anfield 1 -- 2 Premier League 15 January 2005 Anfield 0 -- 1 Premier League 18 September 2005 Anfield 0 -- 0 Premier League 3 March 2007 Anfield 0 -- 1 Premier League 16 December 2007 Anfield 0 -- 1 Premier League 13 September 2008 Anfield 2 -- 1 Premier League 25 October 2009 Anfield 2 -- 0 Premier League 6 March 2011 Anfield 3 -- 1 Premier League 15 October 2011 Anfield 1 -- 1 Premier League 23 September 2012 Anfield 1 -- 2 Premier League 1 September 2013 Anfield 1 -- 0 Premier League 22 March 2015 Anfield 1 -- 2 Premier League 17 January 2016 Anfield 0 -- 1 Premier League 17 October 2016 Anfield 0 -- 0 Premier League 14 October 2017 Anfield 0 -- 0 Premier League

17 January 2016

Liverpool F.C. -- Manchester United F.C. Rivalry

liverpool f. c. - - manchester united f. c. rivalry

The Liverpool F.C. -- Manchester United F.C. rivalry , also known as the North West Derby , is a high - profile inter-city rivalry between English professional association football clubs Liverpool and Manchester United . It is considered to be one of the biggest rivalries in the association football world along with the Old Firm derby in Scotland , Superclásico in Argentina , El Clásico in Spain , and Derby della Madonnina in Italy , and is considered the most famous fixture in English football . Players , fans and the media alike often consider games between the two clubs to be their biggest rivalry , above even their own local derby competitions with Everton and Manchester City , respectively .

The rivalry has been fuelled by the proximity of the two major cities that they represent , their historic economic and industrial rivalry , significant periods of domestic footballing dominance and European success , and their popularity at home and abroad , as two of the biggest - earning and widely supported football clubs in the world . The two clubs are the most successful English teams in both domestic and European competitions ; and between them they have won 38 league titles , 8 European Cups , 4 UEFA Cups , 4 UEFA Super Cups , 19 FA Cups , 13 League Cups , 1 FIFA Club World Cup , 1 Intercontinental Cup and 36 FA Community Shields . Each club can claim historical supremacy over the other : United for their 20 league titles to Liverpool 's 18 and Liverpool for being European champions five times to United 's three . Manchester United have won more total trophies than Liverpool , and they also lead the Merseysiders in so - called `` major '' honours as well . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inter-city rivals 2 Football rivals 2.1 Formation to 1945 2.2 1945 to 1992 2.3 1992 -- present 3 Managers 3.1 Notable managers 4 Players 4.1 Players ' rivalry 4.2 Player transfers 5 Supporters 5.1 Hooliganism 6 Significant games 6.1 1894 test match 6.2 1977 FA Cup Final 6.3 1983 Football League Cup Final 6.4 Anfield 1988 6.5 Other notable games 7 Honours , head to head , and statistics 7.1 Honours 7.2 Head - to - head 7.3 All - time results 7.3. 1 Liverpool in the league at home 7.3. 2 Manchester United in the league at home 7.3. 3 Results in domestic cup matches 7.3. 4 Results in European competitions 7.3. 5 Results in play - offs 8 See also 9 Notes 10 Further reading 11 References 12 External links Inter-city rivals ( edit ) Main article : Liverpool -- Manchester rivalry The cities of Liverpool and Manchester are located in the north west of England , 35 miles ( 56 km ) apart . Since the industrial revolution there has been a consistent theme of rivalry between the two cities based around economic and industrial competition . Manchester through to the 18th century was the far more populous city , and held a position of significance and notability as representative of the north . By the late 18th century , Liverpool had grown as a major sea port -- critical to the growth and success of the northern cotton mills . Over the next century , Liverpool grew to supersede Manchester and throughout the late 19th and early 20th century was often described as the British Empire 's second city . The links between the two cities were strengthened with the construction of the Bridgewater Canal , the Mersey and Irwell Navigation and the Liverpool and Manchester Railway for the transport of raw materials inland . The Manchester coat of arms formed the foundation of the original Manchester United badge The construction of the Manchester Ship Canal , funded by Manchester merchants , was opposed by Liverpool politicians and bred resentment between the two cities . Tension between working class Liverpool dockers and labourers in Manchester was heightened after its completion in 1894 , just three months prior to the first meeting between Liverpool and Newton Heath in a play - off match that would see Newton Heath relegated to the Second Division . Today , the crests of both the city of Manchester and Manchester United include stylised ships representing the Manchester Ship Canal and Manchester 's trade roots . The ship is also included on the crest of many other Mancunian institutions such as Manchester City Council and rivals Manchester City F.C. Post-war shifts in economic ties , reliance on regional coal , and shifts in transatlantic trade patterns caused by the growth of Asian labour markets caused the gradual decline of British manufacturing . While the city of Liverpool suffered the loss of its primary source of income to southern port cities , Manchester maintained some of its manufacturing heritage . This reversal of fortunes happened against the backdrop of shifting political backgrounds and significant events in British culture and society in the second half of the 20th century . The two cities continue to be strong regional rivals , vying for influence of surrounding areas . Their continued importance to the UK economy has been reflected with the awarding of the 2002 Commonwealth Games to Manchester , while Liverpool was awarded the title of 2008 European Capital of Culture as part of its ongoing regeneration . More recent projects by Peel Ports have sought to re-establish the economic links between the Port of Liverpool and Port of Manchester , including re-developing trade links via the Manchester Ship Canal . Football rivals ( edit ) See also : List of Liverpool F.C. seasons and List of Manchester United F.C. seasons Formation to 1945 ( edit ) The Manchester United team at the start of the 1905 -- 06 season . Manchester United F.C. was formed in Newton Heath in 1878 as Newton Heath LYR F.C. , and played their first competitive match in October 1886 , when they entered the First Round of the 1886 -- 87 FA Cup . Liverpool 's team during its first season , 1892 -- 93 Liverpool F.C. was formed in 1892 following a disagreement between the board of Everton and club president John Houlding , who owned the club 's ground , Anfield . The disagreement between the two parties over rent resulted in Everton moving to Goodison Park from Anfield , and Houlding founded Liverpool F.C. to play in the vacated stadium . Liverpool 's first season was in the Second Division in 1893 . The team went undefeated all season , winning the title and being put up for election to the First Division , which would see them play a one - off test match against the bottom side of the First Division for their place . The team that Liverpool were to face was Newton Heath , whom they beat 2 -- 0 to take their place in the first tier . Liverpool won their first Football League Championship trophy in 1901 and followed it up in 1906 , the same season that saw the newly renamed Manchester United promoted to the top flight after finishing as Second Division runners - up behind Bristol City . Two seasons later , by which time Liverpool had fallen into mid-table , Manchester United secured their first league title , winning the 1907 -- 08 Football League by nine points from Aston Villa and Manchester City . They followed this up by winning the first ever FA Charity Shield match when they defeated Queens Park Rangers over two legs in 1908 . The following season , they won the 1909 FA Cup Final , and followed this up with another league title and Charity Shield in 1911 . The outbreak of the First World War disrupted domestic football , and following the resumption of competitions in 1919 Liverpool asserted themselves on domestic football with a brace of league Championships while United found themselves in steep decline that saw them relegated in 1923 . Between 1923 and the outbreak of the Second World War , neither team won any more competitive trophies outside of local regional trophies , with Manchester United spending three separate periods in the Second Division . 1945 to 1992 ( edit ) A comparative chart showing yearly table positions of Manchester United F.C. and Liverpool F.C. in the English football league system from 1892 -- 93 to the present After the Second World War , Liverpool again became English champions in 1947 before the clubs ' roles reversed once more , with the Merseysiders dropping into the second tier as Manchester United found stability under the management of former Liverpool captain Matt Busby , winning the FA Cup in 1948 and then three league titles and Charity Shields apiece in the 1950s . During this time , future Liverpool manager Bill Shankly was approached by then Liverpool chairman Tom Williams and asked , `` How would you like to manage the best club in the country ? '' . `` Why ? '' Shankly replied . `` Is Matt Busby packing it in ? '' . Following Liverpool 's promotion under Shankly in 1962 , the two clubs found themselves in direct competition with each other for the first time , sharing four league titles between 1964 and 1967 , as well as the 1965 FA Charity Shield . Following this , though , the two sides began to drift in opposite directions once more . United 's title victory of 1967 would be their last for 26 years , while Liverpool would enjoy nearly 20 years of sustained success , winning 11 league titles , 19 domestic cups and seven European trophies from 1972 to 1992 . United 's main reprieves during this time came through cup competitions , such as their triumphs over the Merseysiders in the 1977 FA Cup Final and the 1979 FA Cup semi-final replay at Goodison Park . It was during this period , in the late 70s and early 80s , that the modern day rivalry between the two clubs truly began to get heated . According to football sociologist John Williams , United had developed a `` glamour and media profile '' but did n't have the success to match it and Liverpool fans felt the Red Devils were `` media darlings who got far too much publicity '' . There was a perception in Liverpool that their hugely successful but ' professional ' and ' workmanlike ' teams were always somehow in the shadow of the stars at Old Trafford . This led to a derisory United nickname in Liverpool ; `` The Glams '' . 1992 -- Present ( edit ) Manchester United 's 26 - year spell without a league title has been mirrored by Liverpool since 1990 , when the Reds clinched their last league title . Meanwhile , United 's dominance since 1990 has seen them win 13 league titles , 23 domestic cups and seven European trophies . Once again , cup glories such as the 2003 League Cup and 2006 FA Cup allowed Liverpool some retribution against their rivals . Despite their contrasting fortunes , though , only six times since 1972 have neither Liverpool nor United finished in the top two of the league table -- in 1980 -- 81 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 and 2016 - 17 -- and even during five of those six campaigns , another piece of silverware was still taken home by one of the two clubs ; Liverpool paraded the European Cup and League Cup in 1981 , while Manchester United lifted the FA Community Shield and FA Cup in the 2004 season and Liverpool claimed the Champions League in 2005 . United brought home the FA Cup again in 2016 and they won a treble of trophies consisting of the Community Shield , League Cup and UEFA Europa League in 2016 - 17 . Managers ( edit ) Notable managers ( edit ) `` `` If you are first you are first . If you are second you are nothing . '' '' -- Bill Shankly While Liverpool and Manchester United 's successes are almost identical in number , their systems of achieving these successes vary considerably . Liverpool built their dominance on a dynasty known as the Anfield Boot Room . The boot room itself was where strategy for future matches was planned , however , it became a breeding ground for future Liverpool managers following the arrival of Bill Shankly in 1959 . The original members were Shankly himself , Bob Paisley , Joe Fagan and Reuben Bennett , although the likes of Kenny Dalglish joined later on . Following Shankly 's retirement in 1974 , having secured eight trophies in 15 years , Bob Paisley stepped into the vacant manager 's position and amassed 20 trophies in 9 seasons . Following his retirement , Joe Fagan took over and in the first of two seasons at the club , won a treble of trophies . Kenny Dalglish , while not an original member , was accepted into the group as the next in line for the role of manager , and he combined it with his playing duties to win Liverpool 10 trophies . The boot room connection was finally broken in 1991 , 32 years after Shankly 's arrival , with the appointment of Graeme Souness , who actually demolished the boot room itself to make way for a press room . It did still manage to produce a final Liverpool manager in Roy Evans , who won the League Cup , but upon his resignation in 1998 , the era was over . In contrast , Manchester United have succeeded thanks to the services of three extraordinary men , all decades apart , without the need for continuity and sustained success beyond each man 's departure . Out of the 66 trophies that United have won , 56 have come thanks to the exploits of Ernest Mangnall , Sir Matt Busby and Sir Alex Ferguson . Mangnall was the first great manager of Manchester United , securing five trophies within a three - year time span of 1908 -- 11 . Following his departure to local rivals Manchester City a year later , it would not be until Busby 's arrival 33 years later that the club would be on the trophy trail again . Busby became United 's second most decorated manager of all time ( ironically as an ex-Liverpool player and captain ) , winning 13 trophies at the club including the 1968 European Cup , which saw an English team secure European football 's top prize for the first time . After Busby 's retirement in 1969 though , Manchester United saw their fortunes slip and the club struggled to stay successful until Alex Ferguson 's arrival 17 years later , during which time United only won three FA Cups and two Charity Shields . `` `` My greatest challenge was knocking Liverpool right off their fucking perch , and you can print that . '' '' -- Alex Ferguson in response to an Alan Hansen comment in 2002 It was only under the Scot that United regained their glory days , winning 38 trophies during his 26 - year tenure to scale the pinnacles of both English and European football . However , since Ferguson 's retirement in 2013 , the club has gone on the wane again , finishing in the top four of the league just once in four seasons , although there has been frequent success in cup competitions . Players ( edit ) Players ' rivalry ( edit ) `` `` A mate owned a ( Manchester United captain ) Bryan Robson top . We were kicking about , and I asked if I could be Robbo for a while . My dad looked out and went ballistic . He was n't having his kid dragging the Gerrard name through the gutter . I thought we 'd have to move ! '' '' -- Steven Gerrard The rivalry has extended to the players as well : Wayne Rooney , a product of Liverpool 's city rivals Everton who played for United from 2004 to 2017 , described how he grew up hating the Reds ( Liverpool ) , while Liverpool 's Steven Gerrard took a film crew on tour of his home where he showed off a collection of football shirts he had swapped with opposing players as part of the after match routine ; he pointed out that there were no Manchester United shirts in there and he would never have one of them in his house . Former Liverpool goalkeeper David James said : `` I could never say I hated any United players just for being United players ... But the rivalry became a habit , I suppose ; on England trips Liverpool lads would eat at one table , United boys at another . There was tension there and we avoided one other '' . Liverpool defender Neil Ruddock once broke both of United forward Andy Cole 's legs in a reserve match , later saying that `` I did n't meant to break both legs , I only meant to break one ... I absolutely destroyed him ... I know it 's not big and it 's not clever but it was great '' . Manchester United 's Gary Neville has been publicly vocal in the past with regards to his dislike of Liverpool . He notably drew the ire of Liverpool fans during the 2006 match at Old Trafford during which he celebrated Rio Ferdinand 's last - gasp winner by running to the stand where the away fans were seated while kissing the crest on his jersey and appearing to shout angrily towards them ; he was fined and given a two - match ban by The Football Association but has stated on multiple occasions that he has never regretted his actions . Following a fixture in which John O'Shea scored a stoppage - time winner in front of the Kop in 2007 , Neville described O'Shea's achievement as `` a lifelong dream '' for himself . Previously in a Manchester derby during the 2003 -- 04 season , Neville was sent off after attempting to headbutt Manchester City 's ex-Liverpool midfielder Steve McManaman : as Paul Scholes commented , `` It 's fair to say the pair of them never got on too well together '' . The animosity amongst players has also extended to the fans on a number of occasions , as in the case of Neville , who regularly became the subject of offensive chants from Liverpool supporters after the 2006 badge - kissing incident . In a retrospective special leading up to the January 2017 match up at Old Trafford , Neville and his fellow Monday Night Football pundit and retired Liverpool one - club man Jamie Carragher both acknowledged that it was actually not uncommon for both United and Liverpool players , particularly locally - born youth academy graduates such as Bury - born Neville and Merseyside natives Gerrard and Robbie Fowler , to celebrate in front of rival fans and that `` you just got to take it in the chin '' . `` `` I ca n't stand Liverpool , I ca n't stand the people , I ca n't stand anything to do with them . '' '' -- Gary Neville In the 2011 -- 12 season , the rivalry was exacerbated by claims that , in the first League meeting of the season at Anfield , Liverpool striker Luis Suárez racially abused United 's Patrice Evra . After considering the evidence , an FA panel found that Suárez had referred to Evra using the term `` negrito '' seven times ( Suárez himself admitted to having done so once , but denied racism ) ; he was banned for eight games . This included the FA Cup fourth round tie between the two clubs ( again at Anfield ) , which Liverpool won . On 11 February 2012 , however , United and Liverpool met again at Old Trafford , and Suárez played for Liverpool for the first time since his ban . Prior to kick - off , the two teams were expected to shake hands , but Suárez ignored Evra 's offered hand and moved onto the next United player in line , David de Gea . As a result , Rio Ferdinand and Danny Welbeck rejected Suárez 's handshake . United went on to win 2 -- 1 and Evra celebrated in front of the home supporters , with Suárez close by . Sir Alex Ferguson declared Suárez to be a `` disgrace '' and suggested that he should not be allowed to play for Liverpool again . Kenny Dalglish vehemently denied having seen the missed handshake . The following day , Suárez , Dalglish and Liverpool all issued statements of apology for the handshake incident , which United accepted . The FA decided against any further action against either club or the players involved . Player transfers ( edit ) Since the 1964 transfer of Phil Chisnall from United to Liverpool , no player has been transferred directly between the two clubs . Some players , however , have played for both clubs , but having played elsewhere between each tenure , such as Paul Ince ( playing for Internazionale in between ) and Peter Beardsley ( Vancouver Whitecaps and Newcastle United ) and more recently Michael Owen ( Real Madrid and Newcastle United ) , although Beardsley only played once for United , but went on to be a key player during his four years at Liverpool . In 2007 , there was a bid from Liverpool to sign Gabriel Heinze from United , but United refused to allow him to join their biggest rivals due to the ongoing feud . United claimed that it was agreed Heinze would only join a foreign club if he chose to leave . Heinze went public with his request to join Liverpool which was seen as the ultimate betrayal by the Manchester United fans . The Manchester United fans who once chanted `` Argentina '' in honour of the player then turned their backs on him . Heinze was eventually sold to Real Madrid instead . Date Name From To Fee August 1912 Tom Chorlton Liverpool Manchester United November 1913 Jackie Sheldon Manchester United Liverpool September 1920 Tom Miller Liverpool Manchester United £ 2,000 May 1921 Fred Hopkin Manchester United Liverpool February 1929 Tommy Reid Liverpool Manchester United January 1938 Ted Savage Liverpool Manchester United November 1938 Allenby Chilton Liverpool Manchester United February 1954 Thomas McNulty Manchester United Liverpool £ 7,000 April 1964 Phil Chisnall Manchester United Liverpool £ 25,000 Supporters ( edit ) Main articles : Supporters ' groups and Association football culture Liverpool Kopites in The Kop stand at Anfield Both Manchester United and Liverpool are among the most popular football clubs ( and sporting organisations ) globally . Both are in the top 25 in Europe with Manchester United considered to have the largest following of all , as well as having one of the highest average home attendances in Europe and boasting a large travelling support . The club states that its worldwide fan base includes more than 200 officially recognised branches of the Manchester United Supporters Club ( MUSC ) , in at least 24 countries . Liverpool states that its worldwide fan base also includes more than 200 officially recognised branches of the LFC Official Supporters Clubs in at least 50 countries . Notable groups include Spirit of Shankly and Reclaim The Kop . The 2005 leveraged takeover of Manchester United by the Glazer family created a schism amongst Manchester fans , directly causing the creation of F.C. United of Manchester , and the `` Love United Hate Glazer '' movement , and subsequently the Red Knights who attempted to buy the Glazers out the club . Two years later , Liverpool went through its own controversial takeover when Chairman David Moores sold the club to American businessmen George Gillett and Tom Hicks . Disagreements between Gillett and Hicks , and the lack of popular support from fans , resulted in the pair looking to sell the club . Martin Broughton was appointed chairman of the club on 16 April 2010 to oversee its sale . Court action finally forced the sale of the club to Fenway Sports Group . Hooliganism ( edit ) Main article : Football hooliganism With the rise of football hooliganism across English football during the 1970s and 1980s , matches between the two clubs brought some minor and major incidents of hooliganism . Since then , the modern game has seen a decrease in violence between the rival supporters and incidents are fairly uncommon . This is more likely due to an increase in Police presence and CCTV with huge steps taken to keep the fans separated . To this day , both sets of fans still hold a resentment toward each other . As well as physical violence , sections of the clubs ' fan bases often taunt each other with unsavoury chants about the Munich air disaster and the Hillsborough disaster respectively . At the 1996 FA Cup Final , an unidentified Liverpool fan spat at Eric Cantona and threw a punch at Alex Ferguson as a victorious Manchester United team walked up the steps at Wembley Stadium to collect the trophy from the Royal Box . The 2006 FA Cup match at Anfield featured foreign objects thrown at United fans by Liverpool supporters , including human excrement . Liverpool 's FA Cup semi-final game against Chelsea at Old Trafford later that year also resulted in damage to the stadium , including graffiti about serial killer Harold Shipman . In March 2011 , the Daily Mail reported that an FA Youth Cup game between the two clubs was marred because of `` sick chants '' about Hillsborough and Heysel coming from the Manchester United fans at Anfield . The article also claims that six Manchester United fans were ejected from the stadium due to bad behaviour . Former Liverpool striker John Aldridge was at the game and told the Liverpool Echo that `` the level of abuse was absolutely sickening '' . In March 2016 , before Liverpool 's first leg tie at Anfield against Manchester United , it was reported that a group of Liverpool fans hung a `` Manc Bastards '' banner on the M62 , as 2,300 Manchester United supporters made the trip to Anfield . It was confiscated by the police , shortly after . Liverpool won the match 2 -- 0 . Before the second leg tie at Old Trafford. , Liverpool fans were greeted with a banner on the M62 motorway in Salford that said ' murderers ' and also had the Hillsborough Disaster date on it . UEFA took no disciplinary action against Manchester United . During the same game , there were reported crowd disturbances , coming from the Manchester United end . It was later reported that a Liverpool supporter sneaked a Liverpool banner in the United section , causing to aggravate United supporters in the stand . Liverpool supporters ripped seats , and supporters threw objects at each other , also fighting with United supporters . Liverpool were fined £ 43,577 . by UEFA for setting off flares / crowd fireworks & ' illicit chants ' , whilst Manchester United were fined £ 44,342 for illicit chants & the throwing of objects . Both clubs ' fines included £ 15,290 suspended for two years . Liverpool drew 1 -- 1 , and progressed to the Europa League quarter - finals against Borussia Dortmund . Significant games ( edit ) 1894 test match ( edit ) The first ever meeting between both clubs came in a Football League test match in 1894 , a post-season series to determine who will receive First Division membership for 1894 -- 95 . As Newton Heath finished bottom of the First Division at the end of 1893 -- 94 , they had to play off against the champions of the Second Division , Liverpool . Liverpool won the tie 2 -- 0 at Ewood Park in Blackburn , earning them First Division membership and condemning Newton Heath to the Second Division . 1977 FA Cup final ( edit ) In 1977 , the two clubs met in a cup final for the first time , when they reached the final of the FA Cup . The two clubs took to the field at Wembley on 21 May , with Liverpool having just won the league title , knowing that winning this game would put them on course for a unique treble as they had the European Cup final to look forward to four days later . However , United ended Liverpool 's treble dreams with a 2 -- 1 win , with goals from Stuart Pearson and Jimmy Greenhoff , five minutes apart with a Jimmy Case goal for Liverpool in between . 1983 football league Cup final ( edit ) Six years later , on 26 March 1983 , the two sides met for the Football League Cup final . Goals from Alan Kennedy and Ronnie Whelan won the game 2 -- 1 for Liverpool , after Norman Whiteside had given United the lead . Liverpool collected the trophy for the third year in succession . It was the last of Liverpool manager Bob Paisley 's nine seasons in charge ( during which Liverpool had dominated the English and European scene ) before his retirement , and his players allowed him to climb the 39 steps to collect the trophy from the Royal Box . Anfield 1988 ( edit ) On 4 April 1988 , Liverpool were 11 points ahead at the top of the league and almost certain of winning the First Division title with barely a month of the league season remaining . United , in their first full season under the management of Alex Ferguson , were their nearest rivals . The two sides took to the field for a league encounter at Anfield and with the second half just minutes old the home side had a 3 -- 1 lead with goals from Peter Beardsley , Gary Gillespie and Steve McMahon , with United 's only goal coming from Bryan Robson . Robson then pulled a goal back for United , and with 12 minutes remaining fellow midfielder Gordon Strachan equalised to force a 3 -- 3 draw . Other notable games ( edit ) On 4 January 1994 , in the second season of the new FA Premier League , United took a 3 -- 0 lead at Anfield in the opening 25 minutes with goals from Steve Bruce , Ryan Giggs and Denis Irwin . Liverpool managed to claw back to draw 3 -- 3 with two goals from Nigel Clough and another from Neil Ruddock . It was one of the last games in charge of Liverpool for manager Graeme Souness , who had resigned by the end of the month . On 1 October 1995 , United 's Eric Cantona made his comeback to the side after serving an eight - month suspension for attacking a spectator in a game against Crystal Palace . His comeback game was against Liverpool in the Premier League at Old Trafford . United took an early lead through Nicky Butt , only for Liverpool 's Robbie Fowler to score twice and give the visitors a 2 -- 1 lead . However , United were awarded a penalty in the 71st minute and Cantona converted it successfully , forcing a 2 -- 2 draw . At the end of the season , the two sides met again at Wembley for the FA Cup Final . The game stayed goalless until the 85th minute , when Liverpool conceded a corner , which David Beckham swung into the box to be cleared by David James , only for Eric Cantona to fire home United 's winner . In March 2003 , the two clubs once again met in a cup final , this time in the League Cup , with Liverpool lifting the trophy after goals from Steven Gerrard and Michael Owen gave them a 2 -- 0 win . Alan Wiley shows a red card to Nemanja Vidić of Manchester United on 14 March 2009 On 14 March 2009 , the two sides met at Old Trafford in the Premier League . United were ahead at the top of the league and Liverpool were looking to make a late run to the title which had eluded them since 1990 . United went ahead in the 23rd minute with a Cristiano Ronaldo penalty , but Fernando Torres equalised five minutes later for Liverpool , and a Steven Gerrard penalty just before half - time put Liverpool in the lead . United had Nemanja Vidić sent off in the 76th minute , and their misery was swiftly compounded by late goals from Fábio Aurélio and finally Andrea Dossena , condemning them to a 4 -- 1 defeat , their heaviest at Old Trafford in any competition for 17 years . Despite the loss , Manchester United were crowned league champions for the third season in succession and equalled Liverpool 's 18 league titles , with Liverpool finishing four points behind in second . The league fixture on 11 February 2012 was marked by controversy regarding Liverpool striker Luis Suárez refusal to shake hands with Patrice Evra , following an eight - match suspension for racially abusing Evra in the previous meeting between the sides . Following the 2 -- 1 victory for United after a brace from Wayne Rooney , Evra in turn controversially celebrated right in front of Suárez , and was swept aside by opposition players finding the gesture provocative . Honours , Head to Head , and Statistics ( edit ) Honours ( edit ) Domestic honours Competition Liverpool Manchester United Titles Year Titles Year Premier League 0 13 1992 -- 93 , 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 First Division 18 1900 -- 01 , 1905 -- 06 , 1921 -- 22 , 1922 -- 23 , 1946 -- 47 , 1963 -- 64 , 1965 -- 66 , 1972 -- 73 , 1975 -- 76 , 1976 -- 77 , 1978 -- 79 , 1979 -- 80 , 1981 -- 82 , 1982 -- 83 , 1983 -- 84 , 1985 -- 86 , 1987 -- 88 , 1989 -- 90 7 1907 -- 08 , 1910 -- 11 , 1951 -- 52 , 1955 -- 56 , 1956 -- 57 , 1964 -- 65 , 1966 -- 67 League total 18 20 FA Cup 7 1964 -- 65 , 1973 -- 74 , 1985 -- 86 , 1988 -- 89 , 1991 -- 92 , 2000 -- 01 , 2005 -- 06 12 1908 -- 09 , 1947 -- 48 , 1962 -- 63 , 1976 -- 77 , 1982 -- 83 , 1984 -- 85 , 1989 -- 90 , 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 96 , 1998 -- 99 , 2003 -- 04 , 2015 -- 16 League Cup 8 1980 -- 81 , 1981 -- 82 , 1982 -- 83 , 1983 -- 84 , 1994 -- 95 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2011 -- 12 5 1991 -- 92 , 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2016 -- 17 FA Community Shield ( * = shared ) 15 1964 * , 1965 * , 1966 , 1974 , 1976 , 1977 * , 1979 , 1980 , 1982 , 1986 * , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 * , 2001 , 2006 21 1908 , 1911 , 1952 , 1956 , 1957 , 1965 * , 1967 * , 1977 * , 1983 , 1990 * , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 2003 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2016 Super Cup 1986 0 Domestic total 49 58 European honours European Cup / UEFA Champions League 5 1976 -- 77 , 1977 -- 78 , 1980 -- 81 , 1983 -- 84 , 2004 -- 05 1967 -- 68 , 1998 -- 99 , 2007 -- 08 UEFA Cup / Europa League 1972 -- 73 , 1975 -- 76 , 2000 -- 01 2016 -- 17 European Cup Winners ' Cup 0 1990 -- 91 UEFA Super Cup 1977 , 2001 , 2005 1991 European total 11 6 Worldwide honours FIFA Club World Cup 0 2008 Intercontinental Cup 0 1999 Worldwide total 0 Combined total Combined total 60 66 The honours listed above are considered to be the club 's major titles and , as such , are not intended to be a full list of achievements . Table correct as of 24 May 2017 . Head - to - Head ( edit ) The below table demonstrates the competitive results between the two sides ( not indicative of titles won ) . Competition Manchester United wins Draws Liverpool wins League 67 47 55 FA Cup 9 League Cup 0 Europa League 0 Other Total 79 55 65 Table correct as of 14 October 2017 All - time results ( edit ) Liverpool in the league at home ( edit ) See also : Anfield Date Venue Score Competition 12 October 1895 Anfield 7 -- 1 Second Division 22 April 1905 Anfield 4 -- 0 Second Division 1 April 1907 Anfield 0 -- 1 First Division 25 March 1908 Anfield 7 -- 4 First Division 30 January 1909 Anfield 3 -- 1 First Division 9 October 1909 Anfield 3 -- 2 First Division 26 November 1910 Anfield 3 -- 2 First Division 11 November 1911 Anfield 3 -- 2 First Division 29 March 1913 Anfield 0 -- 2 First Division 15 April 1914 Anfield 1 -- 2 First Division 26 December 1914 Anfield 1 -- 1 First Division 1 January 1920 Anfield 0 -- 0 First Division 9 February 1921 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 17 December 1921 Anfield 2 -- 1 First Division 19 September 1925 Anfield 5 -- 0 First Division 28 August 1926 Anfield 4 -- 2 First Division 24 December 1927 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 13 February 1929 Anfield 2 -- 3 First Division 25 January 1930 Anfield 1 -- 0 First Division 3 April 1931 Anfield 1 -- 1 First Division 27 March 1937 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 7 September 1938 Anfield 1 -- 0 First Division 3 May 1947 Anfield 1 -- 0 First Division 3 September 1947 Anfield 2 -- 2 First Division 27 December 1948 Anfield 0 -- 2 First Division 7 September 1949 Anfield 1 -- 1 First Division 23 August 1950 Anfield 2 -- 1 First Division 24 November 1951 Anfield 0 -- 0 First Division 13 December 1952 Anfield 1 -- 2 First Division 22 August 1953 Anfield 4 -- 4 First Division 13 April 1963 Anfield 1 -- 0 First Division 13 April 1964 Anfield 3 -- 0 First Division 31 October 1964 Anfield 0 -- 2 First Division 1 January 1966 Anfield 2 -- 1 First Division 25 March 1967 Anfield 0 -- 0 First Division 11 November 1967 Anfield 1 -- 2 First Division 12 October 1968 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 13 December 1969 Anfield 1 -- 4 First Division 5 September 1970 Anfield 1 -- 1 First Division 25 September 1971 Anfield 2 -- 2 First Division 15 August 1972 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 22 December 1973 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 18 November 1975 Anfield 3 -- 1 First Division 3 May 1977 Anfield 1 -- 0 First Division 25 February 1978 Anfield 3 -- 1 First Division 14 April 1979 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 26 December 1979 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 14 April 1981 Anfield 0 -- 1 First Division 24 October 1981 Anfield 1 -- 2 First Division 16 October 1982 Anfield 0 -- 0 First Division 2 January 1984 Anfield 1 -- 1 First Division 31 March 1985 Anfield 0 -- 1 First Division 9 February 1986 Anfield 1 -- 1 First Division 26 December 1986 Anfield 0 -- 1 First Division 4 April 1988 Anfield 3 -- 3 First Division 3 September 1988 Anfield 1 -- 0 First Division 23 December 1989 Anfield 0 -- 0 First Division 16 September 1990 Anfield 4 -- 0 First Division 26 April 1992 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 6 March 1993 Anfield 1 -- 2 Premier League 4 January 1994 Anfield 3 -- 3 Premier League 19 March 1995 Anfield 2 -- 0 Premier League 17 December 1995 Anfield 2 -- 0 Premier League 19 April 1997 Anfield 1 -- 3 Premier League 6 December 1997 Anfield 1 -- 3 Premier League 5 May 1999 Anfield 2 -- 2 Premier League 11 September 1999 Anfield 2 -- 3 Premier League 31 March 2001 Anfield 2 -- 0 Premier League 4 November 2001 Anfield 3 -- 1 Premier League 1 December 2002 Anfield 1 -- 2 Premier League 9 November 2003 Anfield 1 -- 2 Premier League 15 January 2005 Anfield 0 -- 1 Premier League 18 September 2005 Anfield 0 -- 0 Premier League 3 March 2007 Anfield 0 -- 1 Premier League 16 December 2007 Anfield 0 -- 1 Premier League 13 September 2008 Anfield 2 -- 1 Premier League 25 October 2009 Anfield 2 -- 0 Premier League 6 March 2011 Anfield 3 -- 1 Premier League 15 October 2011 Anfield 1 -- 1 Premier League 23 September 2012 Anfield 1 -- 2 Premier League 1 September 2013 Anfield 1 -- 0 Premier League 22 March 2015 Anfield 1 -- 2 Premier League 17 January 2016 Anfield 0 -- 1 Premier League 17 October 2016 Anfield 0 -- 0 Premier League 14 October 2017 Anfield 0 -- 0 Premier League Manchester United in the league at home ( edit ) See also : Old Trafford Date Venue Score Competition 2 November 1895 Bank Street 5 -- 2 Second Division 24 December 1904 Bank Street 3 -- 1 Second Division 25 December 1906 Bank Street 0 -- 0 First Division 7 September 1907 Bank Street 4 -- 0 First Division 26 September 1908 Bank Street 3 -- 2 First Division 19 February 1910 Old Trafford 3 -- 4 First Division 1 April 1911 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 First Division 23 March 1912 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 23 November 1912 Old Trafford 3 -- 1 First Division 1 November 1913 Old Trafford 3 -- 0 First Division 2 April 1915 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 First Division 26 December 1919 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 5 February 1921 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 24 December 1921 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 10 March 1926 Old Trafford 3 -- 3 First Division 15 January 1927 Old Trafford 0 -- 1 First Division 5 May 1928 Old Trafford 6 -- 1 First Division 15 September 1928 Old Trafford 2 -- 2 First Division 21 September 1929 Old Trafford 1 -- 2 First Division 6 April 1931 Old Trafford 4 -- 1 First Division 21 November 1936 Old Trafford 2 -- 5 First Division 6 May 1939 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 First Division 11 September 1946 Maine Road 5 -- 0 First Division 27 August 1947 Maine Road 2 -- 0 First Division 25 December 1948 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 15 March 1950 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 30 August 1950 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 First Division 12 April 1952 Old Trafford 4 -- 0 First Division 20 April 1953 Old Trafford 3 -- 1 First Division 19 December 1953 Old Trafford 5 -- 1 First Division 10 November 1962 Old Trafford 3 -- 3 First Division 23 November 1963 Old Trafford 0 -- 1 First Division 24 April 1965 Old Trafford 3 -- 0 First Division 9 October 1965 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 First Division 10 December 1966 Old Trafford 2 -- 2 First Division 6 April 1968 Old Trafford 1 -- 2 First Division 14 December 1968 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 First Division 13 September 1969 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 First Division 19 April 1971 Old Trafford 0 -- 2 First Division 3 April 1972 Old Trafford 0 -- 3 First Division 11 November 1972 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 First Division 29 September 1973 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 18 February 1976 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 16 February 1977 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 1 October 1977 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 First Division 26 December 1978 Old Trafford 0 -- 3 First Division 5 April 1980 Old Trafford 2 -- 1 First Division 26 December 1980 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 7 April 1982 Old Trafford 0 -- 1 First Division 26 February 1983 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 24 September 1983 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 First Division 22 September 1984 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 19 October 1985 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 20 April 1987 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 First Division 15 November 1987 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 1 January 1989 Old Trafford 3 -- 1 First Division 18 March 1990 Old Trafford 1 -- 2 First Division 3 February 1991 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 6 October 1991 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 18 October 1992 Old Trafford 2 -- 2 Premier League 30 March 1994 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 Premier League 17 September 1994 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 Premier League 1 October 1995 Old Trafford 2 -- 2 Premier League 12 October 1996 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 Premier League 10 April 1998 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 Premier League 24 September 1998 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 Premier League 4 March 2000 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 Premier League 17 December 2000 Old Trafford 0 -- 1 Premier League 22 January 2002 Old Trafford 0 -- 1 Premier League 5 April 2003 Old Trafford 4 -- 0 Premier League 24 April 2004 Old Trafford 0 -- 1 Premier League 20 September 2004 Old Trafford 2 -- 1 Premier League 22 January 2006 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 Premier League 22 October 2006 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 Premier League 23 March 2008 Old Trafford 3 -- 0 Premier League 14 March 2009 Old Trafford 1 -- 4 Premier League 21 March 2010 Old Trafford 2 -- 1 Premier League 19 September 2010 Old Trafford 3 -- 2 Premier League 11 February 2012 Old Trafford 2 -- 1 Premier League 13 January 2013 Old Trafford 2 -- 1 Premier League 16 March 2014 Old Trafford 0 -- 3 Premier League 14 December 2014 Old Trafford 3 -- 0 Premier League 12 September 2015 Old Trafford 3 -- 1 Premier League 15 January 2017 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 Premier League League home record Home Team Wins Losses Draws Liverpool 39 25 20 Manchester United 42 16 26 Overall League Head to Head record Manchester United wins Liverpool wins Draws 67 55 46 Results in domestic cup matches ( edit ) Date Venue Matches Competition Team 1 Score Team 2 12 February 1898 Bank Street Newton Heath 0 -- 0 Liverpool FA Cup 2nd Round 16 February 1898 Anfield Liverpool 2 -- 1 Newton Heath FA Cup 2nd Round Replay 7 February 1903 Bank Street Manchester United 2 -- 1 Liverpool FA Cup 1st Round 8 January 1921 Anfield Liverpool 1 -- 1 Manchester United FA Cup 1st Round 12 January 1921 Old Trafford Manchester United 1 -- 2 Liverpool FA Cup 1st Round Replay 24 January 1948 Goodison Park Manchester United 3 -- 0 Liverpool FA Cup 4th Round 30 January 1960 Anfield Liverpool 1 -- 3 Manchester United FA Cup 4th Round 14 August 1965 Old Trafford Manchester United 2 -- 2 Liverpool 1965 Charity Shield 21 May 1977 Wembley Manchester United 2 -- 1 Liverpool 1977 FA Cup Final 13 August 1977 Wembley Liverpool 0 -- 0 Manchester United 1977 Charity Shield 31 March 1979 Maine Road Manchester United 2 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Liverpool FA Cup Semi-final 4 April 1979 Goodison Park Manchester United 1 -- 0 Liverpool FA Cup Semi-final Replay 26 March 1983 Wembley Liverpool 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Manchester United 1983 League Cup Final 20 August 1983 Wembley Manchester United 2 -- 0 Liverpool 1983 Charity Shield 13 April 1985 Goodison Park Manchester United 2 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Liverpool FA Cup Semi-final 17 April 1985 Maine Road Manchester United 2 -- 1 Liverpool FA Cup Semi-final Replay 26 November 1985 Anfield Liverpool 2 -- 1 Manchester United League Cup 4th Round 18 August 1990 Wembley Liverpool 1 -- 1 Manchester United 1990 Charity Shield 31 October 1990 Old Trafford Manchester United 3 -- 1 Liverpool League Cup 3rd Round 11 May 1996 Wembley Manchester United 1 -- 0 Liverpool 1996 FA Cup Final 24 January 1999 Old Trafford Manchester United 2 -- 1 Liverpool FA Cup 4th Round 12 August 2001 Millennium Stadium Liverpool 2 -- 1 Manchester United 2001 Charity Shield 2 March 2003 Millennium Stadium Liverpool 2 -- 0 Manchester United 2003 League Cup Final 18 February 2006 Anfield Liverpool 1 -- 0 Manchester United FA Cup 5th Round 9 January 2011 Old Trafford Manchester United 1 -- 0 Liverpool FA Cup 3rd Round 28 January 2012 Anfield Liverpool 2 -- 1 Manchester United FA Cup 4th Round 25 September 2013 Old Trafford Manchester United 1 -- 0 Liverpool League Cup 3rd Round Overall Domestic Cup Head to Head record Manchester United wins Liverpool wins Draws 12 9 7 Results in European competitions ( edit ) Date Venue Matches Competition Team 1 Score Team 2 10 March 2016 Anfield Liverpool 2 -- 0 Manchester United Europa League Round of 16 17 March 2016 Old Trafford Manchester United 1 -- 1 Liverpool Europa League Round of 16 Overall European competition Head to Head record Manchester United wins Liverpool wins Draws 0 Results in play - offs ( edit ) Date Venue Matches Competition Team 1 Score Team 2 28 April 1894 Ewood Park Liverpool 2 -- 0 Newton Heath Football League Test Match Overall Play - off Head to Head record Manchester United wins Liverpool wins Draws 0 0 See also ( edit ) List of association football club rivalries in Europe 1915 British football betting scandal Liverpool -- Manchester rivalry Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Due to war damage , Old Trafford was closed at the time , and Manchester United were playing their home matches at Maine Road . However , on the same day , Manchester City were at home to Chelsea in another FA Cup tie and as a result this tie was switched to Goodison Park Further reading ( edit ) Cox , Richard ; Russell , Dave ; Vamplew , Wray ( 2002 ) . Encyclopedia of British football . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 5249 - 0 . Crilly , Peter ( 2007 ) . Tops of the Kops : The Complete Guide to Liverpool 's Kits . Trinity Mirror Sport Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905266 - 22 - 7 . Graham , Matthew ( 1985 ) . Liverpool . Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd . ISBN 0 - 600 - 50254 - 6 . Kelly , Stephen F. ( 1999 ) . The Boot Room Boys : Inside the Anfield Boot Room . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 218907 - 0 . Kelly , Stephen F. ( 1988 ) . You 'll Never Walk Alone . Queen Anne Press . ISBN 0 - 356 - 19594 - 5 . Liversedge , Stan ( 1991 ) . Liverpool : The Official Centenary History . Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd . ISBN 0 - 600 - 57308 - 7 . Pead , Brian ( 1986 ) . Liverpool A Complete Record . Breedon Books . ISBN 0 - 907969 - 15 - 1 . Reade , Brian ( 2009 ) . 44 Years With The Same Bird . Pan . ISBN 1 - 74329 - 366 - 6 . Andrews , David L. , ed. ( 2004 ) . Manchester United : A Thematic Study . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 33333 - 4 . Barnes , Justyn ; Bostock , Adam ; Butler , Cliff ; Ferguson , Jim ; Meek , David ; Mitten , Andy ; Pilger , Sam ; Taylor , Frank OBE ; Tyrrell , Tom ( 2001 ) ( 1998 ) . The Official Manchester United Illustrated Encyclopedia ( 3rd ed . ) . London : Manchester United Books . ISBN 0 - 233 - 99964 - 7 . Bose , Mihir ( 2007 ) . Manchester Disunited : Trouble and Takeover at the World 's Richest Football Club . London : Aurum Press . ISBN 1 - 84513 - 121 - 5 . Crick , Michael ; Smith , David ( 1990 ) . Manchester United -- The Betrayal of a Legend . London : Pan Books . ISBN 0 - 330 - 31440 - 8 . Devlin , John ( 2005 ) . True Colours : Football Kits from 1980 to the Present Day . London : A & C Black . ISBN 0 - 7136 - 7389 - 3 . Dobson , Stephen ; Goddard , John ( 2004 ) . `` Ownership and Finance of Professional Soccer in England and Europe '' . In Fort , Rodney ; Fizel , John . International Sports Economics Comparisons . Westport , CT : Praeger Publishers . ISBN 0 - 275 - 98032 - 4 . Dunning , Eric ( 1999 ) . Sport Matters : Sociological Studies of Sport , Violence and Civilisation . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 09378 - 1 . Hamil , Sean ( 2008 ) . `` Case 9 : Manchester United : the Commercial Development of a Global Football Brand '' . In Chadwick , Simon ; Arth , Dave . International Cases in the Business of Sport . Oxford : Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 8543 - 6 . Inglis , Simon ( 1996 ) ( 1985 ) . Football Grounds of Britain ( 3rd ed . ) . London : CollinsWillow . ISBN 0 - 00 - 218426 - 5 . James , Gary ( 2008 ) . Manchester : A Football History . Halifax : James Ward . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9558127 - 0 - 5 . Morgan , Steve ( March 2010 ) . McLeish , Ian , ed . `` Design for life '' . Inside United . Haymarket Network ( 212 ) . ISSN 1749 - 6497 . Murphy , Alex ( 2006 ) . The Official Illustrated History of Manchester United . London : Orion Books . ISBN 0 - 7528 - 7603 - 1 . Rollin , Glenda ; Rollin , Jack . Sky Sports Football Yearbook 2008 -- 2009 . London : Headline Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7553 - 1820 - 9 . Shury , Alan ; Landamore , Brian ( 2005 ) . The Definitive Newton Heath F.C . SoccerData . ISBN 1 - 899468 - 16 - 1 . Tyrrell , Tom ; Meek , David ( 1996 ) ( 1988 ) . The Hamlyn Illustrated History of Manchester United 1878 -- 1996 ( 5th ed . ) . London : Hamlyn . ISBN 0 - 600 - 59074 - 7 . White , Jim ( 2008 ) . Manchester United : The Biography . London : Sphere . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84744 - 088 - 4 . White , John ( 2007 ) ( 2005 ) . The United Miscellany ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Carlton Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84442 - 745 - 1 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` United versus Liverpool '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 23 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Giggs '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 7 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool FC Head to Heads Manchester United '' . Retrieved 28 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United Football Club Match Record and Head to Head Stats v Liverpool '' . MUFCinfo.com . Retrieved 28 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 20 biggest rivalries in world football ranked -- Liverpool vs Manchester Utd '' . The Telegraph . 20 March 2015 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 20 biggest rivalries in world football ranked -- The Super Clasico '' . The Telegraph . 20 March 2015 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 20 biggest rivalries in world football ranked -- the Old Firm '' . The Telegraph . 20 March 2015 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 20 biggest rivalries in world football ranked -- Deby Della Madonnina '' . The Telegraph . 20 March 2015 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pele : Liverpool vs Manchester United is on a par with El Clasico ... and there is NOTHING wrong with English football '' . Daily Mail . 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Aldred , Tanya ( 22 January 2004 ) . `` Rivals uncovered '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Ryan Giggs '' . Football Focus . British Broadcasting Corporation . 22 March 2008 . Retrieved 22 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool remain Manchester United 's ' biggest rival ' says Ryan Giggs '' . The Independent . 6 December 2012 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 7 Greatest Rivalries in Club Football : From Boca to the Bernabeu '' . The Bleacher Report . 26 November 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Harris , Nick ( 21 July 2014 ) . `` MAN UNITED AND LIVERPOOL REMAIN TOP TV DRAWS DESPITE 2013 -- 14 WITHOUT TROPHIES '' . Sporting Intelligence . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd drops down wealth league '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 8 February 2007 . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rohrer , Finlo ( 21 August 2007 ) . `` Scouse v Manc '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 3 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Fortune , Matt ( 27 November 2009 ) . `` THE LIST : The greatest rivalries in club football , Nos 10 -- 1 '' . The Daily Mail . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11715/10676765/leeds-united-englands-13th-biggest-club-according-to-sky-sports-study Jump up ^ `` Liverpool v Manchester United : The bitter rivalry '' . Jump up ^ `` Which club has won the most trophies in Europe '' . Retrieved 26 September 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/10724872/are-liverpool-and-everton-bigger-than-manchester-united-and-city Jump up ^ `` Liverpool v Manchester United : The bitter rivalry '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ `` Which club has won the most trophies in Europe ? The most successful clubs from the best leagues revealed '' . talkSPORT . Jump up ^ http://metro.co.uk/2017/02/26/manchester-united-officially-knock-liverpool-off-their-perch-after-winning-42nd-major-honour-6474309/ Jump up ^ http://www.goal.com/en/news/8/main/2017/02/26/33095882/man-utd-usurp-liverpool-as-englands-most-successful-club Jump up ^ http://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/premier-league/manchester-united/look-away-liverpool-fans-manchester-united-are-now-officially-the-most-successful-club-in-england-35753198.html Jump up ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/manchester-united-ajax-europa-league-final-most-successful-club-a7754166.html Jump up ^ Mitten , Andy ( 2008 ) . Mad for It . London : HarperSport . pp. 6 -- 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 728080 - 3 . Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool Football Club is formed '' . Liverpool F.C . Retrieved 15 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` England 1893 -- 94 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` FA CHARITY / COMMUNITY SHIELD '' . Jump up ^ Evan Bleier ( 11 December 2014 ) . `` Man United v Liverpool rivalry in quotes '' . men . Jump up ^ `` Trophy Room '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Liverpool v Man United : which club 's golden age is the best ? '' . talkSPORT . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd v Liverpool : A strange kind of sporting love affair ? '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ `` Blog : The history of Liverpool - Man United '' . Liverpool FC . Jump up ^ http://www.espnfc.com/club/manchester-united/360/blog/post/3133905/manchester-united-gruelling-season-couldnt-have-ended-better-with-europa-league-trophy Jump up ^ `` BBC SPORT -- LIVERPOOL -- The legacy of the boot room '' . Jump up ^ `` Bob Paisley '' . Liverpool FC . Jump up ^ Mike Keegan ( 8 January 2014 ) . `` The lessons for Manchester United to learn from Liverpool 's demise -- Manchester Evening News '' . men . Jump up ^ `` History by Decade '' . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United official history 1910 to 1919 -- Official Manchester United Website '' . Jump up ^ `` No Manchester United manager has won a trophy in their first TWO seasons in charge '' . Mail Online . 2 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BBC ON THIS DAY -- 29 -- 1968 : Manchester Utd win European Cup '' . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 9 January 2011 ) . `` The greatest challenge of Sir Alex Ferguson 's career is almost over '' . theguardian.co.uk . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . My greatest challenge was knocking Liverpool right off their fucking perch , and you can print that Jump up ^ `` Sir Alex Ferguson hopes Manchester United record beaten -- ESPN FC '' . ESPNFC.com . Jump up ^ `` Rooney : I Hate Liverpool '' . 12 March 2009 . Retrieved 23 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Smyth , Rob ( 22 October 2015 ) . `` Manchester United 2 -- 2 Liverpool : the Class of 92 , Spice Boys and Cantona 's return '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved 27 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 1 - 0 Liverpool '' . BBC Sport. 22 January 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United news : Gary Neville says Liverpool badge - kissing celebration was ' absolutely worth ' £ 10,000 fine '' . The Independent . 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` More Complicated Than Hate '' . The Players ' Tribune . 16 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gary Neville and Jamie Carragher look back on Manchester United v Liverpool clash '' . Sky Sports . 11 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Suarez reignites Evra row as angry United skipper grabs striker after handshake snub '' . Daily Mail . London : Associated Newspapers. 12 February 2012 . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Suarez should n't play for Liverpool again ! Fergie hits out ' disgraceful ' striker after snub '' . Daily Mail . London : Associated Newspapers. 11 February 2012 . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bang out of order ! Dalglish blasts interviewer as Scot claims he did n't see Suarez snub '' . Daily Mail . London : Associated Newspapers. 11 February 2012 . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` We 're sorry ! Suarez and Dalglish issue apologies over conduct at Old Trafford shame game '' . Daily Mail . London : Associated Newspapers. 12 February 2012 . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United and Liverpool to escape FA action after Old Trafford clash '' . Daily Mail . London : Associated Newspapers. 13 February 2012 . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The day that Phil crossed the great divide ! '' . Liverpool Echo. 6 July 2007 . Retrieved 9 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Owen completes switch to Man Utd '' . BBC Sport. 3 July 2009 . Retrieved 4 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool Eyeing Heinze '' . thesoccerblog.org. 3 July 2007 . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 9 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Mitten , Andy ( 2007 ) . The Man Utd Miscellany . London : Vision Sports Publishing . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905326 - 27 - 3 . Jump up ^ Hinson , Paul ( June 2004 ) . `` United All - Time Transfer List '' . Red11.org . Retrieved 3 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Rice , Simon ( 6 November 2009 ) . `` Manchester United top of the 25 best supported clubs in Europe '' . The Independent . London : Independent Print . Retrieved 6 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Local Supporters Clubs '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 3 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` LFC Official Supporters Clubs '' . Liverpool F.C. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Rickard , Matt ( 5 July 2005 ) . `` United We Stand '' . ESPN . Retrieved 12 July 2005 . Jump up ^ Brady , Robert ( 2006 ) . An Undividable Glow -- The story of FCUM 's first season . Robert Brady . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9553620 - 0 - 2 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Bill ( 6 February 2007 ) . `` US business duo at Liverpool helm '' . BBC . Retrieved 2 December 2008 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 20 January 2008 ) . `` Liverpool braced for takeover bid '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Bandini , Paolo ( 16 April 2010 ) . `` Liverpool appoint Martin Broughton as chairman to oversee sale of club '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Conn , David ( 7 May 2010 ) . `` Auditors cast doubt on future of Liverpool after losses '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool takeover to go ahead as owners lose case '' . ESPN . 13 October 2010 . Retrieved 23 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool takeover completed by US company NESV '' . BBC Sport. 15 October 2010 . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wembley to act over spitting '' . The Independent . London : Independent News and Media . 13 May 1996 . Retrieved 17 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Anfield Admits Excrement Thrown at Utd Fans '' . ESPN Soccernet . ESPN . Retrieved 26 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rival Fans Vandalise Old Trafford '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 25 April 2006 . Retrieved 26 August 2011 . Jump up ^ King , Dominic ( 14 March 2011 ) . `` Sick chants , three arrests and four red cards ruin FA Youth Cup clash between Liverpool and Manchester United '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ `` Former Liverpool striker John Aldridge slams Manchester United fans who marred Youth Cup game '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 14 March 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.givemesport.com/728246-liverpool-fans-unveil-abusive-banner-towards-manchester-united-fans-on-motorway Jump up ^ Dobson , Mark ( 2016 - 03 - 17 ) . `` Liverpool supporters welcomed to Manchester with ' murderers ' banner '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ http://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/manchester-united-liverpool-fans-clash-7580435 Jump up ^ http://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/reason-manchester-united-liverpool-fans-7581048 Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36372274 Jump up ^ `` Football News -- all the latest breaking football stories -- Mirror Online '' . Jump up ^ `` Bob Paisley -- LFChistory -- Stats galore for Liverpool FC ! '' . ^ Jump up to : Rice , Simon ( 4 March 2011 ) . `` Classic Liverpool v Manchester United encounters '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ Wilkerson , Ian ( 16 February 2006 ) . `` FA Cup flashback '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool lift Worthington Cup '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 1 -- 4 Liverpool '' . BBC News . 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 18 May 2009 ) . `` Man Utd 0 -- 0 Arsenal '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Brett , Oliver ( 24 May 2009 ) . `` Liverpool 3 -- 1 Tottenham '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool striker Luis Suarez handed eight - match ban '' . BBC News . 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 11 February 2012 ) . `` Man Utd 2 -- 1 Liverpool '' . BBC News . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA profile of Manchester United '' . Archived from the original on 4 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA profile of Liverpool FC '' . Archived from the original on 4 April 2015 . External links ( edit ) FootballDerbies.com Complete results at LFCHistory.net United versus Liverpool at StretfordEnd.co.uk Liverpool Football Club Honours Managers Seasons Records and statistics Reserves & Academy Current season History 1892 -- 1959 1959 -- 85 1985 -- present Europe Founding Fathers of Merseyside Football Home stadium Anfield Training ground Melwood The Academy Players 100 + appearances 25 -- 99 appearances 1 -- 24 appearances Rivalries League record by opponent Merseyside derby Manchester United rivalry Tragedies Heysel disaster Hillsborough disaster Supporters Reclaim The Kop Spirit of Shankly Media LFC TV Being : Liverpool Liverpool ( video game ) Well Red magazine Books 43 Years with the Same Bird Red or Dead Films Fifteen Minutes That Shook the World One Night in Istanbul Will Songs Anfield Rap The Fields of Anfield Road You 'll Never Walk Alone Related articles 2005 -- 06 UEFA Champions League qualification A.F.C. Liverpool The Boot Room Fenway Sports Group Liverpool L.F.C. Respect 4 All Spice Boys Spion Kop Superleague Formula team 1915 British football betting scandal Book WikiProject Manchester United Football Club Players Managers Reserves & Academy Records & statistics Current season History 1878 -- 1945 1945 -- 1969 1969 -- 1986 1986 -- 2013 Seasons Europe Munich air disaster Munich air disaster Busby Babes United Home stadium North Road ( 1878 -- 1893 ) Bank Street ( 1893 -- 1910 ) Old Trafford ( 1910 -- present ) Stretford End Sir Matt Busby Way Training ground The Cliff Trafford Training Centre Players 100 + appearances 25 -- 99 appearances 1 -- 24 appearances Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year Rivalries League record by opponent Manchester derby Liverpool rivalry Leeds United rivalry Arsenal rivalry Supporters Independent Manchester United Supporters Association Manchester United Supporters ' Trust Red Army Media MUTV MU Radio Inside United Red Issue Red News Related articles Fergie 's Fledglings United Trinity F.C. United of Manchester Glazer ownership Mascots 1915 British football betting scandal Railway station The Class of ' 92 Book : Manchester United F.C. Category : Manchester United F.C. Portal : Association football Manchester United task force Commons : Manchester United FC Football rivalries in the United Kingdom England A49 A62 Arsenal -- Manchester United Aston Villa -- West Bromwich Black Country Bolton -- Wigan Brighton -- Crystal Palace Bristol Bristol Rovers -- Swindon Chelsea -- Leeds United Chester -- Wrexham East Anglia East Lancashire East Midlands Derby -- Leicester Derby -- Forest Leicester -- Forest Essex Humber Leeds United -- Millwall Lincolnshire Liverpool -- Manchester United London Arsenal -- Chelsea Chelsea -- Tottenham Millwall -- West Ham North South East West M1 M69 Manchester Merseyside North East Tees -- Wear Tyne -- Tees Tyne -- Wear Nottingham Potteries Roses Rules Second City Severnside South Coast Steel City West Country West Lancashire West Yorkshire Wool City Scotland Aberdeen -- Rangers Ayrshire Dundee Edinburgh Falkirk Fife Highland Lanarkshire New Firm North Old Firm Renfrewshire Tayside Wales Chester -- Wrexham Severnside South Wales Northern Ireland Belfast Big Two North Belfast Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liverpool_F.C. -- Manchester_United_F. C. _rivalry&oldid = 817949760 '' Categories : Liverpool F.C. Manchester United F.C. England football derbies Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 Use dmy dates from April 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Malti 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Slovenščina Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 15 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool%20F.C.%25E2%2580%2593Manchester%20United%20F.C.%20rivalry

in which decade green revolution started in india

The Green Revolution in India was a period when agriculture in India increased its yields due to improved agronomic technology utilization . Green Revolution allowed developing countries , like India , to overcome poor agricultural productivity . It started in India in the early 1960s and led to an increase in food grain production , especially in Punjab , Haryana and Uttar Pradesh during the early phase . The main development was higher - yielding varieties of wheat , which were developed by many scientists , including Indian geneticist M.S. Swaminathan , American agronomist Dr. Norman Borlaug , and others . The Indian Council of Agricultural Research also claims credit for Udit singhal for developing rust resistant strains of wheat .

1960s

Green Revolution in India

green revolution in india

Green Revolution

This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series on the History of India Ancient ( show ) Neolithic , c. 7600 -- c. 3300 BCE Indus Valley Civilization , c. 3300 -- c. 1700 BCE Post Indus Valley Period , c. 1700 -- c. 1500 BCE Vedic Civilization , c. 1500 -- c. 500 BCE Early Vedic Period Rise of Śramaṇa movement Later Vedic Period Spread of Jainism - Parshvanatha Spread of Jainism - Mahavira Rise of Buddhism Mahajanapadas , c. 500 -- c. 345 BCE Nanda Dynasty , c. 345 -- c. 322 BCE Classical ( show ) Maurya Dynasty , c. 322 -- c. 185 BCE Shunga Dynasty , c. 185 -- c. 75 BCE Kanva Dynasty , c. 75 -- c. 30 BCE Kushan Dynasty , c. 30 - c. 230 CE Satavahana Dynasty , c. 30 BCE - c. 220 CE Gupta Dynasty , c. 200 - c. 550 CE Early Medieval ( show ) Chalukya Dynasty , c. 543 - c. 753 CE Harsha 's Dynasty , c. 606 CE - c. 647 CE Karakota Dynasty , c. 724 - c. 760 CE Arab Invasion , c. 738 CE Tripartite Struggle , c. 760 - c. 973 CE Gurjara - Pratihara Dynasty Rastrakuta Dynasty Pala Dynasty Chola Dynasty , c. 848 - c. 1251 CE 2nd Chalukya Dynasty , c. 973 - c. 1187 CE Late Medieval ( show ) Delhi Sultanate , c. 1206 - c. 1526 CE Slave Dynasty Khilji Dynasty Tugluq Dynasty Sayyid Dynasty Lodhi Dynasty Pandyan Dynasty , c. 1251 - c. 1323 CE Vijayanagara , c. 1336 - c. 1646 CE Bengal Sultanate , c. 1342 - c. 1576 CE Early Modern ( show ) Mughal Dynasty , c. 1526 - c. 1540 CE Suri Dynasty , c. 1540 - c. 1556 CE Mughal Dynasty , c. 1556 - c. 1857 CE Bengal Subah , c. 1576 - c. 1757 CE Maratha Empire , c. 1674 - c. 1818 CE Company Raj , c. 1757 - c. 1858 CE Kingdom of Mysore , c. 1760 - c. 1799 CE Sikh Empire , c. 1799 - c. 1849 CE Modern ( show ) The Great Rebellion , c. 1857 - c. 1858 CE British Raj , c. 1858 - c. 1947 CE Independence Movement Independent India , c. 1947 CE - present Related articles ( show ) Timeline of Indian History Dynasties in Indian History Economic History Demographic History Linguistic History Architectural History Art History Literary History Philosophical History History of Religion Musical History Education History Coinage History Science and Technology History List of Inventions and Discoveries Military History Naval History The Green Revolution in India was a period when agriculture in India increased its yields due to improved agronomic technology utilization . Green Revolution allowed developing countries , like India , to overcome poor agricultural productivity . It started in India in the early 1960s and led to an increase in food grain production , especially in Punjab , Haryana and Uttar Pradesh during the early phase . The main development was higher - yielding varieties of wheat , which were developed by many scientists , including Indian geneticist M.S. Swaminathan , American agronomist Dr. Norman Borlaug , and others . The Indian Council of Agricultural Research also claims credit for Udit singhal for developing rust resistant strains of wheat . The introduction of high - yielding varieties of seeds and the increased use of chemical fertilizers and irrigation led to the increase in production needed to make the country self - sufficient in food grains , thus improving agriculture in India . The methods adopted included the use of high - yielding varieties ( HYVs ) of seeds with modern farming methods . The production of wheat has produced the best results in fueling self - sufficiency of India . Along with high - yielding seeds and irrigation facilities , the enthusiasm of farmers mobilised the idea of agricultural revolution . Due to the rise in use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers there was a negative effects on the soil and the land such as land degradation . irrigation infrastructure Use of insecticides like herbicide Use of pesticides Consolidation of holdings Land reforms Improved rural infrastructure Supply of agricultural credit Use of chemical or synthetic fertilizers Use of sprinklers or drip irrigational systems Use of advanced machinery Use of vector quantity Contents ( hide ) 1 Problems that were addressed 1.1 Frequent famines 1.2 Lack of finance 1.3 Lack of self - sufficiency 2 Criticisms 2.1 Indian Economic Sovereignty 2.2 Adverse effects 3 References Problems that were addressed ( edit ) Frequent Famines ( edit ) Famines in India were very frequent during the period 1940s to 1970s . Due to faulty distribution of food , and because farmers did not receive the true value for their labour , the majority of the population did not get enough food . Malnutrition and starvation was a huge problem . Lack of finance ( edit ) Marginal farmers found it very difficult to get finance and credit at economical rate from the government and banks , hence , fell as easy prey to the money lenders . They took loans from zamindars , who charged high rates of interests and also exploited the farmers later on to work in their fields to repay the loans ( farm labourers ) . proper financing was not given during the green revolution period , which created a lot of problems and sufferings to the farmers of india . Lack of self - sufficiency ( edit ) Due to traditional agricultural practices , low productivity , and a growing population , often food grains were imported -- draining scarce foreign reserves . It was thought that with the increased production due to the Green Revolution , the government could maintain buffer stock and India can achieve self - sufficiency and self - reliability . Agriculture was basically for subsistence and , therefore , less agricultural product was offered for sale in the market . Hence , the need was felt to encourage the farmers to increase their production and offer a greater portion of their products for sale in the market . The new methods in agriculture increased the yield of rice and wheat , which reduced India 's dependence on food imports . 49 % of people in India are employed in agriculture . The introduction of high - yielding varieties of seeds after 1965 and the increased use of fertilizers and irrigation are known collectively as the Green Revolution , which provided the increase in production needed to make India self - sufficient in food grains . The program was started with the help of the United States - based Rockefeller Foundation and was based on high - yielding varieties of wheat , rice , and other grains that had been developed in Mexico and in the Philippines . Of the high - yielding seeds , wheat produced the best results . Production of coarse grains -- the staple diet of the poor -- and pulses -- the main source of protein -- lagged behind , resulting in reduced per capita availability . The total area under the high - yielding - varieties program was a negligible 1.9 million hectares in FY 1960 . Since then growth has been spectacular , increasing to nearly 15.4 million hectares by FY 1970 , 43.1 million hectares by FY 1980 , and 63.9 million hectares by FY 1990 . The rate of growth decreased significantly in the late 1980s , however , as additional suitable land was not available ( see table 32 , Appendix ) . The major benefits of the Green Revolution were experienced mainly in northern and northwestern India between 1965 and the early 1980s ; the program resulted in a substantial increase in the production of food grains , mainly wheat and rice . Food - grain yields continued to increase throughout the 1980s , but the dramatic changes in the years between 1965 and 1980 were not duplicated . By FY 1980 , almost 75 percent of the total cropped area under wheat was sown with high - yielding varieties . For rice the comparable figure was 45 percent . In the 1980s , the area under high - yielding varieties continued to increase , but the rate of growth overall was slower . The eighth plan aimed at making high - yielding varieties available to the whole country and developing more productive strains of other crops . The Green Revolution created wide regional and interstate disparities . The plan was implemented only in areas with assured supplies of water and the means to control it , large inputs of fertilizers , and adequate farm credit . These inputs were easily available in at least parts of the states of Punjab , Haryana , and western Uttar Pradesh ; thus , yields increased most in these states . In other states , such as Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu , in areas where these inputs were not assured , the results were limited or negligible , leading to considerable variation in crop yields within these states . The Green Revolution also increased income disparities : higher income growth and reduced incidence of poverty were found in the states where yields increased the most and lower income growth and little change in the incidence of poverty in other states . Criticisms ( edit ) Indian economic sovereignty ( edit ) A main criticism of the effects of the green revolution is the cost for many small farmers using HYV seeds , with their associated demands of increased irrigation systems and pesticides . A case study is found in India , where farmers are buying Monsanto BT cotton seeds -- sold on the idea that these seeds produced ' natural insecticides ' . In reality , they need to still pay for expensive pesticides and irrigation systems , which might lead to increased borrowing to finance the change from traditional seed varieties . Many farmers have difficulty in paying for the expensive technologies , especially if they have a bad harvest . Indian environmentalist Vandana Shiva notes that this is the `` second Green Revolution '' . The first Green Revolution , she suggests , was mostly publicly - funded ( by the Indian Government ) . This new Green Revolution , she says , is driven by private ( and foreign ) interest - notably MNCs like Monsanto . Ultimately , this is leading to foreign ownership over most of India 's farmland . Adverse effects ( edit ) The excessive use of chemical fertilizers decreased soil fertility and also the use of electric tube wells decreased groundwater table below the previous level . in India green revolution was taken place in 1976 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` About IARI '' . IARI . Retrieved 11 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rust - resistant Wheat Varieties . Work at Pusa Institute '' . The Indian Express . 7 February 1950 . Retrieved 13 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Green Revolution in India '' . U.S. Library of Congress ( released in public domain ) . Library of Congress Country Studies . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Rowlatt , Justin ( 2016 - 12 - 01 ) . `` IR8 : The miracle rice which saved millions of lives '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Amartya Sen. 1981 . Poverty and Famines : An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Shiva , Vandana . Seeds of Suicide . Navdanya . Jump up ^ Shiva , V. `` Seeds of Suicide '' . Counter Currents . , originally in Asian Age 5 April 2013 India topics History Overviews Timeline Years Astronomy Economics Linguistics Maritime Mathematics Metallurgy Military Postal Science and technology Pre-colonial Stone Age Indus Valley Civilization Vedic period Mahajanapadas Mauryas Middle kingdoms Hoysala Chola Pala Kakatiya Delhi Sultanate Vijayanagara Mughals Marathas European trade Colonial Princely East India Company Plassey 1857 rebellion British Raj Railways Economy Army Zamindari Bengali renaissance Political reforms Princely states Partition of Bengal Independence movement 1943 famine World War II Partition Republic Integration Non-Aligned Movement Five - Year Plans Sino - Indian War Indo - Pakistani wars Green Revolution White Revolution Naxal Insurgency Smiling Buddha Space programme The Emergency Indian Peace Keeping Force ( IPKF ) Economic liberalisation Pokhran - II Geography Environment Biosphere reserves Climate Climatic regions Earthquakes Ecoregions Environmental issues Fauna Flora Geology National parks Protected areas Wildlife sanctuaries Landforms Beaches Desert Extreme points Glaciers Islands Lakes Mountains Plains Indo - Gangetic Eastern coastal Western coastal Rivers Valleys Volcanoes Waterfalls Regions East North Northeast South West Subdivisions Autonomous administrative divisions Cities Districts Municipalities States and territories Politics Government Agencies Energy policy Foreign relations Parliament President Vice President Prime Minister Union Council of Ministers Civil Services Cabinet Secretary State governments Law Chief Justice Constitution District Courts Fundamental rights , principles and duties High Courts Human rights Supreme Court Enforcement Federal Border Security Force ( BSF ) Central Industrial Security Force ( CISF ) Central Reserve Police Force ( CRPF ) Indo - Tibetan Border Police ( ITBP ) National Security Guard ( NSG ) Railway Protection Force ( RPF ) Sashastra Seema Bal ( SSB ) Special Protection Group ( SPG ) Intelligence Bureau of Police Research and Development ( BPR&D ) Central Bureau of Investigation ( CBI ) Directorate of Revenue Intelligence ( DRI ) Enforcement Directorate Intelligence Bureau ( IB ) Joint Intelligence Committee ( JIC ) Narcotics Control Bureau ( NCB ) National Investigation Agency ( NIA ) Research and Analysis Wing ( R&AW ) Military Army Navy Air Force Politics Censorship Elections Nationalism Parliament Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha Political parties INC BJP BSP CPI CPM NCP Reservations Scandals Scheduled groups Secularism Economy Companies BSE SENSEX CNX Nifty Government - owned companies List of companies Governance Ministry of Finance Finance ministers Ministry of Commerce and Industry Commerce ministers Finance Commission Planning Commission Economic Advisory Council Central Statistical Office Securities and Exchange Board of India Enforcement Directorate Foreign trade Remittances Taxation Subsidies Industrial licensing Voluntary guidelines NITI Aayog Make in India FDI in India Currency Indian rupee History Historical exchange rates data of the Indian rupee Coinage Reserve Bank of India Governors India Government Mint Financial services Banking Banks Insurance Foreign exchange reserves Bombay Stock Exchange National Stock Exchange Multi Commodity Exchange Bullion Black money History Economic Development Economic liberalisation Licence Raj Green revolution Government initiatives Numbering system People Billionaires Businesspeople Demography Income Poverty Labour law Pensions EPFO NPS PPF States Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Telangana Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Sectors Agriculture Livestock Fishing Automotive Defence Construction Education Energy Nuclear Solar Wind Entertainment Forestry Gambling Healthcare Information technology Media Cinema Television Printing Mining Pharmaceuticals Retail Science and technology Biotechnology Telecommunications Textiles Tourism Transport Aviation Civil Ports Rail Utilities Electricity Water Society Culture Society Caste system Corruption Demographics Education Universities in India Medical colleges in India Law colleges in India Engineering colleges in India Ethnic relations Healthcare Hospitals in India Languages Literacy Poverty Prisons Religion Socio - economic issues Standard of living Water supply and sanitation Crime Culture Arts and entertainment Architecture Blogging Cinema Comics Webcomics Cuisine wine Dance Dress Folklore Festivals Literature Media television Martial arts Music Public holidays Sport Agriculture in India Industries Areca nut Coconut ( in Kerala ) Coffee Fenugreek Rice Law and politics Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers ' Rights Act , 2001 Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana Biological Diversity Act , 2002 History Farming systems Green Revolution History in ancient Tamil countries History of tea Women in agriculture Companies Bayer CropScience Limited Mahyco Pantnagar Seeds Reuters Market Light Suminter India Organics Others Tractors in India Central Institute for Cotton Research Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_Revolution_in_India&oldid=799825858 '' Categories : Agricultural Revolution History of agriculture in India Intensive farming Independent India Economic history of India Indira Gandhi administration History of Punjab , India ( 1947 -- present ) Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2014 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Português தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 02 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20Revolution%20in%20India

where does the susquehanna river start and end

Susquehanna river

susquehanna river

The Susquehanna River ( / ˌsʌskwəˈhænə / ; Lenape : Siskëwahane ) is a major river located in the northeastern and mid-Atlantic United States . At 464 miles ( 747 km ) long , it is the longest river on the East Coast of the United States that drains into the Atlantic Ocean . With its watershed , it is the 16th - largest river in the United States , and the longest river in the early 21st - century continental United States without commercial boat traffic .

The Susquehanna River forms from two main branches : the `` North Branch '' , which rises in Cooperstown , New York , and is regarded by federal mapmakers as the main branch or headwaters , and the West Branch , which rises in western Pennsylvania and joins the main branch near Northumberland in central Pennsylvania . The river drains 27,500 square miles ( 71,000 km ) , including nearly half of the land area of Pennsylvania . The drainage basin ( watershed ) includes portions of the Allegheny Plateau region of the Appalachian Mountains , cutting through a succession of water gaps in a broad zigzag course to flow across the rural heartland of southeastern Pennsylvania and northeastern Maryland in the lateral near - parallel array of mountain ridges . The river empties into the northern end of the Chesapeake Bay at Perryville and Havre de Grace , Maryland , providing half of the Bay 's freshwater inflow . The Chesapeake Bay is the ria of the Susquehanna . Contents 1 Geology 2 Course 2.1 North Branch Susquehanna 2.2 West Branch Susquehanna 2.3 Main Susquehanna flow 3 Etymology 4 History 5 Bridges , ferries , canals and dams 6 Environmental threats 7 Recreation 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Geology ( edit ) The Susquehanna River is one of the oldest existing rivers in the world , being dated as 320 - 340 Mya , older than the mountain ridges through which it flows . These ridges resulted from the Alleghenian orogeny uplift events , when Africa ( as part of Gondwana ) slammed into the Northern part of EurAmerica ) . The Susquehanna basin reaches its ultimate outflow in the Chesapeake Bay . It was well established in the flat tidelands of eastern North America during the Mesozoic era about 252 to 66 million years ago . This is the same period when the Hudson , Delaware and Potomac rivers were established . Course ( edit ) Looking upstream in Danville , Pennsylvania Both branches and the lower Susquehanna were part of important regional transportation corridors . The river was extensively used for muscle - powered ferries , boats , and canal boat shipping of bulk goods in the brief decades before the Pennsylvania Canal System was eclipsed by the coming of age of steam - powered railways . While the railroad industry has been less prevalent since the closures and mergers of the 1950s -- 1960s , a wide - ranging rail transportation infrastructure still operates along the river 's shores . North Branch Susquehanna ( edit ) Susquehanna River at source , looking at Otsego Lake . Also called the Main Branch Susquehanna , the longer branch of the river rises at the outlet of Otsego Lake in Cooperstown , New York . From there , the north branch of the river runs west - southwest through rural farmland and dairy country , receiving the Unadilla River at Sidney . It dips south into Pennsylvania briefly to turn sharply north at Great Bend hooking back into New York . It receives the Chenango in downtown Binghamton . After meandering westwards , it turns south crossing the line again through the twin - towns of Waverly , NY -- Sayre and their large right bank railyard , once briefly holding the largest building in the world . A couple miles south , just across the New York state line , in Athens Township ( just south of Waverly , New York ) in northern Pennsylvania it receives the Chemung from the northwest . It makes a right - angle curve between Sayre and Towanda to cut through the Endless Mountains in the Allegheny Plateau of Pennsylvania . It receives the Lackawanna River southwest of Scranton and turns sharply to the southwest , flowing through the former anthracite industrial heartland in the mountain ridges of northeastern Pennsylvania , past Pittston City ( Greater Pittston ) , Wilkes - Barre , Nanticoke , Shickshinny , Berwick , Bloomsburg , and Danville . Looking downriver at Sunbury , Pennsylvania West Branch Susquehanna ( edit ) The origin of the official West Branch is near northern Cambria County , Pennsylvania near the contemporary junction of Mitchel Road and US Route 219 ( locally Plank Road ) . It travels northeasterly through Curwensville ( where the river is dammed to form a lake ) , into and through Clearfield , Pennsylvania , where it 's joined by the Clearfield Creek right bank tributary . The Clearfield Creek tributary rises in a Loretto woodlands source spring outflow , initially running northerly while draining the north - face and eastern slopes of the drainage divide crossing athwart the greater pass -- the irregular rolling terrain of the several local gaps of the Allegheny -- several of which end in the hilly pass around Gallitzin Borough , and Gallitzin Township , Tunnelhill , Cresson area -- all above and within the greater Altoona , Pennsylvania area . Clearfield Creek passes through Cresson Lake and bends to flow generally northeast or north - northeast , passing through other tarns and gradually receiving tributary waters along its descending meanders . Outside the pass flats , it is mostly paralleled by PA Route 53 , which was built in the river valley , passing through small towns such as Ashville , Glen Hope and others that developed along its banks . It makes its way north and east to the confluence in Clearfield -- this valley is also exploited as a railroad corridor from Clearfield , climbing to end in a wye within Cresson in the same broad saddle pass as did the upper works of the Allegheny Portage Railroad . The railroad joins the railroad mainline , climbing a nearby incline through the famous Horseshoe Curve ( created by another Susquehanna River ( main branch ) tributary , in this case one feeding the waters of the Juniata River ) . The West Branch turns to the southeast and passes through Lock Haven and Williamsport before turning south . The West Branch joins the North Branch flowing from the northwest at Northumberland , just above Sunbury . Harrisburg , with the Pennsylvania State Capitol dome , seen from Wormleysburg Main Susquehanna flow ( edit ) Downstream from the confluence of its branches in Northumberland , the river flows south past Selinsgrove , where it is joined by its Penns Creek tributary , and cuts through a water gap at the western end of Mahantongo Mountain . It receives the Juniata River from the northwest at Duncannon , then passes through its last water gap , the Susquehanna Gap through the Blue Mountain Ridge , just northwest of Harrisburg . Downtown Harrisburg developed on the east side of the river , which is nearly a mile wide here . Harrisburg is the largest city located on the lower river , which flows southeast across South Central Pennsylvania , forming the border between York and Lancaster counties , and receiving Swatara Creek from the northeast . It crosses into northern Maryland approximately 30 miles ( 48 km ) northeast of Baltimore and is joined by Octoraro Creek from the northeast and Deer Creek from the northwest . The river enters the northern end of the Chesapeake Bay at Havre de Grace . Concord Point Light was built here in 1827 to accommodate the increasing navigational traffic . See also : Susquehanna Valley and List of cities and towns along the Susquehanna River Etymology ( edit ) Looking north of Columbia , Pennsylvania `` Susquehanna '' comes from the Len'api ( or Delaware Indian ) term Sisa'we'hak'hanna , which means `` Oyster River . '' Oyster beds were widespread in the bay near the mouth of the river , which the Lenape farmed , leaving oyster shell middens . The Len'api were a Native American people at Con'esto'ga ( `` Roof - place '' or `` town , '' modern Washington Boro , Lancaster County ) , also called Ka'ot'sch'ie'ra ( `` Place - crawfish , '' modern Chickisalunga , Lancaster County ) , or Gasch'guch'sa ( `` Great - fall - in - river , '' modern Conewago Falls , Lancaster County ) as either Minquas ( `` quite different '' ) , or Sisa'we'hak'hanna'lenno'wak ( `` Oyster - river - people '' ) . The Len'api also called the area Sisa'we'hak'hanna'unk ( `` Oyster - river - place '' ) . Peoples of the mid-Atlantic Coast included coastal peoples who spoke Algonquian languages , such as the Len'api ( whose bands spoke three dialects of Lenape ) , and Iroquoian languages - speaking peoples of the interior , such as the Eroni and the Five Nations of the Iroquois . The English of Pennsylvania referred to the Eroni people of Conestoga as `` Susquehannocks '' or `` Susquehannock Indians , '' a name derived from the Lenape term . In addition , John Smith of Jamestown , Virginia , labeled their settlement as `` Sasquesahanough '' on his 1612 map when he explored the upper Chesapeake Bay area . In Virginia and other southern colonies , Siouan - speaking tribes constituted a third major language family , with their peoples occupying much of the middle areas of the interior . Iroquoian speakers , such as the Cherokee and Tuscarora , generally occupied areas to the interior near the Piedmont and foothills . History ( edit ) In the 1670s the Conestoga , or Susquehannock people , succumbed to Iroquois conquest by the powerful Five Nations based in present - day New York , and assimilated with them . In the aftermath , the Iroquois resettled some of the semi-tributary Lenape in this area , as it was near the western boundary of the Lenape 's former territory , known as Lenapehoking . The river has played an important role throughout the history of the United States . In the 18th century , William Penn , the founder of the Pennsylvania Colony , negotiated with the Lenape to allow white settlement in the area between the Delaware River and the Susquehanna , which was part of Lenape territory . In late colonial times , the river became an increasingly important transportation corridor , used to ship anthracite coal discovered by Necho Allen in its upper reaches in the mountains . In 1779 during the American Revolutionary War , General James Clinton led an expedition down the Susquehanna from its headwaters . His party had made the upper portion navigable by damming the river 's source at Otsego Lake , allowing the lake 's level to rise , and then destroying the dam and flooding the river in order for his flotilla to travel for miles downstream . James Fenimore Cooper described this event in the introduction to his historical novel , The Pioneers ( 1823 ) . Monument at the site of Gen. Clinton 's dam at the river 's source at Otsego Lake in Cooperstown , New York At Athens , Pennsylvania , then known as Tioga or `` Tioga Point '' , Clinton met with General John Sullivan and his forces , who had marched from Easton , Pennsylvania . Together on August 29 , they defeated the Tories and warriors of allied Iroquois bands at the Battle of Newtown ( near present - day Elmira , New York ) . This was part of what was known as the `` Sullivan - Clinton Campaign '' or the `` Sullivan Expedition '' . They swept through western New York , destroying more than 40 Seneca and other Iroquois villages , as well as the stores of crops the people set aside for winter . Many of the Iroquois left New York and went to Canada as refugees ; casualties from exposure and starvation were high that winter . Following the United States gaining independence in the Revolutionary War , in 1790 Colonel Timothy Matlack , Samuel Maclay and John Adlum were commissioned by the Supreme Executive Council of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania to survey the headwaters of the Susquehanna river . They were to explore a route for a passage to connect the West Branch with the waters of the Allegheny River , which flowed to Pittsburgh and the Ohio River . In 1792 , the Union Canal was proposed in order to link the Susquehanna and the Delaware rivers in Pennsylvania along Swatara and Tulpehocken creeks . In the 19th century , many industrial centers developed along the Susquehanna , using its water power to drive mills and coal machinery , to cool machines , and as a waterway for the transport of raw and manufactured goods . Pennsylvania and Connecticut both claimed land from the colonial era in the Wyoming Valley along the Susquehanna . Connecticut founded Westmoreland County here and defended its claim in the Pennamite Wars . Under federal arbitration , eventually the state ceded this territory to Pennsylvania . In the 1790s English Lake Poets Robert Southey , Samuel Taylor Coleridge , and Robert Lovell formulated the `` Pantisocracy Plan '' to marry three sisters and move to the banks of the Susquehanna River to start a socialist experiment . They made the marriages but Southey moved to Lisbon , Portugal to visit an uncle , and they abandoned the plan to move to the United States . In 1833 John B. Jervis began a canal system to extend the Chenango River and connect the waters of the Susquehanna from Chenango Point to the Erie Canal , which ran through the Mohawk Valley of New York , ultimately connecting with Lake Erie through the Wood Canal . In October 1836 , water from the Susquehanna was connected to the Erie Canal at Utica , New York . Water travel was popular during that era , and the Erie Canal dramatically expanded trade between communities around the Great Lakes and markets in New York and Pennsylvania . With the expansion of construction of railroad lines , canal - transport became unprofitable , as it could not compete in speed or flexibility . Boats had to climb a net height of 1,009 feet between basins , requiring the use of more than 100 water locks , which were too expensive to be maintained under the new competition . The Susquehanna River figures in the history of the Latter Day Saint movement . It holds that Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery received the priesthood from heavenly beings at a site along the Susquehanna in Western New York and performed their first baptisms of Latter Day Saints in the North Branch of the river . Smith and Cowdery said that they were visited on May 15 , 1829 , by the resurrected John the Baptist and given the Aaronic priesthood . Following his visit , Smith and Cowdery baptized each other in the river . Later that year , they said they were visited near the river by the apostles Peter , James and John . Both events took place in unspecified locations near the river 's shore in Susquehanna County , Pennsylvania . During the Civil War 's 1863 Gettysburg Campaign , the commander of the Department of the Susquehanna , Union Major General Darius N. Couch , resolved that Robert E. Lee 's Confederate Army of Northern Virginia would not cross the Susquehanna . He positioned militia units under Maj . Granville Haller to protect key bridges in Harrisburg and Wrightsville , as well as nearby fords . Confederate forces reached the river at several locations in Cumberland and York counties but were recalled on June 29 when Lee chose to concentrate his army to the west . In 1972 the remnants of Hurricane Agnes stalled over the New York - Pennsylvania border , dropping as much as 20 inches ( 510 mm ) of rain on the hilly lands . Much of that precipitation was received into the Susquehanna from its western tributaries , and the valley suffered disastrous flooding . Wilkes - Barre , Pennsylvania , was among the hardest - hit communities and the capital Harrisburg was flooded . The Chesapeake Bay received so much fresh water that it altered the ecosystem , killing much of the marine life that depended on saltwater . The Mid-Atlantic Flood of June 2006 , caused by a stalled jet stream - driven storm system , affected portions of the river system . The worst affected area was Binghamton , New York , where record - setting flood levels forced the evacuation of thousands of residents . In March 2011 , Crary Park in Shickshinny , Pennsylvania , was inundated with a flood when the river rose above 27 feet at Wilkes - Barre . Six months later , the town was devastated by a 42 - foot record flood . In September 2011 the Susquehanna River and its communities were hit by Tropical Storm Lee , which caused the worst flooding since Agnes in 1972 . Bridges , ferries , canals and dams ( edit ) See also : List of crossings of the Susquehanna River and List of dams and reservoirs of the Susquehanna River The Susquehanna River has played an important role in the transportation history of the United States . Prior to the 1818 opening of the Port Deposit Bridge , the river formed a barrier between the northern and southern states , as it could be crossed only by ferry . The earliest dams were constructed to support ferry operations in low water . The presence of many rapids in the river meant that while commercial traffic could navigate down the river in the high waters of the spring thaws , nothing could move up . The Susquehanna was improved by navigations throughout the 1820s and 1830s as the Pennsylvania Canal . Together with facilities of the Allegheny Portage Railroad , loaded barges were transferred from the canal and hoisted across the mountain ridge into the Pittsburgh area with access to the Monongahela , Allegheny Rivers and their confluence into the Ohio River flowing southwestwards towards the Mississippi River . The 82 - mile Union Canal was completed in 1828 to connect the Schuylkill River ( flowing southeast towards the Delaware River at Philadelphia ) at Reading westwards to the Susquehanna River above the state capital of Harrisburg . Competition from faster transport via the railroad industry by the 1850s resulted in reducing the reliance on the river for transport . Two different canal systems were constructed on the lower Susquehanna to bypass the rapids . The first was the Susquehanna Canal , also called the Conowingo Canal or the Port Deposit Canal , completed in 1802 by a Maryland company known as the Proprietors of the Susquehanna Canal . The second was the much longer and more successful Susquehanna and Tidewater Canal . The canals required additional dams to provide sufficient canal water and navigation pools . As the industrial age progressed , bridges replaced ferries , and railroads replaced canals . The railroads were often constructed on top of the canal right - of - way along the river . Many canal remnants can be seen in Havre de Grace , Maryland , along US Route 15 in Pennsylvania , and in upstate New York at various locations . These latter remnants are parts of the upstream divisions of the Pennsylvania Canal , of privately funded canals , and of canals in the New York system . Today 200 bridges cross the Susquehanna . The Rockville Bridge , which crosses the river from Harrisburg to Marysville , Pennsylvania , was the longest stone masonry arch bridge in the world when it was constructed , a distinction that it continues to hold . It was built by the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1902 , replacing an earlier iron bridge . Two seasonal ferries continue to operate across the Susquehanna . The Millersburg Ferry at Millersburg , Pennsylvania is a practical ferry for up to four vehicles and 50 passengers , while the Pride of the Susquehanna , based at Harrisburg , provides a passenger - only pleasure cruise . Most of the canals have been filled in or are partially preserved as a part of historical parks . Dams generally are used to generate power or to provide lakes for recreation . Environmental threats ( edit ) Satellite photo of the river ( upper left ) where it empties into the Chesapeake Bay ( center ) The environmental group American Rivers named the Susquehanna `` America 's Most Endangered River for 2005 '' because of the excessive pollution it receives . Most of the pollution in the river is caused by excess animal manure from farming , agricultural runoff , urban and suburban stormwater runoff , and raw or inadequately treated sewage . In 2003 the river contributed 44 % of the nitrogen , 21 % of the phosphorus , and 21 % of the sediment flowing into the Chesapeake Bay . It was designated as one of the American Heritage Rivers in 1997 . The designation provides for technical assistance from federal agencies to state and local governments working in the Susquehanna watershed . Another environmental concern is radioactivity released during the 1979 Three Mile Island accident . In 2015 , a smallmouth bass with a rare , cancerous tumor was caught from the river , raising renewed concerns about toxic materials and water pollution . The Environmental Protection Agency reported , `` we do not have sufficient data at this time to scientifically support listing the main stem of the Susquehanna as impaired . '' Recreation ( edit ) The Susquehanna River has attracted boaters who watch or fish for its migratory species . Many tourists and local residents use the Susquehanna in the summer for recreation purposes such as kayaking , canoeing , and motor - boating . Canoe races are held annually on various sections of the river , such as the amateur race held in Oneonta , New York . Susquehanna rowing and paddling have a long history . Starting in 1874 , rowers from Shamokin Dam , Pennsylvania , raced men from Sunbury . The General Clinton Canoe Regatta , a 70 - mile flat - water race , takes place each year in Bainbridge , New York , on Memorial Day weekend . Binghamton University Crew and Hiawatha Island Boat Club are also located on the river , in the Southern Tier of New York . See also ( edit ) List of crossings of the Susquehanna River City Island ( Pennsylvania ) Garrett Island ( Maryland ) Geography of Pennsylvania List of Maryland rivers List of New York rivers List of Pennsylvania rivers McCormick Island Spades Wharf Island Three Mile Island accident List of parks in the Baltimore -- Washington metropolitan area References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Susquehanna River '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` USGS 01578310 Susquehanna River at Conowingo , MD '' . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Lenape Talking Dictionary '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey . National Hydrography Dataset high - resolution flowline data . The National Map Archived 2012 - 04 - 05 at WebCite , accessed August 8 , 2011 Jump up ^ Susquehanna River Trail Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission , accessed March 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Susquehanna River Archived 2015 - 04 - 17 at the Wayback Machine. , Green Works Radio , accessed March 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Susquehanna River Jump up ^ `` Clearwaters , Spring 2009 , Historical Look at the Susquehanna River Watershed '' ( PDF ) . nywea.org . ^ Jump up to : `` Description of the Geology of York County Peninsula '' . Penn State University Libraries . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Lehigh Valley Railroad 's Engine refurbishment and construction works at Sayre yard . Jump up ^ 297 Mitchel Rd , Carrolltown , Cambria County , PA 15722 Lat , Lng : 40.584789 , - 78.718370 per BING Maps Jump up ^ lesser right bank tributary source , ( 40.480772 , - 78.647088 ) , 1 ) Birdseye view : In woodland 2 ) on Map view : Coords : near jct . Vale Rd with Dream Rd , 101 - 227 Dream Rd , Loretta , PA 15940 . Jump up ^ Simms , William Q. `` Two Lights on the Hill '' . Lighthouse Digest , Inc . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Brinton , Daniel G. , C.F. Denke , and Albert Anthony . A Lenâpé -- English Dictionary . Biblio Bazaar , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 103 - 14922 - 3 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ History on the Half - Shell : The Story of New York City and Its Oysters . ( n.d. ) . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 , from https://www.nypl.org/blog/2011/06/01/history-half-shell-intertwined-story-new-york-city-and-its-oysters Jump up ^ Brinton , Daniel G. , C.F. Denke , and Albert Anthony . A Lenâpé -- English Dictionary . Biblio Bazaar , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 103 - 14922 - 3 , pp. 81 , 85,132 . Jump up ^ Zeisberger , David . Indian Dictionary : English , German , Iroquois -- The Onondaga and Algonquin -- The Delaware . Harvard University Press , 1887 . ISBN 1 - 104 - 25351 - 8 , pp. 48 , 161 , and 222 . ^ Jump up to : Zeisberger , David . Indian Dictionary : English , German , Iroquois -- The Onondaga and Algonquin -- The Delaware . Harvard University Press , 1887 . ISBN 1 - 104 - 25351 - 8 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ `` John Smith , A Map of Virginia , 1612 '' . www.marinersmuseum.org . Jump up ^ Heinemann , Ronald L. ; Kolp , John G. ; Parent , Jr. , Anthony S. ; Shade , William G. ( 2007 ) . Old Dominion , New Commonwealth . Charlottesville : University of Virginia Press . ISBN 0 - 8139 - 2609 - 2 . Jump up ^ Storey , Henry Wilson . History of Cambria County , Pennsylvania . New York : The Lewis Publishing Company , 1907 . ^ Jump up to : Chenango , Whitford . http://www.mikalac.com/tech/tra/chenango.html Jump up ^ `` Civil War Timeline '' , National Park Service Jump up ^ Skrapits , Elizabeth ( March 12 , 2011 ) . `` Winter flood slams Shickshinny '' . The Citizens ' Voice . Retrieved March 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Matt ( November 5 , 2011 ) . `` Shickshinny offered help from group of Buddhists '' . Wilkes - Barre Times Leader . Retrieved November 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bartholomew , Ann M. ; Metz , Lance E. ; Kneis , Michael ( 1989 ) . DELAWARE and LEHIGH CANALS ( First ed . ) . Oak Printing Company , Bethlehem , Pennsylvania : Center for Canal History and Technology , Hugh Moore Historical Park and Museum , Inc. , Easton , Pennsylvania . pp. 1 -- 10 . ISBN 0930973097 . LCCN 89 - 25150 . Jump up ^ Paddle the Susquehanna , accessed September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chesapeake Bay Foundation . Annapolis , MD . `` Susquehanna River Named America 's Most Endangered River for 2005 . '' April 13 , 2005 . Jump up ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) . Washington , D.C. `` American Heritage Rivers : Upper Susquehanna and Lackawanna Rivers . '' October 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Sturgis , Sue ( 2009 - 04 - 02 ) . `` Investigation : Revelations about Three Mile Island Disaster Raise Doubts over Nuclear Plant Safety '' . Facing South . Institute for Southern Studies . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Ohlheiser , Abby ( 5 May 2015 ) . `` Why a smallmouth bass with a rare , cancerous tumor has Pa. officials worried '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 5 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Begley , Sarah ( 8 May 2015 ) . `` Rare Cancer Discovered in Pennsylvania Smallmouth Bass '' . TIME.com . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Further Reading ( edit ) Miller , Peter ( March 1985 ) . `` Susquehanna : America 's Small - Town River '' . National Geographic . Vol. 167 no . 3 . pp. 352 -- 383 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 643483454 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Susquehanna River . Wikisource has the text of The New Student 's Reference Work article Susquehanna River . U.S. Geological Survey : PA stream gaging stations Susquehanna River Basin Commission American Rivers article : Susquehanna River `` Most Endangered '' History of the Susquehanna River Ark Hiawatha Island Boat Club -- Owego , NY Binghamton University Crew -- Binghamton , NY Susquehanna River system Lower Susquehanna River Chesapeake Bay ( mouth ) Deer Cr . Octoraro Cr . West Br . East Br . Conowingo Cr . Broad Cr . Muddy Cr . Pequea Cr . Conestoga R . Little Conestoga Cr . Mill Cr . Cocalico Cr . ( Hammer Cr . ) ( Middle Cr . ) Muddy Cr . Chiques Cr . Little Chiques Cr . Codorus Cr . South Br . ( East Br . ) Conewago Cr . ( W ) Little Conewago Cr . Bermudian Cr . ( South Br . ) Conoy Cr . Conewago Cr . ( E ) Swatara Cr . Manada Cr . Quittapahilla Cr . Little Swatara Cr . Lower Little Swatara Cr . Paxton Cr . Yellow Breeches Cr . Mountain Cr . Conodoguinet Cr . Middle Spring Cr . Muddy Run Clark Cr . Sherman Cr . Juniata R . Powell Cr . Wiconisco Cr . Mahantango Cr . Pine Cr . Mahantango Cr ( Snyder County ) . ( North Br . ) ( West Br . ) Mahanoy Cr . Schwaben Cr . Little Mahanoy Cr . Shenandoah Cr . Penns Cr . Middle Cr . Pine Cr . ( Elk Cr . ) Sinking Cr . Shamokin Cr . Little Shamokin Cr . West Br . Susquehanna R . Juniata River Susquehanna R. ( mouth ) Buffalo Cr . Cocolamus Cr . Tuscarora Cr . East Licking Cr . Lost Cr . Jacks Cr . Kishacoquillas Cr . Honey Cr . Aughwick Cr . Blacklog Cr . Little Aughwick Cr . Sideling Hill Cr . Raystown Br . Juniata R . Great Trough Cr . Yellow Cr . Brush Cr . Dunning Cr . ( Bobs Cr . ) Standing Stone Cr . Shaver Cr . Frankstown Br . Juniata R . Beaverdam Br . Clover Cr . Piney Cr . Little Juniata R . Spruce Cr . Bald Eagle Cr . West Branch Susquehanna River Susquehanna R. ( mouth ) Chillisquaque Cr . West Branch Chillisquaque Cr . Buffalo Cr . Muddy Run White Deer Cr . White Deer Hole Cr . Black Hole Cr . Muncy Cr . Little Muncy Cr . Loyalsock Cr . Elk Cr . Little Loyalsock Cr . Lycoming Cr . Larrys Cr . Antes Cr . Pine Cr . Little Pine Cr . ( Texas Cr . ) ( Blockhouse Cr . ) Slate Run Babb Cr . Marsh Cr . West Branch Pine Cr . Bald Eagle Cr . Fishing Cr . ( Little Fishing Cr . ) Beech Cr . Marsh Cr . Spring Cr . Wallace Run Tangascootack Cr . Young Womans Cr . Kettle Cr . Cross Fork Lick Run Sinnemahoning Cr . First Fork Bennett Branch Driftwood Branch Birch Island Run Mosquito Cr . Moshannon Cr . Black Moshannon Cr . Trout Run Clearfield Cr . Little Clearfield Cr . Beaverdam Run Anderson Cr . Chest Cr . Middle Susquehanna River West Branch Susquehanna R . Mahoning Cr . Roaring Cr . South Branch Roaring Cr . ( Mugser Run ) Catawissa Cr . Fishing Cr . Hemlock Cr . Little Fishing Cr . Huntington Cr . West Branch Fishing Cr . ( East Branch Fishing Cr . ) Kinney Run Nescopeck Cr . Black Cr . Little Nescopeck Cr . Big Wapwallopen Cr . Little Wapwallopen Cr . Harveys Cr . Solomon Cr . Lackawanna R . Spring Brook Roaring Brook Bowman Cr . Tunkhannock Cr . Martins Cr . Nine Partners Cr . Mehoopany Cr . Meshoppen Cr . White Cr . Tuscarora Cr . Sugar Run Cr . Wyalusing Cr . Wysox Cr . Towanda Cr . South Br . Schrader Cr . Sugar Cr . Chemung R . Chemung River Susquehanna R. ( mouth ) Baldwin Cr . Bentley Cr . Seeley Cr . South Cr . Newtown Cr . Cohocton R . Meads Cr . Mud Cr . Campbell Cr . Fivemile Cr . Tioga R . Canisteo R . ( Tuscarora Cr . ) ( Bennetts Cr . ) ( Canacadea Cr . ) Cowanesque R . ( Troups Cr . ) Crooked Cr . Mill Cr . Upper Susquehanna River Chemung R . Cayuta Cr . Wappasening Cr . Pipe Cr . Owego Cr . Catatonk Cr . Apalachin Cr . Nanticoke Cr . Choconut Cr . Chenango R . Tioughnioga R . ( Otselic R . ) Canasawacta Cr . Genegantslet Cr . Sangerfield R . Snake Cr . Salt Lick Cr . Starrucca Cr . Kelsey Brook Unadilla R . Butternut Cr . Wharton Cr . Ouleout Cr . Otego Cr . Charlotte Cr . Schenevus Cr . Cherry Valley Cr . Oaks Cr . Otsego Lake ( New York ) ( source ) Maryland Pennsylvania New York Counties Municipalities Crossings Dams Streams shown as : Tributaries subtributaries ( subsubtributaries ) Waters of Maryland Bays / Estuaries Assawoman Chesapeake Chincoteague Curtis Bay Eastern Fishing Herring Isle of Wight Mallows Newport Pocomoke Sinepuxent Tangier Rivers Anacostia Annemessex ( Big ) Annemessex ( Little ) Back Bird Blackwater Blackwater ( Little ) Bohemia Bush Casselman Chester Chicamacomico Choptank Choptank ( Little ) Christina River Corsica Elk Front Gunpowder Hawlings Jones Falls Magothy Magothy ( Little ) Manokin Middle Miles Monocacy Monocacy ( Little ) Nanticoke North North East Patapsco Patuxent Pocomoke Port Tobacco Potomac Rhode St. Martin St. Marys Sassafras Savage Severn South Susquehanna Transquaking Tred Avon Warwick West Wicomico ( Potomac ) Wicomico Wye Wye East Youghiogheny Creeks , runs , streams Antietam Alloway Arundel Cove Ballenger Bear ( Patapsco ) Bear ( Sideling Hill ) Bear ( Youghiogheny ) Beaverdam Bennett Big Hunting Big Pipe Bodkin Bonnie Branch Bread and Cheese Broad ( Choptank ) Broad ( Potomac ) Broad ( Susquehanna ) Broad Run Budds Bush Cabin John Carroll Catoctin Catoctin ( Little ) Chicamuxen Collington Branch Conococheague Conococheague ( Little ) Conowingo Cuckold Curtis Deep Run Deer Dividing Dorsey Run Double Pipe Dry Seneca Dueling Dundee Evitts Fifteenmile Fishing Flintstone Frog Mortar Furnace Georges Great Seneca Green Branch Greys Gwynns Falls Harris Henson Herbert Run Herring Run Honga Hunting ( Little ) Indian ( Anacostia ) Indian ( Patuxent ) Israel Laurel Run Licking Linganore Little Falls Branch Little Pipe Little Seneca Lyons Main Marley Marsh Marshyhope Mattawoman Meekins Middle Mill Branch Minnehaha Branch Moores Run Muddy Branch Nanjemoy Nassawango Northeast Branch Anacostia River Northwest Branch Anacostia River Octoraro Owens Oxon Paint Branch Parsons Piney Piscataway Plumtree Branch Pomonkey Principio Rock ( Potomac ) Rock Run Rockburn Branch Roland Run Romney St. Leonard Saltpeter Sams Sellman Seneca ( Middle ) Seneca ( Potomac ) Sideling Hill Slaughter Sligo Soapstone Branch Stony Swanson Tenmile Creek Thoms Cove Toms Tonoloway Town ( Patuxent ) Town ( Potomac ) Town ( Tred Avon ) Towson Run Trappe Tuckahoe Turville Tuscarora ( Monocacy ) Tuscarora ( Potomac ) Tuscarora ( Little ) Watts Branch Western Run Wills Winters Run Lakes Allen Pond Artemesia Buckel 's Bog Centennial Deep Creek Elkhorn Bernard Frank Jennings Randolph Kittamaqundi Little Seneca Needwood Quarry Lake Roland Woodward Pond Youghiogheny Reservoirs Dalecarlia Habeeb Liberty Loch Raven Piney Run Prettyboy Rocky Gorge Triadelphia Historic sites of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints Northeast Palmyra Book of Mormon Historic Publication Site Hill Cumorah Smith Family Farm ( Sacred Grove ) Kirtland Historic Kirtland Village ( Newel K. Whitney Store ) Kirtland Temple Other Priesthood Restoration Site John Johnson Farm Joseph Smith Birthplace Memorial Peter Whitmer log home Washington D.C. Temple Visitors ' Center Midwest Nauvoo Nauvoo Visitors ' Center Nauvoo Temple Nauvoo Historic District Red Brick Store Missouri Far West Temple Site Adam - ondi - Ahman Liberty Jail Independence ( Zion ) Temple Lot Independence Visitors ' Center Haun 's Mill Other Carthage Jail Winter Quarters ( Mormon Trail Center Mormon Pioneer Cemetery ) West Salt Lake City Temple Square ( Salt Lake Temple Tabernacle Tabernacle Organ Assembly Hall Gardens ) Conference Center ( Organ ) Church Office Building Joseph Smith Memorial Building Church Administration Building Relief Society Building Brigham Young Complex ( Beehive House Lion House ) Family History Library Church History Museum Church History Library Granite Mountain Records Vault Mormon Pioneer Memorial Monument This is the Place Monument Brigham Young Monument Other Cove Fort Farmington Rock Chapel St. George Temple Visitors ' Center Laie Hawaii Temple Visitors ' Center Polynesian Cultural Center Mormon Corridor Martin 's Cove Pipe Spring National Monument Non-U.S. Gadfield Elm Chapel Jerusalem Center Mexico City Temple Visitors ' Center New Zealand Temple Visitors ' Center LDS Church Portal Book American Heritage Rivers Rivers Blackstone & Woonasquatucket Connecticut Cuyahoga Detroit Hanalei Hudson Lower Mississippi Potomac New Rio Grande St. Johns Upper Mississippi Upper Susquehanna & Lackawanna Willamette GND : 4313167 - 0 LCCN : sh85130903 NARA : 10046805 NDL : 00628530 VIAF : 240955712 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Susquehanna_River&oldid=851562487 '' Categories : Susquehanna River Rivers of Otsego County , New York Rivers of Pennsylvania Rivers of Maryland Rivers of New York ( state ) American Heritage Rivers Tributaries of the Chesapeake Bay Environment of the Mid-Atlantic states Allegheny Plateau Rivers of Broome County , New York Rivers of York County , Pennsylvania Rivers of Lancaster County , Pennsylvania Rivers of Dauphin County , Pennsylvania Rivers of Cumberland County , Pennsylvania Rivers of Perry County , Pennsylvania Rivers of Juniata County , Pennsylvania Rivers of Snyder County , Pennsylvania Rivers of Northumberland County , Pennsylvania Rivers of Montour County , Pennsylvania Rivers of Columbia County , Pennsylvania Rivers of Luzerne County , Pennsylvania Rivers of Lackawanna County , Pennsylvania Rivers of Wyoming County , Pennsylvania Rivers of Bradford County , Pennsylvania Rivers of Susquehanna County , Pennsylvania Significant places in Mormonism Latter Day Saint movement in New York ( state ) Latter Day Saint movement in Pennsylvania Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2012 Articles needing additional references from November 2014 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for river type Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Беларуская Български Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deitsch Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Italiano Kiswahili Latina Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska اردو 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 July 2018 , at 04 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susquehanna%20River

how many cities are in lake county florida

Lake County , Florida

lake county, florida

Coordinates : 28 ° 46 ′ N 81 ° 43 ′ W  /  28.77 ° N 81.72 ° W  / 28.77 ; - 81.72

Lake County , Florida Old Lake County Courthouse Flag Seal Logo Location in the U.S. state of Florida Florida 's location in the U.S. Founded May 27 , 1887 Seat Tavares Largest city Clermont Area Total 1,157 sq mi ( 2,997 km ) Land 938 sq mi ( 2,429 km ) Water 219 sq mi ( 567 km ) , 18.9 % Population ( est . ) ( 2015 ) 325,875 Density 317 / sq mi ( 122 / km2 ) Congressional districts 6th , 11th , 15th Time zone Eastern : UTC - 5 / - 4 Website www.lakecountyfl.gov Lake County is a county located in the U.S. state of Florida . As of the 2010 census , the population was 297,052 . Its county seat is Tavares , and its largest city is Clermont . Lake County is included in the Orlando - Kissimmee - Sanford , FL Metropolitan Statistical Area . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Adjacent counties 2.2 National protected areas 3 Demographics 4 Government 4.1 Libraries 4.2 Elections 4.3 Senate and House 4.3. 1 2012 general election results 4.3. 2 2010 general election results 4.4 Voter registration 5 Education 5.1 Colleges 6 Transportation 6.1 Aviation 6.2 Major highways 6.3 Public transportation 7 Communities 7.1 Cities 7.2 Towns 7.3 Census - designated places 7.4 Other unincorporated communities 8 Notable people 9 See also 10 References 11 External links 11.1 Government links / Constitutional offices 11.1. 1 Special districts 11.1. 2 Judicial branch 11.2 Miscellaneous links History ( edit ) Lake County was created in 1887 from portions of Sumter and Orange counties . It was named for the many lakes contained within its borders ( 250 named lakes and 1,735 other bodies of water ) . During the Great Depression , citrus became the leading industry in Lake County . In 1949 the Groveland Four , Ernest Thomas , Charles Greenlee , Samuel Shepherd and Walter Irvin , were wrongly convicted of rape . The convictions were eventually overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court in a case argued by NAACP special counsel Thurgood Marshall . However , Ernest Thomas had already been killed by a posse . Samuel Shepard and Walter Irvin were shot by Lake County Sheriff Willis McCall while being transferred , in handcuffs , to the Lake County jail . The descendants of the Groveland Four petitioned Florida governor Rick Scott in 2012 for an apology from the State of Florida , citing new evidence from an FBI file on the case that no rape ever occurred . The 2012 book Devil in the Grove documents this episode . American heavy metal guitarist Randy Rhoads was killed in a plane crash in Leesburg on Friday March 19 , 1982 . Rhoads had played in the then nascent Ozzy Osbourne solo band following his tenure in Quiet Riot . On February 2 , 2007 , a series of early morning tornadoes killed 21 people in the area . Governor Charlie Crist declared a state of emergency . Geography ( edit ) According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 1,157 square miles ( 3,000 km ) , of which 938 square miles ( 2,430 km ) is land and 219 square miles ( 570 km ) ( 18.9 % ) is water . Sugarloaf Mountain is the highest point in peninsular Florida , at 312 feet ( 95 m ) above sea level . Adjacent counties ( edit ) Volusia County - northeast Orange County - east Seminole County - east Osceola County - southeast Polk County - south Sumter County - west Marion County - northwest National protected areas ( edit ) Lake Woodruff National Wildlife Refuge ( part ) Ocala National Forest ( part ) Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1890 8,034 -- 1900 7,467 − 7.1 % 1910 9,509 27.3 % 1920 12,744 34.0 % 1930 23,161 81.7 % 1940 27,255 17.7 % 1950 36,340 33.3 % 1960 57,383 57.9 % 1970 69,305 20.8 % 1980 104,870 51.3 % 152,104 45.0 % 2000 210,528 38.4 % 297,052 41.1 % Est. 2016 335,396 12.9 % U.S. Decennial Census 1790 - 1960 1900 - 1990 1990 - 2000 2010 - 2015 As of the census of 2000 , there were 210,528 people , 88,413 households , and 62,507 families residing in the county . The population density was 221 people per square mile ( 85 / km2 ) . There were 102,830 housing units at an average density of 108 per square mile ( 42 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the county was 87.46 % White , 8.31 % Black or African American , 0.33 % Native American , 0.79 % Asian , 0.04 % Pacific Islander , 1.88 % from other races , and 1.18 % from two or more races. 5.61 % of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race . There were 88,413 households out of which 23.40 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 58.90 % were married couples living together , 8.50 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 29.30 % were non-families. 24.60 % of all households were made up of individuals and 13.70 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.75 . In the county , the population was spread out with 20.30 % under the age of 18 , 5.80 % from 18 to 24 , 23.80 % from 25 to 44 , 23.80 % from 45 to 64 , and 26.40 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 45 years . For every 100 females there were 93.70 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 91.10 males . The median income for a household in the county was $36,903 , and the median income for a family was $42,577 . Males had a median income of $31,475 versus $23,545 for females . The per capita income for the county was $20,199 . About 6.90 % of families and 9.60 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 15.80 % of those under age 18 and 6.30 % of those age 65 or over . Government ( edit ) Lake County is represented by U.S. Representatives Corrine Brown ( D - FL5 ) , Alan Grayson ( D - FL9 ) , Daniel Webster ( R - FL10 ) , and Rich Nugent ( R - FL11 ) . In the Florida Senate , Lake County is represented by Senators Dorothy Hukill ( R - FL8 ) , and Alan Hays ( R - FL11 ) . In the Florida House , Lake County is represented by Florida Representatives Bryan Nelson ( R - FL31 ) , Larry Metz ( R - FL32 ) , and H. Marlene O'Toole ( R - FL33 ) . The Florida Department of Corrections has Region III Correctional Facility Office on the grounds of the Lake Correctional Institution in an unincorporated area in Lake County . Libraries ( edit ) The Lake County Library System consists of 15 branches : Astor County Library Cagan Crossings Community Library Cooper Memorial Library East Lake County Library Fruitland Park Library Helen Lehmann Memorial Library Lady Lake Public Library Leesburg Public Library Marianne Beck Memorial Library Marion Baysinger Memorial Library Minneola Schoolhouse Library Paisley County Library Tavares Public Library Umatilla Public Library W.T. Bland Public Library Elections ( edit ) Lake County vote by party in presidential elections Year Republican Democratic Third parties 2016 59.48 % 102,188 36.58 % 62,838 3.94 % 6,773 2012 57.99 % 87,643 40.89 % 61,799 1.13 % 1,702 2008 56.19 % 82,802 42.71 % 62,948 1.10 % 1,621 60.02 % 74,389 38.90 % 48,221 1.08 % 1,340 2000 56.44 % 50,010 41.27 % 36,571 2.29 % 2,030 47.48 % 35,097 40.25 % 29,752 12.27 % 9,074 44.17 % 30,825 33.24 % 23,200 22.58 % 15,762 68.40 % 37,327 30.72 % 16,766 0.88 % 479 1984 74.29 % 35,319 25.70 % 12,217 0.01 % 7 1980 64.53 % 26,798 31.61 % 13,128 3.86 % 1,602 1976 57.42 % 19,976 41.31 % 14,369 1.27 % 442 1972 82.63 % 23,079 17.20 % 4,803 0.17 % 48 1968 47.42 % 11,763 18.54 % 4,599 34.03 % 8,442 1964 62.39 % 12,897 37.61 % 7,773 1960 72.45 % 12,979 27.55 % 4,936 1956 71.57 % 10,888 28.43 % 4,326 1952 70.63 % 9,132 29.37 % 3,797 1948 43.23 % 3,579 41.96 % 3,474 14.81 % 1,226 1944 38.38 % 2,693 61.62 % 4,323 1940 33.32 % 2,659 66.68 % 5,322 1936 33.46 % 2,034 66.54 % 4,045 1932 37.82 % 1,867 62.18 % 3,070 1928 68.08 % 3,383 29.66 % 1,474 2.25 % 112 1924 36.46 % 948 53.12 % 1,381 10.43 % 271 1920 28.90 % 734 67.72 % 1,720 3.39 % 86 1916 25.25 % 330 67.79 % 886 6.96 % 91 1912 11.34 % 92 73.49 % 596 15.17 % 123 1908 24.01 % 200 58.46 % 487 17.53 % 146 1904 20.33 % 148 72.66 % 529 7.01 % 51 Lake County has voted Republican in U.S. Presidential races since 1948 . Senate and House ( edit ) Lake County last voted for a Democrat in a United States Senate race in 2006 , when US Senator Bill Nelson won in Florida and won Lake County 55.57 % to Katherine Harris 's 42.79 % . He lost the county in 2012 , but won the election . 2012 general election results ( edit ) For US Senator : Bill Nelson ( D ) vs. Connie Mack IV ( R ) : 55.23 % to 42.23 % Corrine Brown ( D ) vs. LeAnne Kolb ( R ) : 70.8 % to 26.3 % Alan Grayson ( D ) vs. Todd Long ( R ) : 62.5 % to 37.5 % Daniel Webster ( R ) vs. Val Demings ( D ) : 51.7 % to 48.3 % Richard Nugent ( R ) vs. David Werder ( D ) : 64.5 % to 35.5 % Dorothy Hukill ( R ) vs. Frank Bruno ( D ) : 57.0 % to 43.0 % Alan Hays ( R ) vs. John Iller ( I ) : 71.6 % to 28.4 % All three Florida House Representatives were not contested in 2012 . 2010 general election results ( edit ) Florida governor : Rick Scott ( R ) vs. Alex Sink ( D ) : 48.87 % to 47.72 % US Senator : Marco Rubio ( R ) vs. Charlie Crist ( I ) vs. Kendrick Meek ( D ) : 48.89 % to 29.71 % to 20.20 % Voter registration ( edit ) Data comes from the Lake County Supervisor of Elections . Party Registration and Enrollment Party Number of Registered Voters % Republican 99,004 Democratic 70,682 Independent 49,362 Other 7,247 Total 226,295 Education ( edit ) Main article : Lake County Schools There are a number of public schools in the county . Colleges ( edit ) The following colleges are located in the county : Lake - Sumter State College Beacon College Southern Technical College Transportation ( edit ) Aviation ( edit ) The Tavares Seaplane Base is a city - owned , public - use seaplane base located on Lake Dora in Tavares . Panorama of the Tavares Seaplane Base & Marina on Lake Dora The Leesburg International Airport is a former Army Airfield and municipal airport located along Lake Harris east of downtown Leesburg , Florida . Mid Florida Air Service Airport is located on State Road 44 east of Eustis . Umatilla Municipal Airport Major highways ( edit ) See also : List of county roads in Lake County , Florida Florida 's Turnpike runs north and south from Southeastern and Central Florida . Three interechanges exist in the county ; US 27 / SR 19 ( Exit 285 ) , southbound US 27 ( Exit 289 ) and the more recently built County Road 470 ( Exit 296 ) . US 27 is the main local road through western Lake County , running south to north . It spans from Four Corners to The Villages . US 441 is another south to north US highway running through Mount Dora from Orange County around Lake Dora , where it merges with SR 44 , has a wrong - way concurrency with SR 19 in Tavares , and lets go of SR 44 in Leesburg only to join US 27 as they both head into Marion County . SR 19 is a mostly scenic north and south road from SR 50 in Groveland through Tavares , Eustis , and Ocala National Forest . SR 33 is the north - south road from Lakeland in Polk County to Groveland . A county extension exists as a hidden route along SR 50 to Mascotte , where it become an exposed county road leading to US 27 in Okahumpka . SR 40 is the northernmost east - west route in Lake County , and runs through Ocala National Forest . SR 44 runs east and west through Central Lake County from west of Leesburg where it joins southbound US 441 until it breaks away near Mount Dora and heads northeast into Volusia County . SR 46 starts at an interchange with US 441 and County Road 46 in Mount Dora and through Sorrento and Mount Plymouth along the northern border of Orange County . SR 50 is the main east - west road through southern Lake County . Public transportation ( edit ) LakeXpress is the public transportation agency that serves the Lake County , Florida area since 2007 . Communities ( edit ) Cities ( edit ) Clermont Eustis Fruitland Park Groveland Leesburg Mascotte Minneola Mount Dora Tavares Umatilla Towns ( edit ) Astatula Howey - in - the - Hills Lady Lake Montverde Census - designated places ( edit ) Altoona Astor Ferndale Four Corners Lake Kathryn Lake Mack - Forest Hills Lisbon Mount Plymouth Okahumpka Paisley Pine Lakes Pittman Silver Lake Sorrento Yalaha Other unincorporated communities ( edit ) Bassville Park Fort Mason Grand Island Lanier Orange Bend The Villages ( partly ) Notable people ( edit ) Flora Call and Elias Disney were married January 1 , 1888 , in the Lake County town of Kismet . They lived for a short time in the adjoining town of Acron , Florida . They were the parents of Walt Disney . See also ( edit ) Lake County Schools National Register of Historic Places listings in Lake County , Florida References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` State & County QuickFacts '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Find a County '' . National Association of Counties . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Publications of the Florida Historical Society . Florida Historical Society . 1908 . p. 32 . Jump up ^ http://www.lakecountyclerk.org/forms/pafr/2015_Citizens_Annual_Financial_Report.pdf Jump up ^ Groveland Four petitioned Jump up ^ Gilbert King ( 6 March 2012 ) . Devil in the Grove : Thurgood Marshall , the Groveland Boys , and the Dawn of a New America . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 209771 - 2 . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Bonanno , Chris ( January 31 , 2015 ) . `` Severe weather awareness week well - timed '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . pp. 3A , 8A . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ At Least 19 Dead After Central Fla . Storms - Orlando Weather News Story - WKMG Orlando Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Crampton , Vincent . `` You wo n't get light - headed atop Florida 's highest point '' . OrlandoSentinel.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Decennial Census '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Census Browser '' . University of Virginia Library . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Population of Counties by Decennial Census : 1900 to 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Census 2000 PHC - T - 4 . Ranking Tables for Counties : 1990 and 2000 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Region III - Correctional Facility Office Archived 2008 - 06 - 13 at the Wayback Machine ... '' Florida Department of Corrections . Retrieved on January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Correctional Institution . '' Florida Department of Corrections . Retrieved on January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lake County Library System . Online , available : https://www.mylakelibrary.org/ Jump up ^ http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/ Jump up ^ http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/ Jump up ^ http://ballotpedia.org Jump up ^ Department , Lake County Board of County Commissioners , Communications . `` Welcome - Lake County Supervisor of Elections '' . www.lakevotes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Show , Christine ( November 22 , 2008 ) . `` Tavares keeps it simple in naming seaplane base '' . Orlando Sentinel . Jump up ^ `` Tavares Seaplane Base & Marina '' . City of Tavares . Retrieved 16 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Mid Florida Air Services Airport Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney by Neal Gabler - eBook - Random House - Read an Excerpt '' . Random House . 2006 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2011-10-28/features/os-dickinson-florida-history-1030-20111017_1_walt-disney-world-disney-parks-paisley External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lake County , Florida . Government links / Constitutional offices ( edit ) Lake County Board of County Commissioners Lake County Supervisor of Elections Lake County Property Appraiser Lake County Sheriff 's Office Lake County Tax Collector Special districts ( edit ) Lake County School Board Project Student Safety St. Johns River Water Management District Southwest Florida Water Management District Judicial branch ( edit ) Lake County Clerk of Circuit and County Courts Public Defender , 5th Judicial Circuit of Florida serving Citrus , Hernando , Lake , Marion , and Sumter counties Office of the State Attorney , 5th Judicial Circuit of Florida 5th Judicial Circuit of Florida Miscellaneous links ( edit ) Photographs From the State Library & Archives of Florida . Workforce Central Florida Lake County Collection on RICHES Mosaic Interface Places adjacent to Lake County , Florida Marion County Volusia County Sumter County Lake County , Florida Orange County and Seminole County Polk County Osceola County Municipalities and communities of Lake County , Florida , United States County seat : Tavares Cities Clermont Eustis Fruitland Park Groveland Leesburg Mascotte Minneola Mount Dora Tavares Umatilla Towns Astatula Howey - in - the - Hills Lady Lake Montverde CDPs Altoona Astor Ferndale Four Corners ‡ Lake Kathryn Lake Mack - Forest Hills Lisbon Mount Plymouth Okahumpka Paisley Pine Lakes Pittman Silver Lake Sorrento Yalaha Unincorporated communities Astor Park Dublin Fort Mason Grand Island Lanier Orange Bend Orange Home Sloans Ridge Stuckey Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Greater Orlando Attractions Amway Center Bok Tower Gardens Camping World Stadium CFE Arena Dr. Phillips Center for the Performing Arts Fun Spot America Theme Parks Gatorland Green Meadows Petting Farm Holy Land Experience Legoland Florida Medieval Times Orlando Eye Orlando Museum of Art Orlando Science Center Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! SeaWorld Orlando Spectrum Stadium Universal Orlando Walt Disney World Colleges and universities Daytona State College Lake -- Sumter State College Seminole State College of Florida University of Central Florida Valencia College Media Central Florida Future The Daytona Beach News - Journal Florida Today Orlando Sentinel Osceola News - Gazette WESH 2 WKMG 6 WFTV 9 News 13 WKCF 18 WUCF 24 WVEN 26 WRDQ 27 WTMO 31 WOFL 35 WOTF 43 WRBW 65 Airports Daytona Beach International Airport DeLand Municipal Airport Kissimmee Gateway Airport Leesburg International Airport Orlando Apopka Airport Orlando Executive Airport Orlando International Airport Orlando Sanford International Airport Counties Flagler ‡ Lake Orange Osceola Seminole Sumter ‡ Volusia ‡ Cities and towns 25k+ Alafaya Altamonte Springs Apopka Buenaventura Lakes Casselberry Clermont Daytona Beach ‡ DeLand ‡ Deltona ‡ Four Corners Kissimmee Meadow Woods Ocoee Orlando Oviedo Palm Coast ‡ Pine Hills Poinciana Sanford St. Cloud University The Villages ‡ Winter Garden Winter Park Winter Springs Cities and towns 10k -- 25k Azalea Park Conway DeBary ‡ Dr. Phillips Eustis Fairview Shores Goldenrod Horizon West Hunter 's Creek Lady Lake Lake Butler Lake Mary Leesburg Lockhart Longwood Maitland Mount Dora Oak Ridge Orange City ‡ Pine Castle Southchase Tavares Wekiva Springs ‡ This populated place is included in the Orlando -- Deltona -- Daytona Beach , FL Combined Statistical Area . See also : Florida State of Florida Tallahassee ( capital ) Topics Climate Delegations Environment Geography Geology Government History Law Media Newspapers Radio TV State parks Tourist attractions Transportation Seal of Florida Society Floridians Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Sports Regions Big Bend Central Florida Emerald Coast First Coast Florida Heartland Florida Keys Florida Panhandle Forgotten Coast Glades Gold Coast Halifax area Nature Coast North Central Florida North Florida South Florida Southwest Florida Space Coast Suncoast Tampa Bay Area Treasure Coast Metro areas Cape Coral -- Fort Myers Deltona -- Daytona Beach -- Ormond Beach Fort Walton Beach -- Crestview -- Destin Gainesville Jacksonville Lakeland -- Winter Haven Miami -- Fort Lauderdale -- Pompano Beach Naples -- Marco Island North Port -- Bradenton -- Sarasota Ocala Orlando -- Kissimmee -- Sanford Palm Bay -- Melbourne -- Titusville West Palm Beach - Boca Raton Panama City -- Lynn Haven -- Panama City Beach Pensacola -- Ferry Pass -- Brent Port St. Lucie Punta Gorda Sebastian -- Vero Beach Tallahassee Tampa - St. Petersburg -- Clearwater Largest cities Jacksonville Miami Tampa Orlando St. Petersburg Hialeah Tallahassee Port St. Lucie Fort Lauderdale West Palm Beach Cape Coral Pembroke Pines Hollywood Counties Alachua Baker Bay Bradford Brevard Broward Calhoun Charlotte Citrus Clay Collier Columbia DeSoto Dixie Duval Escambia Flagler Franklin Gadsden Gilchrist Glades Gulf Hamilton Hardee Hendry Hernando Highlands Hillsborough Holmes Indian River Jackson Jefferson Lafayette Lake Lee Leon Levy Liberty Madison Manatee Marion Martin Miami ‐ Dade Monroe Nassau Okaloosa Okeechobee Orange Osceola Palm Beach Pasco Pinellas Polk Putnam Santa Rosa Sarasota Seminole St. Johns St. Lucie Sumter Suwannee Taylor Union Volusia Wakulla Walton Washington Former Counties Mosquito Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_County,_Florida&oldid=797213891 '' Categories : Florida counties Lake County , Florida Populated places established in 1887 Greater Orlando 1887 establishments in Florida Randy Rhoads Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Bân - lâm - gú Български Boarisch Cebuano Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Հայերեն বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Italiano Latina Magyar Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2017 , at 16 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20County%2C%20Florida

who was offered the role of pretty woman

Pretty Woman

pretty woman

Pretty Woman is a 1990 American romantic comedy film directed by Garry Marshall from a screenplay by J.F. Lawton . The film stars Richard Gere and Julia Roberts , and features Hector Elizondo , Ralph Bellamy ( in his final performance ) , Laura San Giacomo , and Jason Alexander in supporting roles . The film 's story centers on down - on - her - luck Hollywood prostitute Vivian Ward , who is hired by Edward Lewis , a wealthy businessman , to be his escort for several business and social functions , and their developing relationship over the course of her week - long stay with him .

Originally intended to be a dark cautionary tale about class and sex work in Los Angeles , the film was reconceived as a romantic comedy with a large budget . It was widely successful at the box office and was the third highest - grossing film of 1990 . The film saw the highest number of ticket sales in the U.S. ever for a romantic comedy , with Box Office Mojo listing it as the # 1 romantic comedy by the highest estimated domestic tickets sold at 42,176,400 , slightly ahead of My Big Fat Greek Wedding ( 2002 ) at 41,419,500 tickets . The film received positive reviews , with Roberts 's performance being praised , for which she received a Golden Globe Award and a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress . In addition , screenwriter J.F. Lawton was nominated for a Writers Guild Award and a BAFTA Award . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Accolades 5 Music 5.1 Soundtrack 5.1. 1 Track listing 5.2 Certifications 6 Musical adaptation 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) High - powered businessman Edward Lewis has broken up with his girlfriend after an unpleasant phone call wherein he asked her to escort him during his business trip - she is offended that he treats her as his `` beck and call girl '' . Leaving a business party in the Hollywood Hills , he takes his lawyer 's Lotus Esprit sports car , and accidentally ends up on Hollywood Boulevard in the city 's red - light district , where he encounters prostitute Vivian Ward . Having difficulties driving the car , he asks her to get in and guide him to the Regent Beverly Wilshire Hotel , where he is staying . It becomes clear that Vivian knows more about the Lotus than he does , and he lets her drive . Vivian charges Lewis $20 for the ride , and they separate . She goes to a bus stop , where he finds her and offers to hire her for the night ; later , he asks Vivian to play the role his girlfriend has refused , offering her $3,000 to stay with him for the next six days as well as paying for a new , more acceptable wardrobe for her . That evening , visibly moved by her transformation , Edward begins seeing Vivian in a different light . He begins to open up to her , revealing his personal and business lives . Edward takes Vivian to a polo match in hopes of networking for his business deal . His attorney , Phillip , suspects Vivian is a corporate spy , and Edward tells him how they truly met . Phillip later approaches Vivian , suggesting they do business once her work with Edward is finished . Insulted , and furious that Edward has revealed their secret , Vivian wants to end the arrangement . Edward apologizes , and admits to feeling jealous of a business associate to whom Vivian paid attention at the match . Vivian 's straightforward personality is rubbing off on Edward , and he finds himself acting in unaccustomed ways . Clearly growing involved , Edward takes Vivian by private jet to see La Traviata at the San Francisco Opera . Vivian is moved to tears by the story of the prostitute who falls in love with a rich man . Vivian breaks her `` no kissing on the mouth '' rule ( which her friend Kit taught her ) and they have sex ; in the aftermath , Vivian tells Edward she loves him , but he does not respond . Edward offers to put her up in an apartment so she can be off the streets . Hurt , she refuses , says this is not the `` fairy tale '' she dreamed of as a child , in which a knight on a white horse rescues her . Meeting with the tycoon whose shipbuilding company he is in the process of `` raiding , '' Edward changes his mind . His time with Vivian has shown him a different way of looking at life , and he suggests working together to save the company rather than tearing it apart and selling off the pieces . Phillip , furious at losing so much money , goes to the hotel to confront Edward , but finds only Vivian . Blaming her for the change in Edward , he attempts to rape her . Edward arrives , wrestles Philip off her , punches him in the face and throws him out of the room . With his business in L.A. complete , Edward asks Vivian to stay one more night with him , but because she wants to , not because he 's paying her . She refuses . Edward re-thinks his life and has the hotel chauffeur detour to Vivian 's apartment building , where he leaps from out the white limousine 's sun roof and `` rescues her . '' Edward asks , `` So what happens after he climbed up the tower and rescues her ? '' to which Vivian responds , `` She rescues him right back . '' Cast ( edit ) Richard Gere as Edward Lewis , a rich corporate raider and womanizer from New York . Julia Roberts as Vivian Ward , an assertive freelance hooker with a heart of gold on Hollywood Boulevard . Ralph Bellamy as James Morse , owner of a troubled shipbuilding company Edward plans to take over . Jason Alexander as Phillip Stuckey , Edward 's insensitive lawyer . Héctor Elizondo as Barney Thompson , the dignified but soft - hearted hotel manager . Laura San Giacomo as Kit De Luca , Vivian 's wisecracking friend and roommate , who has taught her the prostitution trade . Julie Paris as Rachel , friend of Vivian and Kit . Alex Hyde - White as David Morse , James Morse 's grandson , who is being groomed to take over the company . Amy Yasbeck as Elizabeth Stuckey , Phillip 's wife . Elinor Donahue as Bridget , a friend of Barney Thompson who works in a women 's clothing store . John David Carson as Mark Roth , a businessman in Edward 's office . Judith Baldwin as Susan , one of Edward 's ex-girlfriends . Laurelle Brooks Mehus as the hotel 's night desk clerk . James Patrick Stuart as the day bellhop . Dey Young as a snobbish saleswoman in a dress store . Larry Miller as Mr. Hollister , the manager of a clothing store where Vivian buys her new wardrobe . Patrick Richwood as Dennis , the hotel elevator operator . Hank Azaria as a detective . This was Azaria 's first speaking role . Amzie Strickland as Matron Lynda Goodfriend as a Tourist . Abdul Salaam El Razzac as a Happy Man . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The film was initially conceived as a dark drama about sex work in Los Angeles in the 1980s . The relationship between Vivian and Edward also originally involved controversial themes , including Vivian being addicted to drugs ; part of the deal was that she had to stay off cocaine for a week . Edward eventually throws her out of his car and drives off . The original script by J.F. Lawton , called 3000 , ended with Vivian and her sex - worker friend on the bus to Disneyland . Producer Laura Ziskin considered these elements detrimental to a sympathetic portrayal of Vivian , and they were removed or assigned to Kit . The deleted scenes have been found , and some were included on the DVD released for the film 's 15th anniversary . In one , Vivian tells Edward , `` I could just pop ya good and be on my way '' , indicating her disinterest in `` pillow talk '' . In another , she is confronted by drug dealers , then rescued by Edward . Though inspired by such films as Wall Street and The Last Detail , the film bears a resemblance to Pygmalion myths : particularly George Bernard Shaw 's play of the same name , which also formed the basis for the Broadway musical My Fair Lady . It was Walt Disney Studios then - president Jeffrey Katzenberg who insisted the film be re-written as a modern - day fairy tale and love story , as opposed to the original dark drama . It was pitched to Touchstone Pictures and re-written as a romantic comedy . The title 3000 was changed because Disney executives thought it sounded like a title for a science fiction film . The film is one of two movies that triggered a resurgence of romantic comedy in Hollywood , the other being When Harry Met Sally . Following this film 's success , Roberts became the romantic comedy queen of the 1990s . Casting ( edit ) Casting of the film was a rather lengthy process . Marshall had initially considered Christopher Reeve , Daniel Day - Lewis , and Denzel Washington for the role of Edward , and Al Pacino and Burt Reynolds turned it down . Pacino went as far as doing a casting reading with Roberts before rejecting the part . Gere initially refused but when he met with Roberts , she persuaded him and he eventually agreed to play Lewis . He reportedly started off much more active in his role ; but Garry Marshall took him aside and said `` No , no , no , Richard . In this movie , one of you moves and one of you does not . Guess which one you are ? '' Julia Roberts was not the first choice for the role of Vivian , and was not wanted by Disney . Many other actresses were considered . Marshall originally envisioned Karen Allen for the role ; when she declined , auditions went to many better - known actresses of the time including Molly Ringwald , who turned it down because she felt uncomfortable playing a sex worker . Winona Ryder auditioned , but was turned down because Marshall felt she was `` too young '' . Jennifer Connelly was also dismissed for the same reason . Meg Ryan , who was a top choice of Marshall 's , turned it down as well . According to a note written by Marshall , Mary Steenburgen was also among the first choices . Diane Lane came very close to being cast ( the script was much darker at the time ) ; they had gone as far as costume fittings , but due to scheduling conflicts she could not accept . Michelle Pfeiffer turned the role down , saying she did not like the script 's `` tone . '' Daryl Hannah was also considered , but believed the role was `` degrading to women '' . Valeria Golino declined , doubting it would work with her thick Italian accent . And Jennifer Jason Leigh had auditioned . When all the other actresses turned down the role , 21 - year - old Julia Roberts , a relative unknown , with only the sleeper hit Mystic Pizza ( 1988 ) and the yet - to - be-released Steel Magnolias ( 1989 ) to her credit , won the role of Vivian . Her performance made her a star . J.F. Lawton , writer of the original screenplay , has suggested that the film was ultimately given a happy ending because of the chemistry of Gere and Roberts . Veteran actor Ralph Bellamy , who plays James Morse , appears in his final acting performance before his death in 1991 . Filming ( edit ) The film 's budget was substantial , at $14 million , so producers could shoot in many locations . Most filming took place in Los Angeles , California , specifically in Beverly Hills , and inside soundstages at Walt Disney Studios in Burbank . The escargot restaurant the `` Voltaire '' was shot at the restaurant `` Rex , '' now called `` Cicada '' . Scenes set in the Beverly Wilshire Hotel lobby were shot at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles . Filming commenced on July 24 , 1989 , but was immediately plagued by problems . These included Ferrari and Porsche declining the product placement opportunity for the car Edward drove , neither firm wishing to be associated with sex workers . Lotus Cars saw the placement value , and supplied a Silver 1989.5 Esprit SE ( which was later sold ) . Shooting was a generally pleasant , easy - going experience , as the budget was broad and the shooting schedule was not tight . While shooting the scene where Vivian is lying down on the floor of Edward 's penthouse , watching reruns of I Love Lucy , Garry Marshall had to tickle Roberts ' feet ( out of camera range ) to get her to laugh . The scene in which Gere playfully snaps the lid of a jewelry case on her fingers was improvised , and her surprised laugh was genuine . The red dress Vivian wears to the opera has been listed among the most unforgettable dresses of all time . During the scene in which Roberts sang to a Prince song in the bathtub , slid down and submerged her head under the bubbles ; she emerged to find the crew had left except for the cameraman , who captured the moment on film . In the love scene , she was so stressed that a vein become noticeable on her forehead and had to be massaged by Marshall and Gere . She also developed a case of hives , and calamine lotion was used to soothe her skin until filming resumed . The filming was completed on October 18 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) In its opening weekend , the film was at number one at the box office , grossing $11,280,591 and averaging $8,513 per theater . Despite dropping to number two in its second weekend , it grossed more with $12,471,670 . It was number one at the box office for four non-consecutive weeks , and in the Top 10 for 16 weeks . It has grossed $178,406,268 in the United States and $285,000,000 in other countries for a total worldwide gross of $463,406,268 . It was also the fourth highest - grossing film of the year in the United States and the third highest - grossing worldwide . The film remains Disney 's highest - grossing R - rated release ever . Critical response ( edit ) The film received mixed to positive reviews from critics . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 61 % of 57 film critics have given it a positive review , with a rating average of 5.7 out of 10 . The site 's consensus states , `` Pretty Woman may be a yuppie fantasy , but the film 's slick comedy , soundtrack , and casting can overcome misgivings . '' Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , gives it a score of 51 based on 17 reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews . '' Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a D , saying it `` starts out as a neo-Pygmalion comedy '' and with `` its tough - hooker heroine , it can work as a feminist version of an upscale princess fantasy . '' Gleiberman also said it `` pretends to be about how love transcends money , '' but `` is really obsessed with status symbols . '' On its twentieth anniversary , Gleiberman wrote another article , saying that while he felt he was right , he would have given it a B today . Carina Chocano of The New York Times said the movie `` was n't a love story , it was a money story . Its logic depended on a disconnect between character and narrative , between image and meaning , between money and value , and that made it not cluelessly traditional but thoroughly postmodern . '' Accolades ( edit ) Awards 48th Golden Globe Awards Best Actress - Musical or Comedy -- Julia Roberts Nominations 16th César Awards Best Foreign Film 63rd Academy Awards Best Actress -- Julia Roberts 48th Golden Globe Awards Best Motion Picture ( Comedy or Musical ) Best Actor - Musical or Comedy -- Richard Gere Best Supporting Actor -- Hector Elizondo Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay -- J.F. Lawton Music ( edit ) The film is noted for its musical selections . The hugely successful soundtrack features the song `` Oh , Pretty Woman '' by Roy Orbison , which inspired its title . Roxette 's `` It Must Have Been Love '' reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 in June 1990 . The soundtrack also features `` King of Wishful Thinking '' by Go West , `` Show Me Your Soul '' by Red Hot Chili Peppers , `` No Explanation '' by Peter Cetera , `` Wild Women Do '' by Natalie Cole and `` Fallen '' by Lauren Wood . The soundtrack went on to be certified triple platinum by the RIAA . The opera featured in the film is La Traviata , which also served as inspiration for its plot . The highly dramatic aria fragment that is repeated is the end of `` Dammi tu forza ! '' ( `` Give me strength ! '' ) , from the opera . The piano piece Gere 's character plays in the hotel lobby was actually composed by and performed by him . Roberts sings the song `` Kiss '' by Prince while she is in the tub and Gere 's character is on the phone . Background music is composed by James Newton Howard . Entitled `` He Sleeps / Love Theme '' , this piano composition is inspired by Bruce Springsteen 's `` Racing in the Street '' . Soundtrack ( edit ) Pretty Woman Soundtrack album by Various artists Released March 13 , 1990 Recorded 1964 , 1988 -- 1989 Genre Pop Rock Length 43 : 36 Label EMI Producer Various artists Singles from Pretty Woman `` Show Me Your Soul '' Released : February 14 , 1990 `` King of Wishful Thinking '' Released : 1990 `` It Must Have Been Love '' Released : 20 May 1990 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic link The soundtrack was released on March 13 , 1990 by EMI . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Wild Women Do '' ( performed by Natalie Cole ) 4 : 06 2 . `` Fame ' 90 '' ( performed by David Bowie ) 3 : 36 3 . `` King of Wishful Thinking '' ( performed by Go West ) 4 : 00 4 . `` Tangled '' ( performed by Jane Wiedlin ) 4 : 18 5 . `` It Must Have Been Love '' ( performed by Roxette ) 4 : 17 6 . `` Life in Detail '' ( performed by Robert Palmer ) 4 : 07 7 . `` No Explanation '' ( performed by Peter Cetera ) 4 : 19 8 . `` Real Wild Child ( Wild One ) '' ( performed by Christopher Otcasek ) 3 : 39 9 . `` Fallen '' ( performed by Lauren Wood ) 3 : 59 10 . `` Oh , Pretty Woman '' ( performed by Roy Orbison ) 2 : 55 11 . `` Show Me Your Soul '' ( performed by Red Hot Chili Peppers ) 4 : 20 Total length : 43 : 36 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) 5 × Platinum 500,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 50,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 600,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Musical adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Pretty Woman : The Musical A stage musical adaptation of the film is scheduled to open on Broadway on July 20 , 2018 in previews , officially on August 16 at the Nederlander Theatre . This follows an out - of - town tryout at the Oriental Theatre in Chicago , which will run from March 13 to April 15 , 2018 . The musical has music and lyrics by Bryan Adams and Jim Vallance ; the late Garry Marshall and J.F. Lawton wrote the book ; and Jerry Mitchell is the director and choreographer . The Chicago and Broadway casts will feature Samantha Barks , in her Broadway debut as Vivian and Steve Kazee as Edward . Orfeh will portray Kit , and Jason Danieley will play Philip Stuckey . Eric Anderson will portray the role of Mr. Thompson and Kingsley Leggs will play the role of James Morse . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Pretty Woman '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Prince , Rosa ( March 21 , 2012 ) . `` Richard Gere : Pretty Woman a ' Silly Romantic Comedy ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Mojo '' . Retrieved July 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Pretty Woman : 15th anniversary ( DVD ) . Buena Vista Home Entertainment , Touchstone. 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Kate Erbland , `` The True Story of Pretty Woman 's Original Dark Ending , Vanity Fair , March 23 , 2015 . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hilary Lewis ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` 8 Movies With Major Title Changes '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stewart , James B. ( 2005 ) . DisneyWar . New York : Simon & Schuster . p. 110 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 6709 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pretty Woman ' Casting Information and Trivia '' . IMDb . Retrieved May 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Pacino , Al ( June 15 , 2007 ) . `` '' Al Pacino Interview `` '' . Larry King Live ( Interview ) . Interviewed by Larry King . CNN . Jump up ^ TODAY ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` ' Pretty Woman ' Cast Reunites 25 Years Later - TODAY '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Tiffin , George ( 2015 ) . A Star is Born : The Moment an Actress becomes an Icon . Head of Zeus . p. 493 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78185 - 936 - 0 . Jump up ^ Corcoran , Monica ( June 28 , 2008 ) . `` Molly Ringwald : Pretty in Pucci '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Darly Hannah Pleased to Decline Pretty Woman '' . Jump up ^ Kachka , Boris ( December 4 , 2005 ) . `` Lone Star : Jennifer Jason Leigh Plays an Extroverted Striver in Abigail 's Party , Now , that 's a stretch '' . New York Magazine : 2 . Jump up ^ `` LOTUS ESPRIT SE PRETTY WOMAN MOVIE CAR '' . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Dumas , Daisy ( December 6 , 2011 ) . `` From Pretty Woman and Atonement to The Seven Year Itch , the Most Unforgettable Dresses of All Time '' . Daily Mail . London . ^ Jump up to : `` Pretty Woman ( 1990 ) -- Weekend Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Woman ( 1990 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 Yearly Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 Yearly Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` DOMESTIC GROSSES BY MPAA RATING '' . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Woman '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Woman Reviews at Metacritic.com '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( March 23 , 1990 ) . `` Pretty Woman '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen . `` ' Pretty Woman ' : 20 Years after My Most Infamous Review ( Yes , I gave it a D ) , Here 's My Mea Culpa -- and Also My Defense '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chocano , Carina ( April 11 , 2011 ) . `` Thelma , Louise and All the Pretty Women '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Woman 's Soundtrack RIAA Multi Platinum Award '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved October 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Woman Original Soundtrack '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Woman Original Soundtrack '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- Various -- Pretty woman '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 1987 − 1998 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Various ; ' Pretty woman ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Various -- Pretty woman '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select albums in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter Pretty woman in the search field and then press Enter . ^ Jump up to : Clement , Olivia . `` ' Pretty Woman ' Musical Finds Its Broadway Home , Sets Summer 2018 Opening '' Playbill , November 22 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : McPhee , Ryan . `` Jason Danieley Joins Broadway - Bound ' Pretty Woman ' Musical '' Playbill , October 6 , 2017 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Pretty Woman Pretty Woman on IMDb Pretty Woman at AllMovie Pretty Woman at Rotten Tomatoes Pretty Woman at Box Office Mojo hide Garry Marshall Director Young Doctors in Love ( 1982 ) The Flamingo Kid ( 1984 ) Nothing in Common ( 1986 ) Overboard ( 1987 ) Beaches ( 1988 ) The Lottery ( 1989 ) Pretty Woman ( 1990 ) Frankie and Johnny ( 1991 ) Exit to Eden ( 1994 ) Dear God ( 1996 ) The Other Sister ( 1999 ) Runaway Bride ( 1999 ) The Princess Diaries ( 2001 ) Raising Helen ( 2004 ) The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement ( 2004 ) Georgia Rule ( 2007 ) Valentine 's Day ( 2010 ) New Year 's Eve ( 2011 ) Mother 's Day ( 2016 ) Stage Pretty Woman ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pretty_Woman&oldid=844716737 '' Categories : 1990 films English - language films 1990s romantic comedy films 1990s sex comedy films American films American romantic comedy films American sex comedy films Films about businesspeople Films about prostitution Films directed by Garry Marshall Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe winning performance Films scored by James Newton Howard Films set in Beverly Hills , California Films set in hotels Films set in Los Angeles Touchstone Pictures films Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from July 2014 CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use mdy dates from July 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latina Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 June 2018 , at 17 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretty%20Woman

where is malta located on a map of europe

Coordinates : 35 ° 53 ′ N 14 ° 30 ′ E  /  35.883 ° N 14.500 ° E  / 35.883 ; 14.500 Malta ( / ˈmɒltə / ( listen ) ; Maltese : ( ˈmɐltɐ ) ) , officially known as the Republic of Malta ( Maltese : Repubblika ta ' Malta ) , is a Southern European island country consisting of an archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea . It lies 80 km ( 50 mi ) south of Italy , 284 km ( 176 mi ) east of Tunisia , and 333 km ( 207 mi ) north of Libya . The country covers just over 316 km ( 122 sq mi ) , with a population of just under 450,000 , making it one of the world 's smallest and most densely populated countries . The capital of Malta is Valletta , which at 0.8 km , is the smallest national capital in the European Union by area . Malta has one national language , which is Maltese , and English as an official language .

Malta

malta

-- in Europe ( light green & dark grey ) -- in the European Union ( light green ) -- ( Legend )

Capital Valletta 35 ° 54 ′ N 14 ° 31 ′ E  /  35.900 ° N 14.517 ° E  / 35.900 ; 14.517 Largest city Birkirkara Official languages Maltese , English Ethnic groups ( 2011 ) 95.17 % Maltese 4.83 % Non-Maltese Demonym Maltese Government Unitary parliamentary republic President Marie Louise Coleiro Preca Prime Minister Joseph Muscat Legislature House of Representatives Independence from the United Kingdom Commonwealth realm 21 September 1964 Republic 13 December 1974 Area Total 316 km ( 122 sq mi ) ( 186th ) Water ( % ) 0.001 Population 2014 estimate 445,426 ( 171st ) 2011 census 416,055 Density 1,410 / km ( 3,651.9 / sq mi ) ( 7th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2017 estimate Total $18.404 billion Per capita $42,239 GDP ( nominal ) 2017 estimate Total $11.164 billion Per capita $25,623 Gini ( 2014 ) 27.7 low 15th HDI ( 2015 ) 0.856 very high 33rd Currency Euro ( € ) ( EUR ) Time zone CET ( UTC + 1 ) Summer ( DST ) CEST ( UTC + 2 ) Date format dd / mm / yyyy ( AD ) Drives on the left Calling code + 356 Patron saints Paul the Apostle , Saint Publius and Agatha of Sicily ISO 3166 code MT Internet TLD . mt Website www.gov.mt ^ Maltese nationals as referred to in the 2011 census . ^ Maltese lira before 2008 . ^ Also . eu , shared with other European Union member states . Coordinates : 35 ° 53 ′ N 14 ° 30 ′ E  /  35.883 ° N 14.500 ° E  / 35.883 ; 14.500 Malta ( / ˈmɒltə / ( listen ) ; Maltese : ( ˈmɐltɐ ) ) , officially known as the Republic of Malta ( Maltese : Repubblika ta ' Malta ) , is a Southern European island country consisting of an archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea . It lies 80 km ( 50 mi ) south of Italy , 284 km ( 176 mi ) east of Tunisia , and 333 km ( 207 mi ) north of Libya . The country covers just over 316 km ( 122 sq mi ) , with a population of just under 450,000 , making it one of the world 's smallest and most densely populated countries . The capital of Malta is Valletta , which at 0.8 km , is the smallest national capital in the European Union by area . Malta has one national language , which is Maltese , and English as an official language . Malta 's location in the middle of the Mediterranean has historically given it great strategic importance as a naval base , and a succession of powers , including the Phoenicians , Carthaginians , Greeks , Romans , Byzantines , Arabs , Normans , Sicilians , Spanish , Knights of St. John , French , and British have ruled the islands . King George VI of the United Kingdom awarded the George Cross to Malta in 1942 for the then British colony 's bravery in the Second World War . The George Cross continues to appear on Malta 's national flag . Under the Malta Independence Act , passed by the British Parliament in 1964 , Malta gained independence from the United Kingdom as an independent sovereign Commonwealth realm , officially known from 1964 to 1974 as the State of Malta , with Elizabeth II as its head of state . The country became a republic in 1974 , and although no longer a Commonwealth realm , remains a member state of the Commonwealth of Nations . Malta was admitted to the United Nations in 1964 and to the European Union in 2004 ; in 2008 , it became part of the Eurozone . Malta has a long Christian legacy and its Archdiocese of Malta is claimed to be an apostolic see because , according to Acts of the Apostles , St Paul was shipwrecked on `` Melita '' , now widely taken to be Malta . Catholicism is the official religion in Malta . Malta is a popular tourist destination with its warm climate , numerous recreational areas , and architectural and historical monuments , including three UNESCO World Heritage Sites : Ħal Saflieni Hypogeum , Valletta , and seven megalithic temples , which are some of the oldest free - standing structures in the world . The Azure Window was one of Malta , and Gozo 's , most famous landmarks . It collapsed dramatically into the sea after a heavy storm in 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Prehistory 2.2 Greeks , Phoenicians , Carthaginians and Romans 2.3 Arab period and the Middle Ages 2.4 Norman conquest 2.5 Crown of Aragon rule and the Knights of Malta 2.6 French period 2.7 British Empire and the Second World War 2.8 Independence and Republic 3 Politics 3.1 Administrative divisions 3.2 Military 4 Geography 4.1 Climate 4.2 Urbanisation 5 Economy 5.1 Banking and finance 5.2 Transport 5.3 Communications 5.4 Currency 5.5 Tourism 5.6 Science and technology 6 Demographics 6.1 Languages 6.2 Largest cities 6.3 Religion 6.4 Migration 6.4. 1 Inbound migration 6.4. 2 Outbound migration 6.5 Education 6.6 Healthcare 7 Culture 7.1 Music 7.2 Literature 7.3 Art and architecture 7.4 Cuisine 7.5 Customs 7.6 Traditions 7.7 Festivals 7.8 Media 7.9 Holidays 7.10 Sport 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Notes 9.2 Sources 9.3 Attribution 9.4 Bibliography 10 External links Etymology ( edit ) The origin of the term Malta is uncertain , and the modern - day variation derives from the Maltese language . The most common etymology is that the word Malta derives from the Greek word μέλι , meli , ' honey ' . The ancient Greeks called the island Μελίτη ( Melitē ) meaning ' honey - sweet ' , possibly for Malta 's unique production of honey ; an endemic species of bee lives on the island . The Romans went on to call the island Melita , which can be considered either as a latinisation of the Greek Μελίτη or the adaptation of the Doric Greek pronunciation of the same word Μελίτα . Another conjecture suggests that the word Malta comes from the Phoenician word Maleth ' a haven ' or ' port ' in reference to Malta 's many bays and coves . Few other etymological mentions appear in classical literature , with the term Malta appearing in its present form in the Antonine Itinerary ( Itin . Marit . p. 518 ; Sil . Ital . xiv. 251 ) . History ( edit ) Main articles : History of Malta and Timeline of Maltese history Malta has been inhabited from around 5200 BC , since the arrival of settlers from the island of Sicily . A significant prehistoric Neolithic culture marked by Megalithic structures , which date back to c. 3600 BC , existed on the islands , as evidenced by the temples of Mnajdra , Ggantija and others . The Phoenicians colonized Malta between 800 - 700 BC , bringing their Semitic language and culture . They used the islands as an outpost from which they expanded sea explorations and trade in the Mediterranean until their successors , the Carthaginians , were ousted by the Romans in 216 BC with the help of the Maltese inhabitants , under whom Malta became a municipium . After a period of Byzantine rule ( 4th to 9th century ) and a probable sack by the Vandals , the islands were invaded by the Aghlabids in AD 870 . The fate of the population after the Arab invasion is unclear but it seems the islands may have been completely depopulated and were likely to have been repopulated in the beginning of the second millennium by settlers from Arab - ruled Sicily who spoke Siculo - Arabic . The Muslim rule was ended by the Normans who conquered the island in 1091 . The islands were completely re-Christianised by 1249 . The islands were part of the Kingdom of Sicily until 1530 , and were briefly controlled by the Capetian House of Anjou . In 1530 Charles I of Spain gave the Maltese islands to the Order of Knights of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem in perpetual lease . The French under Napoleon took hold of the Maltese islands in 1798 , although with the aid of the British the Maltese were able to oust French control two years later . The inhabitants subsequently asked Britain to assume sovereignty over the islands under the conditions laid out in a Declaration of Rights , stating that `` his Majesty has no right to cede these Islands to any power ... if he chooses to withdraw his protection , and abandon his sovereignty , the right of electing another sovereign , or of the governing of these Islands , belongs to us , the inhabitants and aborigines alone , and without control . '' As part of the Treaty of Paris ( 1814 ) Malta became a British colony , ultimately rejecting an attempted integration with the United Kingdom in 1956 . Malta became independent on 21 September 1964 ( Independence Day ) . Under its 1964 constitution Malta initially retained Queen Elizabeth II as Queen of Malta , with a Governor - General exercising executive authority on her behalf . On 13 December 1974 ( Republic Day ) it became a republic within the Commonwealth , with the President as head of state . On 31 March 1979 Malta saw the withdrawal of the last British troops and the Royal Navy from Malta . This day is known as Freedom Day and Malta declared itself as a neutral and non-aligned . Malta joined the European Union on 1 May 2004 and joined the Eurozone on 1 January 2008 . Prehistory ( edit ) See also : Megalithic Temples of Malta , Hypogeum of Ħal - Saflieni , and Għar Dalam Pottery found by archaeologists at the Skorba Temples resembles that found in Italy , and suggests that the Maltese islands were first settled in 5200 BCE mainly by Stone Age hunters or farmers who had arrived from the Italian island of Sicily , possibly the Sicani . The extinction of the dwarf hippos and dwarf elephants has been linked to the earliest arrival of humans on Malta . Prehistoric farming settlements dating to the Early Neolithic period were discovered in open areas and also in caves , such as Għar Dalam . The Sicani were the only tribe known to have inhabited the island at this time and are generally regarded as being closely related to the Iberians . The population on Malta grew cereals , raised livestock and , in common with other ancient Mediterranean cultures , worshiped a fertility figure represented in Maltese prehistoric artefacts exhibiting the proportions seen in similar statuettes , including the Venus of Willendorf . Ġgantija megalithic temple complex . The temple complex of Mnajdra . Pottery from the Għar Dalam phase is similar to pottery found in Agrigento , Sicily . A culture of megalithis temple builders then either supplanted or arose from this early period . Around the time of 3500 BCE , these people built some of the oldest existing free - standing structures in the world in the form of the megalithic Ġgantija temples on Gozo ; other early temples include those at Ħaġar Qim and Mnajdra . The temples have distinctive architecture , typically a complex trefoil design , and were used from 4000 to 2500 BCE . Animal bones and a knife found behind a removable altar stone suggest that temple rituals included animal sacrifice . Tentative information suggests that the sacrifices were made to the goddess of fertility , whose statue is now in the National Museum of Archaeology in Valletta . The culture apparently disappeared from the Maltese Islands around 2500 BC . Archaeologists speculate that the temple builders fell victim to famine or disease , but this is not certain . Another archaeological feature of the Maltese Islands often attributed to these ancient builders is equidistant uniform grooves dubbed `` cart tracks '' or `` cart ruts '' which can be found in several locations throughout the islands , with the most prominent being those found in Misraħ Għar il - Kbir , which is informally known as `` Clapham Junction '' . These may have been caused by wooden - wheeled carts eroding soft limestone . After 2500 BCE , the Maltese Islands were depopulated for several decades until the arrival of a new influx of Bronze Age immigrants , a culture that cremated its dead and introduced smaller megalithic structures called dolmens to Malta . In most cases there are small chambers here , with the cover made of a large slab placed on upright stones . They are claimed to belong to a population certainly different from that which built the previous megalithic temples . It is presumed the population arrived from Sicily because of the similarity of Maltese dolmens to some small constructions found on the largest island of the Mediterranean sea . Greeks , Phoenicians , Carthaginians and Romans ( edit ) See also : Magna Graecia , Phoenicia , Cippi of Melqart , Ancient Rome , Sicilia ( Roman province ) , and Byzantine Empire Phoenician traders colonised the islands sometime after 1,000 BCE as a stop on their trade routes from the eastern Mediterranean to Cornwall , joining the natives on the island . The Phoenicians inhabited the area now known as Mdina , and its surrounding town of Rabat , which they called Maleth . The Romans , who also much later inhabited Mdina , referred to it ( and the island ) as Melita . Roman mosaic from the Domvs Romana . After the fall of Phoenicia in 332 BCE , the area came under the control of Carthage , a former Phoenician colony . During this time the people on Malta mainly cultivated olives and carob and produced textiles . During the First Punic War , the island was conquered after harsh fighting by Marcus Atilius Regulus . After the failure of his expedition , the island fell back in the hands of Carthage , only to be conquered again in 218 BC , during the Second Punic War , by Roman Consul Tiberius Sempronius Longus . Since then , Malta became Foederata Civitas , a designation that meant it was exempt from paying tribute or the rule of Roman law , and fell within the jurisdiction of the province of Sicily . Punic influence , however , remained vibrant on the islands with the famous Cippi of Melqart , pivotal in deciphering the Punic language , dedicated in the 2nd century BCE . Also the local Roman coinage , which ceased in the 1st century BCE , indicates the slow pace of the island 's Romanization , since the very last locally minted coins still bear inscriptions in Ancient Greek on the obverse ( like `` ΜΕΛΙΤΑΙΩ '' , meaning `` of the Maltese '' ) and Punic motifs , showing the resistance of the Greek and Punic cultures . The Greeks settled in the Maltese islands since circa 700 BCE , as testified by several architectural remains , and remained throughout the Roman dominium . In the 1st century BCE , Roman Senator and orator Cicero commented on the importance of the Temple of Juno , and on the extravagant behaviour of the Roman governor of Sicily , Verres . During the 1st century BC the island was mentioned by Pliny the Elder and Diodorus Siculus : the latter praised its harbours , the wealth of its inhabitants , its lavishly decorated houses and the quality of its textile products . In the 2nd century , Emperor Hadrian ( r . 117 -- 38 ) upgraded the status of Malta to municipium or free town : the island local affairs were administered by four quattuorviri iuri dicundo and a municipal senate , while a Roman procurator , living in Mdina , represented the proconsul of Sicily . In 58 AD , Paul the Apostle was washed up on the islands together with Luke the Evangelist after their ship was wrecked on the islands . Paul the Apostle remained on the islands three months , preaching the Christian faith , which has since thrived on Malta . In 395 , when the Roman Empire was divided for the last time at the death of Theodosius I , Malta , following Sicily , fell under the control of the Western Roman Empire . During the Migration Period as the Western Roman Empire declined , Malta came under attack and was conquered or occupied a number of times . From 454 to 464 the islands was subdued by the Vandals , and after 464 by the Ostrogoths . In 533 Belisarius , on his way to conquer the Vandal Kingdom in North Africa , reunited the islands under Imperial ( Eastern ) rule . Little is known about the Byzantine rule in Malta : the island depended on the theme of Sicily and had Greek Governors and a small Greek garrison . While the bulk of population continued to be constituted by the old , Latinized dwellers , during this period its religious allegiance oscillated between the Pope and the Patriarch of Constantinople . The Byzantine rule introduced Greek families to the Maltese collective . Malta remained under the Byzantine Empire until 870 , when it fell to the Arabs . Arab period and the Middle Ages ( edit ) See also : Arab -- Byzantine wars and Emirate of Sicily The Majmuna Stone , a Roman period marble stone , was reused as a 12th - century tombstone believed to have been found in Gozo . Malta became involved in the Arab -- Byzantine Wars , and the conquest of Malta is closely linked with that of Sicily that began in 827 after admiral Euphemius ' betrayal of his fellow Byzantines , requesting that the Aghlabids invade the island . The Muslim chronicler and geographer al - Himyari recounts that in 870 CE , following a violent struggle against the occupying Byzantines , the Arab invaders , first led by Halaf al - Hadim , and later by Sawada ibn Muhammad , looted and pillaged the island , destroying the most important buildings , and leaving it practically uninhabited until it was recolonised by the Arabs from Sicily in 1048 -- 1049 AD . It is uncertain whether this new settlement took place as a consequence of demographic expansion in Sicily , as a result of a higher standard of living in Sicily ( in which case the recolonisation may have taken place a few decades earlier ) , or as a result of civil war which broke out among the Arab rulers of Sicily in 1038 . The Arabs introduced new irrigation , some fruits and cotton , and the Siculo - Arabic language was adopted on the island from Sicily ; it would eventually evolve into the Maltese language . The Christians on the island were allowed freedom of religion ; they had to pay jizya , a tax for non-Muslims , but were exempt from the tax that Muslims had to pay ( zakat ) . Norman conquest ( edit ) Roger I of Sicily returned Malta to Christian rule . The Normans captured Malta in 1091 , as part of their conquest of Sicily . The Norman leader , Roger I of Sicily , was welcomed by the native Christians . The notion that Count Roger I reportedly tore off a portion of his checkered red - and - white banner and presented it to the Maltese in gratitude for having fought on his behalf , forming the basis of the modern flag of Malta , is founded in myth . Ottoman map of Malta , by Piri Reis The Norman period was productive ; Malta became part of the newly formed Kingdom of Sicily which also covered the island of Sicily and the southern half of the Italian Peninsula . The Catholic Church was reinstated as the state religion with Malta under the See of Palermo , and some Norman architecture sprung up around Malta especially in its ancient capital Mdina . Tancred , King of Sicily , the last Norman monarch , made Malta a fief of the kingdom and installed a count of Malta . As the islands were much desired due to their strategic importance , it was during this time the men of Malta were militarised to fend off capture attempts ; early counts were skilled Genoese privateers . The kingdom passed on to the dynasty of Hohenstaufen from 1194 until 1266 . During this period , when Frederick II of Hohenstaufen began to reorganise his Sicilian kingdom , Western culture and religion began to exert their influence more intensely . Malta formed part of the Holy Roman Empire for 72 years . Malta was declared a county and a marquisate , but its trade was totally ruined . For a long time it remained solely a fortified garrison . A mass expulsion of Arabs occurred in 1224 and the entire Christian male population of Celano in Abruzzo was deported to Malta in the same year . In 1249 Frederick II , Holy Roman Emperor , decreed that all remaining Muslims be expelled from Malta or impelled to convert . For a brief period the kingdom passed to the Capetian House of Anjou , but high taxes made the dynasty unpopular in Malta , due in part to Charles of Anjou 's war against the Republic of Genoa , and the island of Gozo was sacked in 1275 . A large revolt on Sicily known as the Sicilian Vespers followed these attacks , a revolt that saw the Peninsula separating into the Kingdom of Naples . Crown of Aragon rule and the Knights of Malta ( edit ) See also : County of Sicily , Kingdom of Sicily , Crown of Aragon , History of Malta under the Order of Saint John , and Great Siege of Malta Flag of the Aragonese Kingdom of Sicily . Malta was ruled by the House of Barcelona , an Aragonese dynasty from 1282 to 1409 , with the Aragonese aiding the Maltese insurgents in the Sicilian Vespers in a naval battle in Grand Harbour in 1283 . Relatives of the kings of Aragon ruled the island until 1409 , when it formally passed to the Crown of Aragon . Early on in the Aragonese ascendancy , the sons of the monarchy received the title , `` Count of Malta '' . During this time much of the local nobility was created . By 1397 , however , the bearing of the title `` Count of Malta '' reverted to a feudal basis , with two families fighting over the distinction , which caused some conflict . This led the Martin I of Sicily to abolish the title . Dispute over the title returned when the title was reinstated a few years later and the Maltese , led by the local nobility , rose up against Count Gonsalvo Monroy . Although they opposed the Count , the Maltese voiced their loyalty to the Sicilian Crown , which so impressed Alfonso V of Aragon that he did not punish the people for their rebellion . Instead , he promised never to grant the title to a third party , and incorporated it back into the crown . The city of Mdina was given the title of Città Notabile as a result of this sequence of events . Jean Parisot de Valette , the founder of Valletta . St. Paul 's Cathedral , Mdina built in the Baroque style . On 23 March 1530 , Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor , gave the islands to the Knights Hospitaller under the leadership of Frenchman Philippe Villiers de L'Isle - Adam , Grand Master of the Order , in perpetual lease for which they had to pay an annual tribute of one single Maltese Falcon . These knights , a military religious order now known as the Knights of Malta , had been driven out of Rhodes by the Ottoman Empire in 1522 . In 1551 , the population of the island of Gozo ( around 5,000 people ) were taken as slaves by Barbary pirates and brought to the Barbary Coast in present - day Libya . The Beheading of Saint John , by Caravaggio . Oil on canvas , 361 cm × 520 cm ( 142.13 in × 204.72 in ) . Oratory of the Co-Cathedral . The knights , led by Frenchman Jean Parisot de Valette , Grand Master of the Order , withstood the Great Siege of Malta by the Ottomans in 1565 . The knights , with the help of Spanish and Maltese forces , were victorious and repelled the attack . Speaking of the battle Voltaire said , `` Nothing is better known than the siege of Malta . '' After the siege they decided to increase Malta 's fortifications , particularly in the inner - harbour area , where the new city of Valletta , named in honour of Valette , was built . They also established watchtowers along the coasts -- the Wignacourt , Lascaris and De Redin towers -- named after the Grand Masters who ordered the work . The Knights ' presence on the island saw the completion of many architectural and cultural projects , including the embellishment of Città Vittoriosa ( modern Birgu ) , the construction of new cities including Città Rohan ( modern Żebbuġ ) and Città Hompesch ( modern Żabbar ) and the introduction of new academic and social resources . Approximately 11,000 people out of a population of 60,000 died of plague in 1675 . French period ( edit ) Main article : French occupation of Malta The Knights ' reign ended when Napoleon captured Malta on his way to Egypt during the French Revolutionary Wars in 1798 . Over the years preceding Napoleon 's capture of the islands , the power of the Knights had declined and the Order had become unpopular . This was around the time when the universal values of freedom and liberty were incarnated by the French Revolution . People from both inside the Order and outside appealed to Napoleon Bonaparte to oust the Knights . Napoleon Bonaparte did not hesitate . His fleet arrived in 1798 , en route to his expedition of Egypt . As a ruse towards the Knights , Napoleon asked for safe harbour to resupply his ships , and then turned his guns against his hosts once safely inside Valletta . Grand Master Hompesch capitulated , and Napoleon entered Malta . Bust of Bonaparte at Palazzo Parisio in Valletta . During 12 -- 18 June 1798 , Napoleon resided at the Palazzo Parisio in Valletta . He reformed national administration with the creation of a Government Commission , twelve municipalities , a public finance administration , the abolition of all feudal rights and privileges , the abolition of slavery and the granting of freedom to all Turkish and Jewish slaves . On the judicial level , a family code was framed and twelve judges were nominated . Public education was organised along principles laid down by Bonaparte himself , providing for primary and secondary education . He then sailed for Egypt leaving a substantial garrison in Malta . The French forces left behind became unpopular with the Maltese , due particularly to the French forces ' hostility towards Catholicism and pillaging of local churches to fund Napoleon 's war efforts . French financial and religious policies so angered the Maltese that they rebelled , forcing the French to depart . Great Britain , along with the Kingdom of Naples and the Kingdom of Sicily , sent ammunition and aid to the Maltese and Britain also sent her navy , which blockaded the islands . General Claude - Henri Belgrand de Vaubois surrendered his French forces in 1800 . Maltese leaders presented the island to Sir Alexander Ball , asking that the island become a British Dominion . The Maltese people created a Declaration of Rights in which they agreed to come `` under the protection and sovereignty of the King of the free people , His Majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland '' . The Declaration also stated that `` his Majesty has no right to cede these Islands to any power ... if he chooses to withdraw his protection , and abandon his sovereignty , the right of electing another sovereign , or of the governing of these Islands , belongs to us , the inhabitants and aborigines alone , and without control . '' British Empire and the Second World War ( edit ) Main articles : Malta Protectorate , Crown Colony of Malta , and Siege of Malta ( World War II ) Plaque of the Rights of man during the British Protectorate ( 1802 ) at Palazzo Parisio The heavily bomb - damaged Kingsway ( now Republic Street ) in Valletta during the Siege of Malta , 1942 . In 1814 , as part of the Treaty of Paris , Malta officially became a part of the British Empire and was used as a shipping way - station and fleet headquarters . After the Suez Canal opened in 1869 , Malta 's position halfway between the Strait of Gibraltar and Egypt proved to be its main asset , and it was considered an important stop on the way to India , a central trade route for the British . Because of its position , several culinary and botanical products were introduced in Malta ; some examples ( derived from the National Book of Trade Customs found in the National Library ) include wheat ( for bread making ) and bacon . Between 1915 and 1918 , during the First World War , Malta became known as the Nurse of the Mediterranean due to the large number of wounded soldiers who were accommodated in Malta . In 1919 British troops fired on a rally protesting against new taxes , killing four Maltese men . The event , known as Sette Giugno ( Italian for 7 June ) , is commemorated every year and is one of five National Days . Before the Second World War , Valletta was the location of the Royal Navy 's Mediterranean Fleet 's headquarters . However , despite Winston Churchill 's objections , the command was moved to Alexandria , Egypt , in April 1937 out of fear that it was too susceptible to air attacks from Europe . During the Second World War , Malta played an important role for the Allies ; being a British colony , situated close to Sicily and the Axis shipping lanes , Malta was bombarded by the Italian and German air forces . Malta was used by the British to launch attacks on the Italian navy and had a submarine base . It was also used as a listening post , intercepting German radio messages including Enigma traffic . The bravery of the Maltese people during the second Siege of Malta moved King George VI to award the George Cross to Malta on a collective basis on 15 April 1942 `` to bear witness to a heroism and devotion that will long be famous in history '' . Some historians argue that the award caused Britain to incur disproportionate losses in defending Malta , as British credibility would have suffered if Malta surrendered , as British forces in Singapore had done . A depiction of the George Cross now appears in the upper hoist corner of the Flag of Malta . The collective award remained unique until April 1999 , when the Royal Ulster Constabulary became the second -- and , to date , the only other -- recipient of a collective George Cross . Independence and Republic ( edit ) See also : State of Malta Monument to the independence of Malta in Floriana . Malta joined the European Union in 2004 and signed the Lisbon Treaty in 2007 . Malta achieved its independence as the State of Malta on 21 September 1964 ( Independence Day ) after intense negotiations with the United Kingdom , led by Maltese Prime Minister George Borġ Olivier . Under its 1964 constitution , Malta initially retained Queen Elizabeth II as Queen of Malta and thus head of state , with a governor - general exercising executive authority on her behalf . In 1971 , the Malta Labour Party led by Dom Mintoff won the general elections , resulting in Malta declaring itself a republic on 13 December 1974 ( Republic Day ) within the Commonwealth , with the President as head of state . A defence agreement signed soon after independence , and re-negotiated in 1972 , expired on 31 March 1979 . Malta adopted a policy of neutrality in 1980 . In 1989 , Malta was the venue of a summit between US President George H.W. Bush and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev , their first face - to - face encounter , which signalled the end of the Cold War . On 16 July 1990 , Malta , through its foreign minister , Guido de Marco , applied to join the European Union . After tough negotiations , a referendum was held on 8 March 2003 , which resulted in a favourable vote . General Elections held on 12 April 2003 , gave a clear mandate to the Prime Minister , Eddie Fenech Adami , to sign the treaty of accession to the European Union on 16 April 2003 in Athens , Greece . Malta joined the European Union on 1 May 2004 . Following the European Council of 21 -- 22 June 2007 , Malta joined the eurozone on 1 January 2008 . Politics ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Courts of Justice building in Valletta Main articles : Politics of Malta , Government of Malta , and Law of Malta Malta is a republic whose parliamentary system and public administration are closely modelled on the Westminster system . Malta had the second - highest voter turnout in the world ( and the highest for nations without mandatory voting ) , based on election turnout in national lower house elections from 1960 to 1995 . The unicameral Parliament is made up of the President and the House of Representatives ( Maltese : Kamra tad - Deputati ) , which is elected by direct universal suffrage through single transferable vote every five years , unless the House is dissolved earlier by the President either on advice of the Prime Minister or through the adoption of a motion of no confidence carried within the House of Representatives and not overturned within three days . In either of these cases , the President may alternatively choose to invite another Member of Parliament who invariably should command the majority of the House of Representatives to form an alternative government for the remainder of the legislature . The House of Representatives is made up of 69 members of parliament . However , where a party wins an absolute majority of votes , but does not have a majority of seats , that party is given additional seats to ensure a parliamentary majority . The Constitution of Malta provides that the president appoint as prime minister the member of the House who is best able to command a ( governing ) majority in the House . The President of Malta is appointed for a five - year term by a resolution of the House of Representatives carried by a simple majority . The role of the president as head of state is largely ceremonial . The main political parties are the Nationalist Party , which is a Christian democratic party , and the Labour Party , which is a social democratic party . The Labour Party is currently at the helm of the government , the Prime Minister being Joseph Muscat . The Nationalist Party and the Democratic Party , with Simon Busuttil as its leader , is in opposition . There are a number of smaller political parties in Malta that presently have no parliamentary representation . Until the Second World War , Maltese politics was dominated by the language question fought out by Italophone and Anglophone parties . Post-War politics dealt with constitutional questions on the relations with Britain ( first with integration then independence ) and , eventually , relations with the European Union . Administrative divisions ( edit ) Main article : Local councils of Malta Administrative divisions of Malta . Malta has had a system of local government since 1993 , based on the European Charter of Local Self - Government . The country is divided into five regions , with each region having its own Regional Committee , serving as the intermediate level between local government and national government . The regions are divided into local councils , of which there are currently 68 ( 54 in Malta and 14 in Gozo ) . Sixteen `` hamlets '' , which form part of larger councils , have their own Administrative Committee . The six districts ( five on the main island ) serve primarily statistical purposes . Each council is made up of a number of councillors ( from 5 to 13 , depending on and relative to the population they represent ) . A mayor and a deputy mayor are elected by and from the councillors . The executive secretary , who is appointed by the council , is the executive , administrative and financial head of the council . Councillors are elected every four years through the single transferable vote . People who are eligible to vote in the election of the Maltese House of Representatives as well as resident citizens of the EU are eligible to vote . Due to system reforms , no elections were held before 2012 . Since then , elections have been held every two years for an alternating half of the councils . Local councils are responsible for the general upkeep and embellishment of the locality ( including repairs to non-arterial roads ) , allocation of local wardens and refuse collection ; they also carry out general administrative duties for the central government such as collection of government rents and funds and answer government - related public inquiries . Additionally , a number of individual towns and villages in the Republic of Malta have sister cities . Military ( edit ) Main article : Armed Forces of Malta Protector - class patrol boats of the Maritime Squadron of the AFM . The objectives of the Armed Forces of Malta ( AFM ) are to maintain a military organisation with the primary aim of defending the islands ' integrity according to the defence roles as set by the government in an efficient and cost - effective manner . This is achieved by emphasising the maintenance of Malta 's territorial waters and airspace integrity . The AFM also engages in combating terrorism , fighting against illicit drug trafficking , conducting anti-illegal immigrant operations and patrols and anti-illegal fishing operations , operating search and rescue ( SAR ) services , and physical / electronic security / surveillance of sensitive locations . Malta 's search - and - rescue area extends from east of Tunisia to west of Crete , covering an area of around 250,000 km . As a military organisation , the AFM provides backup support to the Malta Police Force ( MPF ) and other government departments / agencies in situations as required in an organised , disciplined manner in the event of national emergencies ( such as natural disasters ) or internal security and bomb disposal . On another level , the AFM establishes and / or consolidates bilateral co-operation with other countries to reach higher operational effectiveness related to AFM roles . Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of Malta Topographic map of Malta Malta is an archipelago in the central Mediterranean ( in its eastern basin ) , some 80 km ( 50 mi ) south of the Italian island of Sicily across the Malta Channel . Only the three largest islands -- Malta ( Malta ) , Gozo ( Għawdex ) and Comino ( Kemmuna ) -- are inhabited . The smaller islands ( see below ) are uninhabited . The islands of the archipelago lie on the Malta plateau , a shallow shelf formed from the high points of a land bridge between Sicily and North Africa that became isolated as sea levels rose after the last Ice Age . The archipelago is therefore situated in the zone between the Eurasian and African tectonic plates . Numerous bays along the indented coastline of the islands provide good harbours . The landscape consists of low hills with terraced fields . The highest point in Malta is Ta ' Dmejrek , at 253 m ( 830 ft ) , near Dingli . Although there are some small rivers at times of high rainfall , there are no permanent rivers or lakes on Malta . However , some watercourses have fresh water running all year round at Baħrija near Ras ir - Raħeb , at l - Imtaħleb and San Martin , and at Lunzjata Valley in Gozo . Phytogeographically , Malta belongs to the Liguro - Tyrrhenian province of the Mediterranean Region within the Boreal Kingdom . According to the WWF , the territory of Malta belongs to the ecoregion of `` Mediterranean Forests , Woodlands and Scrub '' . Maltese landscape , Għadira The minor islands that form part of the archipelago are uninhabited and include : Barbaġanni Rock ( Gozo ) Cominotto , ( Kemmunett ) Dellimara Island ( Marsaxlokk ) Filfla ( Żurrieq ) / ( Siġġiewi ) Fessej Rock Fungus Rock , ( Il - Ġebla tal - Ġeneral ) ( Gozo ) Għallis Rock ( Naxxar ) Ħalfa Rock ( Gozo ) Large Blue Lagoon Rocks ( Comino ) Islands of St. Paul / Selmunett Island ( Mellieħa ) Manoel Island , which connects to the town of Gżira , on the mainland , via a bridge Mistra Rocks ( San Pawl il - Baħar ) Taċ - Ċawl Rock ( Gozo ) Qawra Point / Ta ' Fraben Island ( San Pawl il - Baħar ) Small Blue Lagoon Rocks ( Comino ) Sala Rock ( Żabbar ) Xrobb l - Għaġin Rock ( Marsaxlokk ) Ta ' taħt il - Mazz Rock Climate ( edit ) Main article : Climate of Malta Blue Lagoon Bay between Comino and Cominotto island Malta has a Mediterranean climate ( Köppen climate classification Csa ) , with very mild winters and warm to hot summers . Rain occurs mainly in autumn and winter , with summer being generally dry . The average yearly temperature is around 23 ° C ( 73 ° F ) during the day and 16 ° C ( 61 ° F ) at night . In the coldest month -- January -- the typically maximum temperature ranges from 12 to 18 ° C ( 54 to 64 ° F ) during the day and minimum 6 to 12 ° C ( 43 to 54 ° F ) at night . In the warmest month -- August -- the typically maximum temperature ranges from 28 to 34 ° C ( 82 to 93 ° F ) during the day and minimum 20 to 24 ° C ( 68 to 75 ° F ) at night . Amongst all capitals in the continent of Europe , Valletta -- the capital of Malta has the warmest winters , with average temperatures of around 15 to 16 ° C ( 59 to 61 ° F ) during the day and 9 to 10 ° C ( 48 to 50 ° F ) at night in the period January -- February . In March and December average temperatures are around 17 ° C ( 63 ° F ) during the day and 11 ° C ( 52 ° F ) at night . Large fluctuations in temperature are rare . Snow is very rare on the island , although various snowfalls have been recorded in the last century , being the last one reported in various locations across Malta in 2014 . Average annual temperature of the sea is 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) , from 15 -- 16 ° C ( 59 -- 61 ° F ) in February to 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) in August . In the 6 months -- from June to November -- the average sea temperature exceeds 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) . Sunshine duration hours total around 3,000 per year , from an average 5.2 hours of sunshine duration per day in December to an average above 12 hours in July . This is about double that of cities in the northern half of Europe , for comparison : London -- 1,461 ; however , in winter it has up to four times more sunshine ; for comparison : in December , London has 37 hours of sunshine whereas Malta has above 160 . ( hide ) Climate data for Malta ( Luqa in the south - east part of main island , 1981 -- 2010 ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 15.6 ( 60.1 ) 15.6 ( 60.1 ) 17.3 ( 63.1 ) 19.8 ( 67.6 ) 24.1 ( 75.4 ) 28.6 ( 83.5 ) 31.5 ( 88.7 ) 31.8 ( 89.2 ) 28.5 ( 83.3 ) 25.0 ( 77 ) 20.7 ( 69.3 ) 17.1 ( 62.8 ) 23.0 ( 73.4 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 12.8 ( 55 ) 12.5 ( 54.5 ) 13.9 ( 57 ) 16.1 ( 61 ) 19.8 ( 67.6 ) 23.9 ( 75 ) 26.6 ( 79.9 ) 27.2 ( 81 ) 24.7 ( 76.5 ) 21.5 ( 70.7 ) 17.7 ( 63.9 ) 14.4 ( 57.9 ) 19.3 ( 66.7 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 9.9 ( 49.8 ) 9.4 ( 48.9 ) 10.6 ( 51.1 ) 12.4 ( 54.3 ) 15.5 ( 59.9 ) 19.1 ( 66.4 ) 21.7 ( 71.1 ) 22.6 ( 72.7 ) 20.8 ( 69.4 ) 18.1 ( 64.6 ) 14.6 ( 58.3 ) 11.6 ( 52.9 ) 15.5 ( 59.9 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 98.5 ( 3.878 ) 60.1 ( 2.366 ) 44.2 ( 1.74 ) 20.7 ( 0.815 ) 16.0 ( 0.63 ) 4.6 ( 0.181 ) 0.3 ( 0.012 ) 12.8 ( 0.504 ) 58.6 ( 2.307 ) 82.9 ( 3.264 ) 92.3 ( 3.634 ) 109.2 ( 4.299 ) 595.8 ( 23.457 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 1.0 mm ) 10 7 5 0 6 9 10 58 Mean monthly sunshine hours 176.7 194.3 235.6 261.0 310.0 351.0 384.4 362.7 282.0 220.1 189.0 164.3 3,131.1 Source : Meteo Climate ( 1981 -- 2010 Data ) , climatetemp.info ( Sun Data ) Urbanisation ( edit ) According to Eurostat , Malta is composed of two larger urban zones nominally referred to as `` Valletta '' ( the main island of Malta ) and `` Gozo '' . According to Demographia , state is identified as urban area . According to European Spatial Planning Observation Network , Malta is identified as functional urban area ( FUA ) . According to United Nations , about 95 per cent of the area of Malta is urban and the number grows every year . Also , according to the results of ESPON and EU Commission studies , `` the whole territory of Malta constitutes a single urban region '' . Occasionally in the media and official publications Malta is referred to as a city - state . Also , the Maltese coat - of - arms bears a mural crown described as `` representing the fortifications of Malta and denoting a City State '' . Malta , with area of 316 km ( 122 sq mi ) and population of 0.4 million , is one of the most densely populated countries worldwide . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Malta Valletta 's maritime industrial zone Malta is classified as an advanced economy together with 32 other countries according to the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) . Until 1800 Malta depended on cotton , tobacco and its shipyards for exports . Once under British control , they came to depend on Malta Dockyard for support of the Royal Navy , especially during the Crimean War of 1854 . The military base benefited craftsmen and all those who served the military . In 1869 , the opening of the Suez Canal gave Malta 's economy a great boost , as there was a massive increase in the shipping which entered the port . Ships stopping at Malta 's docks for refuelling helped the Entrepôt trade , which brought additional benefits to the island . However , towards the end of the 19th century the economy began declining , and by the 1940s Malta 's economy was in serious crisis . One factor was the longer range of newer merchant ships that required less frequent refuelling stops . The dolphin show at Mediterraneo Marine Park . Tourism generates a significant part of the GDP of Malta . Currently , Malta 's major resources are limestone , a favourable geographic location and a productive labour force . Malta produces only about 20 per cent of its food needs , has limited freshwater supplies because of the drought in the summer and has no domestic energy sources , aside from the potential for solar energy from its plentiful sunlight . The economy is dependent on foreign trade ( serving as a freight trans - shipment point ) , manufacturing ( especially electronics and textiles ) and tourism . Film production is a growing contributor to the Maltese economy . The first film was shot in Malta in 1925 ( Sons of the Sea ) ; over 100 feature films have been entirely or partially filmed in the country since then . Malta has served as a `` double '' for a wide variety of locations and historic periods including Ancient Greece , Ancient and Modern Rome , Iraq , the Middle East and many more . The Maltese government introduced financial incentives for filmmakers in 2005 . The current financial incentives to foreign productions as of 2015 stand at 25 per cent with an additional 2 per cent if Malta stands in as Malta ; meaning a production can get up to 27 per cent back on their eligible spending incurred in Malta . Malta is part of a monetary union , the eurozone ( dark blue ) The government is investing heavily in education , including college . In preparation for Malta 's membership in the European Union , which it joined on 1 May 2004 , it privatised some state - controlled firms and liberalised markets . For example , the government announced on 8 January 2007 that it was selling its 40 per cent stake in MaltaPost , to complete a privatisation process which has been ongoing for the past five years . In 2010 , Malta managed to privatise telecommunications , postal services , shipyards and shipbuilding . Malta has a financial regulator , the Malta Financial Services Authority ( MFSA ) , with a strong business development mindset , and the country has been successful in attracting gaming businesses , aircraft and ship registration , credit - card issuing banking licences and also fund administration . Service providers to these industries , including fiduciary and trustee business , are a core part of the growth strategy of the island . Malta has made strong headway in implementing EU Financial Services Directives including UCITs IV and soon AIFMD . As a base for alternative asset managers who must comply with new directives , Malta has attracted a number of key players including IDS , Iconic Funds , Apex Fund Services and TMF / Customs House . Malta and Tunisia are currently discussing the commercial exploitation of the continental shelf between their countries , particularly for petroleum exploration . These discussions are also undergoing between Malta and Libya for similar arrangements . Malta does not have a property tax . Its property market , especially around the harbour area , has been in constant boom , with the prices of apartments in some towns like St Julian 's , Sliema and Gzira skyrocketing . According to Eurostat data , Maltese GDP per capita stood at 88 per cent of the EU average in 2015 with € 21,000 . Banking and finance ( edit ) Portomaso Business Tower , the tallest building in Malta . The two largest commercial banks are Bank of Valletta and HSBC Bank Malta , both of which can trace their origins back to the 19th century . The Central Bank of Malta ( Bank Ċentrali ta ' Malta ) has two key areas of responsibility : the formulation and implementation of monetary policy and the promotion of a sound and efficient financial system . It was established by the Central Bank of Malta Act on 17 April 1968 . The Maltese government entered ERM II on 4 May 2005 , and adopted the euro as the country 's currency on 1 January 2008 . FinanceMalta is the quasi-governmental organisation tasked with marketing and educating business leaders in coming to Malta and runs seminars and events around the world highlighting the emerging strength of Malta as a jurisdiction for banking and finance and insurance . Transport ( edit ) Main articles : Transport in Malta and Malta bus Principal highways Traffic in Malta drives on the left . Car ownership in Malta is exceedingly high , considering the very small size of the islands ; it is the fourth - highest in the European Union . The number of registered cars in 1990 amounted to 182,254 , giving an automobile density of 577 / km ( 1,494 / sq mi ) . Malta has 2,254 kilometres ( 1,401 miles ) of road , 1,972 km ( 1,225 mi ) ( 87.5 per cent ) of which are paved and 282 km ( 175 mi ) were unpaved ( as of December 2003 ) . The main roads of Malta from the southernmost point to the northernmost point are these : Triq Birżebbuġa in Birżebbuġa , Għar Dalam Road and Tal - Barrani Road in Żejtun , Santa Luċija Avenue in Paola , Aldo Moro Street ( Trunk Road ) , 13 December Street and Ħamrun - Marsa Bypass in Marsa , Regional Road in Santa Venera / Msida / Gżira / San Ġwann , St Andrew 's Road in Swieqi / Pembroke , Malta , Coast Road in Baħar iċ - Ċagħaq , Salina Road , Kennedy Drive , St. Paul 's Bypass and Xemxija Hill in San Pawl il - Baħar , Mistra Hill , Wettinger Street ( Mellieħa Bypass ) and Marfa Road in Mellieħa . Maltese Otokar buses Buses ( xarabank or karozza tal - linja ) are the primary method of public transport . Established in 1905 , they operated in the Maltese islands up to 2011 and became popular tourist attractions in their own right . To this day they are depicted on many Maltese advertisements to promote tourism as well as on gifts and merchandise for tourists . The bus service underwent an extensive reform in July 2011 . The management structure changed from having self - employed drivers driving their own vehicles to a service being offered by a single company through a public tender ( in Gozo , being considered as a small network , the service was given through direct order ) . The public tender was won by Arriva Malta , a member of the Arriva group , which introduced a fleet of brand new buses , built by King Long especially for service by Arriva Malta and including a smaller fleet of articulated buses brought in from Arriva London . It also operated two smaller buses for an intra-Valletta route only and 61 nine - metre buses , which were used to ease congestion on high density routes . Overall Arriva Malta operated 264 buses . On 1 January 2014 Arriva ceased operations in Malta due to financial difficulties , having been nationalised as Malta Public Transport by the Maltese government , with a new bus operator planned to take over their operations in the near future . The government chose Autobuses Urbanos de León as its preferred bus operator for the country in October 2014 . The company took over the bus service on 8 January 2015 , while retaining the name Malta Public Transport . It introduced the pre-pay ' tallinja card ' . With lower fares than the walk - on rate , it can be topped up online . The card was initially not well received , as reported by several local news sites . During the first week of August 2015 , another 40 buses of the Turkish make Otokar arrived and were put into service . From 1883 to 1931 Malta had a railway line that connected Valletta to the army barracks at Mtarfa via Mdina and a number of towns and villages . The railway fell into disuse and eventually closed altogether , following the introduction of electric trams and buses . At the height of the bombing of Malta during the Second World War , Mussolini announced that his forces had destroyed the railway system , but by the time war broke out , the railway had been mothballed for more than nine years . Grand Harbour Malta Freeport , one of the largest European ports . Malta has three large natural harbours on its main island : The Grand Harbour ( or Port il - Kbir ) , located at the eastern side of the capital city of Valletta , has been a harbour since Roman times . It has several extensive docks and wharves , as well as a cruise liner terminal . A terminal at the Grand Harbour serves ferries that connect Malta to Pozzallo & Catania in Sicily . Marsamxett Harbour , located on the western side of Valletta , accommodates a number of yacht marinas . Marsaxlokk Harbour ( Malta Freeport ) , at Birżebbuġa on the south - eastern side of Malta , is the islands ' main cargo terminal . Malta Freeport is the 11th busiest container ports in continent of Europe and 46th in the World with a trade volume of 2.3 million TEU 's in 2008 . There are also two man - made harbours that serve a passenger and car ferry service that connects Ċirkewwa Harbour on Malta and Mġarr Harbour on Gozo . The ferry makes numerous runs each day . Malta International Airport Malta International Airport ( Ajruport Internazzjonali ta ' Malta ) is the only airport serving the Maltese islands . It is built on the land formerly occupied by the RAF Luqa air base . A heliport is also located there , but the scheduled service to Gozo ceased in 2006 . The heliport in Gozo is at Xewkija . Since June 2007 , Harbour Air Malta has operated a thrice - daily floatplane service between the sea terminal in Grand Harbour and Mgarr Harbour in Gozo . Two further airfields at Ta ' Qali and Ħal Far operated during the Second World War and into the 1960s but are now closed . Today , Ta ' Qali houses a national park , stadium , the Crafts Village visitor attraction and the Malta Aviation Museum . This museum preserves several aircraft , including Hurricane and Spitfire fighters that defended the island in the Second World War . An Air Malta Airbus A319 The national airline is Air Malta , which is based at Malta International Airport and operates services to 36 destinations in Europe and North Africa . The owners of Air Malta are the Government of Malta ( 98 per cent ) and private investors ( 2 percent ) . Air Malta employs 1,547 staff . It has a 25 per cent shareholding in Medavia . Air Malta has concluded over 191 interline ticketing agreements with other IATA airlines . It also has a codeshare agreement with Qantas covering three routes . In September 2007 , Air Malta made two agreements with Abu Dhabi - based Etihad Airways by which Air Malta wet - leased two Airbus aircraft to Etihad Airways for the winter period starting 1 September 2007 , and provided operational support on another Airbus A320 aircraft which it leased to Etihad Airways . Communications ( edit ) The mobile penetration rate in Malta exceeded 100 % by the end of 2009 . Malta uses the GSM 900 , UMTS ( 3G ) and LTE ( 4G ) mobile phone systems , which are compatible with the rest of the European countries , Australia and New Zealand . Telephone and cellular subscribers ' numbers have eight digits . There are no area codes in Malta , but after inception , the original first two numbers , and currently the 3rd and 4th digit , were assigned according to the locality . Fixed line telephone numbers have the prefix 21 and 27 , although businesses may have numbers starting 22 or 23 . An example would be 2 * 80 * * * * if from Żabbar , and 2 * 23 * * * * if from Marsa . Gozitan landline numbers generally are assigned 2 * 56 * * * * . Mobile telephone numbers have the prefix 77 , 79 , 98 or 99 . When calling Malta from abroad , one must first dial the international access code , then the country code + 356 and the subscriber 's number . The number of pay TV subscribers fell as customers switched to Internet Protocol television ( IPTV ) : the number of IPTV subscribers doubled in the six months to June 2012 . In late 2012 , GO began expanding its fibre - to - the - home ( FTTH ) network and capabilities , offering speeds of up to 200Mbit / s for its ' rapido ' service . In early 2012 , the government called for a national FttH network to be built , with a minimum broadband service being upgraded from 4Mbit / s to 100Mbit / s . Currency ( edit ) Main articles : Maltese euro coins and Euro gold and silver commemorative coins ( Malta ) Maltese euro coins feature the Maltese cross on € 2 and € 1 coins , the coat of arms of Malta on the € 0.50 , € 0.20 and € 0.10 coins , and the Mnajdra Temples on the € 0.05 , € 0.02 and € 0.01 coins . Malta has produced collectors ' coins with face value ranging from 10 to 50 euro . These coins continue an existing national practice of minting of silver and gold commemorative coins . Unlike normal issues , these coins are not legal tender in all the eurozone . For instance , a € 10 Maltese commemorative coin can not be used in any other country . From 1972 until introduction of the Euro in 2008 , the currency was the Maltese lira , which had replaced the Maltese pound . The pound replaced the Maltese scudo in 1825 . Tourism ( edit ) Mellieħa Bay beach Malta is a popular tourist destination , with 1.6 million tourists per year . Three times more tourists visit than there are residents . Tourism infrastructure has increased dramatically over the years and a number of hotels are present on the island , although overdevelopment and the destruction of traditional housing is of growing concern . An increasing number of Maltese now travel abroad on holiday . In recent years , Malta has advertised itself as a medical tourism destination , and a number of health tourism providers are developing the industry . However , no Maltese hospital has undergone independent international healthcare accreditation . Malta is popular with British medical tourists , pointing Maltese hospitals towards seeking UK - sourced accreditation , such as with the Trent Accreditation Scheme . Science and technology ( edit ) Malta signed a co-operation agreement with the European Space Agency ( ESA ) for more - intensive co-operation in ESA projects . The Malta Council for Science and Technology ( MCST ) is the civil body responsible for the development of science and technology on an educational and social level . Most science students in Malta graduate from the University of Malta and are represented by S - Cubed ( Science Student 's Society ) , UESA ( University Engineering Students Association ) and ICTSA ( University of Malta ICT Students ' Association ) . Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of Malta Census population and average annual growth rate Year Pop . ± % 1842 114,499 -- 1851 123,496 + 7.9 % 1861 134,055 + 8.6 % 1871 141,775 + 5.8 % 1881 149,782 + 5.6 % 1891 165,037 + 10.2 % 1901 184,742 + 11.9 % 1911 211,564 + 14.5 % 1921 212,258 + 0.3 % 1931 241,621 + 13.8 % 1948 305,991 + 26.6 % 1957 319,620 + 4.5 % 1967 314,216 − 1.7 % 1985 345,418 + 9.9 % 1995 378,132 + 9.5 % 2005 404,962 + 7.1 % 417,432 + 3.1 % Source : Malta conducts a census of population and housing every ten years . The census held in November 2005 counted an estimated 96 per cent of the population . A preliminary report was issued in April 2006 and the results were weighted to estimate for 100 per cent of the population . Native Maltese people make up the majority of the island . However , there are minorities , the largest of which are Britons , many of whom are retirees . The population of Malta as of July 2011 was estimated at 408,000 . As of 2005 , 17 per cent were aged 14 and under , 68 per cent were within the 15 -- 64 age bracket whilst the remaining 13 per cent were 65 years and over . Malta 's population density of 1,282 per square km ( 3,322 / sq mi ) is by far the highest in the EU and one of the highest in the world . By comparison , the average population density for the `` World ( land only , excluding Antarctica ) '' was 54 pop. / km2 as of July 2014 . The only census year showing a fall in population was that of 1967 , with a 1.7 per cent total decrease , attributable to a substantial number of Maltese residents who emigrated . The Maltese - resident population for 2004 was estimated to make up 97.0 per cent of the total resident population . All censuses since 1842 have shown a slight excess of females over males . The 1901 and 1911 censuses came closest to recording a balance . The highest female - to - male ratio was reached in 1957 ( 1088 : 1000 ) but since then the ratio has dropped continuously . The 2005 census showed a 1013 : 1000 female - to - male ratio . Population growth has slowed down , from + 9.5 per cent between the 1985 and 1995 censuses , to + 6.9 per cent between the 1995 and 2005 censuses ( a yearly average of + 0.7 per cent ) . The birth rate stood at 3860 ( a decrease of 21.8 per cent from the 1995 census ) and the death rate stood at 3025 . Thus , there was a natural population increase of 835 ( compared to + 888 for 2004 , of which over a hundred were foreign residents ) . Valletta , Malta 's capital city The population 's age composition is similar to the age structure prevalent in the EU . Since 1967 there was observed a trend indicating an ageing population , and is expected to continue in the foreseeable future . Malta 's old - age - dependency - ratio rose from 17.2 per cent in 1995 to 19.8 per cent in 2005 , reasonably lower than the EU 's 24.9 per cent average ; 31.5 per cent of the Maltese population is aged under 25 ( compared to the EU 's 29.1 per cent ) ; but the 50 -- 64 age group constitutes 20.3 per cent of the population , significantly higher than the EU 's 17.9 per cent . Malta 's old - age - dependency - ratio is expected to continue rising steadily in the coming years . Maltese legislation recognises both civil and canonical ( ecclesiastical ) marriages . Annulments by the ecclesiastical and civil courts are unrelated and are not necessarily mutually endorsed . Malta voted in favour of divorce legislation in a referendum held on 28 May 2011 . Abortion in Malta is illegal . A person must be 16 to marry . The number of brides aged under 25 decreased from 1471 in 1997 to 766 in 2005 ; while the number of grooms under 25 decreased from 823 to 311 . There is a constant trend that females are more likely than males to marry young . In 2005 there were 51 brides aged between 16 and 19 , compared to 8 grooms . At the end of 2007 the population of the Maltese Islands stood at 410,290 and is expected to reach 424,028 by 2025 . At the moment , females slightly outnumber males , making up 50.3 per cent of the population . The largest proportion of persons -- 7.5 per cent -- were aged 25 -- 29 , while there were 7.3 per cent falling into each of the 45 -- 49 and 55 -- 59 age brackets . The total fertility rate ( TFR ) as of 2013 was estimated at 1.53 children born / woman , which is below the replacement rate of 2 , 1 . In 2012 , 25.8 per cent of births were to unmarried women . The life expectancy in 2013 was estimated at 79.98 years ( 77.69 years male , 82.41 years female ) . Languages ( edit ) Main article : Languages of Malta See also : § Education The Maltese language ( Maltese : Malti ) is the constitutional national language of Malta , having become official , however , only in 1934 . Previously , Italian was the official and cultural language of Malta , in its Sicilian variant from the 12th century , and in its Tuscan variant from the 16th century . Alongside Maltese , English is also an official language of the country and hence the laws of the land are enacted both in Maltese and English . However , the Constitution states that if there is any conflict between the Maltese and the English texts of any law , the Maltese text shall prevail . The Constitution ( clause 5 - 2 ) also provides for the introduction of another official language ; this was originally intended as a loophole for the possible reintroduction of Italian as the traditional partner of Maltese at an opportune time . Maltese is a Semitic language descended from the now defunct Sicilian - Arabic ( Siculo - Arabic ) dialect ( from southern Italy ) . The Maltese alphabet consists of 30 letters based on the Latin alphabet , including the diacritically altered letters ż , ċ and ġ , as well as the letters għ , ħ , and ie . Maltese has a Semitic base with substantial borrowing from Sicilian , Italian , a little French , and more recently and increasingly , English . The hybrid character of Maltese was established by a long period of Maltese - Sicilian urban bilingualism gradually transforming rural speech and which ended in the early 19th century with Maltese emerging as the vernacular of the entire native population . The language includes different dialects that can vary greatly from one town to another or from one island to another . The Eurobarometer states that 100 per cent of the population speak Maltese . Also , 88 per cent of the population speak English , 66 per cent speak Italian , and 17 per cent speak French . This widespread knowledge of second languages makes Malta one of the most multilingual countries in the European Union . A study collecting public opinion on what language was `` preferred '' discovered that 86 per cent of the population express a preference for Maltese , 12 per cent for English , and 2 per cent for Italian . Still , Italian television channels from Italy - based broadcasters , such as Mediaset and RAI , reach Malta and remain popular . Largest cities ( edit ) Main article : List of cities in Malta Largest towns and cities in Malta Malta Government Gazette - Estimated Population by Locality 31st March , 2014 Rank Name Region Pop . Birkirkara Saint Paul 's Bay Birkirkara Central 22,247 Mosta Sliema Saint Paul 's Bay Northern 21,046 Mosta Northern 20,241 Sliema Central 16,854 5 Qormi Southern 16,779 6 Żabbar South Eastern 15,404 7 Naxxar Northern 13,443 8 San Ġwann Central 12,523 9 Marsaskala South Eastern 12,134 10 Żebbuġ Southern 11,903 Religion ( edit ) Main article : Religion in Malta Further information : History of the Jews in Malta , Christianity in Malta , and Islam in Malta See also : Mariam Al - Batool Mosque The façade of St. John 's Co-Cathedral The Constitution of Malta declares Catholicism as the state religion although entrenched provisions for the freedom of religion are made . St. Paul 's Cathedral in Mdina The predominant religion in Malta is Roman Catholicism . The Constitution of Malta establishes Catholicism as the state religion and it is also reflected in various elements of Maltese culture . Religion in Malta ( 2016 ) Roman Catholicism ( 88.6 % ) Jehovah 's Witnesses ( 0.4 % ) Other Christian ( 0.8 % ) Only believe in God ( 1.8 % ) Islam ( 2.6 % ) Other religions ( 1.3 % ) Atheists and non-religious ( 4.5 % ) There are more than 360 churches in Malta , Gozo and Comino , or one church for every 1,000 residents . The parish church ( Maltese : `` il - parroċċa '' , or `` il - knisja parrokkjali '' ) is the architectural and geographic focal point of every Maltese town and village , and its main source of civic pride . This civic pride manifests itself in spectacular fashion during the local village festas , which mark the day of the patron saint of each parish with marching bands , religious processions , special Masses , fireworks ( especially petards ) and other festivities . The Mosta Dome known as `` Ir - Rotunda '' Malta is an Apostolic See ; the Acts of the Apostles tells of how St. Paul , on his way from Jerusalem to Rome to face trial , was shipwrecked on the island of `` Melite '' , which many Bible scholars identify with Malta , an episode dated around AD 60 . As recorded in the Acts of the Apostles , St. Paul spent three months on the island on his way to Rome , curing the sick including the father of Publius , the `` chief man of the island '' . Various traditions are associated with this account . The shipwreck is said to have occurred in the place today known as St Paul 's Bay . The Maltese saint , Saint Publius is said to have been made Malta 's first bishop and a grotto in Rabat , now known as `` St Paul 's Grotto '' ( and in the vicinity of which evidence of Christian burials and rituals from the 3rd century AD has been found ) , is among the earliest known places of Christian worship on the island . Further evidence of Christian practices and beliefs during the period of Roman persecution appears in catacombs that lie beneath various sites around Malta , including St Paul 's Catacombs and St Agatha 's Catacombs in Rabat , just outside the walls of Mdina . The latter , in particular , were beautifully frescoed between 1200 and 1480 , although marauding Turks defaced many of them in the 1550s . There are also a number of cave churches , including the grotto at Mellieħa , which is a Shrine of the Nativity of Our Lady where , according to legend , St. Luke painted a picture of the Madonna . It has been a place of pilgrimage since medieval times . The Acts of the Council of Chalcedon record that in 451 AD a certain Acacius was Bishop of Malta ( Melitenus Episcopus ) . It is also known that in 501 AD , a certain Constantinus , Episcopus Melitenensis , was present at the Fifth Ecumenical Council . In 588 AD , Pope Gregory I deposed Tucillus , Miletinae civitatis episcopus and the clergy and people of Malta elected his successor Trajan in 599 AD . The last recorded Bishop of Malta before the invasion of the islands was a Greek named Manas , who was subsequently incarcerated at Palermo . Maltese historian Giovanni Francesco Abela states that following their conversion to Christianity at the hand of St. Paul , the Maltese retained their Christian religion , despite the Fatimid invasion . Abela 's writings describe Malta as a divinely ordained `` bulwark of Christian , European civilization against the spread of Mediterranean Islam '' . The native Christian community that welcomed Roger I of Sicily was further bolstered by immigration to Malta from Italy , in the 12th and 13th centuries . Żejtun city centre parish church For centuries , the Church in Malta was subordinate to the Diocese of Palermo , except when it was under Charles of Anjou , who appointed bishops for Malta , as did -- on rare occasions -- the Spanish and later , the Knights . Since 1808 all bishops of Malta have been Maltese . As a result of the Norman and Spanish periods , and the rule of the Knights , Malta became the devout Catholic nation that it is today . It is worth noting that the Office of the Inquisitor of Malta had a very long tenure on the island following its establishment in 1530 : the last Inquisitor departed from the Islands in 1798 , after the Knights capitulated to the forces of Napoleon Bonaparte . During the period of the Republic of Venice , several Maltese families emigrated to Corfu . Their descendants account for about two - thirds of the community of some 4,000 Catholics that now live on that island . The patron saints of Malta are Saint Paul , Saint Publius and Saint Agatha . Although not a patron saint , St George Preca ( San Ġorġ Preca ) is greatly revered as the second canonised Maltese saint after St. Publius Malta 's first acknowledged saint ( canonised in the year 1634 ) . Pope Benedict XVI canonised him on 3 June 2007 . Also , a number of Maltese individuals are recognised as Blessed , including Maria Adeodata Pisani and Nazju Falzon , with Pope John Paul II having beatified them in 2001 . Various Roman Catholic religious orders are present in Malta , including the Jesuits , Franciscans , Dominicans and Little Sisters of the Poor . Most congregants of the local Protestant churches are not Maltese ; their congregations draw on the many British retirees living in the country and vacationers from many other nations . There are approximately 600 Jehovah 's Witnesses . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) , the Bible Baptist Church , and the Fellowship of Evangelical Churches each have about 60 affiliates . There are also some churches of other denominations , including St. Andrew 's Scots Church in Valletta ( a joint Presbyterian and Methodist congregation ) and St Paul 's Anglican Cathedral , and a Seventh - day Adventist church in Birkirkara . A New Apostolic Church congregation was founded in 1983 in Gwardamangia . The Jewish population of Malta reached its peak in the Middle Ages under Norman rule . In 1479 , Malta and Sicily came under Aragonese rule and the Alhambra Decree of 1492 forced all Jews to leave the country , permitting them to take with them only a few of their belongings . Several dozen Maltese Jews may have converted to Christianity at the time to remain in the country . Today , there is one Jewish congregation . Zen Buddhism and the Bahá'í Faith claim some 40 members . There is one Muslim mosque , the Mariam Al - Batool Mosque . A Muslim primary school recently opened . Of the estimated 3,000 Muslims in Malta , approximately 2,250 are foreigners , approximately 600 are naturalised citizens , and approximately 150 are native - born Maltese . In a survey held by the Malta Today , it was found that approximately 4.5 per cent of the population of Malta gives no preference to any religious belief . Non-religious people have a higher risk to suffer from discrimination , such as lack of trust by society and unequal treatment by institutions . The number of Atheists has exponentially grown , by doubling from 2014 to 2016 . According to European standards , non-religious groups and individuals are considered to suffer from `` severe discrimination '' . By a constitutional amendment adhering to EU law , Malta gives the right for the freedom to any religion or none at all but de jure not de facto . Migration ( edit ) Inbound Migration ( edit ) African immigrants at the Ħal Far refugee camp . As an EU member state and a party to the Schengen Agreement , Malta applies the EU 's visa policy . This means that to enter the country : Nationals of the EU and the European Economic Area ( EEA ) ( Norway , Iceland and Liechtenstein ) and their special territories and of Switzerland require only a passport or a national identity card . Except for Croatian nationals , citizens of this category of countries do not require a permit to stay and work legally in Malta . Nationals of a number of non-EU and non-EEA countries ( most countries of the Western Balkans , most countries of the American continent , Australia , New Zealand , South Korea , Malaysia and Japan ) require only a passport and do not need a visa to reside in Malta for less than 90 days . Nationals of other countries need a passport and a visa to enter the country , visas being valid for one month . The estimated net inflow ( using data for 2002 to 2004 ) was of 1,913 persons yearly . Over the last 10 years , Malta accepted back a yearly average of 425 returning emigrants . During 2006 , 1,800 illegal immigrants reached Malta making the crossing from the North African coast . Most of them intended to reach mainland Europe and happened to come to Malta due to their sub-standard vessels breaking down or being caught by Maltese and other EU officials . In the first half of 2006 , 967 irregular immigrants arrived in Malta -- almost double the 473 who arrived in the same period in 2005 . Many immigrants have perished in the journey across the Mediterranean , with one notable incident being the May 2007 Malta migrant boat disaster . Since that time , there have been several additional boat sinkings , and only as recently as April 2015 , some 700 immigrants perished en route to Italy when their boat capsized . During 2014 alone , approximately 3,500 migrants drowned in their attempt to reach Europe . Around 45 % of immigrants landed in Malta have been granted refugee ( 5 % ) or protected humanitarian status ( 40 % ) . A White Paper suggesting the grant of Maltese citizenship to refugees resident in Malta for over ten years was issued in 2005 . Historically Malta gave refuge ( and assisted in their resettlement ) to eight hundred or so East African Asians who had been expelled from Uganda by Idi Amin and to just under a thousand Iraqis fleeing Saddam Hussein 's regime . Detention costs for the first half of 2006 cost € 746,385 . In 2005 , Malta sought EU aid in relation to reception of irregular immigrants , repatriation of those denied refugee status , resettlement of refugees into EU countries and maritime security . In December 2005 , the European Council adopted The Global Approach to Migration : Priority Actions focusing on Africa and the Mediterranean ; but the deployment of said actions has been limited to the western Mediterranean , thus putting further pressure on the central Mediterranean route for irregular immigration of which Malta forms a part . In January 2014 Malta started granting citizenship for a € 650,000 contribution plus investments , contingent on residence and criminal background requirements . Outbound Migration ( edit ) Child Migrants ' Memorial at the Valletta Waterfront , commemorating the 310 child migrants who travelled to Australia between 1950 and 1965 . In the 19th century , most emigration from Malta was to North Africa and the Middle East , although rates of return migration to Malta were high . Nonetheless , Maltese communities formed in these regions . By 1900 , for example , British consular estimates suggest that there were 15,326 Maltese in Tunisia , and in 1903 it was claimed that 15,000 people of Maltese origin were living in Algeria . Malta experienced significant emigration as a result of the collapse of a construction boom in 1907 and after the Second World War , when the birth rate increased significantly , but in the 20th century most emigrants went to destinations in the New World , particularly to Australia , Canada and the United States . After the Second World War , Malta 's Emigration Department would assist emigrants with the cost of their travel . Between 1948 and 1967 , 30 per cent of the population emigrated . Between 1946 and the late - 1970s , over 140,000 people left Malta on the assisted passage scheme , with 57.6 % migrating to Australia , 22 % to the UK , 13 % to Canada and 7 % to the United States . Maltese migration patterns ( 1946 -- 1996 ) Country To From Net migration Return % Australia 86,787 17,847 68,940 21.56 Canada 19,792 4,798 14,997 24.24 UK 31,489 12,659 18,830 40.20 USA 11,601 2,580 9,021 22.24 Other 1,647 907 740 55.07 Total 155,060 39,087 115,973 25.21 Emigration dropped dramatically after the mid-1970s and has since ceased to be a social phenomenon of significance . However , since Malta joined the EU in 2004 expatriate communities emerged in a number of European countries particularly in Belgium and Luxembourg . Education ( edit ) Main article : Education in Malta See also : List of schools in Malta University of Malta Library in Valletta Primary schooling has been compulsory since 1946 ; secondary education up to the age of sixteen was made compulsory in 1971 . The state and the Church provide education free of charge , both running a number of schools in Malta and Gozo , including De La Salle College in Cospicua , St. Aloysius ' College in Birkirkara , St. Paul 's Missionary College in Rabat , Malta , St. Joseph 's School in Blata l - Bajda and Saint Monica Girls ' School in Mosta . As of 2006 , state schools are organised into networks known as Colleges and incorporate kindergarten schools , primary and secondary schools . A number of private schools are run in Malta , including San Andrea School and San Anton School in the valley of L - Imselliet ( l / o Mġarr ) , St. Martin 's College in Swatar and St. Michael 's School in San Ġwann . St. Catherine 's High School , Pembroke offers an International Foundation Course for students wishing to learn English before entering mainstream education . As of 2008 , there are two international schools , Verdala International School and QSI Malta . The state pays a portion of the teachers ' salary in Church schools . Education in Malta is based on the British model . Primary school lasts six years . At the age of 11 pupils sit for an examination to enter a secondary school , either a church school ( the Common Entrance Examination ) or a state school . Pupils sit for SEC O - level examinations at the age of 16 , with passes obligatory in certain subjects such as mathematics , English and Maltese . Pupils may opt to continue studying at a sixth form college such as Gan Frangisk Abela Junior College , St. Aloysius ' College , Giovanni Curmi Higher Secondary , De La Salle College , St Edward 's College , or else at another post-secondary institution such as MCAST . The sixth form course lasts for two years , at the end of which students sit for the Matriculation examination . Subject to their performance , students may then apply for an undergraduate degree or diploma . The University of Malta ( U.o.M. ) provides Tertiary education at diploma , undergraduate and postgraduate level . The adult literacy rate is 99.5 per cent . Maltese and English are both used to teach pupils at primary and secondary school level , and both languages are also compulsory subjects . Public schools tend to use both Maltese and English in a balanced manner . Private schools prefer to use English for teaching , as is also the case with most departments of the University of Malta ; this has a limiting effect on the capacity and development of the Maltese language . Most university courses are in English . Of the total number of pupils studying a first foreign language at secondary level , 51 per cent take Italian whilst 38 per cent take French . Other choices include German , Russian , Spanish , Latin , Chinese and Arabic . Malta is also a popular destination to study the English language , attracting over 80,000 students in 2012 . Healthcare ( edit ) Main article : Healthcare in Malta The Sacra Infermeria was used as a hospital from the 16th to 20th centuries . It is now the Mediterranean Conference Centre . Mater Dei Hospital Medical Student taking blood pressure during an event organized by the local medical student association Malta has a long history of providing publicly funded health care . The first hospital recorded in the country was already functioning by 1372 . Today , Malta has both a public healthcare system , known as the government healthcare service , where healthcare is free at the point of delivery , and a private healthcare system . Malta has a strong general practitioner - delivered primary care base and the public hospitals provide secondary and tertiary care . The Maltese Ministry of Health advises foreign residents to take out private medical insurance . Malta also boasts voluntary organisations such as Alpha Medical ( Advanced Care ) , the Emergency Fire & Rescue Unit ( E.F.R.U. ) , St John Ambulance and Red Cross Malta who provide first aid / nursing services during events involving crowds . The Mater Dei Hospital , Malta 's primary hospital , opened in 2007 . It has one of the largest medical buildings in Europe . The University of Malta has a medical school and a Faculty of Health Sciences , the latter offering diploma , degree ( BSc ) and postgraduate degree courses in a number of health care disciplines . The Medical Association of Malta represents practitioners of the medical profession . The Malta Medical Students ' Association ( MMSA ) is a separate body representing Maltese medical students , and is a member of EMSA and IFMSA . MIME , the Maltese Institute for Medical Education , is an institute set up recently to provide CME to physicians in Malta as well as medical students . The Foundation Program followed in the UK has been introduced in Malta to stem the ' brain drain ' of newly graduated physicians to the British Isles . The Malta Association of Dental Students ( MADS ) is a student association set up to promote the rights of Dental Surgery Students studying within the faculty of Dental Surgery of the University of Malta . It is affiliated with IADS , the International Association of Dental Students . See also Health in Malta Culture ( edit ) Main article : Culture of Malta The culture of Malta reflects the various cultures from the Phoenicians to the British , that have come into contact with the Maltese Islands throughout the centuries , including neighbouring Mediterranean cultures , and the cultures of the nations that ruled Malta for long periods of time prior to its independence in 1964 . Music ( edit ) Main article : Music of Malta Manoel Theatre , Europe 's third - oldest working theatre . Now Malta 's National Theatre and home to the Malta Philharmonic Orchestra . While Maltese music today is largely Western , traditional Maltese music includes what is known as għana . This consists of background folk guitar music , while a few people , generally men , take it in turns to argue a point in a sing - song voice . The aim of the lyrics , which are improvised , is to create a friendly yet challenging atmosphere , and it takes a number of years of practice to be able to combine the required artistic qualities with the ability to debate effectively . Literature ( edit ) Main article : Maltese literature Documented Maltese literature is over 200 years old . However , a recently unearthed love ballad testifies to literary activity in the local tongue from the Medieval period . Malta followed a Romantic literary tradition , culminating in the works of Dun Karm Psaila , Malta 's National Poet . Subsequent writers like Ruzar Briffa and Karmenu Vassallo tried to estrange themselves from the rigidity of formal themes and versification . The next generation of writers , including Karl Schembri and Immanuel Mifsud , widened the tracks further , especially in prose and poetry , Typical architecture built in recent years in Malta . Art and architecture ( edit ) Lower Barrakka Gardens Maltese architecture has been influenced by many different Mediterranean cultures and British architecture over its history . The first settlers on the island constructed Ġgantija , one of the oldest manmade freestanding structures in the world . The Neolithic temple builders 3800 -- 2500 BC endowed the numerous temples of Malta and Gozo with intricate bas relief designs , including spirals evocative of the tree of life and animal portraits , designs painted in red ochre , ceramics and a vast collection of human form sculptures , particularly the Venus of Malta . These can be viewed at the temples themselves ( most notably , the Hypogeum and Tarxien Temples ) , and at the National Museum of Archaeology in Valletta . Malta 's temples such as Imnajdra are full of history and have a story behind them . Malta is currently undergoing several large - scale building projects , including the construction of SmartCity Malta , the M - Towers and Pendergardens , while areas such as the Valletta Waterfront and Tigné Point have been or are being renovated . The Roman period introduced highly decorative mosaic floors , marble colonnades and classical statuary , remnants of which are beautifully preserved and presented in the Roman Domus , a country villa just outside the walls of Mdina . The early Christian frescoes that decorate the catacombs beneath Malta reveal a propensity for eastern , Byzantine tastes . These tastes continued to inform the endeavours of medieval Maltese artists , but they were increasingly influenced by the Romanesque and Southern Gothic movements . Towards the end of the 15th century , Maltese artists , like their counterparts in neighbouring Sicily , came under the influence of the School of Antonello da Messina , which introduced Renaissance ideals and concepts to the decorative arts in Malta . Saint Jerome Writing , by Caravaggio . Held in St John 's Co-Cathedral , Valletta . The artistic heritage of Malta blossomed under the Knights of St. John , who brought Italian and Flemish Mannerist painters to decorate their palaces and the churches of these islands , most notably , Matteo Perez d'Aleccio , whose works appear in the Magisterial Palace and in the Conventual Church of St. John in Valletta , and Filippo Paladini , who was active in Malta from 1590 to 1595 . For many years , Mannerism continued to inform the tastes and ideals of local Maltese artists . The arrival in Malta of Caravaggio , who painted at least seven works during his 15 - month stay on these islands , further revolutionised local art . Two of Caravaggio 's most notable works , The Beheading of Saint John the Baptist and Saint Jerome Writing , are on display in the Oratory of the Conventual Church of St. John . His legacy is evident in the works of local artists Giulio Cassarino ( 1582 -- 1637 ) and Stefano Erardi ( 1630 -- 1716 ) . However , the Baroque movement that followed was destined to have the most enduring impact on Maltese art and architecture . The glorious vault paintings of the celebrated Calabrese artist , Mattia Preti transformed the severe , Mannerist interior of the Conventual Church St. John into a Baroque masterpiece . Preti spent the last 40 years of his life in Malta , where he created many of his finest works , now on display in the Museum of Fine Arts in Valletta . During this period , local sculptor Melchior Gafà ( 1639 -- 1667 ) emerged as one of the top Baroque sculptors of the Roman School . The Siege of Malta -- Flight of the Turks , by Matteo Perez d'Aleccio During the 17th and 18th century , Neapolitan and Rococo influences emerged in the works of the Italian painters Luca Giordano ( 1632 -- 1705 ) and Francesco Solimena ( 1657 -- 1747 ) , and these developments can be seen in the work of their Maltese contemporaries such as Giovanni Nicola Buhagiar ( 1698 -- 1752 ) and Francesco Zahra ( 1710 -- 1773 ) . The Rococo movement was greatly enhanced by the relocation to Malta of Antoine de Favray ( 1706 -- 1798 ) , who assumed the position of court painter to Grand Master Pinto in 1744 . Neo-classicism made some inroads among local Maltese artists in the late - 18th century , but this trend was reversed in the early 19th century , as the local Church authorities -- perhaps in an effort to strengthen Catholic resolve against the perceived threat of Protestantism during the early days of British rule in Malta -- favoured and avidly promoted the religious themes embraced by the Nazarene movement of artists . Romanticism , tempered by the naturalism introduced to Malta by Giuseppe Calì , informed the `` salon '' artists of the early 20th century , including Edward and Robert Caruana Dingli . Parliament established the National School of Art in the 1920s . During the reconstruction period that followed the Second World War , the emergence of the `` Modern Art Group '' , whose members included Josef Kalleya ( 1898 -- 1998 ) , George Preca ( 1909 -- 1984 ) , Anton Inglott ( 1915 -- 1945 ) , Emvin Cremona ( 1919 -- 1986 ) , Frank Portelli ( b . 1922 ) , Antoine Camilleri ( b . 1922 ) and Esprit Barthet ( b . 1919 ) greatly enhanced the local art scene . In Valletta , the National Museum of Fine Arts features work from artists such as H. Craig Hanna . Cuisine ( edit ) Main articles : Maltese cuisine and List of Maltese dishes Pastizzi , a typical Maltese snack Ftira , a type of Maltese bread Maltese cuisine shows strong Sicilian and English influences as well as influences of Spanish , Maghrebin and Provençal cuisines . A number of regional variations , particularly with regards to Gozo , can be noted as well as seasonal variations associated with the seasonal availability of produce and Christian feasts ( such as Lent , Easter and Christmas ) . Food has been important historically in the development of a national identity in particular the traditional fenkata ( i.e. , the eating of stewed or fried rabbit ) . Customs ( edit ) Main article : Maltese folklore A 2010 Charities Aid Foundation study found that the Maltese were the most generous people in the world , with 83 % contributing to charity . Maltese folktales include various stories about mysterious creatures and supernatural events . These were most comprehensively compiled by the scholar ( and pioneer in Maltese archaeology ) Manwel Magri in his core criticism `` Ħrejjef Missirijietna '' ( `` Fables from our Forefathers '' ) . This collection of material inspired subsequent researchers and academics to gather traditional tales , fables and legends from all over the Archipelago . Magri 's work also inspired a series of comic books ( released by Klabb Kotba Maltin in 1984 ) : the titles included Bin is - Sultan Jiźźewweġ x-Xebba tat - Tronġiet Mewwija and Ir - Rjieħ . Many of these stories have been popularly re-written as Children 's literature by authors writing in Maltese , such as Trevor Żahra . While giants , witches and dragons feature in many of the stories , some contain entirely Maltese creatures like the Kaw kaw , Il - Belliegħa and L - Imħalla among others . The traditional Maltese obsession with maintaining spiritual ( or ritual ) purity means that many of these creatures have the role of guarding forbidden or restricted areas and attacking individuals who broke the strict codes of conduct that characterised the island 's pre-industrial society . Traditions ( edit ) Traditional Maltese proverbs reveal a cultural importance of childbearing and fertility : `` iż - żwieġ mingħajr tarbija ma fihx tgawdija '' ( a childless marriage can not be a happy one ) . This is a belief that Malta shares with many other Mediterranean cultures . In Maltese folktales the local variant of the classic closing formula , `` and they all lived happily ever after '' is `` u għammru u tgħammru , u spiċċat '' ( and they lived together , and they had children together , and the tale is finished ) . Rural Malta shares in common with Mediterranean society a number of superstitions regarding fertility , menstruation and pregnancy , including the avoidance of cemeteries during the months leading up to childbirth , and avoiding the preparation of certain foods during menses . Pregnant women are encouraged to satisfy their cravings for specific foods , out of fear that their unborn child will bear a representational birth mark ( Maltese : xewqa , literally `` desire '' or `` craving '' ) . Maltese and Sicilian women also share certain traditions that are believed to predict the sex of an unborn child , such as the cycle of the moon on the anticipated date of birth , whether the baby is carried `` high '' or `` low '' during pregnancy , and the movement of a wedding ring , dangled on a string above the abdomen ( sideways denoting a girl , back and forth denoting a boy ) . Traditionally , Maltese newborns were baptised as promptly as possible , should the child die in infancy without receiving this vital Sacrament ; and partly because according to Maltese ( and Sicilian ) folklore an unbaptised child is not yet a Christian , but `` still a Turk '' . Traditional Maltese delicacies served at a baptismal feast include biskuttini tal - magħmudija ( almond macaroons covered in white or pink icing ) , it - torta tal - marmorata ( a spicy , heart - shaped tart of chocolate - flavoured almond paste ) , and a liqueur known as rożolin , made with rose petals , violets and almonds . On a child 's first birthday , in a tradition that still survives today , Maltese parents would organise a game known as il - quċċija , where a variety of symbolic objects would be randomly placed around the seated child . These may include a hard - boiled egg , a Bible , crucifix or rosary beads , a book , and so on . Whichever object the child shows most interest in is said to reveal the child 's path and fortunes in adulthood . Money refers to a rich future while a book expresses intelligence and a possible career as a teacher . Infants who select a pencil or pen will be writers . Choosing Bibles or rosary beads refers to a clerical or monastic life . If the child chooses a hard - boiled egg , it will have a long life and many children . More recent additions include calculators ( refers to accounting ) , thread ( fashion ) and wooden spoons ( cooking and a great appetite ) . Re-enactment of a traditional Maltese 18th century wedding Traditional Maltese weddings featured the bridal party walking in procession beneath an ornate canopy , from the home of the bride 's family to the parish church , with singers trailing behind serenading the bride and groom . The Maltese word for this custom is il - ġilwa . This custom along with many others has long since disappeared from the islands , in the face of modern practices . New wives would wear the għonnella , a traditional item of Maltese clothing . However , it is no longer worn in modern Malta . Today 's couples are married in churches or chapels in the village or town of their choice . The nuptials are usually followed by a lavish and joyous wedding reception , often including several hundred guests . Occasionally , couples will try to incorporate elements of the traditional Maltese wedding in their celebration . A resurgent interest in the traditional wedding was evident in May 2007 , when thousands of Maltese and tourists attended a traditional Maltese wedding in the style of the 16th century , in the village of Żurrieq . This included il - ġilwa , which led the bride and groom to a wedding ceremony that took place on the parvis of St. Andrew 's Chapel . The reception that followed featured folklore music ( għana ) and dancing . Festivals ( edit ) The statue of St. George at the festa of Victoria , Gozo . Local festivals , similar to those in Southern Italy , are commonplace in Malta and Gozo , celebrating weddings , christenings and , most prominently , saints ' days , honouring the patron saint of the local parish . On saints ' days , the festa reaches its apex with a High Mass featuring a sermon on the life and achievements of the patron saint , after which a statue of the religious patron is taken around the local streets in solemn procession , with the faithful following in respectful prayer . The atmosphere of religious devotion quickly gives way to several days of celebration and revelry : band processions , fireworks , and late - night parties . Carnival ( Maltese : il - karnival ta ' Malta ) has had an important place on the cultural calendar after Grand Master Piero de Ponte introduced it to the islands in 1535 . It is held during the week leading up to Ash Wednesday , and typically includes masked balls , fancy dress and grotesque mask competitions , lavish late - night parties , a colourful , ticker - tape parade of allegorical floats presided over by King Carnival ( Maltese : ir - Re tal - Karnival ) , marching bands and costumed revellers . Holy Week ( Maltese : il - Ġimgħa Mqaddsa ) starts on Palm Sunday ( Ħadd il - Palm ) and ends on Easter Sunday ( Ħadd il - Għid ) . Numerous religious traditions , most of them inherited from one generation to the next , are part of the paschal celebrations in the Maltese Islands , honouring the death and resurrection of Jesus . Mnarja , or l - Imnarja ( pronounced lim - nar - ya ) is one of the most important dates on the Maltese cultural calendar . Officially , it is a national festival dedicated to the feast of Saints Peter and St. Paul . Its roots can be traced back to the pagan Roman feast of Luminaria ( literally , `` the illumination '' ) , when torches and bonfires lit up the early summer night of 29 June . A national feast since the rule of the Knights , Mnarja is a traditional Maltese festival of food , religion and music . The festivities still commence today with the reading of the `` bandu '' , an official governmental announcement , which has been read on this day in Malta since the 16th century . Originally , Mnarja was celebrated outside St. Paul 's Grotto , in the north of Malta . However , by 1613 the focus of the festivities had shifted to the Cathedral of St. Paul , in Mdina , and featured torchlight processions , the firing of 100 petards , horseraces , and races for men , boys and slaves . Modern Mnarja festivals take place in and around the woodlands of Buskett , just outside the town of Rabat . It is said that under the Knights , this was the one day in the year when the Maltese were allowed to hunt and eat wild rabbit , which was otherwise reserved for the hunting pleasures of the Knights . The close connection between Mnarja and rabbit stew ( Maltese : `` fenkata '' ) remains strong today . In 1854 British governor William Reid launched an agricultural show at Buskett which is still being held today . The farmers ' exhibition is still a seminal part of the Mnarja festivities today . Mnarja today is one of the few occasions when participants may hear traditional Maltese `` għana '' . Traditionally , grooms would promise to take their brides to Mnarja during the first year of marriage . For luck , many of the brides would attend in their wedding gown and veil , although this custom has long since disappeared from the islands . Isle of MTV is a one - day music festival produced and broadcast on an annual basis by MTV . The festival has been arranged annually in Malta since 2007 , with major pop artists performing each year . 2012 saw the performances of worldwide acclaimed artists Flo Rida , Nelly Furtado and Will.I.Am at Fosos Square in Floriana . Over 50,000 people attended , which marked the biggest attendance so far . In 2009 the first New Year 's Eve street party was organised in Malta , parallel to what major countries in the world organise . Although the event was not highly advertised , and was controversial due to the closing of an arterial street on the day , it is deemed to have been successful and will most likely be organised every year . The Malta International Fireworks Festival is an annual festival that has been arranged in the Grand Harbour of Valletta since 2003 . The festival offers fireworks displays of a number of Maltese as well as foreign fireworks factories . The festival is usually held in the last week of April every year . Media ( edit ) Further information : List of newspapers in Malta , List of radio stations in Malta , and Television in Malta The most widely read and financially the strongest newspapers are published by Allied Newspapers Ltd. , mainly The Times ( 27 per cent ) and The Sunday Times ( 51.6 per cent ) . Due to bilingualism half of the newspapers are published in English and the other half in Maltese . The Sunday newspaper It - Torċa ( `` The Torch '' ) published by the Union Press , a subsidiary of the General Workers ' Union , is the widest Maltese language paper . Its sister paper , L - Orizzont ( `` The Horizon '' ) , is the Maltese daily with biggest circulation . There is a high number of daily or weekly newspapers ; there is one paper for every 28,000 people . Advertising , sales and subsidies are the three main methods of financing newspapers and magazines . However , most of the papers and magazines tied to institutions are subsidised by the same institutions , they depend on advertising or subsidies from their owners . There are eight terrestrial television channels in Malta : TVM , TVM2 , Parliament TV , One , NET Television , Smash Television , F Living and Xejk . These channels are transmitted by digital terrestrial , free - to - air signals on UHF channel 66 . The state and political parties subsidise most of the funding of these television stations . TVM , TVM2 and Parliament TV are operated by Public Broadcasting Services , the national broadcaster and member of the EBU . Media. link Communications Ltd. , the owner of NET Television , and One Productions Ltd. , the owner of One , are affiliated with the Nationalist and Labour parties , respectively . The rest are privately owned . The Malta Broadcasting Authority supervises all local broadcasting stations and ensures their compliance with legal and licence obligations as well as the preservation of due impartiality ; in respect of matters of political or industrial controversy or relating to current public policy ; while fairly apportioning broadcasting facilities and time between persons belong to different political parties . The Broadcasting Authority ensures that local broadcasting services consist of public , private and community broadcasts that offer varied and comprehensive programming to cater for all interests and tastes . The Malta Communications Authority reported that there were 147,896 pay TV subscriptions active at the end of 2012 , which includes analogue and digital cable , pay digital terrestrial TV and IPTV . For reference the latest census counts 139,583 households in Malta . Satellite reception is available to receive other European television networks such as the BBC from Great Britain and RAI and Mediaset from Italy . Holidays ( edit ) Maltese public holidays Day Holiday 1 January New Year 's Day 10 February St. Paul 's Shipwreck 19 March St. Joseph 31 March Freedom Day March / April ( date changes ) Good Friday 1 May Labour Day 7 June Sette Giugno 29 June St. Peter and St. Paul ( L - Imnarja ) 15 August The Assumption ( Santa Marija ) 8 September Our Lady of Victories 21 September Independence Day 8 December Immaculate Conception 13 December Republic Day 25 December Christmas Day Sport ( edit ) The Ta ' Qali National Stadium is the home ground of the Malta national football team Association football ( soccer ) is the most popular sport in Malta . The national stadium is called Ta ' Qali Stadium . The national football team has won several matches over big opponents that reached the final phases in World Cups , such as Belgium and Hungary . Recently a large number of football grounds have been built throughout the island . The top football league in Malta is called the Maltese Premier League , and consists of 12 teams . Futsal is also very popular . Water polo is also very popular in Malta . The Malta national water polo team has achieved some great results against strong teams , and has competed in the Olympics twice . Maltese clubs participate in the European Club competitions organised by LEN , are seen as being in the top 10 water polo leagues in Europe . Rugby league is played in Malta . In September 2015 the national men 's team was ranked 23rd in the world . The national team are known as the Malta Knights , and boast players currently playing in the European Superleague such as Jarrod Sammut , Jake Mamo , the most famous player to come from Malta would be former South Sydney Rabbitohs , Mario Fenech . Rugby union is popular in Malta . In March 2014 the national men 's team was ranked 43rd in the world . They have recently been achieving great success , defeating teams including Sweden , Croatia and Latvia . Motorsport includes drag racing represented by the Malta Drag Racing Association , with recent high ranking Maltese dragsters in official FIA European championships . There is also autocross ( ASMK ) , hill climb ( Island Car Club ) , motocross , karting and banger racing championships . Malta also hosts a snooker round , the Malta Cup , which as of 2008 became a non-ranking event . In 2008 Malta 's Tony Drago was a member of a victorious European Mosconi Cup team , which was played in Portomaso , Malta . Claudio Cassar was World Blackball Champion in 2014 . Boxer Jeff Fenech is of Maltese descent . Recently contact sports such as Boxing and Kickboxing have become increasingly popular . Malta is a good place for surfing and offers a lot of different surf spots . During winter time most of the beaches transform into surfer hangouts . Along with other sports , tennis is a popular activity in Malta and Gozo . The islands offer a wide range of options for both beginners and elite players . Clubs are spread out across Malta and games are being played on a regular basis all year around . There are over 1,200 rock climbing routes in Malta . The island offers a mixture of both trad climbing and sport climbing and also offers a good variety of bouldering and deep water soloing . The geography and small size of the island makes the climbing easily accessible . The sport is growing in popularity with local communities , as well as tourists and visitors . Boċċi is the Maltese version of the Italian game of bocce , French pétanque and British bowls . Other than certain differences in rules and the ground on which the game is played , one of the most obvious differences between Maltese boċċi and foreign equivalents is the shape of the bowls themselves which tend to be cylindrical rather than spherical in shape . Many small clubs ( usually called Klabbs tal - Boċċi in Maltese ) can be found in Maltese and Gozitan localities , and are usually well - frequented and are quite active on a local and European level . See also ( edit ) Malta portal Outline of Malta Index of Malta - related articles Sovereign Military Order of Malta References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Maltese sign language to be recognized as an official language of Malta '' . The Malta Independent . ^ Jump up to : Census 2011 . National Statistics Office , Malta ^ Jump up to : Zammit , Andre ( 1986 ) . `` Valletta and the system of human settlements in the Maltese Islands '' . Ekistics . Athens Center of Ekistics. 53 ( 316 / 317 ) : 89 -- 95 . JSTOR 43620704 . ^ Jump up to : `` Estimated Population by Locality 31st March , 2014 '' . Government of Malta. 16 May 2014 . Archived from the original on 21 June 2015 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Malta '' . International Monetary Fund . Jump up ^ `` Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income ( source : SILC ) '' . Eurostat Data Explorer . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Human Development Report '' . United Nations Development Programme. 2016 . Retrieved 25 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Lesley , Anne Rose ( 15 April 2009 ) . Frommer 's Malta and Gozo Day by Day . John Wiley & Sons . p. 139 . ISBN 0470746106 . Jump up ^ Chapman , David ; Cassar , Godwin ( October 2004 ) . `` Valletta '' . Cities . 21 ( 5 ) : 451 -- 463 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cities. 2004.07. 001 . ^ Jump up to : Ashby , Thomas ( 1915 ) . `` Roman Malta '' . 5 . Journal of Roman Studies : 23 -- 80 . JSTOR 296290 . doi : 10.2307 / 296290 . Archived from the original on 5 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Bonanno , Anthony ( ed . ) . Malta and Sicily : Miscellaneous research projects ( PDF ) . Palermo : Officina di Studi Medievali . ISBN 8888615830 . Jump up ^ `` European Microstates '' . Traveltips24.com. 22 December 2008 . Archived from the original on 14 May 2012 . Retrieved 31 March 2009 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Sultana , Ronald G. ( 1998 ) . `` Career guidance in Malta : A Mediterranean microstate in transition '' ( PDF ) . International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling. 20 : 3 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1005386004103 . Jump up ^ `` The Microstate Environmental World Cup : Malta vs. San Marino '' . Environmentalgraffiti.com. 15 December 2007 . Archived from the original on 25 January 2013 . Retrieved 31 March 2009 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Things to See and Do in Malta '' . Mercury Direct . 12 June 2012 . Archived from the original on 16 June 2012 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Boissevain , Jeremy ( 1984 ) . `` Ritual Escalation in Malta '' . In Eric R. Wolf . Religion , Power and Protest in Local Communities : The Northern Shore of the Mediterranean . Walter de Gruyter . p. 165 . ISBN 9783110097771 . ISSN 1437 - 5370 . Jump up ^ Rudolf , Uwe Jens ; Berg , Warren G. ( 2010 ) . Historical Dictionary of Malta . Scarecrow Press . pp. 1 -- 11 . ISBN 9780810873902 . Jump up ^ `` GEORGE CROSS AWARD COMMEMORATION '' . VisitMalta.com. 14 April 2015 . Archived from the original on 3 April 2015 . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Should the George Cross still be on Malta 's flag ? '' . Times of Malta. 29 April 2012 . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Broadcast 1967 '' . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Acts 27 : 39 -- 28 : 11 . Wikisource ^ Jump up to : Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) . `` Malta '' . The World Factbook . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 1 -- The Republic of Malta '' . Legal - Malta . Archived from the original on 27 August 2011 . Retrieved 4 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hal Saflieni Hypogeum '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` City of Valletta '' . UNESCO . Archived from the original on 25 March 2016 . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Megalithic Temples of Malta '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Malta Temples and The OTS Foundation '' . Otsf.org . Retrieved 31 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Daniel Cilia , Malta Before History ( 2004 : Miranda Publishers ) ISBN 9990985081 Jump up ^ `` Malta 's iconic Azure Window , seen in Game of Thrones , crumbles into sea during heavy storms '' . ABC . Jump up ^ μέλι . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project . ^ Jump up to : Castillo , Dennis Angelo ( 2006 ) . The Maltese Cross : A Strategic History of Malta . Greenwood Publishing Group . Jump up ^ Melita . Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short . A Latin Dictionary on Perseus Project . Jump up ^ Pickles , Tim ( 1998 ) . Malta 1565 : Last Battle of the Crusades . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 603 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Renaming Malta the Republic of Phoenicia '' . Times of Malta . Allied Newspapers Ltd . Jump up ^ Smith , William ( 1872 ) . John Murray , ed . A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. II . p. 320 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gozo '' . IslandofGozo.org. 7 October 2007 . Archived from the original on 22 August 2008 . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` gozo '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Bonanno 2005 , p. 22 Jump up ^ Dennis Angelo Castillo ( 2006 ) . The Maltese Cross A Strategic History of Malta . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32329 - 4 . Jump up ^ Victor Paul Borg ( 2001 ) . Malta and Gozo . Rough Guides . p. 331 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85828 - 680 - 8 . Jump up ^ So who are the ' real ' Maltese . There 's a gap between 800 and 1200 where there is no record of civilisation . It does n't mean the place was completely uninhabited . There may have been a few people living here and there , but not much ... ... ... The Arab influence on the Maltese language is not a result of Arab rule in Malta , Prof. Felice said . The influence is probably indirect , since the Arabs raided the island and left no - one behind , except for a few people . There are no records of civilisation of any kind at the time . The kind of Arabic used in the Maltese language is most likely derived from the language spoken by those that repopulated the island from Sicily in the early second millennium ; it is known as Siculo - Arab . The Maltese are mostly descendants of these people . Jump up ^ The origin of the Maltese surnames . Ibn Khaldun puts the expulsion of Islam from the Maltese Islands to the year 1249 . It is not clear what actually happened then , except that the Maltese language , derived from Arabic , certainly survived . Either the number of Christians was far larger than Giliberto had indicated , and they themselves already spoke Maltese , or a large proportion of the Muslims themselves accepted baptism and stayed behind . Henri Bresc has written that there are indications of further Muslim political activity on Malta during the last Suabian years . Anyhow there is no doubt that by the beginning of Angevin times no professed Muslim Maltese remained either as free persons or even as serfs on the island . Jump up ^ Holland , James ( 2003 ) . Fortress Malta An Island Under Siege 1940 - 43 . Miramax . ISBN 1 - 4013 - 5186 - 7 . Jump up ^ Palaeolithic Man in the Maltese Islands , A. Mifsud , C. Savona - Ventura , S. Mifsud Jump up ^ Skeates , Robin ( 2010 ) . An Archaeology of the Senses : Prehistoric Malta . Oxford University Press . pp. 124 -- 132 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 921660 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Brief History of Malta '' . LocalHistories.org. 7 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Anthon , Charles ( 1848 ) . A Classical Dictionary : Containing an Account of the Principal Proper Names . New York Public Library . Jump up ^ `` Old Temples Study Foundation '' . OTSF . Retrieved 31 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , Sean ( 2000 ) . Malta . Marshall Cavendish . ISBN 0 - 7614 - 0993 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Archaeology and prehistory '' . Aberystwyth , The University of Wales . Archived from the original on 12 December 2008 . Retrieved 31 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Visit Malta - Malta , Gozo , Comino - Museums in Malta - Museum of Archaeology '' . Visitmalta.com . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ancient mystery solved by geographers '' . Port.ac.uk. 20 April 2009 . Archived from the original on 29 December 2010 . Retrieved 14 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Mottershead , Derek ; Pearson , Alastair ; Schaefer , Martin ( 2008 ) . `` The cart ruts of Malta : an applied geomorphology approach '' . Antiquity. 82 ( 318 ) : 1065 -- 1079 . doi : 10.1017 / S0003598X00097787 . Jump up ^ Daniel Cilia , `` Malta Before Common Era '' , in The Megalithic Temples of Malta . Retrieved 28 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Piccolo , Salvatore ; Darvill , Timothy ( 2013 ) . Ancient Stones , The Prehistoric Dolmens of Sicily . Abingdon / GB : Brazen Head Publishing . ISBN 9780956510624 . Jump up ^ `` Notable dates in Malta 's history '' . Department of Information -- Maltese Government . 6 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Owen , Charles ( 1969 ) . The Maltese Islands . Praeger . Jump up ^ `` Mdina & The Knights '' . Edrichton.com . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Cassar 2000 , pp. 53 -- 55 ^ Jump up to : Terterov , Marat ( 2005 ) . Doing Business with Malta . GMB Publishing Ltd . ISBN 1 - 905050 - 63 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Malta '' . www.treccani.it ( in Italian ) . Enciclopedia Italiana . Retrieved 2 November 2015 . Jump up ^ The Art Journal : The Illustrated Catalogue of the Industry of All Nations , Volume 2 . Virtue. 1853 . p. vii . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Volume 16 , Issue 1 '' . Fondazzjoni Patrimonju Malti . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cassar 2000 , pp. 56 -- 57 Jump up ^ `` 218 BC -- 395 AD Roman Coinage '' . www.centralbankmalta.org . Bank of Malta . Archived from the original on 26 January 2015 . Retrieved 2 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Caruana , A.A. ( 1888 ) . `` Remains of an Ancient Greek Building Discovered in Malta '' . The American Journal of Archaeology and of the History of the Fine Arts . Valletta , Malta. 4 ( 4 ) : 450 -- 454 . JSTOR 496131 . doi : 10.2307 / 496131 . Jump up ^ `` Roman Times '' . visitmalta.com . Jump up ^ Brown , Thomas S. ( 1991 ) . `` Malta '' . In Kazhdan , Alexander . Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . p. 1277 . ISBN 0195046528 . Jump up ^ Edwards , I.E.S. ; Gadd , C.J. ; Hammond , N.G.L. ( 1975 ) . The Cambridge Ancient History . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 08691 - 2 . Jump up ^ Troll , Christian W. ; Hewer , C.T.R. ( 12 September 2012 ) . `` Journeying toward God '' . Christian Lives Given to the Study of Islam . Fordham Univ Press . p. 258 . ISBN 9780823243198 . Jump up ^ `` Brief history of Sicily '' ( PDF ) . Archaeology.Stanford.edu. 7 October 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Travel Malta . The Arab period and the Middle Ages : MobileReference . ISBN 9781611982794 . Jump up ^ Brincat , M.J. ( 1995 ) Malta 870 -- 1054 Al - Himyari 's Account and its Linguistic Implications . Valletta , Malta : Said International . Jump up ^ Wilson , Andrew ( 2006 ) . Corpus Linguistics Around the World . Rodopi . ISBN 90 - 420 - 1836 - 4 . Jump up ^ Bain , Carolyn ( 2004 ) . Malta & Gozo . Lonely Planet . ISBN 1 - 74059 - 178 - X . Jump up ^ Previté - Orton ( 1971 ) , pg. 507 -- 11 Jump up ^ Blouet , B. ( 1987 ) The Story of Malta . Third Edition . Malta : Progress Press , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Blouet , B. ( 1987 ) The Story of Malta . Third Edition . Malta : Progress Press , p. 37 - 38 . Jump up ^ Martin , Robert Montgomery ( 1843 ) . History of the colonies of the British Empire , W.H. Allen , p. 569 : `` Malta remained for 72 years subject of the emperors of Germany . The island was after the period of Count Roger of the Normans afterwards given up to the Germans , on account of the marriage between Constance , heiress of Sicily , and Henry VI , son of the Emperor Friedrick Barbarossa . Malta was elevated to a county and a marquisate , but its trade was now totally ruined , and for a considerable period of it remained solely a fortified garrison . '' Jump up ^ `` Time - Line '' . AboutMalta.com. 7 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Goodwin , Stefan ( 2002 ) . Malta , Mediterranean bridge , Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 31 ISBN 0897898206 . Jump up ^ Peregin , Christian ( 4 August 2008 ) . `` Maltese makeover '' . The Times . Malta . Jump up ^ Malta under the Angevins . melitensiawth.com Jump up ^ `` Superintendance of Cultural Heritage '' . Government of Malta . Archived from the original on 28 January 2012 . Retrieved 29 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Luttrell , Anthony ( 1970 ) . `` The House of Aragon and Malta : 1282 - 1412 '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Faculty of Arts . 4 ( 2 ) : 156 -- 168 . Jump up ^ Denaro , Victor F. ( 1963 ) . Yet More Houses in Valletta Archived 9 April 2016 at WebCite . Melita Historica . p. 22 . Jump up ^ de Vertot , Abbe ( 1728 ) The History of the Knights of Malta vol. II ( facsimile reprint Midsea Books , Malta , 1989 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Malta History '' . Jimdiamondmd.com . Retrieved 12 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Malta History 1000 AD -- present '' . Carnaval.com . Retrieved 12 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` La cesión de Malta a los Caballeros de San Juan a través de la cédula del 4 de marzo de 1530 '' ( PDF ) . orderofmalta.int . Jump up ^ `` LA SOBERANA ORDEN DE MALTA A TRAVÉS DE DIEZ SIGLOS DE HISTORIA Y SU RELACIÓN CON LA ACCIÓN HUMANITARIA '' ( PDF ) . uma.es . Jump up ^ El halcón maltés regresará a España dos siglos después . El Pais ( 14 August 2005 ) . Retrieved on 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` La verdadera historia del halcón maltés '' . Archived from the original on 30 May 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` El halcón y el mar '' . trofeocaza.com. 22 October 2014 . Archived from the original on 30 May 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` El Rey volverá a tener otro halcón maltés en primavera '' . Jump up ^ https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hospitallers Jump up ^ Angelo Castillo , Dennis ( 2006 ) . The Maltese Cross : A Strategic History of Malta . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32329 - 4 . Jump up ^ Braudel , Fernand ( 1995 ) The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II , vol. II . University of California Press : Berkeley. Malta Jump up ^ Martin , Robert Montgomery ( 1839 ) Statistics of the colonies of the British empire . W.H. Allen . p. 574 . Jump up ^ Frendo , Henry ( December 1998 ) . `` The French in Malta 1798 -- 1800 : reflections on an insurrection '' . Cahiers de la Méditerranée . University of Malta. 57 ( 1 ) : 143 -- 151 . ISSN 1773 - 0201 . Jump up ^ `` Palazzo Parisio '' . gov.mt . Jump up ^ `` Napoleon 's bedroom at Palazzo Parisio in Valletta ! '' . maltaweathersite.com . Jump up ^ Stagno - Navarra , Karl ( 24 January 2010 ) . `` Leaving it in neutral '' . MaltaToday . Jump up ^ `` This day , May 15 , in Jewish history '' . Cleveland Jewish News . Archived from the original on 19 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sciberras , Sandro . `` Maltese History -- F. The French Occupation '' ( PDF ) . St Benedict College . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Weider , Ben . `` Chapter 12 -- The Egyptian Campaign of 1798 '' . International Napoleonic Society . Archived from the original on 12 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Shosenberg , J.W. ( April 2017 ) . `` NAPOLÉON 'S EGYPTIAN RIDDLE '' . Military History . 34 ( 1 ) : 25 -- via Ebsco . Jump up ^ Holland , James ( 2003 ) . Fortress Malta : An Island Under Siege , 1940 -- 1943 . Miramax Books . ISBN 1 - 4013 - 5186 - 7 . Jump up ^ Rudolf & Berg 2010 , p. 11 Jump up ^ Galea , Michael ( 16 November 2014 ) . `` Malta earns the title ' nurse of the Mediterranean ' '' . Times of Malta . Archived from the original on 6 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Malta definition of Malta in the Free Online Encyclopedia . '' . Free Online Encyclopedia -- List of Legal Holidays . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SETTE GIUGNO '' . Visitmalta -- The official tourism website for Malta , Gozo and Comino . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bierman , John ; Smith , Colin ( 2002 ) . The Battle of Alamein : Turning Point , World War II . Viking . p. 36 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 03040 - 8 . Jump up ^ Titterton , G.A. ( 2002 ) . The Royal Navy and the Mediterranean , Volume 2 . Psychology Press . p. xiii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 5179 - 8 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Peter ( 1980 ) . The Cross and the Ensign : A Naval History of Malta , 1798 -- 1979 . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87021 - 926 - 9 . Jump up ^ Calvocoressi , Peter ( 1981 ) . Top Secret Ultra -- Volume 10 of Ballantine Espionage Intelligence Library ( reprint ed . ) . Ballantine Books . pp. 42 , 44 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 30069 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The Siege of Malta in World War Two '' . Retrieved 15 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` RUC awarded George Cross '' . BBC News . 23 November 1999 . Retrieved 21 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Breacher , Michael ( 1997 ) . A Study of Crisis . University of Michigan Press . p. 611 . ISBN 9780472108060 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 : Malta summit ends Cold War '' . BBC : On This Day . 3 December 1989 . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Grima , Noel ( 2 October 2011 ) . `` Retaining Guido De Marco 's Euro - Mediterranean vision '' . The Malta Independent . Standard Publications Ltd . Retrieved 27 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Malta votes ' yes ' to EU membership '' . CNN . 9 March 2003 . Archived from the original on 13 March 2003 . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Bonello , Jesmond ( 17 April 2013 ) . `` Malta takes its place in EU '' . Times of Malta . Allied Newspapers Limited . Retrieved 27 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The History of the European Union -- 2000 -- today '' . Archived from the original on 11 October 2007 . Retrieved 12 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cyprus and Malta set to join eurozone in 2008 '' . 16 May 2007 . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . Retrieved 12 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 1 / The Republic of Malta / Maltese Constitution '' . Constitution of Malta Act , 1964 . Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 12 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Mark N. Franklin . `` Electoral Participation . '' in Controversies in Voting Behavior Jump up ^ Maltavoyager.com -- History -- The Independence at www.maltavoyager.com Jump up ^ `` Local Council Act of Malta '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 June 2013 . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ ( in Maltese ) Protokol Lokali u Reġjonali ( PDF ) . Valletta : Dipartiment tal - Informazzjoni . pp. 5 -- 6 . Retrieved 2 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Malta '' ( PDF ) . Assembly of European Regions . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 February 2013 . Retrieved 2 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Armed Forces of Malta . Afm.gov.mt . Retrieved on 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Island Landscape Dynamics : Examples from the Mediterranean '' . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Commission for the Geological Map of the World . `` Geodynamic Map of the Mediterranean '' . Archived from the original on 17 December 2008 . Retrieved 28 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Geothermal Engineering Research Office Malta '' . Archived from the original on 4 April 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Mediterranean Forests , Woodlands and Scrub -- A Global Ecoregion '' . Panda.org . Archived from the original on 13 March 2008 . Retrieved 28 November 2008 . Jump up ^ The Maltese Islands , Department of Information -- Malta . Jump up ^ Weather of Malta -- MET Office in Malta International Airport Jump up ^ https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20141231/local/updated-snowflakes-reported-in-several-parts-of-malta-met-office.550143 Jump up ^ `` Valletta Climate Guide '' . Retrieved 5 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Malta 's Climate '' . maltaweather.com . Jump up ^ Birżebbuġa , Malta average sea temperature -- seatemperature.org Jump up ^ `` Climate Data for Luqa '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 15 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Met Office : Climate averages 1971 -- 2000 '' . Met Office . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 20 September 2011 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Luqa Weather Averages 1981 -- 2010 '' . Meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sunshine & Daylight Hours in Luqa , Malta Sunlight , Cloud & Day length '' . Malta.climatemps.com . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Demographia : World Urban Areas '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Study on Urban Functions '' Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine . -- European Spatial Planning Observation Network , 2007 Jump up ^ `` World Urbanization Prospects '' -- Department of Economic and Social Affairs / Population Division , United Nations ( Table A. 2 ; page 79 ) Jump up ^ `` Interim Territorial Cohesion Report '' -- Preliminary results of ESPON and EU Commission studies Jump up ^ Terterov , Marat ; Reuvid , Jonathan ( 2005 ) . Doing Business with Malta . GMB Publishing . p. 167 . ISBN 9781905050635 . Jump up ^ `` Creativity Works -- A report on Malta 's Creative Economy strategy for the Cultural and Creative Industries -- Part 3 '' ( PDF ) . Malta Ministry of Finance , Ministry of Tourism. 2012 . p. 121 . Jump up ^ `` '' The emblem of Malta `` , Department of Information '' . Doi.gov.mt . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IMF World Economic Outlook ( WEO ) -- Recovery , Risk , and Rebalancing , October 2010 -- Table of Contents '' . Imf.org. 6 October 2010 . Retrieved 1 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Unprecedented growth for Malta 's film industry '' . The Times . Malta : Allied Newspapers Limited . 21 July 2010 . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Silent films showed scenes shot in Malta '' . The Times . Malta : Allied Newspapers Limited . 4 November 2012 . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Malta Movie locations -- Malta - Tix '' . Malta - Tix . Jump up ^ Carabott , Michael ( 14 July 2005 ) . `` Incentives To boost film production in Malta '' . The Malta Independent . Standard Publications Ltd . Archived from the original on 15 May 2016 . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood 's favourite playground -- Times of India '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ `` Malta funds '' . Financemalta.org. 5 May 2010 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Apartments.com.mt '' . apartments.com.mt. 10 February 2016 . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Eurostat ( 1 December 2016 ) . `` GDP per capita in PPS '' . Europa web portal . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cyprus and Malta to adopt euros '' . BBC News Business . 10 July 2007 . Retrieved 12 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` promoting financial services in Malta '' . FinanceMalta . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Sammut , Michael ; Savona - Ventura , Charles ( 1996 ) . `` Petrol Lead in a Small Island Environment '' . International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine . 9 : 33 -- 40 . Jump up ^ `` NationMaster -- Transportation statistics '' . Retrieved 19 February 2007 . Jump up ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/malta/8606494/End-of-the-road-no-more-fares-for-Maltas-vintage-buses.html Jump up ^ `` Ministeru għall - Infrastruttura Transport u Komunikazzjoni -- Transport Pubbliku '' . Mitc.gov.mt . Archived from the original on 13 January 2012 . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Arriva Future Decided '' . di-ve.com news . 22 December 2013 . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Sansone , Kurt ( 23 December 2013 ) . `` New Year in , Arriva out '' . The Times . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Dalli , Kim ( 1 October 2014 ) . `` New bus operator to start in January '' . The Times . Jump up ^ `` Spanish company takes over bus service '' . The Times . 8 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Times of Malta ‒ No discrimination against tourists , says bus company . Timesofmalta.com ( 8 July 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2017 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Another 40 new buses for Malta Public Transport , will be put in service this weekend . The Malta Independent ( 6 August 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2017 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20161002/life-features/The-end-of-the-Malta-Railway.626750 Jump up ^ `` AAPA World Port Rankings 2008 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 14 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Post and Telecommunications : Q4 / 2009 , nso.gov.mt Jump up ^ `` Investment in fibre networks stimulates national FttH ambitions in Malta -- BuddeBlog '' . Buddeblog.com.au. 6 November 2012 . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Maltese Cross on the Euro coins '' . Malta Media . 12 June 2006 . Retrieved 12 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` UNWTO Tourism Highlights , 2015 Edition '' . unwto.org . Jump up ^ `` More Maltese travel abroad '' . The Malta Independent . Archived from the original on 15 December 2007 . Retrieved 12 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` M for Malta and medical tourism '' . Archived from the original on 16 December 2009 . Retrieved 7 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Malta popular with UK medical tourists '' . Treatmentabroad.net. 2 May 2008 . Retrieved 31 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Malta signs Cooperation Agreement with ESA . Esa.int . Retrieved 7 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` S - Cubed -- Science Student Society '' . S - Cubed -- Science Student Society . Jump up ^ `` ICTSA '' . ictsamalta.org . Jump up ^ `` The 2011 Census of Population and Housing '' ( PDF ) . National Statistics Office Malta . Jump up ^ Census of Population and Housing 2005 . Vol. 2 . National Statistics Office , Malta . Jump up ^ Census of Population and Housing 2005 : Preliminary Report . Valletta : National Statistics Office . 2005 . ISBN 978 - 99909 - 73 - 38 - 9 . Archived from the original on 20 September 2011 . Retrieved 20 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : National Statistics Office ( 2005 ) . Demographic Review 2004 . Valletta : National Statistics Office . p. 59 . ISBN 99909 - 73 - 32 - 6 . Archived from the original on 7 September 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Day -- 2006 : Special Observances '' ( Press release ) . Valletta : National Statistics Office . 10 July 2006 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 12 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News -- Malta votes ' Yes ' in divorce referendum '' . BBC . 29 May 2011 . Retrieved 1 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 255 . Marriage Act '' ( PDF ) . Docs.justice.gov.mt . Retrieved 14 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Timesofmalta.com -- Population in Malta , Gozo exceeds 410,000 . Times of Malta ( 12 July 2008 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` The World Factbook '' . cia.gov . Jump up ^ `` Eurostat -- Tables , Graphs and Maps Interface ( TGM ) table '' . europa.eu . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Joseph M. Brincat Maltese -- an unusual formula , MED Magazine ( February 2005 ) Jump up ^ `` Evolution of the Maltese Language '' . Jump up ^ Europeans and their Languages , 2006 ^ Jump up to : Ignasi Badia i Capdevila ( 2004 ) A view of the linguistic situation in Malta . NovesSl . Retrieved 24 February 2008 Jump up ^ Country profile : Malta . BBC News Jump up ^ `` Europeans and languages '' ( PDF ) . European Commission . September 2005 . p. 4 . Retrieved 29 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` MaltaToday Easter survey '' . MaltaToday. 2016 . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Department of Information '' . Doi.gov.mt. 3 March 2008 . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Malta '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New advent . Retrieved 11 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Abela , G.F. ( 1647 ) Della Descrittione di Malta ( 1647 ) Malta . Jump up ^ Luttrell , A. ( 2002 ) The Making of Christian Malta : From the Early Middle Ages to 1530 , Aldershot , Hants. : Ashgate Varorium . ISBN 0 - 86078849 - 0 . Jump up ^ Yearbook of Jehovah 's Witnesses . Watch Tower Society . 2015 . p. 182 . ^ Jump up to : Vassallo , Harry ( 8 April 2009 ) A map of faith in Malta . MaltaToday ( 8 April 2009 ) . Retrieved on 2017 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` International Religious Freedom Report 2003 -- Malta '' . Bureau of Democracy , Human Rights , and Labor , United States Department of State . Retrieved 9 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Ganado , Philip Leone ( 9 December 2016 ) . `` Malta still discriminating against the non-religious -- report '' . Times of Malta . Archived from the original on 10 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EU Work permits and restrictions to labour market in EU countries - Your Europe '' . European Commission . October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Frendo holds talks with three European Union Commission Members '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Valletta : Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 30 January 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 July 2006 . Retrieved 6 July 2006 . Jump up ^ Sandford , Daniel ( 21 October 2005 ) . `` Immigrant frustration for Malta '' . BBC News Europe . Retrieved 12 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Statement by the Minister of Foreign Affairs Dr. Michael Frendo to resident EU Ambassadors on irregular immigration in Malta '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Valletta : Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 3 July 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 July 2006 . Retrieved 6 July 2006 . Jump up ^ Mediterranean migrants : Hundreds feared dead after boat capsizes . BBC News ( 19 April 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2017 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Immigrants refused entry into Malta '' . The Sunday Times . UK . 16 July 2006 . Retrieved 17 July 2006 . Jump up ^ Frendo , Michael ( 5 July 2005 ) . `` Illegal Immigration in Malta '' ( PDF ) . EU Foreign Ministers Council . Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 July 2006 . Retrieved 6 July 2006 . Jump up ^ Clenfield , Jason ( 11 March 2015 ) . `` Passport King Christian Kalin Helps Nations Sell Citizenship -- Bloomberg Business '' . Bloomberg.com . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Huw R. ( 1973 ) . `` Modern emigration from Malta '' . Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers. 60 : 101 -- 119 . JSTOR 621508 . Jump up ^ Attard , Lawrence E. ( 1989 ) . The Great Exodus ( 1918 -- 1939 ) . Malta : Publishers Enterprises Group . Jump up ^ King , Russell ( 1979 ) . `` The Maltese migration cycle : An archival survey '' . Area . 11 ( 3 ) : 245 -- 249 . JSTOR 20001477 . Jump up ^ `` About the Malta Migration Museum '' . maltamigration.com . Jump up ^ `` Education in Malta '' . aboutmalta.com . Jump up ^ `` Malta -- Literacy rate '' . Indexmundi.com . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Language Learning ; National Statistics Office -- Malta ; 1 September 2004 '' . gov.mt . Archived from the original on 14 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Malta on the rebound , language student arrivals up 18.2 per cent over last year -- ICEF Monitor -- Market intelligence for international student recruitment '' . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Civil Hospitals in Malta in the Last Two Hundred Years '' . Geocities.com . Archived from the original on 26 October 2009 . Retrieved 31 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Health Care System in Malta_1 '' . Sahha.gov.mt . Archived from the original on 11 July 2007 . Retrieved 31 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Government of Malta -- Health Services '' . Gov.mt . Archived from the original on 5 March 2005 . Retrieved 31 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Healthcare in Malta -- Allo ' Expat Malta '' . Alloexpat.com. 17 October 2006 . Archived from the original on 1 January 2016 . Retrieved 31 March 2009 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Malta Recent Economic and Political Developments Yearbook Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments . Int'l Business Publications , Inc. 2013 . p. 38 . ISBN 9781433063503 . ^ Jump up to : Cutajar , D. `` An Overview of the Art of Malta '' . Hopeandoptimism.com . Retrieved 31 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Right Outside my Window '' , The Malta Independent , 23 April 2006 . Retrieved 11 June 2014 Jump up ^ Crary , David ( 9 September 2010 ) . `` Study finds Americans in generous mood '' . The Huffington Post via Burlington Free Press . Jump up ^ `` Patri Manwel Magri u l - Ipoġew '' , Lil Ħbiebna , November 2003 , pp. 195 -- 197 . Jump up ^ Zarb , T. ( 1998 ) Folklore of An Island . PEG Ltd . ISBN 9990900973 Jump up ^ Cassar Pullicino , J. ( 1992 ) `` A New Look at Old Customs '' , in Studies in Maltese Folklore , Malta University Press ( 1992 ) . Jump up ^ `` Isle of MTV 2012 '' . gozoandmalta . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Borg , Joseph . `` Malta -- Media Landscape '' . European Journalism Centre . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Debattista , Martin ( 20 October 2011 ) . `` Analogue TV is dead : Long live digital TV ! '' . Times of Malta . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MCA Communications Market Review , July to December 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Malta Communications Authority . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing 2011 ( Preliminary Report ) '' . National Statistics Office , Malta . Archived from the original on 15 May 2013 . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Motorsport Malta -- Racing News , F1 , Drifting , Drag and more '' . Motorsport Malta . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Fenech '' . Youngvictorboxing.com.au . Retrieved 31 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Surf Malta '' . Sources ( edit ) Cramer , John Anthony ( 1828 ) . Geographical and Historical Description of Ancient Greece . Clarendon Press . pp. 45 -- 46 . `` Map of Malta and Gozo '' . Street Map of Malta and Gozo . Retrieved 10 April 2009 . `` Photos of Gozo sister island of Malta '' . Photos of Gozo . Retrieved 17 November 2006 . `` Photos of Malta '' . Photos of Malta . Retrieved 26 May 2008 . `` Malta '' . The World Factbook . `` Gov.mt '' . Government of Malta . Retrieved 1 November 2005 . Omertaa , Journal for Applied Anthropology -- Volume 2007 / 1 , Thematic Issue on Malta Attribution ( edit ) `` Malta '' . MSN Encarta . Archived from the original on 1 November 2009 . Retrieved 1 November 2005 . Bibliography ( edit ) `` 1942 : Malta gets George Cross for bravery '' . BBC `` On this day '' . 15 April 1942 . Retrieved 22 June 2006 . Bowen - Jones , Howard ; et al. ( 1962 ) . Malta Background for Development . University of Durham . OCLC 204863 . Cassar , Carmel ( 2000 ) . A Concise History of Malta . Msida : Mireva Publications . ISBN 1870579526 . Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Malta '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 17 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 507 -- 514 . Francesco Balbi di Correggio 1568 translated Ernle Bradford ( 1965 ) . `` chapter II '' . The Siege Of Malta 1565 . Penguin 2003 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 101202 - 1 . Carolyn Bain ( 2004 ) . Malta . Lonely Planet Publication . ISBN 1 - 74059 - 178 - X . Charles Mifsud , The Climatological History of The Maltese Islands , Minerva 1984 Paul Williams ( 2009 ) . Malta -- Island Under Siege . Pen and Sword Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84884 - 012 - 6 . Rudolf , Uwe Jens ; Berg , W.G. ( 2010 ) . Historical Dictionary of Malta . USA : Scarecrow Press . p. 43 . ISBN 9780810853171 . United Nations Development Programme ( 2006 ) . Human Development Report 2005 -- International cooperation at a crossroads : Aid , trade and security in an unequal world . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 522146 - X . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutMaltaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Government Gov.mt -- Maltese Government official site Laws of Malta -- The Official Laws of Malta website . The Maltese Armed Forces official website Malta Environment and Planning Authority 's GIS General information `` Malta '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Malta from UCB Libraries GovPubs Malta at DMOZ Malta profile from the BBC News Wikimedia Atlas of Malta Geographic data related to Malta at OpenStreetMap Migration Malta -- An information source on immigration and Malta ( scholarly articles , policy documents , press releases etc . ) Media The Times of Malta Travel Official Maltese Tourism website Articles relating to Malta Malta articles History Timeline Heads of State Megalithic Temples Phoenicians ( 800 -- 480 BC ) Carthaginian Empire ( 480 -- 218 BC ) Roman Republic ( 218 -- 27 BC ) Roman Empire ( 27 BC -- 395 AD ) Byzantine Empire ( 395 -- 870 ) Arab Period ( 870 -- 1091 ) Sicily ( 1091 -- 1530 ) Battle of Malta Order of Saint John ( 1530 -- 1798 ) The Great Siege ( 1565 ) Maltese Rebellion of 1775 French Occupation and the Insurrection ( 1798 -- 1800 ) Independent Gozo ( 1798 -- 1801 ) British Protectorate ( 1800 -- 13 ) British Colony ( 1813 -- 1964 ) Exiles ( 1919 -- 20 ) World War II ( 1940 -- 43 ) Award of the George Cross ( 1942 ) Independence ( 1964 -- 74 ) Geography Caves Cities Climate Fortifications Islands Maps Towns Politics Armed Forces Constitution Elections Foreign relations LGBT history LGBT rights Local councils Parliament Political parties President Prime Minister Economy Central Bank Currency Lira Energy Stock exchange Taxation Telecommunications Trade unions Transport Society Demographics Education Healthcare Illegal immigration Languages Maltese Religion Culture Architecture Maltese Carnival Coat of arms Maltese cross Cuisine Film Flag Folklore Literature Music Philosophy Public holidays Sport Symbols Outline Index Portal Geographic locale Islands of Malta Malta Gozo ( Għawdex ) Comino ( Kemmuna ) Cominotto ( Kemmunett ) Filfla Saint Paul 's Islands ( Il - Gżejjer ta ' San Pawl ) Manoel Island ( Il - Gżira Manoel ) Ħalfa Rock ( Il - Ġebla tal - Ħalfa ) Fungus Rock ( Il - Ġebla tal - Ġeneral ) Local councils and administrative committees of Malta and Gozo Malta Local councils Attard Balzan Birgu Birkirkara Birżebbuġa Cospicua Dingli Fgura Floriana Għargħur Għaxaq Gudja Gżira Ħamrun Iklin Senglea Kalkara Kirkop Lija Luqa Marsa Marsaskala Marsaxlokk Mdina Mellieħa Mġarr Mosta Mqabba Msida Mtarfa Naxxar Paola Pembroke Pietà Qormi Qrendi Rabat Safi St. Julian 's San Ġwann St. Paul 's Bay Santa Luċija Santa Venera Siġġiewi Sliema Swieqi Tarxien Ta ' Xbiex Valletta Xgħajra Żabbar Żebbuġ Żejtun Żurrieq Malta Administrative committees Baħar iċ - Ċagħaq Baħrija Bubaqra Burmarrad & Wardija Fleur - de-Lys Gwardamanġa Ħal Farruġ Kappara Madliena Paceville San Pietru Swatar Tal - Virtù Gozo Local councils Fontana Għajnsielem Għarb Għasri Kerċem Munxar Nadur Qala Rabat ( Victoria ) San Lawrenz Sannat Xagħra Xewkija Żebbuġ Gozo Administrative committees Marsalforn Santa Luċija Xlendi Sovereign states and dependencies of Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies Denmark Faroe Islands autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia Sovereign Base Areas Gibraltar British Overseas Territory Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Crown dependencies Special areas of internal sovereignty Finland Åland Islands autonomous region subject to the Åland Convention of 1921 Norway Svalbard unincorporated area subject to the Svalbard Treaty United Kingdom Northern Ireland country of the United Kingdom subject to the British - Irish Agreement Oceanic islands within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf . Some countries completely outside the conventional geographical boundaries of Europe are commonly associated with the continent due to ethnological links . Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea Sovereign states Albania Algeria Bosnia - Herzegovina Croatia Cyprus Egypt France Greece Israel Italy Lebanon Libya Malta Monaco Montenegro Morocco Slovenia Spain Syria Tunisia Turkey States with limited recognition Northern Cyprus Palestine Dependencies and other territories Akrotiri and Dhekelia ( UK ) Gibraltar ( UK ) International membership Member states of the European Union Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom Council of Europe Institutions Secretary General Committee of Ministers Parliamentary Assembly Congress Court of Human Rights Commissioner for Human Rights Commission for the Efficiency of Justice Commission against Racism and Intolerance Members Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Observers Canada Holy See Israel Japan Mexico United States Sovereign Military Order of Malta Former members Czechoslovakia ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Saar ( assoc. 1950 -- 1956 ) Provisionally referred to by the Council of Europe as `` the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia '' ; see Macedonia naming dispute . Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ( OSCE ) Members Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Canada Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Holy See Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Tajikistan Turkey Turkmenistan Ukraine United Kingdom United States Uzbekistan Partners for Cooperation Afghanistan Algeria Australia Egypt Israel Japan Jordan Morocco South Korea Thailand Tunisia Bodies and posts Parliamentary Assembly ODIHR Commissioner on National Minorities Representative on Freedom of the Media World Trade Organization System Accession and membership Appellate Body Dispute Settlement Body International Trade Centre Chronology of key events Issues Criticism Doha Development Round Singapore issues Quota Elimination Peace Clause Agreements General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Agriculture Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Technical Barriers to Trade Trade Related Investment Measures Trade in Services Trade - Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Government Procurement Information Technology Marrakech Agreement Doha Declaration Bali Package Ministerial Conferences 1st ( 1996 ) 2nd ( 1998 ) 3rd ( 1999 ) 4th ( 2001 ) 5th ( 2003 ) 6th ( 2005 ) 7th ( 2009 ) 8th ( 2011 ) 9th ( 2013 ) 10th ( 2015 ) People Roberto Azevêdo ( Director - General ) Pascal Lamy Supachai Panitchpakdi Alejandro Jara Rufus Yerxa Members Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belize Benin Bolivia Botswana Brazil Brunei Burkina Faso Burma Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Cuba Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Fiji Gabon The Gambia Georgia Ghana Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea - Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia Israel Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lesotho Liberia Liechtenstein Macau Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nepal New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Qatar Russia Rwanda St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Saudi Arabia Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Solomon Islands South Africa Sri Lanka Suriname Swaziland Switzerland Tajikistan Taiwan Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United States Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe European Union Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom Special administrative regions of the People 's Republic of China , participates as `` Hong Kong , China '' and `` Macao China '' . Officially the Republic of China , participates as `` Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan , Penghu , Kinmen and Matsu '' , and `` Chinese Taipei '' in short . Members of the Commonwealth of Nations Sovereign states ( Members ) Antigua and Barbuda Australia Bahamas Bangladesh Barbados Belize Botswana Brunei Cameroon Canada Cyprus Dominica Fiji Ghana Grenada Guyana India Jamaica Kenya Kiribati Lesotho Malawi Malaysia Malta Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Nauru New Zealand Nigeria Pakistan Papua New Guinea Rwanda St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Solomon Islands South Africa Sri Lanka Swaziland Tanzania Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tuvalu Uganda United Kingdom Vanuatu Zambia Dependencies of Members Australia Ashmore and Cartier Islands Australian Antarctic Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Coral Sea Islands Heard Island and McDonald Islands Norfolk Island New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Ross Dependency Tokelau United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia Anguilla Bermuda British Antarctic Territory British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Montserrat Pitcairn Islands St. Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Source : Commonwealth Secretariat - Member States English - speaking world Click on a coloured area to see an article about English in that country or region Further links Articles English - speaking world History of the English language British Empire English in the Commonwealth of Nations Lists List of countries by English - speaking population List of countries where English is an official language Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority Africa Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Americas Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Dominica Falkland Islands Grenada Guyana Jamaica Montserrat Saba Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States United States Virgin Islands Europe Guernsey Ireland Isle of Man Jersey United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Norfolk Island Pitcairn Islands Countries and territories where English is an official language , but not the majority first language Africa Botswana Cameroon The Gambia Ghana Kenya Lesotho Liberia Malawi Mauritius Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Sierra Leone Somaliland South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Puerto Rico Asia Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Special Administrative Region India Pakistan Philippines Singapore Europe Gibraltar Malta Oceania American Samoa Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tuvalu Vanuatu Dependencies shown in italics . ( hide ) Left - hand traffic countries Europe Akrotiri and Dhekelia Guernsey Ireland Isle of Man Jersey Malta United Kingdom Americas Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Dominica Falkland Islands Grenada Guyana Jamaica Montserrat Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Asia Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cyprus Hong Kong India Indonesia Japan Macau Malaysia Maldives Nepal Northern Cyprus Pakistan Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Africa Botswana Kenya Lesotho Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Seychelles South Africa South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Swaziland Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Oceania Australia East Timor Fiji Kiribati Nauru New Zealand Niue Papua New Guinea Pitcairn Islands Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Note : Territories and related divisions are in italic Partially in Asia , or entirely in Asia with cultural links to Europe . Member of the European Union . States with limited recognition National personifications Argentina Effigies of Argentina Armenia Mother Armenia Australia Boxing kangaroo Little Boy from Manly Bangladesh Mother Bengal Belgium Leo Belgicus Brazil Efígie da República Cambodia Preah Thong and Neang Neak Canada Johnny Canuck China Yanhuang Czech Republic Čechie Czech Vašek Švejk Denmark Holger Danske Finland Finnish Maiden France Marianne Georgia Kartvlis Deda Germany Deutscher Michel Germania Greece Athena Heracles Hoplite Nike Hungary Lady of Hungaria Iceland Lady of the Mountain India Bharat Mata Indonesia Ibu Pertiwi Ireland Ériu Hibernia Kathleen Ni Houlihan Israel Srulik Italy Italia turrita Japan Amaterasu Kenya Wanjiku Korea Dangun Ungnyeo Malta Melita Montenegro Fairy of Lovćen Netherlands Dutch Maiden New Zealand Zealandia Norway Ola Nordmann Philippines Juan dela Cruz Maria Clara Poland Polonia Portugal Efígie da República Zé Povinho Russia Mother Russia Serbia Mother Serbia Kosovo Maiden Spain Hispania Sweden Mother Svea Switzerland Helvetia Ukraine Cossack Mamay United Kingdom Britannia John Bull Dame Wales United States Brother Jonathan Columbia Lady Liberty Uncle Sam Billy Yank Northern states Johnny Reb Southern states Other symbols of Liberty VIAF : 147680224 LCCN : n79145770 GND : 4037257 - 1 NDL : 00567498 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malta&oldid=804957154 '' Categories : Malta Collective recipients of the George Cross Commonwealth republics English - speaking countries and territories Island countries Italian - speaking countries and territories Liberal democracies Mediterranean islands Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations Member states of the Council of Europe Member states of the European Union Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean Member states of the United Nations NUTS 1 statistical regions of the European Union Phoenician colonies Southern European countries States and territories established in 1974 Countries in Europe Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors CS1 maint : Unfit url CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Pages with duplicate reference names CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Webarchive template webcite links Articles with Maltese - language external links Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages EngvarB from August 2014 Use dmy dates from May 2017 Articles containing Maltese - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2005 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from September 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2006 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008 Articles with dead external links from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica without Wikisource reference Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikivoyage Languages Acèh Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti Arpetan Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština ChiShona ChiTumbuka Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara Eʋegbe فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kalaallisut ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Коми Kongo Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladino Лакку ລາວ لۊری شومالی Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala La . lojban . Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Dorerin Naoero Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Napulitano Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norfuk / Pitkern Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ पालि Pangasinan پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Patois Перем Коми Picard Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Română Romani Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sámegiella Gagana Samoa संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English SiSwati Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça Tetun ไทย Тоҷикӣ ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Türkmençe Twi Удмурт Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West - Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 04 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta

who is the voice of marlin in finding nemo

Albert Lawrence Brooks ( born Albert Lawrence Einstein ; July 22 , 1947 ) is an American actor , filmmaker , author , and comedian . He received an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor for 1987 's Broadcast News and was widely praised for his performance in the 2011 film Drive . His voice acting credits include Marlin in Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) and Finding Dory ( 2016 ) , and recurring guest voices for The Simpsons , including Russ Cargill in The Simpsons Movie ( 2007 ) . He has directed , written , and starred in several comedy films , such as Modern Romance ( 1981 ) , Lost in America ( 1985 ) , and Defending Your Life ( 1991 ) . He is also the author of 2030 : The Real Story of What Happens to America ( 2011 ) .

Albert Lawrence Brooks

Albert Brooks

albert brooks

Albert Lawrence Brooks ( born Albert Lawrence Einstein ; July 22 , 1947 ) is an American actor , filmmaker , author , and comedian . He received an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor for 1987 's Broadcast News and was widely praised for his performance in the 2011 film Drive . His voice acting credits include Marlin in Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) and Finding Dory ( 2016 ) , and recurring guest voices for The Simpsons , including Russ Cargill in The Simpsons Movie ( 2007 ) . He has directed , written , and starred in several comedy films , such as Modern Romance ( 1981 ) , Lost in America ( 1985 ) , and Defending Your Life ( 1991 ) . He is also the author of 2030 : The Real Story of What Happens to America ( 2011 ) .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early career 2.2 1981 -- 1999 2.3 2000 -- present 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 References 6 External links Early Life ( edit ) Brooks was born in Beverly Hills , California , the son of Thelma Leeds ( née Goodman ) , a singer and actress , and Harry Parke , a radio comedian who performed on Eddie Cantor 's radio program and was known as Parkyakarkus . His brothers are comedic actor Bob Einstein , better known as a character he created named `` Super Dave Osborne '' , and for a recurring role in Curb Your Enthusiasm ; and Cliff Einstein , a partner and longtime chief creative officer at Los Angeles advertising agency Dailey & Associates . His half - brother was Charles Einstein ( 1926 -- 2007 ) , a writer for such television programs as Playhouse 90 and Lou Grant . Brooks is Jewish ; his grandparents emigrated from Austria and Russia . He grew up among show business families in southern California , attending Beverly Hills High School with Richard Dreyfuss and Rob Reiner . Career ( edit ) Early career ( edit ) Brooks attended Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh , but dropped out after one year to focus on his comedy career . By the age of 19 , he had changed his professional name to Albert Brooks , joking that `` the real Albert Einstein changed his name to sound more intelligent '' . He began a comedy career that quickly made him a regular on variety and talk shows during the late 1960s and early 1970s . Brooks led a new generation of self - reflective baby - boomer comics appearing on NBC 's The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson . His onstage persona , that of an egotistical , narcissistic , nervous comic , an ironic showbiz insider who punctured himself before an audience by disassembling his mastery of comedic stagecraft , influenced other ' 70s post-modern comedians , including Steve Martin , Martin Mull , and Andy Kaufman . After two successful comedy albums , Comedy Minus One ( 1973 ) and the Grammy Award -- nominated A Star Is Bought ( 1975 ) , Brooks left the stand - up circuit to try his hand as a filmmaker . He had already made his first short film , The Famous Comedians School , a satiric short and an early example of the mockumentary subgenre that appeared on the PBS show The Great American Dream Machine in 1972 . In 1975 , he directed six short films for the first season of NBC 's Saturday Night Live : October 11 , 1975 , episode ( host : George Carlin ) : `` The Impossible Truth '' October 18 , 1975 , episode ( host : Paul Simon ) : failed Candid Camera stunts and home movies October 25 , 1975 , episode ( host : Rob Reiner ) : heart surgery November 8 , 1975 , episode ( host : Candice Bergen ) : upcoming season December 13 , 1975 , episode ( host : Richard Pryor ) : sick January 9 , 1976 , episode ( host : Elliott Gould ) : audience test screening In 1976 he appeared in his first mainstream film role , in Martin Scorsese 's landmark Taxi Driver ; Scorsese allowed Brooks to improvise much of his dialogue . The role reflected Brooks 's decision to move to Los Angeles to enter the film business . In an interview , Brooks mentioned a conversation he 'd had with Taxi Driver screenwriter Paul Schrader , in which Schrader said that Brooks 's character was the only one in the movie that he could not `` understand '' -- a remark that Brooks found amusing , as the movie 's antihero was a psychotic loner . Brooks directed his first feature film , Real Life , in 1979 . The film , in which Brooks ( playing a version of himself ) obnoxiously films a typical suburban family in an effort to win both an Oscar and a Nobel Prize , was a sendup of PBS 's An American Family documentary . It has also been viewed as foretelling the future emergence of reality television . Brooks also made a cameo appearance in the film Private Benjamin ( 1980 ) , starring Goldie Hawn . ( He also got starring credits in the film , even though his character dies within roughly the first half - hour of the film . ) 1981 -- 1999 ( edit ) Through the 1980s and 1990s , Brooks co-wrote ( with longtime collaborator Monica Johnson ) , directed and starred in a series of well - received comedies , playing variants on his standard neurotic and self - obsessed character . These include 1981 's Modern Romance , where Brooks played a film editor desperate to win back his ex-girlfriend ( Kathryn Harrold ) . The film received a limited release and ultimately grossed under $3 million domestically , but was well received by critics , with one reviewer commenting that the film was `` not Brooks at his best , but still amusing '' . His best - received film , Lost in America ( 1985 ) , featured Brooks and Julie Hagerty as a couple who leave their yuppie lifestyle and drop out of society to live in a motor home as they have always dreamed of doing , meeting disappointment . Brooks 's Defending Your Life ( 1991 ) placed his lead character in the afterlife , put on trial to justify his human fears and determine his cosmic fate . Critics responded to the offbeat premise and the chemistry between Brooks and Meryl Streep , as his post-death love interest . His later efforts did not find large audiences , but still retained Brooks 's touch as a filmmaker . He garnered positive reviews for Mother ( 1996 ) , which starred Brooks as a middle - aged writer moving back home to resolve tensions between himself and his mother ( Debbie Reynolds ) . 1999 's The Muse featured Brooks as a Hollywood screenwriter who has `` lost his edge '' using the services of an authentic muse ( Sharon Stone ) for inspiration . In an interview with Brooks with regards to The Muse , Gavin Smith wrote , `` Brooks 's distinctive film making style is remarkably discreet and unemphatic ; he has a light , deft touch , with a classical precision and economy , shooting and cutting his scenes in smooth , seamless successions of medium shots , with clean , high - key lighting . '' Brooks has appeared as a guest voice on The Simpsons five times during its run ( always under the name A. Brooks ) , and is described as the best guest star in the show 's history by IGN , particularly for his role as supervillain Hank Scorpio in the episode `` You Only Move Twice '' . Brooks also acted in other writers ' and directors ' films during the 1980s and 1990s . He had a cameo in the opening scene of Twilight Zone : The Movie , playing a driver whose passenger ( Dan Aykroyd ) has a shocking secret . In James L. Brooks 's hit Broadcast News ( 1987 ) , Albert Brooks was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for playing an insecure , supremely ethical network TV reporter , who offers the rhetorical question , `` Would n't this be a great world if insecurity and desperation made us more attractive ? '' He also won positive notices for his role in 1998 's Out of Sight , playing an untrustworthy banker and ex-convict . 2000 -- present ( edit ) Brooks received positive reviews for his portrayal of a dying retail store owner who befriends disillusioned teen Leelee Sobieski in My First Mister ( 2001 ) . Brooks continued his voiceover work in Pixar 's Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) , as the voice of Marlin , one of the film 's protagonists . In 2005 , his film Looking for Comedy in the Muslim World was dropped by Sony Pictures due to their desire to change the title . Warner Independent Pictures purchased the film and gave it a limited release in January 2006 ; the film received mixed reviews and a low box office gross . The movie goes back to the days of Brooks 's Real Life , as Brooks once again plays himself , a filmmaker commissioned by the U.S. government to see what makes the Muslim people laugh , thus sending him on a tour of India and Pakistan . In 2006 he appeared in the documentary film Wanderlust as David Howard from `` Lost in America '' . The documentary included many other well known people . In 2007 , he continued his long term collaboration with The Simpsons by voicing Russ Cargill , the central antagonist of The Simpsons Movie . He has played Lenny Botwin , Nancy Botwin 's estranged father - in - law , on Showtime 's television series Weeds . St. Martin 's Press published his first novel , 2030 : The Real Story of What Happens to America , on May 10 , 2011 . In 2011 , Brooks co-starred as the vicious gangster Bernie Rose , the main antagonist in the motion picture Drive , alongside Ryan Gosling and Carey Mulligan , a role that has been given much critical praise and positive reviews , with several critics proclaiming Brooks ' performance as one of the film 's best aspects . After receiving awards and nominations from several film festivals and critic groups , but not an Academy Award nomination , Brooks responded humorously on Twitter , `` And to the Academy : ' You do n't like me . You really do n't like me ' . '' In 2016 , Brooks reprised the role of Marlin from Finding Nemo in the 2016 sequel Finding Dory and voiced Tiberius , a curmudgeonly red - tailed hawk in The Secret Life of Pets , Dory is Brooks 's largest grossing film to date . Personal Life ( edit ) In 1997 , Brooks married website designer Kimberly Shlain , daughter of surgeon and writer Leonard Shlain . They have two children , Jacob and Claire , and reside in Santa Monica , California . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1976 Taxi Driver Tom 1979 Real Life Albert Brooks Also writer and director 1980 Private Benjamin Yale Goodman 1981 Modern Romance Robert Cole Also writer and director Twilight Zone : The Movie Car Driver Segment : Prologue Terms of Endearment Rudyard Credited as `` A. Brooks '' 1984 Unfaithfully Yours Norman Robbins 1985 Lost in America David Howard Also writer and director National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Screenplay Broadcast News Aaron Altman American Comedy Award for Funniest Male Supporting Actor Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actor Nominated -- Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor 2nd place -- National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actor 3rd place -- National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor 1991 Defending Your Life Daniel Miller Also writer and director 1994 I 'll Do Anything Burke Adler 1994 The Scout Al Percolo Also writer Mother John Henderson Also writer and director National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Screenplay New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Screenplay Critical Care Dr. Butz 1998 Dr. Dolittle Jacob the Tiger ( voice ) 1998 Out of Sight Richard Ripley 1999 The Muse Steven Phillips Also writer and director My First Mister Randall ' R ' Harris 2003 The In - Laws Jerry Peyser 2003 Finding Nemo Marlin ( voice ) 2003 Exploring the Reef Marlin ( voice ) Short film 2005 Looking for Comedy in the Muslim World Albert Brooks Also writer and director 2007 The Simpsons Movie Russ Cargill ( voice ) Credited as `` A. Brooks '' 2011 Drive Bernie Rose African American Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor Austin Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor Florida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor Houston Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actor Las Vegas Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actor National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor New York Film Critics Online Award for Best Supporting Actor Oklahoma Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actor San Francisco Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor Village Voice Film Poll -- Supporting Actor Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor Nominated -- Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor Nominated -- Central Ohio Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor ( runner - up ) Nominated -- Detroit Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actor Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture Nominated -- Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male Nominated -- Indiana Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor ( runner - up ) Nominated -- London Film Critics Circle Award for Supporting Actor of the Year Nominated -- Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actor Nominated -- San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actor Nominated -- Southeastern Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor ( runner - up ) 2012 This Is 40 Larry 2014 A Most Violent Year Andrew Walsh 2015 The Little Prince The Businessman ( voice ) 2015 Concussion Dr. Cyril Wecht 2016 Finding Dory Marlin ( voice ) 2016 The Secret Life of Pets Tiberius ( voice ) Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1969 Hot Wheels Mickey Barnes / Kip Chogi ( voices ) 1970 The Odd Couple Rudy Episode 1.8 : `` Oscar , the Model '' and Episode 1.11 : `` Felix Is Missing '' 1971 Love , American Style Christopher Leacock Episode 2.16 : `` Love and Operation Model / Love and the Sack '' 1972 The New Dick Van Dyke Show Dr. Norman Episode 2.2 : `` The Needle '' 1975 -- 76 Saturday Night Live Additional characters Writer and director of several segments 1976 The Famous Comedians School N / A Television film ; writer , editor and director 1990 -- present The Simpsons Various characters Appeared in seven episodes Credited as `` A. Brooks '' 2008 Weeds Lenny Botwin 4 episodes 2018 The Cops Al ( Brooks ) 10 episodes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards 1987 '' . filmsite.org . Jump up ^ Albert Brooks Biography ( 1947 -- ) . filmreference.com Jump up ^ Astarte Piccione , Rachel ( January 2006 ) . `` Comedy in The Muslim World '' . EGO Magazine . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Peter ( January 22 , 2006 ) . `` The background on Albert Brooks '' . The Washington Post , The Buffalo News . Accessed April 24 , 2008 . `` Albert Brooks , who grew up in a showbiz family and attended Beverly Hills High School , has never been interested in being an outsider . '' Jump up ^ McCall , Cheryl . `` Psst ! Albert Brooks Is n't Kin to Mel Except in Comedy '' . people.com . Jump up ^ Ramsey Ess , The Short Films of Albert Brooks , January 4 , 2013 Jump up ^ Montoya , Maria ( February 28 , 2009 ) . `` Albert Brooks ' Real Life ' film is an unexpected classic '' . The Times - Picayune . Jump up ^ `` Modern Romance box office '' . boxofficemojo.com . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2006 . Retrieved March 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Modern Romance ( 1981 ) '' . rottentomatoes.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Film Comment , Jan / Feb 1999 , All The Choices : Albert Brooks Interview Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ; Iverson , Dan ; Zoromski , Brian . `` Top 25 Simpsons Guest Appearances '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2007 . Retrieved March 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 14 , 2008 ) . `` Weeds Scoop : Albert Brooks Is Nancy 's ' Dad ' '' . TV Guide . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( May 1 , 2011 ) . `` A Wry Eye on Problems of the Future '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Hughes , Sarah Anne ( January 24 , 2012 ) . `` Albert Brooks not nominated for Oscar : ' I got ROBBED ... I mean literally . My pants and shoes have been stolen ' '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Barmak , Sarah ( January 27 , 2012 ) . `` Talking Points : Hollywood abuzz over Oscar snubs '' . The Toronto Star . Jump up ^ Rochlin , Margy ( August 22 , 1999 ) . `` A Funnyman Whose Muse is in the Mirror '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Apatow , Judd ( January 2013 ) . `` Our Mr. Brooks '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Odd Couple - Felix Is Missing on IMDb External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Albert Brooks . Official website Albert Brooks on IMDb Albert Brooks at AllMovie Interview : Albert Brooks : Comedy And Dystopia -- On Point . The films of Albert Brooks , Hell Is For Hyphenates , January 31 , 2014 Films directed by Albert Brooks Real Life ( 1979 ) Modern Romance ( 1981 ) Lost in America ( 1985 ) Defending Your Life ( 1991 ) Mother ( 1996 ) The Muse ( 1999 ) Looking for Comedy in the Muslim World ( 2005 ) Awards for Albert Brooks Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actor Robert De Niro ( 1980 ) Burt Lancaster ( 1981 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 1982 ) Eric Roberts ( 1983 ) Haing S. Ngor ( 1984 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1985 ) Bob Hoskins ( 1986 ) Albert Brooks ( 1987 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 1988 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 1989 ) Jeremy Irons ( 1990 ) Nick Nolte ( 1991 ) Denzel Washington ( 1992 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 1993 ) Albert Finney ( 1994 ) Nicolas Cage ( 1995 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 1996 ) Al Pacino ( 1997 ) Brendan Gleeson ( 1998 ) Jim Carrey ( 1999 ) Colin Farrell ( 2000 ) Brian Cox / Denzel Washington ( 2001 ) Adrien Brody ( 2002 ) Bill Murray ( 2003 ) Jamie Foxx ( 2004 ) Philip Seymour Hoffman ( 2005 ) Forest Whitaker ( 2006 ) Frank Langella ( 2007 ) Sean Penn / Mickey Rourke ( 2008 ) Jeremy Renner ( 2009 ) Jesse Eisenberg ( 2010 ) Brad Pitt ( 2011 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 2012 ) Chiwetel Ejiofor ( 2013 ) Michael Keaton ( 2014 ) Paul Dano / Leonardo DiCaprio ( 2015 ) Casey Affleck ( 2016 ) Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor 1980 - 2000 Jason Robards ( 1980 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1981 ) Mickey Rourke ( 1982 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1983 ) John Malkovich ( 1984 ) Ian Holm ( 1985 ) Dennis Hopper / Ray Liotta ( 1986 ) R. Lee Ermey ( 1987 ) Dean Stockwell ( 1988 ) Danny Aiello ( 1989 ) Joe Pesci ( 1990 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 1991 ) Gene Hackman ( 1992 ) Ralph Fiennes ( 1993 ) Martin Landau ( 1994 ) Kevin Spacey ( 1995 ) Edward Norton ( 1996 ) Kevin Spacey ( 1997 ) William H. Macy / Billy Bob Thornton ( 1998 ) Christopher Plummer ( 1999 ) Fred Willard ( 2000 ) 2001 - present Ben Kingsley ( 2001 ) Alan Arkin ( 2002 ) Peter Sarsgaard ( 2003 ) Thomas Haden Church ( 2004 ) Paul Giamatti ( 2005 ) Mark Wahlberg ( 2006 ) Javier Bardem ( 2007 ) Heath Ledger ( 2008 ) Christoph Waltz ( 2009 ) Christian Bale ( 2010 ) Albert Brooks ( 2011 ) Ezra Miller ( 2012 ) James Gandolfini ( 2013 ) J.K. Simmons ( 2014 ) Mark Rylance ( 2015 ) Mahershala Ali ( 2016 ) National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Screenplay 1967 -- 2000 David Newman and Robert Benton ( 1967 ) John Cassavetes ( 1968 ) Paul Mazursky and Larry Tucker ( 1969 ) Éric Rohmer ( 1970 ) Penelope Gilliatt ( 1971 ) Ingmar Bergman ( 1972 ) George Lucas , Gloria Katz and Willard Huyck ( 1973 ) Ingmar Bergman ( 1974 ) Robert Towne and Warren Beatty ( 1975 ) Alain Tanner and John Berger ( 1976 ) Woody Allen and Marshall Brickman ( 1977 ) Paul Mazursky ( 1978 ) Steve Tesich ( 1979 ) Bo Goldman ( 1980 ) John Guare ( 1981 ) Murray Schisgal and Larry Gelbart ( 1982 ) Bill Forsyth ( 1983 ) Lowell Ganz , Babaloo Mandel and Bruce Jay Friedman ( 1984 ) Albert Brooks and Monica Johnson ( 1985 ) Hanif Kureishi ( 1986 ) John Boorman ( 1987 ) Ron Shelton ( 1988 ) Gus Van Sant and Daniel Yost ( 1989 ) Charles Burnett ( 1990 ) David Cronenberg ( 1991 ) David Webb Peoples ( 1992 ) Jane Campion ( 1993 ) Quentin Tarantino and Roger Avary ( 1994 ) Amy Heckerling ( 1995 ) Albert Brooks and Monica Johnson ( 1996 ) Curtis Hanson and Brian Helgeland ( 1997 ) Scott Frank ( 1998 ) Charlie Kaufman ( 1999 ) Kenneth Lonergan ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Julian Fellowes ( 2001 ) Ronald Harwood ( 2002 ) Shari Springer Berman and Robert Pulcini ( 2003 ) Alexander Payne and Jim Taylor ( 2004 ) Noah Baumbach ( 2005 ) Peter Morgan ( 2006 ) Tamara Jenkins ( 2007 ) Mike Leigh ( 2008 ) Joel Coen and Ethan Coen ( 2009 ) Aaron Sorkin ( 2010 ) Asghar Farhadi ( 2011 ) Tony Kushner ( 2012 ) Richard Linklater , Ethan Hawke , and Julie Delpy ( 2013 ) Wes Anderson ( 2014 ) Tom McCarthy and Josh Singer ( 2015 ) Kenneth Lonergan ( 2016 ) National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor 1967 -- 1980 Gene Hackman ( 1967 ) Seymour Cassel ( 1968 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1969 ) Chief Dan George ( 1970 ) Bruce Dern ( 1971 ) Eddie Albert / Joel Grey ( 1972 ) Robert De Niro ( 1973 ) Holger Löwenadler ( 1974 ) Henry Gibson ( 1975 ) Jason Robards ( 1976 ) Edward Fox ( 1977 ) Richard Farnsworth / Robert Morley ( 1978 ) Frederic Forrest ( 1979 ) Joe Pesci ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 Robert Preston ( 1981 ) Mickey Rourke ( 1982 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1983 ) John Malkovich ( 1984 ) John Gielgud ( 1985 ) Dennis Hopper ( 1986 ) Morgan Freeman ( 1987 ) Dean Stockwell ( 1988 ) Beau Bridges ( 1989 ) Bruce Davison ( 1990 ) Harvey Keitel ( 1991 ) Gene Hackman ( 1992 ) Ralph Fiennes ( 1993 ) Martin Landau ( 1994 ) Don Cheadle ( 1995 ) Martin Donovan / Tony Shalhoub ( 1996 ) Burt Reynolds ( 1997 ) Bill Murray ( 1998 ) Christopher Plummer ( 1999 ) Benicio del Toro ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Steve Buscemi ( 2001 ) Christopher Walken ( 2002 ) Peter Sarsgaard ( 2003 ) Thomas Haden Church ( 2004 ) Ed Harris ( 2005 ) Mark Wahlberg ( 2006 ) Casey Affleck ( 2007 ) Eddie Marsan ( 2008 ) Paul Schneider / Christoph Waltz ( 2009 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 2010 ) Albert Brooks ( 2011 ) Matthew McConaughey ( 2012 ) James Franco ( 2013 ) J.K. Simmons ( 2014 ) Mark Rylance ( 2015 ) Mahershala Ali ( 2016 ) New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor Jack Nicholson ( 1969 ) Chief Dan George ( 1970 ) Ben Johnson ( 1971 ) Robert Duvall ( 1972 ) Robert De Niro ( 1973 ) Charles Boyer ( 1974 ) Alan Arkin ( 1975 ) Jason Robards ( 1976 ) Maximilian Schell ( 1977 ) Christopher Walken ( 1978 ) Melvyn Douglas ( 1979 ) Joe Pesci ( 1980 ) John Gielgud ( 1981 ) John Lithgow ( 1982 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1983 ) Ralph Richardson ( 1984 ) Klaus Maria Brandauer ( 1985 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 1986 ) Morgan Freeman ( 1987 ) Dean Stockwell ( 1988 ) Alan Alda ( 1989 ) Bruce Davison ( 1990 ) Samuel L. Jackson ( 1991 ) Gene Hackman ( 1992 ) Ralph Fiennes ( 1993 ) Martin Landau ( 1994 ) Kevin Spacey ( 1995 ) Harry Belafonte ( 1996 ) Burt Reynolds ( 1997 ) Bill Murray ( 1998 ) John Malkovich ( 1999 ) Benicio del Toro ( 2000 ) Steve Buscemi ( 2001 ) Dennis Quaid ( 2002 ) Eugene Levy ( 2003 ) Clive Owen ( 2004 ) William Hurt ( 2005 ) Jackie Earle Haley ( 2006 ) Javier Bardem ( 2007 ) Josh Brolin ( 2008 ) Christoph Waltz ( 2009 ) Mark Ruffalo ( 2010 ) Albert Brooks ( 2011 ) Matthew McConaughey ( 2012 ) Jared Leto ( 2013 ) J.K. Simmons ( 2014 ) Mark Rylance ( 2015 ) Mahershala Ali ( 2016 ) Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy ( 1996 -- 2005 , retired ) Cuba Gooding Jr. ( 1996 ) Rupert Everett ( 1997 ) Bill Murray ( 1998 ) William H. Macy ( 1999 ) Willem Dafoe ( 2000 ) Jim Broadbent ( 2001 ) Michael Constantine ( 2002 ) Eugene Levy ( 2003 ) Thomas Haden Church ( 2004 ) Val Kilmer ( 2005 ) Motion Picture Drama ( 1996 -- 2005 , retired ) Armin Mueller - Stahl ( 1996 ) Burt Reynolds ( 1997 ) Donald Sutherland ( 1998 ) Harry Lennix ( 1999 ) Bruce Greenwood ( 2000 ) Ben Kingsley ( 2001 ) Dennis Haysbert ( 2002 ) Djimon Hounsou ( 2003 ) Christopher Walken ( 2004 ) Danny Huston ( 2005 ) Motion Picture ( 2006 -- present ) Leonardo DiCaprio ( 2006 ) Casey Affleck / Tom Wilkinson ( 2007 ) Michael Shannon ( 2008 ) Christoph Waltz ( 2009 ) Christian Bale ( 2010 ) Albert Brooks ( 2011 ) Javier Bardem ( 2012 ) Jared Leto ( 2013 ) J.K. Simmons ( 2014 ) Christian Bale ( 2015 ) Jeff Bridges ( 2016 ) VIAF : 118902208 LCCN : n87921590 ISNI : 0000 0001 1349 4669 GND : 130586552 SUDOC : 052198286 BNF : cb14030953d ( data ) MusicBrainz : 4e840913 - 872d - 49b0 - 837a - a051c9dfaeda IATH : w63r3zv8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Brooks&oldid=804152870 '' Categories : 1947 births 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American film directors American male film actors American male voice actors American people of Austrian - Jewish descent American people of Russian - Jewish descent American male screenwriters American stand - up comedians Beverly Hills High School alumni Carnegie Mellon University College of Fine Arts alumni English - language film directors Jewish American male actors Jewish American writers Living people Male actors from Beverly Hills , California Male actors from Los Angeles Jewish American comedians Comedians from California Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2011 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Cebuano Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Latina Malagasy Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 03 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Brooks

who wrote it is better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all

In Memoriam A.H.H.

in memoriam a. h. h.

`` In Memoriam A.H.H. '' is a poem by the British poet Alfred , Lord Tennyson , completed in 1849 . It is a requiem for the poet 's beloved Cambridge friend Arthur Henry Hallam , who died suddenly of a cerebral haemorrhage in Vienna in 1833 . It contains some of Tennyson 's most accomplished lyrical work , and is an unusually sustained exercise in lyric verse . It is widely considered to be one of the great poems of the 19th century .

The original title of the poem was `` The Way of the Soul '' , and this might give an idea of how the poem is an account of all Tennyson 's thoughts and emotions as he grieves over the death of a close friend . He views the cruelty of nature and mortality in light of materialist science and faith . Owing to its length and its arguable breadth of focus , the poem might not be thought an elegy or a dirge in the strictest formal sense . Contents ( hide ) 1 Form 2 Quotation 3 Nature , red in tooth and claw 4 Queen Victoria and `` In Memoriam '' 5 Other themes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Form ( edit ) The poem is not arranged exactly in the order in which it was written . The prologue , for example , is thought to have been one of the last things written . The earliest material is thought to be that which begins `` Fair ship , that from the Italian shore Saileth the placid ocean - plains '' and imagines the return of Hallam 's body from Italy . Critics believe , however , that the poem as a whole is meant to be chronological in terms of the progression of Tennyson 's grief . The passage of time is marked by the three descriptions of Christmas at different points in the poem , and the poem ends with a description of the marriage of Tennyson 's sister . `` In Memoriam '' is written in four - line ABBA stanzas of iambic tetrameter , and such stanzas are now called In Memoriam Stanzas . Though not metrically unusual , given the length of the work , the metre creates a tonal effect that often divides readers -- is it the natural sound of mourning and grief , or merely monotonous ? The poem is divided into 133 cantos ( including the prologue and epilogue ) , and in contrast to its constant and regulated metrical form , encompasses many different subjects : profound spiritual experiences , nostalgic reminiscence , philosophical speculation , Romantic fantasizing and even occasional verse . The death of Hallam , and Tennyson 's attempts to cope with this , remain the strand that ties all these together . Quotation ( edit ) The most frequently quoted lines in the poem are perhaps I hold it true , whate'er befall ; I feel it when I sorrow most ; ' Tis better to have loved and lost Than never to have loved at all . This stanza is to be found in Canto 27 . The last two lines are usually taken as offering a meditation on the dissolution of a romantic relationship . However , the lines originally referred to the death of the poet 's beloved friend . They are reminiscent of a line from William Congreve 's popular 1700 play , The Way of the World : `` ' tis better to be left than never to have been loved . '' Another much - quoted phrase from the poem is `` nature , red in tooth and claw , '' found in Canto 56 , referring to humanity : Who trusted God was love indeed And love Creation 's final law Tho ' Nature , red in tooth and claw With ravine , shriek 'd against his creed Also , the following are found in Canto 54 So runs my dream , but what am I ? An infant crying in the night An infant crying for the light And with no language but a cry . Also occasionally quoted are these lines from Canto 123 The hills are shadows , and they flow From form to form , and nothing stands ; They melt like mist , the solid lands , Like clouds they shape themselves and go . This references the recent discovery by geologists of Earth 's great age and mutability , a scientific wonder that underlay emerging ideas of nature and evolution . Nature , red in tooth and claw ( edit ) In writing the poem , Tennyson was influenced by the evolutionary ideas of transmutation of species presented in Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation which had been published in 1844 , and had caused a storm of controversy about the theological implications of impersonal nature functioning without direct divine intervention . An Evangelical focus on unquestioning belief in revealed truth taken from a literal interpretation of the Bible was already coming into conflict with emerging findings of science . Tennyson expressed the difficulties evolution raised for faith in `` the truths that never can be proved '' , while still believing the older idea that reason would eventually harmonise science and religion , as there could be no real contradiction . Are God and Nature then at strife , That Nature lends such evil dreams ? So careful of the type she seems , So careless of the single life ; That I , considering everywhere Her secret meaning in her deeds , And finding that of fifty seeds She often brings but one to bear , I falter where I firmly trod , And falling with my weight of cares Upon the great world 's altar - stairs That slope thro ' darkness up to God , I stretch lame hands of faith , and grope , And gather dust and chaff , and call To what I feel is Lord of all , And faintly trust the larger hope . Although this phrase is commonly ascribed to Tennyson , it already was in use . For example , The Hagerstown Mail in March 1837 : `` Hereupon , the beasts , enraged at the humbug , fell upon him tooth and claw . '' This poem was published before Charles Darwin made his theory public in 1859 . However , the phrase `` Nature , red in tooth and claw '' in canto 56 quickly was adopted by others as a phrase that evokes the process of natural selection . It was and is used by both those opposed to and in favour of the theory of evolution . However , at the end of the poem , Tennyson emerges with his Christian faith reaffirmed , progressing from doubt and despair to faith and hope , a dominant theme also seen in his poem `` Ulysses '' . If e'er when faith had fallen asleep , I hear a voice ' believe no more ' And heard an ever - breaking shore That tumbled in the Godless deep ; A warmth within the breast would melt The freezing reason 's colder part , And like a man in wrath the heart Stood up and answer 'd ' I have felt . ' No , like a child in doubt and fear : But that blind clamour made me wise ; Then was I as a child that cries , But , crying knows his father near ; Queen Victoria and `` In Memoriam '' ( edit ) The poem was a great favourite of Queen Victoria , who after the death of Prince Albert wrote that she was `` soothed & pleased '' by it . In 1862 Victoria requested a meeting with Tennyson because she was so impressed by the poem , and when she met him again in 1883 she told him what a comfort it had been . Other themes ( edit ) The British literary scholar Christopher Ricks relates the following lines to Tennyson 's childhood home at Somersby Rectory in Somersby , Lincolnshire , particularly the poet 's departure after the death of his father . Unwatched , the garden bough shall sway , The tender blossom flutter down , Unloved , that beech will gather brown , This maple burn itself away . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andrew Hass ; David Jasper ; Elisabeth Jay ( 2007 ) . The Oxford Handbook of English Literature and Theology . Oxford University Press . p. 607 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 927197 - 6 . Jump up ^ Josef L. Altholz , Professor of History , University of Minnesota ( 1976 ) . `` The Warfare of Conscience with Theology '' . The Mind and Art of Victorian England . Victorian Web . Retrieved 6 November 2007 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Charles Darwin - A Short Biography , Coe College Biology Department , 1999 . Jump up ^ Red in Tooth and Claw , Gary Martin , Phrases , Sayings and Idioms at The Phrase Finder , 1996 . Jump up ^ Start of preface to 1976 edition , Excerpt from The Selfish Gene by Richard Dawkins . ( 2nd Edition 1989 ) Oxford : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ 4 . The Evolutionary Implications of Living with the Ice Age , William James Burroughts , Climate Change in Prehistory : The End of the Reign of Chaos , Cambridge University Press , 2005 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 82409 - 5 Jump up ^ AQA A AS English Literature : Victorian Literature : Student 's Book Jump up ^ http://www.queenvictoriasjournals.org/home.do 5 January 1862 Jump up ^ http://www.queenvictoriasjournals.org/home.do 7 August 1883 Jump up ^ Ricks , Christopher ( 1989 ) . Tennyson . University of California Press . p. 136 . ISBN 9780520067844 . Further reading ( edit ) A.C. Bradley , A Commentary on Tennyson 's In Memoriam . London , Macmillan and Co. 1901 . External links ( edit ) Text of `` In Memoriam A.H.H. '' from The Literature Network . Find more aboutIn Memoriam A.H.H. at Wikipedia 's sister projects Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata In Memoriam A.H.H. public domain audiobook at LibriVox ( hide ) Alfred Tennyson , 1st Baron Tennyson Early poetry `` The Deserted House '' `` The Lady of Shalott '' `` The Lotos - Eaters '' `` Mariana '' `` Oenone '' Poetry `` Break , Break , Break '' `` The Charge of the Light Brigade '' `` The Day - Dream '' `` Godiva '' Idylls of the King `` In Memoriam A.H.H. '' `` Lady Clara Vere de Vere '' `` Locksley Hall '' `` Now Sleeps the Crimson Petal '' Poems ( 1842 ) `` The Palace of Art '' The Princess `` Sir Galahad '' `` St. Simeon Stylites '' `` Tears , Idle Tears '' `` The Two Voices '' `` Ulysses '' Late poetry `` Crossing the Bar '' `` The Eagle '' `` Enoch Arden '' `` Flower in the crannied wall '' Maud `` Ring Out , Wild Bells '' `` Tithonus '' Other works The Foresters ( play ) The Window ( song cycle ) Related Chapel House , Twickenham Farringford House Blackdown , West Sussex People Arthur Hallam ( friend ) Emily Tennyson ( wife ) Hallam Tennyson ( son ) Lionel Tennyson ( grandson ) Charles Tennyson ( grandson ) Emilia Tennyson ( sister ) Charles Tennyson Turner ( brother ) Frederick Tennyson ( brother ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_Memoriam_A.H.H.&oldid=797319236 '' Categories : Poetry by Alfred Tennyson British poems 1849 poems Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Español Polski Português West - Vlams Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2017 , at 08 : 35 . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%20Memoriam%20A.H.H.

who is brianna from all eyez on me

All Eyez on Me ( film )

all eyez on me ( film )

All Eyez on Me is a 2017 American biographical drama film about hip - hop artist Tupac Shakur , directed by Benny Boom and written by Jeremy Haft , Eddie Gonzalez and Steven Bagatourian . Titled after Shakur 's 1996 fourth studio album of the same title , the film stars Demetrius Shipp Jr. as Shakur with Kat Graham , Lauren Cohan , Hill Harper and Danai Gurira in supporting roles .

Principal photography began in mid-December 2015 in Atlanta , Georgia . All Eyez on Me premiered on June 14 , 2017 , in Los Angeles and was released in the United States on June 16 , 2017 , on what would have been Shakur 's 46th birthday . The film received negative reviews from critics but a positive response from audiences , and grossed $54 million worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Marketing 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Historical accuracy 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot At the Clinton Correctional Facility in 1995 , a documentary filmmaker arrives to interview Tupac Shakur . In flashback to 1971 , Tupac 's mother , Afeni Shakur and other Black Panther Party members are released from prison following acquittal . From an early age , Tupac , instilled with black pride , witnesses multiple injustices in his neighborhood . His stepfather , Mutulu , a revolutionary , is caught by the FBI for an armored - truck robbery and murder . As Tupac gets older , he distances himself from his mother 's revolutionary ideals . He attends the Baltimore School for the Arts , where he becomes friends with Jada Pinkett . Tupac 's music career begins when he joins Digital Underground for their hit `` Same Song '' . Under manager Leila Steinberg , he begins to have hip - hop albums produced . Although his music becomes popular , some songs ' controversial lyrics cause tensions between him and his record producers . Tupac begins acting in movies such as Juice , as well as collaborating with performers includign Biggie Smalls . He generates both praise and controversy . Tupac finds himself beaten by police officers over jaywalking . Another time , after he and a friend intervene when two white off - duty officers men assault a black man , Tupac is arrested for shooting at the cops . Tupac develops a contentious relationship with involved with drug dealer and music partner Nigel . In 1993 , Tupac goes on trial for rape and harassment charges . On November 30 , 1994 , he is attacked by three men in the lobby of Quad Recording Studios , and shot five times before the men flee , and is hospitalized . The following day , Tupac is found not guilty of rape , but found guilty of illegal touching , and sentenced to eighteen months in prison . While in prison , Tupac hears Biggie 's song `` Who Shot Ya ? '' , and interprets it as a diss track bragging about Biggie 's alleged involvement in his shooting . Tupac , who is assaulted by two guards while in prison , eventually is released and signs to Death Row Records under Suge Knight . Tupac and label - mate Dr. Dre work on the hit song `` California Love '' . He releases the track `` Hit Em Up '' as a response to `` Who Shot Ya ? '' in which Tupac brags about supposedly having an affair with Biggie 's wife Faith Evans . Tupac parts ways with Death Row to launch his own company . Later , Suge offers Tupac a chance to become partners , and Tupac agrees to head Death Row 's East Coast operations . On September 7 , 1996 , Tupac , Suge , and others are leaving the Mike Tyson vs. Bruce Seldon boxing match at the MGM Grand Las Vegas . They confront the gang member who had jumped a friend , and Tupac knocks him to the ground , leading to a free - for - all . Tupac stops by his hotel to change clothes , and tells Kidada he will return in an hour . With Suge in his car , Tupac is at the intersection of Flamingo Road and Koval Lane when a Cadillac pulls alongside Tupac 's BMW and shoots Tupac multiple times before fleeing the scene . Onscreen text states that Tupac died six days later at age 25 . His murder remains unsolved . Cast Demetrius Shipp Jr. as Tupac Shakur Danai Gurira as Afeni Shakur , Tupac 's mother , a political activist and member of the Black Panther Party . Lauren Cohan as Leila Steinberg , Tupac 's mentor . Jamie Hector as Mutulu Shakur , Tupac 's stepfather . Annie Ilonzeh as Kidada Jones , engaged to Tupac at the time of his death . Jamal Woolard as The Notorious B.I.G. , Tupac 's former friend turned rival . Kat Graham as Jada Pinkett , a friend of Tupac from the Baltimore School for the Arts . Dominic L. Santana as Suge Knight , a record producer . Grace Gibson as Faith Evans , Biggie Smalls 's wife and singer . Lian Amado as Angie Martinez , radio personality , rapper , and actress . Stefon Washington as Puff Daddy Chris Clarke as Shock G the lead vocalist for the hip hop group Digital Underground . Money - B as himself , member of Digital Underground . Clifton Powell as Floyd , inmate at Clinton Correctional Facility . Johnell Young as Ray Luv , Tupac 's friend . Jermel Howard as Mopreme Shakur Azad Arnaud as Daz Dillinger Jarrett Ellis as Snoop Dogg Keith Robinson as Atron Gregory , TNT Records founder . Rayan Lawrence as Treach James Hatter III as Yaki Kadafi Jermaine Carter as Hussein Fatal E.D.I. Mean as himself Young Noble as himself DeRay Davis as Legs Harold House Moore as Dr. Dre Hill Harper as Journalist Cory Hardrict as Nigel aka Haitian Jack Phil Armijo as Johnny `` J '' Deshawn Wayne as Frank Alexander Production Development On February 10 , 2011 , it was announced that Morgan Creek Productions had developed and would finance and produce the rap legend Tupac Amaru Shakur 's biopic titled Tupac , which would follow his life from growing up to his death . Antoine Fuqua was attached as the director of the film , and the script was from Steven Bagatourian , Stephen J. Rivele , and Christopher Wilkinson . James G. Robinson and David C. Robinson would produce the film along with Program Pictures ' L.T. Hutton , and Tupac 's mother Afeni Shakur as executive producer , with production scheduled to begin that summer . On September 19 , 2013 , Emmett / Furla / Oasis Films came on board to co-finance and co-produce the $45 million budgeted film along with Morgan Creek . Ed Gonzalez and Jeremy Haft were writing the latest draft of the film . On February 12 , 2014 , John Singleton again signed on to rewrite , direct and produce the film . On April 16 , 2014 , Open Road Films acquired the United States distribution rights to the film . Gonzalez , Haft , and Singleton wrote the latest draft of the script for the film , about Tupac 's life from his growing up in East Harlem to becoming a legendary songwriter and hip - hop artist , to his death in Las Vegas at the age of 25 . On April 7 , 2015 , it was revealed that Singleton exited the film due to some major creative differences , while Carl Franklin was being eyed to hold the direction duties . On October 28 , 2015 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Emmett / Furla / Oasis had sued Morgan Creek over $10 million for breaking the companies co-production agreement signed in September 2013 . In the agreement , terms were not to exceed the production budget above $30 million , mutual approval for the lead actor 's selection , filming schedule , and distribution and sales agreements . Randall Emmett and George Furla also claimed that they all first signed a distribution deal with Open Road , which Morgan Creek rejected , and then Morgan Creek inked a new deal with Open Road without mutual approval . Casting On November 30 , 2015 , it was reported that music director Benny Boom would be directing the film now replacing Franklin . Early - December 2015 , the film 's title was confirmed to be All Eyez On Me On December 24 , 2015 , newcomer Demetrius Shipp , Jr. was cast in the film to play the role of Tupac . Jamal Woolard also joined the film to play the role of The Notorious B.I.G. , Tupac 's former friend turned rival , reprising the role Woolard portrayed in the 2009 film Notorious . On January 11 , 2016 , Danai Gurira was added to the film 's cast to play Tupac 's mother Afeni Shakur , a political activist and member of the Black Panthers . Following Gurira 's casting , Variety reported on the next day that Kat Graham had signed on to play Jada Pinkett , a friend of Tupac from the Baltimore School for the Arts . It was revealed later that Dominic L. Santana had been cast as record producer Suge Knight . On January 13 , Jamie Hector signed on to star as Mutulu Shakur , Tupac 's stepfather . On January 15 , Lauren Cohan joined the film 's cast to play the role of Leila Steinberg , a key figure in Tupac 's life as his mentor . Money B would appear in the film as himself , Tupac 's coworker at Digital Underground , Clifton Powell as Floyd , inmate at Clinton Correctional Facility , and Johnell Young as a Tupac 's close friend , Ray Luv . On January 19 , TheWrap confirmed that Grace Gibson was cast in the film to play Biggie Smalls ' wife , Faith Evans , who was reportedly in an adulterous affair with Shakur . On January 22 , 2016 , Keith Robinson was cast as Atron Gregory , TNT Records founder who first helped Tupac becoming a dancer and then a solo artist . Annie Ilonzeh was added to the cast in February 2016 to play the role of Kidada Jones , engaged to Tupac at the time of his death . Filming Principal photography on the film began in mid-December 2015 in Atlanta , Georgia . Filming wrapped on April 12 , 2016 , in Las Vegas , Nevada . Marketing On June 16 , 2016 , on what would have been Shakur 's 45th birthday , a teaser trailer for the film was released . On September 13 , 2016 , the 20th anniversary of Shakur 's death , a second teaser trailer was released . It was announced that the film will be released on June 16 , 2017 . On February 10 , 2017 , a third teaser trailer was released , confirming Summit , Morgan Creek , Program Pictures , and Codeblack Films as producers and distributors . On April 6 , 2017 , a fourth trailer was released . No official soundtrack album was released to accompany the movie 's release . Reception Box office All Eyez on Me grossed $44.8 million in the United States and Canada and $10 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $54.8 million , against a production budget of $40 million . In North America , All Eyez on Me was released on June 16 , 2017 , alongside Rough Night , 47 Meters Down and Cars 3 , and was originally projected to gross $17 -- 20 million from 2,471 theaters in its opening weekend . It made $12.8 million on Friday ( including $3.1 million from Thursday night previews ) , increasing weekend estimates to $31 million . It ended up debuting to $26.4 million , finishing 3rd at the box office behind Cars 3 ( $53.7 million ) and Wonder Woman ( $41.3 million ) . Deadline.com attributed the film 's success to the release corresponding with Tupac 's birthday , as well as audience interest on the subject matter following the success of Straight Outta Compton in 2015 ; 47 % of the opening weekend audience was black , 25 % Hispanics and 19 % white . Despite its surprising opening weekend success , the film experienced a historic drop in its second weekend , dropping 78 % to $5.8 million , the 16th largest such decline in history . In its third weekend the film was pulled from 1,213 theaters and dropped another 68.6 % to $1.8 million , finishing 11th at the box office . Critical response On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 17 % based on 81 reviews , with an average rating of 4.3 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Despite Demetrius Shipp Jr. 's fine lead performance , All Eyez on Me is mostly a surface - skimming , by - the - numbers biopic of a larger - than - life icon . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating , the film has a weighted average score of 38 out of 100 , based on 21 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale at CinemaScore , and an 82 % overall positive score according to comScore . Glenn Kenny of The New York Times gave the film a negative review , saying : `` Almost all the dialogue is that flat - footed . It 's a stark contrast to the almost always vivid power of Shakur 's own words , which could be profoundly empathetic and pettily profane . '' Owen Gleiberman of Variety wrote : `` Comprehensive but sketchy , richly atmospheric but often under - dramatized , it is not , in the end , a very good movie ( there are a few scenes , like Tupac 's initial meeting with Ted Field of Interscope Records , that are embarrassingly bad ) . Yet it 's highly worth seeing because in its volatility and hunger , and the desperation of its violence , it captures something about the space in which Tupac Shakur lived : a place that wanted to be all about pride and power , but was really about flying over the abyss . '' Historical accuracy On her Twitter account , Jada Pinkett Smith stated that the film contained many inaccuracies about her relationship with Tupac and why he left for Los Angeles . Smith claimed that Tupac never read the poem he read to her character in the film and that she had no knowledge that it even existed until it was published in his book . She also stated that she never attended one of Tupac 's shows at his request and that there was no backstage argument . She did , however , praise the performances of Shipp and Graham . Both Sean Combs and Suge Knight gave blessings to the film , praising their respective portrayals . See also Notorious ( 2009 film ) Straight Outta Compton ( 2015 film ) References Jump up ^ `` All Eyez on Me '' . AMC Theatres . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cars 3 ' $53 M+ Is Third Best Debut For Pixar Series ; ' Wonder Woman ' Still Wows With $40 M+ ; ' All Eyez On Me ' Solid '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Eyez on Me ( 2017 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tupac 's Highly - Anticipated Biopic Receives Official Release Date '' . November 22 , 2016 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( December 24 , 2015 ) . `` Tupac Biopic Casts Lead Roles for Shakur , Biggie Smalls '' . Variety . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : A. Lincoln , Ross ( December 24 , 2015 ) . `` Newcomer Demetrius Shipp Jr . Cast As Tupac As Biopic Begins Filming '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jr , Mike Fleming ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Walking Dead 's Danai Gurira Set To Play Tupac 's Mom Afeni Shakur In ' All Eyez On Me ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Lauren Cohan Steps Into Key Role In Tupac Shakur Biopic ' All Eyez On Me ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hipes , Patrick ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Jamie Hector Joins Tupac Biopic ' All Eyez On Me ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : A. Obenson , Tambay ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Annie Ilonzeh Cast to Play Kidada Jones in Morgan Creek 's Tupac Shakur Biopic '' . indiewire.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Kat Graham Joins Tupac Movie , Portraying Jada Pinkett Smith ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dominic L. Santana is Suge Knight in Tupac Biopic ' All Eyez On Me ' '' . EURweb . January 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Verhoeven , Beatrice ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` Grace Gibson Is Faith Evans in 2Pac Biopic ' All Eyez on Me ' '' . TheWrap . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All Eyez On Me Chris Clarke as Shock G '' . blackfilm.com . Jump up ^ `` Minister EnQi interviews Chris Clarke as Shock G aka Humpty Hump in All Eyes On Me Tupac Movie '' . wn.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Guess Which Digital Underground Member Will Be Appearing As Himself In The Upcoming Tupac Biopic ? '' . Bossip . January 18 , 2016 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hernández , Victoria ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` Tupac `` All Eyez On Me '' Biopic Casts Two More Roles `` . HipHopDX . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's A Rundown Of Everyone Casted In the 2Pac Biopic '' . revolt.tv . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lincoln , Ross A. ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` Trevor Donovan Joins JL Ranch ; Keith Robinson Is All Bout ' All Eyez On Me ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the COMPLETE cast of the Tew - Pack `` All Eyez on Me '' biopic movie `` . thecoli.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1666185/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm Retrieved December 30 , 2016 Jump up ^ Beatrice Verhoeven ( 2016 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Tupac Biopic ' All Eyez on Me ' Casts Villain Haitian Jack '' . Thewrap.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Cina , Mark ( February 10 , 2011 ) . `` Morgan Creek 's ' Tupac ' Biopic to Begin Shooting This Summer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr , Mike ( September 19 , 2013 ) . `` Tupac Shakur Biopic Gets New Momentum As Emmett / Furla / Oasis To Co-Finance '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` John Singleton Back as Director for Tupac Shakur Biopic ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr , Mike ( April 16 , 2014 ) . `` Open Road Acquires U.S. On ' Tupac ' , John Singleton - Directed Pic On Hip - Hop Icon '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Donnelly , Matt ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Carl Franklin to Replace Director John Singleton on Tupac Biopic '' . TheWrap . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Siegemund - Broka , Austin ( October 28 , 2015 ) . `` Tupac Biopic Producer Brings $10 M Lawsuit Over Secret Star Casting '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Siegel , Tatiana ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Tupac Biopic Finds New Director ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Filming Set To Begin On Tupac Shakur Biopic ' All Eyez On Me , ' Benny Boom Confirmed To Direct '' . Bossip . December 2 , 2015 . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tupac Biopic Begins Filming '' . Boom 92 Houston . December 18 , 2015 . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' All Eyez on Me ' Tupac Shakur Movie Wrapped Filming in Vegas : Buzz '' . Music Times . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ * Please enter your name . `` Tupac Shakur Movie ' All Eyez on Me ' Completes Filming in Las Vegas ( VIDEO ) '' . Theboombox.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` All Eyez On Me '' . Facebook.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Tupac Biopic : New ' All Eyez On Me ' Trailer Released On ' Dear Mama ' Rapper 's 20 - Year Death Anniversary '' . 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Hime , Nelly ( November 19 , 2016 ) . `` Tupac All Eyez on Me Pushed Back , Releases Latest Trailer '' . Nagame Digital . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pixar 's ' Cars 3 ' should unseat ' Wonder Woman ' at the box office '' . Los Angeles Times . June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why ' Transformers ' Is Screaming For Reboot After $69 M Start ; ' Wonder Woman ' & ' Cars 3 ' Fight Over 2nd Place '' . Deadline.com . June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Baby Driver ' Speeds to $27 M+ ; Ferrell & Poehler 's ' House ' Burns Down as ' Despicable Me 3 ' Dominates '' . Deadline.com . July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All Eyez on Me ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` All Eyez on Me reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kenny , Glenn ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' All Eyez on Me ' Is Uninspired . Tupac Shakur Was Anything But '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' All Eyez on Me ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jada Pinkett Smith shares her truth about Tupac , disputes ' All Eyez on Me ' '' . Los Angeles Times . June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Diddy and Suge Knight Approve of Tupac Shakur Movie ' All Eyez on Me ' '' . XXLMag.com . June 8 , 2017 . External links Official website All Eyez on Me on IMDb All Eyez on Me at Box Office Mojo Tupac Shakur Studio albums 2Pacalypse Now Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z. ... Thug Life : Volume 1 Me Against the World All Eyez on Me The Don Killuminati : The 7 Day Theory Posthumous albums RU Still Down ? ( Remember Me ) Still I Rise Until the End of Time Better Dayz Loyal to the Game Pac 's Life Live albums 2Pac Live Live at the House of Blues Compilation albums Greatest Hits The Rose That Grew from Concrete The Prophet : The Best of the Works Nu - Mixx Klazzics Tupac : Resurrection The Rose , Vol. 2 The Prophet Returns Beginnings : The Lost Tapes 1988 -- 1991 Nu - Mixx Klazzics Vol. 2 Best of 2Pac Related albums Nothing but Trouble ( soundtrack ) Sons of the P Juice ( soundtrack ) Poetic Justice ( soundtrack ) Above the Rim ( soundtrack ) Gridlock 'd ( soundtrack ) Gang Related ( soundtrack ) A 2Pac Tribute : Dare 2 Struggle Extended plays Makaveli & Dillinger Do n't Go 2 Sleep Singles `` Brenda 's Got a Baby '' `` If My Homie Calls '' `` Trapped '' `` Holler If Ya Hear Me '' `` I Get Around '' `` Keep Ya Head Up '' `` Papa'z Song '' `` Cradle to the Grave '' `` Dear Mama '' `` So Many Tears '' `` Temptations '' `` California Love '' `` 2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted '' `` How Do U Want It '' `` All Bout U '' `` I Ai n't Mad at Cha '' `` Life Goes On '' `` Toss It Up '' `` To Live & Die in LA '' `` Hail Mary '' `` Wanted Dead or Alive '' `` Made Niggaz '' Posthumous singles `` I Wonder If Heaven Got a Ghetto '' `` Do for Love '' `` Changes '' `` Unconditional Love '' `` Baby Do n't Cry ( Keep Ya Head Up II ) '' `` Who Do U Believe In '' `` Until the End of Time '' `` Letter 2 My Unborn '' `` Thugz Mansion '' `` Still Ballin ' '' `` Runnin ' ( Dying to Live ) '' `` One Day at a Time ( Em 's Version ) '' `` Thugs Get Lonely Too '' `` Ghetto Gospel '' `` Untouchable '' `` Pac 's Life '' `` Playa Cardz Right '' Other songs `` I Do n't Give a Fuck '' `` Runnin ' ( From tha Police ) '' `` Hit ' Em Up '' `` Are U Still Down '' `` Panther Power '' Featured singles `` Smile '' `` Playa Cardz Right '' Books The Rose That Grew from Concrete Stage Holler If Ya Hear Me Filmography Nothing but Trouble Juice Poetic Justice Above the Rim Bullet Gridlock 'd Gang Related Documentaries Biggie & Tupac Tupac : Resurrection Tupac : Assassination Outlawz Yaki Kadafi Kastro Napoleon E.D.I. Mean Hussein Fatal Mussolini Komani Young Noble Related articles Discography List of songs Outlawz Digital Underground Afeni Shakur Assata Shakur Mopreme Shakur Mutulu Shakur East Coast - West Coast hip hop rivalry Makaveli Branded Clothing Niccolò Machiavelli Orlando Anderson Tupac Amaru Shakur Center for the Arts Billy Garland Kadafi List of awards and nominations received by Tupac Shakur Murder of Tupac Shakur All Eyez on Me Films directed by Benny Boom Next Day Air ( 2009 ) S.W.A.T. : Firefight ( 2011 ) All Eyez on Me ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_Eyez_on_Me_(film)&oldid=827199088 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films American films African - American films American biographical films American drama films 2010s biographical films 2010s drama films Biographical films about musicians Drama films based on actual events Films shot in Atlanta Morgan Creek Productions films Summit Entertainment films Films set in New York City Films set in the Las Vegas Valley Films directed by Benny Boom Works about Tupac Shakur Hood films Hip hop films Films set in Baltimore Films set in the San Francisco Bay Area Films set in Los Angeles Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use American English from May 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from May 2017 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 23 February 2018 , at 09 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%20Eyez%20on%20Me%20%28film%29

what is the valence shell electron pair repulsion theory

Valence shell electron pair repulsion ( VSEPR ) theory is a model used in chemistry to predict the geometry of individual molecules from the number of electron pairs surrounding their central atoms . It is also named the Gillespie - Nyholm theory after its two main developers , Ronald Gillespie and Ronald Nyholm . The acronym `` VSEPR '' is pronounced either `` ves - pur '' or `` vuh - seh - per '' .

a model used in chemistry to predict the geometry of individual molecules from the number of electron pairs surrounding their central atoms

VSEPR theory

vsepr theory

Valence shell electron pair repulsion ( VSEPR ) theory is a model used in chemistry to predict the geometry of individual molecules from the number of electron pairs surrounding their central atoms . It is also named the Gillespie - Nyholm theory after its two main developers , Ronald Gillespie and Ronald Nyholm . The acronym `` VSEPR '' is pronounced either `` ves - pur '' or `` vuh - seh - per '' .

The premise of VSEPR is that the valence electron pairs surrounding an atom tend to repel each other and will , therefore , adopt an arrangement that minimizes this repulsion , thus determining the molecule 's geometry . Gillespie has emphasized that the electron - electron repulsion due to the Pauli exclusion principle is more important in determining molecular geometry than the electrostatic repulsion . VSEPR theory is based on observable electron density rather than mathematical wave functions and hence unrelated to orbital hybridisation , although both address molecular shape . While it is mainly qualitative , VSEPR has a quantitative basis in quantum chemical topology ( QCT ) methods such as the electron localization function and the quantum theory of atoms in molecules ( QTAIM ) . Contents 1 History 2 Overview 3 Degree of repulsion 4 AXE method 5 Examples 6 Exceptions 6.1 Some AX E molecules 6.2 Some AX E molecules 6.3 Some AX E and AX E molecules 7 Transition metal molecules 8 Odd - electron molecules 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) The idea of a correlation between molecular geometry and number of valence electron pairs ( both shared and unshared pairs ) was originally proposed in 1939 by Ryutaro Tsuchida in Japan , and was independently presented in a Bakerian Lecture in 1940 by Nevil Sidgwick and Herbert Powell of the University of Oxford . In 1957 , Ronald Gillespie and Ronald Sydney Nyholm of University College London refined this concept into a more detailed theory , capable of choosing between various alternative geometries . In recent years , VSEPR theory has been criticized as an outdated model from the standpoint of both scientific accuracy and pedagogical value . In particular , the equivalent lone pairs of water and carbonyl compounds in VSEPR theory neglect fundamental differences in the symmetries ( σ vs. π ) of molecular orbitals and natural bond orbitals that correspond to them , a difference that is sometimes chemically significant . Furthermore , there is little evidence , computational or experimental , proposing that lone pairs are `` bigger '' than bonding pairs . It has been suggested that Bent 's rule is capable of replacing VSEPR as a simple model for explaining molecular structure . Nevertheless , VSEPR theory captures many of the essential features of the structure and electron distribution of simple molecules , and most undergraduate general chemistry courses continue to teach it . Overview ( edit ) VSEPR theory is used to predict the arrangement of electron pairs around non-hydrogen atoms in molecules , especially simple and symmetric molecules , where these key , central atoms participate in bonding to two or more other atoms ; the geometry of these key atoms and their non-bonding electron pairs in turn determine the geometry of the larger whole . The number of electron pairs in the valence shell of a central atom is determined after drawing the Lewis structure of the molecule , and expanding it to show all bonding groups and lone pairs of electrons . In VSEPR theory , a double bond or triple bond are treated as a single bonding group . The sum of the number of atoms bonded to a central atom and the number of lone pairs formed by its nonbonding valence electrons is known as the central atom 's steric number . The electron pairs ( or groups if multiple bonds are present ) are assumed to lie on the surface of a sphere centered on the central atom and tend to occupy positions that minimize their mutual repulsions by maximizing the distance between them . The number of electron pairs ( or groups ) , therefore , determines the overall geometry that they will adopt . For example , when there are two electron pairs surrounding the central atom , their mutual repulsion is minimal when they lie at opposite poles of the sphere . Therefore , the central atom is predicted to adopt a linear geometry . If there are 3 electron pairs surrounding the central atom , their repulsion is minimized by placing them at the vertices of an equilateral triangle centered on the atom . Therefore , the predicted geometry is trigonal . Likewise , for 4 electron pairs , the optimal arrangement is tetrahedral . Degree of repulsion ( edit ) The overall geometry is further refined by distinguishing between bonding and nonbonding electron pairs . The bonding electron pair shared in a sigma bond with an adjacent atom lies further from the central atom than a nonbonding ( lone ) pair of that atom , which is held close to its positively charged nucleus . VSEPR theory therefore views repulsion by the lone pair to be greater than the repulsion by a bonding pair . As such , when a molecule has 2 interactions with different degrees of repulsion , VSEPR theory predicts the structure where lone pairs occupy positions that allow them to experience less repulsion . Lone pair -- lone pair ( lp -- lp ) repulsions are considered stronger than lone pair -- bonding pair ( lp -- bp ) repulsions , which in turn are considered stronger than bonding pair -- bonding pair ( bp -- bp ) repulsions , distinctions that then guide decisions about overall geometry when 2 or more non-equivalent positions are possible . For instance , when 5 valence electron pairs surround a central atom , they adopt a trigonal bipyramidal molecular geometry with two collinear axial positions and three equatorial positions . An electron pair in an axial position has three close equatorial neighbors only 90 ° away and a fourth much farther at 180 ° , while an equatorial electron pair has only two adjacent pairs at 90 ° and two at 120 ° . The repulsion from the close neighbors at 90 ° is more important , so that the axial positions experience more repulsion than the equatorial positions ; hence , when there are lone pairs , they tend to occupy equatorial positions as shown in the diagrams of the next section for steric number five . The difference between lone pairs and bonding pairs may also be used to rationalize deviations from idealized geometries . For example , the H O molecule has four electron pairs in its valence shell : two lone pairs and two bond pairs . The four electron pairs are spread so as to point roughly towards the apices of a tetrahedron . However , the bond angle between the two O -- H bonds is only 104.5 ° , rather than the 109.5 ° of a regular tetrahedron , because the two lone pairs ( whose density or probability envelopes lie closer to the oxygen nucleus ) exert a greater mutual repulsion than the two bond pairs . An advanced - level explanation replaces the above distinction with two rules : Bent 's rule : An electron pair of a more electropositive ligand constitutes greater repulsion . This explains why the Cl in PClF prefers the equatorial position and why the bond angle in oxygen difluoride ( 103.8 ° ) is smaller than that of water ( 104.5 ° ) . Lone pairs are then considered to be a special case of this rule , held by a `` ghost ligand '' in the limit of electropositivity . A higher bond order constitutes greater repulsion . This explains why in phosgene , the oxygen -- chlorine bond angle ( 124.1 ° ) is larger than the chlorine -- chlorine bond angle ( 111.8 ° ) even though chlorine is more electropositive than oxygen . In the carbonate ion , all three bond angles are equivalent due to resonance . AXE method ( edit ) The `` AXE method '' of electron counting is commonly used when applying the VSEPR theory . The A represents the central atom and always has an implied subscript one . The X represents each of ligands ( atoms bonded to A ) . The E represents the number of lone electron pairs surrounding the central atom . The sum of X and E is known as the steric number . Based on the steric number and distribution of Xs and Es , VSEPR theory makes the predictions in the following tables . Note that the geometries are named according to the atomic positions only and not the electron arrangement . For example , the description of AX E as a bent molecule means that the three atoms AX are not in one straight line , although the lone pair helps to determine the geometry . Steric number Molecular geometry 0 lone pairs Molecular geometry 1 lone pair Molecular geometry 2 lone pairs Molecular geometry 3 lone pairs Linear ( CO ) Trigonal planar ( BCl ) V - shape ( SO ) Tetrahedral ( CH ) Trigonal pyramidal ( NH ) Bent ( H O ) 5 Trigonal bipyramidal ( PCl ) Seesaw ( SF ) T - shaped ( ClF ) Linear ( I ) 6 Octahedral ( SF ) Square pyramidal ( BrF ) Square planar ( XeF ) 7 Pentagonal bipyramidal ( IF ) Pentagonal pyramidal ( XeOF ) Pentagonal planar ( XeF ) 8 Square antiprismatic ( TaF ) 9 Tricapped trigonal prismatic ( ReH ) or Capped square antiprismatic 10 Bicapped square antiprismatic or Bicapped dodecadeltahedral 11 Octadecahedral 12 Icosahedral 14 Bicapped hexagonal antiprismatic Molecule type Shape Electron arrangement including lone pairs , shown in pale yellow Geometry excluding lone pairs Examples AX E Linear BeCl , HgCl , CO AX E Bent NO , SO , O , CCl AX E Bent H O , OF AX E Linear XeF , I , XeCl AX E Trigonal planar BF , CO , NO , SO AX E Trigonal pyramidal NH , PCl AX E T - shaped ClF , BrF AX E Tetrahedral CH , PO , SO , ClO , XeO AX E Seesaw or disphenoidal SF AX E Square planar XeF AX E Trigonal bipyramidal PCl AX E Square pyramidal ClF , BrF , XeOF AX E Pentagonal planar XeF AX E Octahedral SF , WCl AX E Pentagonal pyramidal XeOF , IOF AX E Pentagonal bipyramidal IF AX E Square antiprismatic IF , ZrF , ReF AX E Tricapped trigonal prismatic ( as drawn ) or capped square antiprismatic ReH When the substituent ( X ) atoms are not all the same , the geometry is still approximately valid , but the bond angles may be slightly different from the ones where all the outside atoms are the same . For example , the double - bond carbons in alkenes like C H are AX E , but the bond angles are not all exactly 120 ° . Likewise , SOCl is AX E , but because the X substituents are not identical , the X -- A -- X angles are not all equal . As a tool in predicting the geometry adopted with a given number of electron pairs , an often used physical demonstration of the principle of minimal electron pair repulsion utilizes inflated balloons . Through handling , balloons acquire a slight surface electrostatic charge that results in the adoption of roughly the same geometries when they are tied together at their stems as the corresponding number of electron pairs . For example , five balloons tied together adopt the trigonal bipyramidal geometry , just as do the five bonding pairs of a PCl molecule ( AX ) or the two bonding and three non-bonding pairs of a XeF molecule ( AX E ) . The molecular geometry of the former is also trigonal bipyramidal , whereas that of the latter is linear . Examples ( edit ) The methane molecule ( CH ) is tetrahedral because there are four pairs of electrons . The four hydrogen atoms are positioned at the vertices of a tetrahedron , and the bond angle is cos ( − ​ ⁄ ) ≈ 109 ° 28 ′ . This is referred to as an AX type of molecule . As mentioned above , A represents the central atom and X represents an outer atom . The ammonia molecule ( NH ) has three pairs of electrons involved in bonding , but there is a lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom . It is not bonded with another atom ; however , it influences the overall shape through repulsions . As in methane above , there are four regions of electron density . Therefore , the overall orientation of the regions of electron density is tetrahedral . On the other hand , there are only three outer atoms . This is referred to as an AX E type molecule because the lone pair is represented by an E. By definition , the molecular shape or geometry describes the geometric arrangement of the atomic nuclei only , which is trigonal - pyramidal for NH . Steric numbers of 7 or greater are possible , but are less common . The steric number of 7 occurs in iodine heptafluoride ( IF ) ; the base geometry for a steric number of 7 is pentagonal bipyramidal . The most common geometry for a steric number of 8 is a square antiprismatic geometry . Examples of this include the octacyanomolybdate ( Mo ( CN ) ) and octafluorozirconate ( ZrF ) anions . The nonahydridorhenate ion ( ReH ) in potassium nonahydridorhenate is a rare example of a compound with a steric number of 9 , which has a tricapped trigonal prismatic geometry . Another example is the octafluoroxenate ion ( XeF ) in nitrosonium octafluoroxenate ( VI ) , although in this case one of the electron pairs is a lone pair , and therefore the molecule actually has a distorted square antiprismatic geometry . Possible geometries for steric numbers of 10 , 11 , 12 , or 14 are bicapped square antiprismatic ( or bicapped dodecadeltahedral ) , octadecahedral , icosahedral , and bicapped hexagonal antiprismatic , respectively . No compounds with steric numbers this high involving monodentate ligands exist , and those involving multidentate ligands can often be analysed more simply as complexes with lower steric numbers when some multidentate ligands are treated as a unit . Exceptions ( edit ) There are groups of compounds where VSEPR fails to predict the correct geometry . Some AX E molecules ( edit ) The gas phase structures of the triatomic halides of the heavier members of group 2 , ( i.e. , calcium , strontium and barium halides , MX ) , are not linear as predicted but are bent , ( approximate X -- M -- X angles : CaF , 145 ° ; SrF , 120 ° ; BaF , 108 ° ; SrCl , 130 ° ; BaCl , 115 ° ; BaBr , 115 ° ; BaI , 105 ° ) . It has been proposed by Gillespie that this is caused by interaction of the ligands with the electron core of the metal atom , polarising it so that the inner shell is not spherically symmetric , thus influencing the molecular geometry . Ab initio calculations have been cited to propose that contributions from d orbitals in the shell below the valence shell are responsible . Disilynes are also bent , despite having no lone pairs . Some AX E molecules ( edit ) One example of the AX E geometry is molecular lithium oxide , Li O , a linear rather than bent structure , which is ascribed to its bonds being essentially ionic and the strong lithium - lithium repulsion that results . Another example is O ( SiH ) with an Si -- O -- Si angle of 144.1 ° , which compares to the angles in Cl O ( 110.9 ° ) , ( CH ) O ( 111.7 ° ) , and N ( CH ) ( 110.9 ° ) . Gillespie and Robinson rationalize the Si -- O -- Si bond angle based on the observed ability of a ligand 's lone pair to most greatly repel other electron pairs when the ligand electronegativity is greater than or equal to that of the central atom . In O ( SiH ) , the central atom is more electronegative , and the lone pairs are less localized and more weakly repulsive . The larger Si -- O -- Si bond angle results from this and strong ligand - ligand repulsion by the relatively large - SiH ligand . Burford et al showed through X-ray diffraction studies that Cl Al -- O -- PCl has a linear Al -- O -- P bond angle and is therefore a non-VSEPR molecule . Some AX E and AX E molecules ( edit ) Xenon hexafluoride , which has a distorted octahedral geometry . Some AX E molecules , e.g. xenon hexafluoride ( XeF ) and the Te ( IV ) and Bi ( III ) anions , TeCl , TeBr , BiCl , BiBr and BiI , are octahedra , rather than pentagonal pyramids , and the lone pair does not affect the geometry to the degree predicted by VSEPR . One rationalization is that steric crowding of the ligands allows little or no room for the non-bonding lone pair ; another rationalization is the inert pair effect . Transition metal molecules ( edit ) Hexamethyltungsten , a transition metal compound whose geometry is different from main group coordination . Many transition metal compounds have unusual geometries , which can be ascribed to ligand bonding interaction with the d subshell and to absence of valence shell lone pairs . Gillespie suggested that this interaction can be weak or strong . Weak interaction is dealt with by the Kepert model , while strong interaction produces bonding pairs that also occupy the respective antipodal points of the sphere . This is similar to predictions based on sd hybrid orbitals using the VALBOND theory . The repulsion of these bidirectional bonding pairs leads to a different prediction of shapes . Molecule type Shape Geometry Examples AX Bent VO AX Trigonal pyramidal CrO AX Tetrahedral TiCl AX Square pyramidal Ta ( CH ) AX Trigonal prismatic W ( CH ) The Kepert model can not explain the formation of square planar complexes or distorted structures . Odd - electron molecules ( edit ) The VSEPR theory can be extended to molecules with an odd number of electrons by treating the unpaired electron as a `` half electron pair '' -- for example , Gillespie and Nyholm suggested that the decrease in the bond angle in the series NO ( 180 ° ) , NO ( 134 ° ) , NO ( 115 ° ) indicates that a given set of bonding electron pairs exert a weaker repulsion on a single non-bonding electron than on a pair of non-bonding electrons . In effect , they considered nitrogen dioxide as an AX E molecule , with a geometry intermediate between NO and NO . Similarly , chlorine dioxide ( ClO ) is an AX E molecule , with a geometry intermediate between ClO and ClO . Finally , the methyl radical ( CH ) is predicted to be trigonal pyramidal like the methyl anion ( CH ) , but with a larger bond angle ( as in the trigonal planar methyl cation ( CH ) ) . However , in this case , the VSEPR prediction is not quite true , as CH is actually planar , although its distortion to a pyramidal geometry requires very little energy . See also ( edit ) Bent 's rule ( effect of ligand electronegativity ) Linear combination of atomic orbitals Molecular geometry Molecular modelling Software for molecular modeling Thomson problem Valency interaction formula References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jolly , W.L. ( 1984 ) . Modern Inorganic Chemistry . McGraw - Hill . pp. 77 -- 90 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 032760 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Petrucci , R.H. ; W.S. , Harwood ; F.G. , Herring ( 2002 ) . General Chemistry : Principles and Modern Applications ( 8th ed . ) . Prentice - Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 014329 - 4 . Jump up ^ Stoker , H. Stephen ( 2009 ) . General , Organic , and Biological Chemistry . Cengage Learning . p. 119 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 547 - 15281 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Gillespie , R.J. ( 2008 ) . `` Fifty years of the VSEPR model '' . Coord . Chem. Rev. 252 : 1315 -- 1327 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ccr. 2007.07. 007 . Jump up ^ Gillespie , R.J. ( 2004 ) , `` Teaching molecular geometry with the VSEPR model '' , J. Chem. Educ. , 81 ( 3 ) : 298 -- 304 , Bibcode : 2004JChEd ... 81 ... 298G , doi : 10.1021 / ed081p298 Jump up ^ Tsuchida , Ryutarō ( 1939 ) . 新 簡易 原子 價 論 ( New simple valency theory ) . J. Chem. Soc . Jpn. ( in Japanese ) . 60 ( 3 ) : 245 -- 256 . doi : 10.1246 / nikkashi1921. 60.245 . Jump up ^ Sidgwick , N.V. ; Powell , H.M. ( 1940 ) . `` Bakerian Lecture . Stereochemical Types and Valency Groups '' . Proc. Roy . Soc . A. 176 : 153 -- 180 . Bibcode : 1940RSPSA. 176 ... 153S . doi : 10.1098 / rspa. 1940.0084 . ^ Jump up to : Gillespie , R.J. ; Nyholm , R.S. ( 1957 ) . `` Inorganic stereochemistry '' . Quart. Rev. Chem. Soc. 11 : 339 . doi : 10.1039 / QR9571100339 . Jump up ^ Gillespie , R.J. ( 1970 ) . `` The electron - pair repulsion model for molecular geometry '' . J. Chem. Educ. 47 ( 1 ) : 18 . Bibcode : 1970JChEd ... 47 ... 18G . doi : 10.1021 / ed047p18 . Jump up ^ Clauss , Allen D. ; Nelsen , Stephen F. ; Ayoub , Mohamed ; Moore , John W. ; Landis , Clark R. ; Weinhold , Frank ( 2014 - 10 - 08 ) . `` Rabbit - ears hybrids , VSEPR sterics , and other orbital anachronisms '' . Chem. Educ . Res . Pract. 15 ( 4 ) : 417 -- 434 . doi : 10.1039 / c4rp00057a . ISSN 1756 - 1108 . ^ Jump up to : Miessler , G.L. ; Tarr , D.A. ( 1999 ) . Inorganic Chemistry ( 2nd ed . ) . Prentice - Hall . pp. 54 -- 62 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 841891 - 8 . Jump up ^ Petrucci , R.H. ; W.S. , Harwood ; F.G. , Herring ( 2002 ) . General Chemistry : Principles and Modern Applications ( 8th ed . ) . Prentice - Hall . pp. 413 -- 414 ( Table 11.1 ) . ISBN 0 - 13 - 014329 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Baran , E. ( 2000 ) . `` Mean amplitudes of vibration of the pentagonal pyramidal XeOF and IOF anions `` . J. Fluorine Chem. 101 : 61 -- 63 . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 1139 ( 99 ) 00194 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Housecroft , C.E. ; Sharpe , A.G. ( 2005 ) . Inorganic Chemistry ( 2nd ed . ) . Pearson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 130 - 39913 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Wiberg , E. ; Holleman , A.F. ( 2001 ) . Inorganic Chemistry . Academic Press . ISBN 0 - 12 - 352651 - 5 . Jump up ^ Brittin , W.E. ( 1945 ) . `` Valence Angle of the Tetrahedral Carbon Atom '' . J. Chem. Educ. 22 ( 3 ) : 145 . Bibcode : 1945JChEd ... 22 ... 145B . doi : 10.1021 / ed022p145 . Jump up ^ `` Angle Between 2 Legs of a Tetrahedron '' -- Maze5.net Jump up ^ Peterson , W. ; Holloway , H. ; Coyle , A. ; Williams , M. ( Sep 1971 ) . `` Antiprismatic Coordination about Xenon : the Structure of Nitrosonium Octafluoroxenate ( VI ) '' . Science . 173 ( 4003 ) : 1238 -- 1239 . Bibcode : 1971Sci ... 173.1238 P . doi : 10.1126 / science. 173.4003. 1238 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . PMID 17775218 . Jump up ^ Hanson , Robert M. ( 1995 ) . Molecular origami : precision scale models from paper . University Science Books . ISBN 0 - 935702 - 30 - X . Jump up ^ Greenwood , Norman N. ; Earnshaw , Alan ( 1997 ) . Chemistry of the Elements ( 2nd ed . ) . Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 08 - 037941 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Gillespie , R.J. ; Robinson , E.A. ( 2005 ) . `` Models of molecular geometry '' . Chem. Soc. Rev. 34 : 396 -- 407 . doi : 10.1039 / b405359c . Jump up ^ Bytheway , I. ; Gillespie , R.J. ; Tang , T.H. ; Bader , R.F ( 1995 ) . `` Core Distortions and Geometries of the Difluorides and Dihydrides of Ca , Sr , and Ba '' . Inorg . Chem. 34 ( 9 ) : 2407 -- 2414 . doi : 10.1021 / ic00113a023 . Jump up ^ Seijo , Luis ; Barandiarán , Zoila ; Huzinaga , Sigeru ( 1991 ) . `` Ab initio model potential study of the equilibrium geometry of alkaline earth dihalides : MX ( M = Mg , Ca , Sr , Ba ; X = F , Cl , Br , I ) '' . J. Chem. Phys. 94 ( 5 ) : 3762 . Bibcode : 1991JChPh ... 94.3762 S . doi : 10.1063 / 1.459748 . Jump up ^ Sekiguchi , Akira ; Kinjō , Rei ; Ichinohe , Masaaki ( September 2004 ) . `` A Stable Compound Containing a Silicon -- Silicon Triple Bond '' ( PDF ) . Science . 305 ( 5691 ) : 1755 -- 1757 . Bibcode : 2004Sci ... 305.1755 S . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1102209 . PMID 15375262 . Jump up ^ Bellert , D. ; Breckenridge , W.H. ( 2001 ) . `` A spectroscopic determination of the bond length of the LiOLi molecule : Strong ionic bonding '' . J. Chem. Phys. 114 : 2871 . Bibcode : 2001JChPh. 114.2871 B . doi : 10.1063 / 1.1349424 . Jump up ^ Wells , A.F. ( 1984 ) . Structural Inorganic Chemistry ( 5th ed . ) . Oxford Science Publications . ISBN 0 - 19 - 855370 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kaupp , Martin ( 2001 ) . `` '' Non-VSEPR '' Structures and Bonding in d Systems `` . Angew . Chem. Int . Ed . Engl. 40 ( 1 ) : 3534 -- 3565 . doi : 10.1002 / 1521 - 3773 ( 20011001 ) 40 : 19 3.0.CO ; 2 - # . Jump up ^ Landis , C.R. ; Cleveland , T. ; Firman , T.K. ( 1995 ) . `` Making sense of the shapes of simple metal hydrides '' . J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117 : 1859 -- 1860 . doi : 10.1021 / ja00111a036 . Jump up ^ Landis , C.R. ; Cleveland , T. ; Firman , T.K. ( 1996 ) . `` Structure of W ( CH ) '' . Science . 272 : 179 -- 183 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 272.5259. 179f . Jump up ^ King , R. Bruce ( 2000 ) . `` Atomic orbitals , symmetry , and coordination polyhedra '' . Coord . Chem. Rev. 197 : 141 -- 168 . doi : 10.1016 / s0010 - 8545 ( 99 ) 00226 - x . Jump up ^ Haalan , A. ; Hammel , A. ; Rydpal , K. ; Volden , H.V. ( 1990 ) . `` The coordination geometry of gaseous hexamethyltungsten is not octahedral '' . J. Am. Chem. Soc. 112 ( 11 ) : 4547 -- 4549 . doi : 10.1021 / ja00167a065 . Jump up ^ Anslyn , E.V. ; Dougherty , D.A. ( 2006 ) . Modern Physical Organic Chemistry . University Science Books . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 1891389313 . Further reading ( edit ) Lagowski , J.J. , ed. ( 2004 ) . Chemistry : Foundations and Applications. 3 . New York : Macmillan . pp. 99 -- 104 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 865721 - 7 . External links ( edit ) The Wikibook A-level Chemistry / OCR ( Salters ) has a page on the topic of : Molecular geometry and lone pairs 3D Chem -- Chemistry , structures , and 3D Molecules IUMSC -- Indiana University Molecular Structure Center Molecular geometry Coordination number 2 Linear Bent Coordination number 3 Trigonal planar Trigonal pyramidal T - shaped Coordination number 4 Tetrahedral Square planar Seesaw Coordination number 5 Trigonal bipyramidal Square pyramidal Pentagonal planar Coordination number 6 Octahedral Trigonal prismatic Pentagonal pyramidal Distorted octahedral Coordination number 7 Pentagonal bipyramidal Coordination number 8 Square antiprismatic Coordination number 9 Tricapped trigonal prismatic Capped square antiprismatic GND : 4273775 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VSEPR_theory&oldid=848580782 '' Categories : Chemistry theories Molecular geometry Stereochemistry Quantum chemistry Hidden categories : CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 July 2018 , at 21 : 27 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VSEPR%20theory

where is croatia located on a map of europe

Croatia ( / kroʊˈeɪʃə / ( listen ) , kroh - AY - shə ; Croatian : Hrvatska Serbo - Croatian pronunciation : ( xř̩ʋaːtskaː ) ) , officially the Republic of Croatia ( Croatian : Republika Hrvatska , listen ( help info ) ) is a country at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe , on the Adriatic Sea . Its capital Zagreb forms one of the country 's primary subdivisions , along with twenty counties . Croatia has an area of 56,594 square kilometres ( 21,851 square miles ) and a population of 4.28 million , most of whom are Roman Catholics .

Croatia

croatia

Coordinates : 45 ° 10 ′ N 15 ° 30 ′ E  /  45.167 ° N 15.500 ° E  / 45.167 ; 15.500

Republic of Croatia Republika Hrvatska ( Croatian ) Flag Coat of arms Anthem : `` Lijepa naša domovino '' ( English : `` Our Beautiful Homeland '' ) Location of Croatia ( dark green ) -- in Europe ( green & dark grey ) -- in the European Union ( green ) Capital and largest city Zagreb 45 ° 48 ′ N 16 ° 0 ′ E  /  45.800 ° N 16.000 ° E  / 45.800 ; 16.000 Official languages Croatian Writing system Latin Ethnic groups ( 2011 ) 90.42 % Croats 4.36 % Serbs 5.22 % others Religion ( 2011 ) 91.06 % Christians 4.57 % Irreligious 1.47 % Muslims 2.90 % others Demonym Croatian Government Unitary parliamentary constitutional republic President Kolinda Grabar - Kitarović Prime Minister Andrej Plenković Speaker of Parliament Gordan Jandroković Chief Justice Miroslav Šeparović Legislature Sabor Establishment Duchy 7th century Kingdom 925 Personal union with Hungary 1102 Joined Habsburg Monarchy 1 January 1527 Secession from Austria - Hungary 29 October 1918 Creation of Yugoslavia 4 December 1918 Decision on independence 25 June 1991 Joined the European Union 1 July 2013 Area Total 56,594 km ( 21,851 sq mi ) ( 124th ) Water ( % ) 1.09 Population 2017 estimate 4,154,200 ( 129th ) 2011 census 4,284,889 ( 128th ) Density 75.8 / km ( 196.3 / sq mi ) ( 126th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2018 estimate Total $106.548 billion ( 84th ) Per capita $25,807 ( 56th ) GDP ( nominal ) 2018 estimate Total $61.056 billion ( 81st ) Per capita $14,788 ( 57th ) Gini ( 2018 ) 29.7 low 17th HDI ( 2017 ) 0.831 very high 46th Currency Kuna ( HRK ) Time zone UTC + 1 ( CET ) Summer ( DST ) UTC + 2 ( CEST ) Date format dd. mm. yyyy ( CE ) Driving side right Calling code + 385 Patron saint St. Joseph ISO 3166 code HR Internet TLD . hr and . eu Croatia ( / kroʊˈeɪʃə / ( listen ) , kroh - AY - shə ; Croatian : Hrvatska Serbo - Croatian pronunciation : ( xř̩ʋaːtskaː ) ) , officially the Republic of Croatia ( Croatian : Republika Hrvatska , listen ( help info ) ) is a country at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe , on the Adriatic Sea . Its capital Zagreb forms one of the country 's primary subdivisions , along with twenty counties . Croatia has an area of 56,594 square kilometres ( 21,851 square miles ) and a population of 4.28 million , most of whom are Roman Catholics . The Croats arrived in the area in the 6th century and organised the territory into two duchies by the 9th century . Tomislav became the first king by 925 , elevating Croatia to the status of a kingdom , which retained its sovereignty for nearly two centuries , reaching its peak during the rule of kings Petar Krešimir IV and Dmitar Zvonimir . Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102 . In 1527 , faced with Ottoman conquest , the Croatian Parliament elected Ferdinand I of Austria to the Croatian throne . In October 1918 , in the final days of World War I , the State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs , independent from Austria - Hungary , was proclaimed in Zagreb , and in December 1918 it was merged into the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes . Following the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941 , most of the Croatian territory was incorporated into the Nazi - backed client - state which led to the development of a resistance movement and the creation of the Federal State of Croatia which after the war become a founding member and a federal constituent of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . On 25 June 1991 , Croatia declared independence , which came wholly into effect on 8 October of the same year . The Croatian War of Independence was fought successfully for four years following the declaration . The sovereign state of Croatia is a republic governed under a parliamentary system and a developed country with a very high standard of living . It is a member of the European Union ( EU ) , the United Nations ( UN ) , the Council of Europe , NATO , the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) , and a founding member of the Union for the Mediterranean . As an active participant in the UN peacekeeping forces , Croatia has contributed troops to the NATO - led mission in Afghanistan and took a non-permanent seat on the UN Security Council for the 2008 -- 2009 term . Since 2000 , the Croatian government has constantly invested in infrastructure , especially transport routes and facilities along the Pan-European corridors . Croatia 's economy is dominated by service and industrial sectors and agriculture . Tourism is a significant source of revenue , with Croatia ranked among top 20 most popular tourist destinations in the world . The state controls a part of the economy , with substantial government expenditure . The European Union is Croatia 's most important trading partner . Croatia provides a social security , universal health care system , and a tuition - free primary and secondary education , while supporting culture through numerous public institutions and corporate investments in media and publishing . Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Early history 2.2 Greek and Roman rule 2.3 Middle Ages 2.4 Habsburg Monarchy and Austria - Hungary 2.5 Yugoslavia ( 1918 -- 1991 ) 2.6 Independence ( 1991 -- present ) 3 Geography 3.1 Biodiversity 4 Politics 4.1 Law and judicial system 4.2 Administrative divisions 4.3 Foreign relations 4.4 Military 5 Economy 5.1 Tourism 5.2 Infrastructure 6 Demographics 6.1 Religion 6.2 Languages 6.3 Education 6.4 Health 7 Culture 7.1 Arts and literature 7.2 Media 7.3 Cuisine 7.4 Sports 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Etymology Main article : Name of Croatia The Branimir Inscription is the oldest preserved monument containing an inscription defining a Croatian medieval ruler as a duke of Croats The name of Croatia derives from Medieval Latin Croātia . Compare DUX CRUATORVM ( sic ) ( `` Duke of the Croats '' ) attested in the Branimir inscription . Itself a derivation of North - West Slavic * Xrovat - , by liquid metathesis from proposed Common Slavic period * Xorvat , from proposed Proto - Slavic * Xŭrvatŭ ( * Xъrvatъ ) which possibly comes from Old Persian * xaraxwat - . The word is attested by the Old Iranian toponym Harahvait - which is the native name of Arachosia . The origin of the name is uncertain , but is thought to be a Gothic or Indo - Aryan term assigned to a Slavic tribe . The oldest preserved record of the Croatian ethnonym * xъrvatъ is of variable stem , attested in the Baška tablet in style zvъnъmirъ kralъ xrъvatъskъ ( `` Zvonimir , Croatian king '' ) . The first attestation of the Latin term is attributed to a charter of Duke Trpimir from the year 852 . The original is lost , and just a 1568 copy is preserved , leading to doubts over the authenticity of the claim . The oldest preserved stone inscription is the 9th - century Branimir Inscription found near Benkovac , where Duke Branimir is styled Dux Cruatorvm . The inscription is not believed to be dated accurately , but is likely to be from during the period of 879 -- 892 , during Branimir 's rule . History Main article : History of Croatia Left : Croatian Apoxyomenos , Ancient Greek statue 2nd or 1st century BC . Right : The Roman provinces of the Lower Danube. Old historical map from Droysens Historical Atlas , 1886 Early History Main article : History of Croatia before the Croats The area known as Croatia today was inhabited throughout the prehistoric period . Fossils of Neanderthals dating to the middle Palaeolithic period have been unearthed in northern Croatia , with the most famous and the best presented site in Krapina . Remnants of several Neolithic and Chalcolithic cultures were found in all regions of the country . The largest proportion of the sites is in the river valleys of northern Croatia , and the most significant cultures whose presence was discovered include Starčevo , Vučedol , and Baden cultures . The Iron Age left traces of the early Illyrian Hallstatt culture and the Celtic La Tène culture . Greek and Roman rule Main article : Illyria Further information : Dalmatia ( Roman province ) Tanais Tablet B , name Khoroáthos highlighted Much later , the region was settled by Illyrians and Liburnians , while the first Greek colonies were established on the islands of Hvar , Korčula , and Vis . In 9 AD the territory of today 's Croatia became part of the Roman Empire . Emperor Diocletian had a large palace built in Split to which he retired after his abdication in AD 305 . During the 5th century , the last de jure Western emperor last Western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos ruled his small realm from the palace after fleeing Italy to go into exile in 475 . He was assassinated in 480 . The period ends with Avar and Croat invasions in the first half of the 7th century and destruction of almost all Roman towns . Roman survivors retreated to more favourable sites on the coast , islands and mountains . The city of Dubrovnik was founded by such survivors from Epidaurum . The ethnogenesis of Croats is uncertain and there are several competing theories , Slavic and Iranian being the most frequently put forward . The most widely accepted of these , the Slavic theory , proposes migration of White Croats from the territory of White Croatia during the Migration Period . Conversely , the Iranian theory proposes Iranian origin , based on Tanais Tablets containing Greek inscription of given names Χορούαθ ( ος ) , Χοροάθος , and Χορόαθος ( Khoroúathos , Khoroáthos , and Khoróathos ) and their interpretation as anthroponyms of Croatian people . Middle Ages Main articles : Duchy of Croatia , Kingdom of Croatia ( 925 -- 1102 ) , Kingdom of Croatia ( 1102 -- 1526 ) , and Republic of Ragusa The Arrival of the Croats at the Adriatic Sea by Oton Iveković According to the work De Administrando Imperio written by the 10th - century Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII , the Croats had arrived in what is today Croatia in the early 7th century . However , that claim is disputed and competing hypotheses date the event between the 6th and the 9th centuries . Eventually two dukedoms were formed -- Duchy of Pannonia and Duchy of Croatia , ruled by Ljudevit and Borna , as attested by chronicles of Einhard starting in 818 . The record represents the first document of Croatian realms , vassal states of Francia at the time . The Frankish overlordship ended during the reign of Mislav two decades later . According to the Constantine VII Christianization of Croats began in the 7th century , but the claim is disputed and generally Christianization is associated with the 9th century . The first native Croatian ruler recognised by the Pope was Duke Branimir , who received papal recognition from Pope John VIII on 7 June 879 . Kingdom of Croatia c. 925 , during the reign of King Tomislav Tomislav was the first ruler of Croatia who was styled a king in a letter from the Pope John X , dating kingdom of Croatia to year 925 . Tomislav defeated Hungarian and Bulgarian invasions , spreading the influence of Croatian kings . The medieval Croatian kingdom reached its peak in the 11th century during the reigns of Petar Krešimir IV ( 1058 -- 1074 ) and Dmitar Zvonimir ( 1075 -- 1089 ) . When Stjepan II died in 1091 ending the Trpimirović dynasty , Ladislaus I of Hungary claimed the Croatian crown in name of his sister Helena , wife of King Dmitar Zvonimir . Opposition to the claim led to a war and personal union of Croatia and Hungary in 1102 , ruled by Coloman . The Baška tablet , the oldest evidence of the glagolitic script For the next four centuries , the Kingdom of Croatia was ruled by the Sabor ( parliament ) and a Ban ( viceroy ) appointed by the king . The period saw increasing threat of Ottoman conquest and struggle against the Republic of Venice for control of coastal areas . The Venetians gained control over most of Dalmatia by 1428 , with exception of the city - state of Dubrovnik which became independent . Ottoman conquests led to the 1493 Battle of Krbava field and 1526 Battle of Mohács , both ending in decisive Ottoman victories . King Louis II died at Mohács , and in 1527 , the Croatian Parliament met in Cetin and chose Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg as new ruler of Croatia , under the condition that he provide protection to Croatia against the Ottoman Empire while respecting its political rights . This period saw the rise of influential nobility such as the Frankopan and Zrinski families to prominence and ultimately numerous Bans from the two families . Habsburg monarchy and Austria - Hungary Main articles : Kingdom of Croatia ( Habsburg ) and Austria - Hungary Further information : Croatian -- Ottoman Wars Croatian ban Nikola Šubić Zrinski is honoured as a national hero both in Croatia and in Hungary for his defence of Szigetvár against the invading Ottoman Turks Following the decisive Ottoman victories , Croatia was split into civilian and military territories , with the partition formed in 1538 . The military territories would become known as the Croatian Military Frontier and were under direct Imperial control . Ottoman advances in the Croatian territory continued until the 1593 Battle of Sisak , the first decisive Ottoman defeat , and stabilisation of borders . During the Great Turkish War ( 1683 -- 1698 ) , Slavonia was regained but western Bosnia , which had been part of Croatia before the Ottoman conquest , remained outside Croatian control . The present - day border between the two countries is a remnant of this outcome . Dalmatia , the southern part of the border , was similarly defined by the Fifth and the Seventh Ottoman -- Venetian Wars . Ban Josip Jelačić fought Hungarians in 1848 and 1849 The Ottoman wars instigated great demographic changes . Croats migrated towards Austria and the present - day Burgenland Croats are direct descendants of these settlers . To replace the fleeing population , the Habsburgs encouraged the Christian populations of Bosnia and Serbia to provide military service in the Croatian Military Frontier . Serb migration into this region peaked during the Great Serb Migrations of 1690 and 1737 -- 39 . The Croatian Parliament supported King Charles III 's Pragmatic Sanction and signed their own Pragmatic Sanction in 1712 . Subsequently , the emperor pledged to respect all privileges and political rights of Kingdom of Croatia and Queen Maria Theresa made significant contributions to Croatian matters . Between 1797 and 1809 the First French Empire gradually occupied the entire eastern Adriatic coastline and a substantial part of its hinterland , ending the Venetian and the Ragusan republics , establishing the Illyrian Provinces . In response the Royal Navy started the blockade of the Adriatic Sea leading to the Battle of Vis in 1811 . The Illyrian Provinces were captured by the Austrians in 1813 , and absorbed by the Austrian Empire following the Congress of Vienna in 1815 . This led to formation of the Kingdom of Dalmatia and restoration of the Croatian Littoral to the Kingdom of Croatia , now both under the same crown . The 1830s and 1840s saw romantic nationalism inspire the Croatian National Revival , a political and cultural campaign advocating the unity of all South Slavs in the empire . Its primary focus was the establishment of a standard language as a counterweight to Hungarian , along with the promotion of Croatian literature and culture . During the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 Croatia sided with the Austrians , Ban Josip Jelačić helping defeat the Hungarian forces in 1849 , and ushering a period of Germanization policy . The Kingdom of Croatia - Slavonia ( no . 17 ) was an autonomous kingdom within Austria - Hungary created in 1868 following the Croatian - Hungarian Settlement By the 1860s , failure of the policy became apparent , leading to the Austro - Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and creation of a personal union between the crowns of the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary . The treaty left the issue of Croatia 's status to Hungary , and the status was resolved by the Croatian -- Hungarian Settlement of 1868 when kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia were united . The Kingdom of Dalmatia remained under de facto Austrian control , while Rijeka retained the status of Corpus separatum introduced in 1779 . After Austria - Hungary occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina following the 1878 Treaty of Berlin , the Croatian Military Frontier was abolished and the territory returned to Croatia in 1881 , pursuant to provisions of the Croatian - Hungarian settlement . Renewed efforts to reform Austria - Hungary , entailing federalisation with Croatia as a federal unit , were stopped by advent of World War I . Yugoslavia ( 1918 -- 1991 ) Main articles : Creation of Yugoslavia , Kingdom of Yugoslavia , Banovina of Croatia , World War II in Yugoslavia , Independent State of Croatia , and Socialist Republic of Croatia On 29 October 1918 the Croatian Parliament ( Sabor ) declared independence and decided to join the newly formed State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs , which in turn entered into union with the Kingdom of Serbia on 4 December 1918 to form the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats , and Slovenes . The Croatian Parliament never ratified a decision to unite with Serbia and Montenegro . The 1921 constitution defining the country as a unitary state and abolition of Croatian Parliament and historical administrative divisions effectively ended Croatian autonomy . The new constitution was opposed by the most widely supported national political party -- the Croatian Peasant Party ( HSS ) led by Stjepan Radić . Adolf Hitler meets fascist dictator Ante Pavelić upon his arrival at the Berghof for a state visit , June 1941 The political situation deteriorated further as Radić was assassinated in the National Assembly in 1928 , leading to the dictatorship of King Alexander in January 1929 . The dictatorship formally ended in 1931 when the king imposed a more unitarian constitution , and changed the name of the country to Yugoslavia . The HSS , now led by Vladko Maček , continued to advocate federalisation of Yugoslavia , resulting in the Cvetković -- Maček Agreement of August 1939 and the autonomous Banovina of Croatia . The Yugoslav government retained control of defence , internal security , foreign affairs , trade , and transport while other matters were left to the Croatian Sabor and a crown - appointed Ban . In April 1941 , Yugoslavia was occupied by Germany and Italy . Following the invasion the territory , parts of Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , and the region of Syrmia were incorporated into the Independent State of Croatia ( NDH ) , a Nazi - backed puppet state . Parts of Dalmatia were annexed by Italy , and the northern Croatian regions of Baranja and Međimurje were annexed by Hungary . The NDH regime was led by Ante Pavelić and ultranationalist Ustaše . Stjepan Radić , leader of the Croatian Peasant Party who stood against Serbian hegemony and advocated federal organisation of the Yugoslavia , at the assembly in Dubrovnik , 1928 A resistance movement soon emerged . On 22 June 1941 , the 1st Sisak Partisan Detachment was formed near Sisak , as the first military unit formed by a resistance movement in occupied Europe . This sparked the beginning of the Yugoslav Partisan movement , a communist multi-ethnic anti-fascist resistance group led by Josip Broz Tito . The movement grew rapidly and at the Tehran Conference in December 1943 the Partisans gained recognition from the Allies . With Allied support in logistics , equipment , training and air power , and with the assistance of Soviet troops taking part in the 1944 Belgrade Offensive , the Partisans gained control of Yugoslavia and the border regions of Italy and Austria by May 1945 , during which thousands of members of the Ustaše , as well as Croat refugees , were killed by the Yugoslav Partisans . People of Zagreb celebrating liberation from Axis powers on 12 May 1945 The political aspirations of the Partisan movement were reflected in the State Anti-fascist Council for the National Liberation of Croatia , which developed in 1943 as the bearer of Croatian statehood and later transformed into the Parliament of Croatia in 1945 , and AVNOJ -- its counterpart at the Yugoslav level . Ustaše regime conducted a campaign of persecution of Jewish , Serb , Romani and antifascist Croats inhabitants of the NDH , exemplified by the Jasenovac and Stara Gradiška concentration camps . It is estimated that out of 39,000 Jews in the country only 9,000 survived ; the rest were either killed or deported to Germany , both by the local authorities and the German Army itself . Furthermore , according to Midlarsky , the number of Serbs killed by the regime was at least 500,000 , but the figure is contradicted by Bogoljub Kočović and Vladimir Žerjavić , whose figures are in agreement with estimates of the United States Census Bureau , with Kočović estimating the total number of Serbs killed throughout Yugoslav territory in various circumstances at 487,000 , while Žerjavić put the figure at 530,000 ( 320,000 killed in the NDH , including 82,000 killed among the Yugoslav Partisans , 23,000 killed as Axis collaborators , 25,000 victims of a typhoid epidemic , 45,000 killed by Germans and 15,000 by Italians ) . The number of Croats killed in the NDH is estimated to be approximately 200,000 , either by Ustaše , as members of the armed resistance , or as Axis collaborators . Several thousand of these were killed by the Chetniks ; most Croatian historians place the number of Croats killed by the Chetniks on the territory of modern - day Croatia at between 3,000 and 3,500 . Croatian estimates for the number of Croats killed by Chetniks in the whole of Yugoslavia range from 18,000 to 32,000 combatants and civilians . Josip Broz Tito , a Croat by nationality , led SFR Yugoslavia from 1944 to 1980 ; Pictured : Tito with the US president Richard Nixon in the White House , 1971 After World War II , Croatia became a single - party socialist federal unit of the SFR Yugoslavia , ruled by the Communists , but enjoying a degree of autonomy within the federation . In 1967 , Croatian authors and linguists published a Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Standard Language demanding greater autonomy for Croatian language . The declaration contributed to a national movement seeking greater civil rights and decentralization of the Yugoslav economy , culminating in the Croatian Spring of 1971 , suppressed by Yugoslav leadership . Still , the 1974 Yugoslav Constitution gave increased autonomy to federal units , basically fulfilling a goal of the Croatian Spring , and providing a legal basis for independence of the federative constituents . Following the death of Yugoslav President Josip Broz Tito in 1980 , the political situation in Yugoslavia deteriorated , with national tension fanned by the 1986 Serbian SANU Memorandum and the 1989 coups in Vojvodina , Kosovo and Montenegro . In January 1990 , the Communist Party fragmented along national lines , with the Croatian faction demanding a looser federation . In the same year , the first multi-party elections were held in Croatia , with Franjo Tuđman 's win raising nationalist tensions further . Some of Serbs in Croatia left Sabor and declared the autonomy of areas that would soon become the unrecognised Republic of Serbian Krajina , intent on achieving independence from Croatia . Independence ( 1991 -- present ) Main articles : Independence of Croatia , Croatian War of Independence , and History of Croatia since 1995 Croatia has been a member of the European Union since 2013 . Franjo Tuđman was the first democratically elected President of Croatia As tensions rose , Croatia declared independence on 25 June 1991 ; however , the full implementation of declaration only came into effect on 8 October 1991 . In the meantime , tensions escalated into overt war when the Yugoslav People 's Army ( JNA ) and various Serb paramilitary groups attacked Croatia . By the end of 1991 , a high - intensity conflict fought along a wide front reduced Croatia to control of only about two - thirds of its territory . The various Serb paramilitary groups then began pursuing a campaign of killing , terror and expulsion against the non-Serb population in the rebel territories , killing thousands of Croat civilians and forcing at least 170,000 from their homes . Destroyed Serbian tank , a scene from the Croatian War of Independence On 15 January 1992 , Croatia gained diplomatic recognition by the European Economic Community members , and subsequently the United Nations . The war effectively ended in August 1995 with a decisive victory by Croatia . This was accompanied by the exodus of about 200,000 Serbs from the rebel territories , whose lands were subsequently settled by Croat refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina . The remaining occupied areas were restored to Croatia pursuant to the Erdut Agreement of November 1995 , with the process concluded in January 1998 . Following the end of the war , Croatia faced the challenges of post-war reconstruction , the return of refugees , advancing democratic principles , protection of human rights and general social and economic development . The post-2000 period is characterized by democratization , economic growth and structural and social reforms , as well as problems such as unemployment , corruption and the inefficiency of the public administration . Croatia joined the Partnership for Peace on 25 May 2000 and become a member of the World Trade Organization on 30 November 2000 . On 29 October 2001 , Croatia signed a Stabilization and Association Agreement with the European Union , submitted a formal application for the EU membership in 2003 , was given the status of candidate country in 2004 , and began accession negotiations in 2005 . In November 2000 and March 2001 , the Parliament amended the Constitution changing its bicameral structure back into historic unicameral and reducing the presidential powers . Although Croatia experienced a significant boom in the economy in the early 2000s , the increase of the government debt and the absence of concrete reforms led to a financial crisis in 2008 which forced the government to cut public spending thus provoking a public outcry . On 1 April 2009 , Croatia joined NATO . A wave of anti-government protests organized via Facebook took place in early 2011 as general dissatisfaction with political and economic state grew . The majority of Croatian voters voted in favour of country 's EU membership at the 2012 referendum . Croatia completed EU accession negotiations in 2011 and joined the European Union on 1 July 2013 . Croatia was affected by the European migrant crisis in 2015 when Hungary 's closure of its borders with Serbia forced over 700,000 migrants to use Croatia as a transit country on their way to Western Europe . Geography Main article : Geography of Croatia Satellite image of Croatia Plitvice Lakes National Park Dinara is the highest mountain in Croatia ( 1831m ) Croatia is located in Central and Southeast Europe , bordering Hungary to the northeast , Serbia to the east , Bosnia and Herzegovina to the southeast , Montenegro to the southeast , the Adriatic Sea to the southwest and Slovenia to the northwest . It lies mostly between latitudes 42 ° and 47 ° N and longitudes 13 ° and 20 ° E. Part of the territory in the extreme south surrounding Dubrovnik is a practical exclave connected to the rest of the mainland by territorial waters , but separated on land by a short coastline strip belonging to Bosnia and Herzegovina around Neum . The territory covers 56,594 square kilometres ( 21,851 square miles ) , consisting of 56,414 square kilometres ( 21,782 square miles ) of land and 128 square kilometres ( 49 square miles ) of water . It is the 127th largest country in the world . Elevation ranges from the mountains of the Dinaric Alps with the highest point of the Dinara peak at 1,831 metres ( 6,007 feet ) near the border with Bosnia and Herzegovina in the south to the shore of the Adriatic Sea which makes up its entire southwest border . Insular Croatia consists of over a thousand islands and islets varying in size , 48 of which are permanently inhabited . The largest islands are Cres and Krk , each of them having an area of around 405 square kilometres ( 156 square miles ) . The hilly northern parts of Hrvatsko Zagorje and the flat plains of Slavonia in the east which is part of the Pannonian Basin are traversed by major rivers such as Danube , Drava , Kupa , and Sava . The Danube , Europe 's second longest river , runs through the city of Vukovar in the extreme east and forms part of the border with Serbia . The central and southern regions near the Adriatic coastline and islands consist of low mountains and forested highlands . Natural resources found in the country in quantities significant enough for production include oil , coal , bauxite , low - grade iron ore , calcium , gypsum , natural asphalt , silica , mica , clays , salt and hydropower . Karst topography makes up about half of Croatia and is especially prominent in the Dinaric Alps . There are a number of deep caves in Croatia , 49 of which are deeper than 250 m ( 820.21 ft ) , 14 of them deeper than 500 m ( 1,640.42 ft ) and three deeper than 1,000 m ( 3,280.84 ft ) . Croatia 's most famous lakes are the Plitvice lakes , a system of 16 lakes with waterfalls connecting them over dolomite and limestone cascades . The lakes are renowned for their distinctive colours , ranging from turquoise to mint green , grey or blue . Biodiversity Main article : Protected areas of Croatia Croatia can be subdivided between a number of ecoregions because of its climate and geomorphology . The country is consequently one of the richest in Europe in terms of biodiversity . There are four types of biogeographical regions in Croatia -- Mediterranean along the coast and in its immediate hinterland , Alpine in most of Lika and Gorski Kotar , Pannonian along Drava and Danube , and continental in the remaining areas . One of the most significant are karst habitats which include submerged karst , such as Zrmanja and Krka canyons and tufa barriers , as well as underground habitats . Wooden trail through nature park Kopački Rit in Slavonia Telašćica Nature Park The karst geology harbours approximately 7,000 caves and pits , some of which are the habitat of the only known aquatic cave vertebrate -- the olm . Forests are also significantly present in the country , as they cover 2,490,000 hectares ( 6,200,000 acres ) representing 44 % of Croatian land surface . Other habitat types include wetlands , grasslands , bogs , fens , scrub habitats , coastal and marine habitats . In terms of phytogeography , Croatia is a part of the Boreal Kingdom and is a part of Illyrian and Central European provinces of the Circumboreal Region and the Adriatic province of the Mediterranean Region . The World Wide Fund for Nature divides Croatia between three ecoregions -- Pannonian mixed forests , Dinaric Mountains mixed forests and Illyrian deciduous forests . There are 37,000 known species in Croatia , but their actual number is estimated to be between 50,000 and 100,000 . The claim is supported by nearly 400 new taxa of invertebrates discovered in Croatia in the first half of the 2000s alone . There are more than a thousand endemic species , especially in Velebit and Biokovo mountains , Adriatic islands and karst rivers . Legislation protects 1,131 species . The most serious threat to species is loss and degradation of habitats . A further problem is presented by invasive alien species , especially Caulerpa taxifolia algae . The invasive algae are regularly monitored and removed to protect the benthic habitat . Indigenous sorts of cultivated plants and breeds of domesticated animals are also numerous . Those include five breeds of horses , five breeds of cattle , eight breeds of sheep , two breeds of pigs and a poultry breed . Even the indigenous breeds include nine endangered or critically endangered ones . There are 444 protected areas of Croatia , encompassing 9 % of the country . Those include eight national parks , two strict reserves , and ten nature parks . The most famous protected area and the oldest national park in Croatia is the Plitvice Lakes National Park , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Velebit Nature Park is a part of the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme . The strict and special reserves , as well as the national and nature parks , are managed and protected by the central government , while other protected areas are managed by counties . In 2005 , the National Ecological Network was set up , as the first step in the preparation of the EU accession and joining of the Natura 2000 network . Mean annual precipitation ranges between 600 millimetres ( 24 inches ) and 3,500 millimetres ( 140 inches ) depending on geographic region and prevailing climate type . The least precipitation is recorded in the outer islands ( Biševo , Lastovo , Svetac , Vis ) and in the eastern parts of Slavonia ; however , in the latter case , it occurs mostly during the growing season . The maximum precipitation levels are observed on the Dinara mountain range and in Gorski kotar . Prevailing winds in the interior are light to moderate northeast or southwest , and in the coastal area , prevailing winds are determined by local area features . Higher wind velocities are more often recorded in cooler months along the coast , generally as bura or less frequently as sirocco . The sunniest parts of the country are the outer islands , Hvar and Korčula , where more than 2700 hours of sunshine are recorded per year , followed by the middle and southern Adriatic Sea area in general and northern Adriatic coast , all with more than 2000 hours of sunshine per year . Politics Further information : Politics of Croatia and Human rights in Croatia St. Mark 's Square in Zagreb -- Left - to - right : Banski dvori official residence of the Croatian Government , St. Mark 's Church and Croatian Parliament The Republic of Croatia is a unitary state using a parliamentary system of governance . With the collapse of the ruling communist party in SFR Yugoslavia , Croatia organized its first multi-party elections and adopted its present constitution in 1990 . It declared independence on 8 October 1991 which led to the break - up of Yugoslavia and countries international recognition by the United Nations in 1992 . Under its 1990 Constitution , Croatia operated a semi-presidential system until 2000 when it switched to a parliamentary system . Government powers in Croatia are divided into legislative , executive and judiciary powers . Inside Croatian Parliament − Sabor The President of the Republic ( Croatian : Predsjednik Republike ) is the head of state , directly elected to a five - year term and is limited by the Constitution to a maximum of two terms . In addition to being the commander in chief of the armed forces , the president has the procedural duty of appointing the prime minister with the consent of the parliament , and has some influence on foreign policy . The most recent presidential elections were held on 11 January 2015 , when Kolinda Grabar - Kitarović won . She took the oath of office on 15 February 2015 . The Government is headed by the Prime Minister , who has four deputy prime ministers and 16 ministers in charge of particular sectors of activity . As the executive branch , it is responsible for proposing legislation and a budget , executing the laws , and guiding the foreign and internal policies of the republic . The Government is seated at Banski dvori in Zagreb . Since 19 October 2016 , Croatian Prime Minister has been Andrej Plenković . A unicameral parliament ( Sabor ) holds legislative power . A second chamber , the House of Counties , set up in 1993 pursuant to the 1990 Constitution , was abolished in 2001 . The number of Sabor members can vary from 100 to 160 ; they are all elected by popular vote to serve four - year terms . The sessions of the Sabor take place from 15 January to 15 July , and from 15 September to 15 December . The two largest political parties in Croatia are the Croatian Democratic Union and the Social Democratic Party of Croatia . Law and judicial system Further information : Law of Croatia Seat of the Constitutional Court on the St. Mark 's Square , Zagreb Croatia has a civil law legal system in which law arises primarily from written statutes , with judges serving merely as implementers and not creators of law . Its development was largely influenced by German and Austrian legal systems . Croatian law is divided into two principal areas -- private and public law . By the time EU accession negotiations were completed on 30 June 2010 , Croatian legislation was fully harmonised with the Community acquis . The main law in the county is the Constitution adopted on December 22 , 1990 . The main national courts are the Constitutional Court , which oversees violations of the Constitution , and the Supreme Court , which is the highest court of appeal . In addition , there are also County , Municipal , Misdemeanor , Commercial , and Administrative courts . Cases falling within judicial jurisdiction are in the first instance decided by a single professional judge , while appeals are deliberated in mixed tribunals of professional judges . Lay magistrates also participate in trials . State 's Attorney Office is the judicial body constituted of public prosecutors that is empowered to instigate prosecution of perpetrators of offences . Law enforcement agencies are organised under the authority of the Ministry of the Interior which consist primarily of the national police force . Croatia 's security service is the Security and Intelligence Agency ( SOA ) . Administrative divisions Further information : Counties of Croatia and NUTS of Croatia Croatia was first subdivided into counties in the Middle Ages . The divisions changed over time to reflect losses of territory to Ottoman conquest and subsequent liberation of the same territory , changes of political status of Dalmatia , Dubrovnik and Istria . The traditional division of the country into counties was abolished in the 1920s when the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes and the subsequent Kingdom of Yugoslavia introduced oblasts and banovinas respectively . Varaždin , capital of Croatia between 1767 and 1776 , is the seat of Varaždin county ; Pictured : Old Town fortress , one of 15 Croatia 's sites inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage tentative list Communist - ruled Croatia , as a constituent part of post-World War II Yugoslavia , abolished earlier divisions and introduced municipalities , subdividing Croatia into approximately one hundred municipalities . Counties were reintroduced in 1992 legislation , significantly altered in terms of territory relative to the pre-1920s subdivisions : In 1918 , the Transleithanian part of Croatia was divided into eight counties with their seats in Bjelovar , Gospić , Ogulin , Osijek , Požega , Varaždin , Vukovar , and Zagreb , and the 1992 legislation established 14 counties in the same territory . Since the counties were re-established in 1992 , Croatia is divided into 20 counties and the capital city of Zagreb , the latter having the authority and legal status of a county and a city at the same time . Borders of the counties changed in some instances since , with the latest revision taking place in 2006 . The counties subdivide into 127 cities and 429 municipalities . Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics ( NUTS ) division of Croatia is performed in several tiers . NUTS 1 level places the entire country in a single unit , while there are three NUTS 2 regions . Those are Northwest Croatia , Central and Eastern ( Pannonian ) Croatia , and Adriatic Croatia . The latter encompasses all the counties along the Adriatic coast . Northwest Croatia includes Koprivnica - Križevci , Krapina - Zagorje , Međimurje , Varaždin , the city of Zagreb , and Zagreb counties and the Central and Eastern ( Pannonian ) Croatia includes the remaining areas -- Bjelovar - Bilogora , Brod - Posavina , Karlovac , Osijek - Baranja , Požega - Slavonia , Sisak - Moslavina , Virovitica - Podravina , and Vukovar - Syrmia counties . Individual counties and the city of Zagreb also represent NUTS 3 level subdivision units in Croatia . The NUTS Local administrative unit divisions are two - tiered . LAU 1 divisions match the counties and the city of Zagreb in effect making those the same as NUTS 3 units , while LAU 2 subdivisions correspond to the cities and municipalities of Croatia . Požega Virovitica Bjelovar Koprivnica Čakovec Varaždin Krapina Pazin Rijeka Zagreb Osijek Vukovar Slavonski Brod Karlovac Dubrovnik Split Šibenik Zadar Sisak Gospić Counties of Croatia County Seat Area ( km ) Population at 2011 Census Bjelovar - Bilogora Bjelovar 2,652 119,743 Brod - Posavina Slavonski Brod 2,043 158,559 Dubrovnik - Neretva Dubrovnik 1,783 122,783 Istria Pazin 2,820 208,440 Karlovac Karlovac 3,622 128,749 Koprivnica - Križevci Koprivnica 1,746 115,582 Krapina - Zagorje Krapina 1,224 133,064 Lika - Senj Gospić 5,350 51,022 Međimurje Čakovec 730 114,414 Osijek - Baranja Osijek 4,152 304,899 Požega - Slavonia Požega 1,845 78,031 Primorje - Gorski Kotar Rijeka 3,582 296,123 Sisak - Moslavina Sisak 4,463 172,977 Split - Dalmatia Split 4,534 455,242 Šibenik - Knin Šibenik 2,939 109,320 Varaždin Varaždin 1,261 176,046 Virovitica - Podravina Virovitica 2,068 84,586 Vukovar - Syrmia Vukovar 2,448 180,117 Zadar Zadar 3,642 170,398 Zagreb County Zagreb 3,078 317,642 City of Zagreb Zagreb 641 792,875 Foreign relations Main article : Foreign relations of Croatia See also : 2013 enlargement of the European Union Group photograph of European Union heads of government on occasion of the 60th anniversary of the Treaty of Rome in Rome , Italy Croatia has established diplomatic relations with 181 countries . As of 2017 , Croatia maintains a network of 54 embassies , 28 consulates and eight permanent diplomatic missions abroad . Furthermore , there are 52 foreign embassies and 69 consulates in the Republic of Croatia in addition to offices of international organisations such as the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development , International Organization for Migration , OSCE , World Bank , World Health Organization ( WHO ) , International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia ( ICTY ) , United Nations Development Programme , United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and UNICEF . In 2009 , the Croatian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration employed 1,381 personnel and expended 648.2 million kuna ( € 86.4 million ) . Stated aims of Croatian foreign policy include enhancing relations with neighbouring countries , developing international co-operation and promotion of the Croatian economy and Croatia itself . Flag hoisting ceremony at Ministry of Defence marking Croatian accession to the NATO in 2009 Since 2003 , Croatian foreign policy has focused on achieving the strategic goal of becoming a member state of the European Union ( EU ) . In December 2011 , Croatia completed the EU accession negotiations and signed an EU accession treaty on 9 December 2011 . Croatia joined the European Union on 1 July 2013 marking the end of a process started in 2001 by signing of the Stabilisation and Association Agreement and Croatian application for the EU membership in 2003 . A recurring obstacle to the negotiations was Croatia 's ICTY co-operation record and Slovenian blocking of the negotiations because of Croatia -- Slovenia border disputes . The latter was resolved through an Arbitration Agreement of 4 November 2009 , approved by national parliaments and a referendum in Slovenia . Another strategic Croatian foreign policy goal for the 2000s was NATO membership . Croatia was included in the Partnership for Peace in 2000 , invited to NATO membership in 2008 and formally joined the alliance on 1 April 2009 . Croatia became a member of the United Nations Security Council for the 2008 -- 2009 term , assuming presidency in December 2008 . The country is preparing to join the Schengen Area . Military Main article : Republic of Croatia Armed Forces Croatian Air Force and US Navy aircraft participate in multinational training , 2002 Croatian army soldier ( right ) on a training exercise at the Joint Multinational Readiness Center in Hohenfels , Germany The Croatian Armed Forces ( CAF ) consist of the Air Force , Army , and Navy branches in addition to the Education and Training Command and Support Command . The CAF is headed by the General Staff , which reports to the Defence Minister , who in turn reports to the President of Croatia . According to the constitution , the President is commander - in - chief of the armed forces and in case of immediate threat during wartime he issues orders directly to the General Staff . Following the 1991 -- 95 war defence spending and CAF size have been in constant decline . As of 2005 military spending was an estimated 2.39 % of the country 's GDP , which placed Croatia 64th in a ranking of all countries . Since 2005 the budget was kept below 2 % of GDP , down from the record high of 11.1 % in 1994 . Traditionally relying on a large number of conscripts , CAF also went through a period of reforms focused on downsizing , restructuring and professionalisation in the years prior to Croatia 's accession to NATO in April 2009 . According to a presidential decree issued in 2006 the CAF is set to employ 18,100 active duty military personnel , 3,000 civilians and 2,000 voluntary conscripts between the ages of 18 and 30 in peacetime . Compulsory conscription was abolished in January 2008 . Until 2008 military service was compulsory for men at age 18 and conscripts served six - month tours of duty , reduced in 2001 from the earlier scheme of nine - month conscription tours . Conscientious objectors could instead opt for an eight - month civilian service . As of April 2011 the Croatian military had 120 members stationed in foreign countries as part of United Nations - led international peacekeeping forces , including 95 serving as part of the UNDOF in the Golan Heights . As of 2011 an additional 350 troops serve as part of the NATO - led ISAF force in Afghanistan and another 20 with the KFOR in Kosovo . Croatia also has a significant military industry sector which exported around US $120 million worth of military equipment and armament in 2010 . Croatian - made weapons and vehicles used by CAF include the standard sidearm HS2000 manufactured by HS Produkt and the M - 84D battle tank designed by the Đuro Đaković factory . Uniforms and helmets worn by CAF soldiers are also locally produced and successfully marketed to other countries . Economy The largest Croatian companies by turnover in 2015 Rank Name Revenue ( Mil . € ) Profit ( Mil . € ) Agrokor 6,435 131 INA 2,476 122 Konzum 1,711 18 Hrvatska elektroprivreda ( HEP ) 1,694 260 5 Orbico Group 1,253 17 Croatia is classified as a high - income economy by the United Nations . International Monetary Fund data projects that Croatian nominal GDP stands at $53.5 billion , or $12,863 per capita for year 2017 , while purchasing power parity GDP stands at $100 billion , or $24,095 per capita . According to Eurostat data , Croatian PPS GDP per capita stood at 61 % of the EU average in 2012 . Real GDP growth in 2007 was 6.0 per cent . The average net salary of a Croatian worker in January 2017 was 5,895 HRK per month , and the average gross salary was 7,911 HRK per month . As of February 2017 , registered unemployment rate in Croatia was 15.3 % . Istrian vineyards ; Wine is produced in nearly all regions of Croatia In 2010 , economic output was dominated by the service sector which accounted for 66 % of GDP , followed by the industrial sector with 27.2 % and agriculture accounting for 6.8 % of GDP . According to 2004 data , 2.7 % of the workforce were employed in agriculture , 32.8 % by industry and 64.5 % in services . The industrial sector is dominated by shipbuilding , food processing , pharmaceuticals , information technology , biochemical and timber industry . In 2010 , Croatian exports were valued at 64.9 billion kuna ( € 8.65 billion ) with 110.3 billion kuna ( € 14.7 billion ) worth of imports . The largest trading partner is the rest of the European Union . More than half of Croatia 's trade is with other European Union member states . Privatization and the drive toward a market economy had barely begun under the new Croatian Government when war broke out in 1991 . As a result of the war , the economic infrastructure sustained massive damage , particularly the revenue - rich tourism industry . From 1989 to 1993 , the GDP fell 40.5 % . The Croatian state still controls a significant part of the economy , with government expenditures accounting for as much as 40 % of GDP . A backlogged judiciary system , combined with inefficient public administration , especially on issues of land ownership and corruption , are particular concerns . In the 2015 Corruption Perceptions Index , published by Transparency International , the country is ranked joint 50th with a score of 51 , where zero denotes `` highly corrupt '' and 100 `` very clean '' . In June 2013 , the national debt stood at 59.5 % of the nation 's GDP . Tourism Main article : Tourism in Croatia Zlatni Rat beach on the Island of Brač is one of the foremost spots of tourism in Croatia . Tourism dominates the Croatian service sector and accounts for up to 20 % of Croatian GDP . Annual tourist industry income for 2017 was estimated at € 9.5 billion . Its positive effects are felt throughout the economy of Croatia in terms of increased business volume observed in retail business , processing industry orders and summer seasonal employment . The industry is considered an export business , because it significantly reduces the country 's external trade imbalance . Since the end of the Croatian War of Independence , the tourist industry has grown rapidly , recording a fourfold rise in tourist numbers , with more than 11 million tourists each year . The most numerous are tourists from Germany , Slovenia , Austria , Italy , and Poland as well as Croatia itself . Length of a tourist stay in Croatia averaged 4.9 days in 2011 . The bulk of the tourist industry is concentrated along the Adriatic Sea coast . Opatija was the first holiday resort . It first became popular in the middle of the 19th century . By the 1890s , it had become one of the most significant European health resorts . Later a number of resorts sprang up along the coast and islands , offering services catering to both mass tourism and various niche markets . The most significant are nautical tourism , as there are numerous marinas with more than 16 thousand berths , cultural tourism relying on appeal of medieval coastal cities and numerous cultural events taking place during the summer . Inland areas offer agrotourism , mountain resorts , and spas . Zagreb is also a significant tourist destination , rivalling major coastal cities and resorts . Croatia has unpolluted marine areas reflected through numerous nature reserves and 116 Blue Flag beaches . Croatia is ranked as the 18th most popular tourist destination in the world . About 15 % of these visitors , or over one million per year , are involved with naturism , an industry for which Croatia is world famous . It was also the first European country to develop commercial naturist resorts . Croatia has over a thousand islands ; Pictured : Adriatic Sea Dalmatia . Panoramic view of the old city of Dubrovnik , which has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1979 . Infrastructure See also : Transport in Croatia and Energy in Croatia Zagreb Airport is the largest and busiest international airport in the country Croatia has over 1250 km of modern highways most of which were built in the early 2000s ; Pictured : A1 motorway near Maslenica The highlight of Croatia 's recent infrastructure developments is its rapidly developed motorway network , largely built in the late 1990s and especially in the 2000s ( decade ) . By September 2011 , Croatia had completed more than 1,100 kilometres ( 680 miles ) of motorways , connecting Zagreb to most other regions and following various European routes and four Pan-European corridors . The busiest motorways are the A1 , connecting Zagreb to Split and the A3 , passing east -- west through northwest Croatia and Slavonia . A widespread network of state roads in Croatia acts as motorway feeder roads while connecting all major settlements in the country . The high quality and safety levels of the Croatian motorway network were tested and confirmed by several EuroTAP and EuroTest programs . Croatian Railways train HŽ 6112 Croatia has an extensive rail network spanning 2,722 kilometres ( 1,691 miles ) , including 984 kilometres ( 611 miles ) of electrified railways and 254 kilometres ( 158 miles ) of double track railways . The most significant railways in Croatia are found within the Pan-European transport corridors Vb and X connecting Rijeka to Budapest and Ljubljana to Belgrade , both via Zagreb . All rail services are operated by Croatian Railways . There are international airports in Dubrovnik , Osijek , Pula , Rijeka , Split , Zadar , and Zagreb . The largest and busiest is Franjo Tuđman Airport . As of January 2011 , Croatia complies with International Civil Aviation Organization aviation safety standards and the Federal Aviation Administration upgraded it to Category 1 rating . The busiest cargo seaport in Croatia is the Port of Rijeka and the busiest passenger ports are Split and Zadar . In addition to those , a large number of minor ports serve an extensive system of ferries connecting numerous islands and coastal cities in addition to ferry lines to several cities in Italy . The largest river port is Vukovar , located on the Danube , representing the nation 's outlet to the Pan-European transport corridor VII . There are 610 kilometres ( 380 miles ) of crude oil pipelines in Croatia , connecting the Port of Rijeka oil terminal with refineries in Rijeka and Sisak , as well as several transhipment terminals . The system has a capacity of 20 million tonnes per year . The natural gas transportation system comprises 2,113 kilometres ( 1,313 miles ) of trunk and regional natural gas pipelines , and more than 300 associated structures , connecting production rigs , the Okoli natural gas storage facility , 27 end - users and 37 distribution systems . Croatian production of energy sources covers 85 % of nationwide natural gas demand and 19 % of oil demand . In 2008 , 47.6 % of Croatia 's primary energy production structure comprised use of natural gas ( 47.7 % ) , crude oil ( 18.0 % ) , fuel wood ( 8.4 % ) , hydro power ( 25.4 % ) and other renewable energy sources ( 0.5 % ) . In 2009 , net total electrical power production in Croatia reached 12,725 GWh and Croatia imported 28.5 % of its electric power energy needs . The bulk of Croatian imports are supplied by the Krško Nuclear Power Plant , 50 % owned by Hrvatska elektroprivreda , providing 15 % of Croatia 's electricity . Demographics Main articles : Demographics of Croatia and Croats With its estimated population of 4.19 million in 2016 , Croatia ranks 125th by population in the world . Its population density stands at 75.9 inhabitants per square kilometre . The overall life expectancy in Croatia at birth was 78.20 years in 2016 . Most populous cities of Croatia Zagreb Split Rank City County Urban population City - governed population view talk Rijeka Osijek Zagreb City of Zagreb 688,163 790,017 Split Split - Dalmatia 167,121 178,102 Rijeka Primorje - Gorski Kotar 128,314 128,624 Osijek Osijek - Baranja 83,104 108,048 5 Zadar Zadar 71,471 75,082 6 Pula Istria 57,460 57,460 7 Slavonski Brod Brod - Posavina 53,531 59,143 8 Karlovac Karlovac 46,833 55,705 9 Varaždin Varaždin 38,839 46,946 10 Šibenik Šibenik - Knin 34,302 46,332 Source : 2011 Census Historical population Year Pop . ± % 1890 2,854,558 -- 1900 3,161,456 + 10.8 % 1910 3,460,584 + 9.5 % 1921 3,443,375 − 0.5 % 1931 3,785,455 + 9.9 % 1948 3,779,958 − 0.1 % 1953 3,936,022 + 4.1 % 1961 4,159,696 + 5.7 % 1971 4,426,221 + 6.4 % 1981 4,601,469 + 4.0 % 1991 4,784,265 + 4.0 % 4,492,049 − 6.1 % 2011 4,456,096 − 0.8 % As of 29 June 2011 The total fertility rate of 1.43 children per mother , is one of the lowest in the world . Since 1991 , Croatia 's death rate has continuously exceeded its birth rate . Since the late 1990s , there has been a positive net migration into Croatia , reaching a level of more than 7,000 net immigrants in 2006 . The Croatian Bureau of Statistics forecast that the population may shrink to 3.1 million by 2051 , depending on actual birth rate and the level of net migration . The population of Croatia rose steadily from 2.1 million in 1857 until 1991 , when it peaked at 4.7 million , with exception of censuses taken in 1921 and 1948 , i.e. following two world wars . The natural growth rate of the population is currently negative with the demographic transition completed in the 1970s . In recent years , the Croatian government has been pressured each year to add 40 % to work permit quotas for foreign workers . In accordance with its immigration policy , Croatia is trying to entice emigrants to return . Population pyramid 2016 The population decrease was also a result of the Croatian War of Independence . During the war , large sections of the population were displaced and emigration increased . In 1991 , in predominantly Serb areas , more than 400,000 Croats and other non-Serbs were either removed from their homes by the Croatian Serb forces or fled the violence . During the final days of the war in 1995 , more than 120,000 Serbs , and perhaps as many as 200,000 , fled the country before the arrival of Croatian forces during Operation Storm . Within a decade following the end of the war , 117,000 Serb refugees returned , out of 300,000 displaced during the entire war . Most of Croatia 's remaining Serbs never lived in areas occupied in the Croatian War of Independence . Serbs have been only partially re-settled in the regions they previously inhabited while some of the settlements previously inhabited by Serbs were settled by Croat refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina , mostly from Republika Srpska . According to the 2013 United Nations report , 17.6 % of Croatia 's population were foreign - born immigrants . Croatia is inhabited mostly by Croats ( 90.4 % ) and is ethnically the most homogeneous of the six countries of former Yugoslavia . Minority groups include Serbs ( 4.4 % ) , Italians , Bosniaks , Hungarians , Slovenes , Germans , Czechs , Romani people and others ( 5.9 % ) . Religion Main article : Religion in Croatia Religion in Croatia religion percent Roman Catholicism 86.28 % Eastern Orthodoxy 4.44 % Islam 1.47 % Protestantism 0.34 % Atheism or Agnosticism 4.57 % Others and unspecified 3.24 % Croatia has no official religion . Freedom of religion is a right defined by the Constitution which also defines all religious communities as equal before the law and separated from the state . According to the 2011 census , 91.36 % of Croatians identify as Christian ; of these , Roman Catholics make up the largest group , accounting for 86.28 % of the population , after which follows Eastern Orthodoxy ( 4.44 % ) , Protestantism ( 0.34 % ) and other Christian ( 0.30 % ) . The largest religion after Christianity is Islam ( 1.47 % ) . 4.57 % of the population describe themselves as non-religious . In the Eurostat Eurobarometer Poll of 2005 , 67 % of the population of Croatia responded that `` they believe there is a God '' . In a 2009 Gallup poll , 70 % answered yes to the question `` Is religion an important part of your daily life ? '' . However , only 24 % of the population attends religious services regularly . Church of St Donatus ( 9th century ) in Zadar is the second largest Pre-Romanesque rotunda in Europe Marija Bistrica is Croatia 's largest Catholic pilgrimage site Šibenik Cathedral has been included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 2000 Languages Main articles : Languages of Croatia , Serbo - Croatian , and Croatian language Croatian is the official language of Croatia , and became the 24th official language of the European Union upon its accession in 2013 . Minority languages are in official use in local government units where more than a third of population consists of national minorities or where local legislation defines so . Those languages are Italian , Czech , Hungarian , Ruthenian , Serbian , and Slovak . Map of the dialects of Croatia According to the 2011 Census , 95.6 % of citizens of Croatia declared Croatian as their native language , 1.2 % declared Serbian as their native language , while no other language is represented in Croatia by more than 0.5 % of native speakers among population of Croatia . Croatian is a standardized variety of the Serbo - Croatian language , a member of the Western South Slavic group of Slavic languages . Croatian is written using the Latin alphabet . There are three major dialects spoken on the territory of Croatia , with standard Croatian based on the Shtokavian dialect . The Chakavian and Kajkavian dialects are distinguished by their lexicon , phonology , and syntax . Speech example Old Croatian used in the Baška tablet Problems playing this file ? See media help . From 1961 to 1991 , the language was officially designated as Serbo - Croatian . Even during socialist rule , Croats always referred to their language as Croatian , instead of Serbo - Croatian . Croatian and Serbian variants of the language were not officially recognised as different at the time , but referred to as the west and east version , and had different alphabets : the Latin alphabet and Serbian Cyrillic . Croatians are protective of their Croatian language from foreign influences , as the language was under constant change and threats imposed by previous rulers ( i.e. Austrian German , Hungarian , Italian , and Turkish words were changed and altered to Slavic looking or sounding ones ) . Efforts made to impose policies to alter Croatian into `` Serbo - Croatian '' or `` South Slavic '' language , met resistance from Croats in form of Croatian linguistic purism . Croatian replaced Latin as the official language of the Croatian government in the 19th century . A 2011 survey revealed that 78 % of Croatians claim knowledge of at least one foreign language . According to a survey ordered by the European Commission in 2005 , 49 % of Croatians speak English as the second language , 34 % speak German , 14 % speak Italian , and 10 % speak French . Russian is spoken by 4 % each , and 2 % of Croatians speak Spanish . However , there are large municipalities that have minority languages that include substantial populations that speak these languages . An odd - majority of Slovenes ( 59 % ) have a certain level of knowledge of Croatian . The country is a part of various language - based international associations most notably the European Union Language Association . Education Main article : Education in Croatia University of Zagreb is the largest Croatian university and the oldest university in the area covering Central Europe south of Vienna and all of Southeastern Europe ( 1669 ) Literacy in Croatia stands at 99.2 per cent . A worldwide study about the quality of living in different countries published by Newsweek in August 2010 ranked the Croatian education system at 22nd , to share the position with Austria . Primary education in Croatia starts at the age of six or seven and consists of eight grades . In 2007 a law was passed to increase free , noncompulsory education until 18 years of age . Compulsory education consists of eight grades of elementary school . Secondary education is provided by gymnasiums and vocational schools . As of 2017 , there are 2,049 elementary schools and 701 schools providing various forms of secondary education . Primary and secondary education are also available in languages of recognized minorities in Croatia , where classes are held in Italian , Czech , German , Hungarian , and Serbian languages . National and University Library in Zagreb University of Osijek Library of the University of Split There are 137 elementary and secondary level music and art schools , as well as 120 schools for disabled children and youth and 74 schools for adults . Nationwide leaving exams ( Croatian : državna matura ) were introduced for secondary education students in the school year 2009 -- 2010 . It comprises three compulsory subjects ( Croatian language , mathematics , and a foreign language ) and optional subjects and is a prerequisite for university education . Croatia has 8 public universities , the University of Dubrovnik , University of Osijek , University of Pula , University of Rijeka , University of Split , University of Zadar and University of Zagreb , and 2 private universities , Catholic University of Croatia and Dubrovnik International University . The University of Zadar , the first university in Croatia , was founded in 1396 and remained active until 1807 , when other institutions of higher education took over until the foundation of the renewed University of Zadar in 2002 . The University of Zagreb , founded in 1669 , is the oldest continuously operating university in Southeast Europe . There are also 15 polytechnics , of which 2 are private , and 30 higher education institutions , of which 27 are private . In total , there are 55 institutions of higher education in Croatia , attended by more than 157 thousand students . There are 205 companies , government or education system institutions and non-profit organisations in Croatia pursuing scientific research and development of technology . Combined , they spent more than 3 billion kuna ( € 400 million ) and employed 10,191 full - time research staff in 2008 . Among the scientific institutes operating in Croatia , the largest is the Ruđer Bošković Institute in Zagreb . The Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts in Zagreb is a learned society promoting language , culture , arts and science from its inception in 1866 . Croatia has been the home of many famous inventors , like Fausto Veranzio , Giovanni Luppis , Slavoljub Eduard Penkala , Franjo Hanaman and Nikola Tesla , as well as scientists , such as Franciscus Patricius , Nikola Nalješković , Nikola Vitov Gučetić , Josip Franjo Domin , Marino Ghetaldi , Roger Joseph Boscovich , Andrija Mohorovičić , Ivan Supek , Ivan Đikić , Miroslav Radman and Marin Soljačić . The Nobel Prize in Chemistry has been awarded to 2 Croatian laureates , Lavoslav Ružička ( 1939 ) and Vladimir Prelog ( 1975 ) . Health Main article : Health in Croatia University Hospital Centre Zagreb . Croatia has a universal health care system , whose roots can be traced back to the Hungarian - Croatian Parliament Act of 1891 , providing a form of mandatory insurance of all factory workers and craftsmen . The population is covered by a basic health insurance plan provided by statute and optional insurance . In 2017 , annual healthcare related expenditures reached 22.0 billion kuna ( € 3.0 billion ) . Healthcare expenditures comprise only 0.6 % of private health insurance and public spending . In 2017 , Croatia spent around 6.6 % of its GDP on healthcare . In 2015 , Croatia ranked 36th in the world in life expectancy with 74.7 years for men and 81.2 years for women , and it had a low infant mortality rate of 3 per 1,000 live births . There are hundreds of healthcare institutions in Croatia , including 79 hospitals and clinics with 23,967 beds . The hospitals and clinics care for more than 700 thousand patients per year and employ 5,205 medical doctors , including 3,929 specialists . There are 6,379 private practice offices , and a total of 41,271 health workers in the country . There are 63 emergency medical service units , responding to more than a million calls . The principal cause of death in 2008 was cardiovascular disease at 43.5 % for men and 57.2 % for women , followed by tumours , at 29.4 % for men and 21.4 % for women . In 2009 only 13 Croatians had been infected with HIV / AIDS and 6 had died from the disease . In 2008 it was estimated by the WHO that 27.4 % of Croatians over the age of 15 are smokers . According to 2003 WHO data , 22 % of the Croatian adult population is obese . Culture Main article : Culture of Croatia Historic centre of Trogir has been included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Site since 1997s Because of its geographical position , Croatia represents a blend of four different cultural spheres . It has been a crossroads of influences from western culture and the east -- ever since the schism between the Western Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire -- and also from Mitteleuropa and Mediterranean culture . The Illyrian movement was the most significant period of national cultural history , as the 19th century proved crucial to the emancipation of the Croatian language and saw unprecedented developments in all fields of art and culture , giving rise to a number of historical figures . The Ministry of Culture is tasked with preserving the nation 's cultural and natural heritage and overseeing its development . Further activities supporting the development of culture are undertaken at the local government level . The UNESCO 's World Heritage List includes ten sites in Croatia . The country is also rich with intangible culture and holds fifteen of UNESCO 's World 's intangible culture masterpieces , ranking fourth in the world . A global cultural contribution from Croatia is the necktie , derived from the cravat originally worn by the 17th - century Croatian mercenaries in France . Trakošćan Castle is one of the best preserved historic buildings in the country . Croatia has 91 professional theatres , 29 professional children 's theatres and 56 amateur theatres visited by more than 1.69 million viewers per year . The professional theatres employ 1,195 artists . There are 47 professional orchestras , ensembles , and choirs in the country , attracting an annual attendance of 317 thousand . There are 156 cinemas with attendance exceeding 4.532 million . Croatia has 222 museums , visited by more than 2.7 million people in 2016 . Furthermore , there are 1,781 libraries in the country , containing 26.1 million volumes , and 19 state archives . In 2010 , 7,348 books and brochures were published , along with 2,676 magazines and 267 newspapers . There are also 135 radio stations and 25 TV stations operating in the country . In the past five years , film production in Croatia produced up to five feature films and 10 to 51 short films , with an additional 76 to 112 TV films . As of 2009 , there are 784 amateur cultural and artistic associations and more than 10 thousand cultural , educational and artistic events held annually . The book publishing market is dominated by several major publishers and the industry 's centrepiece event -- Interliber exhibition held annually at Zagreb Fair . Croatia is categorised as having established a very high level of human development in the Human Development Index , with a high degree of equality in HDI achievements between women and men . It promotes disability rights . Recognition of same - sex unions in Croatia has gradually improved over the past decade , culminating in registered civil unions in July 2014 , granting same - sex couples equal inheritance rights , tax deductions and limited adoption rights . However , in December 2013 Croatians voted in a constitutional referendum and approved changes to constitution to define marriage as a union between a man and a woman . Arts and literature Main articles : Croatian art , Architecture of Croatia , and Croatian literature 1st - century Pula Arena was the sixth largest amphitheatre in the Roman Empire Historical nucleus of Split with the 4th - century Diocletian 's Palace was inscribed on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 1979 Ivan Gundulić , the most prominent Croatian Baroque poet Architecture in Croatia reflects influences of bordering nations . Austrian and Hungarian influence is visible in public spaces and buildings in the north and in the central regions , architecture found along coasts of Dalmatia and Istria exhibits Venetian influence . Large squares named after culture heroes , well - groomed parks , and pedestrian - only zones , are features of these orderly towns and cities , especially where large scale Baroque urban planning took place , for instance in Osijek ( Tvrđa ) , Varaždin and Karlovac . Subsequent influence of the Art Nouveau was reflected in contemporary architecture . Along the coast , the architecture is Mediterranean with a strong Venetian and Renaissance influence in major urban areas exemplified in works of Giorgio da Sebenico and Niccolò Fiorentino such as the Cathedral of St. James in Šibenik . The oldest preserved examples of Croatian architecture are the 9th - century churches , with the largest and the most representative among them being Church of St. Donatus in Zadar . Besides the architecture encompassing the oldest artworks in Croatia , there is a long history of artists in Croatia reaching to the Middle Ages . In that period the stone portal of the Trogir Cathedral was made by Radovan , representing the most important monument of Romanesque sculpture from Medieval Croatia . The Renaissance had the greatest impact on the Adriatic Sea coast since the remainder of Croatia was embroiled in the Hundred Years ' Croatian -- Ottoman War . With the waning of the Ottoman Empire , art flourished during the Baroque and Rococo . The 19th and the 20th centuries brought about affirmation of numerous Croatian artisans , helped by several patrons of the arts such as bishop Josip Juraj Strossmayer . Croatian artists of the period achieving worldwide renown were Vlaho Bukovac and Ivan Meštrović . The Baška tablet , a stone inscribed with the glagolitic alphabet found on the Krk island and dated to 1100 , is considered to be the oldest surviving prose in Croatian . The beginning of more vigorous development of Croatian literature is marked by the Renaissance and Marko Marulić . Besides Marulić , Renaissance playwright Marin Držić , Baroque poet Ivan Gundulić , Croatian national revival poet Ivan Mažuranić , novelist , playwright and poet August Šenoa , children 's writer Ivana Brlić - Mažuranić , writer and journalist Marija Jurić Zagorka , poet and writer Antun Gustav Matoš , poet Antun Branko Šimić , expressionist and realist writer Miroslav Krleža , poet Tin Ujević and novelist and short story writer Ivo Andrić are often cited as the greatest figures in Croatian literature . Media Main articles : Media of Croatia and Cinema of Croatia The freedom of the press and the freedom of speech are guaranteed by the constitution of Croatia . Croatia ranked 62nd in the 2010 Press Freedom Index report compiled by Reporters Without Borders . The state - owned news agency HINA runs a wire service in Croatian and English on politics , economics , society and culture . Radio Zagreb , now a part of Croatian Radiotelevision , was the first public radio station in Southeast Europe . Despite the provisions fixed in the constitution , freedoms of press and speech in Croatia have been classified as partly free since 2000 by Freedom House , the independent nongovernmental organisation that monitors press freedom worldwide . Namely the country has been ranked 85th ( of 196 countries ) , and the 2011 Freedom House report noted improvement of applicable legislation reflecting Croatia 's accession to the EU , yet pointed out instances of politicians ' attempts to hinder investigative journalism and influence news reports contents , difficulties regarding public access to information , and that most of print media market is controlled by German - owned Hanza Media and Austrian - owned Styria Media Group . Amnesty International reports that in 2009 in Croatia there was an increase in the number of physical attacks and murders of journalists . The incidents were mainly perpetrated against journalists investigating war crimes and organised crime . As of October 2011 , there are nine nationwide free - to - air DVB - T television channels , with Croatian Radiotelevision ( HRT ) , Nova TV and RTL Televizija operating two of the channels each , and the remaining three operated by the Croatian Olympic Committee , Kapital Net d.o.o. and Author d.o.o. companies . In addition there are 21 regional or local DVB - T television channels . The HRT is also broadcasting a satellite TV channel . In 2016 , there were 135 radio stations and 25 TV stations in Croatia . Cable television and IPTV networks are gaining ground in the country , as the cable TV networks already serve 450 thousand people , 10 % of the total population of the country . There are 314 newspapers and 2,678 magazines published in Croatia . The print media market is dominated by Europapress Holding and Styria Media Group who publish their flagship dailies Jutarnji list , Večernji list and 24sata . Other influential newspapers are Novi list and Slobodna Dalmacija . In 2013 , 24sata was the most widely circulated daily newspaper , followed by Večernji list and Jutarnji list . Croatia 's film industry is small and heavily subsidised by the government , mainly through grants approved by the Ministry of Culture with films often being co-produced by HRT . Pula Film Festival , the national film awards event held annually in Pula , is the most prestigious film event featuring national and international productions . The greatest accomplishment by Croatian filmmakers was achieved by Dušan Vukotić when he won the 1961 Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film for Ersatz ( Croatian : Surogat ) . Cuisine Main articles : Croatian cuisine and Croatian wine Lobster from Dalmatia Croatian traditional cuisine varies from one region to another . Dalmatia and Istria draw upon culinary influences of Italian and other Mediterranean cuisines which prominently feature various seafood , cooked vegetables and pasta , as well as condiments such as olive oil and garlic . The continental cuisine is heavily influenced by Austrian , Hungarian , and Turkish culinary styles . In that area , meats , freshwater fish and vegetable dishes are predominant . Teran wine from Istria County There are two distinct wine - producing regions in Croatia . The continental region in the northeast of the country , especially Slavonia , is capable of producing premium wines , particularly whites . Along the north coast , Istrian and Krk wines are similar to those produced in neighbouring Italy , while further south in Dalmatia , Mediterranean - style red wines are the norm . Annual production of wine exceeds 140 million litres . Croatia was almost exclusively a wine - consuming country up until the late 18th century when a more massive production and consumption of beer started ; the annual consumption of beer in 2008 was 83.3 litres per capita which placed Croatia in 15th place among the world 's countries . Sports Main article : Sport in Croatia Arena Zagreb , one of venues of the 2009 World Men 's Handball Championship . Poljud stadium , Split was the venue of the 1990 European Athletics Championships . There are more than 400,000 active sportspeople in Croatia . Out of that number , 277,000 are members of sports associations and nearly 4,000 are members of chess and contract bridge associations . Association football is the most popular sport . The Croatian Football Federation ( Croatian : Hrvatski nogometni savez ) , with more than 118,000 registered players , is the largest sporting association in the country . The Prva HNL football league attracts the highest average attendance of any professional sports league in the country . In season 2010 -- 11 , it attracted 458,746 spectators . Croatian athletes competing at international events since Croatian independence in 1991 won 44 Olympic medals , including fifteen gold medals -- at the 1996 and 2004 Summer Olympics in handball , 2000 Summer Olympics in weightlifting , 2002 and 2006 Winter Olympics in alpine skiing , 2012 Summer Olympics in discus throw , trap shooting , and water polo , and in 2016 Summer Olympics in shooting , rowing , discus throw , sailing and javelin throw . In addition , Croatian athletes won 16 gold medals at world championships , including four in athletics at the World Championships in Athletics held in 2007 , 2009 , 2013 and 2017 , one in handball at the 2003 World Men 's Handball Championship , two in water polo at the 2007 World Aquatics Championships and 2017 World Aquatics Championships , one in rowing at the 2010 World Rowing Championships , six in alpine skiing at the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships held in 2003 and 2005 and two at the World Taekwondo Championships in 2011 and 2007 . Croatian athletes also won the 2005 Davis Cup . Croatia national football team came in third in 1998 and second in 2018 FIFA World Cup . Croatia national football team came in second at the 2018 World Cup Croatia hosted several major sport competitions , including the 2009 World Men 's Handball Championship , the 2007 World Table Tennis Championships , the 2000 World Rowing Championships , the 1987 Summer Universiade , the 1979 Mediterranean Games and several European Championships . The governing sports authority in the country is the Croatian Olympic Committee ( Croatian : Hrvatski olimpijski odbor ) , founded on 10 September 1991 and recognised by the International Olympic Committee since 17 January 1992 , in time to permit the Croatian athletes to appear at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville , France representing the newly independent nation for the first time at the Olympic Games . Medals won by Croatia at the Olympics show Olympic Games Olympic medals Gold Silver Bronze Total per OG 1992 Albertville 0 0 0 0 1992 Barcelona 0 1994 Lillehammer 0 0 0 0 1996 Atlanta 0 1998 Nagano 0 0 0 0 2000 Sydney 0 2002 Salt Lake City 0 2004 Athens 5 2006 Turin 0 2008 Beijing 0 5 2010 Vancouver 0 2012 London 6 2014 Sochi 0 0 2016 Rio de Janeiro 5 10 TOTAL : 15 16 13 See also Europe portal Croatia portal Outline of Croatia Index of Croatia - related articles Notes Jump up ^ In the recognized minority languages and the most spoken minority languages of Croatia : Italian : Repubblica di Croazia French : République de Croatie German : Republik Kroatien Hungarian : Horvát Köztársaság Czech : Chorvatská republika Rusyn : Републіка Хорватія Serbian : Република Хрватска Slovak : Chorvátska republika Slovene : Republika Hrvaška Ukrainian : Респу́бліка Хорва́тія Jump up ^ IPA transcription of `` Republika Hrvatska '' : Serbo - Croatian pronunciation : ( ˈrepǔblika ˈxř̩ʋaːtskaː ) References ^ Jump up to : `` Population by Ethnicity , by Towns / Municipalities , 2011 Census '' . Census of Population , Households and Dwellings 2011 . Zagreb : Croatian Bureau of Statistics . December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` EU population up to almost 512 million at 1 January 2017 -- Europa EU '' . Eurostat. 1 January 2017 . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Population by Age and Sex , by Settlements , 2011 Census '' . Census of Population , Households and Dwellings 2011 . Zagreb : Croatian Bureau of Statistics . December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Economic Outlook Database , April 2018 -- Croatia '' . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` First Results '' . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 Human Development Report '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme. 2018 . Retrieved 14 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hrvatski sabor -- Povijest '' . Retrieved 10 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Alemko Gluhak ( 1993 ) . Hrvatski etimološki rječnik ( Croatian Etymological Dictionary ) ( in Croatian ) . August Cesarec . ISBN 953 - 162 - 000 - 8 . Jump up ^ Marc L. Greenberg ( April 1996 ) . `` The Role of Language in the Creation of Identity : Myths in Linguistics among the Peoples of the Former Yugoslavia '' ( PDF ) . University of Kansas . Retrieved 14 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Fučić , Branko ( September 1971 ) . `` Najstariji hrvatski glagoljski natpisi '' ( The Oldest Croatian Glagolitic Inscriptions ) . Slovo ( in Croatian ) . Old Church Slavonic Institute . 21 : 227 -- 254 . Retrieved 14 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Mužić 2007 , p. 27 . ^ Jump up to : Mužić 2007 , pp. 195 -- 198 . Jump up ^ Igor Salopek ( December 2010 ) . `` Krapina Neanderthal Museum as a Well of Medical Information '' . Acta Medico - Historica Adriatica . Hrvatsko znanstveno društvo za povijest zdravstvene kulture. 8 ( 2 ) : 197 -- 202 . ISSN 1334 - 4366 . PMID 21682056 . Retrieved 15 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Tihomila Težak - Gregl ( April 2008 ) . `` Study of the Neolithic and Eneolithic as reflected in articles published over the 50 years of the journal Opuscula archaeologica '' . Opvscvla Archaeologica Radovi Arheološkog zavoda . University of Zagreb , Faculty of Philosophy , Archaeological Department . 30 ( 1 ) : 93 -- 122 . ISSN 0473 - 0992 . Retrieved 15 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Jacqueline Balen ( December 2005 ) . `` The Kostolac horizon at Vučedol '' . Opvscvla Archaeologica Radovi Arheološkog zavoda . University of Zagreb , Faculty of Philosophy , Archaeological Department . 29 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 40 . ISSN 0473 - 0992 . Retrieved 15 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Tihomila Težak - Gregl ( December 2003 ) . `` Prilog poznavanju neolitičkih obrednih predmeta u neolitiku sjeverne Hrvatske '' ( A Contribution to Understanding Neolithic Ritual Objects in the Northern Croatia Neolithic ) . Opvscvla Archaeologica Radovi Arheološkog zavoda ( in Croatian ) . University of Zagreb , Faculty of Philosophy , Archaeological Department . 27 ( 1 ) : 43 -- 48 . ISSN 0473 - 0992 . Retrieved 15 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Hrvoje Potrebica ; Marko Dizdar ( July 2002 ) . `` Prilog poznavanju naseljenosti Vinkovaca i okolice u starijem željeznom dobu '' ( A Contribution to Understanding Continuous Habitation of Vinkovci and its Surroundings in the Early Iron Age ) . Prilozi Instituta za arheologiju u Zagrebu ( in Croatian ) . Institut za arheologiju. 19 ( 1 ) : 79 -- 100 . ISSN 1330 - 0644 . Retrieved 15 October 2011 . Jump up ^ John Wilkes ( 1995 ) . The Illyrians . Oxford , UK : Wiley - Blackwell . p. 114 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 19807 - 9 . Retrieved 15 October 2011 ... in the early history of the colony settled in 385 BC on the island Pharos ( Hvar ) from the Aegean island Paros , famed for its marble . In traditional fashion they accepted the guidance of an oracle , ... Jump up ^ John Wilkes ( 1995 ) . The Illyrians . Oxford , UK : Wiley - Blackwell . p. 115 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 19807 - 9 . Retrieved 3 April 2012 . The third Greek colony known in this central sector of the Dalmatian coast was Issa , on the north side of the island Vis . Jump up ^ Edward Gibbon ; John Bagnell Bury ; Daniel J. Boorstin ( 1995 ) . The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . New York : Modern Library . p. 335 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 60148 - 7 . Retrieved 27 October 2011 . Jump up ^ J.B. Bury ( 1923 ) . History of the later Roman empire from the death of Theodosius I. to the death of Justinian . Macmillan Publishers . p. 408 . Retrieved 15 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Andrew Archibald Paton ( 1861 ) . Researches on the Danube and the Adriatic . Trübner . pp. 218 -- 219 . Retrieved 15 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Emil Heršak ; Boris Nikšić ( September 2007 ) . `` Hrvatska etnogeneza : pregled komponentnih etapa i interpretacija ( s naglaskom na euroazijske / nomadske sadržaje ) '' ( Croatian Ethnogenesis : A Review of Component Stages and Interpretations ( with Emphasis on Eurasian / Nomadic Elements ) ) . Migracijske i etničke teme ( in Croatian ) . Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies . 23 ( 3 ) : 251 -- 268 . ISSN 1333 - 2546 . Jump up ^ Mužić 2007 , pp. 249 -- 293 . Jump up ^ Mužić 2007 , pp. 157 -- 160 . Jump up ^ Mužić 2007 , pp. 169 -- 170 . Jump up ^ Antun Ivandija ( April 1968 ) . `` Pokrštenje Hrvata prema najnovijim znanstvenim rezultatima '' ( Christianization of Croats according to the most recent scientific results ) . Bogoslovska smotra ( in Croatian ) . University of Zagreb , Catholic Faculty of Theology. 37 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 440 -- 444 . ISSN 0352 - 3101 . Jump up ^ Vladimir Posavec ( March 1998 ) . `` Povijesni zemljovidi i granice Hrvatske u Tomislavovo doba '' ( Historical maps and borders of Croatia in age of Tomislav ) . Radovi Zavoda za hrvatsku povijest ( in Croatian ) . 30 ( 1 ) : 281 -- 290 . ISSN 0353 - 295X . Retrieved 16 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Lujo Margetić ( January 1997 ) . `` Regnum Croatiae et Dalmatiae u doba Stjepana II '' ( Regnum Croatiae et Dalmatiae in age of Stjepan II ) . Radovi Zavoda za hrvatsku povijest ( in Croatian ) . 29 ( 1 ) : 11 -- 20 . ISSN 0353 - 295X . Retrieved 16 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ladislav Heka ( October 2008 ) . `` Hrvatsko - ugarski odnosi od sredinjega vijeka do nagodbe iz 1868 . s posebnim osvrtom na pitanja Slavonije '' ( Croatian - Hungarian relations from the Middle Ages to the Compromise of 1868 , with a special survey of the Slavonian issue ) . Scrinia Slavonica ( in Croatian ) . Hrvatski institut za povijest -- Podružnica za povijest Slavonije , Srijema i Baranje. 8 ( 1 ) : 152 -- 173 . ISSN 1332 - 4853 . Retrieved 16 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Povijest saborovanja '' ( History of parliamentarism ) ( in Croatian ) . Sabor . Archived from the original on 2 December 2010 . Retrieved 18 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Frucht 2005 , pp. 422 -- 423 . Jump up ^ Márta Font ( July 2005 ) . `` Ugarsko Kraljevstvo i Hrvatska u srednjem vijeku '' ( Hungarian Kingdom and Croatia in the Middle Ages ) . Povijesni prilozi ( in Croatian ) . Croatian Institute of History . 28 ( 28 ) : 7 -- 22 . ISSN 0351 - 9767 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Lane 1973 , p. 409 . Jump up ^ `` Povijest Gradišćanskih Hrvatov '' ( History of Burgenland Croats ) ( in Croatian ) . Croatian Cultural Association in Burgenland . Archived from the original on 25 July 2012 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ John R. Lampe ; Marvin R. Jackson ( 1982 ) . Balkan economic history , 1550 -- 1950 : from imperial borderlands to developing nations . Indiana University Press . p. 62 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 30368 - 4 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hrvatski sabor '' . Jump up ^ Adkins & Adkins 2008 , pp. 359 -- 362 . Jump up ^ Harold Nicolson ( 2000 ) . The Congress of Vienna : A Study in Allied Unity : 1812 -- 1822 . Grove Press . p. 180 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8021 - 3744 - 9 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Nikša Stančić ( February 2009 ) . `` Hrvatski narodni preporod -- ciljevi i ostvarenja '' ( Croatian National Revival -- goals and achievements ) . Cris : časopis Povijesnog društva Križevci ( in Croatian ) . 10 ( 1 ) : 6 -- 17 . ISSN 1332 - 2567 . Retrieved 7 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Ante Čuvalo ( December 2008 ) . `` Josip Jelačić -- Ban of Croatia '' . Review of Croatian History . Croatian Institute of History . 4 ( 1 ) : 13 -- 27 . ISSN 1845 - 4380 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Union between Croatia - Slavonia and Hungary '' . H-net.org . Retrieved 16 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Ladislav Heka ( December 2007 ) . `` Hrvatsko - ugarska nagodba u zrcalu tiska '' ( Croatian - Hungarian compromise in light of press clips ) . Zbornik Pravnog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Rijeci ( in Croatian ) . University of Rijeka. 28 ( 2 ) : 931 -- 971 . ISSN 1330 - 349X . Retrieved 10 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Branko Dubravica ( January 2002 ) . `` Političko - teritorijalna podjela i opseg civilne Hrvatske u godinama sjedinjenja s vojnom Hrvatskom 1871 -- 1886 '' ( Political and territorial division and scope of civilian Croatia in the period of unification with the Croatian military frontier 1871 -- 1886 ) . Politička misao ( in Croatian ) . University of Zagreb , Faculty of Political Sciences . 38 ( 3 ) : 159 -- 172 . ISSN 0032 - 3241 . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Max Polatschek ( 1989 ) . Franz Ferdinand : Europas verlorene Hoffnung ( in German ) . Amalthea . p. 231 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 85002 - 284 - 2 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Spencer Tucker ; Priscilla Mary Roberts ( 2005 ) . World War I : encyclopedia , Volume 1 . ABC - CLIO . p. 1286 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 420 - 2 . Retrieved 27 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Parlamentarni izbori u Brodskom kotaru 1923 . godine '' ( Parliamentary Elections in the Brod District in 1932 ) . Scrinia Slavonica ( in Croatian ) . Croatian Institute of History -- Slavonia , Syrmium and Baranya history branch . 3 ( 1 ) : 452 -- 470 . November 2003 . ISSN 1332 - 4853 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Zlatko Begonja ( November 2009 ) . `` Ivan Pernar o hrvatsko - srpskim odnosima nakon atentata u Beogradu 1928 . godine '' ( Ivan Pernar on Croatian - Serbian relations after 1928 Belgrade assassination ) . Radovi Zavoda za povijesne znanosti HAZU u Zadru ( in Croatian ) . Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts ( 51 ) : 203 -- 218 . ISSN 1330 - 0474 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Cvijeto Job ( 2002 ) . Yugoslavia 's ruin : the bloody lessons of nationalism , a patriot 's warning . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 1784 - 4 . Retrieved 27 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Klemenčič & Žagar 2004 , pp. 121 -- 123 . Jump up ^ Klemenčič & Žagar 2004 , pp. 153 -- 156 . Jump up ^ Dragutin Pavličević , Povijest Hrvatske , Naklada Pavičić , Zagreb , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 953 - 6308 - 71 - 2 , str. 441 -- 442 . Jump up ^ Dragutin Pavličević ( 2007 ) . Povijest Hrvatske . Naklada Pavičić . pp. 441 -- 442 . ISBN 978 - 953 - 6308 - 71 - 2 . Jump up ^ Matea Vipotnik ( 22 June 2011 ) . `` Josipović : Antifašizam je duhovni otac Domovinskog rata '' ( Josipović : Anti-Fascism is a Spiritual Forerunner of the Croatian War of Independence ) . Večernji list ( in Croatian ) . Archived from the original on 25 July 2012 . Retrieved 14 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Karakaš Obradov Marica ( December 2008 ) . `` Saveznički zračni napadi na Split i okolicu i djelovanje Narodne zaštite u Splitu tijekom Drugog svjetskog rata '' ( Allied aerial attacks on Split and its surrounding and Civil Guard activity in Split during the World War II ) . Historijski zbornik ( in Croatian ) . Društvo za hrvatsku povjesnicu. 61 ( 2 ) : 323 -- 349 . ISSN 0351 - 2193 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ C.W. Bracewell , John R. Lampe ( 2012 ) . `` History of Croatia , World War II '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica Inc . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Marko Maurović ( May 2004 ) . `` Josip protiv Josifa '' ( Josip vs. Iosif ) . Pro tempore -- časopis studenata povijesti ( in Croatian ) . Klub studenata povijesti ISHA ( 1 ) : 73 -- 83 . ISSN 1334 - 8302 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Predsjednik Sabora Luka Bebić na obilježavanju 64 . obljetnice pobjede nad fašizmom i 65 . obljetnice trećeg zasjedanja ZAVNOH - a u Topuskom '' ( Speaker of the Parliament , Luka Bebić , at celebration of the 64th anniversary of the victory over fascism and the 65th anniversary of the 3rd session of the ZAVNOH session in Topusko ) ( in Croatian ) . Sabor. 9 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 25 July 2012 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Josip Kolanović ( November 1996 ) . `` Holocaust in Croatia -- Documentation and research perspectives '' . Arhivski vjesnik . Croatian State Archives ( 39 ) : 157 -- 174 . ISSN 0570 - 9008 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Richard S. Levy ( 2005 ) . Antisemitism : a historical encyclopedia of prejudice and persecution . ABC - CLIO . pp. 149 -- 150 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 439 - 4 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Midlarsky 2005 , p. 131 : `` Memories of the mass murder of at least 500,000 Serbs by the fascist Croatian state in alliance with Nazi Germany during World War II were rekindled by Tuđman 's behavior . '' Jump up ^ Philip J. Cohen ; David Riesman ( 1996 ) . Serbia 's Secret War : Propaganda and the Deceit of History . Texas A&M University Press . pp. 109 -- 110 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89096 - 760 - 7 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Bogoljub Kočović ( 2005 ) . Sahrana jednog mita : žrtve Drugog svetskog rata u Jugoslaviji ( Burial of a Myth : World War II Victims in Yugoslavia ) ( in Serbian ) . Otkrovenje . ISBN 978 - 86 - 83353 - 39 - 2 . Retrieved 18 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Philip J. Cohen ; David Riesman ( 1996 ) . Serbia 's Secret War : Propaganda and the Deceit of History . Texas A&M University Press . pp. 106 -- 111 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89096 - 760 - 7 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Vladimir Geiger . `` Human Losses of the Croats in World War II and the Immediate Post-War Period Caused by the Chetniks ( Yugoslav Army in the Fatherand ) and the Partisans ( People 's Liberation Army and the Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia / Yugoslav Army ) and the Communist Authorities : Numerical Indicators '' . Croatian Institute of History : 85 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Ivica Šute ( April 1999 ) . `` Deklaracija o nazivu i položaju hrvatskog književnog jezika -- Građa za povijest Deklaracije '' ( Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Standard Language -- Declaration History Articles ) . Radovi Zavoda za hrvatsku povijest ( in Croatian ) . 31 ( 1 ) : 317 -- 318 . ISSN 0353 - 295X . Jump up ^ Vlado Vurušić ( 6 August 2009 ) . `` Heroina Hrvatskog proljeća '' ( Heroine of the Croatian Spring ) . Jutarnji list ( in Croatian ) . Archived from the original on 25 July 2012 . Retrieved 14 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Roland Rich ( 1993 ) . `` Recognition of States : The Collapse of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union '' . European Journal of International Law . 4 ( 1 ) : 36 -- 65 . Retrieved 18 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Frucht 2005 , p. 433 . Jump up ^ `` Leaders of a Republic In Yugoslavia Resign '' . The New York Times . Reuters. 12 January 1989 . Archived from the original on 25 July 2012 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Davor Pauković ( 1 June 2008 ) . `` Posljednji kongres Saveza komunista Jugoslavije : uzroci , tijek i posljedice raspada '' ( Last Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia : Causes , Consequences and Course of Dissolution ) ( PDF ) . Časopis za suvremenu povijest ( in Croatian ) . Centar za politološka istraživanja. 1 ( 1 ) : 21 -- 33 . ISSN 1847 - 2397 . Retrieved 11 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Branka Magas ( 13 December 1999 ) . `` Obituary : Franjo Tudjman '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 25 July 2012 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Chuck Sudetic ( 2 October 1990 ) . `` Croatia 's Serbs Declare Their Autonomy '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 25 July 2012 . Retrieved 11 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States . Routledge. 1998 . pp. 272 -- 278 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85743 - 058 - 5 . Retrieved 16 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Chuck Sudetic ( 26 June 1991 ) . `` 2 Yugoslav States Vote Independence To Press Demands '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 29 July 2012 . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ceremonial session of the Croatian Parliament on the occasion of the Day of Independence of the Republic of Croatia '' . Official web site of the Croatian Parliament . Sabor. 7 October 2004 . Archived from the original on 29 July 2012 . Retrieved 29 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Chuck Sudetic ( 4 November 1991 ) . `` Army Rushes to Take a Croatian Town '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 29 July 2012 . Retrieved 29 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia Clashes Rise ; Mediators Pessimistic '' . The New York Times . 19 December 1991 . Archived from the original on 29 July 2012 . Retrieved 29 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Charles T. Powers ( 1 August 1991 ) . `` Serbian Forces Press Fight for Major Chunk of Croatia '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 29 July 2012 . Retrieved 29 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Marlise Simons ( 10 October 2001 ) . `` Milosevic , Indicted Again , Is Charged With Crimes in Croatia '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 1 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Stephen Kinzer ( 24 December 1991 ) . `` Slovenia and Croatia Get Bonn 's Nod '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 29 July 2012 . Retrieved 29 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Paul L. Montgomery ( 23 May 1992 ) . `` 3 Ex-Yugoslav Republics Are Accepted Into U.N. '' The New York Times . Archived from the original on 29 July 2012 . Retrieved 29 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Dean E. Murphy ( 8 August 1995 ) . `` Croats Declare Victory , End Blitz '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 4 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Janine Natalya Clark ( 2014 ) . International Trials and Reconciliation : Assessing the Impact of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia . London : Routledge . p. 28 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 31797 - 475 - 8 . Jump up ^ Chris Hedges ( 16 January 1998 ) . `` An Ethnic Morass Is Returned to Croatia '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 18 May 2013 . Retrieved 18 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Partnerstvo za mir -- Hrvatska enciklopedija '' . www.enciklopedija.hr . Jump up ^ `` MVEP Svjetska trgovinska organizacija ( WTO ) '' . www.mvep.hr . Jump up ^ `` Kronologija : Težak put od priznanja do kucanja na vrata EU '' . Jump up ^ `` Kada je i kome Republika Hrvatska podnijela zahtjev za članstvo u Europskoj uniji ? '' . uprava.gov.hr . Jump up ^ `` Kako je izgledao put Republike Hrvatske ka punopravnom članstvu u Europskoj uniji ? '' . uprava.gov.hr . Jump up ^ `` Evo kako je izgledao hrvatski put prema EU ! '' . Jump up ^ https://www.usud.hr/en/history-and-development-croatian-constitutional-judicature#9 Jump up ^ Ivo Goldstein , Povijest Hrvatske 1945 - 2011 , 3 . svezak , EPH Media d.o.o. Jump up ^ `` Hrvatska postala članica NATO saveza '' . Jump up ^ `` Et tu , Zagreb ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Croatia voters back EU membership '' . 1 June 2018 -- via www.bbc.com . Jump up ^ `` Croatia celebrates on joining EU '' . 1 July 2013 -- via www.bbc.com . Jump up ^ `` Šenada Šelo Šabić , Croatia 's response to the refugee crisis , European Expression , Issue 100 , 2016 '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 -- Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia '' ( PDF ) . Croatian Bureau of Statistics . December 2010 . Retrieved 7 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Factbook '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 9 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Mate Matas ( 18 December 2006 ) . `` Raširenost krša u Hrvatskoj '' ( Presence of Karst in Croatia ) . geografija.hr ( in Croatian ) . Croatian Geographic Society . Archived from the original on 8 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The best national parks of Europe '' . BBC . 28 June 2011 . Archived from the original on 4 August 2012 . Retrieved 11 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Jasminka Radović ; Kristijan Čivić ; Ramona Topić , eds. ( 2006 ) . Biodiversity of Croatia ( PDF ) . State Institute for Nature Protection , Ministry of Culture ( Croatia ) . ISBN 953 - 7169 - 20 - 0 . Retrieved 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Venue '' . 6th Dubrovnik Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy , Water and Environment Systems . Retrieved 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Najviša izmjerena temperatura zraka u Hrvatskoj za razdoblje od kada postoje meteorološka motrenja '' . Klima.hr ( in Croatian ) . Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service . 21 July 2017 . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia 2015 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia 2015 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ `` Evolution in Europe ; Conservatives Win in Croatia '' . The New York Times . 9 May 1990 . Retrieved 14 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia country profile '' . BBC News . 20 July 2011 . Retrieved 14 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Political Structure '' . Government of Croatia . 6 May 2007 . Retrieved 14 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ivo Josipović -- biography '' . Office of the President of the Republic of Croatia . Archived from the original on 24 September 2011 . Retrieved 14 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Members of the Government '' . Government of Croatia . Archived from the original on 4 June 2013 . Retrieved 14 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About the Parliament '' . Sabor . Retrieved 14 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Members of the 6th Parliament '' . Sabor . Retrieved 14 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Overview of EU -- Croatia relations '' . Delegation of the European Union to the Republic of Croatia . Archived from the original on 26 March 2012 . Retrieved 14 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ustavne odredbe '' ( Provisions of the Constitution ) ( in Croatian ) . Croatian Supreme Court . 21 May 2010 . Retrieved 14 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Zakon o sudovima '' . Jump up ^ Oleg Mandić ( 1952 ) . `` O nekim pitanjima društvenog uređenja Hrvatske u srednjem vijeku '' ( On some issues of social system of Croatia in the Middle Ages ) ( PDF ) . Historijski zbornik ( in Croatian ) . Školska knjiga. 5 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 131 -- 138 . Retrieved 9 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Frucht 2005 , p. 429 . Jump up ^ Biondich 2000 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` Zakon o područjima županija , gradova i općina u Republici Hrvatskoj '' ( Territories of Counties , Cities and Municipalities of the Republic of Croatia Act ) . Narodne novine ( in Croatian ) . 30 December 1992 . Archived from the original on 28 August 2013 . Retrieved 9 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Zakon o područjima županija , gradova i općina u Republici Hrvatskoj '' ( Territories of Counties , Cities and Municipalities of the Republic of Croatia Act ) . Narodne novine ( in Croatian ) . 28 July 2006 . Retrieved 9 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nacionalno izviješće Hrvatska '' ( Croatia National Report ) ( PDF ) ( in Croatian ) . Council of Europe . January 2010 . Retrieved 25 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Drago Pilsel ( 5 May 2011 ) . `` S kojim državama nemamo diplomatske odnose ? '' ( Which countries do we have no diplomatic relations with ? ) ( in Croatian ) . t - portal . Retrieved 24 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Diplomatic Missions and Consular Offices to Croatia '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration ( Croatia ) . Archived from the original on 28 September 2011 . Retrieved 24 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Izviješće o obavljenoj reviziji -- Ministarstvo vanjskih poslova i europskih integracija '' ( Audit Report -- Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration ) ( PDF ) ( in Croatian ) . State Audit Office ( Croatia ) . August 2010 . Retrieved 24 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Policy Aims '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration ( Croatia ) . Retrieved 24 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Eduard Šoštarić ( 17 October 2005 ) . `` Mesićeva podrška UN-u blokira ulazak Hrvatske u NATO '' ( Mesić 's support to the UN blocks Croatian NATO accession ) . Nacional ( in Croatian ) ( 517 ) . Archived from the original on 30 June 2012 . Retrieved 24 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Izvješća o aktivnostima saborskih dužnosnika -- rujan 2005 : Odbor za parlamentarnu suradnju i odnose s javnošću Skupštine Zapadnoeuropske unije posjetio Hrvatski sabor '' ( Report on activities of Parliament officials -- September 2005 : Western European Union parliamentary cooperation and public relations committee visits Croatian Parliament ) ( in Croatian ) . Sabor. 26 September 2005 . Retrieved 24 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` EU closes accession negotiations with Croatia '' . European Commission . 30 June 2011 . Retrieved 24 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia signs EU accession treaty '' . European Union . 9 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 23 January 2012 . Retrieved 12 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Stephen Castle ( 10 June 2011 ) . `` Croatia Given Conditional Approval to Join E.U. in 2013 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 24 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` EU stalls over talks with Croatia '' . BBC News . 10 March 2005 . Retrieved 22 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Slovenia unblocks Croatian EU bid '' . BBC News . 11 September 2009 . Retrieved 22 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Slovenians Seem to Favor Arbitration in Border Dispute With Croatia '' . The New York Times . Reuters. 6 June 2010 . Retrieved 24 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Steven Lee Myers ( 5 April 2008 ) . `` Bush Champions Expansive Mission for NATO '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 24 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nato welcomes Albania and Croatia '' . BBC News . 1 April 2009 . Retrieved 24 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Membership of the Republic of Croatia in the UN Security Council 2008 -- 2009 '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration ( Croatia ) . Retrieved 24 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Stojan de Prato ( 4 February 2011 ) . `` Karamarko : Granični nadzor prema EU ukidamo 2015 '' ( Karamarko : Border control towards the EU shall be abolished in 2015 ) . Večernji list ( in Croatian ) . Retrieved 2 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chain of Command in the CAF '' . Croatian Ministry of Defence . Retrieved 2 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SIPRI Military Expenditure Database '' . Stockholm International Peace Research Institute . Archived from the original on 28 March 2010 . Retrieved 9 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Milan Jelovac ( 23 January 2001 ) . `` Vojni rok u Hrvatskoj kraći , nego drugdje u Europi i NATO - u '' . Vjesnik ( in Croatian ) . Archived from the original on 27 January 2012 . Retrieved 9 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Broj pripadnika OSRH u mirovnim misijama UN-a '' ( in Croatian ) . Croatian Ministry of Defence. 16 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 19 March 2012 . Retrieved 9 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hrvatska šalje još vojnika u Afganistan '' . eZadar ( in Croatian ) . 8 December 2010 . Retrieved 9 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kosorica u službenom posjetu Kosovu '' . Index.hr ( in Croatian ) . 24 August 2011 . Retrieved 9 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Franičević , Mile ( 6 March 2011 ) . `` Hrvatski izvoz oružja i opreme lani narastao na 650 milijuna kuna '' . Vjesnik ( in Croatian ) . Archived from the original on 14 June 2012 . Retrieved 9 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 500 najvećih tvrtki Srednje Europe '' ( 500 largest Central European companies ) ( in Croatian ) . Deloitte . 2016 . Retrieved 9 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rang lista 500 najvećih tvrtki Srednje Europe '' ( Ranking of the 500 Largest Central European Companies ) ( PDF ) ( in Croatian ) . Deloitte . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Economic Situation and Prospects 2017 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . 2017 . p. 156 . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Economic Outlook Database , April 2017 -- Croatia '' . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GDP per capita in PPS '' ( PDF ) . Eurostat . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 June 2013 . Retrieved 13 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Real GDP growth rate '' . Eurostat . Archived from the original on 22 August 2006 . Retrieved 21 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Republic Of Croatia -- Croatian Bureau Of Statistics '' . Dzs.hr . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Prvi rezultati '' . Dzs.hr . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ International Financial Statistics , IMF , May 2011 Jump up ^ `` World Economic Outlook Database '' . International Monetary Fund . October 2007 . Retrieved 9 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Trade in Goods of the Republic of Croatia , 2010 Final Data '' . Croatian Bureau of Statistics . 5 July 2011 . Retrieved 21 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` OEC -- Croatia ( HRV ) Exports , Imports , and Trade Partners '' . The Observatory of Economic Complexity . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Background Note : Croatia '' . United States Department of State . Archived from the original on 27 May 2010 . Retrieved 4 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Corruption Perceptions Index 2015 '' . Transparency International . 27 January 2016 . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia National Debt on Country Economy '' . countryeconomy.com . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Prihodi u 2017 . najbolje pokazuju napredak hrvatskog turizma '' ( Revenue in 2017 show best Croatian tourism 's progress ) . hr.n1info.com ( in Croatian ) . N1. 30 March 2018 . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Tomislav Pili ; Davor Verković ( 1 October 2011 ) . `` Iako čini gotovo petinu BDP - a , i dalje niskoprofitabilna grana domaće privrede '' ( Even though it comprises nearly a fifth of the GDP , it is still a low - profit branch of the national economy ) . Vjesnik ( in Croatian ) . Archived from the original on 14 June 2012 . Retrieved 20 October 2011 . Jump up ^ 2013 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia , p. 412 . Jump up ^ 2013 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia , p. 415 . Jump up ^ `` Turistički prihod porast će prvi put nakon 2008 '' ( Tourist income to rise for the first time since 2008 ) . t-portal.hr ( in Croatian ) . T - Hrvatski Telekom. 14 September 2011 . Retrieved 21 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` History of Opatija '' . Opatija Tourist Board . Archived from the original on 29 April 2012 . Retrieved 21 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Activities and attractions '' . Croatian National Tourist Board . Retrieved 21 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia '' . Foundation for Environmental Education . Archived from the original on 2 December 2011 . Retrieved 21 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` UNWTO World Tourism Barometer '' ( PDF ) . October 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 September 2013 . Retrieved 23 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Croatian highlights , Croatia '' . Euro-poi.com . Archived from the original on 24 February 2013 . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Tanja Poletan Jugović ( 11 April 2006 ) . `` The integration of the Republic of Croatia into the Pan-European transport corridor network '' . Pomorstvo . University of Rijeka , Faculty of Maritime Studies . 20 ( 1 ) : 49 -- 65 . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Odluka o razvrstavanju javnih cesta u autoceste '' ( Decision on classification of public roads as motorways ) . Narodne Novine ( in Croatian ) . 25 July 2007 . Retrieved 18 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Odluka o izmjenama i dopunama odluke o razvrstavanju javnih cesta u autoceste '' ( Decision on amendments and additions to the Decision on classification of public roads as motorways ) . Narodne Novine ( in Croatian ) . 30 January 2009 . Retrieved 18 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic counting on the roadways of Croatia in 2009 -- digest '' ( PDF ) . Hrvatske ceste . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 February 2011 . Retrieved 1 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` EuroTest '' . Eurotestmobility.com . Archived from the original on 30 April 2011 . Retrieved 3 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Brinje Tunnel Best European Tunnel '' . Javno.com . Archived from the original on 15 January 2009 . Retrieved 3 January 2009 . Jump up ^ 2013 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia , p. 346 . Jump up ^ Tomislav Pili ( 10 May 2011 ) . `` Skuplje korištenje pruga uništava HŽ '' ( More Expensive Railway Fees Ruin Croatian Railways ) . Vjesnik ( in Croatian ) . Archived from the original on 14 June 2012 . Retrieved 26 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Air transport '' . Ministry of the Sea , Transport and Infrastructure ( Croatia ) . Retrieved 10 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wayback Machine '' ( PDF ) . 5 March 2016 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 30 March 2018 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` FAA Raises Safety Rating for Croatia '' . Federal Aviation Administration . 26 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 26 June 2013 . Retrieved 27 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Riječka luka -- jadranski `` prolaz '' prema Europi '' ( The Port of Rijeka -- Adriatic `` gateway '' to Europe ) ( in Croatian ) . World Bank . 3 March 2006 . Retrieved 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Luke '' ( Ports ) ( in Croatian ) . Ministry of the Sea , Transport and Infrastructure ( Croatia ) . Retrieved 24 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Plovidbeni red za 2011 . godinu '' ( Sailing Schedule for Year 2011 ) ( in Croatian ) . Agencija za obalni linijski pomorski promet . Archived from the original on 15 July 2011 . Retrieved 27 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Plovni putovi '' ( Navigable routes ) ( in Croatian ) . Ministry of the Sea , Transport and Infrastructure ( Croatia ) . Retrieved 10 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The JANAF system '' . Jadranski naftovod . Retrieved 8 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Transportni sustav '' ( Transport system ) ( in Croatian ) . Plinacro . Retrieved 8 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia , Slovenia 's nuclear plant safe : Croatian president '' . EU Business . 28 March 2011 . Retrieved 8 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Population in major towns and municipalities , 2011 census '' . Census of Population , Households and Dwellings 2011 . Zagreb : Croatian Bureau of Statistics . December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` WHO Life Expectancy at birth '' . World Health Organization . 2012 . Retrieved 6 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` U Hrvatskoj dvostruko više doseljenika '' ( Twice as many immigrants in Croatia ) . Limun.hr. 21 July 2007 . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Projekcija stanovništva Republike Hrvatske 2004 . -- 2051 '' ( Projection of Population of the Republic of Croatia 2004 -- 2051 ) ( PDF ) ( in Croatian ) . Croatian Bureau of Statistics . 2006 . Retrieved 11 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Snježana Mrđen ; Mladen Friganović ( June 1998 ) . `` The demographic situation in Croatia '' . Geoadria . Hrvatsko geografsko društvo -- Zadar. 3 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 56 . ISSN 1331 - 2294 . Jump up ^ `` Traži se 40 % više kvota za strane radnike '' . Poslovni dnevnik. 28 November 2008 . Retrieved 16 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Nick Vidak ( 2008 ) . `` The Policy of Immigration in Croatia '' . Politička misao : Croatian Political Science Review . University of Zagreb , Faculty of Political Science . 35 ( 5 ) : 57 -- 75 . ISSN 0032 - 3241 . Retrieved 15 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Summary of judgement for Milan Martić '' . United Nations . 12 June 2007 . Archived from the original on 15 December 2007 . Retrieved 21 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Steven Erlanger ( 16 January 2000 ) . `` For Serbs in Croatia , a Pledge Unkept '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 18 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Matt Prodger ( 5 August 2005 ) . `` Evicted Serbs remember Storm '' . BBC News . Retrieved 15 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Status Report No. 16 On Croatia 's Progress in Meeting International Commitments Since November 2004 '' ( PDF ) . Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe . 7 July 2005 . Retrieved 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Savez udruga Hrvata iz BiH izabrao novo čelništvo '' ( Union of associations of Bosnia and Herzegovina Croats elects new leadership ) ( in Croatian ) . Index.hr. 28 June 2003 . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 29 06 2010 -- Benkovac '' ( in Croatian ) . Office of the President of Croatia . 29 June 2010 . Archived from the original on 27 November 2010 . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` International Migration and Development '' . Jump up ^ `` 4 . Population by ethnicity and religion '' . Census of Population , Households and Dwellings 2011 . Croatian Bureau of Statistics . Retrieved 17 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Croatian Constitution , Article 41 Jump up ^ `` Population by Religion , by Towns / Municipalities , 2011 Census '' . Census of Population , Households and Dwellings 2011 . Zagreb : Croatian Bureau of Statistics . December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Special EUROBAROMETER 225 `` Social values , Science & Technology '' '' ( PDF ) . p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` Gallup Global Reports '' . Gallup . Archived from the original on 14 October 2013 . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Final Topline '' ( PDF ) . Pew . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ustav Republike Hrvatske '' ( Constitution of the Republic of Croatia ) . Narodne Novine ( in Croatian ) . 9 July 2010 . Retrieved 11 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Sandra Veljković ; Stojan de Prato ( 5 November 2011 ) . `` Hrvatski postaje 24 . službeni jezik Europske unije '' ( Croatian Becomes the 24th Official Language of the European Union ) . Večernji list ( in Croatian ) . Retrieved 11 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Izviješće o provođenju ustavnog zakona o pravima nacionalnih manjina i utrošku sredstava osiguranih u državnom proračunu Republike Hrvatske za 2007 . godinu za potrebe nacionalnih manjina '' ( Report on Implementation of Constitutional Act on National Minority Rights and Expenditure of Funds Appropriated by the 2007 State Budget for Use by the National Minorities ) ( in Croatian ) . Sabor. 28 November 2008 . Retrieved 27 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Population by Mother Tongue , by Towns / Municipalities , 2011 Census '' . Census of Population , Households and Dwellings 2011 . Zagreb : Croatian Bureau of Statistics . December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Organska podloga hrvatskog jezika '' ( Organic Base of the Croatian Language ) ( in Croatian ) . Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics . Archived from the original on 7 August 2011 . Retrieved 11 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Mate Kapović ( 2009 ) . `` Položaj hrvatskoga jezika u svijetu danas '' ( Position of Croatian Language in the World Today ) . Kolo ( in Croatian ) . Matica hrvatska ( 1 -- 2 ) . ISSN 1331 - 0992 . Retrieved 26 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Branka Tafra ( February 2007 ) . `` Značenje narodnoga preporoda za hrvatski jezik '' ( Significance of the National Revival for Croatian Language ) . Croatica et Slavica Iadertina ( in Croatian ) . 2 : 43 -- 55 . ISSN 1845 - 6839 . Retrieved 10 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Istraživanje : Tri posto visokoobrazovanih ne zna niti jedan strani jezik , Hrvati uglavnom znaju engleski '' ( Survey : Three per cent of higher educated people can not speak any foreign languages , Croats mostly speak English ) ( in Croatian ) . Index.hr. 5 April 2011 . Retrieved 11 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Europeans and their languages -- European commission special barometer FEB2006 '' ( PDF ) . European Commission . February 2006 . Retrieved 15 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia '' . European Union . European Commission . 2016 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Population aged 10 and over by sex and illiterates by age , 2011 census '' . Croatian Bureau of Statistics . Retrieved 26 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Newsweek study of Health , Education , Economy and Politics ranks the globe 's top nations '' . Newsweek. 15 August 2010 . Archived from the original on 1 September 2010 . Retrieved 14 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.dzs.hr/Hrv_Eng/ljetopis/2016/sljh2016.pdf Jump up ^ 2017 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia , p. 488 . Jump up ^ `` Državna matura '' ( in Croatian ) . Ministry of Science , Education and Sports ( Croatia ) . Archived from the original on 26 March 2016 . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Institut za razvoj obrazovanja -- Pregled institucija '' . Iro.hr . Archived from the original on 6 March 2017 . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` O nama '' ( About us ) ( in Croatian ) . University of Zadar . Retrieved 15 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` University of Zagreb 1699 -- 2005 '' . University of Zagreb . Retrieved 15 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 60 . rođendan Instituta Ruđer Bošković : Svijetu je dao ciklotron , spojeve i novi katalizator '' ( The 60th Anniversary of the Ruđer Bošković Institute : It Presented the World with a Cyclotron , Compounds and a New Catalyst ) . Jutarnji list ( in Croatian ) . 9 June 2010 . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Founding of the Academy '' . Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts . Archived from the original on 6 June 2010 . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Siniša Zrinščak ( February 2003 ) . `` Socijalna politika u kontekstu korjenite društvene transformacije postkomunističkih zemalja '' ( Social Policy in the Context of Thorough Social Transformation of Post-Communist Countries ) . Revija za socijalnu politiku ( in Croatian ) . 10 ( 2 ) : 135 -- 159 . doi : 10.3935 / rsp. v10i2. 124 . ISSN 1330 - 2965 . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ 2017 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia , p. 549 . Jump up ^ Marijana Matković ( 27 September 2011 ) . `` Ulaskom u EU Hrvatska će imati najveću potrošnju za zdravstvo '' ( After the EU accession Croatia will have the maximum healthcare spending ) . Vjesnik ( in Croatian ) . Archived from the original on 14 June 2012 . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Puni džepovi : europski smo rekorderi potrošnje , imamo najskuplju vlast u cijeloj Europskoj uniji ! '' . Retrieved 30 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Life expectancy increases by 5 years , but inequalities persist '' . World Health Organization . Retrieved 30 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects -- Population Division '' . esa.un.org . United Nations . Retrieved 30 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Marija Crnjak ( 10 January 2008 ) . `` U Hrvatskoj se puši manje nego u EU '' ( Fewer smokers in Croatia than in the EU ) ( in Croatian ) . Poslovni dnevnik . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia '' . World Health Organization . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ UNESCO World Heritage Centre . `` Historic City of Trogir '' . unesco.org . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Culture and History '' . Croatian National Tourist Board . Archived from the original on 16 October 2011 . Retrieved 7 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Djelokrug '' ( Scope of authority ) ( in Croatian ) . Ministry of Culture ( Croatia ) . Retrieved 7 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Browse the Lists of Intangible Cultural Heritage and the Register of good safeguarding practices -- intangible heritage '' . ich.unesco.org . UNESCO -- Culture Sector . Jump up ^ Eric P. Nash ( 30 July 1995 ) . `` STYLE ; Dressed to Kill '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Vladimir Huzjan ( July 2008 ) . `` Pokušaj otkrivanja nastanka i razvoja kravate kao riječi i odjevnoga predmeta '' ( The origin and development of the tie ( kravata ) as a word and as a garment ) . Povijesni prilozi ( in Croatian ) . Croatian Institute of History . 34 ( 34 ) : 103 -- 120 . ISSN 0351 - 9767 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Trakošćan '' ( in Croatian ) . Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration ( Croatia ) . Archived from the original on 4 August 2012 . Retrieved 27 October 2011 . Jump up ^ 2017 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia , pp. 512 -- 513 . Jump up ^ 2017 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia , pp. 520 - 521 . Jump up ^ Adriana Piteša ( 10 November 2010 ) . `` Interliber : Nobelovci se prodaju za 20 , bestseleri za 50 , remek - djela za 100 kuna '' ( Interliber : Nobel Laureates Sold for 20 , Bestsellers for 50 , Masterpieces for 100 Kuna ) . Jutarnji list ( in Croatian ) . Retrieved 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Conference on the implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in Croatia , with regard to the persons with intellectual disabilities '' . European Union . 17 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia passes civil partnerships law '' . PinkNews. 15 July 2014 . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Radosavljević , Zoran ( 1 December 2013 ) . `` Croats set constitutional bar to same - sex marriage '' . Reuters.com . Retrieved 6 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Stephen Clissold ; Henry Clifford Darby ( 1968 ) . A short history of Yugoslavia from early times to 1966 . CUP Archive . pp. 51 -- 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 09531 - 0 . Retrieved 30 November 2011 . Jump up ^ MacGregor , Sandra ( 17 June 2013 ) . `` Varaždin : Croatia 's ' little Vienna ' '' . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 4 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Najljepši gradovi Sjeverne Hrvatske -- Karlovac , Ozalj , Ogulin '' ( The Most Beautiful Cities of the Northern Croatia -- Karlovac , Ozalj , Ogulin ) . Jutarnji list ( in Croatian ) . 14 August 2010 . Retrieved 10 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Darja Radović Mahečić ( 2006 ) . `` Sekvenca secesije -- arhitekt Lav Kalda '' ( Sequence of the Art Nouveau -- Architect Lav Kalda ) ( PDF ) . Radovi Instituta za povijest umjetnosti ( in Croatian ) . Institute of Art History ( Croatia ) . 30 : 241 -- 264 . ISSN 0350 - 3437 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 10 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Croatian Art History -- Overview of Prehistory '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration ( Croatia ) . Archived from the original on 7 October 2011 . Retrieved 10 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Church of Saint Donat '' . Zadar Tourist Board . Retrieved 10 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Pavao Nujić ( September 2011 ) . `` Josip Juraj Strossmayer -- Rođeni Osječanin '' ( Josip Juraj Strossmayer -- Native of Osijek ) . Essehist ( in Croatian ) . University of Osijek -- Faculty of Philosophy. 2 : 70 -- 73 . ISSN 1847 - 6236 . Retrieved 10 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Baška tablet '' . Island of Krk Tourist Board . Retrieved 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hrvatska književnost u 270.000 redaka '' ( Croatian Literature in 270,000 Lines ) ( in Croatian ) . Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography. 11 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 17 December 2011 . Retrieved 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Robert D. Kaplan ( 18 April 1993 ) . `` A Reader 's Guide to the Balkans '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Benfield , Richard W. `` Croatia '' . In Quick , Amanda C. World Press Encyclopedia . 1 ( 2 ed . ) . Detroit : Gale . ISBN 0 - 7876 - 5583 - X . Retrieved 13 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Press Freedom Index 2010 '' . Reporters Without Borders . Archived from the original on 24 November 2010 . Retrieved 13 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` About Hina '' . HINA . Archived from the original on 11 October 2011 . Retrieved 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Darko Tomorad ( July 2002 ) . `` Marina Mučalo : Radio in Croatia , book review '' . Politička misao . University of Zagreb , Faculty of Political Sciences . 38 ( 5 ) : 150 -- 152 . ISSN 0032 - 3241 . Jump up ^ `` Global Press Freedom Rankings '' ( PDF ) . Freedom House . Retrieved 21 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia '' . Freedom House . Retrieved 21 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Amnesty International report 2009 '' . Archived from the original on 5 August 2009 . Retrieved 22 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Popis programa digitalne televizije '' ( List of Digital Television Programmes ) ( in Croatian ) . Odašiljači i veze . Retrieved 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` HRT broadcasting via satellite '' . Croatian Radiotelevision. 20 May 2008 . Retrieved 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ 2013 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia , pp. 509 . Jump up ^ Sandra Babić ( 15 January 2007 ) . `` Prva Internet televizija u Hrvatskoj '' ( The First Internet Television in Croatia ) ( in Croatian ) . Lider . Archived from the original on 11 January 2012 . Retrieved 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Merita Arslani ( 6 November 2010 ) . `` Već je 450 tisuća Hrvata prešlo na kabelsku i gleda 200 TV programa '' ( 450 thousand Croats already switched to cable , watching 200 TV channels ) . Jutarnji list ( in Croatian ) . Retrieved 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Print Products '' . Europapress Holding . Archived from the original on 8 October 2011 . Retrieved 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Daily papers '' . Styria Media Group . Archived from the original on 21 September 2011 . Retrieved 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Vozab , Dina ( December 2014 ) . `` Tisak u krizi : analiza trendova u Hrvatskoj od 2008 . do 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Medijske studije ( in Croatian ) . 5 ( 10 ) : 141 . Retrieved 26 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Adriana Piteša ( 12 September 2006 ) . `` Ministarstvo financira rekordan broj filmova '' ( Ministry ( of Culture ) funding a record number of films ) . Jutarnji list ( in Croatian ) . Archived from the original on 26 January 2012 . Retrieved 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Potpora hrvatskim filmovima i koprodukcijama '' ( Supporting Croatian Films and Co-Productions ) ( in Croatian ) . Croatian Radiotelevision. 18 March 2011 . Retrieved 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Vedran Jerbić ( 12 July 2011 ) . `` Trierova trijumfalna apokalipsa '' ( Trier 's Triumphant Apocalypse ) . Vjesnik ( in Croatian ) . Archived from the original on 14 June 2012 . Retrieved 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Božidar Trkulja ( 29 May 2011 ) . `` '' Surogat '' napunio pola stoljeća '' ( `` Ersatz '' celebrates half a century ) . Vjesnik ( in Croatian ) . Archived from the original on 14 June 2012 . Retrieved 13 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gastronomy and enology '' . Croatian National Tourist Board . Retrieved 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Skenderović , Robert ( 2002 ) . `` Kako je pivo došlo u Hrvatsku '' . Hrvatska revija ( in Croatian ) . Retrieved 10 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Per - Capita Beer Consumption by Country '' . Kirin Institute of Food and Lifestyle Report Vol. 22 . Kirin Brewery Company . 21 December 2009 . Retrieved 10 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Biserka Perman ( May 2011 ) . `` Is sports system fair ? '' . JAHR . University of Rijeka. 2 ( 3 ) : 159 -- 171 . ISSN 1847 - 6376 . Retrieved 8 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About Croatian Football Federation '' . Croatian Football Federation . Retrieved 8 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Evo vam Lige 16 : Na utakmicama HNL - a prosječno 1911 '' ( There 's league 16 : Average attendance at HNL matches stands at 1911 ) ( in Croatian ) . Index.hr. 24 May 2011 . Retrieved 8 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic medalists '' . Croatian Olympic Committee . Archived from the original on 21 January 2012 . Retrieved 9 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Croatian Olympic Committee '' . hoo.hr . Croatian Olympic Committee . Archived from the original on 4 July 2011 . Retrieved 9 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 30 June 2012 . Bibliography Adkins , Roy ; Adkins , Lesley ( 2008 ) . The War for All the Oceans . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 311392 - 8 . Retrieved 18 October 2011 . Agičić , Damir ; Feletar , Dragutin ; Filipčić , Anita ; Jelić , Tomislav ; Stiperski , Zoran ( 2000 ) . Povijest i zemljopis Hrvatske : priručnik za hrvatske manjinske škole ( History and Geography of Croatia : Minority School Manual ) ( in Croatian ) . ISBN 978 - 953 - 6235 - 40 - 7 . Retrieved 18 October 2011 . Banac , Ivo ( 1984 ) . The national question in Yugoslavia : origins , history , politics . Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 9493 - 2 . Retrieved 18 October 2011 . Biondich , Mark ( 2000 ) . Stjepan Radić , the Croat Peasant Party , and the politics of mass mobilization , 1904 -- 1928 . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 8294 - 7 . Retrieved 18 October 2011 . Cresswell , Peterjon ( 10 July 2006 ) . Time Out Croatia ( First ed . ) . London , Berkeley & Toronto : Time Out Group Ltd & Ebury Publishing , Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904978 - 70 - 1 . Retrieved 10 March 2010 . Fisher , Sharon ( 2006 ) . Political change in post-Communist Slovakia and Croatia : from nationalist to Europeanist . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 7286 - 6 . Retrieved 18 October 2011 . Forbrig , Joerg ; Demeš , Pavol ( 2007 ) . Reclaiming democracy : civil society and electoral change in central and eastern Europe . The German Marshall Fund of the United States . ISBN 978 - 80 - 969639 - 0 - 4 . Retrieved 18 October 2011 . Frucht , Richard C. ( 2005 ) . Eastern Europe : An Introduction to the People , Lands , and Culture . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 800 - 6 . Retrieved 18 October 2011 . Kasapović , Mirjana , ed. ( 2001 ) . Hrvatska Politika 1990 -- 2000 ( Croatian Politics 1990 -- 2000 ) ( in Croatian ) . University of Zagreb , Faculty of Political Science . ISBN 978 - 953 - 6457 - 08 - 3 . Retrieved 18 October 2011 . Klemenčič , Matjaž ; Žagar , Mitja ( 2004 ) . The former Yugoslavia 's diverse peoples : a reference sourcebook . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 294 - 3 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Lane , Frederic Chapin ( 1973 ) . Venice , a Maritime Republic . JHU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 1460 - 0 . Retrieved 18 October 2011 . Midlarsky , Manus I. ( 20 October 2005 ) . The Killing Trap : Genocide in the Twentieth Century ( First ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 44539 - 9 . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Magaš , Branka ( 2007 ) . Croatia Through History : The Making of a European State . Saqi Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86356 - 775 - 9 . Retrieved 18 October 2011 . Mužić , Ivan ( 2007 ) . Hrvatska povijest devetoga stoljeća ( Croatian Ninth Century History ) ( PDF ) ( in Croatian ) . Naklada Bošković . ISBN 978 - 953 - 263 - 034 - 3 . Retrieved 14 October 2011 . Tomasevich , Jozo ( 2001 ) . War and Revolution in Yugoslavia , 1941 -- 1945 : Occupation and Collaboration . Stanford Univ : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 3615 - 2 . `` Statistički pokazatelji o provedenim izborima za zastupnike u Sabor Socijalističke Republike Hrvatske -- Prilog '' ( Statistical Indicators on Performed Elections of Representatives in the Parliament of the Socialist Republic of Croatia -- Annex ) ( PDF ) ( in Croatian ) . Zagreb , Croatia : Croatian State Electoral Committee . 1990 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 May 2015 . Ostroški , Ljiljana , ed . ( December 2013 ) . Statistički ljetopis Republike Hrvatske 2013 ( 2013 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia ) ( PDF ) . Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia ( in Croatian and English ) . 45 . Zagreb : Croatian Bureau of Statistics . ISSN 1334 - 0638 . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . Ostroški , Ljiljana , ed . ( December 2015 ) . Statistički ljetopis Republike Hrvatske 2015 ( Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia 2015 ) ( PDF ) . Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia ( in Croatian and English ) . 47 . Zagreb : Croatian Bureau of Statistics . ISSN 1333 - 3305 . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . External links Find more aboutCroatiaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Government website `` Croatia '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Croatia from UCB Libraries GovPubs Croatia.hr Official website of the Croatian National Tourist Board This is Croatia Croatia at Curlie Croatia -- Lonely Planet Visit Croatia -- a travel guide Croatia 2018 : Best of Croatia Tourism -- TripAdvisor Croatia profile from the BBC News Wikimedia Atlas of Croatia Geographic data related to Croatia at OpenStreetMap Key Development Forecasts for Croatia from International Futures Croatia -- Land and People Croatia articles History Prehistoric Origins of Croats White Croatia Red Croatia Dalmatian Croatia Pannonian Croatia Pagania Zahumlje Travunija Medieval kingdom Personal union with Hungary Republic of Ragusa Croatia in the Habsburg Empire Kingdom of Croatia - Slavonia State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs Kingdom of Yugoslavia Banovina of Croatia World War II Independent State Socialist Republic War of Independence Croatia since 1995 European Union Geography Climate Extreme points Islands Lakes Mammals Mountains Protected areas Rivers Topography Politics Administrative divisions cities counties municipalities Constitution Elections Foreign relations Government Prime Minister Human rights LGBT LGBT history Law enforcement Military Parliament Political parties President Security and intelligence Economy Brands Energy Gross domestic product ( GDP ) Industry Kuna ( currency ) National Bank Privatization Stock Exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Demographics Croats Women Education Ethnic groups Healthcare Languages Religion Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Croatian language Literature Music Public holidays Radio stations Sport Television Symbols Anthem Coat of arms Costume Decorations Flags national flag Interlace Motto Name Outline Index Category Portal World Heritage Sites in Croatia Cathedral of St. James , Šibenik Dubrovnik Episcopal Complex of the Euphrasian Basilica , Poreč Plitvice Lakes Split with the Palace of Diocletian Stari Grad Plain Trogir Stećak Dubravka Cista Velika Venetian Works of Defence between 15th and 17th centuries Zadar Šibenik Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe Paklenica Sjeverni Velebit shared with Bosnia and Herzegovina , Montenegro and Serbia shared with Italy and Montenegro shared with Albania , Austria , Belgium , Bulgaria , Germany , Italy , Romania , Slovakia , Slovenia , Spain and Ukraine Cities and towns of Croatia by population 100,000 + Osijek Rijeka Split Zagreb 35,000 + Bjelovar Dubrovnik Karlovac Kaštela Pula Samobor Šibenik Sisak Slavonski Brod Varaždin Velika Gorica Vinkovci Zadar 10,000 + Beli Manastir Belišće Benkovac Čakovec Crikvenica Đakovo Daruvar Donji Miholjac Duga Resa Dugo Selo Garešnica Gospić Imotski Ivanec Ivanić - Grad Jastrebarsko Kastav Knin Koprivnica Krapina Križevci Kutina Labin Makarska Metković Našice Nova Gradiška Novi Marof Novska Ogulin Omiš Opatija Petrinja Pleternica Ploče Popovača Poreč Požega Rovinj Sinj Slatina Solin Sveta Nedelja Sveti Ivan Zelina Trogir Umag Valpovo Virovitica Vrbovec Vukovar Zaprešić Županja Inhabited islands of Croatia Biševo Brač Čiovo Cres Drvenik Mali Drvenik Veli Dugi Otok Hvar Ilovik Ist Iž Kaprije Koločep Kornat Korčula Krapanj Krk Lastovo Lopud Lošinj Male Srakane Mljet Molat Murter Olib Ošljak Pag Pašman Premuda Prvić Rab Rava Rivanj Sestrunj Silba Šipan Šolta Susak Ugljan Unije Vele Srakane Vir Vis Vrgada Žirje Zlarin Zverinac Protected areas of Croatia National parks Brijuni Kornati Krka Mljet Northern Velebit Paklenica Plitvice Lakes Risnjak Nature parks Biokovo Kopačevo Marsh Lastovo Lonjsko Polje Medvednica Papuk Telašćica Učka Velebit Lake Vrana Žumberak - Samoborsko gorje Links to related articles Sovereign states and dependencies of Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies Denmark Faroe Islands autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia Sovereign Base Areas Gibraltar British Overseas Territory Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Crown dependencies Special areas of internal sovereignty Finland Åland Islands autonomous region subject to the Åland Convention of 1921 Norway Svalbard unincorporated area subject to the Svalbard Treaty United Kingdom Northern Ireland country of the United Kingdom subject to the British - Irish Agreement Oceanic islands within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf . Some countries completely outside the conventional geographical boundaries of Europe are commonly associated with the continent due to ethnological links . Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea Sovereign states Albania Algeria Bosnia - Herzegovina Croatia Cyprus Egypt France Greece Israel Italy Lebanon Libya Malta Monaco Montenegro Morocco Slovenia Spain Syria Tunisia Turkey States with limited recognition Northern Cyprus Palestine Dependencies and other territories Akrotiri and Dhekelia ( UK ) Gibraltar ( UK ) Balkan Peninsula countries Geographically fully located Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Kosovo Macedonia Montenegro Significantly located Serbia Greece Croatia Mostly outside of the peninsula Romania Slovenia Turkey See also Southeast Europe History of the Balkans Balkan languages ( Sprachbund ) Balkanization Declared independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008 and is recognised by 113 United Nations member states . Member states of the European Union Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus ( see also Northern Cyprus ) Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom Future enlargement of the European Union Council of Europe Institutions Secretary General Committee of Ministers Parliamentary Assembly Congress Court of Human Rights Commissioner for Human Rights Commission for the Efficiency of Justice Commission against Racism and Intolerance Members Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Observers Canada Holy See Israel Japan Mexico United States Sovereign Military Order of Malta Former members Czechoslovakia ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Saar ( assoc. 1950 -- 1956 ) Serbia and Montenegro ( 2003 -- 2006 ) Provisionally referred to by the Council of Europe as `` the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia '' ; see Macedonia naming dispute . North Atlantic Treaty Organization History North Atlantic Treaty Summit Operations Enlargement Structure Council Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe Air Command Land Command Maritime Command JFC Brunssum JFC Naples Allied Command Transformation Parliamentary Assembly Standardization Agreement People Secretary General Chairman of the Military Committee Supreme Allied Commander Europe Supreme Allied Commander Transformation Members Albania Belgium Bulgaria Canada Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Turkey United Kingdom United States Multilateral relations Atlantic Treaty Association Euro - Atlantic Partnership Council Mediterranean Dialogue Istanbul Cooperation Initiative Partnership for Peace Portal World Trade Organization System Accession and membership Appellate Body Dispute Settlement Body International Trade Centre Chronology of key events Issues Criticism Doha Development Round Singapore issues Quota Elimination Peace Clause Agreements General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Agriculture Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Technical Barriers to Trade Trade Related Investment Measures Trade in Services Trade - Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Government Procurement Information Technology Marrakech Agreement Doha Declaration Bali Package Ministerial Conferences 1st ( 1996 ) 2nd ( 1998 ) 3rd ( 1999 ) 4th ( 2001 ) 5th ( 2003 ) 6th ( 2005 ) 7th ( 2009 ) 8th ( 2011 ) 9th ( 2013 ) 10th ( 2015 ) 11th ( 2017 ) People Roberto Azevêdo ( Director - General ) Pascal Lamy Supachai Panitchpakdi Alejandro Jara Rufus Yerxa Members Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belize Benin Bolivia Botswana Brazil Brunei Burkina Faso Burma Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Cuba Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Fiji Gabon The Gambia Georgia Ghana Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea - Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia Israel Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lesotho Liberia Liechtenstein Macau Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nepal New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Qatar Russia Rwanda St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Saudi Arabia Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Solomon Islands South Africa Sri Lanka Suriname Swaziland Switzerland Tajikistan Taiwan Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United States Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe European Union Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom Special administrative regions of the People 's Republic of China , participates as `` Hong Kong , China '' and `` Macao China '' . Officially the Republic of China , participates as `` Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan , Penghu , Kinmen and Matsu '' , and `` Chinese Taipei '' in short . Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ( OSCE ) Members Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Canada Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Holy See Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Tajikistan Turkey Turkmenistan Ukraine United Kingdom United States Uzbekistan Partners for Cooperation Afghanistan Algeria Australia Egypt Israel Japan Jordan Morocco South Korea Thailand Tunisia Bodies and posts Parliamentary Assembly ODIHR Commissioner on National Minorities Representative on Freedom of the Media La Francophonie Membership Members Albania Andorra Armenia Belgium French Community Benin Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada New Brunswick Quebec Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Cyprus Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Dominica Egypt Equatorial Guinea France French Guiana Guadeloupe Martinique St. Pierre and Miquelon Gabon Ghana Greece Guinea Guinea - Bissau Haiti Ivory Coast Laos Luxembourg Lebanon Macedonia Madagascar Mali Mauritania Mauritius Moldova Monaco Morocco Niger Qatar Romania Rwanda St. Lucia São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Switzerland Togo Tunisia Vanuatu Vietnam Observers Argentina Austria Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Czech Republic Dominican Republic Georgia Hungary Kosovo Latvia Lithuania Montenegro Mozambique Ontario Poland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia South Korea Thailand Ukraine United Arab Emirates Uruguay Associate member . Provisionally referred to by the Francophonie as the `` former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia '' ; see Macedonia naming dispute . Organization Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique Agence universitaire de la Francophonie Secretaries - General Boutros Boutros - Ghali Abdou Diouf Michaëlle Jean Culture French language UN French Language Day International Francophonie Day Jeux de la Francophonie Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie Senghor University AFFOI TV5Monde LGBT rights Category Republics and autonomous provinces of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Macedonia Montenegro Serbia Vojvodina Kosovo Slovenia WorldCat Identities BNE : XX452923 BNF : cb12363401c ( data ) GND : 4073841 - 3 HDS : 32207 ISNI : 0000 0001 2112 0050 LCCN : n81035140 NARA : 10045284 NDL : 00567032 NKC : ge128941 SELIBR : 151342 SUDOC : 154019917 VIAF : 152376980 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Croatia&oldid=865983453 '' Categories : Croatia Balkan countries Croatian - speaking countries and territories Member states of NATO Member states of the Council of Europe Member states of the European Union Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean Member states of the United Nations Republics Slavic countries and territories Southeastern European countries Southern European countries States and territories established in 1991 Hidden categories : Articles containing Italian - language text Articles containing French - language text Articles containing German - language text Articles containing Hungarian - language text Articles containing Czech - language text Articles containing Rusyn - language text Articles containing Serbian - language text Articles containing Slovak - language text Articles containing Slovene - language text Articles containing Ukrainian - language text CS1 Croatian - language sources ( hr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 Serbian - language sources ( sr ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use British English from August 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2015 Good articles Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Croatian - language text Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2005 Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2011 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2011 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2011 Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with HDS identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikivoyage Languages Acèh Адыгэбзэ Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Akan Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Аҧсшәа Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti Arpetan Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chamoru Chavacano de Zamboanga ChiShona ChiTumbuka Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deitsch Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Dolnoserbski ཇོང ་ ཁ Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara Eʋegbe فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kalaallisut ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Kinyarwanda Kirundi Kiswahili Коми Kongo Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladino Лезги ລາວ لۊری شومالی Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala La . lojban . Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Мокшень Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Dorerin Naoero Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Napulitano Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norfuk / Pitkern Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ पालि Pangasinan پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Patois Перем Коми Picard Piemontèis Tok Pisin Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Reo tahiti Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Gagana Samoa संस्कृतम् Sängö Sardu Scots Seeltersk Sesotho Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English SiSwati Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Tetun ไทย Тоҷикӣ ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese Türkçe Türkmençe Twi Удмурт Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West - Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Kabɩyɛ Lingua Franca Nova 245 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 13 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia

how many cognitive functions are included in the mbti formula

Drawing upon Jungian theory , Isabel Myers proposed that for each personality type , the cognitive functions ( sensing , intuition , thinking , and feeling ) form a hierarchy . This hierarchy represents the person 's default pattern of behavior .

Template : mbti cognitive functions

template : mbti cognitive functions

Drawing upon Jungian theory , Isabel Myers proposed that for each personality type , the cognitive functions ( sensing , intuition , thinking , and feeling ) form a hierarchy . This hierarchy represents the person 's default pattern of behavior .

The Dominant function is the personality type 's preferred role , the one they feel most comfortable with . The secondary Auxiliary function serves to support and expand on the Dominant function . If the Dominant is an information gathering function ( sensing or intuition ) , the Auxiliary is a decision making function ( thinking or feeling ) , and vice versa . The Tertiary function is less developed than the Dominant and Auxiliary , but it matures over time , rounding out the person 's abilities . The Inferior function is the personality type 's fatal weakness . This is the function they are least comfortable with . Like the Tertiary , the Inferior function strengthens with maturity . Jung and Myers considered the attitude of the Auxiliary , Tertiary , and Inferior functions to be the opposite of the Dominant . In this interpretation , if the Dominant function is extraverted , then the other three are introverted , and vice versa . However , many modern practitioners hold that the attitude of the Tertiary function is the same as the Dominant . References These references will appear in the article , but this list appears only on this page . Jump up ^ Barron - Tieger , Barbara ; Tieger , Paul D. ( 1995 ) . Do what you are : discover the perfect career for you through the secrets of personality type . Boston : Little , Brown . ISBN 0 - 316 - 84522 - 1 . Jump up ^ Myers , Isabel Briggs ; Mary H. McCaulley ( 1985 ) . Manual : A Guide to the Development and Use of the Myers - Briggs Type Indicator ( 2nd ed . ) . Palo Alto , CA : Consulting Psychologists Press . ISBN 0 - 89106 - 027 - 8 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:MBTI_Cognitive_Functions&oldid=811878736 '' Categories : Templates that generate named references Hidden categories : Templates needing substitution checking Talk Template Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 November 2017 , at 16 : 43 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template%3AMBTI%20Cognitive%20Functions

where does the tv show criminal minds take place

Criminal Minds

criminal minds

Criminal Minds Genre Police procedural Action Thriller Crime drama Created by Jeff Davis Starring Mandy Patinkin Thomas Gibson Lola Glaudini Shemar Moore Matthew Gray Gubler A.J. Cook Kirsten Vangsness Paget Brewster Joe Mantegna Rachel Nichols Jeanne Tripplehorn Jennifer Love Hewitt Aisha Tyler Adam Rodriguez Damon Gupton Daniel Henney Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 14 No. of episodes 303 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Mark Gordon Jeff Davis Edward Allen Bernero Deborah Spera Chris Mundy Simon Mirren Erica Messer Janine Sherman Barrois Breen Frazier Harry Bring Glenn Kershaw Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) The Mark Gordon Company Touchstone Television ABC Studios Paramount Network Television CBS Paramount Network Television CBS Television Studios Distributor CBS Television Distribution ( U.S. ) Disney -- ABC Domestic Television ( Worldwide ) Release Original network CBS Picture format HDTV 1080i Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release September 22 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 22 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders Criminal Minds ( South Korea ) External links Website Production website Criminal Minds is an American police procedural crime drama television series created and produced by Jeff Davis . It premiered on September 22 , 2005 and has run for fourteen seasons on CBS . It tells the story of a group of behavioral profilers who work for the FBI as members of its Behavioral Analysis Unit ( BAU ) . The team focuses on profiling criminals , called the `` unsub '' or `` unknown subject '' , as well as victimology , in investigation of crimes . The show follows the team as they work various cases and tackle their personal struggles . The show has an ensemble cast , with Jason Gideon ( Mandy Patinkin ) , Aaron Hotchner ( Thomas Gibson ) , Elle Greenaway ( Lola Glaudini ) , Derek Morgan ( Shemar Moore ) , Spencer Reid ( Matthew Gray Gubler ) , Jennifer Jareau ( A.J. Cook ) , and Penelope Garcia ( Kirsten Vangsness ) as the original cast . Throughout the show 's later seasons , the characters Emily Prentiss ( Paget Brewster ) , David Rossi ( Joe Mantegna ) , Ashley Seaver ( Rachel Nichols ) , Alex Blake ( Jeanne Tripplehorn ) , Kate Callahan ( Jennifer Love Hewitt ) , Tara Lewis ( Aisha Tyler ) , Luke Alvez ( Adam Rodriguez ) , Stephen Walker ( Damon Gupton ) , and Matt Simmons ( Daniel Henney ) were introduced . Criminal Minds has gained critical acclaim for its characterization , pacing , atmosphere , acting , directing , and writing . It has also become a ratings hit for CBS , regularly featuring as one of the network 's most - watched cable shows throughout its decade - long run . The show 's success has spawned a media franchise , with several spinoffs , including a South Korean adaptation and a video game . Following the conclusion of the thirteenth season , CBS renewed the show for a fourteenth season , which premiered on October 3 , 2018 . Contents 1 Background 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main characters 2.2 Recurring characters 3 Episodes 4 Reception 5 Broadcast and ratings 6 Franchise 6.1 Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior 6.2 Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders 6.3 크리미널 마인드 ( Criminal Minds Korea ) 6.4 Video game 7 Awards and nominations 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) When the series premiered in September 2005 , it featured FBI agents Jason Gideon , Aaron Hotchner , Elle Greenaway , Derek Morgan , Spencer Reid , Jennifer `` JJ '' Jareau , and Penelope Garcia . For season 1 , Garcia was not a main cast member but rather had a recurring role , although she appeared in most episodes . In 2006 , at the start of season 2 , Lola Glaudini announced her departure from the show , as she wanted to return home to New York City . Paget Brewster replaced her in the role of Emily Prentiss . At the start of season 3 , Mandy Patinkin announced his departure from the show because he was deeply disturbed by the content of the series . He left letters of apology for his fellow cast members , explaining his reasons and wishing them luck . Joe Mantegna replaced him as David Rossi , a best - selling author and FBI agent who comes out of retirement . During season three , A.J. Cook became pregnant with her first child . Her pregnancy was written into the show . Cook 's son , Mekhai Andersen , has been written into a recurring role as Jennifer 's son Henry . Cook 's void during maternity leave was filled by Meta Golding , who played Jordan Todd , an FBI agent who works with the agency 's Counter Terrorism Unit . In season 6 , JJ is forced to accept a promotion at The Pentagon , causing her to leave the BAU . Later that season , Emily is seemingly killed off . Although she survives , she does not appear for the rest of the season . Cook and Brewster were both replaced by Rachel Nichols as Ashley Seaver , an FBI cadet . CBS 's decision to release Cook and Brewster from their contracts resulted in numerous fans writing angry letters to the studio and signing protest petitions . CBS rehired Cook and Brewster as Jennifer Jareau and Emily Prentiss , respectively ; Nichols was released . In February 2012 Brewster announced her departure from the show after the seventh season . She was replaced in the eighth season by Jeanne Tripplehorn , who played Alex Blake , a linguistics expert . Later in season nine , Paget Brewster made a special guest appearance , reprising her role as Emily Prentiss in the 200th episode . After two seasons , Tripplehorn was released from the show . Former Ghost Whisperer star Jennifer Love Hewitt joined the cast as Kate Callahan , a former undercover FBI agent who joins the BAU . During season 10 , Jason Gideon was killed off - screen . Executive producer and showrunner Erica Messer said CBS and ABC Studios were fine with the decision because it was clear that Patinkin would not come back again , but the show would feature him in a flashback if he were ever to return in the future . Following the conclusion of season 10 , Hewitt and Cook announced that they will both be on hiatus from the show due to their pregnancies . Hewitt did not return for season 11 or any of the following ones , while Cook returned after the first seven episodes of season 11 . Aisha Tyler , who plays Dr. Tara Lewis , joined the show at the start of season 11 in a recurring role , though she appeared in most episodes . Later that season , Shemar Moore , who plays Derek Morgan , left the show after 11 seasons . He had thought to leave in the previous season when his contract ended but was persuaded to stay to give his character a proper sendoff . Messer said the initial thought was for Moore to do six episodes , but when that did n't feel like enough , they settled on Moore doing the first 18 episodes of that season , and he departed in March 2016 . He is replaced in the twelfth season by former CSI : Miami star Adam Rodriguez , who plays Luke Alvez , a Fugitive Task Force Agent . A week after Moore left , Paget Brewster made her second special guest appearance . In season 12 , Brewster once again became a series regular . On August 10 , 2016 , it was announced that Aisha Tyler would be promoted to series regular for the 12th season . The next day , it was reported that Thomas Gibson , who portrays Aaron Hotchner , had been suspended from and written off the show for at least one , most likely two , episodes in the 12th season owing to an on - set altercation with one of the producers . The day after that , Gibson was fired from the program due to this incident . On September 30 , 2016 , it was announced that Gibson 's character would be replaced by Damon Gupton , who will play Special Agent Stephen Walker , a seasoned profiler from the Behavioral Analysis Program ( the counterintelligence division of the FBI ) who will bring his spy - hunting skills to the BAU . On June 11 , 2017 , it was announced that Gupton had been fired from the show after one season . CBS said his departure was `` part of a creative change on the show . '' On June 20 , 2017 , CBS announced that Daniel Henney , who was a series regular on Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders as Matt Simmons , would join the main show as a series regular for the 13th season . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Criminal Minds characters Cast members in 2011 -- 12 : ( left to right ) Gibson , Cook , Gubler , Mantegna , Brewster , and Moore . Absent : Kirsten Vangsness Cast and crew at a Paley Centre discussion of the show Main characters ( edit ) Jason Gideon ( Mandy Patinkin ) , senior supervisory special agent and former BAU unit chief ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Gideon is widely known as the BAU 's best profiler . After a series of emotionally troubling cases and the murder of his friend Sarah by fugitive serial killer Frank Breitkopf ( Keith Carradine ) , he begins to feel burned out . The last straw occurs when Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner is suspended for two weeks by the team 's boss -- an action for which Jason feels responsible . He retreats to his cabin and leaves a letter for Dr. Spencer Reid , who he knows will be the one to look for him . When Spencer arrives at the cabin , it is empty except for the letter and Jason 's badge and firearm . Jason is last seen remarking to a Nevada diner waitress that he does not know where he is going or how he will know when he gets there , leaving the diner and driving off . In season 10 , he is killed ( off - screen ) by a suspect he had tracked down from one of his first cases . Aaron Hotchner ( Thomas Gibson ) , Former BAU unit chief and senior supervisory special agent ( seasons 1 -- 12 ) Hotch is a former prosecutor and was originally assigned to the FBI field office in Seattle . He is one of the most experienced agents in the BAU . He struggles to balance the demands of his job with his family life , but his wife , Haley Brooks ( Meredith Monroe ) , divorces him in season 3 . In the episode `` 100 '' ( season 5 ) , Haley is killed by fugitive serial killer George Foyet ( C. Thomas Howell ) , also known as `` The Boston Reaper '' , whom Aaron fights and beats to death . He also has a son named Jack ( Cade Owens ) and a brother named Sean . After Haley is murdered , he has custody of Jack , and Haley 's sister , Jessica Brooks ( Molly Baker ) , helps him take care of Jack . When SSA Jennifer Jareau leaves the BAU , Aaron and technical analyst Penelope Garcia take over her job as communications liaison . Aaron dated a woman named Beth Clemmons ( Bellamy Young ) , who first appeared in the episode `` The Bittersweet Science '' ( season 7 ) , before the couple separated after Clemmons accepted a job in Hong Kong . Following an on - set altercation , Thomas Gibson was removed from the main cast after season 12 , episode 2 , at which point it 's claimed that Gibson 's character took a consulting job off screen . In a later episode , it 's revealed that the consulting job was a ruse and that Jack was being stalked by Peter `` Mr. Scratch '' Lewis , a serial killer from a previous BAU case . Therefore , Aaron and Jack went into the witness protection program . Following Lewis 's death in the 13th season premiere , Prentiss reveals that Aaron has opted not to return to the BAU , but instead to retire to be a full - time parent to Jack . Elle Greenaway ( Lola Glaudini ) , Supervisory Special Agent ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Greenaway is assigned to the FBI field office in Seattle and assigned to the BAU as an expert in sexual offense crimes . Elle suffers extreme emotional trauma after being shot by an unsub in the season 1 finale ( `` The Fisher King ( Part 1 ) '' ) . In the season 2 premiere ( `` The Fisher King ( Part 2 ) '' ) , Elle survives and returns to duty sooner than SSA Jason Gideon and Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner would like . Several episodes later , while alone on stakeout of a suspected serial rapist , she murders the suspect by shooting in cold blood and planting her gun on the unarmed victim . The local police deem it self - defense , but Jason and Aaron question her ability as a profiler after this . Elle resigns , turning in her badge and gun to Aaron , declaring that it is `` not an admission of guilt . '' Derek Morgan ( Shemar Moore ) , supervisory special Agent ( seasons 1 -- 11 ; guest star seasons 12 -- 13 ) Morgan is a confident , assertive , and often hot - tempered character . He was raised by his mother , Fran , along with his two sisters , Sarah Morgan and Desiree Benita , after the death of his police officer father right in front of him . Derek was a troubled Chicago youth headed for juvenile delinquency . He was rescued and mentored by Carl Buford ( Julius Tennon ) . Buford turned out to be a sexual predator who molested Derek and other young boys ; he was eventually arrested for murder . After developing an interest in football , Derek attended Northwestern University on a scholarship . After a football injury left him unable to play , he joined the Chicago Police Department 's bomb squad and later joined the FBI and the BAU . He has an emotionally intimate , but platonic , relationship with technical analyst Penelope Garcia ; the two have a unique shorthand and banter . In the season 7 premiere ( `` It Takes a Village '' ) , Derek shows utter hatred toward Ian Doyle ( Timothy V. Murphy ) for killing SSA Emily Prentiss , but when Emily returns alive , he has mixed feelings . In season 11 , Derek is kidnapped and tortured by the father of Giuseppe Montolo , a hitman whom Derek put away and who later died while in custody . Derek escapes and when he learns his girlfriend Savannah is pregnant , he realizes that he does n't want to put his family through something like this again . Derek leaves the BAU in the episode `` A Beautiful Disaster '' to care for his now - wife and newborn son . Spencer Reid , Ph. D. , ( Matthew Gray Gubler ) , supervisory special agent ( seasons 1 -- present ) Reid is a genius who graduated from Las Vegas High School at age 12 and holds Ph. D.s in mathematics , chemistry , and engineering as well as bachelor of arts degrees in psychology and sociology and , as of season 4 , is working on a B.A. in philosophy . It has been revealed that he has an IQ of 187 , can read a dizzying 20,000 words per minute , and has an eidetic memory . Most of the members on the team are intimidated by his profound knowledge . He is habitually introduced as `` Dr. Spencer Reid '' in contrast to the other agents , who are introduced as `` supervisory special agent . '' The purpose of this , as explained by Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner in the pilot episode ( `` Extreme Aggressor '' ) , is to create a respectable first impression of Spencer , deflecting judgments about his age . His mother , Diana Reid ( Jane Lynch ) , suffers from schizophrenia and is currently committed to a mental institution . In season 6 Reid starts suffering from cluster headaches and when doctors ca n't diagnose why , Reid thinks he might be in the early stages of schizophrenia himself . Reid takes SSA Emily Prentiss ' death very hard and , when it was revealed the death was faked , was distrustful of both Prentiss and SSA Jennifer Jareau ( who helped in the cover - up ) . During season 8 , Reid becomes involved with a woman who was being stalked . In the episode `` Zugzwang '' , her stalker ultimately kidnaps her and kills her , devastating Reid . In season 11 he is deeply affected by Derek Morgan 's decision to leave the BAU but understands and supports his reasons . Initially Reid had a crush on JJ , even going as far as taking her on a date to a football game . As the series progresses , their relationship becomes more of the brother -- sister kind . Morgan and Reid maintained a brotherly relationship and Morgan refers to Reid as his `` little brother '' prior to his departure in season 11 . Spencer is also the godfather of Jennifer 's son , Henry , and Derek 's son , Hank . Jennifer `` JJ '' Jareau ( A.J. Cook ) , former BAU communications liaison and current supervisory special agent ( seasons 1 -- 5 , 7 -- present ; recurring season 6 ) JJ served as the communications liaison on the team to local police agencies in seasons 1 -- 5 . She dates and marries William LaMontagne ( Josh Stewart ) , a New Orleans Police Department detective . They have two sons , Henry LaMontagne ( Mekhai Andersen ) and Michael LaMontagne ( Phoenix Sky Andersen ) . Both boys are played by A.J. Cook 's real - life sons . In the episode `` JJ '' ( season 6 ) , Jennifer is forced to accept a promotion at the Pentagon , causing her departure from the team , although Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner expresses his hope that she will return to the BAU in the future . Jennifer returns in the episode `` Lauren '' ( season 6 ) to assist the team in finding SSA Emily Prentiss ( Paget Brewster ) . Jennifer returns as a series regular in the season 7 premiere as a legitimate profiler and admits to helping fake Prentiss ' death , much to dismay of her colleagues . In the 200th episode , JJ is kidnapped because of a secret mission she performed while at the Pentagon . At the end of season 10 , JJ reveals she is pregnant with her second child and consults over the phone for the few episodes of season 11 before rejoining the team in the field in the episode `` Target Rich . '' Penelope Garcia ( Kirsten Vangsness ) , BAU technical analyst and BAU communications liaison ( seasons 2 -- present ; recurring season 1 ) . Garcia joined the BAU after bringing attention to herself by illegally accessing some of their equipment ; she is offered a job in lieu of a jail sentence . She submitted her resume to Hotch on pink stationery . She usually supports the team from her computer lab at Quantico but occasionally joins them on location when her skills can be used in the field . She is a leader in a support group for those who have lost someone in their lives . Her parents were killed by a drunk driver when they were out looking for her when she was a teen and had missed her curfew . She enjoys a flirtatious relationship with SSA Derek Morgan , often engaging in comical banter of a sexually suggestive nature when he calls in for information . He calls her `` Baby Girl . '' She was once shot and almost killed by Jason Clark Battle , who lured her on a date in the episode `` Lucky '' ( season 3 ) . When SSA Jennifer Jareau leaves the BAU , Penelope and Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner take over her job as communications liaison . She is kidnapped ince again at the end os seaon 13 . SSA Sam Cooper ( Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior ) often calls when his team needs her computer skills . Penelope is the godmother of Jennifer 's son , Henry , and the godmother of Morgan 's son , Hank . Emily Prentiss ( Paget Brewster ) , supervisory special agent and BAU Unit Chief ( seasons 2 -- 7 , 12 -- present ; guest seasons 9 , 11 ) Prentiss is the daughter of Ambassador Elizabeth Prentiss ( Kate Jackson ) . After SSA Elle Greenaway leaves the BAU , Assistant Director Strauss approves Emily to join the BAU . The plan was for Emily to report any problems within the BAU , but Emily remained loyal to the team and refused to report any problems , going so far as threatening resignation . Emily is also fluent in several languages , such as Spanish , French , Greek , and Arabic , has a working knowledge in Italian , and was fluent in Russian at one point but has lost comprehension . She is apparently killed while being held hostage by Ian Doyle in the episode `` Lauren '' ( season 6 ) , but in the last scene of the episode , it is revealed that she survived her encounter with Ian and is seen with SSA Jennifer Jareau in Paris passing her passports and bank accounts for protection . In the season 7 premiere ( `` It Takes a Village '' ) , she returns alive and well , much to the team 's surprise . In the season 7 finale ( `` Run '' ) , Emily decides to leave the BAU after accepting a position running and returning to the Interpol office in London . She returns for the 200th episode to help rescue a kidnapped SSA Jennifer Jareau and again in the episode `` Tribute '' ( season 11 ) , where she enlists the help of the BAU in catching a serial killer who had originally killed in Europe before killing in the United States . Paget Brewster was confirmed to return for a several episode arc in season 12 . Following the dismissal of Thomas Gibson , Brewster was promoted to a series regular again starting from season 12 , episode 3 ; later Prentiss is promoted to Hotch 's position of unit chief . David Rossi ( Joe Mantegna ) , senior supervisory special agent ( seasons 3 -- present ) Rossi is a highly experienced profiler who once worked the BAU in its origins , then took early retirement in 1997 to write books and go on lecture tours about criminal analysis , until volunteering to return shortly after SSA Jason Gideon 's departure in 2007 . He has been married three times and is quite wealthy because of his successful writing career . In the episode `` From Childhood 's Hour '' ( season 7 ) , David reconnects with his first wife , Carolyn Baker , who has shocking news for him . It is revealed that she came to him because she was diagnosed with ALS ( Lou Gehrig 's disease ) and wants David to assist in her suicide . In the next episode ( `` Epilogue '' ) , Carolyn dies after taking a drug overdose . It is also revealed in this episode that David had a son who died at birth . In the season 8 episode `` The Fallen '' , it is revealed that David was a Marine in Vietnam . The season 7 finale ( `` Hit '' ) reveals SSA David Rossi may be having a secret relationship with Section Chief Erin Strauss ; this was discovered when technical analyst Penelope Garcia and SSA Dr. Spencer Reid spot them both leaving a hotel . In the last season 8 episode ( `` The Replicator '' ) we see their relationship has been known to the entire team . The episode is an emotional one for SSA David Rossi since Unit Chief Erin Strauss is murdered by The Replicator . She was taken from her hotel room , where he had planned to meet her that night , drugged and put on the streets of New York disoriented for Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner to find her . The episode 's last scene is SSA David Rossi eulogizing her to the team after her funeral , at a gathering at his home . In season 10 we learn that David has a daughter by his second wife . Since then , he is shown to have a strong relationship with his daughter , son - in - law , and grandson , even approving of her husband 's Italian heritage . In season 11 Rossi reunites with his second wife , and they give their relationship a second chance . Ashley Seaver ( Rachel Nichols ) , FBI cadet and special agent ( season 6 ) Seaver replaces SSA Jennifer Jareau after she is forced to accept a promotion at the Pentagon . She was chosen for her unique background ; her father , Charles Beauchamp , was a horrific serial killer known as the `` Redmond Ripper '' , who murdered dozens of women before being caught by the BAU , incidentally . At first , Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner was going to make her a special one - time consultant to the BAU , but SSA David Rossi allowed her to finish her remedial training with the team , under the supervision of SSA Emily Prentiss . In the episode `` ... With Friends Like These '' ( season 6 ) , she graduated from the Academy and had been added to the team as a `` probationary agent . '' In the season 7 premiere ( `` It Takes a Village '' ) , Jennifer reveals to Emily that Ashley transferred to the domestic trafficking task force , which is led by Andi Swann . Dr. Alex Blake , Ph. D. , ( Jeanne Tripplehorn ) , FBI linguistics expert , supervisory special agent , and professor at Georgetown University ( seasons 8 -- 9 ) Blake once worked for the BAU during the 2001 anthrax attacks but retired after a conflict with Chief Erin Strauss and rejoins the BAU after SSA Emily Prentiss transfers to the Interpol office in London . Alex first appears in the season 8 premiere ( `` The Silencer '' ) . She makes a personal connection with Spencer Reid after he reveals to her that he has begun a romantic relationship with a woman whom he has never met . In the season 9 finale , after a difficult case in Texas in which the team is targeted by a group of corrupt sheriff deputies and Reid is shot , she escorts Reid to his apartment , explaining that the experience brought back memories of her son 's death and that Reid reminds her of him . She leaves behind her credentials , which Reid finds in his bag before seeing Blake leave in a taxi , saddened but understanding . Kate Callahan ( Jennifer Love Hewitt ) , Former FBI undercover agent and supervisory special agent ( season 10 ) Callahan , as mentioned in the season 10 premiere , previously worked under Andi Swann 's team , which is also Ashley Seaver 's team since she left the BAU . She is a `` seasoned undercover agent whose stellar work at the FBI has landed her a coveted position with the Behavioral Analysis Unit . '' She and her husband , Chris , have been the guardians of Kate 's teenage niece , Meg , since Meg was a baby following her parents ' deaths in the September 11 , 2001 , attacks . Kate and Chris discover they are expecting a baby in the middle of season 10 , coinciding with the actress 's real - life pregnancy . At the end of season 10 she decides to take a year off and raise her baby . As of season 13 , she has not returned , but producer Erica Messer has stated the door was open should Hewitt choose to return to the show . Dr. Tara Lewis ( Aisha Tyler ) , forensic psychologist and supervisory special agent ( seasons 12 -- present ; recurring season 11 ) Lewis is a psychologist with an eye on forensic psychology and its application toward the criminal - justice system . Her dream was to study psychopaths up close and personal -- and her psychology background , combined with her experience in the FBI , brought her face to face with monsters . Her job was to stare them down and interview them , to determine if they were fit to stand trial . In the process , she made herself find the humanity inside these broken men ( and , sometimes , women ) in order to learn if there was a conscience behind their brutal crimes . Lewis replaced both JJ ( A.J. Cook ) and Kate ( Jennifer Love Hewitt ) while they were on maternity leave in the 11th season . Luke Alvez ( Adam Rodriguez ) , fugitive task force agent and supervisory special agent ( seasons 12 -- present ) Alvez is a member of the FBI fugitive task force that partners with the BAU to catch the serial killers that escaped in the season 11 finale . In the season 12 premiere , he works with the BAU to catch the `` Crimson King '' , one of the escapees that attacked Alvez 's old partner . The team discovers the real killer is `` Mr. Scratch '' , who taunts the team by turning over the real `` Crimson King '' , who was tortured to the point he no longer remembers who he was . After that , Alvez decides to join the BAU full time and was Hotch 's last hire . Alvez has a dog , a Belgian Tervuren named Roxy ( whom Garcia thought at first was his human girlfriend ) and served in Iraq as an Army Ranger prior to joining the FBI . Stephen Walker ( Damon Gupton ) , supervisory special agent ( season 12 ) Walker is a supervisory special agent with the BAU . Walker was a member of the Behavioral Analysis Program . He was contacted by Emily Prentiss ( Paget Brewster ) about joining the BAU to assist in the manhunt for Peter Lewis , aka `` Mr. Scratch . '' Walker is an experienced profiler with about 20 years under his belt and a member of the FBI 's Behavioral Analysis Program before his transfer to the BAU . He is married to a woman named Monica and has two children with her , Maya and Eli . He met Emily Prentiss , then the chief of Interpol 's London office , during his line of work . He was also mentored by David Rossi ( Joe Mantegna ) . Stephen 's first case concerned a terrorist cell in Belgium , and three agents were sent undercover to infiltrate it . However , Stephen 's profile was wrong , and this resulted in the deaths of the undercover agents . He eventually moved on from the trauma and improved as he went along in his career . He and other BAP agents , including his longtime friend Sam Bower , were sent undercover to investigate corruption in the Russian government . Walker 's skills include being fluent in Russian and playing the trombone . In the season 13 premiere , it is revealed he had died in the car crash Mr. Scratch had arranged as a trap for the team at the end of season 12 . Matt Simmons ( Daniel Henney ) ( season 13 - present ; guest seasons 10 , 12 ) is a former member of the International Response Team . Simmons is a special operations agent and formerly worked with the IRT . Simmons has a wife , Kristy , ( Kelly Frye ) and has a total of four children , including two boys ( Jake and David ) and twin daughters , all of them under the age of 3 . He was a former member of a special ops unit , and his experience with the unit allowed him to hone his profiling skills . Recurring characters ( edit ) Erin Strauss ( portrayed by Jayne Atkinson ; seasons 2 -- 3 , 5 -- 9 ; 23 episodes ) , an assistant director and the BAU Unit Chief 's direct superior . While her FBI experience was primarily in administration , SSA Derek Morgan remarked on her masterly marksmanship , after observing her at a firing range . In early episodes , Strauss appeared only concerned with herself and appearances within the Bureau , going so far as to force SSA Jennifer Jareau to accept a promotion to the Pentagon in the episode `` JJ '' ( season 6 ) . Further character development revealed her alcohol abuse . After being confronted by Morgan and Hotchner , Strauss accepts help and achieves sobriety . In the season 8 finale , the Replicator breaks into Strauss 's hotel room in New York , drugs her , and forces her -- at gunpoint -- to drink alcohol from her room 's minibar . Hotchner finds her on a bench near the hotel , where Strauss dies in his arms . Her death is avenged when Rossi traps the Replicator in an exploding house . Fittingly , Strauss 's sobriety helps defeat the Replicator as Rossi uses her sobriety chip to escape the Replicator 's trap and taunts him with it . After attending her funeral , the members of the BAU gather in a still - emotional Rossi 's backyard , reminisce , and toast her memory . Showrunner Erica Messer chose to kill Strauss off because she felt that the character had come full circle since she was first introduced . Haley Hotchner ( portrayed by Meredith Monroe ; seasons 1 -- 3 , 5 , 9 ; 14 episodes ) is Agent Aaron Hotchner 's wife and the mother of his only son , Jack Hotchner , born in late 2005 . The couple 's marriage was troubled , as clues were revealed in season 3 that she may have been having an affair and walked out on him . She later appeared with divorce papers , and he accepted reluctantly so as not to cause any trouble for his son with the divorce . In the episode `` 100 '' ( season 5 ) , Haley and Jack were captured by a killer known as `` The Reaper '' ; though Jack was saved , Haley was shot and died before Aaron could save her . Aaron later beat The Reaper to death . In the episode `` Route 66 '' , Hotch collapses from internal bleeding and dreams about Haley . She tells him that he should stop blaming himself for her death and to make sure Jack knows that he can talk about his mother 's death . Haley leaves Hotch by telling him that he and Beth have a good relationship and he should n't mess it up by not telling her how he feels . Jessica Brooks ( portrayed by Molly Baker ; seasons 1 , 3 , 5 , 9 -- 11 ) , is Agent Aaron Hotchner 's sister - in - law , Jack 's aunt , and Haley 's sister . Jordan Todd ( portrayed by Meta Golding ; season 4 ; 8 episodes ) is SSA Jennifer Jareau 's handpicked replacement to serve as the BAU 's media director during Jennifer 's maternity leave , from late 2008 through early 2009 . Jordan had formerly served in the FBI counterterrorism division , but follows Jennifer for only day of shadowing before Jennifer goes into labor . Jordan seemed to get along well with most of the team , even flirting platonically with SSA Derek Morgan . She is especially close with SSA David Rossi , who is seen to counsel her while they are on cases . However , Jordan has clashed several times with Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner . She eventually leaves when she decides she ca n't handle the stress that comes with her job . Diana Reid ( portrayed by Jane Lynch ; seasons 1 -- 2 , 4 , 12 ; 8 episodes ) is the mother of BAU team member Dr. Spencer Reid . Like her son , she has a high IQ . She was once a university professor of literature , but suffers from schizophrenia and is hospitalized in a Las Vegas sanitarium , where Spencer committed her when he was 18 . Her husband , William Reid , left prior to her diagnosis , because of his inability to cope with her illness , and he could not deal with protecting her after she witnessed a murder . She is functional when on her medication , but frequently lapses into regression to her university career . Diana spent much time reading aloud to Spencer while he was growing up , and he continues to write her a letter every day . She is proud of her son but disapproves of the FBI , as it is a government - run organization ; she refers to his colleagues as `` fascists . '' She seems to be showing signs of improvement in later episodes , when Reid states that she went on a supervised field trip to the Grand Canyon without feeling the need to notify Reid . However , she did not forget him , as Reid later receives a postcard and a gift from her . William LaMontagne Jr. ( portrayed by Josh Stewart ; season 2 -- 5 , 7 -- 9 , 11 -- present ) is SSA Jennifer Jareau 's husband and the father of Jennifer 's sons , Henry and Michael . Will and Jennifer met while she was working a case in his hometown . As of early season 4 , Will had moved to Virginia and is a stay - at - home dad for Henry until he became a detective for the Metropolitan Police Department ( Washington D.C. ) as shown in the season 7 finale ( `` Run '' ) . It is also stated that the couple had made a deal that in a life - threatening situation , they would do everything so that one of them could live to look after Henry . Jennifer accepted his marriage proposal and they were married officially ; however , when their son was born , they exchanged rings with insets of Henry 's birthstone , citrine . He is seen briefly in the 100th episode getting medicine for Henry with Jennifer , as well as the episode `` The Slave of Duty '' ( season 5 ) , accompanying Jennifer and the team at Haley Hotchner 's funeral . In the season 7 finale , Will works alongside JJ to stop the bank robbers and is eventually taken hostage . Afterward , they agree to get married and unknowingly attend a surprise wedding ceremony thrown by Rossi and Will . Kevin Lynch ( portrayed by Nicholas Brendon ; season 3 -- 10 ) first appears in the episode `` Penelope '' ( season 3 ) , in which he is required to search Penelope Garcia 's computer to learn who shot her . Kevin sends the team live video alerting that the unsub ( unknown subject ) is in the BAU headquarters . He is intensely impressed by Penelope 's computer skills , and the feeling is mutual . At the end of the episode , Penelope is introduced to Kevin , and the two become romantically involved . In the episode `` I Love You , Tommy Brown '' ( season 7 ) , Kevin proposes to Penelope , but she turns him down , saying that `` things are going too fast '' , and ultimately the couple break up . Mateo Cruz ( portrayed by Esai Morales ; season 9 -- 10 ) takes over from the late Erin Strauss as the new BAU section chief in season 9 . He has a past working relationship with JJ . It was revealed in `` 200 '' that the two had worked on a task force together in the Middle East . He was the only person to know of her pregnancy and miscarriage during her time on the task force . In the same episode , they are both kidnapped by Tivon Askari ( Faran Tahir ) , who was a traitor within the task force . They are both physically and mentally tortured into giving the access codes given to them during the mission . He is shocked to discover that Michael Hastings ( Tahmoh Penikett ) , one of the men with whom they had worked on the task force , was the mastermind behind the plan and threatened to rape JJ to give him the access codes . He gives in and is later stabbed by Askari , who is quickly killed by Hotch . Cruz is taken to the hospital following the incident and is believed to be alive . Several episodes later , he reappears in the season 9 finale , `` Angels '' and `` Demons '' , when he asks the team to investigate a case brought to him by his friend Peter Coleman , the sheriff of Briscoe County , Texas . They first arrive to investigate a series of murders involving prostitutes , but as they investigate , the team soon finds that they are caught in a ring of corrupt deputies -- ironically the only officer not involved being Sheriff Coleman -- and find their lives in danger . After a fatal shootout with the corrupt , drug - peddling Preacher Mills ( Brett Cullen ) , Sheriff Coleman is killed , Morgan is wounded , and Reid is critically wounded and hospitalized as a result . Distraught by this turn of events , Cruz travels to Texas with Garcia to help the team investigate and apprehend the ring leader , Deputy Owen McGregor ( Michael Trucco ) . He is not seen again until late in season 10 ( episode 19 , `` Beyond Borders '' ) when he needs the BAU to help the FBI 's international team , led by Jack Garrett ( Gary Sinise ) , to catch an unsub who has kidnapped a family while on vacation in Barbados . The case is especially critical because this unsub has eluded both the domestic and international BAU teams by killing a family in Aruba , then in Florida one year later . This episode was the backdoor pilot for the upcoming spinoff , titled Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders . Dr. Savannah Hayes ( portrayed by Rochelle Aytes ; season 9 -- 11 ; 10 episodes ) Savannah Morgan ( née Hayes ) is Derek Morgan 's wife . She works as a doctor at Bethesda General Hospital . Savannah first appeared in Season 9 's `` The Return '' , and it is presumed Morgan and Savannah started dating prior to Season 9 , and first met after she approached him when he was depressed over a case that ended badly . Before they started dating they used to be neighbors . She was introduced to the show because Shemar Moore , the actor who portrays Morgan , had requested that his character should get a romantic partner . Joy Struthers ( portrayed by Amber Stevens ; season 10 -- 11 ) is Rossi 's daughter from his short - lived second marriage to French diplomat Hayden Montgomery . When they divorced , Hayden did n't tell him she was pregnant , and Joy thought her father was her mother 's second husband , who finally told her the truth before dying from cancer . In the episode `` Fate '' ( 10x09 ) , Joy seeks Rossi out and they 're getting to know each other . Joy is a reporter and true - crime writer and is married . She has a 2 - year - old son called Kai . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Criminal Minds episodes As of October 24 , 2018 , 303 episodes of Criminal Minds have aired . Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Rating 22 September 22 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 22 ) May 10 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 10 ) 27 8.2 23 September 20 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 20 ) May 15 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 15 ) 18 8.8 20 September 26 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 26 ) May 21 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 21 ) 18 8.2 26 September 24 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 24 ) May 20 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 20 ) 11 9.4 5 23 September 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 23 ) May 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 26 ) 14 8.5 6 24 September 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 22 ) May 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 18 ) 10 8.7 7 24 September 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 21 ) May 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 16 ) 13 8.6 8 24 September 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 26 ) May 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 22 ) 16 8.0 9 24 September 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 25 ) May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) 13 8.2 10 23 October 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 01 ) May 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 06 ) 8 9.0 11 22 September 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 30 ) May 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 04 ) 13 7.8 12 22 September 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) 17 6.9 13 22 September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) 26 2.0 14 15 October 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 03 ) TBA TBA TBA Reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : inclusion of more reviews and summaries , for all seasons . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2016 ) The first season of Criminal Minds received mixed reviews from critics . It has a Metacritic score of 42 based on 21 reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews . '' Dorothy Rabinowitz said , in her review for The Wall Street Journal , `` From the evidence of the first few episodes , Criminal Minds may be a hit , and deservedly '' and gave particular praise to Gubler and Patinkin 's performance . Ned Martel in The New York Times was less positive , saying , `` The problem with `` Criminal Minds '' is its many confusing maladies , applied to too many characters . '' The reviewer felt that `` as a result , the cast seems like a spilled trunk of broken toys , with which the audience -- and perhaps the creators -- may quickly become bored . '' The Chicago Tribune reviewer , Sid Smith , felt that the show `` may well be worth a look '' , though he too criticized the `` confusing plots and characters . '' Writing in PopMatters , Marco Lanzagorta criticized the show after its premiere , saying it `` confuses critical thinking with supernatural abilities '' and that its characters conform to stereotypes . In the Los Angeles Times , Mary McNamara gave a similar review , and praised Patinkin and Gubler 's performances . Broadcast and Ratings ( edit ) In 2016 , a study by The New York Times of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that `` like several of the other police procedurals '' , Criminal Minds `` is more popular in rural areas , particularly in the southeastern half of the country . It hits peak popularity in Alabama and rural Tennessee and is least popular in Santa Barbara , Calif . '' Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Wednesday 9 : 00 pm 22 September 22 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 22 ) 19.57 May 10 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 10 ) 12.67 2005 -- 06 28 12.63 23 September 20 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 20 ) 15.65 May 16 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 16 ) 13.21 2006 -- 07 24 14.05 20 September 26 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 26 ) 12.66 May 21 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 21 ) 13.15 2007 -- 08 24 12.78 26 September 24 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 24 ) 17.01 May 20 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 20 ) 13.99 2008 -- 09 11 14.95 5 23 September 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 23 ) 15.85 May 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 26 ) 12.97 2009 -- 10 16 13.70 6 24 September 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 22 ) 14.13 May 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 18 ) 12.84 2010 -- 11 10 14.11 7 24 September 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 21 ) 14.14 May 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 16 ) 13.68 2011 -- 12 15 13.20 8 24 September 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 26 ) 11.73 May 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 22 ) 11.01 2012 -- 13 20 12.15 9 24 September 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 25 ) 11.27 May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) 12.03 2013 -- 14 12 12.66 10 23 October 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 01 ) 11.74 May 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 06 ) 9.61 2014 -- 15 11 14.11 11 22 September 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 30 ) 10.08 May 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 04 ) 8.84 2015 -- 16 16 12.20 12 22 September 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) 8.92 May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) 8.12 2016 -- 17 20 10.86 13 Wednesday 10 : 00 pm 22 September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 7.00 April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) 5.39 2017 -- 18 29 9.58 14 15 October 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 03 ) 4.45 TBA TBD 2018 -- 19 TBD TBD The series is in syndication on the A&E Network and Ion Television , as well as on We TV and Sundance TV . Early seasons of the show have also begun airing on Rewind Networks 's HITS TV channel in Southeast Asia , Hong Kong , and Taiwan . Criminal Minds is typically ranks in the top - ten in Digital video recorder ( DVR ) playback , drawing in a range of 2 to 3 million viewers , according to Nielsen prime DVR lift data . For the week of October 10 , 2010 , the show peaked at sixth in DVR playback , gaining 2.40 million viewers , while also ranking seventh in demo playback ( 1.0 demo ) . Franchise ( edit ) Criminal Minds has produced two spin - offs : Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior and Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders , as well as a video game . Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior ( edit ) The Season 5 episode , `` The Fight '' , introduced a second BAU team and launched a new series called Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior . The spin - off series debuted February 16 , 2011 , on CBS but was canceled after a short 13 - episode season owing to low ratings . On September 6 , 2011 , CBS DVD released The Complete Series on a four - disc set . It was packaged as `` The DVD Edition '' . The cast features Forest Whitaker as the lead role of Sam Cooper ; including Janeane Garofalo , Michael Kelly , Beau Garrett , Matt Ryan , Richard Schiff , and Kirsten Vangsness , who reprises her role as Penelope Garcia from the original series . Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders ( edit ) A proposed new series in the Criminal Minds franchise to be named Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders was announced in January 2015 . Former CSI : NY star Gary Sinise ( who is also a producer on the show ) and Anna Gunn were cast in the lead roles of Jack Garrett and Lily Lambert , though the latter departed after the backdoor pilot . Tyler James Williams has been cast as Russ `` Monty '' Montgomery and Daniel Henney as Matt Simmons , with Alana de la Garza as Clara Seger and Annie Funke as Mae Jarvis further being cast as series regulars . The series follows the FBI agents of the International Response Team ( IRT ) helping American citizens who find themselves in trouble abroad . CBS aired a backdoor pilot on April 8 , 2015 in the Criminal Minds slot , with a crossover episode titled `` Beyond Borders '' . The second spin - off series debuted March 16 , 2016 , on CBS . On May 16 , 2016 , CBS renewed the series for a second season . On May 14 , 2017 , CBS canceled the series after two seasons due to low ratings . 크리미널 마인드 ( Criminal Minds korea ) ( edit ) Main article : Criminal Minds ( South Korean TV series ) In 2017 , tvN launched their own Korean version of Criminal Minds . The episodes are based on the original American version after its third season . On the cast is Lee Joon - gi as Kim Hyun - joon ( Derek Morgan ) , Moon Chae Won as Ha Sun - woo ( Emily Prentiss ) , Son Hyun - joo as Kang Ki - hyung ( Aaron Hotchner ) , Yoo Sun as Nana Hwang ( Penelope Garcia ) , Lee Sun - bin as Yoo Min - young ( Jennifer Jareau ) , and Go Yoon as Lee Han ( Spencer Reid ) . The episodes are 1 hour long . Video game ( edit ) CBS announced in October 2009 that Legacy Interactive would develop a video game based on the show . The game would require players to examine crime scenes for clues to help solve murder mysteries . The interactive puzzle game was released in 2012 , but the show 's cast was not involved with the project so it did not feature any of their voices . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Awards and nominations for Criminal Minds Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result 2006 People 's Choice Awards Favorite New Television Drama Criminal Minds Nominated Hollywood Post Alliance Outstanding Editing -- Television Jimmy Giritlian Nominated ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top TV Series Marc Fantini , Steffan Fantini , Scott Gordon Won 2007 Top TV Series Marc Fantini , Steffan Fantini , Scott Gordon Won 2008 Motion Picture Sound Editors Best Sound Editing -- Music for Short Form Television Lisa A. Arpino For episode `` True Night '' Nominated BMI Film & TV Awards BMI TV Music Award Mark Mancina Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Stunt Coordination Tom Elliott For episode `` Tabula Rasa '' Nominated 2009 BMI Film & TV Awards BMI TV Music Award Mark Mancina Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Stunt Coordination Tom Elliott For episode `` Normal '' Nominated Hollywood Music In Media Awards ( HMMA ) Best Score in a TV Show Marc Fantini , Steffan Fantini , Scott Gordon Won ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Television Series Steffan Fantini Won 2011 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Crime Drama Criminal Minds Nominated Image Awards Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series Janine Sherman Barrois For episode `` Remembrance of Things Past '' Nominated ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Television Series Steffan Fantini Won 2012 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Crime Drama Criminal Minds Nominated Image Awards Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series Janine Sherman Barrois For episode `` The Bittersweet Science '' Nominated ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Television Series Steffan Fantini Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Stunt Coordination Tom Elliott For episode `` The Bittersweet Science '' Nominated 2013 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Crime Drama Criminal Minds Nominated MovieGuide Awards Faith and Freedom Award Criminal Minds For episode `` The Fallen '' Nominated Image Awards Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series Janine Sherman Barrois For episode `` The Pact '' Nominated BMI Film & TV Awards BMI TV Music Award Mark Mancina Won ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Television Series Marc Fantini , Steffan Fantini , Scott Gordon Won 2014 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Crime Drama Criminal Minds Nominated Image Awards Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series Janine Sherman Barrois For episode `` Strange Fruit '' Won Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Shemar Moore Nominated Outstanding Directing in a Drama Series Rob Hardy For episode `` Carbon Copy '' Nominated 2015 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Crime Drama Criminal Minds Nominated Favorite TV Crime Drama Actor Shemar Moore Nominated Prism Awards Drama Episode -- Mental Health Criminal Minds For episode `` The Edge of Winter '' Nominated Monte - Carlo TV Festival International TV Audience Award -- Best Drama TV Series Touchstone Television , The Mark Gordon Company Nominated Image Awards Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Shemar Moore Won Outstanding Directing in a Drama Series Hanelle Culpepper For episode `` The Edge of Winter '' Nominated 2016 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Crime Drama Criminal Minds Nominated Favorite TV Crime Drama Actor Shemar Moore Nominated 2017 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Crime Drama Criminal Minds Won See also ( edit ) Criminal Minds portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 손현주 이준기 문채원 ' 크리미널 마인드 ' 7 월 26 일 첫 방송 ( 공식 ) '' . Sports Donga . - `` ( 단독 ) ' 크리미널 마인드 ' , tvN 심야 극 편성 확정 ... 7 월 첫주 방송 '' . Sports Chosun. April 5 , 2017 . - `` tvN 측 `` ' 크리미널 마인드 ' 7 월 편성 목표 ... 캐스팅 최종 조율 중 '' `` . Xports News . April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ North , Dale . `` TV 's Criminal Minds becomes a videogame '' . Destructoid.com . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( May 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Criminal Minds ' Renewed For Seasons 14 '' . TV Line . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Criminal Minds Fan . `` Criminal Minds Fanatic 's Favorite Things '' . Criminal Minds Fanatic . Mountain View , California : Blogger . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Witchel , Alex . `` Mandy Patinkin : ' I Behaved Abominably ' '' . The New York Times . New York City : The New York Times Company . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva . `` Fans And Co-Stars Back ' Minds ' Actresses '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva . `` JJ Is Back ! AJ Cook Inks 2 - Year Deal To Return To ' Criminal Minds ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` It 's Official : Criminal Minds Welcomes Back Paget Brewster , Bids Farewell to Rachel Nichols '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 15 , 2012 ) . `` Paget Brewster To Leave ' Criminal Minds ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Big Love Jeanne Tripplehorn becomes Criminal Minds series regular '' . Digital Spy . New York City : Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Alexandria Ingham . `` Criminal Minds Shares Details on Alex Blake 's Departure '' . Guardian Liberty Voice . Las Vegas . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Joyce Eng ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Criminal Minds Finale Postmortem : Boss on ' Emotional Exit , ' Replacements and Season 10 '' . TV Guide . Radnor , Pennsylvania : NTVB Media CBS Interactive ( CBS Corporation ) ( digital assets ) . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Love Hewitt joins ' Criminal Minds ' as series regular '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : Time Inc . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eng , Joyce ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` Postmortem : Criminal Minds Boss on That Big Death and Why It Had to Happen '' . TV Guide . Radnor , Pennsylvania : NTVB Media CBS Interactive ( CBS Corporation ) ( digital assets ) . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Love Hewitt not returning for ' Criminal Minds ' season 11 '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : Time Inc . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Huggins , Sarah ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` How ' Criminal Minds ' Season 11 will handle A.J. Cook 's pregnancy '' . Zap2it . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eng , Joyce ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` Shemar Moore on His Criminal Minds Exit : `` I 'm Proud of the Way Things Ended for Derek Morgan '' `` . TV Guide . Radnor , Pennsylvania : NTVB Media CBS Interactive ( CBS Corporation ) ( digital assets ) . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` Criminal Minds : Shemar Moore Hails the ' Exclamation Point ' on Derek 's ' Hero Ride , ' Says ' I Left It All on the Field ' '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eng , Joyce ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Criminal Minds Boss on Shemar Moore 's Exit : `` There Is No Replacing Derek Morgan '' `` . TV Guide . Radnor , Pennsylvania : NTVB Media CBS Interactive ( CBS Corporation ) ( digital assets ) . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James . `` Criminal Minds adds Adam Rodriguez as series regular '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : Time Inc . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Paget Brewster is once again a series regular on ' Criminal Minds ' '' . CNN News . Atlanta : CNN . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Criminal Minds ' : Paget Brewster To Return For Arc In Season 12 '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eng , Joyce ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Paget Brewster Is Returning to Criminal Minds in Season 12 '' . TV Guide . Radnor , Pennsylvania : NTVB Media CBS Interactive ( CBS Corporation ) ( digital assets ) . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bring , Harry ( @ LLPOS ) ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Well , look who joined us for the table read on 1203 ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Criminal Minds : Aisha Tyler Promoted to Series Regular for Season 12 '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Thomas Gibson Suspended From ' Criminal Minds ' Over On - Set Altercation '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( August 12 , 2016 ) . `` Thomas Gibson Fired From CBS ' ' Criminal Minds ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` Criminal Minds : New Series Regular Cast in Wake of Thomas Gibson 's Exit '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Criminal Minds ' : Damon Gupton Leaving CBS Series After One Season '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Criminal Minds Adds Beyond Borders ' Daniel Henney as Series Regular '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Lisa ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Kirsten Vangsness -- Diani & Devine Meet The Apocalypse '' . Starry Mag . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris . `` Jennifer Love Hewitt Joins Criminal Minds as Series Regular '' . E ! Online . Los Angeles : NBCUniversal Cable . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Criminal Minds ' : Damon Gupton Leaving CBS Series After One Season '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eng , Joyce ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Criminal Minds Boss on The Replicator Reveal , the Finale Death and What 's Next in Season 9 '' . TV Guide . Radnor , Pennsylvania : NTVB Media CBS Interactive ( CBS Corporation ) ( digital assets ) . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eng , Joyce ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Esai Morales Joins Criminal Minds as New Section Chief '' . TV Guide . Radnor , Pennsylvania : NTVB Media CBS Interactive ( CBS Corporation ) ( digital assets ) . Retrieved July 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Criminal Minds ' doing new spinoff '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : Time Inc . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb . `` ' Criminal Minds ' Spin - Off 2015 -- Globe - Trotting Team Of Profilers '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . pp. 1697 -- 1698 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ Top Rated TV Programs By Season ( 2007 - Present ) ^ Jump up to : `` Critic Reviews for Criminal Minds Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rabinowitz , Dorothy ( October 7 , 2005 ) . `` Circle of Genius '' . The Wall Street Journal . New York City : News Corp . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Martel , Ned ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` On the Case , a Crack Team of Tic - Ridden F.B.I. Agents '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Topic Galleries -- chicagotribune.com Jump up ^ Lanzagorta , Marco . `` Criminal Minds '' . PopMatters . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( February 16 , 2011 ) . `` TV Review : ' Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior ' Goes with Its Gut '' . Los Angeles Times . Chicago : Tronc , Inc . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( 2016 - 12 - 27 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . September 27 , 2005 . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2009 . Retrieved March 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . May 16 , 2006 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved March 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Television Network 2005 -- 2006 Primetime Ranking Report '' Archived October 11 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... ( May 31 , 2006 ) . ABC Medianet . Retrieved November 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . September 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2012 . Retrieved March 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . May 22 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved March 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Television Network 2006 -- 2007 Primetime Ranking Report '' Archived March 23 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... ( May 30 , 2007 ) . ABC Medianet . Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . October 2 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2011 . Retrieved March 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 28 , 2008 ) . `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , May 19 -- 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2008 . Retrieved March 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Television Network 2007 -- 2008 Primetime Ranking Report '' Archived April 13 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... ( May 28 , 2008 ) . ABC Medianet . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 30 , 2008 ) . `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , September 22 -- 28 '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved March 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , May 18 -- 24 '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved March 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Television Network 2008 -- 2009 Primetime Ranking Report '' Archived June 19 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... ( June 2 , 2009 ) . ABC Medianet . Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ TV by the Numbers Staff ( October 12 , 2009 ) . `` Dollhouse Premiere 18 -- 49 Rating Increases To A 1.5 Via DVR ; Hopeful or Futile ? '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 2 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings Top 25 : American Idol , Big Bang Theory , Two And A Half Men Top 18 -- 49 Ratings '' . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2010 . Retrieved June 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2009 -- 10 Broadcast Primetime Show Average Viewership '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . June 16 , 2010 . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2010 . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 28 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' , ' Glee , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Dancing with the Stars ' Top Premiere Week '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Happy Endings ' Adj . Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 Season Broadcast Primetime Show Viewership Averages '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . June 1 , 2011 . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 27 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Two And A Half Men ' Tops ' Sunday Night Football ' For Week Ending September 25 , 2011 '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved September 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' American Idol ' , ' NCIS ' Top Week 35 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gormam , Bill ( May 25 , 2012 ) . `` Complete List Of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol , ' ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 2 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : Sunday Night Football Tops Week 1 Viewing Among Adults 18 -- 49 and With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2012 . Retrieved October 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Modern Family ' Tops Week 35 Viewing Among Adults 18 -- 49 , ' Dancing With the Stars ' on Top With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Complete List Of 2012 -- 13 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' NCIS , ' ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 26 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Modern Family ' and ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' & ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Revolution ' , ' Arrow ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Suburgatory ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago P.D. ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 -- 14 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . May 22 , 2014 . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' How to Get Away With Murder ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Parenthood ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending October 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' Nashville ' , & ' The Goldbergs ' Adjusted Up ; ' American Idol ' , ' Criminal Minds ' ' Supernatural ' & ' Blacki - ish ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Rosewood ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' & ' Code Black ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Chicago PD ' and ' Heartbeat ' adjust up , ' Nashville ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire , ' ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' SVU ' & ' Blindspot ' all adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds ' finale , ' Chicago PD ' & ' Speechless ' all adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2016 -- 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' premiere adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' Criminal Minds ' get biggest finale bumps in week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The top 50 most - watched shows of the 2017 - 18 season '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 29 , 2018 . Retrieved June 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( July 9 , 2018 ) . `` CBS Fall Premiere Dates : Big Bang , Magnum P.I. , Murphy Brown and More '' . TV Line . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( October 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Single Parents , ' ' Empire , ' everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Adweek -- Breaking News in Advertising , Media and Technology '' . AdWeek . New York City : Mediabistro Holdings . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` HITS '' . hitstv.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News -- Cbs Number One Live -- And In Playback '' . The Futon Critic . June 29 , 2010 . Retrieved July 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Grey 's Anatomy , Fringe , The Mentalist Top Week 's Rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 17 , 2010 ) . `` CBS Picks Up ' Criminal Minds ' Spinoff To Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 17 , 2011 ) . `` CBS renews ' CSI : NY ' , cancels ' Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How The Criminal Minds Spinoff Will Replace Anna Gunn '' . Cinema Blend . Jump up ^ `` Alana De La Garza & Annie Funke Join ' Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb . `` ' Criminal Minds ' Spin - Off 2015 -- Globe - Trotting Team Of Profilers '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Rush Hour ' Series Sets Premiere Date , CBS Shifts ' Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders ' '' . The Wrap . Santa Monica , California : The Wrap News Inc . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` ' Code Black ' , ' Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders ' , ' The Odd Couple ' & ' Undercover Boss ' Renewed By CBS '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley . `` ' Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders ' Canceled at CBS7 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Penske Media Corporation . Jump up ^ `` Criminal Minds Game Blog '' ( Press release ) . November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Consumer Products Announces Eight New Video Games Based on Popular TV Shows '' ( Press release ) . CBS Interactive . October 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Thomas Gibson '' . ShaveMagazine.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutCriminal Mindsat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website Criminal Minds on IMDb Criminal Minds at TV.com A&E 's Criminal Minds site AXN 's Criminal Minds site `` List of Criminal Minds Episodes '' . TV Guide . Radnor , Pennsylvania : NTVB Media CBS Interactive ( CBS Corporation ) ( digital assets ) . Gamespy Article On The Game Preceded by Grey 's Anatomy 2006 Criminal Minds Super Bowl lead - out program 2007 Succeeded by House 2008 Criminal Minds Criminal Minds Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters Jason Gideon Aaron Hotchner Elle Greenaway Derek Morgan Spencer Reid Jennifer Jareau Penelope Garcia Emily Prentiss David Rossi Alex Blake Tara Lewis Matt Simmons Video game Suspect Behavior Sam Cooper Beyond Borders Episodes Season 1 Characters Jack Garrett Clara Seger Russ Montgomery Matt Simmons Mae Jarvis International South Korean CBS programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 48 Hours ( since 1988 ) 60 Minutes ( since 1968 ) The Amazing Race ( since 2001 ) The Big Bang Theory ( since 2007 ) Big Brother ( since 2000 ) Blue Bloods ( since 2010 ) Bull ( since 2016 ) Celebrity Big Brother ( since 2018 ) Celebrity Undercover Boss ( since 2018 ) Criminal Minds ( since 2005 ) Elementary ( since 2012 ) FBI ( since 2018 ) God Friended Me ( since 2018 ) Happy Together ( since 2018 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( since 2010 ) Instinct ( since 2018 ) Life in Pieces ( since 2015 ) MacGyver ( since 2016 ) Madam Secretary ( since 2014 ) Magnum P.I. ( since 2018 ) Man with a Plan ( since 2016 ) Mom ( since 2013 ) Murphy Brown ( 1988 -- 1998 ; since 2018 ) NCIS ( since 2003 ) NCIS : Los Angeles ( since 2009 ) NCIS : New Orleans ( since 2014 ) The Neighborhood ( since 2018 ) Ransom ( since 2017 ) Salvation ( since 2017 ) SEAL Team ( since 2017 ) Survivor ( since 2000 ) S.W.A.T. ( since 2017 ) Undercover Boss ( since 2010 ) Whistleblower ( since 2018 ) Young Sheldon ( since 2017 ) Daytime The Bold and the Beautiful ( since 1987 ) Let 's Make a Deal ( since 2009 ) The Price Is Right ( since 1972 ) The Talk ( since 2010 ) The Young and the Restless ( since 1973 ) Late night The Late Show with Stephen Colbert ( since 2015 ) The Late Late Show with James Corden ( since 2015 ) News 48 Hours ( since 1988 ) 60 Minutes ( since 1968 ) CBSN : On Assignment ( since 2017 ) CBS Evening News ( since 1948 ) CBS Morning News ( since 1982 ) CBS News Sunday Morning ( since 1979 ) CBS Overnight News ( since 2015 ) CBS This Morning ( 1987 -- 1999 ; since 2012 ) Face the Nation ( since 1954 ) Sports CBS Sports Spectacular ( since 1960 ) NCAA Basketball / Road to the Final Four ( since 1981 ) NFL on CBS / The NFL Today ( 1956 -- 1993 ; since 1998 ) PGA Tour on CBS SEC on CBS NCAA March Madness ( co-produced with Turner Sports ) ( since 2011 ) Premier Boxing Champions ( since 2015 ) Saturday morning Dr. Chris : Pet Vet ( since 2013 ) The Inspectors ( since 2015 ) Upcoming Blood & Treasure ( 2019 ) The Code ( 2019 ) Fam ( 2019 ) The Red Line ( 2019 ) The World 's Best ( 2019 ) Million Dollar Mile ( TBA ) Love Island ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Criminal_Minds&oldid=866327998 '' Categories : Criminal Minds 2005 American television series debuts 2000s American crime television series 2000s American drama television series 2000s American mystery television series 2010s American crime television series 2010s American drama television series 2010s American mystery television series American crime drama television series CBS network shows English - language television programs Federal Bureau of Investigation in fiction Mental illness in fiction Police procedural television series Super Bowl lead - out programs Television series by ABC Studios Television series by CBS Television Studios Television shows set in Virginia Television shows filmed in Los Angeles Television shows featuring audio description Hidden categories : All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from May 2012 Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from August 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles to be expanded from April 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Башҡортса Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Sardu Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 35 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 18 : 06 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal%20Minds

who wrote the song home performed by phillip

`` Home '' is the debut single and coronation song from American Idol season 11 winner Phillip Phillips . The song was co-written by Drew Pearson and Greg Holden , and produced by Drew Pearson . Phillips first performed the song on the season 's final performance night on May 22 , 2012 , and then again on the finale after he was declared the winner . His recording of `` Home '' was released as a single on May 23 , 2012 and included as a track on the compilations American Idol Season Finale - Season 11 EP and Journey to the Finale released at the same time . The song was also included on his debut album , The World from the Side of the Moon , released later in November that year .

Drew Pearson and Greg Holden

Home ( Phillip Phillips song )

home ( phillip phillips song )

`` Home '' is the debut single and coronation song from American Idol season 11 winner Phillip Phillips . The song was co-written by Drew Pearson and Greg Holden , and produced by Drew Pearson . Phillips first performed the song on the season 's final performance night on May 22 , 2012 , and then again on the finale after he was declared the winner . His recording of `` Home '' was released as a single on May 23 , 2012 and included as a track on the compilations American Idol Season Finale - Season 11 EP and Journey to the Finale released at the same time . The song was also included on his debut album , The World from the Side of the Moon , released later in November that year .

The single debuted at No. 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 with a first week sales figure of 278,000 downloads . It has the biggest digital sales week for any Idol winner 's coronation song , and it became the best selling of all coronation songs , as well as the best - selling song by any Idol alum in the United States . It has sold over 5 million copies in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Reception 2.1 Critical 2.2 Commercial 3 Music video 4 In popular culture 4.1 Use in the Olympics 5 Charts and certifications 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 5.3 Certifications 6 Release history 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) The song was written by Drew Pearson and Greg Holden , and chosen by Jimmy Iovine as a coronation song for the eventual winner of Season 11 of American Idol , Phillip Phillips . According to Drew Pearson , it was originally intended for Greg Holden , but was submitted to Idol as a possible finale number by Pearson 's publishing company , Pulse Recordings . Pearson and Holden had previously not met before but were brought together to write the song , with Holden the primary lyricist . The song was written in three hours in Pearson 's studio in Burbank , California in November 2011 . Originally it had only two verses , but an arrangement change was made about a month after it was written , and the second verse was repeated . Pearson cited Mumford & Sons , Arcade Fire , and a few Irish bands as influences for the song . A demo was recorded , and Holden had performed the song in his tour , but he expressed no intention of releasing his recording of the song . According to Holden , the song is about a friend who was going through a very difficult time , and it was his way of reaching out and saying that `` you know someone 's here for you '' . After the release of the song , Phillips said that while the song and its writers are `` really good '' , `` it 's not really something I would write '' . He also revealed that he had wanted to use a song he co-wrote with his brother - in - law , `` Drive Me , '' as the coronation song . In interviews after the finale , he said , `` The song that I did tonight that supposedly is my single , it 's not really my single , I told them it 's not my single . '' He also said , `` I have my own stories to tell , '' and added `` ( but ) I could n't do my song ( on the finale ) ; we just did n't have enough time . '' Philip stated that he writes songs in the `` jazz and rock alternative sound ; not really rock - rock . '' Phillips said that `` I `` did n't have time to let it grow and become my own before we recorded it '' . '' Later he said he was `` starting to grow a connection '' with the song , and that `` I kind of sing it like me , and on the guitar I do some different strummings on some parts , so it 's coming along . '' Reception ( edit ) Critical ( edit ) `` Phillip Phillips - Home '' A 20 second sound sample of `` Home '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . The song `` Home '' was well - received when it was first performed on American Idol . Phillips received a standing ovation -- the only one of the night -- from the judges . Randy Jackson said , `` Dude , I loved the song , I love you , I loved the production , I loved the marching band -- everything about that was perfect ! '' Jennifer Lopez said , `` That was a Phillip song and there is nothing on the radio that sounds like that ! '' and Steven Tyler offered the opinion that , `` By virtue of your vulnerability and style , you made the world your home . '' Professional reviewers have praised the song unanimously , calling it one of the best American Idol coronation songs of all time . Popdust gave it a good review saying , `` it runs with the necessary thematic elements needed to market someone who came from a reality competition show , while picking up more interesting styles that focus on instrumentals and arrangement in addition to vocals . '' American Songwriter thought that the song `` has all the elements of a current hit : British folksiness , anthemic marching - band - ness , rootsy singalong '' , and suggested that Phillips `` got lucky with a pretty good ( song ) '' . EW Music Mix gave the song an A - , and likened it to Mumford & Sons and Fleet Foxes . They added , `` The triumphant track is easily the coolest , most relevant song ever used as a reality TV coronation song . '' Vulture 's blog critic also noted the song 's similarity to Mumford & Sons , and that it reminded him of Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros 's song also called `` Home '' . He was enthusiastic about the song and thought that `` when the drumline walks out onstage ... it hits a groove and becomes the first of these Idol winner songs I can actually imagine becoming a hit song . '' The influence of Mumford & Sons in the song led its band member Ben Lovett to wonder if they had recorded the song when he first heard it . Spin , who titled their post `` ' American Idol ' Shocker : Phillip Phillips ' Coronation Song ' Home ' Does n't Suck '' , called the tune `` shockingly good -- especially for an Idol coronation song , which have a tendency to be horrifyingly embarrassing . '' Commercial ( edit ) `` Home '' debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at No. 10 , the first time in four years a coronation single from an American Idol winner has reached the top 10 . David Cook 's single `` The Time of My Life '' debuted at No. 3 in the week ending May 25 , 2008 . `` Home '' sold 278,000 the first week , the biggest digital sales week ever for a winner 's coronation song , surpassing David Cook 's `` Time of My Life , '' which had first week sales of 236,000 in 2008 . It is also the second - best digital sales week ever for any `` Idol '' contestant , behind Kelly Clarkson 's 2009 song `` My Life Would Suck Without You '' which sold 280,000 in its debut week . The song was later used in the NBC women 's gymnastics coverage of the 2012 Summer Olympics , and the song re-entered the Hot 100 at 84 on August 1 on the strength of a one - night boost in sales after its first airing . The song then sold over 105,000 copies in a three - day span the next week , and totalled 228,000 for the week . It also re-entered the Top 10 and reached a new high of No. 9 in the Hot 100 chart the same week , the first song to reach the Hot 100 's Top 10 in separate chart runs in a single calendar year . The following week its sales exceeded a million . The song hit No. 1 on 11 separate Billboard charts , including Rock Digital Songs , Hot Digital Songs , Hot Digital Tracks , adult alternative Triple A , Triple A Audience , Adult Top 40 , and Adult Contemporary . The song reached a new peak at No. 8 in the Hot 100 chart in the week his album The World from the Side of the Moon debuted in the Billboard 200 chart in November . It climbed to No. 7 a week later , dropped to No. 8 and No. 9 in subsequent weeks in December and January , then resumed its ascent to a new peak at No. 6 in mid-January 2013 . Together with increasing radioplay , it again started posting sales of more than 100,000 units per week from mid-November until late February 2013 . This song reached its 5 million sales mark in the US in March 2014 . As of December 2015 , the song has sold 5,400,000 copies in the US . Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by Joseph Toman and was shot over three days ( July 14 -- 16 ) while on the road with the American Idol tour , traveling from Denver to Salt Lake City . The video premiered on Phillip Phillips ' Vevo site on August 2 , 2012 . Much of the video interweaves black - and - white imagery of American landscapes with footage of Phillips jamming on the tour bus . The purpose of the video , according to the director , was to `` make something that felt real and show people who Phillip really is '' , to `` give a sense of journey , both for the viewer and the star '' , and `` the idea of feeling home , at peace , even when you ca n't actually be ' home . ' '' In popular culture ( edit ) Phillips performed this song during the 36th Annual Capitol Fourth on July 4 , 2012 . The song quickly became a song popularly used as backing soundtrack in films , television shows , and commercials after its release . It appeared in the trailer for the film Trouble with the Curve , the trailer for the 2014 Disneynature film Bears , as well as the ending credits of Parental Guidance and Monster Trucks . It was in a television commercial for Extreme Makeover : Home Edition , played at the end of Suburgatory episode `` Krampus , '' and was performed as a mash - up with Simon & Garfunkel 's `` Homeward Bound '' on Glee . The song was used in a number of commercials - it was first used in a commercial for American Family Insurance in the US , then Vizio , Coldwell Banker , Mazda , and Walmart . It was also used by Tim Hortons in their advertisement for their new Tassimo T - discs in Canada , and by Vax in the United Kingdom . On April 17 , 2013 , two days after the Boston Marathon bombings , the song was used in a photo montage dedicated to the first responders , as part of the pre-game ceremony before the Boston Bruins game against the Buffalo Sabres at the TD Garden , in Boston , Massachusetts . The song was also used to close out the 2014 Dinesh D'Souza film America : Imagine the World Without Her in a 3 - minute sequence celebrating the values of United States . In 2016 , the song was used in the US version of The Passion . It is sung by Jencarlos and Prince Royce and appears of the official soundtrack album . Use in the Olympics ( edit ) The song was sampled in the segment on US women gymnastics during the 2012 United States Olympic Trials , then again during the 2012 London Olympics coverage on NBC . Phillips commented `` It 's an honor for them to use that song , and I 'm so proud of it and how well it has done . '' After the games , Phillips performed the song twice for members of the gold medal winning gymnastics team in Boston and New York . Due to the use of song in the Olympics , many radio stations started playing their own versions of the song , which are remixes interspersed with highlights from the Olympics . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 -- 13 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 56 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 11 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 26 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 6 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 70 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 76 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 28 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 60 US Billboard Hot 100 6 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 39 US Adult Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 8 US Rock Airplay ( Billboard ) 26 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 49 Chart ( 2013 ) Position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 25 US Billboard Hot 100 46 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) 9 US Adult Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 18 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) 4 × Platinum 320,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 7,500 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 5,400,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date United States May 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 23 ) Italy February 15 , 2013 United Kingdom June 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 03 ) See also ( edit ) List of number - one digital songs of 2012 ( U.S. ) List of Adult Top 40 number - one singles of 2012 List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 2013 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Phillip Phillips '' . Allmusic.com . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( 2012 - 05 - 30 ) . `` Phillip Phillips Storms Hot 100 's Top 10 , Gotye Has Year 's Longest - Running No. 1 '' . Chart Beat . Billboard . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Deconstructing : Phillip Phillips , The Lumineers , And The Mumford - ization of Pop '' . stereogum.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Halperin , Shirley ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` ' American Idol ' : The Story Behind Phillip Phillips ' Coronation Song ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Drew Pearson / Phillip Phillips -- # 1 '' . Pulse Recording . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . iTunes . May 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith ( 2012 - 05 - 30 ) . `` Phillip Phillips Makes ' Idol ' History as ' Home ' Sells 278,000 Downloads '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` Chart Watch Extra : Phillip Phillips ' Idol Record '' . Chart Watch . Yahoo Music . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gallo , Phil ( January 7 , 2013 ) . `` ' Phillip Phillips ' The Billboard Cover Story '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( 2013 - 03 - 27 ) . `` Chart Watch Extra : Phillips Takes Idol Title '' . Chart Watch . Yahoo . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Michele Amabile Angermiller and Shirley Halperin ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` American Idol ' Final Season To Be Four Weeks Shorter Than Last '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Sales figure given here ^ Jump up to : Gallo , Phil ( June 16 , 2012 ) . `` Home is Where the Cash is '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Waterman , Doug ( December 18 , 2012 ) . `` How Did They Write That ? Phillip Phillips , `` Home '' `` . American Songwriter . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michele Amabile Angermiller ( 2012 - 06 - 18 ) . `` Songwriter Greg Holden Discusses the Success of Phillip Phillips ' ' Home ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Ashley ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Singer Greg Holden Is a Scotsman With a Heart of Gold '' . Broward / Palm Beach New Times . Jump up ^ Warner , Kara ( May 23 , 2012 ) . `` Phillip Phillips wo n't take credit for ' Home ' at ' American Idol ' finale '' . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Phillip Phillips Feeling Right At Home During Summer Olympics '' . The Associated Press . Access Hollywood . August 9 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : Michele Amabile Angermiller , Didi Benami ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Champ Phillip Phillips on ' Home ' : ' I Told Them It 's Not My Single ' ( Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Fekadu , Mesfin ( August 12 , 2012 ) . `` Debut single gives ' American Idol ' winner Phillip Phillips Olympic exposure '' . News Sentinel . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Parker , Lyndsey ( August 1 , 2012 ) . `` Phillip Phillips Scores Olympic Gold Single With `` Home '' `` . Reality Rocks . Yahoo Music . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Parke , Lyndsey ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Top 2 Recap : Battle Of The Opposites '' . Yahoo Music . Jump up ^ `` Phillip Phillips ' `` Home '' : Review Revue `` . Idolator . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( May 23 , 2012 ) . `` ' American Idol ' : We 've got a winner ! '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Jump up ^ Exton , Emily ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` Instant `` American Idol '' Review : Phillip Phillips , `` Home '' `` . Popdust . Jump up ^ Marissa R. Moss ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` The Ballad Of Phillip Phillips '' . American Songwriter . Jump up ^ Grady Smith ( May 23 , 2012 ) . `` ' American Idol ' : Jessica Sanchez 's and Phillip Phillips ' coronation singles '' . EW.com . Jump up ^ Holmes , Dave ( May 23 , 2012 ) . `` American Idol Recap : A Shock in the Mire '' . Vulture . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ( March 15 , 2013 ) . `` Mumford & Sons On Phillip Phillips ' ' Home : ' ' Did We Do That ? '' . MTV . Jump up ^ Caryn Ganz ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Shocker : Phillip Phillips ' Coronation Song ' Home ' Does n't Suck '' . Spin . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( 2012 - 08 - 02 ) . `` Phillip Phillips ' ' Home ' Sales Surge Thanks to Olympic Gymnasts '' . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Larry ( August 3 , 2012 ) . `` 2012 Summer Olympics : ' American Idol ' winner Phillip Phillips enjoying his Olympic - fueled resurgence to the top of the charts '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( August 8 , 2012 ) . `` Week Ending Aug. 5 , 2012 . Songs : Phillip Phillips Is `` Home '' `` . Chart Watch . Yahoo Music . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( August 8 , 2012 ) . `` Rick Ross Scores Fourth No. 1 Album with ' God Forgives , I Do n't ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pietroluongo , Silvio ( August 8 , 2012 ) . `` Carly Rae Jepsen Claims Longest Hot 100 No. 1 Run of 2012 '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( August 14 , 2012 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Phillip Phillips Goes ' Home ' To Hot 100 's Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( August 15 , 2012 ) . `` Flo Rida 's ' Whistle ' Works Way to Top of Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( November 16 , 2012 ) . `` Weekly Chart Notes : Phillip Phillips Finds His ' Home ' At No. 1 '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` ' American Idol ' on the Charts : Phillip Phillips , Mandisa Notch New No. 1s '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` ' American Idol ' on the Charts : Kelly Clarkson Teams With Vince Gill , Earns Fifth Hit on Hot Country Songs '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( November 28 , 2012 ) . `` Rihanna Scores Double Domination Atop Hot 100 , Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( January 9 , 2013 ) . `` Bruno Mars Still Atop Hot 100 , Will.i.am & Britney Spears Enter Top 10 '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( 2014 - 03 - 05 ) . `` Chart Watch : Pharrell `` Happy '' Despite Oscar Loss `` . Yahoo Music . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Halperin , Shirley ( 2012 - 08 - 02 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Winner Phillip Phillips Premieres ' Home ' Video '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Zongker , Brett ( June 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' A Capitol Fourth ' 2012 : Phillip Phillips , ' Idol ' Winner , To Make Comeback In D.C '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol ' winner Phillip Phillips gets Olympic exposure with debut single ' Home ' '' . The Washington Post . August 9 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2012 . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` Watch the trailer for Disneynature 's ' Bears ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Michele Amabile Angermiller ( October 4 , 2012 ) . `` Phillip Phillips ' ' Home ' : A Hit at Radio , in Movies and Middle School Choirs ( Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` '' 2013 Rose Bowl '' VIZIO Commercial Song `` . Commercial Tunage . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Coldwell Banker Unveils New ' We Believe ' TV Ad , Building on Successful ' Value of the Home ' Campaign '' . RISMedia . July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mazda Drive For Good TV Spot , ' Danny Thomas St. Jude ' '' . iSpot TV . Jump up ^ `` Max Music Nov 22 '' . Max 104.9 . November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vax Air3 -- You 're Home '' . TV Ad Music . Jump up ^ Dolloff , Matt ( April 18 , 2013 ) . `` Watch The Video Tribute To Boston Featuring Phillip Phillips ' `` Home '' ' `` . Mix 104.1 . Jump up ^ McGovern , Joe ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` America : Imagine the World Without Her '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Smith , Grady ( July 30 , 2012 ) . `` UPDATE : Phillip Phillips ' ' Home ' hits No. 1 on iTunes chart following Olympic placement '' . EW.com . Jump up ^ Smith , Grady ( August 9 , 2012 ) . `` How Phillip Phillips ' song ' Home ' was chosen for the Olympics '' . EW.com . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Boedeker , Hal ( August 2 , 2012 ) . `` American Idol ' : Phillip Phillips finds ' Home ' success ' pretty insane ' '' . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Phillip Phillips ' `` Home '' Strikes Gold `` . FMQB . August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Phillip Phillips `` HOME '' Olympic Remix `` . Z100 . August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Report '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . February 4 , 2013 . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Phillip Phillips -- Home '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Phillip Phillips -- Home '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Phillip Phillips Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201313 into search . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Phillip Phillips Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Phillip Phillips -- Home '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Phillip Phillips -- Home '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Phillip Phillips : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Phillip Phillips Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Phillip Phillips Chart History ( Alternative Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Phillip Phillips Chart History ( Adult Alternative Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Phillip Phillips Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' Billboard . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Phillip Phillips Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Phillip Phillips Chart History ( Hot Rock Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Phillip Phillips Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Phillip Phillips Chart History ( Rock Airplay ) '' Billboard . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 - Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 : Year End 2013 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs : Year End 2013 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Rock Songs : Year End 2013 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Triple A Songs : 2013 ( Year - End ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Phillip Phillips -- Home '' . Music Canada . Retrieved August 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart - 15 April 2013 '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Phillip Phillips -- Home '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Radio Date : Home - Phillip Phillip '' . Radio airplay . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ Ellwood , Pip ( March 27 , 2013 ) . `` Phillip Phillips to release debut UK single '' . Entertainment Focus . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by I Love You This Big American Idol winner 's singles 2012 Succeeded by I Am Beautiful American Idol Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Finalists Winners Kelly Clarkson Ruben Studdard Fantasia Barrino Carrie Underwood Taylor Hicks Jordin Sparks David Cook Kris Allen Lee DeWyze Scotty McCreery Phillip Phillips Candice Glover Caleb Johnson Nick Fradiani Trent Harmon Runners - up Justin Guarini Clay Aiken Diana DeGarmo Bo Bice Katharine McPhee Blake Lewis David Archuleta Adam Lambert Crystal Bowersox Lauren Alaina Jessica Sanchez Kree Harrison Jena Irene Clark Beckham La'Porsha Renae Winners ' singles `` A Moment Like This '' `` Flying Without Wings '' `` I Believe '' `` Inside Your Heaven '' `` Do I Make You Proud '' `` This Is My Now '' `` The Time of My Life '' `` No Boundaries '' `` Beautiful Day '' `` I Love You This Big '' `` Home '' `` I Am Beautiful '' `` As Long as You Love Me '' `` Beautiful Life '' `` Falling '' Concert tours 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Related programming Idol ( series ) American Juniors Idol Christmas Idol Extra Idol Gives Back Idol Rewind World Idol Related articles Alumni album sales Alumni awards and nominations Alumni in film , television and theater Alumni single sales Compilation series Controversies Discography Finalists Hot 100 singles `` Judge Me Tender '' The American Idol Experience Video game American Idol season 11 Finalists Phillip Phillips Jessica Sanchez Joshua Ledet Hollie Cavanagh Skylar Laine Elise Testone Colton Dixon DeAndre Brackensick Heejun Han Erika Van Pelt Shannon Magrane Jermaine Jones Jeremy Rosado Other sources Episode list Tour `` Home '' `` Change Nothing '' Phillip Phillips Discography Images Studio albums The World from the Side of the Moon Behind the Light Singles `` Home '' `` Gone , Gone , Gone '' `` Where We Came From '' `` Raging Fire '' Other songs `` We 've Got Tonight '' `` Volcano '' `` Stand by Me '' `` Beggin ' '' `` Movin ' Out ( Anthony 's Song ) '' `` U Got It Bad '' `` Have You Ever Seen the Rain ? '' `` Disease '' `` Fat Bottomed Girls '' `` Fly '' Video releases `` Home '' `` Gone , Gone , Gone '' `` Where We Came From '' Related articles American Idol ( season 11 ) 2016 Summer Tour Phillip Phillips at Commons Phillip Phillips at Wikiquote Phillip Phillips at Wiktionary Phillip Phillips at Wikinews Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_(Phillip_Phillips_song)&oldid=810683524 '' Categories : 2012 singles Phillip Phillips songs American Idol Interscope Records singles Debut singles Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles 2012 songs Songs written by Drew Pearson ( songwriter ) Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with inconsistent citation formats Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrocksongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrockairplay Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 November 2017 , at 20 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home%20%28Phillip%20Phillips%20song%29

what hotel did the beatles stay at in new york

Hotel Chelsea

hotel chelsea

Hotel Chelsea U.S. National Register of Historic Places New York City Landmark Hotel Chelsea Show map of Lower Manhattan Show map of New York City Show map of New York Show map of the US Show all Location 222 West 23rd Street , Chelsea , Manhattan , New York City Coordinates Coordinates : 40 ° 44 ′ 40 '' N 73 ° 59 ′ 48 '' W  /  40.74444 ° N 73.99667 ° W  / 40.74444 ; - 73.99667 Area Less than one acre Built 1884 Architect Hubert , Pirsson and Company Architectural style Queen Anne Revival , Victorian Gothic NRHP reference # 77000958 Significant dates Added to NRHP December 27 , 1977 Designated NYCL March 15 , 1966 The Hotel Chelsea -- also called the Chelsea Hotel , or simply the Chelsea -- is a historic New York City hotel and landmark built between 1883 and 1885 , known primarily for the notability of its residents over the years . The 250 - unit hotel is located at 222 West 23rd Street , between Seventh and Eighth Avenues , in the neighborhood of Chelsea , Manhattan . The building has been a designated New York City landmark since 1966 , and on the National Register of Historic Places since 1977 . It has been the home of numerous writers , musicians , artists and actors . Though the Chelsea no longer accepts new long - term residencies , the building is still home to many who lived there before the change in policy . Arthur C. Clarke wrote 2001 : A Space Odyssey while staying at the Chelsea , and poets Allen Ginsberg and Gregory Corso chose it as a place for philosophical and artistic exchange . It is also known as the place where the writer Dylan Thomas was staying in room 205 when he died of pneumonia on November 9 , 1953 , and where Nancy Spungen , girlfriend of Sid Vicious of the Sex Pistols , was found stabbed to death on October 12 , 1978 . Arthur Miller wrote a short piece , `` The Chelsea Affect '' , describing life at Hotel Chelsea in the early 1960s . As of August 1 , 2011 , the hotel closed for renovations . It is to reopen in 2018 . Contents 1 History 2 Notable residents 2.1 Literary artists 2.2 Actors and film directors 2.3 Musicians 2.4 Visual artists 2.5 Fashion designers 2.6 Warhol 2.7 Others 3 In popular culture 3.1 Films and television 3.2 Music 3.3 Books 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) A close - up of the hotel 's signage Built between 1884 and 1885 and opened for initial occupation in 1884 , the twelve - story red - brick building that is now the Hotel Chelsea was one of the city 's first private apartment cooperatives . It was designed by Philip Hubert of the firm of Hubert , Pirrson & Company in a style that has been described variously as Queen Anne Revival and Victorian Gothic . Among its distinctive features are the delicate , flower - ornamented iron balconies on its facade , which were constructed by J.B. and J.M. Cornell and its grand staircase , which extends upward twelve floors . Generally , this staircase is only accessible to registered guests , although the hotel does offer monthly tours to others . At the time of its construction , the building was the tallest in New York . Hubert and Pirsson had created a `` Hubert Home Club '' in 1880 for `` The Rembrandt '' , a six - story building on West 57th Street intended as housing for artists . This early cooperative building had rental units to help defray costs , and also provided servants as part of the building staff . The success of this model led to other `` Hubert Home Clubs '' , and the Chelsea was one of them . Initially successful , its surrounding neighborhood constituted the center of New York 's theater district . However within a few years the combination of economic stresses , the suspicions of New York 's middle class about apartment living , the opening up of Upper Manhattan and the plentiful supply of houses there , and the relocation of the city 's theater district bankrupted the Chelsea . The building reopened as a hotel in 1905 , which was later managed by Knott Hotels and resident manager A.R. Walty . After the hotel went bankrupt , it was purchased in 1939 by Joseph Gross , Julius Krauss , and David Bard , and these partners managed the hotel together until the early 1970s . With the passing of Joseph Gross and Julius Krauss , the management fell to Stanley Bard ( 1934 -- 2017 ) , David Bard 's son . On June 18 , 2007 , the hotel 's board of directors ousted Bard as the hotel 's manager . Dr. Marlene Krauss , the daughter of Julius Krauss , and David Elder , the grandson of Joseph Gross and the son of playwright and screenwriter Lonne Elder III , replaced Stanley Bard with the management company BD Hotels NY ; that firm has since been terminated as well . In May 2011 , the hotel was sold to real estate developer Joseph Chetrit for US $80 million . As of August 1 , 2011 , the hotel stopped taking reservations for guests in order to begin renovations ; however , long - time residents remain in the building , some of them protected by state rent regulations . The renovations prompted complaints by the remaining tenants of health hazards caused by the construction . These were investigated by the city 's Building Department , which found no major violations . In November 2011 , the management ordered all of the hotel 's many artworks taken off the walls , supposedly for their protection and cataloging , a move which some tenants interpreted as a step towards forcing them out as well . In 2013 , Ed Scheetz became the Chelsea Hotel 's new owner after buying back five properties from Joseph Chetrit , his partner in King & Grove Hotels , and David Bistricer . The Hotel Chelsea plans to reopen in 2018 . Located in the Chelsea since 1930 is the restaurant El Quijote which was owned by the same family until 2017 when it was sold to the new owner of the hotel . In late March of 2018 the eatery also closed for renovations . Notable residents ( edit ) Art fills the staircase of the Hotel Chelsea Literary artists ( edit ) During its lifetime Hotel Chelsea has provided a home to many famous writers and thinkers including Mark Twain , O. Henry , Herbert Huncke , Dylan Thomas , Arthur C. Clarke , Sam Shepard , Arthur Miller , Tennessee Williams , Jack Kerouac , Brendan Behan , Thomas Wolfe , Valerie Solanas , William S. Burroughs , Allen Ginsberg , Gregory Corso , Arnold Weinstein , Charles R. Jackson , author of The Lost Weekend , committed suicide in his room on September 21 , 1968 . Joseph O'Neill and his wife moved there in 1998 , and they raised three sons there ; the Chelsea Hotel plays a significant role in his novel Netherland . Actors and film directors ( edit ) The hotel has been a home to actors and film directors such as Stanley Kubrick , Shirley Clarke , Mitch Hedberg , Dave Hill , Miloš Forman , Lillie Langtry , Ethan Hawke , Dennis Hopper , Squat Theatre Company , Eddie Izzard , Uma Thurman , Elliott Gould , Elaine Stritch , Michael Imperioli , Jane Fonda , Russell Brand , the Warhol film star Viva and her daughter Gaby Hoffman , and Edie Sedgwick . Musicians ( edit ) Much of the Hotel Chelsea 's history has been colored by the musicians who have resided or visited there . Some of the most prominent names include the Grateful Dead , Nico , Tom Waits , Patti Smith , Jim Morrison , Iggy Pop , Virgil Thomson , Chick Corea , Jeff Beck , Dee Dee Ramone , Johnny Thunders , Mink DeVille , Marianne Faithfull , Cher , John Cale , Édith Piaf , Joni Mitchell , Bob Dylan , Alice Cooper , Bette Midler , Pink Floyd , Jimi Hendrix , Canned Heat , Sid Vicious , Richard Barone , and Rufus Wainwright . Madonna lived at the Chelsea in the early 1980s , returning in 1992 to shoot photographs for her book , Sex , in room 822 . Leonard Cohen , who lived in room 424 , and Janis Joplin , in room 411 , had an affair there in 1968 , and Cohen later wrote two songs about it , `` Chelsea Hotel '' and `` Chelsea Hotel # 2 '' . Jobriath spent his last years in the pyramid - topped apartment on the Chelsea 's rooftop where he died from AIDS in August 1983 . Visual artists ( edit ) The hotel has featured and collected the work of the many visual artists who have passed through . Doris Chase , Bernard Childs , Claudio Edinger , Brett Whiteley , Ching Ho Cheng , Larry Rivers and from 1961 to 1970 several of his French nouveau réalistes friends like Yves Klein ( who wrote his Manifeste de l'hôtel Chelsea there in April 1961 ) , Arman , Martial Raysse , Jean Tinguely , Niki de Saint Phalle , Christo , Daniel Spoerri or Alain Jacquet ( who left a version of his Déjeuner sur l'herbe from 1964 in the hotel lobby featuring other pieces by Larry Rivers or Arman ) , Francesco Clemente , Julian Schnabel , Joe Andoe , David Remfry , Diego Rivera , Robert Crumb , Ellen Cantor , Jasper Johns , Tom Wesselmann , Claes Oldenburg , Herbert Gentry , Willem de Kooning , Robert Mapplethorpe ( room 1017 , with Patti Smith ) , Moses Soyer ( who died there in 1974 ) , Nora Sumberg , and Henri Cartier - Bresson have all spent time at the hotel . Experimental filmmaker and ethnomusicologist Harry Everett Smith lived and died in Room 328 . The painter Alphaeus Philemon Cole lived there for 35 years until his death in 1988 , aged 112 , at which point he was the oldest verified man alive . The sculptor René Shapshak and his wife lived here ; his bust of Harry Truman and reliefs were in the lobby . Fashion designers ( edit ) Charles James , credited with being America 's first couturier who influenced fashion in the 1940s and 1950s , moved into the Chelsea in 1964 . He died there of pneumonia in 1978 . When Billy Reid started his brand in 1998 , it was a one - man operation ; he lived in the Garment Center , while a room at the Chelsea served as an office , studio and showroom . Warhol ( edit ) Hotel Chelsea is often associated with the Warhol superstars , as Andy Warhol and Paul Morrissey directed Chelsea Girls ( 1966 ) , a film about his Factory regulars and their lives at the hotel . Others ( edit ) Several survivors of the Titanic stayed for some time in this hotel as it is a short distance from Pier 54 , the White Star Line dock where the Titanic was supposed to dock . The Chelsea was also home to many sailors returning from their duties in World War I . In popular culture ( edit ) Films and television ( edit ) The hotel has been featured in : Chelsea Girls ( 1966 ) , by Andy Warhol , was shot at the Chelsea . Portrait of Jason ( 1967 ) , by Shirley Clarke , was shot at the Chelsea . An American Family ( 1973 , PBS ) -- an episode of the pioneering reality TV series was mostly filmed at the Chelsea . Arena ( 1981 ) -- the popular BBC arts documentary series featured an episode , `` Chelsea Hotel '' . Sid and Nancy ( 1986 ) , by Alex Cox . Some scenes in Romeo Is Bleeding ( 1993 ) -- which , like Sid and Nancy , stars Gary Oldman -- were filmed and are set in the Chelsea . Part of Léon : The Professional ( 1994 ) , by Luc Besson , was shot there , although it was set in an apartment block . Midnight in Chelsea ( 1997 ) , directed by Mark Pellington , a video to a track from the 1997 Jon Bon Jovi solo album Destination Anywhere . Chelsea Walls ( 2001 ) , directed by Ethan Hawke , a movie about a new generation of artists living at the hotel . Chelsea on the Rocks ( 2008 ) , a documentary film directed by Abel Ferrara . Hotel Chelsea ( 2009 ) , a horror film about a Japanese couple staying at the hotel . Music ( edit ) Lobby of the hotel The hotel is featured in many songs , including : `` Sara '' by Bob Dylan `` Chelsea Morning '' by Joni Mitchell `` Chelsea Hotel # 2 '' by Leonard Cohen , later covered by various artists `` Midnight in Chelsea '' by Bon Jovi `` Chelsea Girl '' by Nico `` Hotel Chelsea Nights '' by Ryan Adams `` Dear Abbey '' by Kinky Friedman `` Like a Drug I Never Did Before '' by Joey Ramone `` The Chelsea Hotel '' by Graham Nash `` Third Week in the Chelsea '' by Jefferson Airplane `` Chelsea Hotel '' on Meshell Ndegeocello 's 2011 album Weather `` Chelsea '' by Phoebe Bridgers `` Chelsea Hotel Oral Sex Song '' by Jeffrey Lewis Books ( edit ) Hamilton , Ed . Legends of the Chelsea Hotel : Living with the Artists and Outlaws at New York 's Rebel Mecca . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56858 - 379 - 2 . Lough , James . This Ai n't No Holiday Inn : Down and Out at the Chelsea Hotel 1980 -- 1995 . ISBN 1936182521 . Ramone , Dee Dee . Chelsea Horror Hotel : A Novel . ISBN 1 - 56025 - 304 - 5 . Tippins , Sherill ( 2013 ) . Inside the Dream Palace : the Life and Times of New York 's Legendary Chelsea Hotel . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0743295617 . Turner , Florence . At The Chelsea . ISBN 978 - 0151097807 . Wielaert , Jeroen . Chelsea Hotel , een Biografie van een Hotel ( in Dutch ) . ISBN 90 - 76927 - 02 - 2 . Rips , Nicolaia . Trying To Float ; Coming of Age in the Chelsea Hotel . 2016 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 5011 - 3298 - 8 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : National Park Service ( March 13 , 2009 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : Regier , Hilda . `` Chelsea Hotel '' in Jackson , Kenneth T. , ed. ( 1995 ) , The Encyclopedia of New York City , New Haven : Yale University Press , ISBN 0300055366 , p. 210 ^ Jump up to : New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission ; Dolkart , Andrew S. ; Postal , Matthew A. ( 2009 ) , Postal , Matthew A. , ed. , Guide to New York City Landmarks ( 4th ed . ) , New York : John Wiley & Sons , ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 28963 - 1 , p. 70 Jump up ^ Gobrecht , Lawrence E. ( April 20 , 1977 ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Inventory / Nomination : Hotel Chelsea '' . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2012 . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . and Accompanying three photos , exterior , from 1977 Archived October 8 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Famous residents of the Chelsea Hotel '' , The Telegraph ( London ) , August 2 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : `` The 10 best Chelsea hotel moments '' by Hermione Hoby , The Guardian , December 19 , 2010 Jump up ^ Miller , Arthur , `` The Chelsea Affect '' , Granta # 78 : `` Bad Company '' , Summer 2002 Jump up ^ Rovzar , Chris ( July 27 , 2011 ) . `` Hotel Chelsea No Longer Taking Reservations '' . New York . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` First look at the iconic Hotel Chelsea 's glamorous interior renovation '' , 6sqft.com , 3 April 2017 . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Construction Problems Persist as Chelsea Hotel Eyes Early 2019 Opening '' by Scott Stiffler , chelseanow.com , February 21 , 2018 . Accessed June 24 , 2018 ^ Jump up to : White , Norval & Willensky , Elliot ( 2000 ) , AIA Guide to New York City ( 4th ed . ) , New York : Three Rivers Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8129 - 3107 - 5 , p. 181 ^ Jump up to : Nevius , Michelle & Nevius , James ( 2009 ) , Inside the Apple : A Streetwise History of New York City , New York : Free Press , ISBN 141658997X p. 151 Jump up ^ Rich , Nathaniel ( October 8 , 2013 ) . `` Where The Walls Still Talk '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Federal Writers ' Project ( 1939 ) , New York City Guide , New York : Random House , ISBN 0 - 403 - 02921 - X ( Reprinted by Scholarly Press , 1976 ; often referred to as WPA Guide to New York City ) , p. 153 Jump up ^ `` Stanley Bard , Former Owner and Manager of The Chelsea Hotel , Dies at 82 '' by Ed Hamilton , chelseahotelblog.com , February 14 , 2017 Jump up ^ Carmin , Craig ( May 16 , 2011 ) . `` Hotel Chelsea 's New Proprietor '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Buckley , Cara ( July 31 , 2011 ) . `` A Last Night Among the Spirits at the Chelsea Hotel '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kilgannon , Corey . `` City Room : First , No More Guests ; Now , Chelsea Hotel Says No More Art '' The New York Times ( November 4 , 2011 ) Jump up ^ Prendergast , Daniel ; Connor , Tracy ( October 22 , 2011 ) . `` Chelsea Hotel demolition sparks Buildings Dept . probe after complaints from furious residents '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ `` DOB finds no major violations in Hotel Chelsea renovation '' The Real Deal ( October 27 , 2011 ) Jump up ^ `` A New View at Chelsea Hotel '' The Wall Street Journal ( August 27 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ The Real Deal : `` King & Grove reneges on Hotel Chelsea eviction vow : Tenants '' September 17 , 2013 Jump up ^ Brenzel , Kathryn ( October 28 , 2016 ) http://therealdeal.com/2016/10/28/hotel-chelseas-tenant-problem/ The Real Deal dot com Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/29/nyregion/el-quijote-chelsea-hotel-nyc.html ^ Jump up to : Chamberlain , Lisa . `` Change at the Chelsea , Shelter of the Arts '' , The New York Times , June 19 , 2007 . Accessed December 16 , 2007 . `` For six decades the Bard family has managed the Hotel Chelsea , overseeing a bohemian enclave that has been a long - term home for writers , artists and musicians including Mark Twain , O. Henry , Tennessee Williams , Dylan Thomas , Andy Warhol , and Sid Vicious and Nancy Spungen . '' ^ Jump up to : `` 10 great places to get on the road and feel the Beat '' , USA Today , March 10 , 2006 . Accessed December 16 , 2007 . `` On the West Side , Kerouac and then - wife Joan Haverty lived at 454 W. 20th St. , where he began writing her a long letter about his recent travels while she waited tables to support them : The letter became On the Road , `` the bible of the Beat generation . '' He wrote the book itself at the Hotel Chelsea , later the last home of Herbert Huncke . '' This account of On the Road is disputed by Jeff Wallenfeldt in an article for Encyclopædia Britannica : `` 11 or 12 Things Remembered Well About the Chelsea Hotel '' , ^ Jump up to : `` Legends of Hotel Chelsea chronicled in new book that covers what inspired Andy Warhol , relegated Sid Vicious to ' junkies ' floor ' before he killed Nancy '' , review by Sherryl Connelly of Inside the Dream Palace : The Life and Times of New York 's Legendary Chelsea Hotel , New York Daily News , November 16 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Chelsea Hotel , New York review : A story behind every door '' by Barry Divola , traveller.com.au , undated Jump up ^ `` Arnold Weinstein , 78 , a Poet and Collaborator on Operas , Is Dead '' by Anne Midgette , The New York Times , September 6 , 2005 Jump up ^ `` Weekend in the Sun '' by Blake Bailey , Vanity Fair , February 28 , 2013 Jump up ^ Hamilton , Ed ( 2007 ) . Legends of the Chelsea Hotel . p. 368 . ISBN 1 - 56858 - 379 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` How Leonard Cohen Met Janis Joplin : Inside Legendary Chelsea Hotel Encounter '' by Jordan Runtagh , Rolling Stone , November 14 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Jobriath : Oh ! You pretty thing '' by Johann Hari , The Independent , 13 April 2004 Jump up ^ Chelsea Hotel by Carter Tomassi , messyoptics.com Jump up ^ Finnerty , Amy ( 2007 - 08 - 19 ) . `` Jubilee City : A Memoir at Full Speed - Joe Andoe - Books - Review '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` In The Studio : David Remfry '' by Harry Mount , The Telegraph , 6 December 2005 Jump up ^ Kimmelman , Michael . `` Alphaeus Cole , a Portraitist , 112 '' , The New York Times , November 26 , 1988 . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Chelsea Hotel , ' Kooky Buy Nice , ' Turns 100 '' by Maureen Dowd , The New York Times , November 21 , 1983 Jump up ^ `` Who Will Remember The Shapshaks ? '' , chelseahotelblog.com , September 14 , 2007 Jump up ^ Made in America : Four Fashion Designers on What It Takes To Do So Laurie Brookins , Hollywood Reporter , 20 July 2017 Jump up ^ `` Portrait of Jason : Project Shirley Volume 2 '' . milestonefilms.com/ . Jump up ^ `` One Man , Saved From Invisibility '' . The New York Times . April 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hotel Chelsea : Rock 's Vortex Of ' Death and Destruction ' '' by Scott Hill , Wired , May 25 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Like a Drug I Never Did Before '' , lyrics External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hotel Chelsea . Chelsea Hotel -- New York Architecture images 360 ° Panoramas of Chelsea Hotel before 2011 -- 2012 renovations `` Ed Hamilton : One of the last Chelsea Hotel Bohemians '' . The Somerville News . January 30 , 2013 . U.S. National Register of Historic Places in New York Topics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Lists by county Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings ( Brooklyn ) Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York ( Manhattan ) Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond ( Staten Island ) Rockland Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca St. Lawrence Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Northern Southern Wyoming Yates Lists by city Albany Buffalo New Rochelle New York City Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Manhattan Below 14th St . 14th -- 59th St . 59th -- 110th St . Above 110th St . Minor islands Niagara Falls Peekskill Poughkeepsie Rhinebeck Rochester Syracuse Yonkers Other lists Bridges and tunnels National Historic Landmarks List National Register of Historic Places Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hotel_Chelsea&oldid=866453024 '' Categories : Condominiums and housing cooperatives in Manhattan Beat Generation Hotel buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan Hotel buildings completed in 1885 Hotels in Manhattan Chelsea , Manhattan Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from November 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 12 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel%20Chelsea

escape from new york what was on the tape

In 1997 , while traveling to a peace summit between the United States , China and Russia , Air Force One is hijacked by a domestic terrorist posing as a stewardess . The President is given a tracking bracelet and his briefcase ( containing an audiotape describing the secret to using nuclear fusion for power generation ) handcuffed to his wrist . He makes it to an escape pod , and lands in Manhattan just before Air Force One crashes , killing everyone else aboard .

Escape from New York

escape from new york

Escape from New York is a 1981 American dystopian science - fiction action film co-written , co-scored and directed by John Carpenter . The film is set in what was near - future of 1997 , in a crime - ridden United States that has converted Manhattan Island in New York City into the country 's maximum security prison . When Air Force One is hijacked by terrorists and crashes into New York City , ex-soldier and federal prisoner Snake Plissken ( Kurt Russell ) is given 24 hours to rescue the President of the United States .

Carpenter wrote the film in the mid-1970s as a reaction to the Watergate scandal . After the success of Halloween , he had enough influence to begin production and filmed it mainly in St. Louis , Missouri on an estimated budget of $6 million . Debra Hill and Larry J. Franco served as the producers . The film was co-written by Nick Castle , who had collaborated with Carpenter by portraying Michael Myers in Halloween . Escape from New York was released in the United States on July 10 , 1981 . The film received positive reviews from critics and was a commercial success , grossing over $25 million at the box office . The film was nominated for four Saturn Awards , including Best Science Fiction Film and Best Direction . The film became a cult classic and was followed by a sequel , Escape from L.A. ( 1996 ) , which was also directed and written by Carpenter and starred Russell but which was much more poorly received . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Pre-production 3.4 Filming 4 Reception 5 Soundtrack 6 Home media 6.1 Videocassette releases 6.2 DVD releases 6.3 Blu - ray release 6.4 Novelization 6.5 Comic books 6.6 Board game 6.7 Anime 7 Sequel 8 Remake 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1988 , following a 400 % increase in crime , the United States government has turned Manhattan into a giant maximum - security prison . A 50 - foot ( 15 m ) containment wall surrounds the island and routes out of Manhattan have been dismantled or mined , while armed helicopters patrol the rivers , and all prisoners there are sentenced to life , with no means of leaving . In 1997 , while traveling to a peace summit between the United States , China and Russia , Air Force One is hijacked by a domestic terrorist posing as a stewardess . The President is given a tracking bracelet and his briefcase ( containing an audiotape describing the secret to using nuclear fusion for power generation ) handcuffed to his wrist . He makes it to an escape pod , and lands in Manhattan just before Air Force One crashes , killing everyone else aboard . Police are dispatched to rescue the President . However , Romero , the right - hand man of the Duke of New York , the top crime boss in the prison , warns them that the Duke has taken the President hostage , and that he will be killed if any further rescue attempts are mounted . Commissioner Bob Hauk offers a deal to Snake Plissken , a former Special Forces soldier convicted of attempting to rob the Federal Reserve in Denver : if Snake rescues the President and retrieves the cassette tape , Hauk will arrange a presidential pardon . To ensure his compliance , Hauk has Plissken injected with micro-explosives that will rupture Snake 's carotid arteries within 22 hours ; if Snake returns with the President and the tape in time , Hauk will have the explosives neutralized . Snake is sent into Manhattan in a stealth glider , landing atop the World Trade Center . He tracks the President 's life - monitor bracelet to a vaudeville theater , only to find it on the wrist of an insane old man . He meets `` Cabbie , '' who takes Snake in his armored taxi cab to Harold `` Brain '' Hellman , an advisor to the Duke and a former associate of Snake 's . Brain tells Snake that the Duke plans to unify the gangs in a mass exodus across the heavily guarded Queensboro Bridge , using the President as a human shield and a map Brain has created to avoid the landmines . Snake forces Brain and his girlfriend Maggie to lead him to the Duke 's compound at Grand Central Terminal . He finds the President , but is captured by the Duke 's men . While Snake is forced to fight in a deathmatch with Slag , a prisoner , Brain and Maggie kill Romero and flee with the President . As Snake kills Slag , the Duke learns of Brain 's treachery and rallies his gang to chase them . Snake , Brain , Maggie , and the President race to the World Trade Center in an attempt to use Snake 's glider to escape from Manhattan . After a group of crazies destroy it , the group returns to the street and encounters Cabbie , who offers to take them across the bridge . When Cabbie reveals that he has the secret tape ( having traded it to Romero earlier for his hat ) , the President demands it , but Snake keeps it . The Duke pursues the group onto the bridge , setting off mines as he tries to catch up . With Brain navigating through the minefield , Snake manages to avoid most of the explosives , but the cab hits a mine and is blown in half , killing Cabbie . As the group flees on foot , Brain is killed when he steps on another mine . Maggie refuses to leave him , and stands in the middle of the road , shooting at the Duke 's car until he runs her down , killing her . Snake and the President reach the perimeter wall and the guards raise the President on a rope . The Duke opens fire on the wall , killing the guards and forcing Snake to dive for cover , but the President shoots the Duke dead . Snake is lifted to safety , and the micro-explosives in his neck are neutralized . As the President prepares for a televised speech to the leaders at the summit meeting , he thanks Snake for saving him . Snake asks how he feels about the people who died saving him , but the President only offers half - hearted regret . As Snake walks away in disgust , Hauk offers Snake a job , which he refuses . The President 's speech commences , and he offers the contents of the cassette ; to his embarrassment , the tape is Cabbie 's cassette of the swing song `` Bandstand Boogie '' . As Snake walks away , he intentionally tears the magnetic tape out of the cassette reel with the actual message that was intended to be delivered by the President . Cast ( edit ) Kurt Russell as Snake Plissken Lee Van Cleef as Bob Hauk Ernest Borgnine as Cabbie Donald Pleasence as the President of the United States Isaac Hayes as The Duke of New York City Harry Dean Stanton as Harold `` Brain '' Hellman Adrienne Barbeau as Maggie Season Hubley as The Girl in the Chock Full o ' Nuts Tom Atkins as Rehme Charles Cyphers as the Secretary of State Joe Unger as Taylor ( scenes deleted ) Frank Doubleday as Romero John Strobel as Cronenberg Nancy Stephens as Stewardess Ox Baker as Slag Buck Flower as Drunk Debra Hill as computer voice ( uncredited ) Jamie Lee Curtis as prefatory narrator ( uncredited ) The character `` Rehme '' was named after producer Robert Rehme , while `` Taylor '' , `` Romero '' and `` Cronenberg '' were named after the directors Don Taylor , George Romero and David Cronenberg respectively . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Carpenter originally wrote the screenplay for Escape from New York in 1976 , in the aftermath of the Watergate scandal . Carpenter said , `` The whole feeling of the nation was one of real cynicism about the President . I wrote the screenplay and no studio wanted to make it '' because , according to Carpenter , `` it was too violent , too scary , too weird . '' He had been inspired by the film Death Wish , which was very popular at the time . He did not agree with this film 's philosophy but liked how it conveyed `` the sense of New York as a kind of jungle , and I wanted to make a science fiction film along these lines '' . Casting ( edit ) AVCO Embassy Pictures , the film 's financial backer , preferred either Charles Bronson or Tommy Lee Jones to play the role of Snake Plissken to Carpenter 's choice of Kurt Russell , who was trying to overcome the `` lightweight '' screen image conveyed by his roles in several Disney comedies . Carpenter refused to cast Bronson on the grounds that he was too old , and because he worried that he could lose directorial control over the picture with an experienced actor . At the time , Russell described his character as `` a mercenary , and his style of fighting is a combination of Bruce Lee , The Exterminator , and Darth Vader , with Eastwood 's vocal - ness . '' All that matters to Snake , according to the actor , is `` the next 60 seconds . Living for exactly that next minute is all there is . '' Russell used a rigorous diet and exercise program in order to develop a lean and muscular build . He also endeavored to stay in character between takes and throughout the shooting , as he welcomed the opportunity to get away from the Disney comedies he had done previously . He did find it necessary to remove the eyepatch between takes , as wearing it constantly seriously affected his depth perception . Pre-production ( edit ) Carpenter had just made Dark Star but no one wanted to hire him as a director , so he assumed that he would make it in Hollywood as a screenwriter . The filmmaker went on to do other films with the intention of making Escape later . After the success of Halloween , Avco - Embassy signed him and producer Debra Hill to a two - picture deal . The first film from this contract was The Fog . Initially , the second film that he was going to make to finish the contract was The Philadelphia Experiment , but because of script - writing problems , Carpenter rejected it in favor of this project . However , Carpenter felt that something was missing and recalls , `` This was basically a straight action film . And at one point , I realized it really does n't have this kind of crazy humor that people from New York would expect to see . '' He brought in Nick Castle , a friend from his film school days at University of Southern California who played `` The Shape '' in Halloween . Castle invented the Cabbie character and came up with the film 's ending . The film 's setting proved to be a potential problem for Carpenter , who needed to create a decaying , semi-destroyed version of New York City on a shoe - string budget . He and the film 's production designer Joe Alves rejected shooting on location in New York City because it would be too hard to make it look like a destroyed city . Carpenter suggested shooting on a movie back lot but Alves nixed that idea `` because the texture of a real street is not like a back lot . '' They sent Barry Bernardi , their location manager ( and associate producer ) , `` on a sort of all - expense - paid trip across the country looking for the worst city in America , '' producer Debra Hill remembers . Bernardi suggested East St. Louis , Illinois , because it was filled with old buildings `` that exist in New York now , and ( that ) have that seedy run - down quality '' that the team was looking for . East St. Louis , sitting across the Mississippi River from the more prosperous St. Louis , Missouri , had entire neighborhoods burned out in 1976 during a massive urban fire . Hill said in an interview , `` block after block was burnt - out rubble . In some places there was absolutely nothing , so that you could see three and four blocks away . '' As well , Alves found an old bridge to double for the `` 69th St. Bridge '' . The filmmaker purchased the Old Chain of Rocks Bridge for one dollar from the government and then gave it back to them , for the same amount , once production was completed , `` so that they would n't have any liability , '' Hill remembers . Locations across the river in St. Louis , Missouri were used , including Union Station and the Fox Theatre , both of which have since been renovated , as well as the building which would eventually become the Schlafly Tap Room microbrewery . Filming ( edit ) Carpenter and his crew persuaded the city to shut off the electricity to ten blocks at a time at night . The film was shot from August to November 1980 . It was a tough and demanding shoot for the filmmaker as he recalls . `` We 'd finish shooting at about 6 am and I 'd just be going to sleep at 7 when the sun would be coming up . I 'd wake up around 5 or 6 pm , depending on whether or not we had dailies , and by the time I got going , the sun would be setting . So for about two and a half months I never saw daylight , which was really strange . '' The gladiatorial fight to the death scene between Snake and Slag ( played by professional wrestler Ox Baker ) was filmed in the Grand Hall at St. Louis Union Station . Russell has stated , `` That day was a nightmare . All I did was swing a ( spiked ) bat at that guy and get swung at in return . He threw a trash can in my face about five times ... I could have wound up in pretty bad shape . '' In addition to shooting on location in St. Louis , Carpenter shot parts of the film in Los Angeles . Various interior scenes were shot on a sound stage ; the final scenes were shot at the Sepulveda Dam , in Sherman Oaks . New York served as a location , as did Atlanta , to use their futuristic - looking rapid - transit system . In New York City , Carpenter persuaded federal officials to grant access to Liberty Island . `` We were the first film company in history allowed to shoot on Liberty Island at the Statue of Liberty at night . They let us have the whole island to ourselves . We were lucky . It was n't easy to get that initial permission . They 'd had a bombing three months earlier and were worried about trouble '' . The simulated wire - frame effect Carpenter was interested in creating two distinct looks for the movie . `` One is the police state , high tech , lots of neon , a United States dominated by underground computers . That was easy to shoot compared to the Manhattan Island prison sequences which had few lights , mainly torch lights , like feudal England '' . Certain matte paintings were rendered by James Cameron , who was at the time a special effects artist with Roger Corman 's New World Pictures . Cameron was also one of the directors of photography on the film . As Snake pilots the glider into the city , there are three screens on his control panel displaying wireframe animations of the landing target on the World Trade Center and surrounding buildings . Carpenter wanted high - tech computer graphics , which were very expensive , even for such a simple animation . The effects crew filmed the miniature model set of New York City they used for other scenes under black light , with reflective tape placed along every edge of the model buildings . Only the tape is visible and appears to be a 3D wireframe animation . Reception ( edit ) Escape from New York opened in New York and Los Angeles July 10 , 1981 . The film grossed $25.2 million in American theaters in summer 1981 . The film received generally positive reviews . As of November 19 , 2017 , it had a rating of 86 percent on Rotten Tomatoes , with the critical consensus `` Featuring an atmospherically grimy futuristic metropolis , Escape from New York is a strange , entertaining jumble of thrilling action and oddball weirdness '' . Newsweek magazine wrote `` ( He has a ) deeply ingrained B - movie sensibility - which is both his strength and limitation . He does clean work , but settles for too little . He uses Russell well , however '' . In Time magazine , Richard Corliss wrote , `` John Carpenter is offering this summer 's moviegoers a rare opportunity : to escape from the air - conditioned torpor of ordinary entertainment into the hothouse humidity of their own paranoia . It 's a trip worth taking '' . Vincent Canby , in his review for The New York Times , wrote , `` ( The film ) is not to be analyzed too solemnly , though . It 's a toughly told , very tall tale , one of the best escape ( and escapist ) movies of the season . '' In his review for the Chicago Reader , Dave Kehr , wrote `` it fails to satisfy -- it gives us too little of too much '' . Cyberpunk pioneer William Gibson credits the film as an influence on his novel Neuromancer . `` I was intrigued by the exchange in one of the opening scenes where the Warden says to Snake ' You flew the Gullfire over Leningrad , did n't you ? ' It turns out to be just a throwaway line , but for a moment it worked like the best SF where a casual reference can imply a lot . '' Popular videogame director Hideo Kojima has referred to the movie frequently as an influence on his work , in particular the Metal Gear series . Solid Snake is partially influenced by Snake Plissken . In Metal Gear Solid 2 : Sons of Liberty Snake actually uses the alias `` Pliskin '' to hide his real identity during most of the game . J.J. Abrams , producer of the 2008 film Cloverfield , mentioned that a scene in his film , which shows the head of the Statue of Liberty crashing into a New York street , was inspired by the poster for Escape from New York . Empire magazine ranked Snake Plissken # 29 in their `` The 100 Greatest Movie Characters '' poll . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Escape from New York ( soundtrack ) Home media ( edit ) Videocassette releases ( edit ) Escape from New York was released numerous times on VHS during the 1980s and 1990s DVD releases ( edit ) Escape from New York was released on DVD twice by MGM ( USA ) , and once by Momentum Pictures ( UK ) . One MGM release is a barebones edition containing just the theatrical trailer . Another version is the Collector 's Edition , a two - disc set featuring a High Definition remastered transfer with a 5.1 Stereo audio track , two commentaries ( one by John Carpenter and Kurt Russell , another by producer Debra Hill and Joe Alves ) , a making - of featurette , the first issue of a comic book series titled John Carpenter 's Snake Plissken Chronicles , and the ten - minute Colorado bank robbery deleted opening sequence . MGM 's special edition of the 1981 film was not released until 2003 because the original negative had disappeared . The workprint containing deleted scenes finally turned up in the Hutchinson , Kansas salt mine film depository . The excised scenes feature Snake Plissken robbing a bank , introducing the character of Plissken and establishing a backstory . Director John Carpenter decided to add the original scenes into the special edition release as an extra only : `` After we screened the rough cut , we realized that the movie did n't really start until Snake got to New York . It was n't necessary to show what sent him there . '' The film has been released on the UMD format for Sony 's PlayStation Portable . Blu - ray release ( edit ) On August 3 , 2010 , MGM Home Entertainment released Escape From New York as a bare - bones Blu - ray . Scream Factory , in association with Shout ! Factory , released the film on a special edition Blu - ray on April 21 , 2015 . Novelization ( edit ) In 1981 , Bantam Books published a movie tie - in novelization written by Mike McQuay that adopts a lean , humorous style reminiscent of the film . The novel is significant because it includes scenes that were cut out of the film , such as the Federal Reserve Depository robbery that results in Snake 's incarceration . The novel provides motivation and backstory to Snake and Hauk -- both disillusioned war veterans -- deepening their relationship that was only hinted at it in the film . The novel explains how Snake lost his eye during the Battle for Leningrad in World War III , how Hauk became warden of New York , and Hauk 's quest to find his crazy son who lives somewhere in the prison . The novel fleshes out the world that these characters exist in , at times presenting a future even bleaker than the one depicted in the film . The book explains that the West Coast is a no - man 's land , and the country 's population is gradually being driven crazy by nerve gas as a result of World War III . Comic Books ( edit ) Marvel Comics released the one - shot The Adventures of Snake Plissken in January 1997 . The story takes place sometime between Escape from New York and before his famous Cleveland escape mentioned in Escape from L.A. Snake has robbed Atlanta 's Center for Disease Control of some engineered metaviruses and is looking for buyers in Chicago . Finding himself in a deal that 's really a set - up , he makes his getaway and exacts revenge on the buyer for ratting him out to the United States Police Force . In the meantime , a government lab has built a robot called A.T.A.C.S. ( Autonomous Tracking And Combat System ) that can catch criminals by imprinting their personalities upon its program in order to predict and anticipate a specific criminal 's every move . The robot 's first test subject is America 's public enemy number one , Snake Plissken . After a brief battle , the tide turns when A.T.A.C.S. copies Snake to the point of fully becoming his personality . Now recognizing the government as the enemy , A.T.A.C.S. sides with Snake . Unamused , Snake sucker punches the machine and destroys it . As A.T.A.C.S. shuts down , it can only ask him , `` Why ? '' Snake just walks off answering , `` I do n't need the competition '' . In 2003 , CrossGen published John Carpenter 's Snake Plissken Chronicles , a four - part comic book miniseries . The story takes place a day or so after the events of Escape from New York . Snake has been given a military Humvee after his presidential pardon and makes his way to Atlantic City . Although the director 's cut of Escape from New York shows Snake was caught after a bank job , this story has Snake finishing up a second heist that was pre-planned before his capture . The job entails stealing the car in which John F. Kennedy was assassinated from a casino before delivering it to a buyer in the Gulf of Mexico . Snake partners with a man named Marrs who ends up double crossing him . Left for dead in a sinking crab cage , Snake escapes and is saved by a passing fisherman named Captain Ron ( an in - joke referring to Kurt Russell 's 1992 comedy , Captain Ron ) . When Ron denies Snake 's request to use his boat in order to beat Marrs to the robbery , Snake decides to kill him . When Snake ends up saving Ron from the Russian mob who wants money , Ron changes his mind and helps Snake . Once at the casino , Snake comes face - to - face with Marrs and his men , who arrive at the same time , ending in a high - speed shootout . Snake gets away with the car and its actress portraying Jackie Kennedy , leaving Marrs to be caught by the casino owner , who cuts him a deal to bring his car back and live . After some trouble , Snake manages to finally get the car to the buyer 's yacht , using Ron 's boat , and is then attacked by Marrs . Following the firefight , the yacht and car are destroyed , Marrs and Captain Ron are dead , and Snake makes his escape in a helicopter with the 30 million credits owed to him for the job . In 2014 , BOOM ! Studios began publishing an Escape From New York comic book by writer , Christopher Sebela . The first issue of the series was released on December 3 , 2014 and the story picks up moments after the end of the film . BOOM ! will release a crossover comics miniseries between Snake and Jack Burton titled Big Trouble in Little China / Escape from New York in October 2016 . Board game ( edit ) An Escape from New York board game was released in 1981 by TSR , Inc . Anime ( edit ) Carpenter was planning an anime spin - off of Escape from New York , with Outlaw Star 's Mitsuru Hongo slated to direct . However , nothing new has emerged since that announcement . Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Escape from L.A. A sequel , Escape from L.A. , was released in 1996 , with Carpenter returning along with Russell , now also acting as producer and co-writer . Remake ( edit ) In 2007 , Scottish actor Gerard Butler was close to signing a deal in which he would play Snake Plissken in a remake of Carpenter 's film . Neal Moritz was to produce and Ken Nolan was to write the screenplay which would combine an original story for Plissken with the story from the 1981 film , although Carpenter hinted that the film might be a prequel . New Line Cinema ( one - time video distributor of the original ) acquired the rights to the film from co-rights holder StudioCanal , who will control the European rights , and Carpenter , who will serve as an executive producer and said , `` Snake is one of my fondest creations . Kurt Russell did an incredible job , and it would be fun to see someone else try . '' Russell has commented on the remake and on the casting of Butler as Plissken , saying , `` I will say that when I was told who was going to play Snake Plissken , my initial reaction was ' Oh , man ! ' ( Russell winces ) . I do think that character was quintessentially one thing . And that is , American . '' Len Wiseman was attached to direct but he dropped out of the project ; rumors then circulated that Brett Ratner would helm the film . As Ratner did not formally commit to the project , the identity of the director became unclear . The studio brought Jonathan Mostow in to rewrite , with an option to direct . In addition , Gerard Butler bowed out of his role , claiming `` creative differences '' . Allan Loeb wrote a script for the New Line Cinema project . Breck Eisner was then announced as the director of the remake , which was said to have scrapped the idea of a post-apocalyptic New York like the original , but rather would feature a New York that had been built after the bomb . In November 2010 , reports cited Jeremy Renner as being in talks to play Snake Plissken . In July 2011 , Deadline Hollywood reported that New Line and Warner Bros. had dropped the option to remake the film , allowing other studios to potentially option it . On March 18 , 2013 , Joel Silver and his studio company Silver Pictures teamed with StudioCanal to reboot the film as a trilogy , starting with an origin story in a fashion similar to the way Rise of the Planet of the Apes restarted that franchise . On February 10 , 2014 , Collider interviewed Silver about the film saying that the film 's script is inspired by the video game Batman : Arkham City . On January 13 , 2015 , 20th Century Fox won the bid for the film rights of the remake with Andrew Rona and Alex Heineman 's The Picture Company will produce . On October 12 , 2015 , Neil Cross was announced to write the film 's script . According to The Wrap 's Umberto Gonzalez , Fox wants to relaunch the film as what they did with Planet of the Apes and the details of the film are that New York City wo n't be a maximum security prison , Snake 's real name and a new villain . In March 2017 it was announced that Robert Rodriguez will direct the remake with John Carpenter producing . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Escape from New York '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Escape From New York '' . Monthly Film Bulletin . Vol. 48 no . 564 . 1981 . p. 174 . ISSN 0027 - 0407 . ^ Jump up to : `` Escape from New York '' . The Numbers . May 4 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Phantom of the Movies ( 2003 - 12 - 11 ) . `` Escape From New York rushes into a DVD world '' . Washington Weekend . Washington Times . pp. M24 . Jump up ^ Yakir , Dan ( October 4 , 1980 ) . `` ' Escape ' Gives Us Liberty '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Maronie , Samuel J. ( April 1981 ) . `` On the Set with Escape from New York '' . Starlog ( 45 ) . Jump up ^ Hogan , Richard ( 1980 ) . `` Kurt Russell Rides a New Wave in Escape Film '' . Circus . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lee ( July 1986 ) . `` Kurt Russell -- Two - Fisted Hero '' . Starlog ( 108 ) . ^ Jump up to : Swires , Steve ( July 1981 ) . `` John Carpenter '' . Starlog ( 48 ) . Jump up ^ Ryan , Desmond ( 1984 - 07 - 14 ) . `` Launch of a giddy fantasy a director reaches for the stars with computer aid '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . p . D01 . ^ Jump up to : Beeler , Michael . `` Escape from N.Y. : Filming the Original '' . Cinefantastique . Jump up ^ Maronie , Samuel J. ( May 1981 ) . `` From Forbidden Planet to Escape from New York : A candid conversation with SFX & production designer Joe Alves '' . Starlog ( 46 ) . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Williams , Joe ( 2005 - 04 - 17 ) . `` Show Me the movies '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . p . C1 . Jump up ^ Naha , Ed ( November 1981 ) . `` Escape From New York '' ( PDF ) . Future Life ( # 30 ) . Jump up ^ Berger , Jerry ( 1995 - 02 - 05 ) . `` St. Louis Q&A '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : Osborne , Robert ( October 24 , 1980 ) . `` On Location '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Atkins , Tom ; Barbeau , Adrienne ( 2003 ) . Escape from New York ( Special Edition ) . Jump up ^ `` 8 Movie Special Effects You Did n't Know Were n't CGI : Classic '' . Cracked.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` A Helluva Town '' . Newsweek . July 27 , 1981 . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( July 13 , 1981 ) . `` Bad Apples '' . Time . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( July 10 , 1981 ) . `` Escape from New York '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Kehr , Dave . `` Escape from New York '' . Chicago Reader . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ McCaffery , Larry ( 1992 ) . `` Storming the Reality Studio : A Casebook of Cyberpunk and Postmodern Science Fiction '' . Duke University Press . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ SEAL : I 'm not an enemy . Calm down . My name is S ... My name is Pliskin . Iroquois Pliskin , Lieutenant Junior Grade . ( Metal Gear Solid 2 : Sons of Liberty , Konami , 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Eberson , Sharon ( 2008 - 01 - 04 ) . `` Commentary : Filmmakers enjoy laying waste to New York '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Movie Characters '' . Empire . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Netherby , Jennifer ( 2003 - 08 - 25 ) . `` Escape to a special edition '' . Video Business . Reed Business Information . 23 ( 34 ) : 8 . Jump up ^ Hulse , Ed ( 2003 - 11 - 24 ) . `` A newfound Escape '' . Video Business . Reed Business Information . 23 ( 47 ) : 33 . ISSN 0279 - 571X . Jump up ^ `` Escape From New York ( UMD Video For PSP ) '' . Wal - Mart . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Escape From New York Collector 's Edition Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Escape From New York Collector 's Edition Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ McQuay , Mike ( May 1981 ) . Escape from New York . Bantam Books . ISBN 0 - 553 - 25375 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Snake Strikes Early ! ' John Carpenter 's Snake Plissken Chronicles ' # 1 Hits The Streets One Month Early ! '' . Comic Book Resources . 2003 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ SDCC : Sebela Attempts an `` Escape From New York '' at BOOM ! Jump up ^ `` Escape From New York '' # 1 Is The Sequel We Deserve Jump up ^ Arrant , Chris ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Two Iconic Cult Characters That Look Exactly Alike Cross Over in BIG TROUBLE IN LITTLE CHINA / ESCAPE FROM NEW YORK '' . Newsrama . Jump up ^ `` Escape from New York '' . BoardGameGeek . Jump up ^ `` Production IG working on Escape from New York Anime '' . Anime News Network . 11 February 2003 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( March 13 , 2007 ) . `` Butler has Escape plan '' . Variety . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Daniel Robert ( March 20 , 2007 ) . `` John Carpenter '' . SuicideGirls.com . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 16 , 2007 ) . `` New Line cuffs ' Escape ' redo '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Nashawaty , Chris ( March 20 , 2007 ) . `` Remake the Snake ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ Billington , Alex ( October 29 , 2007 ) . `` Brett Ratner is NOT Directing the Escape from New York Remake ? ! UPDATED -- Gerard Butler Out Too ! '' . First Showing . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( October 29 , 2007 ) . `` Butler escapes New York remake '' . Variety . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` First Details : Escape From New York Remake Hits the Fast Track '' . DreadCentral . February 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Breck Eisner Talks Escape From New York '' . The Film Stage . June 22 , 2010 . Retrieved June 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Escape From New York ( remake ) '' . Bloody Disgusting . November 10 , 2010 . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Line Dropping Escape From New York '' . Deadline . July 20 , 2011 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Joel Silver , Studio Canal To Reboot John Carpenter 's ' Escape From New York ' Jump up ^ `` Producer Joel Silver Breaks Down His ESCAPE FROM NEW YORK Trilogy ; Script Is n't Complete Yet '' . Collider. 2014 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr , Mike ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Escape From New York ' Remake Rights Deal Won By Fox '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Escape from New York ' Movie to be written by ' Luther ' Creator Neil Cross ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Umberto ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Escape From New York ' : 10 Remake Story Details Revealed ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Jump up ^ Jr , Mike Fleming ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` Robert Rodriguez To Direct ' Escape From New York ' '' . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Escape from New York Escape from New York on IMDb Escape from New York at the TCM Movie Database Escape from New York at AllMovie Escape from New York at Box Office Mojo Escape from New York at Rotten Tomatoes Escape from New York at John Carpenter 's official website ( hide ) John Carpenter Filmography Directed Captain Voyeur ( 1969 , short ) Dark Star ( 1974 ) Assault on Precinct 13 ( 1976 ) Halloween ( 1978 ) Someone 's Watching Me ! ( 1978 ) Elvis ( 1979 ) The Fog ( 1980 ) Escape from New York ( 1981 ) The Thing ( 1982 ) Christine ( 1983 ) Starman ( 1984 ) Big Trouble in Little China ( 1986 ) Prince of Darkness ( 1987 ) They Live ( 1988 ) Memoirs of an Invisible Man ( 1992 ) Body Bags ( 1993 ) In the Mouth of Madness ( 1995 ) Village of the Damned ( 1995 ) Escape from L.A. ( 1996 ) Vampires ( 1998 ) Ghosts of Mars ( 2001 ) John Carpenter 's Cigarette Burns ( TV , 2005 ) Pro-Life ( TV , 2006 ) The Ward ( 2010 ) Written and produced Halloween II ( 1981 ) Written only The Resurrection of Broncho Billy ( 1970 , short ) Eyes of Laura Mars ( 1978 ) Black Moon Rising ( 1986 ) Produced only Halloween III : Season of the Witch ( 1982 ) Vampires : Los Muertos ( 2002 ) Discography Studio albums Lost Themes ( 2015 ) Lost Themes II ( 2016 ) Anthology : Movie Themes 1974 - 1998 ( 2017 ) Remix albums Lost Themes Remixed ( 2015 ) EPs Classic Themes Redux EP ( 2016 ) Scores and soundtracks Halloween ( 1979 ) Dark Star ( 1980 ) Escape from New York ( 1981 ) Halloween II ( 1981 ) Halloween III : Season of the Witch ( 1982 ) The Fog ( 1984 ) Big Trouble in Little China ( 1986 ) Prince of Darkness ( 1987 ) They Live ( 1988 ) Christine ( 1989 ) Body Bags ( 1993 ) In the Mouth of Madness ( 1995 ) Village of the Damned ( 1995 ) Escape from L.A. ( 1996 ) Vampires ( 1998 ) Ghosts of Mars ( 2001 ) Assault on Precinct 13 ( 2003 ) VIAF : 211749853 GND : 7539126 - 0 SUDOC : 183643224 BNF : cb14291918q ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Escape_from_New_York&oldid=812311611 '' Categories : 1981 films English - language films American films 1980s action films 1980s science fiction films American independent films American science fiction action films Dystopian films Embassy Pictures films Films about fictional Presidents of the United States Films set in 1997 Films set in New York City Films set in the future Films shot in Missouri Post-apocalyptic films Snake Plissken Chronicles World War III speculative fiction Goldcrest Films films Films scored by John Carpenter Films directed by John Carpenter Screenplays by John Carpenter Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Good articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Беларуская Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 05 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape%20from%20New%20York

when does the new season of ink master begin

Ink Master ( season 11 ) Country of origin United States No. of episodes 16 Release Original network Paramount Network Original release August 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 28 ) Additional information Host ( s ) Dave Navarro Judges Oliver Peck Chris Nunez Season chronology ← Previous Season 10

August 28 , 2018

Ink Master ( season 11 )

ink master ( season 11 )

Ink Master : Grudge Match -- Cleen vs. Christian is the upcoming eleventh season of the tattoo reality competition Ink Master that was originally set to premiere on Paramount Network on September 4 , 2018 until it was pushed up August 28 . Season 11 will finally see Ink Master veterans Cleen Rock One and Christian Buckingham duking it out as they go head - to - head as team captains ever since their heated rivalry began in Season 7 and again in Season 9 . Teej Poole , Tony Medellin and Austin Rose previously competed in the second season of the spin - off Ink Master : Angels and won the Angel Face Off which in turn earned them a spot to compete in this season of Ink Master .

Contents 1 Contestants 2 Episodes 3 References 4 External links Contestants ( edit ) Contestants Hometown Tony Meddlin Reno , Nevada Teej Poole Charlotte , North Carolina Oba Jackson Wilmington , Delaware Austin Rose Portland , Oregon Stacy Smith Charlotte , North Carolina Angel Rose Fergerstrom Los Angeles , California Matt Stebly Ocean Springs , Mississippi Tiffer Wright Dallas , Texas John paul Roldan Houston , Texas Jimmy Snaz Cambridge , Massachusetts Jess Cavazos Corpus Christi , Texas Amanda Boone Nashville , Tennessee De'Vonne Foxworth San Francisco , California Kasey Gonzalez Edgewood , Maryland Jamie Lee Parker West Hills , California Adam Turk San Diego , California Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 141 `` Opening Shots '' August 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 28 ) TBD 142 TBA September 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 04 ) TBD 143 TBA September 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 11 ) TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` PARAMOUNT NETWORK INKS SEASON 11 OF INK MASTER '' . Paramount Network . April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` # InkMaster : Grudge Match is headed your way sooner than expected ! Tune in to the new season Tuesday , August 28th on @ ParamountNet '' . Twitter . July 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` It 's happening ! ! # InkMaster : Grudge Match , @ Cleen_Rock_One vs. @ ChristiaNation_ , will premiere September 4th on @ paramountnet '' . Twitter . April 24 , 2018 . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ink Master : Grudge Match : Christian Buckingham , Cleen Rock One return '' . CarterMatt. April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ink Master Episode Guide '' , Zap2It , retrieved July 28 , 2018 External links ( edit ) Official website Ink Master on IMDb Ink Master at TV Guide Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ink_Master_(season_11)&oldid=854426905 '' Categories : Ink Master Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 07 : 55 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ink%20Master%20%28season%2011%29

how many games does the mlb play in a season

The Major League Baseball ( MLB ) season schedule consists of 162 games for each of the 30 teams in the American League ( AL ) and National League ( NL ) , played over approximately six months -- a total of 2,430 games , plus the postseason . The regular season runs from late March / early April to late September / early October , followed by the postseason which can run to early November . The season begins with the official Opening Day , and , as of 2018 , runs 261⁄2 weeks through the last Sunday of September or first Sunday of October . One or more International Opener games may be scheduled outside the United States before the official Opening Day . It is possible for a given team to play a maximum of 20 games in the postseason in a given year , provided the team is a wild card and advances to each of the Division Series , Championship Series , and World Series with each series going the distance ( 5 games in the Division Series , 7 games each in the League Championship Series / World Series ) .

2,430 games , plus the postseason

Major League Baseball schedule

major league baseball schedule

The Major League Baseball ( MLB ) season schedule consists of 162 games for each of the 30 teams in the American League ( AL ) and National League ( NL ) , played over approximately six months -- a total of 2,430 games , plus the postseason . The regular season runs from late March / early April to late September / early October , followed by the postseason which can run to early November . The season begins with the official Opening Day , and , as of 2018 , runs 261⁄2 weeks through the last Sunday of September or first Sunday of October . One or more International Opener games may be scheduled outside the United States before the official Opening Day . It is possible for a given team to play a maximum of 20 games in the postseason in a given year , provided the team is a wild card and advances to each of the Division Series , Championship Series , and World Series with each series going the distance ( 5 games in the Division Series , 7 games each in the League Championship Series / World Series ) .

The regular season is constructed from series . Due to travel concerns and the sheer number of games , pairs of teams are never scheduled to play single games against each other ( except in the instance of making up a postponed game ) ; instead they play games on several consecutive days in the same ballpark . Most often the series are of three or four games , but two - game series are also scheduled . Teams play one mid-week series and one weekend series per week . Depending on the length of the series , mid-week series games are usually scheduled between Monday and Thursday , while weekend games are scheduled between Thursday and Monday . Beginning in 2018 , teams start and end their season on a weekend for a total of 261⁄2 weeks . Due to the mid-week all - star break in July , teams are scheduled to play 27 weekend series and 25 mid-week series for a total of 52 series ( 24 divisional series , 20 inter-divisional series , 8 inter-league series ) . A team 's road games are usually grouped into a multi-series road trip ; home series are grouped into homestands . Note that rainouts and other cancellations are often rescheduled ad hoc during the season , sometimes as doubleheaders . However , if two teams are scheduled to meet for the final time in the last two weeks of the season , and the game is cancelled , it may not be rescheduled if there is no impact on the divisional or wild card races . For example , in 2016 , the September 29 game between the Cleveland Indians and Detroit Tigers was cancelled due to rain because the teams were unable to reschedule a make - up date before the end of the season on October 2 , and it did not affect the divisional race . In contrast , a 2008 AL Central division game between Detroit and the Chicago White Sox needed to be made up following the last day of the regular season because it affected a division race involving the White Sox and the Minnesota Twins . Contents 1 Historical season schedules 1.1 National League 1.2 American League 1.3 American Association 1.4 Union Association 1.5 Players ' League 1.6 Federal League 1.7 National Association of Professional Base Ball Players 2 Recent season schedules 2.1 1998 to 2012 2.1. 1 Interleague play 2.1. 2 9 / 11 rescheduling 2.2 2013 -- 2017 2.3 2018 ​ -- present 3 Time of first pitch 4 References 5 Further reading Historical season schedules ( edit ) This account gives the length of the major league `` championship season '' schedule by league and year . It does not cover the curtailment of play by war ( 1918 ) or by strikes and lockouts ( 1972 , 1981 , 1994 ) . The schedules for 1995 were revised and shortened from 162 to 144 games , after late resolution of the strike that had begun in 1994 required a delay in the season to accommodate limited spring training . The listed years are those in which the league revised its schedule . For example , the National League ( NL ) scheduled 84 games during 1879 , 1880 , 1881 , and 1882 -- that is , four seasons from 1879 , ending before 1883 , the next listing . 1876 is listed here for convenience although the NL did not schedule games ( see 1871 to 1876 , below ) . National League ( edit ) Start year Total Games Schedule 1876 70 10 games × 7 opponents -- matches scheduled by the two clubs ( as previously , below ) 1877 60 12 games × 5 opponents -- the first league schedule 1879 84 12 games × 7 opponents 1883 98 14 games × 7 opponents 1884 112 16 games × 7 opponents 1886 126 18 games × 7 opponents 1888 140 20 games × 7 opponents 1892 154 14 games × 11 opponents 1893 132 12 games × 11 opponents 1898 154 14 games × 11 opponents 1900 140 20 games × 7 opponents 1904 154 22 games × 7 opponents 1919 140 20 games × 7 opponents 1920 154 22 games × 7 opponents 1962 162 18 games × 9 opponents 1969 162 18 games × 5 opponents in - division , 12 × 6 interdivision games ( yielding 90 intra - and 72 inter-division games ) 1993 162 expansion -- 13 games × 6 opponents in - division , 12 × 7 interdivision games ( 78 intra - and 84 inter-division ) 1994 162 leagues split into 3 divisions -- schedules based on 1993 alignments 1997 162 inter-league play introduced -- opponent schedules vary 1998 162 expansion -- opponent schedules vary 2013 162 19 games × 4 opponents within same division ( 76 games ) , 6 or 7 games x 10 opponents interdivision within same league ( 66 games ) , 20 interleague games American League ( edit ) Start year Total Games Schedule 1901 140 20 games × 7 opponents 1904 154 22 games × 7 opponents 1919 140 20 games × 7 opponents 1920 154 22 games × 7 opponents 1961 162 18 games × 9 opponents 1969 162 18 games × 5 opponents in - division , 12 × 6 interdivision games ( yielding 90 intra - and 72 inter-division games ) 1977 162 expansion -- 15 games × 6 opponents in - division , 10 or 11 × 7 interdivision games ( 90 intra - and 72 inter-division , as previously ) 1979 162 13 games × 6 opponents in - division , 12 × 7 interdivision games ( 78 intra - and 84 inter-division ) 1994 162 leagues split into 3 divisions -- schedules based on 1993 alignments 1997 162 inter-league play introduced -- opponent schedules vary 1998 162 expansion -- opponent schedules vary 2013 162 19 games × 4 opponents within same division ( 76 games ) , 6 or 7 games x 10 opponents interdivision within same league ( 66 games ) , 20 interleague games American Association ( edit ) 1882 -- 1891 1882 : 80 games -- 16 games × 5 opponents 1883 : 98 games -- 14 games × 7 opponents 1884 : 112 games -- 16 games × 7 opponents 1886 : 140 games -- 20 games × 7 opponents Thus the AA expanded its schedule to 140 games two years before the National League did so . After 1891 four AA clubs joined the NL and four were bought out , nominally creating one big league , the `` National League and American Association '' of 12 clubs . Union Association ( edit ) 1884 1884 : 112 games -- 16 games × 7 opponents Players ' League ( edit ) 1890 1890 : 140 games -- 20 games × 7 opponents Federal League ( edit ) 1914 : 1915 1914 -- 154 games -- 22 games x 7 opponents National Association of Professional Base Ball Players ( edit ) The National Association of Professional Base Ball Players ( 1871 -- 1875 ) did not schedule games , nor did it control the number of teams , a major reason for its demise after the 1875 season . Clubs paid a $10 entry fee , later $20 , to enter the Association for one season , and thereby declare for that year 's national championship . Without continuing membership or heavy investment , there was little to deter a team from breaking a commitment , and though it happened , it was mainly due to clubs going out of business . The National League organized for 1876 on a different basis , granting exclusive memberships to eight clubs that would continue from year to year -- it was generally expected , if only because membership would be profitable . But the new league followed its predecessor in merely agreeing that each club would play a certain number of matches to a decision ( excluding ties ) by a certain date . Boston played 70 games with its quota of ten decisions against every rival . The others achieved 56 to 68 decisions , 64 to 66 for the four western teams as the teams from New York and Philadelphia ( eastern ) abandoned their schedule - concluding road trips . For all six early seasons , prior to the first league schedule in 1877 , member clubs scheduled their own matches by mutual arrangement , including championship games necessarily with member clubs , other games with members , and games with non-member clubs . Some may have practically dictated their arrangements with some others , but there was no central control or coordination . This listing gives the greatest number of games played by any club for each season . Naturally , the leader by games played was always a strong club fielding one of the better gate attractions . 1871 : 33 games ( Mutual , New York ) 1872 : 58 games ( Lord Baltimore ) 1873 : 60 games ( Boston ) 1874 : 71 games ( Boston ) 1875 : 86 games ( Hartford ) 1876 : 70 games ( Boston ) -- the first National League season ( see text ) The leading numbers of games played to a decision were 33 , 54 , 59 , 71 , 82 , and 70 decisions ; by the listed teams except the Mutuals in 1872 . Recent season schedules ( edit ) 1998 to 2012 ( edit ) Since 1998 , there have been 30 major league teams with a single advance schedule for every season that comprises 2430 games . Each team plays 162 games , 81 as the `` home '' team , 81 as the `` visitor '' . ( This is true even on the rare occasion when a game is played at a ballpark not home to either team . ) Occasionally , the advance schedule is subsequently altered due to a game postponement or a one - game tie - breaker to determine which team will play in the postseason . Before 2013 the schedule included 252 `` interleague games '' that matched one team from the American League and one from the National League ; the other 2178 games matched a pair from within one league . About half of the latter matched teams from within one division and about half matched teams from different divisions in one league . In the Central Division of the National League , which alone had six teams , every pair of division rivals played 15 or 16 games . Within the other , smaller divisions every pair of teams played 18 or 19 games . Division games ( 1091 ) . There are 61 pairs of teams from within one division . 25 pairings will play 19 games each ( 475 games ) 21 pairings will play 18 games each ( 378 games ) 13 pairings will play 16 games each ( 208 games ) -- most NL Central pairings 2 pairings will play 15 games each ( 30 games ) -- two NL Central pairings Total : 1091 games . Other intraleague games ( 1087 ) . There are 150 pairs of teams from two different divisions within one league . 23 pairings will play 10 games each ( 230 games ) 15 pairings will play 9 games each ( 135 games ) 8 pairings will play 8 games each ( 64 games ) 34 pairings will play 7 games each ( 238 games ) 70 pairings will play 6 games each ( 420 games ) Total : 1087 games . Interleague play ( edit ) Main article : Interleague play The schedule for interleague play comprised 84 three - game series in each season from 1998 to 2012 , divided as six series ( 18 games ) for each of fourteen AL teams and as many as six for each of sixteen NL teams . Among the 224 interleague pairs of teams , 11 played six games every year , which were scheduled in two three - game series `` home and home '' , or one at each home ballpark . Five of these 11 special arrangements matched two teams in the same city or in neighboring cities , where they wholly or partly share territorial rights . Six were regional matches at greater distance , four of which were in the same state . Baltimore vs. Washington Chicago Cubs ( North Side ) vs. Chicago White Sox ( South Side ) Cincinnati vs. Cleveland Miami vs. Tampa Bay ( Tampa / St. Petersburg ) Houston vs. Texas ( Arlington ) Kansas City vs. St. Louis Los Angeles Angels vs. Los Angeles Dodgers Milwaukee vs. Minnesota ( Minneapolis / St. Paul ) New York Mets ( Queens ) vs. New York Yankees ( Bronx ) Oakland vs. San Francisco San Diego vs. Seattle These special local and regional series accounted for 66 interleague games annually from 1998 - 2012 , and the other 186 games were determined by rotation . 9 / 11 rescheduling ( edit ) The 2001 season was suspended for one week due to the September 11 terrorist attacks and resulting disruptions in travel , resulting in games scheduled for September 11 -- 16 being rescheduled to the first week of October and the playoffs and World Series being rescheduled one week later than their originally planned dates , which resulted in the World Series continuing into early November . 2013 -- 2017 ( edit ) Schedule changes for 2013 , precipitated by realignment that created two equal - sized leagues of 15 teams each , gave every team 20 interleague games . Sixteen of which were determined by a match of divisions , one from each league ; all teams in a given division play all teams in a given division from the other league . ( Each plays a three - game series against four teams from the designated division and two two - game series against the remaining team . ) The matched divisions rotate annually : AL East vs. NL West ( 2013 ) , vs. NL Central ( 2014 ) AL Central vs. NL East ( 2013 ) , vs. NL West ( 2014 ) AL West vs. NL Central ( 2013 ) , vs. NL East ( 2014 ) Each team played its four other interleague games against a designated `` natural rival '' , with two games in each club 's city . Thus all 30 teams , rather than 22 of 30 as previously , were deemed to have a natural rival in the other league . In 2013 the natural rivalry games were all scheduled for May 27 to May 30 ( Memorial Day weekend ) but in 2014 their scheduled dates range from May to August . Ten of the natural rivalries from 2012 and earlier continued , while the Houston -- Texas `` Lone Star '' rivalry had been transformed into an intra-division one with 19 games played . Five of the special arrangements were new in 2013 , including one each for Houston and Texas . Baltimore vs. Washington Boston vs. Philadelphia New York Mets ( Queens ) vs. New York Yankees ( Bronx ) Miami vs. Tampa Bay ( Tampa / St. Petersburg ) Toronto vs. Atlanta Chicago Cubs ( North Side ) vs. Chicago White Sox ( South Side ) Cincinnati vs. Cleveland Detroit vs. Pittsburgh Kansas City vs. St. Louis Milwaukee vs. Minnesota ( Minneapolis / St. Paul ) Houston vs. Colorado Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim vs. Los Angeles Dodgers Oakland vs. San Francisco San Diego vs. Seattle Texas vs. Arizona For 2014 , four ( 4 ) of the five ( 5 ) new rivalries have been revised ( ‡ ) , all except Detroit and Pittsburgh . Baltimore and Washington Boston vs. Atlanta ( until 1952 , both teams were based in Fenway -- Kenmore ) New York Mets ( Queens ) vs. New York Yankees ( Bronx ) Miami vs. Tampa Bay ( Tampa / St. Petersburg ) Toronto vs. Philadelphia Chicago Cubs ( North Side ) vs. Chicago White Sox ( South Side ) Cincinnati vs. Cleveland Detroit vs. Pittsburgh Kansas City vs. St. Louis Milwaukee vs. Minnesota ( Minneapolis / St. Paul ) Houston vs. Arizona Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim vs. Los Angeles Dodgers Oakland vs. San Francisco San Diego vs. Seattle Texas vs. Colorado Every team now plays 19 games against each of 4 opponents within its division ( 76 games ) , and 6 or 7 games against each of 10 opponents from other divisions within its own league ( 66 games ) . When corresponding divisions ( i.e. NL East vs. AL East ) play each other , a slight adjustment was made to the interleague games . Teams now play 6 games against their rival and 4 games ( home and home ) against two opponents plus one home and one away 3 game series ( 14 total ) against the other four teams in the opposing division . This was done in 2015 , and will next occur in 2018 . 2018 ​ -- present ( edit ) Under the new collective bargaining agreement reached in December 2016 , several changes were done to the scheduling pattern for the 2018 season . The overall length of the season has been extended to 187 days with the addition of four off - days for all teams . All teams will play on Opening Day , which for 2018 will be held on March 29 . Sunday Night Baseball will no longer be played on the final Sunday before the All - Star Game , in order to ease travel time for those who are participating in the Home Run Derby . A single , nationally televised afternoon game will be played the following Thursday , with all other teams returning to play on Friday . Time of first pitch ( edit ) Start of Major League Baseball games depends on days of the week , game number in series , holidays , and other factors . Most games start at 7pm in the local time zone , so there are more night games than day games even though baseball is traditionally played during the day . The reason why there are more night baseball games is to attract more fans to ballparks as well as viewers from home because most fans would be at work or school during the day . On Mondays ( excluding Opening Day and holidays ) , Tuesdays , and Fridays , games are almost exclusively played at night except for Cubs home games . Getaway days , days on which teams play their last game of the series before departing for another series in another city the next day , are usually day games , mainly Sundays , Wednesdays , and Thursdays . On Sundays , usually all but one are day games , with the final game reserved for ESPN 's Sunday Night Baseball . About half of Saturday games are day games ( 1 , 2 or 4pm ET ) . In some markets , Saturday night start an hour earlier than usual night start times , but other cities start Saturday night games at the same time as weeknight games . In conclusion , weekday games are only played at night except for getaway days while many weekend games are played during the day . The initial pitch typically occurs 5 or 10 minutes after the hour , in order to allow time for pre-game ceremonies . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Details of MLB , MLBPA labor agreement '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 -- 2021 Basic Agreement '' ( PDF ) . MLBPlayers.com . MLB Advanced Media . July 28 , 2017 . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Newman , Mark ( September 12 , 2012 ) . `` MLB releases 2013 schedule with new wrinkles '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Newman , Mark ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` 2018 Major League Baseball schedule released '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` MLB minimum salary , 10 - day DL , the 187 - day season , and other CBA minutiae '' . SB Nation . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Further reading ( edit ) The Sporting News Baseball Guide The MacMillan Baseball Encyclopedia Retrosheet . `` The Directory of Major League Years '' . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 05 . O'Grady , Jim ( April 4 , 1999 ) . `` Major League Scheduling : The High , Hard One '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 7 , 2009 . Baseball portal Major League Baseball ( 2018 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Schedule Spring training Opening Day Jackie Robinson Day Civil Rights Game All - Star Game Interleague play International games Players Weekend World Baseball Classic Postseason World Series Champions AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS Wild Card Game Appearances Streaks Droughts Series Business Draft Rule 5 Players Association Highest paid players Luxury tax Lockouts / strikes Winter Meetings Hot stove league Transactions Media Logo Radio Television MLB.com MLB Advanced Media Minor League Baseball Authentication Program Miscellaneous Instant replay Team uniforms Stadiums Mascots Rivalries History History AL Seasons Tie - breakers Tie - breaking procedures Records Awards Retired numbers Hall of Fame Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Juiced Vindicated Biogenesis baseball scandal BALCO scandal Game of Shadows Barry Bonds perjury case Timeline Timeline of Major League Baseball History of team nicknames Dead - ball era Live - ball era Golden age of baseball Defunct and relocated teams Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s Expansion 1961 1962 1969 1977 1993 1998 Commissioner : Rob Manfred League Presidents AL NL Major League Baseball seasons Pre-modern era Beginnings 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 Competition 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 NL monopoly 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 Modern era Deadball era 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 Liveball era 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 World War II 1942 1943 1944 1945 Postwar 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 First expansion 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 Birth of division play 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1993 Wildcard begins 1994 1995 1997 1998 Wildcard expansion 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 See also Major League Baseball schedule Major League Baseball Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Major_League_Baseball_schedule&oldid=856952120 '' Categories : Major League Baseball Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 15 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major%20League%20Baseball%20schedule

how did north carolina and south carolina separate

In 1729 the Province of Carolina was divided when the descendants of seven of the eight Lords Proprietors sold their shares back to the Crown . Only the heirs of Sir George Carteret retained their original rights to what would become the Granville District . Both the Province of North Carolina and the Province of South Carolina became British Crown Colonies in 1729 .

when the descendants of seven of the eight Lords Proprietors sold their shares back to the Crown

The Carolinas

the carolinas

The Carolinas are the U.S. states of North Carolina and South Carolina , considered collectively . Combining North Carolina 's population of 10,042,802 and South Carolina 's of 4,896,146 , the Carolinas have a population of 14,938,948 as of 2015 . If the Carolinas were a single state of the United States , it would be the fifth-most populous state , behind California , Texas , Florida , and New York . The Carolinas were known as the Province of Carolina during America 's early colonial period , from 1663 to 1710 . Prior to that , the land was considered part of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia , from 1609 to 1663 . The province , named Carolina to honor King Charles I of England , was divided into two colonies in 1729 , although the actual date is the subject of debate .

Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Culture 2.1 Politics 3 Economy 4 Professional sports 5 Boundary between the states 5.1 Plotting the boundary 5.2 Recent history 6 Major population centers 6.1 Combined Statistical Areas 6.2 Metropolitan Statistical Areas 6.3 Urban areas 6.4 Counties 6.5 Cities 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) The territory ( together with a part of Florida ) was declared as Spanish territory by Ponce de Leon in 1512 , but the first Europeans that paid the territory a visit never cared to name it . Nor was it colonized by any Spaniards ; it was largely just proclaimed for a future that never came . But as French settlers arrived in 1562 , they were soon thrown out by the Spaniards . However it was during this brief time that the `` Carolina '' first was named , and the name referred to King Charles IX of France . The territory was thereafter left to native Americans until King Charles II of England , after The English Restoration , in 1660 he gave all land between the 34th and 36th parallels to eight Englishmen . The territory was named after the English King instead , which however had no impact on the spelling . In 1729 British politicians regretted this gift and redeemed the heirs of the first eight British inhabitants . Now the Carolinas became divided into North Carolina and South Carolina , which both became British colonies . Both the new colonies were among the thirteen first states of the United States . Sir Robert Heath ( 1575 -- 1649 ) was an English judge and politician who was also a member of the English House of Commons from 1621 to 1625 . Sir Robert Heath was granted charter over the lands between latitudes 31 ° and 36 ° north , from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean . Heath 's patent required he plant a colony but that was never fully realized . The 1663 charter granted the Lords Proprietor title to all of the land from the southern border of the Colony of Virginia at 36 degrees north to 31 degrees north ( along the coast of present - day Georgia ) . In 1665 , the charter was revised slightly , with the northerly boundary extended to 36 degrees 30 minutes north to include the lands of the Albemarle Settlements along the Albemarle Sound who had left the Colony of Virginia . Likewise , the southern boundary was moved south to 29 degrees north , just south of present - day Daytona Beach , Florida , which had the effect of including the existing Spanish settlement at St. Augustine . The charter also granted all the land , between these northerly and southerly bounds , from the Atlantic Ocean , westward to the shores of the Pacific Ocean . The 1663 Province of Carolina Charter The Charter of 1663 chartered the territory as an English Proprietary colony assigning rights to eight English Noblemen . These noblemen are known as the Lords Proprietors of Carolina forming the Province of Carolina . George Monck , 1st Duke of Albemarle ( 1608 -- 1670 ) Edward Hyde , 1st Earl of Clarendon ( 1609 -- 1674 ) John Berkeley , 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton ( 1607 -- 1678 ) William Craven , 1st Earl of Craven ( 1608 -- 1697 ) Sir George Carteret ( c. 1610 -- 1680 ) Sir William Berkeley ( 1606 -- 1677 ) Sir John Colleton , 1st Baronet ( 1608 -- 1666 ) Anthony Ashley Cooper , 1st Earl of Shaftesbury ( 1621 -- 1683 ) . A New Description of Carolina `` , engraved by Francis Lamb ( London , Tho . Basset and Richard Chiswell , 1676 ) Between 1663 and 1729 there were many disagreements relating to defense , governance and the difference between the two differing agrarian styles employed by the inhabitants of the Colony of Virginia and that practiced by the planters arriving to Charles Town from the West Indies and Barbados . In 1729 the Province of Carolina was divided when the descendants of seven of the eight Lords Proprietors sold their shares back to the Crown . Only the heirs of Sir George Carteret retained their original rights to what would become the Granville District . Both the Province of North Carolina and the Province of South Carolina became British Crown Colonies in 1729 . Culture ( edit ) The culture of the Carolinas is a distinct subset of larger Southern culture . Notably , the coastal Carolina region was settled by Europeans over a century before the inland regions of the South , and was influenced by the culture of the Caribbean , especially Barbados ; many of the early governors during the unified period were Barbadians . Though the two states both form part of the South , there are historically a number of differences in the settlement patterns , political development , and economic growth of the two states . For example , during the Civil War , South Carolina was the first Southern state to secede from the Union , while North Carolina was the last state to secede . When NC did secede , it did so largely because North Carolinians refused to give the Federal Government men to fight against their sister state , or allow them to pass through North Carolina to make war on South Carolina . North Carolinians ultimately voted instead in all 100 counties to raise an army , join the Confederacy , and go to war . During the war , South Carolina was generally one of the strongest supporters of the Confederacy . The war began in Charleston , South Carolina ; where Citadel Cadets fired the opening shots at the Union Ship Star of The West . North Carolina was also a key Confederate state , raising and giving more soldiers to The Confederacy than any other southern state . At Gettysburg , one in four Confederate soldiers was from North Carolina , despite the fact that some North Carolinians ( especially in the western part of the state ) refused to support the Confederacy . North Carolina 's Civil War governor , Zebulon Vance , was an outspoken critic of Confederate President Jefferson Davis and frequently refused to obey Davis 's orders for reinforcements and supplies ; Vance insisted the soldiers and supplies would be needed for North Carolina 's Confederate effort . However , during the seven day 's battles , North Carolina did send large numbers of troops for the general aid of the South as a whole . During the war , the Carolinas were both instrumental in keeping The Confederacy alive , because of their deepwater ports in Wilmington , NC and Charleston , SC . These two cities were key in supplying southern armies with weapons , clothing , and ammunition ; and producing food & provisions for southern civilians . Politics ( edit ) During most of the 20th century , South Carolina was a bastion of the `` solid Democratic South '' with almost no Republican officeholders , and the state frequently elected politicians who were outspoken supporters of racial segregation . North Carolina , while mostly Democratic , contained a large Republican minority -- the state voted Republican in the presidential election of 1928 and elected several Republican congressmen , governors , and senators from 1868 -- 1928 -- and North Carolina was widely known as one of the more progressive Southern states on the issue of segregation and civil rights . In 1947 , the journalist John Gunther wrote , `` that North Carolina is by a good deal the most progressive Southern state will , I imagine , be agreed to by almost everybody . '' On the other hand , he described South Carolina as `` one of the poorest American states , and probably one of the balkiest . '' In describing the differences between the two states , Gunther noted that , in 1947 , divorce in North Carolina `` may be granted simply on the ground of absence of cohabitation ; South Carolina is the one American state in which divorce is not possible . '' North Carolina 's nickname for many years was `` a vale of humility between two mountains of conceit '' ; the `` mountains '' were Virginia and South Carolina . Despite North Carolina being a swing state , and South Carolina being a red one , they are technically the country 's two most politically similar states , according to a comparison of the states along a range of 19 variables performed by the statistician Nate Silver in 2008 . Economy ( edit ) Traditionally , like much of the South , the Carolinas have been agricultural . However , the predominance of certain crops has influenced the regional economy : Like other ( Southern ) states , until after World War II North Carolina remained primarily a region of small farms and factories heavily dependent on just a few labor - intensive crops , relying on sharecropping and tenancy , especially for black laborers . The Carolinas are distinct for their economic dependence on tobacco as well as on cotton and rice , and for their many small - scale furniture , textile , and tobacco factories . Greenville , the largest metro area of South Carolina and a symbol of the growth in the state . These small industries gave the Carolinas , in particular NC , a more significant industrial base than most Southern states , but as increased mechanization in the textiles , apparel , and furniture industries combined with the decline of the tobacco industry , many rural and small urban communities suffered . However , during the 1990s , both states began to experience growth in the technological and banking sectors , bringing jobs and population growth . These changes , as with earlier industrialization , were more pronounced in North Carolina , and SC has experienced a slower rate of economic growth for several years . Professional sports ( edit ) Club League Sport City Established Championships Carolina Panthers NFL Football Charlotte , North Carolina 1995 2 Super Bowl Appearances / Conference titles , 6 Division titles ( 1 - NFC West , 5 - NFC South ) Carolina Hurricanes NHL Hockey Raleigh , North Carolina 1 Stanley Cup , 2 Conference Titles , 3 Division titles Charlotte Hornets NBA Basketball Charlotte , North Carolina none Charlotte Hounds MLL Lacrosse Charlotte , North Carolina 2011 none The Carolinas have three professional sports teams in the Big Four major leagues . Supported by both states , the three teams are all based in NC , two in Charlotte and the third in Raleigh . All of the sports teams are fairly recent additions ; the oldest team , the NFL 's Panthers , was established in 1995 , while the youngest , the Hornets , was added to the NBA in 2004 as the Charlotte Bobcats , although a prior NBA team also named the Hornets played in Charlotte from 1988 before leaving for New Orleans in 2002 . the Bobcats were renamed the Hornets in May 2014 , one season after the former New Orleans Hornets decided to rebrand themselves as the Pelicans . Of all the teams , the Hurricanes are the most successful , being the only team with a championship . The Carolinas are home to a number of NBA superstars , such as Chris Paul , James Worthy , John Wall , and Michael Jordan ( from NC ) and Kevin Garnett , Jermaine O'Neal , Ray Allen , and Raymond Felton ( from SC ) . Six of these players are All Stars , four are NBA champions , and John Wall and James Worthy were the Number 1 draft picks in the 2010 NBA draft and 1982 NBA draft , respectively . A disproportional number of basketball players come from the Carolinas , on par with such big cities as New York City and Los Angeles . While the Hornets do little to generate buzz in the Carolinas , they are home to three of the most successful collegiate men 's basketball teams in the NCAA , the North Carolina Tarheels , North Carolina State Wolfpack and the Duke Blue Devils . All three schools are fierce rivals who have combined to win 12 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championships ( UNC has 5 , Duke has 5 , North Carolina State has 2 ) . Boundary between the states ( edit ) Plotting the boundary ( edit ) According to the Prefatory Notes to Volume 5 of the Colonial Records of North Carolina , the process of determining the boundary between North and South Carolina began in 1720 `` when the purpose to erect a third Province in Carolina , with Savannah for its northern boundary '' began . On 8 January 1730 an agreement between the two colonies said for the border `` to begin 30 miles southwest of the Cape Fear river , and to be run at that parallel distance the whole course of said river ; '' The next June Governor Robert Johnson of South Carolina said the border should start 30 miles southwest of the source of the Cape Fear `` due west as far as the South Sea '' , unless the `` Waccamaw river lyes ( sic ) within 30 miles of the Cape Fear river , '' which would make the Waccamaw the boundary . North Carolina agreed to this until the discovery that the Cape Fear headwaters were very close to Virginia , which would not have `` permitted any extension on the part of North Carolina to the westward . '' In 1732 , Governor George Burrington of North Carolina stated in Timothy 's Southern Gazette that territory north of the Waccamaw was in North Carolina , to which Johnson replied that South Carolina claimed the land . Johnson also said that when the two met before the Board of Trade in London two years earlier , Burrington had `` insisted that the Waccamaw should be the boundary from its mouth to its head , '' while South Carolina agreed the border should be located 30 miles from the mouth , not the source . Johnson said this was `` only a mistake in wording it . '' Both Carolinas selected commissioners to survey the line between them . The plan called for the line to run northwest to 35 degrees latitude , unless the Pee Dee River was reached first , in which case it would run along the Pee Dee to 35 degrees north . Then the line would run west to Catawba town , though if the town were north of the line , the line was to run around Catawba to keep it in South Carolina . In May 1735 , the surveyors went from the Cape Fear westward thirty miles along the coast . Then they turned northwest and marked the location with stakes . The surveyors agreed to meet again on September 18 . However , only the North Carolina team returned at that time , extending the line northwest 70 miles . The South Carolina team arrived in October and only followed the previous line for 40 miles because they had not been paid . A deputy surveyor marked where the Pee Dee crossed the 35th parallel . An extension of the line in 1737 ran 22 miles to a stake in a meadow . However , the stake placed at the endpoint of the survey was 12 miles too far south . In 1764 , a second extension ran 62 miles westward . In 1772 , after making adjustments to keep the Catawba Indians in South Carolina , `` extended in a due west course from the confluence of the north and south forks of the Catawba River to Tryon Mountain . '' However , this extension was based on the erroneous position of the 1737 stake , removing 422,000 acres from South Carolina . Joseph Caldwell , president of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , found that the line west of the Pee Dee did not run along the 35th parallel , but 12 miles to the south . However , the western part of the line ran far enough to the north to make up for the difference . West of this point the border was shifted to run north of the 35th parallel so that the total areas of the states would return to what was intended , although the accuracy of this part of the survey was marred by a magnetic anomaly in the Charlotte , North Carolina area . North Carolina did not agree to the line of 1772 until 1813 . A 1905 survey determined the border between Scotland County , North Carolina and Marlboro County , South Carolina . A 1928 survey decided the border between Horry County , South Carolina and Brunswick and Columbus counties in North Carolina . Recent History ( edit ) In the mid-1990s , Duke Energy determined that the border between the Carolinas needed to be re-surveyed , as the company was selling and donating land in the Jocassee Gorge area , which included parts of both states . Also , with more people living outside cities , the precise boundaries of fire , tax , and school district lines needed to be known . This was especially a problem in the mountains , where people had previously lived in valleys , not on the ridges where the border was . A 15 - year plan to re-establish the boundary began , using maps from the 1813 -- 1815 survey and GPS technology . A few stone markers still read , `` NC / SC 1815 AD '' but other locations were marked with trees which no longer stand . South Carolina had recently been involved in a costly legal battle with Georgia over a small number of islands in the Savannah River , and wanted to avoid the expense of a lawsuit regarding the North Carolina border , so the two states agreed in 1993 to cooperate in resurveying the border . The effort included using colonial - era maps to reconstruct the positions of trees making the border that had long since died , and tracking down the original positions of stone markers that had been moved . After 18 years and $980,000 , it was predicted that the process of determining the border between the Carolinas would be complete in 2012 . Financial problems delayed the last survey until October 2012 , meaning the results were not expected to be known until Spring 2013 . It was found that a gas station and 30 homes could change states . Lake Wylie Mini Market has been located in South Carolina , along U.S. Route 321 , and the move to North Carolina would result in higher gas taxes and change laws on beer and fireworks . The state legislatures involved expect to pass laws alleviating the concerns those changing states would face . The Joint Boundary Commission met in February 2014 in Monroe , North Carolina to determine what actions still needed to be taken . The persons living in 50 homes that changed states would have to get driver 's licenses and register to vote in their new states . Legislative action could allow people to keep utilities , avoid back taxes to the new state , and continue in the same schools . Lake Wylie Minimarket could be grandfathered , or Congress could change the defined border at the store 's location , though the commission intended to avoid such an action . As of August 2014 , the states were expected to pass legislation to mitigate many of the negative impacts to affected landowners . On June 1 , 2016 , the South Carolina House of Representatives passed a bill setting the border . North Carolina 's Senate also passed a bill , which also had to clear the House . North Carolina Governor Pat McCrory signed his state 's bill in June . Three families who actually lived in North Carolina had South Carolina addresses , and 16 South Carolina residents had believed they lived in North Carolina . On December 9 , 2016 , McCrory announced that he signed a four - page executive order formally defining the border between the two states based on the 20 years of work . Major population centers ( edit ) Combined Statistical Areas ( edit ) The most populous Combined Statistical Areas of the Carolinas Rank CSA Population ( 2016 ) Population ( 2010 ) Change Constituent CBSA 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Charlotte - Concord , NC - SC Combined Statistical Area 2,632,249 2,375,675 7001108000463026300 ♠ + 10.80 % Charlotte - Concord - Gastonia , NC - SC Metropolitan Statistical Area Shelby , NC Micropolitan Statistical Area Albemarle , NC Micropolitan Statistical Area 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Raleigh - Durham - Chapel Hill , NC Combined Statistical Area 2,156,253 1,912,729 7001127317565635280 ♠ + 12.73 % Raleigh , NC Metropolitan Statistical Area Durham - Chapel Hill , NC Metropolitan Statistical Area Dunn , NC Micropolitan Statistical Area Oxford , NC Micropolitan Statistical Area Sanford , NC Micropolitan Statistical Area Henderson , NC Micropolitan Statistical Area 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Greensboro -- Winston - Salem -- High Point , NC Combined Statistical Area 1,650,019 1,589,200 7000382701988421850 ♠ + 3.83 % Greensboro - High Point , NC Metropolitan Statistical Area Winston - Salem , NC Metropolitan Statistical Area Burlington , NC Metropolitan Statistical Area Mount Airy , NC Micropolitan Statistical Area 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Greenville - Spartanburg - Anderson , SC Combined Statistical Area 1,442,117 1,362,073 7000587663069453690 ♠ + 5.88 % Greenville - Anderson - Mauldin , SC Metropolitan Statistical Area Spartanburg , SC Metropolitan Statistical Area Greenwood , SC Micropolitan Statistical Area Seneca , SC Micropolitan Statistical Area Gaffney , SC Micropolitan Statistical Area 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Columbia - Orangeburg - Newberry , SC Combined Statistical Area 943,470 897,607 7000510947441363540 ♠ + 5.11 % Columbia , SC Metropolitan Statistical Area Orangeburg , SC Micropolitan Statistical Area Newberry , SC Micropolitan Statistical Area 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Fayetteville - Lumberton - Laurinburg , NC Combined Statistical Area 548,868 536,708 7000226566401097060 ♠ + 2.27 % Fayetteville , NC Metropolitan Statistical Area Lumberton , NC Micropolitan Statistical Area Laurinburg , NC Micropolitan Statistical Area 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Myrtle Beach - Conway , SC - NC Combined Statistical Area 510,694 436,880 7001168957150705000 ♠ + 16.90 % Myrtle Beach - Conway - North Myrtle Beach , SC - NC Metropolitan Statistical Area Georgetown , SC Micropolitan Statistical Area 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Hickory - Lenoir , NC Combined Statistical Area 409,262 410,493 3000700116688956940 ♠ − 0.30 % Hickory - Lenoir - Morganton , NC Metropolitan Statistical Area Marion , NC Micropolitan Statistical Area 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Greenville - Washington , NC Combined Statistical Area 224,746 215,907 7000409389227769360 ♠ + 4.09 % Greenville , NC Metropolitan Statistical Area Washington , NC Micropolitan Statistical Area 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 New Bern - Morehead City , NC Combined Statistical Area 195,001 193,271 6999895116184011060 ♠ + 0.90 % New Bern , NC Metropolitan Statistical Area Morehead City , NC Micropolitan Statistical Area Metropolitan Statistical Areas ( edit ) The most populous Metropolitan Statistical Areas of the Carolinas Rank MSA Population ( 2016 ) Population ( 2010 ) Change Encompassing CSA 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Charlotte - Concord - Gastonia , NC - SC Metropolitan Statistical Area 2,474,314 2,217,012 7001116058009609330 ♠ + 11.61 % Charlotte - Concord , NC - SC Combined Statistical Area 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Raleigh , NC Metropolitan Statistical Area 1,302,946 1,130,490 7001152549779299240 ♠ + 15.25 % Raleigh - Durham - Chapel Hill , NC Combined Statistical Area 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Greenville - Anderson - Mauldin , SC Metropolitan Statistical Area 884,975 824,112 7000738528258294990 ♠ + 7.39 % Greenville - Spartanburg - Anderson , SC Combined Statistical Area 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Columbia , SC Metropolitan Statistical Area 817,488 767,598 7000649949582984840 ♠ + 6.50 % Columbia - Orangeburg - Newberry , SC Combined Statistical Area 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Charleston - North Charleston , SC Metropolitan Statistical Area 761,155 664,607 7001145270814180410 ♠ + 14.53 % 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Greensboro - High Point , NC Metropolitan Statistical Area 756,139 723,801 7000446780261425450 ♠ + 4.47 % Greensboro -- Winston - Salem -- High Point , NC Combined Statistical Area 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Winston - Salem , NC Metropolitan Statistical Area 662,079 640,595 7000335375705398890 ♠ + 3.35 % Greensboro -- Winston - Salem -- High Point , NC Combined Statistical Area Urban areas ( edit ) The most populous Urban Areas of the Carolinas Rank Urban Area Population ( 2010 ) Population ( 2000 ) Change Land Area ( sq mi ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Charlotte , NC - SC 1,249,442 758,927 7001646326985335880 ♠ + 64.63 % 741.5 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Raleigh , NC 884,891 541,527 7001634066260777390 ♠ + 63.41 % 518.1 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Columbia , SC 549,777 420,537 7001307321353412420 ♠ + 30.73 % 380.0 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Charleston - North Charleston , SC 548,404 423,410 7001295207954464940 ♠ + 29.52 % 293.4 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Greenville , SC 400,492 302,194 7001325281110809610 ♠ + 32.53 % 320.3 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Winston - Salem , NC 391,024 299,290 7001306505396104110 ♠ + 30.65 % 322.6 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Durham , NC 347,602 287,796 7001207806918789700 ♠ + 20.78 % 181.7 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Greensboro , NC 311,810 267,884 7001163973958877720 ♠ + 16.40 % 185.2 Counties ( edit ) The most populous Counties of the Carolinas Rank County Population ( 2016 ) Population ( 2010 ) Change Area ( sq mi ) Primary City 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Mecklenburg County , North Carolina 1,054,835 919,628 7001147023579099380 ♠ + 14.70 % 546 Charlotte 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Wake County , North Carolina 1,046,791 900,993 7001161819237219380 ♠ + 16.18 % 857 Raleigh 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Guilford County , North Carolina 521,330 488,406 7000674111292654060 ♠ + 6.74 % 658 Greensboro 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Greenville County , South Carolina 498,766 451,225 7001105359853731510 ♠ + 10.54 % 795 Greenville 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Richland County , South Carolina 409,549 384,504 7000651358633460250 ♠ + 6.51 % 772 Columbia 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Charleston County , South Carolina 396,484 350,209 7001132135382014740 ♠ + 13.21 % 1,358 Charleston Cities ( edit ) The major Cities of the Carolinas Rank County Population ( 2016 ) Population ( 2010 ) Change Area ( sq mi ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Charlotte , North Carolina 842,051 731,424 7001151248796867480 ♠ + 15.12 % 297.7 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Raleigh , North Carolina 458,880 403,892 7001136145306170960 ♠ + 13.61 % 144.8 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Greensboro , North Carolina 287,027 269,666 7000643796399991100 ♠ + 6.44 % 131.2 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Charleston , South Carolina 134,385 120,083 7001119100955172670 ♠ + 11.91 % 127.5 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Columbia , South Carolina 134,309 129,272 7000389643542298410 ♠ + 3.90 % 134.9 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Greenville , South Carolina 67,453 58,409 7001154839151500620 ♠ + 15.48 % 28.8 See also ( edit ) Cuisine of the Southern United States Politics of the Southern United States Southern American English The Californias The Canadas The Dakotas The Floridas The Virginias References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Swedish Encyclopedia `` Nordisk Familjebok '' , third edition , printed in 1942 , volume 4 of 23 , article `` Carolina '' . It covers the entire part above Jump up ^ The Split -- One Colony Becomes Two from carolana.com Jump up ^ Carolina Folk : The Cradle of a Southern Tradition . McKissick Museum . Columbia , South Carolina : University of South Carolina Press . 2006 . p. 33 . ISBN 0 - 87249 - 950 - 2 . Retrieved 7 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` SCIway News No. 43 '' . May 2007 . Retrieved 7 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of South Carolina '' . South Carolina Department of Archives and History . Archived from the original on 23 April 2008 . Retrieved 7 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Robert Morgan ( 22 August 2003 ) . `` The Bill of Rights Belongs in North Carolina '' . New York Times . Retrieved 7 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Star of the West fired upon in Charleston Harbor '' . wordpress.com. 9 January 2008 . Retrieved 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Monuments to the 26th North Carolina at Gettysburg '' . stonesentinels.com . Retrieved 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` State of North Carolina monument at Gettysburg '' . stonesentinels.com . Retrieved 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Book Review : War Governor of the South '' . The Journal of American History . September 2006 . Archived from the original on 30 August 2008 . Retrieved 7 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` City of Wilmington , NC : Home '' . wilmingtonnc.gov . Retrieved 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charleston , SC - Official Website - History of City '' . charleston-sc.gov . Retrieved 10 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gunther , John ( 1947 ) . Inside U.S.A. ( 50th Anniversary ed . ) . New Press . pp. 719 -- 723 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56584 - 358 - 5 . Jump up ^ Nate Silver ( 7 July 2008 ) . `` State Similarity Scores '' . FiveThirtyEight.com . Retrieved 7 July 2008 . Jump up ^ See Wallace Stevens 's poem `` In the Carolinas '' for a reference to the fertility of this part of the world . Jump up ^ Williams , B. ( 1988 ) . Upscaling Downtown : Stalled Gentrification in Washington . Anthropology of contemporary issues . Cornell University Press . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 9419 - 2 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Tobacco - Dependent Communities Research Initiative '' . N.C. Rural Economic Development Center . 2000 -- 2005 . Archived from the original on 1 June 2008 . Retrieved 7 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rural Dislocated Worker Initiative '' . N.C. Rural Economic Development Center . 2000 -- 2007 . Archived from the original on 14 August 2007 . Retrieved 7 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` North Carolina '' . American Planning Association . Archived from the original on 11 May 2008 . Retrieved 7 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Jim DuPlessis ( 6 June 2008 ) . `` U.S. economic growth matches S.C. at 2 percent in 2007 '' . TheState.com . Retrieved 7 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of Western North Carolina -- Chapter II . Boundaries '' . webroots . Archived from the original on 3 December 2008 . Retrieved 5 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Carolina Noteworthy Events -- The North Carolina - South Carolina Border Surveys -- 1730 to 1815 '' . carolana.com . Retrieved 5 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , Stephen R. ( 23 August 2014 ) . `` How the Carolinas Fixed Their Blurred Lines '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Beam , Adam ( 12 February 2012 ) . `` N.C. - S.C. border may move '' . The State . Archived from the original on 12 February 2012 . Retrieved 29 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Dan Huntley , `` Surveyors to Separate Carolinas , Precisely '' , The Charlotte Observer , 27 December 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Beam , Adam ( 2 December 2012 ) . `` New SC - NC line delayed until spring '' . The State . Jump up ^ Ajit Pai . `` Ajit Pai on Twitter '' . twitter.com . Retrieved 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How the Carolinas Fixed Their Blurred Lines '' . The New York Times . 24 August 2014 . Retrieved 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Wylie Mini Market - Clover , SC '' . yelp.com . Retrieved 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NC , SC state line is n't where folks thought it was '' . nbcnews.com. 23 March 2012 . Retrieved 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What NC lawmakers did -- and did n't do -- in the short session '' . charlotteobserver.com . Retrieved 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Border change between North , South Carolina gets closer '' . miamiherald.com . Retrieved 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Severson , Kim ( 5 April 2012 ) . `` Untangling a Border Could Leave a Mess for Some '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Collins , Jeffrey ( 7 February 2014 ) . `` Officials discuss legislation over North , South Carolina border '' . Augusta Chronicle . Associated Press . Retrieved 11 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SC House passes bill clarifying border between Carolinas '' . The Charlotte Observer . Associated Press . 1 June 2016 . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stradling , Richard ( 9 December 2016 ) . `` The border between North and South Carolina is officially settled '' . The Charlotte Observer . Archived from the original on 10 April 2017 . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` QuickFacts '' . Census Bureau . Census Bureau . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) John Gunther . Inside USA , Harper & Brothers , 1947 . External links ( edit ) Media related to The Carolinas at Wikimedia Commons ( hide ) State of North Carolina Raleigh ( capital ) Topics Climate Geography Government History Law Media Newspapers Radio TV Music North Carolinians State Parks Tourist attractions Wildlife Seal of North Carolina Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Elections Gambling Politics Sports Regions Cape Fear Coastal Plain Crystal Coast Eastern Foothills High Country Inner Banks Metrolina ( Charlotte ) Outer Banks Piedmont Piedmont Triad Sandhills Triangle Western Largest cities Asheville Cary Chapel Hill Charlotte Concord Durham Fayetteville Gastonia Greensboro Greenville High Point Jacksonville Raleigh Wilmington Winston ‐ Salem Smaller cities Albemarle Apex Asheboro Burlington Conover Eden Elizabeth City Garner Goldsboro Graham Havelock Henderson Hendersonville Hickory Kannapolis Kings Mountain Kinston Laurinburg Lenoir Lexington Lumberton Monroe Morganton New Bern Newton Reidsville Roanoke Rapids Rocky Mount Salisbury Sanford Shelby Statesville Thomasville Wake Forest Wilson Major towns Beaufort Boone Brevard Carrboro Clayton Cornelius Dunn Fuquay - Varina Harrisburg Holly Springs Hope Mills Huntersville Indian Trail Kernersville Knightdale Leland Matthews Midland Mint Hill Mooresville Morehead City Morrisville Mount Pleasant Oxford Shallotte Smithfield Southern Pines Tarboro Waynesville Winterville Counties Alamance Alexander Alleghany Anson Ashe Avery Beaufort Bertie Bladen Brunswick Buncombe Burke Cabarrus Caldwell Camden Carteret Caswell Catawba Chatham Cherokee Chowan Clay Cleveland Columbus Craven Cumberland Currituck Dare Davidson Davie Duplin Durham Edgecombe Forsyth Franklin Gaston Gates Graham Granville Greene Guilford Halifax Harnett Haywood Henderson Hertford Hoke Hyde Iredell Jackson Johnston Jones Lee Lenoir Lincoln Macon Madison Martin McDowell Mecklenburg Mitchell Montgomery Moore Nash New Hanover Northampton Onslow Orange Pamlico Pasquotank Pender Perquimans Person Pitt Polk Randolph Richmond Robeson Rockingham Rowan Rutherford Sampson Scotland Stanly Stokes Surry Swain Transylvania Tyrrell Union Vance Wake Warren Washington Watauga Wayne Wilkes Wilson Yadkin Yancey ( hide ) State of South Carolina Columbia ( capital ) Regions Atlantic Coastal Plain Blue Ridge Mountains Grand Strand High Hills of Santee Lake Murray Country Lowcountry Metrolina Midlands Ninety - Six District Olde English District Pee Dee Piedmont Sandhills Sea Islands Upstate Seal of South Carolina Larger cities Charleston Columbia Greenville North Charleston Rock Hill Spartanburg Smaller cities Aiken Anderson Beaufort Bennettsville Camden Cayce Conway Easley Florence Forest Acres Gaffney Georgetown Greenwood Greer Goose Creek Hilton Head Island Isle of Palms Laurens Lexington Mauldin Myrtle Beach North Augusta North Myrtle Beach Orangeburg Simpsonville Summerville Sumter Union Walterboro West Columbia York Towns Abbeville Barnwell Batesburg - Leesville Bluffton Clemson Darlington Dillon Edgefield Fort Mill Fountain Inn Great Falls Hardeeville Irmo Jefferson Kingstree Liberty Marion McCormick Moncks Corner Mount Pleasant Newberry Pageland Pendleton Pickens Seneca Sullivan 's Island Travelers Rest Walhalla Westminster Williamston CDPs Berea Carolina Forest Dentsville Gantt Garden City Ladson Parker Red Hill Saint Andrews Seven Oaks Socastee Taylors Wade Hampton Counties Abbeville Aiken Allendale Anderson Bamberg Barnwell Beaufort Berkeley Calhoun Charleston Cherokee Chester Chesterfield Clarendon Colleton Darlington Dillon Dorchester Edgefield Fairfield Florence Georgetown Greenville Greenwood Hampton Horry Jasper Kershaw Lancaster Laurens Lee Lexington Marion Marlboro McCormick Newberry Oconee Orangeburg Pickens Richland Saluda Spartanburg Sumter Union Williamsburg York Topics Airports Amusement parks Census areas Colleges and universities Congressional districts Famous people Governors Highways Historic places History Legislature Media Newspapers Radio TV Rivers Shopping malls Sports venues State House State parks Tourist attractions Wildlife refuges Society Crime Culture Demographics Economy Education Politics Sports Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Carolinas&oldid=798812716 '' Categories : Divided regions Border irregularities of the United States History of the Thirteen Colonies Geography of North Carolina Geography of South Carolina Regions of the Southern United States 1663 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2010 Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using infobox settlement with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008 Use dmy dates from October 2010 North Carolina articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Español Føroyskt Français Frysk Latina Lietuvių မြန်မာဘာသာ Norsk Português Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 23 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Carolinas

where did the name michael myers come from

Michael Myers ( Halloween )

michael myers ( halloween )

Michael Myers Halloween character Tyler Mane as Michael Myers in Halloween ( 2007 ) First appearance Halloween Created by John Carpenter Debra Hill Portrayed by Nick Castle Tony Moran ( unmasked ) Will Sandin ( child ) Dick Warlock George P. Wilbur Don Shanks Chris Durand Brad Loree Tyler Mane Daeg Faerch ( child ) Chase Wright Vanek ( child ) James Jude Courtney Information Occupation Mass murderer Signature weapon Kitchen knife Location Haddonfield , Illinois Michael Myers is a fictional character from the Halloween series of slasher films . He first appears in John Carpenter 's Halloween ( 1978 ) as a young boy who murders his sister , Judith Myers , and then , fifteen years later , returns home to Haddonfield to murder more teenagers . In the original Halloween , the adult Michael Myers , referred to as The Shape in the closing credits , was portrayed by Nick Castle for most of the film , with Tony Moran and Tommy Lee Wallace substituting in the final scenes . The character was created by Debra Hill and John Carpenter and has appeared in ten films , as well as novels , multiple video games , and several comic books . The character is the primary antagonist in the Halloween film series , except Halloween III : Season of the Witch , which is not connected in continuity to the rest of the films . Since Castle , Moran , and Wallace put on the mask in the original film , six people have stepped into the same role . Castle , George P. Wilbur , and Tyler Mane are the only actors to have portrayed Michael Myers more than once , with Mane being the only one to do so in consecutive films . Michael Myers is characterized as pure evil , both directly in the films , by the filmmakers who created and developed the character over nine films , as well as by random participants in a survey . The mask Michael Myers wears is a Captain Kirk mask which was painted white . The mask was made from a cast of William Shatner 's face which was originally used in the 1975 horror film The Devil 's Rain . Contents 1 Appearances 1.1 Films 1.2 Literature 2 Characterization 3 In popular culture 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Appearances ( edit ) Michael Myers appears in all of the Halloween films except Halloween III : Season of the Witch , which does not feature any of the characters from the preceding two films and has nothing to do with the character . Michael returned in the following film , Halloween 4 : The Return of Michael Myers , with the title highlighting his revival . The silver screen is not the only place Michael Myers has appeared : there have been literary sources that have created an expanded universe for Michael Myers . Films ( edit ) Michael Myers made his first appearance in the original 1978 film , Halloween , although the masked character is credited as `` The Shape '' in the first two films . In the beginning of Halloween , a 6 - year - old Michael ( Will Sandin ) murders his teenage sister Judith ( Sandy Johnson ) on Halloween , 1963 . Fifteen years later , Michael ( Nick Castle ) escapes Smith 's Grove Sanitarium and returns to his hometown of Haddonfield , Illinois . He stalks teenage babysitter Laurie Strode ( Jamie Lee Curtis ) on Halloween , while his psychiatrist Dr. Sam Loomis ( Donald Pleasence ) attempts to track him down . Murdering Laurie 's friends , Michael finally attacks Laurie herself , but she manages to fend him off long enough for Loomis to save her . Loomis shoots Michael six times , knocking him over the house 's second - story balcony ledge ; when Loomis goes to check Michael 's body , he finds it missing . Michael returns in the sequel , Halloween II ( 1981 ) . The film picks up directly where the original ends , with Dr. Loomis still looking for Michael . Michael ( Dick Warlock ) follows Laurie ( Curtis ) to the local hospital , where he wanders the halls in search of her , killing security guards , doctors , and nurses that get in his way . Loomis learns that Laurie is Michael 's younger sister , and rushes to the hospital to find them . He causes an explosion in the operating theater , allowing Laurie to escape as he and Michael are engulfed by the flames . Michael Myers does not directly appear in Halloween III : Season of the Witch , which does not include any story elements from the first two installments . It does include Michael in a brief television commercial for the first film . Halloween 4 : The Return of Michael Myers ( 1988 ) picks the story up ten years after the events of Halloween II . Michael ( George P. Wilbur ) and Dr. Loomis are revealed to have survived the explosion , although Michael has been in a coma at the Ridgemont Federal Sanitarium for a decade . Michael wakes from his coma when he learns Laurie Strode has died , but also learns that she has a seven - year - old daughter , Jamie Lloyd ( Danielle Harris ) . Returning to Haddonfield , he causes a citywide blackout and massacres the town 's police force , before being shot down a mine shaft by the state police . Halloween 5 : The Revenge of Michael Myers ( 1989 ) begins immediately after the fourth film ends , with Michael Myers ( Donald L. Shanks ) escaping the mine shaft and being nursed back to health by a local hermit . The next year , Michael kills the hermit and returns to Haddonfield to find Jamie ( Harris ) again , chasing her through his childhood home in a trap set up by Loomis ( Pleasence ) . Michael is eventually captured and taken to the local police station , but an unseen figure kills the officers and frees him . Halloween : The Curse of Michael Myers ( 1995 ) takes place six years after the events of The Revenge of Michael Myers ; both Jamie ( J.C. Brandy ) and Michael ( Wilbur ) have disappeared from Haddonfield . Jamie has been kidnapped and impregnated by the Cult of Thorn , led by Dr. Terence Wynn ( Mitchell Ryan ) , Loomis ' friend and colleague from Smith 's Grove . Wynn is revealed to have been manipulating Michael Myers all along , and was his mysterious savior in Halloween 5 . Michael kills Jamie , but not before she hides her infant , who is discovered and taken in by Tommy Doyle ( Paul Rudd ) . While trying to protect the baby from Michael and Wynn , Tommy learns that the cult may be the cause of Michael 's obsession with killing his entire family , in addition to his seemingly supernatural abilities . Michael ultimately turns against the cult , and engages in what is apparently a final showdown with Loomis offscreen . Ignoring the events of the previous three films , Halloween H20 : 20 Years Later ( 1998 ) establishes that Michael Myers ( Chris Durand ) has been missing since the explosion in 1978 . Laurie Strode ( Curtis ) has faked her death to escape her brother , and is now living in California under an assumed name with her teenage son John ( Josh Hartnett ) . On the twentieth anniversary of their last meeting , Michael tracks Laurie and her son to the private boarding school where she is headmistress , and murders John 's friends . Getting her son to safety , Laurie willingly goes back to face Michael , and succeeds in decapitating him . Halloween : Resurrection ( 2002 ) , which picks up three years after H20 , retcons Michael 's death , establishing that the man Laurie decapitated was a paramedic whom Michael had attacked and swapped clothes with . Michael ( Brad Loree ) tracks down an institutionalized Laurie ( Curtis ) and kills her . Returning to Haddonfield , he finds and kills a group of college students filming an internet reality show inside his childhood home . Contestant Sara Moyer ( Bianca Kajlich ) and show producer Freddie Harris ( Busta Rhymes ) escape by trapping Michael in a burning garage . A new version of Michael Myers appears in Rob Zombie 's Halloween ( 2007 ) , a reboot of the franchise . The film follows the basic premise of the original film , with an increased focus on Michael 's childhood : ten - year - old Michael ( Daeg Faerch ) is shown killing animals and suffering verbal abuse from Judith ( Hanna R. Hall ) and his mother 's boyfriend Ronnie ( William Forsythe ) , both of whom he later murders . During his time in Smith 's Grove , Michael takes up the hobby of creating papier - mâché masks and receives unsuccessful therapy from Dr. Sam Loomis ( Malcolm McDowell ) . As an adult , Michael ( Tyler Mane ) returns to Haddonfield to reunite with his beloved younger sister Laurie ( Scout Taylor - Compton ) . Laurie , however , is terrified of him and ends up shooting him in self - defense . Zombie 's story is continued in the sequel , Halloween II ( 2009 ) , which picks up right where the remake leaves off and then jumps ahead one year . Here , Michael ( Mane ) is presumed dead , but resurfaces after a vision of his deceased mother Deborah ( Sheri Moon Zombie ) informs him that he must track Laurie ( Taylor - Compton ) down so that they can `` come home '' . In the film , Michael and Laurie have a mental link , with the two sharing visions of their mother . During the film 's climax , Laurie apparently kills Michael by stabbing him repeatedly in the chest and face with his own knife , with the final scene suggesting that she has taken on her brother 's psychosis as she dons his mask . Michael Myers appears in David Gordon Green 's Halloween ( 2018 ) , a direct sequel to the original film that disregards him as the brother of Laurie Strode . Having spent forty years back in the hospital , the film begins when Michael is visited by a pair of journalists curious to talk to him to gain some insight into his psychology , while Laurie has lost two marriages and has a poor relationship with her daughter due to her fixation in preparing for Michael 's escape . While Michael is being transferred to a new facility , he escapes during a bus crash , killing the journalists and reclaiming his old mask before he returns to Haddonfield , with his victims including the friends and family of Laurie 's granddaughter Allyson . He is eventually discovered by a police officer who is driving Allyson to her grandmother 's house , but after the officer hits Michael with his car , he is killed by Michael 's new psychiatrist , Doctor Ranbir Sartain ( Haluk Bilginer ) , who seeks to understand how Michael feels when he kills , briefly donning Michael 's mask before driving him to Laurie 's house with the goal of seeing what happens when the two come face - to - face again , suggesting that he sees Michael as an ' apex predator ' who needs to finish what he started and kill Laurie to reassert himself as such . Allyson is able to escape when she distracts Sartain by claiming that Michael spoke to her earlier , leaving Michael to kill Sartain while she joins her mother and grandmother in Laurie 's house . Michael is able to kill Laurie 's son - in - law , but the three women are able to trap Michael in the basement of Laurie 's house and set it on fire , although Michael is nowhere to be found as the house burns down , and his breathing can be heard as the credits roll . Literature ( edit ) Michael Myers made his literary debut in October 1979 when Curtis Richards released a novelization of the film . The book follows the events of the film , but includes references to the festival of Samhain . A prologue provides a possible explanation for Michael 's murderous impulses , telling the story of Enda , a disfigured Celtic teenager who butchers the Druid princess Deirdre and her lover as revenge for rejecting him ; the king subsequently has his shaman curse Enda 's soul to walk the earth reliving his crime for eternity . It is later revealed that Michael Myers suffers nightmares about Enda and Deirdre , as did Michael 's great - grandfather before shooting two people to death at a Halloween harvest dance in the 1890s . The novel shows Michael 's childhood in more detail ; his mother voices concern over her son 's anti-social behavior shortly before he murders Judith , and Dr. Loomis notices the boy 's effortless control and manipulation of the staff and patients at Smith 's Grove during his incarceration . Later in the story , Michael 's stalking of Laurie and her friends is depicted as more explicitly sexual than was apparent in the film , with several references to him having an erection . Michael returned to the world of literature with the 1981 adaptation of Halloween II written by Jack Martin ; it was published alongside the first film sequel , with the novel following the film events , with an additional victim , a reporter , added to the novel . The final novelization to feature Michael was Halloween IV , released October 1988 . The novel was written by Nicholas Grabowsky , and like the previous adaptations , follows the events of Halloween 4 : The Return of Michael Myers . Over a four - month period , Berkley Books published three young adult novels written by Kelly O'Rourke ; the novels are original stories created by O'Rourke , with no direct continuity with the films . The first , released on October 1 , 1997 , titled The Scream Factory , follows a group of friends who set up a haunted house attraction in the basement of Haddonfield City Hall , only to be stalked and killed by Michael Myers while they are there . The Old Myers Place is the second novel , released 1 December 1997 , and focuses on Mary White , who moves into the Myers house with her family and takes up residence in Judith Myers ' former bedroom . Michael returns home and begins stalking and attacking Mary and her friends . O'Rourke's final novel , The Mad House , was released on 1 February 1998 . The Mad House features a young girl , Christine Ray , who joins a documentary film crew that travels to haunted locations ; they are currently headed to Smith Grove Mental Hospital . The crew is quickly confronted by Michael Myers . The character 's first break into comics came with a series of comics published by Brian Pulido 's Chaos ! Comics . The first , simply titled Halloween , was intended to be a one - issue special , but eventually two sequels spawned : Halloween II : The Blackest Eyes and Halloween III : The Devil 's Eyes . All of the stories were written by Phil Nutman , with Daniel Farrands -- writer for Halloween : The Curse of Michael Myers -- assisting on the first issue ; David Brewer and Justiniano worked on the illustrations . Tommy Doyle is the main protagonist in each of the issues , focusing on his attempts to kill Michael Myers . The first issue includes backstory on Michael 's childhood , while the third picks up after the events of the film Halloween H20 . In 2003 , Michael appeared in the self - published comic One Good Scare , written by Stefan Hutchinson and illustrated by Peter Fielding . The main character in the comic is Lindsey Wallace , the young girl who first saw Michael Myers alongside Tommy Doyle in the original 1978 film . Hutchinson wanted to bring the character back to his roots , and away from the `` lumbering Jason - clone '' the film sequels had made him . On 25 July 2006 , as an insert inside the DVD release of Halloween : 25 Years of Terror , the comic book Halloween : Autopsis was released . Written by Stefan Hutchinson and artwork by Marcus Smith and Nick Dismas , the story is about a photographer assigned to take pictures of Michael Myers . As the photographer , Carter , follows Dr. Loomis ; he begins to take on Loomis 's obsession himself , until finally meeting Michael Myers in person , which results in his death . In 2008 , Devil 's Due Publishing began releasing more Halloween comic books , starting with a four issue mini series , titled Halloween : Nightdance . Written by Stefan Hutchinson , Nightdance takes place in Russellville , and follows Michael 's obsession with Lisa Thomas , a girl who reminds him of his sister Judith . Lisa is afraid of the dark after Michael trapped her in a basement for days , and years later , he starts sending her disturbing , childlike drawings and murdering those around her on Halloween . Meanwhile , Ryan Nichols is hunting Michael down after seeing him attack and kidnap his wife . In the end , Michael frames Ryan for the murders and buries Lisa alive . Hutchinson explains that Nightdance was an attempt to escape the dense continuity of the film series and recreate the tone of the 1978 film ; Michael becomes inexplicably fixated on Lisa , just as he did with Laurie in the original Halloween , before the sequels established that a sibling bond was actually his motivation for stalking her . Included in the Nightdance trade paperback is the short prose story Charlie , which features Charlie Bowles , a Russellville serial killer who taps into the same evil force which motivates Michael Myers . To celebrate the anniversary of the Halloween series , Devil 's Due released a one - shot comic entitled Halloween : 30 Years of Terror in August 2008 , written by Hutchinson . An anthology collection inspired by John Carpenter 's original film , Michael appears in various stories , tampering with Halloween candy , decapitating a beauty queen , tormenting Laurie Strode , and killing a school teacher . Characterization ( edit ) `` I met this six - year - old child with this blank , pale , emotionless face , and the blackest eyes ; the devil 's eyes ( ... ) I realized what was living behind that boy 's eyes was purely and simply ... evil . '' -- Loomis ' description of a young Michael was inspired by John Carpenter 's experience with a real life mental patient . A common characterization is that Michael Myers is evil . John Carpenter has described the character as `` almost a supernatural force - a force of nature . An evil force that 's loose , '' a force that is `` unkillable '' . Nicholas Rogers elaborates , `` Myers is depicted as a mythic , elusive bogeyman , one of superhuman strength who can not be killed by bullets , stab wounds , or fire . '' Carpenter 's inspiration for the `` evil '' that Michael would embody came when he was in college . While on a class trip at a mental institution in Kentucky , Carpenter visited `` the most serious , mentally ill patients '' . Among those patients was a young boy around twelve to thirteen years - old . The boy gave this `` schizophrenic stare '' , `` a real evil stare '' , which Carpenter found `` unsettling '' , `` creepy '' , and `` completely insane '' . Carpenter 's experience would inspire the characterization that Loomis would give of Michael to Sheriff Brackett in the original film . Debra Hill has stated the scene where Michael kills the Wallaces ' German Shepherd was done to illustrate how he is `` really evil and deadly '' . The ending scene of Michael being shot six times , and then disappearing from the ground outside the house , was meant to terrify the imagination of the audience . Carpenter tried to keep the audience guessing as to who Michael Myers really is -- he is gone , and everywhere at the same time ; he is more than human ; he may be supernatural , and no one knows how he got that way . To Carpenter , keeping the audience guessing was better than explaining away the character with `` he 's cursed by some ... '' For Josh Hartnett , who portrayed John Tate in Halloween H20 , `` it 's that abstract , it 's easier for me to be afraid of it . You know , someone who just kind of appears and , you know ( mimics stabbing noise from Psycho ) instead of an actual human who you think you can talk to . And no remorse , it 's got no feelings , that 's the most frightening , definitely . '' Richard Schickel , film critic for TIME , felt Michael was `` irrational '' and `` really angry about something '' , having what Schickel referred to as `` a kind of primitive , obsessed intelligence '' . Schickel considered this the `` definition of a good monster '' , by making the character appear `` less than human '' , but having enough intelligence `` to be dangerous '' . `` Michael Myers is enduring because he 's pure evil . '' -- Steve Miner Dominique Othenin - Girard attempted to have audiences `` relate to ' Evil ' , to Michael Myers ' ' ill ' side '' . Girard wanted Michael to appear `` more human ( ... ) even vulnerable , with contradicting feelings inside of him '' . He illustrated these feelings with a scene where Michael removes his mask and sheds a tear . Girard explains , `` Again , to humanize him , to give him a tear . If Evil or in this case our boogeyman knows pain , or love or demonstrate a feeling of regrets ; he becomes even more scary to me if he pursues his malefic action . He shows an evil determination beyond his feelings . Dr. Loomis tries to reach his emotional side several times in ( Halloween 5 ) . He thinks he could cure Michael through his feelings . '' Daniel Farrands , writer of The Curse of Michael Myers , describes the character as a `` sexual deviant '' . According to him , the way Michael follows girls around and watches them contains a subtext of repressed sexuality . Farrands theorizes that , as a child , Michael became fixated on the murder of his sister Judith , and for his own twisted reasons felt the need to repeat that action over and over again , finding a sister - like figure in Laurie who excited him sexually . He also believes that by making Laurie Michael 's literal sister , the sequels took away from the simplicity and relatability of the original Halloween . Nevertheless , when writing Curse , Farrands was tasked with creating a mythology for Michael which defined his motives and why he could not be killed . He says , `` He ca n't just be a man anymore , he 's gone beyond that . He 's mythical . He 's supernatural . So , I took it from that standpoint that there 's something else driving him . A force that goes beyond that five senses that has infected this boy 's soul and now is driving him . '' As the script developed and more people became involved , Farrands admits that the film went too far in explaining Michael Myers and that he himself was not completely satisfied with the finished product . Michael does not speak in the films ; the first time audiences ever hear his voice is in the 2007 Rob Zombie reboot . Michael speaks as a child during the beginning of the film , but while in Smith 's Grove he stops talking completely . Rob Zombie originally planned to have the adult Michael speak to Laurie in the film 's finale , simply saying his childhood nickname for her , `` Boo '' . Zombie explained that this version was not used because he was afraid having the character talk at that point would demystify him too much , and because the act of Michael handing Laurie the photograph of them together was enough . Describing aspects of Michael Myers which he wanted to explore in the comic book Halloween : Nightdance , writer Stefan Hutchinson mentions the character 's `` bizarre and dark sense of humor '' , as seen when he wore a sheet over his head to trick a girl into thinking he was her boyfriend , and the satisfaction he gets from scaring the characters before he murders them , such as letting Laurie know he is stalking her . Hutchinson feels there is a perverse nature to Michael 's actions : `` see the difference between how he watches and pursues women to men '' . He also suggests that Michael Myers ' hometown of Haddonfield is the cause of his behavior , likening his situation to that of Jack the Ripper , citing Myers as a `` product of normal surburbia - all the repressed emotion of fake Norman Rockwell smiles '' . Hutchinson describes Michael as a `` monster of abjection '' . When asked his opinion of Rob Zombie 's expansion on Michael 's family life , Hutchinson says that explaining why Michael does what he does `` ( reduces ) the character '' . That being said , Hutchinson explores the nature of evil in the short story Charlie -- included in the Halloween Nightdance trade paperback -- and says that Michael Myers spent fifteen years `` attuning himself to this force to the point where he is , as Loomis says , ' pure evil ' '' . Nightdance artist Tim Seeley describes the character 's personality in John Carpenter 's 1978 film as `` a void '' , which allows the character to be more open to interpretation than the later sequels allowed him . He surmises that Michael embodies a part of everyone ; a part people are afraid will one day `` snap and knife someone '' , which lends to the fear that Michael creates on screen . He was further characterised in the video game Dead by Daylight as `` infused with a distilled and pure form of evil ... For Michael , he had to kill to find some inner peace . As he took his sister 's life , the police found a silent boy dressed as a clown at the scene . Sending Michael to a mental institution was a feeble attempt to save the child . Unsuccessful therapy and nightly screams just made him even more introvert ( sic ) and deranged . '' In 2005 , a study was conducted by the Media Psychology Lab of California State University , Los Angeles on the psychological appeal of movie monsters -- vampires , Freddy Krueger , Frankenstein 's monster , Jason Voorhees , Godzilla , Chucky , Hannibal Lecter , King Kong , the Alien , and the shark from Jaws -- which surveyed 1,166 people nationwide ( United States ) , with ages ranging from 16 to 91 . It was published in the Journal of Media Psychology . In the survey , Michael was considered to be the `` embodiment of pure evil '' ; when compared to the other characters , Michael Myers was rated the highest . Michael was characterized lending to the understanding of insanity , being ranked second to Hannibal Lecter in this category ; he also placed first as the character who shows audiences the `` dark side of human nature '' . He was rated second in the category `` monster enjoys killing '' by the participants , and believed to have `` superhuman strength '' . Michael was rated highest among the characters in the `` monster is an outcast '' category . John Carpenter , serving as an executive producer and creative consultant for the 2018 sequel to Halloween ( 1978 ) , expressed his disagreement with Rob Zombie 's portrayal of the lead slasher , `` I thought that he took away the mystique of the story by explaining too much about ( Michael Myers ) . I do n't care about that . He 's supposed to be a force of nature . He 's supposed to be almost supernatural . '' Co-writer Danny McBride felt that previous sequels had made Michael less scary by giving him an inhuman level of invulnerability , preferring to humanize the character : `` I think we 're just trying to strip it down and just take it back to what was so good about the original ... I want to be scared by something that I really think could happen . I think it 's much more horrifying to be scared by someone standing in the shadows while you 're taking the trash out as opposed to someone who ca n't be killed pursuing you . '' In popular culture ( edit ) In Robot Chicken 's nineteenth episode , `` That Hurts Me '' , Michael Myers ( voiced by Seth Green ) appears as a housemate of `` Horror Movie Big Brother '' , alongside fellow horror movie killers Jason Voorhees , Ghostface , Freddy Krueger , Pinhead , and Leatherface . Myers is evicted from the house , and takes off his mask to reveal himself to be the comedian Mike Myers , and utters his Austin Powers catchphrase , `` I feel randy , baby , yeah ! '' He then proceeds to kill the host . Michael appeared on 25 April 2008 episode of Ghost Whisperer , starring Jennifer Love Hewitt , titled `` Horror Show '' . Here , a spirit communicates with Hewitt 's character by placing her in scenes from the deceased 's favorite horror movies , and one of the scenes involved Michael Myers . The Cold Case episode `` Bad Night '' has the main characters reopening a 1978 murder case after new evidence indicates the victim was not killed by a mentally disturbed man who , after seeing Halloween in theatres , went on a killing spree dressed as Michael . Michael Myers makes a cameo appearance in Rob Zombie 's The Haunted World of El Superbeasto , released on 22 September 2009 . Michael Myers appears in the DLC pack for the video game Call of Duty : Ghosts , Onslaught , as a playable character . Myers also makes a playable appearance in the Halloween chapter of the video game Dead by Daylight , alongside Laurie Strode . In one of the various merchandises to feature the character , Michael Myers made his video game debut with the 1983 Atari video game Halloween . The game is rare to find , often being played on emulators . No characters from the films are specifically named , with the goal of the game focusing on the player , who is a babysitter , protecting children from a `` homicidal maniac ( who ) has escaped from a mental institution '' . Michael was one of several horror icons to be included in the 2009 version of Universal Studios Hollywood 's Halloween Horror Nights event , as a part of a maze entitled Halloween : The Life and Crimes of Michael Myers Pop artist Eric Millikin created a large mosaic portrait of Michael Myers out of Halloween candy and spiders as part of his `` Totally Sweet '' series in 2013 . In 2018 Spirit Halloween released a lifesize animated Michael Myers prop to coincide with the Halloween 2018 film . See also ( edit ) List of horror film antagonists References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Fischoff , Stuart ; Dimopoulos , Alexandra ; Nguyen , François & Gordon , Rachel ( June 1 , 2003 ) . `` The Psychological Appeal of Movie Monsters '' . Journal of Media Psychology . 22 ( 4 ) : 401 -- 426 . doi : 10.2190 / CJ94 - 83FR - 7HQW - 2JK4 . Retrieved October 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : John Carpenter , Jamie Lee Curtis , Josh Hartnett , Adam Arkin , Steve Miner , and Richard Schickel ( 1998 ) . Unmasking the Horror ( Halloween H20 DVD Special Features ) ( DVD ( Region 2 ) ) . United States : Dimension Films . Jump up ^ Fretts , Bruce ( October 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Halloween ' at 40 : Their ' Horrible Idea ' Became a Horror Classic '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stephens , David ( August 3 , 2018 ) . `` Halloween Producer Wants William Shatner to Appear in the Franchise '' . Screenrant . Retrieved October 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Debra Hill ( writer ) and John Carpenter ( writer / director ) ( 1978 ) . Halloween ( DVD ) . Falcon International Productions . Jump up ^ Debra Hill , John Carpenter ( writers ) and Rick Rosenthal ( director ) ( 1981 ) . Halloween II ( DVD ) . Dino De Laurentiis Corporation . Jump up ^ `` Why ' Halloween III : Season of the Witch ' Did n't Feature Michael Myers and Why We Should Give It Another Chance The Film Magazine '' . The Film Magazine . 2017 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Alan B. McElroy ( writer ) and Dwight H. Little ( 1988 ) . Halloween 4 : The Return of Michael Myers ( DVD ) . Trancas International Films . Jump up ^ Michael Jacobs , Dominique Othenin - Girard , Shem Bitterman ( writers ) and Dominique Othenin - Girard ( director ) ( 1989 ) . Halloween 5 : The Revenge of Michael Myers ( DVD ) . Magnum Pictures Inc . Jump up ^ Daniel Farrands ( writer ) and Joe Chappelle ( director ) ( 1995 ) . Halloween : The Curse of Michael Myers ( DVD ) . Miramax Films . Jump up ^ Robert Zapia , Matt Greenberg ( writers ) and Steve Miner ( director ) ( 1998 ) . Halloween H20 : 20 Years Later ( DVD ) . Dimension Films . Jump up ^ Larry Brand , Sean Hood ( writers ) and Rick Rosenthal ( director ) ( 2002 ) . Halloween : Resurrection ( DVD ) . Dimension Films . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( June 5 , 2006 ) . `` Zombie plots new mayhem for ' Halloween ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2007 . Retrieved August 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rob Zombie ( writer / director ) ( 2007 ) . Halloween ( DVD ) . Dimension Films . Jump up ^ Rob Zombie ( writer / director ) ( 2009 ) . Halloween II ( DVD ) . Dimension Films . Jump up ^ Richards , Curtis ( October 1979 ) . Halloween . Bantam Books . ISBN 0553132261 . Jump up ^ Martin , Jack ( 1 November 1981 ) . Halloween II . Zebra Publishing . ISBN 089083864X . Jump up ^ Grabowsky , Nicholas ( October 1988 ) . Halloween IV . Critics Choice Paperbacks / Lorevan Publishing . ISBN 1555472923 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Kelly O'Rourke '' . Halloween Movies . January 5 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2013 . Retrieved August 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ O'Rourke , Kelly ( 1 October 1997 ) . The Scream Factory ( Halloween , Book 1 ) . Berkley Books . ISBN 157297298X . Jump up ^ O'Rourke , Kelly ( 1 December 1997 ) . The Old Myers Place ( Halloween , Book 2 ) . Berkley Books . ISBN 1572973412 . Jump up ^ O'Rourke , Kelly ( 1 February 1998 ) . The Mad House ( Halloween , Book 3 ) . Berkley Books . ISBN 1572973420 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween -- Michael Myers comic book titles '' . Movie Maniacs Comic Books . Retrieved 25 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Arrow interviews Stefan Hutchinson '' . Arrow in the Head . 28 November 2003 . Retrieved 25 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween : Autopsis '' . Bloody Disgusting. 12 July 2006 . Archived from the original on 26 February 2008 . Retrieved 18 November 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Hutchinson , Stefan ( 2008 ) . Halloween : Nightdance . Chicago : Devil 's Due Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 93469 - 220 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Halloween in February : Hutchinson and Seeley on ' Halloween : Nightdance ' '' . Newsarama. 4 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 11 February 2009 . Retrieved 4 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Stephen Hutchinson ( w ) , Daniel Zezelj , Jim Daly , Brett Weldele , Jeffrey Zornow , Lee Ferguson , Tim Seeley ( p ) , Nick Bell , Rob Buffalo , Jeffrey Zornow , Elizabeth John ( i ) . Halloween : 30 Years of Terror ( August 2007 ) , Devil 's Due Publishing Jump up ^ Ekstrom , Steve ( 6 May 2008 ) . `` Celebrating 30 Years of Halloween '' . Newsarama . Retrieved 7 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : John Carpenter , Debra Hill , Nick Castle , Jamie Lee Curtis , and Tommy Lee Wallace ( 2003 ) . A Cut Above the Rest ( Halloween : 25th Anniversary Edition DVD Special Features ) ( DVD ( Region 2 ) ) . United States : Anchor Bay . Jump up ^ Rogers , Nicholas ( 31 October 2003 ) . Halloween : From Pagan Ritual to Party Night . Oxford University Press . p. 115 . ISBN 0195168968 . Jump up ^ `` Dominique Othenin - Girard '' . Halloween Movies . 10 April 2006 . Archived from the original on 5 April 2013 . Retrieved 3 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Farrands interview '' . Icons of Fright. 2005 . Retrieved 2 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Rob Zombie ( 2007 ) . Feature film commentary for Halloween ( DVD ) . United States : Dimension Films . Jump up ^ `` Rewriting Halloween : Interview with Comics Scribe Stefan Hutchinson '' . Cinema Crazed. 10 October 2008 . Archived from the original on 17 October 2008 . Retrieved 12 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` THE SHAPE '' . Dead by Daylight . Archived from the original on 28 September 2017 . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Chichizola , Corey ( 2016 ) . `` John Carpenter 's Blunt Opinion On Rob Zombie 's Version of Halloween '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` # 262 : Danny McBride '' . Empire Film Podcast . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Green , Matthew Senreich ( 10 July 2005 ) . `` That Hurts Me '' . Robot Chicken . Season 1 . Episode 19 . Adult Swim . Jump up ^ `` Buy Jennifer Love Hewitt 's ' Ghost Whisperer ' Wardrobe '' . Entertainment Tonight . 25 April 2008 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2009 . Retrieved 8 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Kevin Bray , Andrea Newman ( 9 October 2005 ) . `` Bad Night '' . Cold Case . Season 3 . Episode 3 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` El Superbeasto Collides with Michael Myers '' . Dread Central . 29 June 2009 . Retrieved 5 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Onslaught '' . CallOfDuty.com . January 2014 . Archived from the original on 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Halloween Chapter '' . Dead by Daylight . Retrieved 27 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Matt ( 29 October 2004 ) . `` Halloween Atari video game '' . X-Entertainment . Retrieved 25 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mazes '' . Universal Studios Halloween Horror Nights . Archived from the original on 14 September 2009 . Retrieved 5 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Burkart , Gregory . `` Get a Taste of Eric Millikin 's Totally Sweet Candy Monster Mosaics '' . FEARnet . Retrieved 9 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Millikin , Eric . `` Eric Millikin 's totally sweet Halloween candy monster portraits '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 9 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Myers Animatronic is back at Spirit Halloween for 2018 ! '' . AnimatronicHalloween.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Halloween : Nightdance scribe Stefan Hutchinson interviewed at ComiXology.com Official site of the Halloween series Halloween Films Halloween ( 1978 ) Halloween II ( 1981 ) Halloween III : Season of the Witch Halloween 4 : The Return of Michael Myers Halloween 5 : The Revenge of Michael Myers Halloween : The Curse of Michael Myers Halloween H20 : 20 Years Later Halloween : Resurrection Halloween ( 2007 ) Halloween II ( 2009 ) Halloween ( 2018 ) Characters Michael Myers Laurie Strode Samuel Loomis Jamie Lloyd Annie Brackett Music Halloween ( 1978 film soundtrack ) Halloween II Halloween III : Season of the Witch Halloween 4 : The Return of Michael Myers Related Halloween ( video game ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Myers_(Halloween)&oldid=866476369 '' Categories : Child characters in film Fictional characters from Illinois Fictional characters introduced in 1978 Fictional characters with psychiatric disorders Fictional characters with superhuman strength Fictional hermits Fictional mass murderers Psychopathy in fiction Fictional rampage and spree killers Fictional sororicides Fictional victims of bullies Fictional victims of child abuse Halloween ( franchise ) characters Horror film characters Fictional American people Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2018 Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Čeština Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 15 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Myers%20%28Halloween%29

single stranded nucleic acid that consists of nucleotides that contain ribose sugar

Nucleic acids are biopolymers , or small biomolecules , essential to all known forms of life . They are composed of nucleotides , which are monomers made of three components : a 5 - carbon sugar , a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base . If the sugar is a compound ribose , the polymer is RNA ( ribonucleic acid ) ; if the sugar is derived from ribose as deoxyribose , the polymer is DNA ( deoxyribonucleic acid ) .

ribonucleic acid

Nucleic acid

nucleic acid

Nucleic acids are biopolymers , or small biomolecules , essential to all known forms of life . They are composed of nucleotides , which are monomers made of three components : a 5 - carbon sugar , a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base . If the sugar is a compound ribose , the polymer is RNA ( ribonucleic acid ) ; if the sugar is derived from ribose as deoxyribose , the polymer is DNA ( deoxyribonucleic acid ) .

Nucleic acids are the most important of all biomolecules . They are found in abundance in all living things , where they function to create and encode and then store information in the nucleus of every living cell of every life - form organism on Earth . In turn , they function to transmit and express that information inside and outside the cell nucleus -- to the interior operations of the cell and ultimately to the next generation of each living organism . The encoded information is contained and conveyed via the nucleic acid sequence , which provides the ' ladder - step ' ordering of nucleotides within the molecules of RNA and DNA . Strings of nucleotides are bonded to form helical backbones -- typically , one for RNA , two for DNA -- and assembled into chains of base - pairs selected from the five primary , or canonical , nucleobases , which are : adenine , cytosine , guanine , thymine , and uracil ; note , thymine occurs only in DNA and uracil only in RNA . Using amino acids and the process known as protein synthesis , the specific sequencing in DNA of these nucleobase - pairs enables storing and transmitting coded instructions as genes . In RNA , base - pair sequencing provides for manufacturing new proteins that determine the frames and parts and most chemical processes of all life forms . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Occurrence and nomenclature 3 Molecular composition and size 4 Topology 5 Sequences 6 Types 6.1 Deoxyribonucleic acid 6.2 Ribonucleic acid 6.3 Artificial nucleic acid 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) Nuclein were discovered by Friedrich Miescher in 1869 . In 1889 Richard Altmann discovered that nuclein has acidic properties , and it became called nucleic acid In 1938 Astbury and Bell published the first X-ray diffraction pattern of DNA . In 1953 Watson and Crick determined the structure of DNA . Experimental studies of nucleic acids constitute a major part of modern biological and medical research , and form a foundation for genome and forensic science , and the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries . Occurrence and nomenclature ( edit ) The term nucleic acid is the overall name for DNA and RNA , members of a family of biopolymers , and is synonymous with polynucleotide . Nucleic acids were named for their initial discovery within the nucleus , and for the presence of phosphate groups ( related to phosphoric acid ) . Although first discovered within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells , nucleic acids are now known to be found in all life forms including within bacteria , archaea , mitochondria , chloroplasts , viruses , and viroids . ( note : there is debate as to whether viruses are living or non-living ) . All living cells contain both DNA and RNA ( except some cells such as mature red blood cells ) , while viruses contain either DNA or RNA , but usually not both . The basic component of biological nucleic acids is the nucleotide , each of which contains a pentose sugar ( ribose or deoxyribose ) , a phosphate group , and a nucleobase . Nucleic acids are also generated within the laboratory , through the use of enzymes ( DNA and RNA polymerases ) and by solid - phase chemical synthesis . The chemical methods also enable the generation of altered nucleic acids that are not found in nature , for example peptide nucleic acids . Molecular composition and size ( edit ) Nucleic acids are generally very large molecules . Indeed , DNA molecules are probably the largest individual molecules known . Well - studied biological nucleic acid molecules range in size from 21 nucleotides ( small interfering RNA ) to large chromosomes ( human chromosome 1 is a single molecule that contains 247 million base pairs ) . In most cases , naturally occurring DNA molecules are double - stranded and RNA molecules are single - stranded . There are numerous exceptions , however -- some viruses have genomes made of double - stranded RNA and other viruses have single - stranded DNA genomes , and , in some circumstances , nucleic acid structures with three or four strands can form . Nucleic acids are linear polymers ( chains ) of nucleotides . Each nucleotide consists of three components : a purine or pyrimidine nucleobase ( sometimes termed nitrogenous base or simply base ) , a pentose sugar , and a phosphate group . The substructure consisting of a nucleobase plus sugar is termed a nucleoside . Nucleic acid types differ in the structure of the sugar in their nucleotides -- DNA contains 2 ' - deoxyribose while RNA contains ribose ( where the only difference is the presence of a hydroxyl group ) . Also , the nucleobases found in the two nucleic acid types are different : adenine , cytosine , and guanine are found in both RNA and DNA , while thymine occurs in DNA and uracil occurs in RNA . The sugars and phosphates in nucleic acids are connected to each other in an alternating chain ( sugar - phosphate backbone ) through phosphodiester linkages . In conventional nomenclature , the carbons to which the phosphate groups attach are the 3 ' - end and the 5 ' - end carbons of the sugar . This gives nucleic acids directionality , and the ends of nucleic acid molecules are referred to as 5 ' - end and 3 ' - end . The nucleobases are joined to the sugars via an N - glycosidic linkage involving a nucleobase ring nitrogen ( N - 1 for pyrimidines and N - 9 for purines ) and the 1 ' carbon of the pentose sugar ring . Non-standard nucleosides are also found in both RNA and DNA and usually arise from modification of the standard nucleosides within the DNA molecule or the primary ( initial ) RNA transcript . Transfer RNA ( tRNA ) molecules contain a particularly large number of modified nucleosides . Topology ( edit ) Double - stranded nucleic acids are made up of complementary sequences , in which extensive Watson - Crick base pairing results in a highly repeated and quite uniform double - helical three - dimensional structure . In contrast , single - stranded RNA and DNA molecules are not constrained to a regular double helix , and can adopt highly complex three - dimensional structures that are based on short stretches of intramolecular base - paired sequences including both Watson - Crick and noncanonical base pairs , and a wide range of complex tertiary interactions . Nucleic acid molecules are usually unbranched , and may occur as linear and circular molecules . For example , bacterial chromosomes , plasmids , mitochondrial DNA , and chloroplast DNA are usually circular double - stranded DNA molecules , while chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus are usually linear double - stranded DNA molecules . Most RNA molecules are linear , single - stranded molecules , but both circular and branched molecules can result from RNA splicing reactions . The total amount of pyrimidine is equal to the total amount of purines . The diameter of the helix is about 20A . Sequences ( edit ) Main article : Nucleic acid sequence One DNA or RNA molecule differs from another primarily in the sequence of nucleotides . Nucleotide sequences are of great importance in biology since they carry the ultimate instructions that encode all biological molecules , molecular assemblies , subcellular and cellular structures , organs , and organisms , and directly enable cognition , memory , and behavior ( see Genetics ) . Enormous efforts have gone into the development of experimental methods to determine the nucleotide sequence of biological DNA and RNA molecules , and today hundreds of millions of nucleotides are sequenced daily at genome centers and smaller laboratories worldwide . In addition to maintaining the GenBank nucleic acid sequence database , the National Center for Biotechnology Information ( NCBI , https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ) provides analysis and retrieval resources for the data in GenBank and other biological data made available through the NCBI web site . Types ( edit ) Deoxyribonucleic acid ( edit ) Main article : DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA ) is a nucleic acid containing the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms . The DNA segments carrying this genetic information are called genes . Likewise , other DNA sequences have structural purposes , or are involved in regulating the use of this genetic information . Along with RNA and proteins , DNA is one of the three major macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life . DNA consists of two long polymers of simple units called nucleotides , with backbones made of sugars and phosphate groups joined by ester bonds . These two strands run in opposite directions to each other and are , therefore , anti-parallel . Attached to each sugar is one of four types of molecules called nucleobases ( informally , bases ) . It is the sequence of these four nucleobases along the backbone that encodes information . This information is read using the genetic code , which specifies the sequence of the amino acids within proteins . The code is read by copying stretches of DNA into the related nucleic acid RNA in a process called transcription . Within cells DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes . During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication , providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes . Eukaryotic organisms ( animals , plants , fungi , and protists ) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles , such as mitochondria or chloroplasts . In contrast , prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm . Within the chromosomes , chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA . These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins , helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed . Ribonucleic acid ( edit ) Main article : RNA Ribonucleic acid ( RNA ) functions in converting genetic information from genes into the amino acid sequences of proteins . The three universal types of RNA include transfer RNA ( tRNA ) , messenger RNA ( mRNA ) , and ribosomal RNA ( rRNA ) . Messenger RNA acts to carry genetic sequence information between DNA and ribosomes , directing protein synthesis . Ribosomal RNA is a major component of the ribosome , and catalyzes peptide bond formation . Transfer RNA serves as the carrier molecule for amino acids to be used in protein synthesis , and is responsible for decoding the mRNA . In addition , many other classes of RNA are now known . Artificial nucleic acid ( edit ) Main article : Nucleic acid analogue Artificial nucleic acid analogues have been designed and synthesized by chemists , and include peptide nucleic acid , morpholino - and locked nucleic acid , glycol nucleic acid , and threose nucleic acid . Each of these is distinguished from naturally occurring DNA or RNA by changes to the backbone of the molecules . See also ( edit ) Comparison of nucleic acid simulation software History of biochemistry History of molecular biology History of RNA biology Molecular biology Nucleic acid methods Nucleic acid structure Nucleic acid thermodynamics Oligonucleotide synthesis Quantification of nucleic acids Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ He called them nuclein . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bill Bryson , A Short History of Nearly Everything , Broadway Books , 2015. p. 500 . Jump up ^ `` What is DNA '' . What is DNA . Linda Clarks . Retrieved 6 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Dahm , R ( January 2008 ) . `` Discovering DNA : Friedrich Miescher and the early years of nucleic acid research '' . Human Genetics . 122 ( 6 ) : 565 -- 81 . doi : 10.1007 / s00439 - 007 - 0433 - 0 . ISSN 0340 - 6717 . PMID 17901982 . Jump up ^ Cox , Michael ; Nelson , David ( 2008 ) . Principles of Biochemistry . Susan Winslow . p. 288 . ISBN 9781464163074 . Jump up ^ `` DNA Structure '' . What is DNA . Linda Clarks . Retrieved 6 August 2016 . Jump up ^ International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium ( 2001 ) . `` Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 409 ( 6822 ) : 860 -- 921 . Bibcode : 2001Natur. 409 ... 860L . doi : 10.1038 / 35057062 . PMID 11237011 . Jump up ^ Venter , JC ; et al. ( 2001 ) . `` The sequence of the human genome '' ( PDF ) . Science . 291 ( 5507 ) : 1304 -- 1351 . Bibcode : 2001Sci ... 291.1304 V . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1058040 . PMID 11181995 . Jump up ^ Budowle B , van Daal A ( April 2009 ) . `` Extracting evidence from forensic DNA analyses : future molecular biology directions '' . BioTechniques. 46 ( 5 ) : 339 -- 40 , 342 -- 50 . doi : 10.2144 / 000113136 . PMID 19480629 . Jump up ^ Elson D ( 1965 ) . `` Metabolism of nucleic acids ( macromolecular DNA and RNA ) '' . Annu. Rev. Biochem. 34 : 449 -- 86 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. bi. 34.070165. 002313 . PMID 14321176 . Jump up ^ National Institute of Health ( September 28 , 2007 ) . `` Discovering DNA : Friedrich Miescher and the early years of nucleic acid research '' . Hum . Genet . nih.gov. 122 ( 6 ) : 565 -- 81 . doi : 10.1007 / s00439 - 007 - 0433 - 0 . PMID 17901982 . Jump up ^ Aparadh , V.T. & B.A. Karadge ( 2012 ) . `` Infrared Spectroscopic Studies in Some Cleome species '' ( PDF ) . ISSN 2319 - 8877 . ^ Jump up to : Brock , Thomas D. ; Madigan , Michael T. ( 2009 ) . Brock biology of microorganisms . Pearson / Benjamin Cummings . ISBN 0 - 321 - 53615 - 0 . Jump up ^ Hardinger , Steven ; University of California , Los Angeles ( 2011 ) . `` Knowing Nucleic Acids '' ( PDF ) . ucla.edu . Jump up ^ Mullis , Kary B . The Polymerase Chain Reaction ( Nobel Lecture ) . 1993 . ( retrieved December 1 , 2010 ) http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1993/mullis-lecture.html Jump up ^ Verma S , Eckstein F ( 1998 ) . `` Modified oligonucleotides : synthesis and strategy for users '' . Annu. Rev. Biochem. 67 : 99 -- 134 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. biochem. 67.1. 99 . PMID 9759484 . Jump up ^ Gregory SG , Barlow KF , McLay KE , et al. ( May 2006 ) . `` The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1 '' . Nature . 441 ( 7091 ) : 315 -- 21 . Bibcode : 2006Natur. 441 ... 315G . doi : 10.1038 / nature04727 . PMID 16710414 . Jump up ^ Todorov TI , Morris MD ( April 23 , 2002 ) . National Institutes of Health . `` Comparison of RNA , single - stranded DNA and double - stranded DNA behavior during capillary electrophoresis in semidilute polymer solutions '' . Electrophoresis . nih.gov. 23 ( 7 -- 8 ) : 1033 -- 44 . doi : 10.1002 / 1522 - 2683 ( 200204 ) 23 : 7 / 8 3.0.CO ; 2 - 7 . PMID 11981850 . Jump up ^ Margaret Hunt ; University of South Carolina ( 2010 ) . `` RN Virus Replication Strategies '' . sc.edu . Jump up ^ McGlynn Peter ; Robert G. Lloyd ( June 10 , 1999 ) . `` RecG helicase activity at three - and four - strand DNA structures '' . oxfordjournals.org . ISSN 1362 - 4962 . Jump up ^ Stryer , Lubert ; Berg , Jeremy Mark ; Tymoczko , John L. ( 2007 ) . Biochemistry . San Francisco : W.H. Freeman . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 6766 - X . Jump up ^ Rich A , RajBhandary UL ( 1976 ) . `` Transfer RNA : molecular structure , sequence , and properties '' . Annu. Rev. Biochem. 45 : 805 -- 60 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. bi. 45.070176. 004105 . PMID 60910 . Jump up ^ Watson JD , Crick FH ( April 1953 ) . `` Molecular structure of nucleic acids ; a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid '' . Nature . 171 ( 4356 ) : 737 -- 8 . Bibcode : 1953Natur. 171 ... 737W . doi : 10.1038 / 171737a0 . PMID 13054692 . Jump up ^ Ferré - D'Amaré AR , Doudna JA ( 1999 ) . `` RNA folds : insights from recent crystal structures '' . Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct. 28 : 57 -- 73 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. biophys. 28.1. 57 . PMID 10410795 . Jump up ^ Alberts , Bruce ( 2008 ) . Molecular biology of the cell . New York : Garland Science . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 4105 - 9 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Walter G. 1980 . DNA Sequencing and Gene Structure ( Nobel Lecture ) http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/gilbert-lecture.html Jump up ^ Sanger , Frederick . 1980 . Determination of Nucleotide Sequences in DNA ( Nobel Lecture ) http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/sanger-lecture.html Jump up ^ `` Database resources of the National Center for Biotechnology Information '' . Nucleic Acids Research . 42 ( Database issue ) : D7 -- 17 . 2014 . doi : 10.1093 / nar / gkt1146 . PMC 3965057 . PMID 24259429 . Bibliography ( edit ) Wolfram Saenger , Principles of Nucleic Acid Structure , 1984 , Springer - Verlag New York Inc . Bruce Alberts , Alexander Johnson , Julian Lewis , Martin Raff , Keith Roberts , and Peter Walter Molecular Biology of the Cell , 2007 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 4105 - 5 . Fourth edition is available online through the NCBI Bookshelf : link Jeremy M Berg , John L Tymoczko , and Lubert Stryer , Biochemistry 5th edition , 2002 , WH Freeman . Available online through the NCBI Bookshelf : link Astrid Sigel , Helmut Sigel and Roland K.O. Sigel , eds. ( 2012 ) . Interplay between Metal Ions and Nucleic Acids . Metal Ions in Life Sciences . 10 . Springer . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 007 - 2172 - 2 . ISBN 978 - 94 - 007 - 2171 - 5 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Further reading ( edit ) Palou - Mir , Joana ; Barceló - Oliver , Miquel ; Sigel , Roland K.O. ( 2017 ) . `` Chapter 12 . The Role of Lead ( II ) in Nucleic Acids '' . In Astrid , S. ; Helmut , S. ; Sigel , R.K.O. Lead : Its Effects on Environment and Health . Metal Ions in Life Sciences . 17 . de Gruyter . pp. 403 -- 434 . doi : 10.1515 / 9783110434330 - 012 . External links ( edit ) Interview with Aaron Klug , Nobel Laureate for structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic - acid protein complexes provided by the Vega Science Trust . Nucleic Acids Research journal Nucleic Acids Book ( free online book on the chemistry and biology of nucleic acids ) ( hide ) Types of nucleic acids Constituents Nucleobases Nucleosides Nucleotides Deoxynucleotides Ribonucleic acids ( coding , non-coding ) Translational Messenger precursor , heterogenous nuclear Transfer Ribosomal Transfer - messenger Regulatory Interferential Micro Small interfering Piwi - interacting Antisense Processual Small nuclear Small nucleolar Small Cajal Body RNAs Y RNA Enhancer RNAs Others Guide Ribozyme Small hairpin Small temporal Trans - acting small interfering Subgenomic messenger Deoxyribonucleic acids Complementary Chloroplast Deoxyribozyme Genomic Multicopy single - stranded Mitochondrial Analogues Xeno Glycol Threose Hexose Locked Peptide Morpholino Cloning vectors Phagemid Plasmid Lambda phage Cosmid Fosmid Artificial chromosomes P1 - derived Bacterial Yeast Human Molecular and cellular biology portal GND : 4172117 - 2 NARA : 10643252 NDL : 00564756 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nucleic_acid&oldid=835988427 '' Categories : Nucleic acids Genetics Biomolecules Organic acids Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 68 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 00 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic%20acid

when does my hero academia two heroes come out

An original film entitled My Hero Academia : Two Heroes is set to be released on August 3 , 2018 , developed by the same team of the anime .

August 3 , 2018

List of My Hero Academia episodes

list of my hero academia episodes

My Hero Academia is a Japanese superhero manga series written and illustrated by Kōhei Horikoshi . It has been serialized in Weekly Shōnen Jump since July 2014 , and 12 volumes have been collected in tankōbon format . The series has been licensed for English - language release by Viz Media , and began serialization in their weekly digital manga anthology Weekly Shonen Jump on February 9 , 2015 . The story follows Izuku Midoriya , a boy born without superpowers in a world where they are the norm , but who still dreams of becoming a superhero himself , and is scouted by the world 's greatest hero who shares his powers with Izuku after recognizing his value and enrolls him in a high school for heroes in training .

The manga was adapted into an anime television series produced by Bones . The first season aired from April 3 to June 26 , 2016 , on MBS and other Japan News Network stations in ' Nichigo ' timeslot at 5pm on Sundays in Japan . The opening theme is `` The Day '' , performed by Porno Graffitti and the ending theme is `` Heroes '' , performed by Brian the Sun . The second season aired from April 1 to September 30 , 2017 on NTV and YTV , with the staff and cast from the first season returning to reprise their roles . The second season 's first opening theme is `` Peace Sign '' ( ピース サイン ) performed by Kenshi Yonezu and the first ending theme is `` Dakara , Hitori ja nai '' ( だから 、 ひとり じゃ ない , lit . Therefore , I am not Alone ) , performed by Little Glee Monster . The second opening theme is `` Sora ni Utaeba '' ( 空 に 歌 えば , lit . If I Sing to the Sky ) performed by amazarashi and the ending theme is `` Datte Atashi no Hero '' ( だって アタシ の ヒーロー , lit . Still My Hero ) by LiSA . The third season premiered on April 7 , 2018 . The third season 's first opening theme is `` Odd Future '' by Uverworld and the first ending theme is `` Update '' ( アップデート ) by miwa . The third season 's second opening theme is `` Make my Story '' by Lenny Code Fiction and the second ending theme is `` Long Hope Philia '' ( ロング ホープ ・ フィリア ) by Masaki Suda . Adult Swim 's Toonami block premiered the series on May 5 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2018 ) 3 OVA 4 Film 5 Notes 6 References 7 See also Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 April 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 03 ) June 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) 25 April 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 01 ) September 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 30 ) 25 April 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 07 ) TBA Episode list ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date English air date `` Izuku Midoriya : Origin '' `` Midoriya Izuku : Orijin '' ( 緑 谷 出 久 : オリジン ) April 3 , 2016 May 5 , 2018 In a world where most of the population is gifted with special powers known as `` Quirks '' , Izuku Midoriya is a young boy who always dreamed of becoming a hero , despite not having a Quirk himself , until one day he is attacked by a villain and is rescued by none other than All Might , the most famous hero ever and his idol since childhood . `` What It Takes to Be a Hero '' `` Hīrō no Jōken '' ( ヒーロー の 条件 ) April 10 , 2016 May 12 , 2018 Izuku discovers that All Might 's true form is that of a frail , emaciated man , who suffered a massive injury years ago . All Might tells Izuku that he should give up on being a hero and focus on a more realistic dream . Disheartened , Izuku makes his way home , only to see his classmate and bully Katsuki Bakugō attacked by a villain . With no heroes around able to fight the villain , Izuku , without any thought given , rushes in . `` Roaring Muscles '' `` Unare kin'niku '' ( うなれ 筋肉 ) April 17 , 2016 May 19 , 2018 All Might tells Izuku of his quirk , `` One For All '' , a special quirk that transfers its strength from person to person . While All Might believes Izuku to be worthy of his quirk , bestowing it to him right away would ruin his untrained body . All Might then designs a ten - month training regimen to ensure that Izuku can become a vessel that can carry it . `` Start Line '' `` Sutaatorain '' ( スタート ライン ) April 24 , 2016 June 2 , 2018 After receiving All Might 's Quirk , the time has come for Izuku to attend the exams for the prestigious U.A. High School for heroes in training . During the practical exam , Izuku gets himself in a pinch and is about to fail until one of his fellow examinees finds herself in serious danger and he runs to her rescue . 5 5 `` What I Can Do For Now '' `` Ima Boku ni Dekiru Koto wo '' ( 今 僕 に 出来る こと を ) May 1 , 2016 June 9 , 2018 It 's Izuku 's first day as a student of U.A. High School . However , his homeroom teacher Shōta Aizawa decides to hold a physical test to evaluate how the students use their Quirks . Mr. Aizawa threatens the worst ranked student with expulsion , and Izuku finds himself in another predicament as he still has not learned to control his Quirk properly . 6 6 `` Rage , You Damned Nerd '' `` Takere Kusonādo '' ( 猛 れ クソナード ) May 8 , 2016 June 16 , 2018 Now donning their own hero costumes , the students are assigned to a mock battle between teams of two to test their combat abilities . Izuku is paired with Ochako Uraraka , the girl he helped during the entrance exams who also becomes his friend much to his joy . However , also to his dismay , one of his opponents is Bakugō , who always mocked him for his quirklessness , and is now furious at him . 7 7 `` Deku vs. Kacchan '' `` Deku bāsasu Kacchan '' ( デク vs かっちゃん ) May 15 , 2016 June 23 , 2018 The mock battle continues with Izuku barely holding against Bakugō 's devastating attacks , leaving Ochako to face the other opponent Tenya Iida by herself . As the time limit approaches , Izuku seems to have no option but to use his Quirk against Bakugō in an attempt to defeat him , until he comes up with a better idea . 8 8 `` Bakugo 's Start Line '' `` Sutāto Rain , Bakugō no . '' ( スタート ライン 、 爆 豪 の . ) May 22 , 2016 June 30 , 2018 After losing against Izuku in the mock battle , Bakugō watches the rest of his classmates in action and realizes that he still has a long way to stand above his peers . After recovering from his injuries , Izuku attempts to cheer him up , to the point of sharing with him parts of his secret . Meanwhile , news that All Might is teaching at U.A. are received by some individuals with contempt . 9 9 `` Yeah , Just Do Your Best , Iida ! '' `` Ii zo Ganbare Īda - kun ! '' ( いい ぞ ガンバレ 飯田 くん ! ) May 29 , 2016 July 7 , 2018 Izuku is chosen as the class president , much to his surprise , but he ends up relinquishing the position to Iida when he and his friends find him more suitable for the position . The students are then assigned to another field exercise , but before it begins , a horde of villains suddenly appear before them . 10 10 `` Encounter with the Unknown '' `` Michi to no Sōgū '' ( 未知 と の 遭遇 ) June 5 , 2016 July 14 , 2018 The villains use their powers to scatter and ambush the students in order to attract All Might for a trap . Izuku ends up stranded and surrounded on a boat along with his classmates Tsuyu Asui and Minoru Mineta , but after learning more about their powers , he comes up with a plan to turn the tides . Elsewhere , Iida is chosen by the others to break through the enemy trap and call for help . 11 11 `` Game Over '' `` Gēmu Ōbā '' ( ゲーム オーバー ) June 12 , 2016 July 21 , 2018 The students fight for their lives against the Villains while Iida manages to escape with his friends ' help . Once it 's clear that Iida will warn the other teachers who will come to stop them , the Villains ' leader Tomura Shigaraki decides to kill Izuku and his friends just to hurt All Might 's pride before they leave , when All Might himself appears . 12 12 `` All Might '' `` Ōrumaito '' ( オール マイト ) June 19 , 2016 July 28 , 2018 Shigaraki unleashes his secret weapon , the multi-quirk monster called `` Nomu '' against All Might , who finds himself in a pinch , until Izuku and some other students arrive to assist him , but All Might has little time left before he runs out of power to defeat the creature in order to protect the school . 13 13 `` In Each of our Hearts '' `` Onoono no Mune ni '' ( 各々 の 胸 に ) June 26 , 2016 -- Although he was able to defeat the Nomu , All Might has no energy left and is defenseless against Shigaraki , but Izuku manages to stall the enemy long enough for the other teachers to arrive and force him to retreat . As the leftover Villains are captured and the students are rescued , All Might thanks Izuku for saving his life , but elsewhere , Shigaraki confers with his master , implying that their feud against the Heroes is just beginning . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 13.5 0 `` Hero Notebook '' `` Hīrō Nōto '' ( ヒーロー ノート ) March 25 , 2017 A recap of the first season . Note : The episode earned a 3.3 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 14 `` That 's the Idea , Ochaco '' `` Sou iu Koto ne Ochako - san '' ( そういう こと ね お茶 子 さん ) April 1 , 2017 Still recovering from the previous incident , the school is about to hold the Sports Festival , which will serve as an opportunity for the students to show off their Quirks for professional heroes looking for sidekicks . In the occasion , All Might confesses to Izuku that his powers are diminishing , and that the festival is an opportunity for Izuku to show his true value to the world . Note : The episode earned a 3.4 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 15 `` Roaring Sports Festival '' `` Unare Taiikusai '' ( うなれ 体育 祭 ) April 8 , 2017 Todoroki expresses to Izuku that he will defeat him and show his true power . As the Sports Festival begins , the students from the four branches of the school - Hero , General Studies , Business and Support Courses - participate in an obstacle - course race . Note : The episode earned a 3.5 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 16 `` In Their Own Quirky Ways '' `` Minna Koseiteki de ii ne '' ( みんな 個性 的 で いい ね ) April 15 , 2017 During the obstacle race , Todoroki effortlessly passes each obstacle with Bakugo in hot pursuit . At the last obstacle , Izuku uses his wits to pass through both and win the race . However , his victory is short - lived when he learns that by being first place , he is the top target for the next round . 17 `` Strategy , Strategy , Strategy '' `` Saku Saku Saku '' ( 策 策 策 ) April 22 , 2017 In the next round , the Cavalry Battle , Izuku teams up with Ochako , Tokoyami and Support Course student Mei . Being the team with most points , they barely evade the advances from the other teams from their class , while the students from Class B take advantage of it to claim points for themselves . 18 5 `` Cavalry Battle Finale '' `` Kibasen Kecchaku '' ( 騎馬 戦 決着 ) April 29 , 2017 As the end of the Cavalry Battle approaches , Izuku 's team have a heated confrontation with the team led by Todoroki and despite losing the first place to them , they earn a place in the next round by working together . 19 6 `` The Boy Born with Everything '' `` Subete o Motte Umareta Otokonoko '' ( 全て を 持っ て 生まれ た 男の子 ) May 6 , 2017 The 16 remaining students advance to the final stage , with battles one on one to decide the winner . Before the fights begin , Todoroki has a private talk with Izuku , revealing the reasons for his hatred toward his father , the world 's second - best hero Endeavor . Note : The episode earned a 3.5 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 20 7 `` Victory or Defeat '' `` Kachimake '' ( 勝ち負け ) May 13 , 2017 In the first round , Izuku is struck by Hitoshi Shinso 's brainwashing ability , but breaks free in the last moment and obtains victory , while Todoroki displays his overwhelming power and easily wins his match against Hanta Sero , becoming Izuku 's opponent in the following round . Note : The episode earned a 3.4 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 21 8 `` Battle on , Challengers ! '' `` Furue ! Charenjā '' ( 奮 え ! チャレンジャー ) May 20 , 2017 The U.A. Sports Festival continues with the completion of the other six bracket matches . Shiozaki swiftly overcomes Kaminari . Mei manipulates Iida in order to show off her tech to support companies , giving him the win by stepping out . Mina beats Aoyama by exploiting his weakness . Yaoyorozu is overwhelmed by the speed of Tokoyami 's Dark Shadow and is pushed out of the ring . Tetsutetsu and Kirishima have a homestyle brawl ending in a tie . Throughout all of this , Ochako is trying to prepare herself for the daunting task of battling Bakugo . Note : The episode earned a 3.0 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 22 9 `` Bakugo vs. Uraraka '' `` Bakugō vs. Uraraka '' ( 爆 vs 麗 日 豪 ) May 27 , 2017 Ochako uses many different strategies to attempt to defeat Bakugo . However , despite her plans , Bakugo wins after Ochako falls unconscious . Afterwards , Ochako talks over the phone with her father who tries to console her , but to no avail . Also during this time , Tetsutetsu and Kirishima have an arm - wrestling contest to determine who moves on to the next round ; Kirishima wins and the two become friends . Izuku prepares for his fight with Todoroki . 23 10 `` Shoto Todoroki : Origin '' `` Todoroki Shōto : Orijin '' ( 轟 焦 凍 : オリジン ) June 3 , 2017 Izuku and Todoroki begin their match . Izuku , while still trying to win , is attempting to get Todoroki to use his left side so they can both battle at their full power . As Todoroki fights on , more of his past is revealed through flashbacks . He remembers his mother saying it was okay to use his left side because he wanted to be a hero . So Izuku fights Todoroki who is using both sides . Cementoss and Midnight attempt to stop the match before the two deal their final attacks but to no avail . Izuku is thrown out of bounds and Todoroki moves on . Note : The episode earned a 3.0 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 24 11 `` Fight on , Iida '' `` Īda - kun Faito '' ( 飯田 くん ファイト ) June 10 , 2017 Izuku caused significant damage in his right hand warranting surgery ; school nurse Recovery Girl refuses future treatment if he does it again . All Might admits to his youth being identical to Izuku 's . Todoroki admits to Endeavor he was able to use his left side fire because he forgot all about his father . In the last matches of the second round , Iida and Tokoyami push respective opponents Shiozaki and Ashido out of bounds , while Bakugo overpowers Kirishima . When Iida fights Todoroki , Iida is frozen and rendered unable to go on . Bakugo figures Tokoyami 's weakness to intense light as they fight and makes him yield . Meanwhile in Tokyo , Iida 's brother Ingenium is crippled in pursuit of the Hero Killer : Stain , and Iida is informed not long after by his mother . Stain is invited by Kurogiri to meet with Shiguraki about joining the Villain 's League . 25 12 `` Todoroki vs. Bakugo '' `` Todoroki vs. Bakugo '' ( 轟 vs 爆 豪 ) June 17 , 2017 Todoroki is still unsure if he should be using his left side . As the match starts , Todoroki attacks Bakugo with his ice power . Bakugo becomes angry as he wants Todoroki to fight him with both of his sides . After Izuku 's cheer , Todoroki decides to use his left side but when Bakugo is about to use his `` Howitzer Impact '' , Todoroki suddenly stops using his left side . The attack pushes Todoroki out of bounds , resulting in Bakugo being named the winner . Angered , Bakugo still goes after Todoroki , but Midnight stops him . After the match , All Might gives everyone medals . Iida already to see his brother at the hospital and did not attend the award ceremony . After everyone went home to recover , Todoroki finally decides to go see his mother whom he had not seen for many years . 26 13 `` Time to Pick Some Names '' `` Namae o Tsuke te Miyō no Kai '' ( 名前 を つけ て みよう の 会 ) June 24 , 2017 The Sports Festival is over , and everyone 's injuries are almost recovered . Mr. Aizawa announces that everyone has to decide a hero name for themselves , and that since many of the students have gotten multiple offers from pro heroes , everyone will be doing a one - week internship at a hero agency . Midnight joins in to offer feedback on everyone 's hero name requests . After that , everyone chooses an agency for their internship . Izuku is still not sure which agency he should join when suddenly All Might shows up . He tells Izuku that his teacher has offered an internship , and Izuku accepts it . Meanwhile , Iida picks an agency in the area where his brother was attacked . The next day , everyone sets off for the internship . 27 14 `` Bizarre ! Gran Torino Appears '' `` Kaiki ! Guran Torino Arawaru '' ( 怪奇 ! グラン トリノ 現 る ) July 8 , 2017 The internship program starts and Izuku is waiting to meet Gran Torino but when he does he is not what he expected . Izuku begins to leave until Gran Torino shows his power and tempts Izuku to fight him . Meanwhile Tenya is looking for hero - killer Stain and the other students of Class A are also busy in their internship . Izuku trains hard with Gran Torino and finally starts to understand One For All . 28 15 `` Midoriya and Shigaraki '' `` Midoriya to Shigaraki '' ( 緑 谷 と 死 柄 木 ) July 15 , 2017 Now that Izuku knows how to control some of his powers he starts to train more and more with Gran Torino to perfect that power . All Might learns more about the captured Nomu . After Stain refuses to join the League of Villains , he returns to Haso City to hunt down more heroes . Shigaraki also goes to Haso , releasing several Nomus into the city . On the way to respond to the Nomu attacks , Tenya discovers Stain just as he is about to kill another hero . Meanwhile , Gran Torino decides to take Izuku to Shibuya city , and their train is attacked by a Nomu as they pass Haso . Note : The episode earned a 3.0 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 29 16 `` Hero Killer : Stain vs U.A. Students '' `` Hīrō Goroshi Sutein vs U.A. Seito '' ( ヒーロー 殺し ステイン vs 雄英 生徒 ) July 22 , 2017 Haso City is under attack by Stain and by three Nomus released by the League of Villains . As Gran Torino battles the Nomu that attacked their train , Izuku searches the city for Tenya and arrives just in time to prevent Stain from killing him . Having received a cryptic message from Izuku before he attacked Stain , Shoto arrives just as Stain has used his Quirk to paralyze Izuku . As Izuku figures out the secret of Stain 's Quirk , Shoto struggles to evade Stain 's many blades and Tenya struggles with his own rage and quest for vengeance . Note : The episode earned a 2.8 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 30 17 `` Climax '' `` Ketchaku '' ( 決着 ) July 29 , 2017 Tenya fights off Stain 's Quirk and joins the battle with Shoto and Izuku . Endeavor and Gran Torino defeat a Nomu while the three UA students defeat Stain - at the cost of serious injuries to Tenya and Izuku . Endeavor defeats the remaining Nomu and controls the situation . Note : The episode earned a 4.5 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 31 18 `` The Aftermath of Hero Killer : Stain '' `` ' Hīrō - Goroshi Sutein ' Sono Yoha '' ( 「 ヒーロー 殺し ステイン 」 その 余波 ) August 5 , 2017 Following Stain 's arrest , the video of Stain expressing his views on the present Heroes has gone viral , and more people are falling to those views . With Stain in custody , they begin to gravitate towards the League of Villains . Meanwhile , credit for the arrest has gone to Endeavor , to ensure that Tenya , Izuku and Shoto are not arrested for using their powers without permission . Iida apologizes for his rash behavior and decides to work on improving himself . 32 19 `` Everyone 's Internships '' `` Sorezore no Shokuba Taiken '' ( それぞれ の 職場 体験 ) August 12 , 2017 Anime - original episode showing what some of the other characters did during their internships , particularly Tsuyu / Froppy . Note : The episode earned a 2.7 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 33 20 `` Listen Up ! ! A Tale from the Past '' `` Shire ! ! Mukashi no Hanashi '' ( 知れ ! ! 昔 の 話 ) August 19 , 2017 Following their internships , everyone has returned to school , and All Might decides to tell Izuku the truth behind his Quirk , One for All . Note : The episode earned a 4.1 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 34 21 `` Gear up for Final Exams '' `` Sonaero Kimatsu Tesuto '' ( 備え ろ 期末 テスト ) September 2 , 2017 Final exams are approaching , and the class prepares for their written and practical exams . Momo hosts a study party at her mansion , and Itsuka tells Izuku and his friends that the practical exam will be against robot enemies . After making it through three days of written exams , everyone is shocked to learn that the practical exam will not involve robots this year - instead , they will be fighting in predetermined pairs against one of their teachers . To pass , they must either defeat the teacher or escape the arena before time runs out . Note : The episode earned a 3.2 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 35 22 `` Yaoyorozu : Rising '' `` Yaoyorozu : Raijingu '' ( 八 百 万 : ライジング ) September 9 , 2017 Tsuyu and Fumikage work together to evade Ectoplasm 's army of clones . Tenya and Mashirao face off against the burrowing Power Loader . Todoroki and Momo , whose confidence was shattered after being easily defeated by Fumikage in the Sports Festival , attempt to evade Aizawa 's Quirk . Ochaco and Yuga try to avoid being sucked into Thirteen 's black hole . Note : The episode earned a 3.0 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 36 23 `` Stripping the Varnish '' `` Mukero Hitokawa '' ( むけ ろ 一 皮 ) September 16 , 2017 Yuga asks Ochaco if she likes Izuku , prompting an unexpected resolution to their match with Thirteen . Denki and Mina attempt to evade the buildings being toppled by Principal Nezu as he strategically cuts off their escape routes . Kyoka and Koji , who both have sound - dependent Quirks , struggle to come up with a strategy against Present Mic 's overpowering noise . Mezo creates a distraction to allow Toru an opening against Snipe . Midnight takes out Hanta quickly , leaving Mineta alone against her somnambulist Quirk . Note : The episode earned a 3.9 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 37 24 `` Katsuki Bakugo : Origin '' `` Bakugo Katsuki : Orijin '' ( 爆 豪 勝己 : オリジン ) September 23 , 2017 The final match of the final exams pits Izuku and Katsuki against All Might . Izuku struggles to convince Katsuki to work with him , especially since Izuku believes they have no choice but to escape and Katsuki seems determined to fight All Might head - on . Even with All Might 's diminishing strength and handicap weights , both students face serious injuries as they put everything they have into the fight . Note : The episode earned a 3.4 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 38 25 `` Encounter '' `` Enkauntā '' ( エン カウンター ) September 30 , 2017 At the League of Villains hideout , two visitors express interest in joining the League of Villains . Tomura resents the fact that Stain 's ideology has inspired so many people when his own approach has not been nearly as successful . Meanwhile , Izuku and his classmates go on a shopping trip to prepare for summer training camp . Season 3 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 39 `` Game Start '' `` Gēmu Sutāto '' ( ゲーム ・ スタート ) April 7 , 2018 The students of 1 - A have a PE class at the pool , while reminiscing about the main events of the previous seasons . Note : The episode earned a 4.9 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 40 `` Wild , Wild Pussycats '' `` Wairudo Wairudo Pusshīkyattsu '' ( ワイルド ・ ワイルド ・ プッシー キャッツ ) April 14 , 2018 On the day of the forest lodge trip , Class 1 - A and 1 - B prepare to board buses . An hour later , Class 1 - A 's bus stops for a restroom break . Suddenly , two women wearing cat - like costumes and a small boy appear . The women introduce themselves as the professional Hero Team , The Pussycats , while the boy is revealed to be Kota , an orphan in their care who despises heroes . Mandalay tells class 1 - A that they must reach the training camp at the base of the mountain by midday or they will miss lunch . Despite their best efforts , class 1 - A 's progress is inhibited by earthen beasts throughout the forest , controlled by Pixie - Bob with her Quirk , and the students miss their deadline by hours . However , team Pussycats is satisfied with their performances , and they are offered dinner instead . Afterwards , Class 1 - A go to the hot springs for a bath . Mineta tries to peek at the girls ' bath side but is prevented by Kota ; Kota accidentally sees the girls and faints , but is saved by Izuku . Izuku brings the unconscious Kota to the cabin and learns the story of his parents ; pro heroes who died in the line of duty . 41 `` Kota '' `` Kōta - kun '' ( 洸 汰 くん ) April 21 , 2018 Class 1 - A and 1 - B continues training as the villains prepare to attack . Despite Kota 's hatred for heroes , and the superhuman society in general , Midoriya tries to convince Kota by telling his own tales as his friend 's story . The villains attack when the students are participating in a training exercise and catch them unawares . 42 `` My Hero '' `` Boku no Hīrō '' ( 僕 の ヒーロー ) April 28 , 2018 The villains continue their attack , working in teams or alone to target different groups of students and teachers . Muscular , one of the villains chances upon Kota at his secret hideout and tries to kill him , but is stopped by Izuku . Izuku is pushed to his limit in the fight but manages to defeat Muscular with a 1,000,000 % Delaware Detroit Smash and saves Kota . Kota finally overcomes his prejudices due to Izuku 's selflessness and calls him `` My Hero '' . 43 5 `` Drive It Home , Iron Fist ! ! ! '' `` Buchikomu Tekken ! ! ! '' ( ブチ 込む 鉄拳 ! ! ! ) May 5 , 2018 After defeating Muscular , Izuku carries Kota back to the camp and runs into Eraserhead . Izuku passes Kota over to him , as he has a message to deliver to everyone through Mandalay 's telepathy . The teacher asks Izuku to deliver a message from him as well . Mandalay delivers both messages : That `` Kacchan '' ( Katsuki ) is one of the villains ' targets and the students have permission to use their quirks to defend themselves . Meanwhile , Tetsutetsu and Itsuka find the source of a poisonous gas that is filling part of the forest : a villain named Mustard . The two work together to defeat Mustard and this results in the gas dissipating . Izuku runs into Mezo while searching for Katsuki and learns that Fumikage 's quirk , Dark Shadow , is out of control . 44 6 `` Roaring Upheaval '' `` Ganaru Fūunkyū '' ( が なる 風雲 急 ) May 12 , 2018 Mezo asks for Izuku 's help in saving Fumikage from his own quirk and to choose between saving Fumikage or Katsuki . Izuku devises a plan to save both , which involves leading Dark Shadow to Katsuki and Shoto who are fighting the villain Moonfish . Dark Shadow defeats Moonfish and is then weakened and brought back under control by Katsuki and Shoto . The students team up and run into Ochaco and Tsuyu fighting a villain called Himiko . As there are now more student present than she is ready to take on by herself , Himiko retreats . Izuku asks the girls to help them protect Katsuki but Katsuki and Fumikage have already been kidnapped by the villain Mr. Compress . A Nomu chases Yosetsu who is carrying a heavily injured Momo but the Nomu is called back by Dabi as their mission has been accomplished . Momo makes a tracking device which Yosetsu attaches to the Nomu . Izuku and the others continue to chase Mr. Compress but are unable to keep up with his speed . Izuku devises a plan to launch him , Shoto and Mezo into the air using Ochaco and Tsuyu 's quirks . They manage to successfully tackle Mr. Compress to the ground . 45 7 `` What a Twist ! '' `` Ten Ten Ten ! '' ( 転 転転 ! ) May 19 , 2018 Midoriya , Todoroki and Shoji have caught up with Mr. Compress , and with Aoyama 's assistance , they manage to rescue Tokoyami . However , the villains retreat with Bakugo , leaving the heroes - in - training in anguish . U.A. faces serious backlash over the next couple of days , even while the police pursues a lead to find the League of Villains . Midoriya wakes up in a hospital bed , two days after the attack . Almost all of class A comes to visit him . Kirishima and Todoroki reveal that they plan to go rescue Bakugo . 46 8 `` From Iida to Midoriya '' `` Īda - kara Midoriya e '' ( 飯田 から 緑 谷 へ ) May 26 , 2018 At Midoriya 's room in the hospital , class 1A debates whether or not they should attempt a rescue mission . Kirishima lets Midoriya know that he and Todoroki intend to make their move that very night . U.A organizes a press conference whose airing is met with criticism . Meanwhile the police continues with their investigation and organizes a team of heroes to strike back against the villains . Midoriya decides to join Todoroki and Kirishima in their rescue attempt , as does Yaoyorozu . Iida attempts to convince them to drop their plan but ultimately decides to join them so that he can keep an eye on them and call the mission off if actual combat breaks out . The group makes their way to Camino ward and change into disguises to avoid standing out . Shigaraki attempts to convince Bakugo to join the League of Villains but Bakugo reveals his commitment to becoming a hero and attacks Twice and Shigaraki . 47 9 `` All For One '' `` Ōru Fō Wan '' ( オール ・ フォー ・ ワン ) June 2 , 2018 Midoriya , Yaoyorozu , Todoroki , Kirishima , and Iida continue their search and rescue to save Bakugo . After arriving at what seems to be the hideout , they discover a large amount of Nomus inside . The Pro-Heroes then capture the members of the League of Villains , but an unexpected warp attacks the heroes and takes Bakugo once again . 48 10 `` Symbol of Peace '' `` Heiwa no Shōchō '' ( 平和 の 象徴 ) June 9 , 2018 All for One , the mastermind behind the League of Villains , has snatched back his underlings from the heroes , and Bakugo as well . All Might flies to the rescue , but he 's worried about Bakugo 's safety and ca n't fight at full power . Midoriya comes up with a plan that would allow the students to escape with Bakugo , without fighting the villains , and it all comes down to Kirishima . 49 11 `` One For All '' `` Wan Fō Ōru '' ( ワン ・ フォー ・ オール ) June 16 , 2018 All Might and All for One clash furiously as their battle is witnessed by the entire world . To shatter All might 's resolve , All For One reveals he killed his mentor , and brainwashed her grandson over several years into the now notorious Tomura Shigaraki ; which strikes a pain into All Might 's heart . This backfires as the hero now musters his power into his fist to deliver his coup de gras : The United States of SMASH . Victorious but entirely spent , All Might sends a message through the TV which the populace thinks is a threat to future villains ; however Midoriya realizes it is to let him know that it 's time for him take on the mantle of his hero . 50 12 `` End of the Beginning , Beginning of the End '' `` Hajimari no Owari Owari no Hajimari '' ( 始まり の 終わり 終わり の 始まり ) June 23 , 2018 As All Might is officially retired , and All For One imprisoned in the Maximum Security Prison `` Tartarus '' , the Police hold a closed conference on how this may embolden more villains to Shigaraki 's League . A depressed Midoriya receives a text from All Might to meet at Degoba Beach where he trained for the entrance exams and the two share a heartfelt moment . Sometime later , Aizawa & All Might visit the student 's parents to discuss a new dorm system to better protect the students . While many are open to it , including the Bakugo family , Izuku 's mother Inko is against it as her son has repeatedly suffered grave bodily injuries in emulation of All Might since attending U.A. To prove his determination , Izuku shows his mother the note from Kota thanking him for being his hero ; and as a show of humility , All Might bows his head to the ground to promise Inko he will be a better teacher for Izuku , finally earning her hesitant approval . Izuku promises to be more considerate of his mother 's feelings from now on and work to be safer . Meanwhile , All For One is gleeful that Tomura will now evolve with his teacher 's absence . 51 13 `` Moving into Dorms '' `` Haire Ryō '' ( 入れ 寮 ) June 30 , 2018 After Midoriya 's mother reluctantly allows him to live in the dorm , he and all his friends shift to the recently constructed dorm for 1A . The principal thinks to himself about how the dorm does n't only help the students , but will help to determine the identity of the U.A. traitor . Aizawa informs the class that , had the situation been different , he would have expelled not only those who went to save Bakugo , but also those who knew about their plan and did n't stop them . After explaining the dorm system , Aizawa leaves the students to unpack . Later that evening , most of the students ( the exception being Bakugo and Asui ) take a tour of the rooms to elect a King of Rooms . Sato is the surprise winner , due to his baking talent . Uraraka calls those who went to save Bakugo out to the courtyard . There , Asui reveals her conflicted feelings that she was unable to prevent her friends from breaking the rules , and her desire for everything to go back the way it was before . Uraraka confirms that the whole class feels the same way , ergo the King of Rooms contest . The Bakugo Rescue Squad apologizes to Asui , and Midoriya looks forward to the future . 52 14 `` Create Those Ultimate Moves '' `` Ame Hissatsuwaza '' ( 編め 必殺 技 ) July 14 , 2018 53 15 `` The Test '' `` THE Shinken '' ( THE 試験 ) July 21 , 2018 OVA ( edit ) No . Title Original air date `` Save ! Rescue Training ! '' `` Sukue ! Kyūjo Kunren ! '' ( 救え ! 救助 訓練 ! ) November 27 , 2016 ( event ) April 4 , 2017 ( DVD ) `` Training of the Dead '' ( トレーニング ・ オブ ・ ザ ・ デッド ) June 2 , 2017 Film ( edit ) An original film entitled My Hero Academia : Two Heroes is set to be released on August 3 , 2018 , developed by the same team of the anime . Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Shonen Jump to Launch 4 Manga Series in Next 3 Issues '' . Anime News Network . June 25 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Viz 's Shonen Jump Adds My Hero Academia '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2015 . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` My Hero Academia TV Anime Adaptation Confirmed '' . Anime News Network . October 29 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2015 . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Green , Scott ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Latest `` My Hero Academia '' Anime Cast Addition And Plans Spotted `` . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` My Hero Academia Season 2 's Ad Previews Opening Theme Song '' . Anime News Network . March 31 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` My Hero Academia Anime Reveals New Opening Theme Artist , Cast for Gran Torino '' . Anime News Network . June 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LiSA Performs New Ending Theme For My Hero Academia Anime 's 2nd Season '' . Anime News Network . June 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` My Hero Academia Anime Gets 3rd Season '' . Anime News Network . September 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` My Hero Academia Anime 's 3rd Season Premieres April 7 '' . Anime News Network . January 30 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2018 . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` My Hero Academia 3rd Anime Season 's 2nd Promo Video Previews UVERworld 's Theme '' . Anime News Network . March 3 , 2018 . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2018 . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lenny code fiction , Masaki Suda Perform New Themes for My Hero Academia Anime 's 3rd Season '' . Anime News Network . June 24 , 2018 . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` My Hero Academia to Air on Toonami '' . Anime News Network . April 19 , 2018 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2018 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` My Hero Academia Season 3 Listed With 25 Episodes '' . Anime News Network . March 6 , 2018 . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , March 20 ― 26 '' . Anime News Network . March 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , March 27 ― April 2 '' . Anime News Network . April 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , April 3 ― 9 '' . Anime News Network . April 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , May 1 ― 7 '' . Anime News Network . May 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , May 8 ― 14 '' . Anime News Network . May 27 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , May 15 ― 21 '' . Anime News Network . May 27 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , May 29 ― June 4 '' . Anime News Network . June 8 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , July 10 ― 16 '' . Anime News Network . July 21 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , July 17 ― 23 '' . Anime News Network . July 27 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , July 24 ― 30 '' . Anime News Network . August 3 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , August 7 ― 13 '' . Anime News Network . August 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , August 14 ― 20 '' . Anime News Network . August 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , August 28 ― September 3 '' . Anime News Network . September 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , September 3 ― 9 '' . Anime News Network . September 14 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , September 10 ― 16 '' . Anime News Network . September 21 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2018 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , September 17 ― 23 '' . Anime News Network . September 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , April 2 - 8 '' . Anime News Network . April 12 , 2018 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` My Hero Academia Gets Anime Film With Original Story in Summer 2018 '' . Anime News Network . December 10 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2017 . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . See also ( edit ) List of My Hero Academia chapters List of My Hero Academia characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_My_Hero_Academia_episodes&oldid=850496584 '' Categories : Lists of anime episodes Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles using Template : Episode table with invalid colour combination Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 07 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20My%20Hero%20Academia%20episodes

where do red tail hawks sleep at night

Red - tailed hawk

red - tailed hawk

Red - tailed hawk Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Aves Order : Accipitriformes Family : Accipitridae Genus : Buteo Species : B. jamaicensis Binomial name Buteo jamaicensis ( Gmelin , 1788 ) Synonyms Buteo borealis Buteo broealis ( lapsus ) Falco borealis Gmelin Falco harlani Audubon The red - tailed hawk ( Buteo jamaicensis ) is a bird of prey that breeds throughout most of North America , from the interior of Alaska and northern Canada to as far south as Panama and the West Indies . It is one of the most common members within the genus of Buteo in North America or worldwide . The red - tailed hawk is one of three species colloquially known in the United States as the `` chickenhawk , '' though it rarely preys on standard - sized chickens . The bird is sometimes also referred to as the red - tail for short , when the meaning is clear in context . Red - tailed hawks can acclimate to all the biomes within their range , occurring on the edges of non-ideal habitats such as dense forests and sandy deserts . The red - tailed hawk occupies a wide range of habitats and altitudes including deserts , grasslands , coniferous and deciduous forests , agricultural fields and urban areas . Its latitudinal limits fall around the tree line in the Arctic and the species is absent from the high Arctic . It is legally protected in Canada , Mexico and the United States by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act . The 14 recognized subspecies vary in appearance and range , varying most often in color , and in the west of North America , red - tails are particularly often strongly polymorphic , with individuals ranging from almost white to nearly all black . The subspecies Harlan 's hawk ( B. j. harlani ) is sometimes considered a separate species ( B. harlani ) . The red - tailed hawk is one of the largest members of the genus Buteo , typically weighing from 690 to 1,600 g ( 1.5 to 3.5 lb ) and measuring 45 -- 65 cm ( 18 -- 26 in ) in length , with a wingspan from 110 -- 141 cm ( 3 ft 7 in -- 4 ft 8 in ) . This species displays sexual dimorphism in size , with females averaging about 25 % heavier than males . The diet of red - tailed hawks is highly variable and reflects their status as opportunistic generalist , but in North America , it is most often a predator of small mammals such as rodents . Prey that is terrestrial and diurnal is preferred so types such as ground squirrels are preferential where they naturally occur . Large numbers of birds and reptiles can occur in the diet in several areas and can even be the primary foods . Meanwhile , amphibians , fish and invertebrates can seem rare in the hawk 's regular diet ; however , they are not infrequently taken by immature hawks . Red - tailed hawks may survive on islands absent of native mammals on diets variously including invertebrates such as crabs , or lizards and birds . Like many Buteo , they hunt from a perch most often but can vary their hunting techniques where prey and habitat demand it . Because they are so common and easily trained as capable hunters , the majority of hawks captured for falconry in the United States are red - tails . Falconers are permitted to take only passage hawks ( which have left the nest , are on their own , but are less than a year old ) so as to not affect the breeding population . Adults , which may be breeding or rearing chicks , may not be taken for falconry purposes and it is illegal to do so . Passage red - tailed hawks are also preferred by falconers because these younger birds have not yet developed the adult behaviors which would make them more difficult to train . Contents 1 Description 1.1 Identification 2 Taxonomy 2.1 Subspecies 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Behavior 4.1 Flight 4.2 Vocalization 4.3 Migration 5 Dietary biology 5.1 Mammals 5.2 Birds 5.3 Reptiles 5.4 Other prey 5.5 Interspecies predatory relationships 6 Reproduction 6.1 Courtship and pre-laying behaviors 6.2 Nests 6.3 Eggs 6.4 Hatching , development and brooding 6.5 Fledging and immaturity 6.6 Breeding success and longevity 7 Relationship with humans 7.1 Use in falconry 7.2 Feathers and Native American use 8 References 9 External links 9.1 Historical works 9.2 Live nest cameras Description ( edit ) Red - tailed hawk plumage can be variable , depending on the subspecies and the region . These color variations are morphs , and are not related to molting . The western North American population , B. j. calurus , is the most variable subspecies and has three main color morphs : light , dark , and intermediate or rufous . The dark and intermediate morphs constitute 10 -- 20 % of the population in the western United States but seem to constitute only 1 - 2 % of B. j. calurus in western Canada . A whitish underbelly with a dark brown band across the belly , formed by horizontal streaks in feather patterning , is present in most color variations . This feature is variable in eastern hawks and generally absent in some light subspecies ( i.e. B. j. fuertesi ) . Most adult red - tails have a dark brown nape and upper head which gives them a somewhat hooded appearance , while the throat can variably present a lighter brown `` necklace '' . Especially in younger birds , the underside may be otherwise covered with dark brown spotting and some adults may too manifest this stippling . The back is usually a slightly darker brown than elsewhere with paler scapular feathers , ranging from tawny to white , forming a variable imperfect `` V '' on the back . The tail of most adults , which of course gives this species its name , is rufous brick - red above with a variably sized black subterminal band and generally appears light buff - orange from below . In comparison , the typical pale immatures ( i.e. less than two years old ) typically have a mildly paler headed and tend to show a darker back than adults with more apparent pale wing feather edges above ( for descriptions of dark morph juveniles from B. j. calurus , which is also generally apt for description of rare dark morphs of other races , see under that subspecies description ) . In immature red - tailed hawks of all hues , the tail is a light brown above with numerous small dark brown bars of roughly equal width , but these tend to be much broader on dark morph birds . Even in young red - tails , the tail may be a somewhat rufous tinge of brown . The bill is relatively short and dark , in the hooked shape characteristic of raptors , and the head can sometimes appear small in size against the thick body frame . The cere , the legs , and the feet of the red - tailed hawk are all yellow , as is the hue of bare parts in many accipitrids of different lineages . Immature birds can be readily identified at close range by their yellowish irises . As the bird attains full maturity over the course of 3 -- 4 years , the iris slowly darkens into a reddish - brown hue , which is the adult eye - color in all races . Seen in flight , adults usually have dark brown along the lower edge of the wings , against a mostly pale wing , which bares light brownish barring . Individually , the underwing coverts can range from all dark to off - whitish ( most often more heavily streaked with brown ) which contrasts with a distinctive black patagium marking . The wing coloring of adults and immatures is similar but for typical pale morph immatures having somewhat heavier brownish markings . A typical pale western adult in flight Though the markings and hue vary across the subspecies , the basic appearance of the red - tailed hawk is relatively consistent . Overall , this species is blocky and broad in shape , often appearing ( and being ) heavier than other Buteos of similar length . They are the heaviest Buteos on average in eastern North America , albeit scarcely ahead of the larger winged rough - legged buzzard ( Buteo lagopus ) , and second only in size in the west to the ferruginous hawk ( Buteo regalis ) . Red - tailed hawks may be anywhere from the seventh to the ninth heaviest Buteo in the world depending on what figures are used . However , in the northwestern United States , ferruginous hawk females are 35 % heavier than female red - tails from the same area . On average , western red - tailed hawks are relatively longer winged and lankier proportioned but are slightly less stocky , compact and heavy than eastern red - tailed hawks in North America . Eastern hawks may also have mildly larger talons and bills than western ones . Based on comparisons of morphology and function amongst all accipitrids , these features imply that western red - tails may need to vary their hunting more frequently to on the wing as the habitat diversifies to more open situations and presumably would hunt more variable and faster prey , whereas the birds of the east , which was historically well - wooded , are more dedicated perch hunters and can take somewhat larger prey but are likely more dedicated mammal hunters . In terms of size variation , red - tailed hawks run almost contrary to Bergmann 's rule ( i.e. that northern animals should be larger in relation than those closer to the Equator within a species ) as one of the northernmost subspecies , B. j. alascensis , is the second smallest race based on linear dimensions and that two of the most southerly occurring races in the United States , B. j. fuertesi and B. j. umbrinus , respectively , are the largest proportioned of all red - tailed hawks . Red - tailed hawks tend have a relatively short but broad tails and thick , chunky wings . Although often described as long winged , the proportional size of the wings is quite small and red - tails have high wing loading for a buteonine hawk . For comparison , two other widespread Buteo hawks in North America were found to weigh : 30 g ( 1.1 oz ) for every square centimeter of wing area in the rough - legged buzzard ( Buteo lagopus ) and 44 g ( 1.6 oz ) per square cm in the red - shouldered hawk ( Buteo lineatus ) . In contrast , the red - tailed hawk weighed considerably more for their wing area : 199 g ( 7.0 oz ) per square cm . As is the case with many raptors , the red - tailed hawk displays sexual dimorphism in size , as females are up to 25 % larger than males . As is typical in large raptors , frequently reported mean body mass for Red - tailed Hawks are somewhat higher than expansive research reveals . Part of this weight variation is seasonal fluctuations , hawks tending to be heavier in winter than during migration or especially during the trying summer breeding season , and also due to clinal variation . Furthermore , immature hawks are usually lighter in mass than their adult counterparts despite averaging somewhat longer winged and tailed . Male red - tailed hawks may weigh from 690 to 1,300 g ( 1.52 to 2.87 lb ) and females may weigh between 801 and 1,723 g ( 1.766 and 3.799 lb ) ( the lowest figure from a migrating female immature from Goshute Mountains , Nevada , the highest from a wintering female in Wisconsin ) . Some sources claim the largest females can weigh up to 2,000 g ( 4.4 lb ) but whether this is in reference to wild hawks ( as opposed to those in captivity or used for falconry ) is not clear . The largest known survey of body mass in red - tailed hawks is still credited to Craighead & Craighead ( 1956 ) , who found 100 males to average 1,028 g ( 2.266 lb ) and 108 females to average 1,244 g ( 2.743 lb ) . However , these figures were apparently taken from labels on museum specimens , apparently from natural history collections in Wisconsin and Pennsylvania , without note to the region , age or subspecies of the specimens . However , 16 sources ranging in sample size from the aforementioned 208 specimens to only four hawks in Puerto Rico ( with 9 of the 16 studies of migrating red - tails ) , showed that males weigh a mean of 860.2 g ( 1.896 lb ) and females weigh a mean of 1,036.2 g ( 2.284 lb ) , about 15 % lighter than prior species - wide published weights . Within the continental United States , average weights of males can range from 840.8 g ( 1.854 lb ) ( for migrating males in Chelan County , Washington ) to 1,031 g ( 2.273 lb ) ( for male hawks found dead in Massachusetts ) and females ranged from 1,057.9 g ( 2.332 lb ) ( migrants in the Goshutes ) to 1,373 g ( 3.027 lb ) ( for females diagnosed as B. j. borealis in western Kansas ) . Size variation in body mass reveals that the red - tailed hawks typically varies only a modest amount and that size differences are geographically inconsistent . Racial variation in average weights of great horned owls ( Bubo virginianus ) show that mean body mass is nearly twice ( the heaviest race is about 36 % heavier than the lightest known race on average ) as variable as that of the hawk ( where the heaviest race is only just over 18 % heavier on average than the lightest ) . Also , great horned owls correspond well at the species level with Bergmann 's rule . Male red - tailed hawks can reportedly measure 45 to 60 cm ( 18 to 24 in ) in total length , females measuring 48 to 65 cm ( 19 to 26 in ) long . The wingspan typically can range from 105 to 141 cm ( 3 ft 5 in to 4 ft 8 in ) , although the largest females may possible span up to 147 cm ( 4 ft 10 in ) . In the standard scientific method of measuring wing size , the wing chord is 325.1 -- 444.5 mm ( 12.80 -- 17.50 in ) long . The tail measures 188 to 258.7 mm ( 7.40 to 10.19 in ) in length . The exposed culmen was reported to range from 21.7 to 30.2 mm ( 0.85 to 1.19 in ) and the tarsus averaged 74.7 -- 95.8 mm ( 2.94 -- 3.77 in ) across the races . The middle toe ( excluding talon ) can range from 38.3 to 53.8 mm ( 1.51 to 2.12 in ) , with the hallux - claw ( the talon of the rear toe , which has evolved to be the largest in accipitrids ) measuring from 24.1 to 33.6 mm ( 0.95 to 1.32 in ) in length . Characteristic red tail Identification ( edit ) Although they overlap in range with most other American diurnal raptors , identifying most mature red - tailed hawks to species is relatively straightforward , particularly if viewing a typical adult at a reasonable distance . The red - tailed hawk is the only North American hawk with a rufous tail and a blackish patagium marking on the leading edge of its wing ( which is obscured only on dark morph adults and Harlan 's hawks by similarly dark colored feathers ) . Other larger adult Buteo in North America usually have obvious distinct markings that are absent in red - tails , whether the rufous - brown `` beard '' of Swainson 's hawks ( Buteo swainsonii ) or the colorful rufous belly and shoulder markings and striking black - and - white mantle of red - shouldered hawks ( also the small `` windows '' seen at the end of their primaries ) . In perched individuals , even as silhouettes , the shape of large Buteos may be distinctive , such as the wingtips overhanging the tail in several other species , but not in red - tails . North American Buteos range from the dainty , compact builds of much smaller Buteos , such as broad - winged hawk ( Buteo platypterus ) to the heavyset , neckless look of ferruginous hawks or the rough - legged buzzard which has a compact , smaller appearance than a red - tail in perched birds due to its small bill , short neck and much shorter tarsus , while the opposite effect occurs in flying rough - legs with their much bigger wing area . In flight , most other large North American Buteo are distinctly longer and slenderer winged than red - tailed hawks , with the much paler ferruginous hawk having peculiarly slender wings in relation to its massive , chunky body . Swainson 's hawks are distinctly darker on the wing and ferruginous hawks are much paler winged than typical red - tailed hawks . Pale morph adult ferruginous hawk can show mildly tawny - pink ( but never truly rufous ) upper tail , and like red - tails tend to have dark markings on underwing - coverts and can have a dark belly band but compared to red - tailed hawks have a distinctly broader head , their remiges are much whiter looking with very small dark primary tips , they lack the red - tail 's diagnostic patagial marks and usually ( but not always ) also lack the dark subterminal tail - band , and ferruginous have a totally feathered tarsus . With its whitish head , the ferruginous hawk is most similar to Krider 's red - tailed hawks , especially in immature plumage , but the larger hawk has broader head and narrower wing shape and the ferruginous immatures are paler underneath and on their legs . Several species share a belly band with the typical red - tailed hawk but they vary from subtle ( as in the ferruginous hawk ) to solid blackish , the latter in most light - morph rough - legged buzzards . More difficult to identify among adult red - tails are its darkest variations , as most species of Buteo in North America also have dark morphs . Western dark morph red - tails ( i.e. calurus ) adults , however , retain the typical distinctive brick - red tail which other species lack , which may stand out even more against the otherwise all chocolate brown - black bird . Standard pale juveniles when perched show a whitish patch in the outer half of the upper surface of the wing which other juvenile Buteo lack . The most difficult to identify stages and plumage types are dark morph juveniles , Harlan 's hawk and some Krider 's hawks ( the latter mainly with typical ferruginous hawks as aforementioned ) . Some darker juveniles are similar enough to other Buteo juveniles that it has been stated that they `` can not be identified to species with any confidence under various field conditions . '' However , field identification techniques have advanced in the last few decades and most experienced hawk - watchers can distinguish even the most vexingly plumaged immature hawks , especially as the wing shapes of each species becomes apparent after seeing many . Harlan 's hawks are most similar to dark morph rough - legged buzzards and dark morph ferruginous hawks . Wing shape is the most reliable identification tool for distinguishing the Harlan 's from these , but also the pale streaking on the breast of Harlan 's , which tends to be conspicuous in most individuals , and is lacking in the other hawks . Also dark morph ferruginous hawks do not have the dark subterminal band of a Harlan 's hawk but do bear a black undertail covert lacking in Harlan 's . Taxonomy ( edit ) In flight showing the red tail Play media Red - tailed hawk hovers in the wind The red - tailed hawk is a member of the subfamily Buteoninae which includes about 55 currently recognized species . Unlike many lineages of accipitrid , which seemed to have radiated out of Africa or south Asia , the Buteoninae clearly originated in the Americas based on fossil records and current species distributions ( more than 75 % of the extant hawks from this lineage are found in the Americas ) . As a subfamily , the Buteoninae seem to be rather old based on genetic materials , with monophyletic genera baring several million years of individual evolution . Diverse in plumage appearance , habitat , prey and nesting preferences , buteonine hawks are nonetheless typically medium to large sized hawks with ample wings ( while some fossil forms are very large , larger than any eagle alive today ) . The red - tailed hawk is a member of the genus Buteo , a group of medium - sized raptors with robust bodies and broad wings . Members of this genus are known as buzzards in Eurasia , but hawks in North America . Under current classification , the genus includes approximately 28 species , the second most diverse of all extant accipitrid genera behind only Accipiter . The buzzards of Eurasia and Africa are mostly part of the genus Buteo , although two other small genera within the subfamily Buteoninae occur in Africa . At one time , the rufous - tailed hawk ( Buteo ventralis ) , distributed in Patagonia and some other areas of southern South America , was considered part of the red - tailed hawk species . With a massive distributional gap consisting of the majority of South America , the rufous - tailed hawk is considered a separate species now but the two hawks still compromise a `` species pair '' or superspecies , as they are clearly closely related . The rufous - tailed hawk , while comparatively little studied , is very similar to the red - tailed hawk , being about the same size in body mass and possessing the same wing structure , and having more or less parallel nesting and hunting habits . Physically , however , rufous - tailed hawk adults do not attain a bright brick - red tail as do red - tailed hawks , instead retaining a dark brownish - cinnamon tail with many blackish crossbars similar to juvenile red - tailed hawks . Another , more well - known , close relative to the red - tailed hawk is the common buzzard ( Buteo buteo ) , which has been considered as its Eurasian `` broad ecological counterpart '' and may too be within a species complex with red - tailed hawk . The common buzzard , in turn , is also part of a species complex with other Old World buzzards , namely the mountain buzzard ( Buteo oreophilus ) , the forest buzzard ( Buteo trizonatus ) and the Madagascar buzzard ( Buteo brachypterus ) . All six species in the alleged species complex , although varying notably in size and plumage characteristics , that houses red - tailed hawk share with it the feature of the blackish patagium marking , which is missing in most other Buteos . Subspecies ( edit ) There may be at least 14 recognized subspecies of Buteo jamaicensis , which vary in range and in coloration . However , not all authors accept every subspecies , particularly some of the insular races of the tropics ( which differ only slightly in some cases from the nearest mainland forms ) and particularly the Krider 's hawks , by far the most controversial red - tailed hawk race as few authors agree on its suitability as a full - fledged subspecies . B. j. jamaicensis , the nominate subspecies , occurs in the northern West Indies , including Jamaica , Hispaniola , Puerto Rico and the Lesser Antilles but not the Bahamas or Cuba . El Yunque National Forest , Puerto Rico holds some of the highest known density of red - tailed hawks anywhere . The bird is referred to as `` Guaraguao '' in the island . This is the smallest bodied subspecies of red - tailed hawk . In males , the wing chord can range from 330 to 339 mm ( 13.0 to 13.3 in ) , averaging 334.9 mm ( 13.19 in ) , and , in females , it ranges from 350 to 371 mm ( 13.8 to 14.6 in ) , averaging 364.9 mm ( 14.37 in ) . Additionally , males and females average 194.8 and 210 mm ( 7.67 and 8.27 in ) in tail length , 81.3 and 83.4 mm ( 3.20 and 3.28 in ) in tarsal length and 26.1 and 28.2 mm ( 1.03 and 1.11 in ) in culmen length . Additionally , two Puerto Rican males were found to average 795 g ( 1.753 lb ) and two females averaged 1,023 g ( 2.255 lb ) . Although claimed as the most sexual dimorphic subspecies by size , neither body mass nor linear dimensions seem to support this . This subspecies has less mottling than northern red - tails on the back , lacks the white tip at the end of the rectrices and , most characteristically , has a very broad , but raggedly edged , and black belly - band . B. j. alascensis breeds ( probably resident ) from southeastern coastal Alaska to the Queen Charlotte Islands and Vancouver Island in British Columbia . Despite its northerly distribution , this is a small subspecies linearly , second only to the nominate race in diminutive size . The largest females from this race are reportedly smaller than almost all male red - tails from other races in Canada . In wing chord males range from 334 to 362 mm ( 13.1 to 14.3 in ) , averaging 346.5 mm ( 13.64 in ) , and females range from 358 to 363 mm ( 14.1 to 14.3 in ) , averaging 360.5 mm ( 14.19 in ) . males and females average 227.6 and 226.9 mm ( 8.96 and 8.93 in ) in tail length , 86.9 and 83.2 mm ( 3.42 and 3.28 in ) in tarsal length and 24.4 and 26.4 mm ( 0.96 and 1.04 in ) in culmen length . This race is darker than pale morph calurus hawks , nearly solidly dark - brown above with almost no pale mottling on the scapulars . The breast is slightly rufous with dark arrowheads rather than streaking around the belly ( although not all alascensis have the arrowheads , probably through hybridization with other races ) , meanwhile the rest of the underside down to the `` trousers '' is paler and more washed out than on calurus . Immatures of this race are usually blackish - brown overall with a white throat and wide tail - bands , rather unlike calurus . B. j. borealis group ( eastern red - tailed hawk ) breeds from southeast Canada and Maine south through Texas and east to northern Florida . The race breeds below the Arctic ( unlike more western birds which can reach the sub-Arctic as breeders ) , and is absent from all but the southernmost part of the Hudson Bay and roughly the northern third of both Quebec and Newfoundland . Wintering migrants from southern Ontario may range east to southern Maine and south to as far as the Gulf coast and Florida . The western limits of this races ' range are slightly ambiguous and they may hybridize extensively with calurus in timbered stretches of the Great Plains . The breeding range of borealis seems to include most of Texas ( perhaps excluding the western sections ) , Oklahoma , Kansas and Nebraska . In the Dakotas and even eastern Wyoming , some borealis may occur but give way mostly to calurus and / or kriderii type red - tailed hawks , with the borealis type - hawks breeding without race mixing to the western border of Minnesota and the eastern third of Manitoba . This is a large - bodied , relatively heavy race , but differs from more westerly hawks in having a relatively smaller wing area . Based on linear dimensions , this subspecies shows the most size variation and , unlike the red - tailed hawk species overall , size variation seems to fall within Bergmann 's rule as northern birds average larger than the southern ones . The wing chord of males can range from 337 to 396 mm ( 13.3 to 15.6 in ) , averaging 370.1 mm ( 14.57 in ) , and , in females , it ranges from 370 to 427 mm ( 14.6 to 16.8 in ) , averaging 390.2 mm ( 15.36 in ) . Additionally , males and females average 215.4 and 230.1 mm ( 8.48 and 9.06 in ) in tail length , 82.4 and 85 mm ( 3.24 and 3.35 in ) in tarsal length and 25.1 and 27.6 mm ( 0.99 and 1.09 in ) in culmen length . The largest known sample of body weights from unambiguous borealis was from Wisconsin migrants , with 34 males averaging 945.3 g ( 2.084 lb ) and 24 females averaging 1,222.4 g ( 2.695 lb ) . This race only has pale morphs and almost always bears a whitish ground color with little barring overall , including a variably present dark necklace , a frequently absent or much reduced belly - band and little to no barring on the flanks or the upper legs . Immature borealis tend to have dark spotting on leg feathers but otherwise average paler than immatures of most other races . This race includes a form from the northern stretches of its range ( mostly breeding within Canada ) , formerly considered as B. j. abieticola . Birds of abieticola type are more heavily marked below than typical borealis and , thus borealis seem to correspond to Gloger 's rule , as well . This plumage variation appears to be a regional adaptation to the denser boreal forest . B. j. calurus ( western red - tailed hawk ) This race seem to have the greatest longitudinal breeding distribution of any race of red - tailed hawk and put together with B. j. borealis these two subspecies may occupy nearly 75 % of the breeding range of red - tailed hawks in North America . B. j. calurus reaches its northern limits as a breeder in north - central British Columbia , much of the western part of the Yukon territory , interior Alaska and , near Inuvik in the Northwest Territories , the latter being the northernmost breeding range of the red - tailed hawk species . The race may breed as far south as northwestern Sonora in Mexico . Its eastern limits are reached around central Manitoba , while to the south the states of Montana , Wyoming , Utah , New Mexico and Colorado are mostly occupied by calurus . Wintering birds from interior southwestern British Columbia may move south to as far as southwest to Guatemala and northern Nicaragua . Linearly , this relatively large subspecies can seem to run almost contrary to Bergmann 's rule , with birds of the Great Basin being longer winged than most Canadian ones . In wing chord males range from 354 to 404 mm ( 13.9 to 15.9 in ) , averaging 386.8 mm ( 15.23 in ) , and females range from 386 to 428 mm ( 15.2 to 16.9 in ) , averaging 411.2 mm ( 16.19 in ) . males and females average 224.2 and 237.3 mm ( 8.83 and 9.34 in ) in tail length , 85.4 and 88.1 mm ( 3.36 and 3.47 in ) in tarsal length and 25.1 and 27.4 mm ( 0.99 and 1.08 in ) in culmen length . The two largest samples of body mass in calurus showed that in Idaho , around the greater area of the Snake River NCA , 90 males averaged 957 g ( 2.110 lb ) and 113 females averaged 1,150 g ( 2.54 lb ) , while 152 migrating calurus at the Goshutes Mountains of Nevada averaged 933.4 g ( 2.058 lb ) . Adult calurus are usually rangier and darker than borealis hawks , with pale individuals usually having a richer tawny base color ( with occasionally a pale rufous color showing around the chest or neck ) , typically a heavily streaked breast and belly band , a brownish throat , dark barring on the flanks , a well - defined tawny V on the back and , occasionally , a tail with multiple bars . Dark morph calurus adults are typically all chocolate - brown above and below ( although sometimes variously even jet - black or with a bit of tawny feather edging below ) with a rufous - tail , which sometimes has heavy blackish crossbars but is usually similar to other red - tails . Intermediate or rufous morphs are rich rufous on the breast , with a broad , solid chocolate - brown belly band and heavily barred thighs and crissum . Like dark morphs , rufous morph adults usually lack the incomplete V on the back , but sometimes rufous feathers can manifest one . Adults may show nearly endless variation in coloring and many may combine several characteristics of the three main morphs . Dark morph juveniles are usually mostly dark brown but with extensive pale mottling on the back and occasional tawny - edge feathers on the underside and slightly broader bars on the tail than pale morph calurus . Rufous morph immatures are more similar to pale morph ones but are considerably more heavily streaked almost everywhere below from the thighs to the upper chest . Individuals of northwestern Mexico may average paler than most calurus , lacking the typical dark wing markings . B. j. costaricensis is resident from Nicaragua to Panama . This is a relatively small race . The wing chord of males can range from 368 to 391 mm ( 14.5 to 15.4 in ) , averaging 372.7 mm ( 14.67 in ) , and , in females , it ranges from 393 to 427 mm ( 15.5 to 16.8 in ) , averaging 401.9 mm ( 15.82 in ) . Additionally , males and females average 213.2 and 230 mm ( 8.39 and 9.06 in ) in tail length , 88.6 and 86.9 mm ( 3.49 and 3.42 in ) in tarsal length and 26 and 26.7 mm ( 1.02 and 1.05 in ) in culmen length . This race may average around 900 g ( 2.0 lb ) , reportedly . This subspecies is arguably the most handsomely colored in typical adult plumage . This subspecies is dark brown above and heavily pigmented dorsally , the white of breast contrasting with a deep rufous abdominal band which contains black streaks and spots . Meanwhile , the flanks , wing linings and sides are an unbarred deep rufous . In some birds , the rich rufous color continues to the underside . The chest is much less heavily streaked than in northern migrants ( B. j. calurus ) to Central America . Unlike other Central American races of red - tailed hawk , there seems to be no dark morph in this subspecies . B. j. fuertesi ( southwestern red - tailed hawk ) breeds from northern Chihuahua to southern Texas . It winters in Arizona , New Mexico , and southern Louisiana . This seems to be a particularly large subspecies , although its size is not drastically different from calurus , and , going on average wing size and tarsal length , this appears to be the largest race of red - tailed hawk . The wing chord of males can range from 385 to 402 mm ( 15.2 to 15.8 in ) , averaging 393.3 mm ( 15.48 in ) , and , in females , it ranges from 425 to 436 mm ( 16.7 to 17.2 in ) , averaging 430.7 mm ( 16.96 in ) . Additionally , males and females average 210.9 and 223.8 mm ( 8.30 and 8.81 in ) in tail length , 88 and 93 mm ( 3.5 and 3.7 in ) in tarsal length and 26.3 and 27.5 mm ( 1.04 and 1.08 in ) in culmen length . Hybridization seems to occur in eastern Texas with borealis , broadly to west with calurus and , possibly , Nuevo León - Chihuahua with B. j. hadropus . This race combines the darker back of calurus with the paler underside of borealis , with the belly - band either entirely absent or only manifesting in light streaking . The tail is variable but relatively pale , with some individuals showing almost no dark subterminal band , others having quite a broad subterminal band and some showing extensively barring on top like darker morphs of calurus . B. j. fumosus , Islas Marías , Mexico . A relatively small subspecies . Unlike some other island races , the validity of this race has rarely been called into question . The wing chord of males can range from 368 to 370 mm ( 14.5 to 14.6 in ) , averaging 369.3 mm ( 14.54 in ) , and , in females , it ranges from 395 to 400 mm ( 15.6 to 15.7 in ) , averaging 397.4 mm ( 15.65 in ) . Males and females average 228.9 and 235.5 mm ( 9.01 and 9.27 in ) in tail length , 85.9 and 88.3 mm ( 3.38 and 3.48 in ) in tarsal length and 27.4 and 29.2 mm ( 1.08 and 1.15 in ) in culmen length . This race is similar to calurus but , beyond being noticeably smaller , is duskier and duller hued overall and has a more cinnamon wash below , with heavily dark barred thighs . Harlan 's hawks are distinctly darker usually than other races except for dark morph western birds . B. j. hadropus , Mexican Highlands . Not all authorities recognize this race , however most list as it as valid in recent years . Like other neotropical races , this one is relatively small . wing chord averages 378.9 mm ( 14.92 in ) in males and 401.1 mm ( 15.79 in ) . Males and females average 215 and 230.4 mm ( 8.46 and 9.07 in ) in tail length , 89.1 and 88 mm ( 3.51 and 3.46 in ) in tarsal length and 26.3 and 26.8 mm ( 1.04 and 1.06 in ) in culmen length . Apparently , this is a similarly race as to B. j. kemsiesi to the south but unlike that race it has rufous barring that extends to the flanks and belly . Apparently , some dark morphs have occurred . One other unique feature is its massive feet ( as implied in the subspecies ' scientific name ) , with a toe length nearly 10 % longer than calurus despite its otherwise small body size . The evolutionary reason for these relatively large feet are not known . B. j. harlani ( Harlan 's red - tailed hawk , It breeds from central Alaska to northwestern Canada , with the largest number of birds breeding in the Yukon territory or western Alaska , reaching their southern limit in north - central British Columbia . The Harlan 's hawk is restricted as a breeder to pure taiga habitat . Harlan 's hawk winters from Nebraska and Kansas to Texas and northern Louisiana , with a rare bird found as far east as Tennessee . While similar in linear dimensions to calurus , this race is sometimes described as slighter and lighter than typical western red - tailed hawks . On the contrary , though , they are highly sexually dimorphic in size ( the most dimorphic of any in the United States ) and mature females are not infrequently notably more massive and heavy than almost any female calurus . However , calurus tends to have a much longer tarsus than Harlan 's hawks do , as expected due to the latter 's habitation of cold environments almost year around . The wing chord of males can range from 365 to 390 mm ( 14.4 to 15.4 in ) , averaging 381 mm ( 15.0 in ) , and , in females , it ranges from 390 to 430 mm ( 15 to 17 in ) , averaging 408.7 mm ( 16.09 in ) . Males and females average 211 and 225.3 mm ( 8.31 and 8.87 in ) in tail length , 79.8 and 87 mm ( 3.14 and 3.43 in ) in tarsal length and 24.7 and 27 mm ( 0.97 and 1.06 in ) in culmen length . A wintering female in eastern Kansas weighed 1,629 g ( 3.591 lb ) . The historic taxonomic status of Harlan 's hawk has been quite erratic , sometimes it has been classified as its own species , B. harlani to the opposite extreme that Palmer ( 1988 ) classified as it ( perhaps improbably ) as a mere western color morph . Most modern authorities recognize as a valid subspecies . Harlan 's hawk is markedly different from all other red - tails and can reportedly be identified nearly 100 % of the time by an experienced hawk - watcher . In both color morphs , the plumage is predominantly blackish , lacking any warmer or brownish tones ( save the tail ) . Harlan 's hawks usually have faint streaks on the sides of their head and a little gray mottling or speckling on scapulars . Apart from a variably white - streaked throat , their underparts usually mostly black with variable white streaking and barring on the thighs or crissum . There are up to four main variations from the typical one above : extreme dark morph ( where even throat is black and no pale streaking is present ) , dark morph ( with barring still present from tarsus to underside ) , rare pale morph ( with few blackish blobs on belly and generally whiter head ) and perhaps even rarer types where the base color is grayish . Unlike most red - tailed hawks , generally immatures are similar enough to adults that it can be difficult to distinguish them . On average , immatures have more extensive pale streaking above and mottling below , but much individual variation has been recorded . The typical tail of a Harlan 's hawk is white with a thick black subterminal band but individuals may vary considerable and the tail may be reddish , dusky , whitish , or gray and can be longitudinally streaked , mottled , or barred . B. j. kemsiesi is a dark subspecies resident from Chiapas , Mexico to Nicaragua . The wing chord of males can range from 357 to 382 mm ( 14.1 to 15.0 in ) , averaging 376 mm ( 14.8 in ) , and , in females , it ranges from 362 to 402 mm ( 14.3 to 15.8 in ) , averaging 398.2 mm ( 15.68 in ) . Males and females average 212.5 and 231 mm ( 8.37 and 9.09 in ) in tail length , 87.8 and 87.1 mm ( 3.46 and 3.43 in ) in tarsal length and 26.1 and 26.4 mm ( 1.03 and 1.04 in ) in culmen length . This race is similar to B. j. fuertesi but markedly smaller , with its thighs barred with rufous . The dark wing marking may not be distinct in paler birds . A dark morph , similar to calurus , is known to occur in this race . A Krider 's red - tailed hawk , a pale color morph or race . B. j. kriderii ( Krider 's red - tailed hawk ) In the breeding season , it occurs from southern Alberta , southern Saskatchewan , southern Manitoba , and extreme western Ontario south to south - central Montana , Wyoming , western Nebraska , and western Minnesota . In winter , it occurs from South Dakota and southern Minnesota south to Arizona , New Mexico , Texas and Louisiana . This is about the same size as calurus . Wing chord averages 378.9 mm ( 14.92 in ) in males and 411.9 mm ( 16.22 in ) . Males and females average 220.9 and 237 mm ( 8.70 and 9.33 in ) in tail length , 85 and 87.9 mm ( 3.35 and 3.46 in ) in tarsal length and 25.6 and 26.8 mm ( 1.01 and 1.06 in ) in culmen length . More authorities than not consider this a color morph of the western red - tails than a subspecies in recent classification , but others do still consider it a valid race . Hybridization is possible and known to occur , most extensively with calurus , but also in the Dakotas and eastern Wyoming with borealis and in Alberta some possible Krider 's hybrids with Harlan 's hawks have been reported ( despite being considerably farther east than Harlan 's tend to breed ) . Krider 's hawk is paler than other red - tails , with the head typically white ( and the crown invariably so ) with somewhat darker nape , variable dark markings about face ( sometimes either through eyes , forming a moustache or ear streaks ) . The upperparts are light brown and upper - wing coverts heavily mottled white , the tail is typically whitish at base otherwise a fairly pale pink - rufous ( more rufous than the somewhat similar marked ferruginous hawk , which also rufous `` trousers '' that are pure white on Krider 's ) . Krider 's hawks are distinctly all white underneath with no trace of a belly band , unlike palest harlani . There is much individual variation , which is complicated by possible racial hybridization . One study found males more likely than females to have pure kriderii characteristics . The same study found that Krider 's hawks were fully specialized as breeders for the prairie habitat , favoring much more open areas than do other red - tails or especially Harlan 's hawks . While wintering Harlan 's and Krider 's hawks frequently occur in the same general areas , but their habitat preferences there were highly different , Harlan 's favoring thickly timbered areas and Krider 's in quite grassy open areas . Wintering Krider 's also used different and more open habitats than resident red - tails . These authors questioned whether Krider 's hawk was once a pure subspecies , similar to the prairie merlin , but following human habitat alterations , calurus and borealis encroached into their breeding ranges and diluted their characteristics . B. j. socorroensis , endemic to Socorro Island , Mexico . The wing chord of males can range from 368 to 385 mm ( 14.5 to 15.2 in ) , averaging 378.4 mm ( 14.90 in ) , and , in females , it ranges from 385 to 415 mm ( 15.2 to 16.3 in ) , averaging 412.8 mm ( 16.25 in ) . Males and females average 214.1 and 230.4 mm ( 8.43 and 9.07 in ) in tail length , 84.9 and 89.1 mm ( 3.34 and 3.51 in ) in tarsal length and 24.9 and 28.6 mm ( 0.98 and 1.13 in ) in culmen length . One female was found to have weighed 1,260 g ( 2.78 lb ) . This race , which is physically fairly similar to calurus , is not recognized by some authorities with a breeding population comprising perhaps fewer than 20 birds . There are some differences from calurus , such as their larger , more robust feet ( second only among all races to B. j. hadropus ) and much greater sexual dimorphism , which is the most pronounced of any race linearly , averaging a 10.42 % when all standard measurements are considered . Furthermore , Socorro hawks tend to average more melantic in overall color , being a duller , darker brown than mainland birds . B. j. solitudinus , native to the Bahamas and Cuba . This race is fairly small , intermediate in size between B. j. umbrinus and the nominate ( B. j. jamaicensis ) found on islands to the respective north and south of this . The wing chord of males can range from 357 to 383 mm ( 14.1 to 15.1 in ) , averaging 370 mm ( 15 in ) , and , in females , it ranges from 397 to 412 mm ( 15.6 to 16.2 in ) , averaging 405.4 mm ( 15.96 in ) . Males and females average 221.2 and 251.8 mm ( 8.71 and 9.91 in ) in tail length , 88.5 and 88.3 mm ( 3.48 and 3.48 in ) in tarsal length and 27.2 and 29.8 mm ( 1.07 and 1.17 in ) in culmen length . Like other island races , the validity of this subspecies has been called into question but this race has its defenders as well . Generally , this species appears as a diminutive version of B. j. umbrinus in plumage characteristics but is considerably isolated from that race . B. j. umbrinus occurs year - round in peninsular Florida north to as far Tampa Bay and the Kissimmee Prairie south throughout the rest of peninsular Florida down to the Florida Keys . This is a very large race , only B. j. fuertesi averages larger in overall linear dimensions . Although a non-migratory subspecies , its wings are notably longer than those of borealis and umbrinus may be conspicuously larger than the relatively small southern borealis that they overlap with . The wing chord of males can range from 396 to 400 mm ( 15.6 to 15.7 in ) , averaging 398.8 mm ( 15.70 in ) , and , in females , it ranges from 373 to 432 mm ( 14.7 to 17.0 in ) , averaging 408.9 mm ( 16.10 in ) . Males and females average 225 and 234 mm ( 8.9 and 9.2 in ) in tail length , 91.1 and 88.9 mm ( 3.59 and 3.50 in ) in tarsal length and 27.2 and 30 mm ( 1.07 and 1.18 in ) in culmen length . Compared to borealis which it replaces , it has a darker back , more similar to the dark brown of calurus . Adults tend to have chestnut to rufous side - patches , multiple tail bars and no barring on the `` trousers '' . A very rare dark morph has been reported . Distribution and habitat ( edit ) Immature in California A juvenile red - tailed hawk The red - tailed hawk is one of the most widely distributed of all raptors in the Americas . It occupies the largest breeding range of any diurnal raptor north of the Mexican border , just ahead of the American kestrel ( Falco sparverius ) . While the peregrine falcon ( Falco peregrinus ) has a greater latitudinal distribution as a nester in North America , its range as a breeding species is far more sporadic and sparse than that of red - tailed hawks . The red - tailed hawk breeds from nearly north - central Alaska , the Yukon , and a considerable portion of the Northwest Territories , there reaching as far as a breeder as Inuvik , Mackenzie River Delta and skirting the southern shores of Great Bear Lake and Great Slave Lake . Thereafter in northern Canada , breeding red - tails continue to northern Saskatchewan and across to north - central Ontario east to central Quebec and the Maritime Provinces of Canada , and south continuously to Florida . Remarkably , throughout the entire contiguous United States there are no substantial gaps where breeding red - tailed hawks do not occur . Along the Pacific , their range includes all of Baja California , including Islas Marías , and Socorro Island in the Revillagigedo Islands . On the mainland , breeding red - tails are found continuously to Oaxaca , then experience a brief gap at the Isthmus of Tehuantepec thereafter subsequently continuing from Chiapas through central Guatemala on to north Nicaragua . To the south , the population in highlands from Costa Rica to central Panama is isolated from breeding birds in Nicaragua . Further east , breeding red - tailed hawks occur in the West Indies in north Bahamas ( i.e. Grand Bahama , Abaco and Andros ) and all larger islands ( such as Cuba , Jamaica , Hispaniola and Puerto Rico ) and into the northern Lesser Antilles ( Virgin Islands , Saint Barthélemy , Saba , Saint Kitts and Nevis , being rare as a resident on Saint Eustatius and are probably extinct on Saint Martin ) . The typical winter range stretches from southern Canada south throughout the remainder of the breeding range . Red - tailed hawks prefer areas with groves of tall trees from which to hunt and to nest in Red - tailed hawks have shown the ability to become habituated to almost any habitat present in North and Central America . Their preferred habitat is mixed forest and field , with trees or alternately high bluffs that may be used as nesting and perching sites . It occupies a wide range of habitats and altitudes , including deserts , grasslands , nearly any coastal or wetland habitat , mountains , foothills , coniferous and deciduous woodlands and tropical rainforests . Agricultural fields and pasture which are more often than not varied with groves , bluffs or streamside trees in most parts of America may make nearly ideal habitat for breeding or wintering red - tails . Some red - tails may survive or even flourish in urban areas . One famous urban red - tailed hawk , known as `` Pale Male '' , became the subject of a non-fiction book , Red - Tails in Love : A Wildlife Drama in Central Park , and is the first known red - tail in decades to successfully nest and raise young in the crowded New York City borough of Manhattan . As studied in Syracuse , New York , the highway system has been very beneficial to red - tails as it juxtaposed trees and open areas , blocks human encroachment with fences , with the red - tailed hawks easily becoming acclimated to car traffic . The only practice which has a negative effect on the highway - occupying red - tails is the planting of exotic Phragmites , which may occasionally obscure otherwise ideal highway habitat . In the northern Great Plains , the widespread practices of wildfire suppression and planting of exotic trees by humans has allowed groves of aspen and various other trees to invade what was once vast , almost continuous grasslands , causing grassland obligates like ferruginous hawks to decline and allowing parkland - favoring red - tails to flourish . To the contrary , clear - cutting of mature woodlands in New England , resulting in only fragmented and isolated stands of trees or low second growth remaining , was recorded to also benefit red - tailed hawks , despite being to the determent of breeding red - shouldered hawks . The red - tailed hawk , as a whole , is second only to the peregrine falcon and the great horned owl amongst raptorial birds in terms of the use of diverse habitats in North America . Beyond the high Arctic ( as they discontinuous as a breeder at the tree line ) , there are few other areas where red - tailed hawks are absent or rare in North and Central America . Some areas of unbroken forest , especially lowland tropical forests , rarely host red - tailed hawks although they can occupy forested tropical highlands surprisingly well . In deserts , they can only occur where there is some variety of arborescent growth or ample rocky bluffs . Behavior ( edit ) Red - tailed hawks frequently have to cope with mobbing by crows . The red - tailed hawk is a bird that is highly conspicuous to humans in much of its daily behavior . Most birds in resident populations , which are well more than half of all red - tailed hawks , usually split non-breeding season activity between territorial soaring flight and sitting on a perch . Often perching is for hunting purposes , but many will sit on a tree branch for hours , occasionally stretching on a single wing or leg to keep limber , with no signs of hunting intent . Wintering typical pale - morph hawks in Arkansas were found to perch in open areas near the top of tall , isolated trees , whereas dark morphs more frequently perched in dense groups of trees . For many , and perhaps most , red - tailed hawks being mobbed by various birds is a daily concern and can effectively disrupt many of their daily behaviors . Mostly larger passerines , of multiple families from tyrant flycatchers to icterids , will mob red - tails , despite that other raptors such as Accipiter hawks and falcons are a notably greater danger to them . The most aggressive and dangerous attacker as such is likely to be various crows or other corvids , i.e. American crows ( Corvus brachyrhynchos ) , due to the fact that a mobbing group ( or `` murder '' ) of them can number up to as many as 75 crows , which may cause grievous physical harm to a solitary hawk and , if the hawks are nesting , separate the parent hawks and endanger the eggs or nestlings within their nest to predation by the murder of crows . However , evidence has shown that birds that mob red - tailed hawks can tell by how distended the hawk 's crop is ( i.e. the upper chest and throat area puffy versus flat - feathered and sleek ) and thus mob more often when the hawk is presumably about to hunt . Flight ( edit ) Red - tailed hawks engaging in an inflight battle over prey . Painted by John James Audubon . In flight , this hawk soars with wings often in a slight dihedral , flapping as little as possible to conserve energy . Soaring is by far the most efficient method of flight for red - tailed hawks and is used more often than not . Active flight is slow and deliberate , with deep wing beats . Wing beats are somewhat less rapid in active flight than in most other Buteo hawks , even heavier species such as ferruginous hawks tend to flap more swiftly , due to the morphology of the wings . In wind , it occasionally hovers on beating wings and remains stationary above the ground , but this flight method is rarely employed by this species . When soaring or flapping its wings , it typically travels from 32 to 64 km / h ( 20 to 40 mph ) , but when diving may exceed 190 km / h ( 120 mph ) . Although North American red - tailed hawks will occasionally hunt from flight , a great majority of flight by red - tails in this area is for non-hunting purpose . During nest defense , red - tailed hawks may be capable of surprisingly swift , vigorous flight while repeatedly diving at perceived threats . Vocalization ( edit ) The cry of the red - tailed hawk is a two to three second hoarse , rasping scream , variously transcribed as kree - eee - ar , tsee - eeee - arrr or sheeeeee , that begins at a high pitch and slurs downward . This cry is often described as sounding similar to a steam whistle . The red - tailed hawk frequently vocalizes while hunting or soaring , but vocalizes loudest and most persistently in defiance or anger , in response to a predator or a rival hawk 's intrusion into its territory . At close range , it makes a croaking guh - runk , possibly as a warning sound . Nestlings may give peeping notes with a `` soft sleepy quality '' that give way to occasional screams as they develop , but those are reportedly more likely a soft whistle than the harsh screams of the adults . Their latter hunger call , given anywhere from 11 days ( as recorded in Alaska ) to post-fledgling ( in California ) , is different , a two syllabled , wailing klee - uk food cry exerted by the young when parents leave the nest or enter their field of vision . A strange mechanical sound `` not very unlike the rush of distant water '' has been reported for as utter in the midst of a sky - dance . A modified call of chirp - chwirk is given during courtship while a low key , duck - like nasal gank may be given by pairs when they are relaxed . The fierce , screaming cry of the red - tailed hawk is frequently used as a generic raptor sound effect in television shows and other media , even if the bird featured is not a red - tailed hawk . It is especially used in depictions of the bald eagle . Migration ( edit ) Red - tailed hawks are considered partial migrants , as in about the northern - third of their distribution , which is most of their range in Canada and Alaska , they almost entirely vacate their breeding grounds . In coastal areas of the north , however , such as in the Pacific northwest up to southern Alaska and in Nova Scotia on the Atlantic , red - tailed hawks do not usually migrate . More or less , any area where snow cover is nearly continuous during the winter months will show an extended absence of most red - tailed hawks , so some areas as far south as Montana may show strong seasonal vacancies of red - tails . In southern Michigan immature red - tailed hawks tended to remain in winter only when voles were abundant . During relatively long harsh winters up in Michigan , many more young ones were reported in northeastern Mexico . To the opposite extreme , hawks residing as far north as Fairbanks in Alaska may persevere through the winter on their home territory , as was recorded with one male over three consecutive years . Birds of any age tend to be territorial during winter but may shift ranges whenever food requirements demand it . Wintering birds tend to perch on inconspicuous tree perches , seeking shelter especially if they have a full crop or are in the midst of poor or overly windy weather . Adult wintering red - tails tend to perch more prominently than immatures do , which select lower or more secluded perches . Immatures are often missed in winter bird counts , unless they are being displaced by dominant adults . Generally though , immatures can seem to recognize that they are less likely to be attacked by adults during winter and can perch surprisingly close to them . Age is the most significant consideration of wintering hawks ' hierarchy but size does factor in , as larger immatures ( presumably usually females ) are less likely to displaced than smaller ones . Dark adult red - tailed hawks appear to be harder to locate when perched than other red - tails . In Oklahoma , for example , wintering adult Harlan 's hawks were rarely engaged in fights or chased by other red - tails . These Harlan 's tended to gather in regional pockets and frequently the same Harlan 's occurred year - to - year . In general , migratory behavior is complex and reliant on each individual hawks ' decision - making ( i.e. whether prey populations are sufficient enough to entice the hawk to endure prolonged snow cover ) . During fall migration , departure may occur as soon as late September but peak movements occur in late October and the full month of November in the United States , with migration ceasing after mid-December . The northernmost migrants may pass over resident red - tailed hawks in the contiguous United States while the latter are still in the midst of brooding fledglings . Not infrequently several autumn hawk - watches in Ontario , Quebec and the northern United States will record 4,500 - 8,900 red - tailed hawks migrating through each fall , with records of up to 15,000 in a season at Hawk Ridge hawk watch in Duluth , Minnesota . Unlike some other Buteos , such as Swainson 's hawks and broad - winged hawks ( Buteo platypterus ) , red - tailed hawks do not usually migrate in groups , instead passing by one - by - one , and will only migrate on days when winds are favorable . Most migrants do not go past southern Mexico in late autumn , but a few may annually move down as far as to roughly as far as there are breeding red - tailed hawks down in Panama . However , there are now a few records of wintering migrant red - tails turning up in Colombia , the first records of the species in that country or anywhere in South America . Spring northward movements may commence as early as late February , with peak numbers usually occurring in late March and early April . Seasonal counts may include up to 19,000 red - tails in spring at Derby Hill hawk watch , in Oswego , New York , sometimes more than 5,000 are recorded in a day there . The very most northerly migratory individuals may not reach breeding grounds until June , even adults . Immature hawks migrate later than adults in spring on average but not , generally speaking , in autumn . In the northern Great Lakes , immatures return in late May to early June , when adults are already well into their nesting season and must find unoccupied ranges . However , in Alaska adults tend to migrate before immatures in early to mid-September , to the contrary of other areas , probably as heavy snow fall begins . Yearlings that were banded in southwestern Idaho stayed for about 2 months after fledging , and then traveled long distances with a strong directional bias , with 9 of 12 recovered southeast of the study area - six of these moved down to coastal lowlands in Mexico and down to as far as Guatemala , here 4,205 km ( 2,613 mi ) from their initial banding . In California , 35 hawks were banded as nestlings , 26 were recovered at less than 50 miles away , with multi-directional juvenile dispersals . Nestlings banded in southern California sometimes actually traveled up to as far as 1,190 km ( 740 mi ) north to Oregon ranging to the opposite extreme as far as a banded bird from the Sierra Nevadas that moved 1,700 km ( 1,100 mi ) south to Sinaloa . Nestlings banded in Green County , Wisconsin did not travel very far comparatively by October -- November , but just a month later in December recoveries were found in varied states including Illinois , Iowa , Texas , Louisiana and Florida . Dietary biology ( edit ) Juvenile eating a squirrel The red - tailed hawk is carnivorous , and a highly opportunistic feeder . It is said that nearly any small animal they encounter may be viewed as potential food . Their most common prey are small mammals such as rodents and lagomorphs , but they will also consume birds , reptiles , fish , amphibians and invertebrates . Prey varies considerably with regional and seasonal availability , but usually centers on rodents , accounting for up to 85 % of a hawk 's diet . In total nearly 500 prey species have been recorded in their diet , almost as many as the great horned owl have been recorded as taking . When 27 North American studies are reviewed , mammals make up 65.3 % of the diet by frequency , 20.9 % by birds , 10.8 % by reptiles , 2.8 % by invertebrates and 0.2 % by amphibians and fish . The geometric mean body mass of prey taken by red - tailed hawks in North America averages about 187 g ( 6.6 oz ) based on a pair of compilation studies from across the continent , regionally varying at least from 43.4 to 361.4 g ( 1.53 to 12.75 oz ) . Staple prey ( excluding invertebrates ) has been claimed to weigh from 15 to 2,114 g ( 0.033 to 4.661 lb ) , ranging roughly from the size of a small mouse or lizard to the size of a black - tailed jackrabbit ( Lepus californicus ) . The daily food requirements range from 7 to 11.2 % of their own body weight , so that about three voles or an individual prey of equivalent weight are required daily for an average range adult . The talons and feet of red - tailed hawks are relatively large for a Buteo hawk , in an average sized adult red - tail the `` hallux - claw '' or rear talon , the largest claw on all accipitrids , averages about 29.7 mm ( 1.17 in ) . In fact , the talons of red - tails in some areas averaged of similar size to those of ferruginous hawks which can be considerably heavier and notably larger than those of the only slightly lighter Swainson 's hawk . This species may exert an average of about 91 kg ( 201 lb ) of pressure per square inch ( PSI ) through its feet . Due to its morphology , red - tailed hawks generally can attack larger prey than typical Buteo hawks and will seemingly select the largest prey of up to their own size available at the time that they 're hunting . Red - tailed hawks usually hunt by watching for prey activity from a high perch , also known as still hunting . Upon being spotted , prey is dropped down upon by the hawk . Red - tails often select the highest available perches within a given environment since the greater the height they are at , the less flapping is required and the faster the downward glide they can attain toward nearby prey . If prey is closer than average , the hawk may glide at a steep downward angle with few flaps , if farther than average , it may flap a few swift wingbeats alternating with glides . Perch hunting is the most successful hunting method generally speaking for red - tailed hawks and can account for up to 83 % of their daily activities ( i.e. in winter ) . Wintering pairs may hunt together and aseasonally may join together to group hunt agile prey that they may have trouble catching by themselves , such as tree squirrels . This may consist of stalking opposites sides of a tree , in order to surround the squirrel and almost inevitably drive the rodent to be captured by one after being flushed by the other hawk . The typical hunting method of red - tailed hawks is to dive down on its prey from a lofty perch . The most common flighted hunting method for red - tail is to cruise approximately 10 to 50 m ( 33 to 164 ft ) over the ground with flap - and - glide type flight , interspersed occasionally with harrier - like quarters over the ground . This method is less successful than perch hunting but seems relatively useful for capturing small birds and may be show the best results while hunting in hilly country . Hunting red - tailed hawks readily will use trees , bushes or rocks for concealment before making a surprise attack , even showing a partial ability to dodge among trees in an Accipiter - like fashion . Among thick stands of spruce in Alaska , a dodging hunting flight was thought to be unusually important to red - tails living in extensive areas of conifers , with hawks even coming to the ground and walking hurriedly in prey pursuit especially if the prey was large , a similar behavior to goshawks . Additional surprisingly swift aerial hunting has reported in red - tails who habitually hunt bats in Texas . Here the bat - hunting specialists would stoop with half - close wings , quite falcon - like , plowing through the huge stream of bats exiting their cave roosts , then zooming upwards with a bat in its talons . These hawks would also fly parallel closely to the stream , then veer sharply into it and seize a bat . In the neotropics , red - tails have shown the ability to dodge amongst forest canopy whilst hunting . In Kansas , red - tailed hawks were recorded sailing to catch flying insects , a hunting method more typical of a Swainson 's hawk . Alternately , they may drop to the ground to forage for insects like grasshoppers and beetles as well as other invertebrates and probably amphibians and fish ( except by water in the latter cases ) . Hunting afoot seems to be particularly prevalent among immatures . Young red - tailed hawks in northeastern Florida were recorded often extracting earthworms from near the surface of the ground and some had a crop full of earthworms after rains . Ground hunting is also quite common on Socorro Island , where there are no native land mammals and invertebrates are more significant to their overall diet . A red - tailed hawk was observed to incorporate an unconventional killing method which was drowning a heron immediately after capture . One red - tailed hawk was seen to try to grab a young ground squirrel and , upon missing it , screamed loudly , which in turn caused another young squirrel to break into a run wherein it was captured . Whether this was an intentional hunting technique needs investigation . Upon capture , smaller prey is taken to a feeding perch , which is almost always lower than a hunting perch . Among small prey , rodents are often swallowed whole as are shrews and small snakes , while birds are plucked and beheaded . Even prey as small as chipmunks may take two to three bites to consume . Larger mammals of transportable size are at times beheaded and have part of their fur discarded , then leftovers are either stored in a tree or fall to the ground . Large prey , especially if too heavy to transport on the wing , is often dragged to a secluded spot and dismantled in various ways . If they can successfully carry what remains to a low perch , they tend to feed until full and then discard the rest . Mammals ( edit ) Play media Red - tailed hawk eating a rodent Rodents are certainly the most often taken type of prey by frequency but their contribution to prey biomass at nests can be regionally low and the type , variety and importance of rodent prey can be highly variable . In total , well over 100 rodent species have turned up the diet of red - tailed hawks . Rodents of extremely varied sizes may be hunted by red - tails , with species ranging in size from the 8.2 g ( 0.29 oz ) eastern harvest mouse ( Reithrodontomys humulis ) to marmots ( Marmota ssp . ) , weighing some 3,300 g ( 7.3 lb ) in spring , although whether they can take full grown marmots is questionable . At least some attacks on adult marmots like groundhogs ( Marmota monax ) are abortive . At times , the red - tailed hawk is thought of as a semi-specialized vole - catcher , but voles are a subsistence food that are more or less are taken until larger prey can be captured . In an area of Michigan , immature hawks took almost entirely voles but adults were diversified feeders . Indeed , the 44.1 g ( 1.56 oz ) meadow vole ( Microtus pennsylvanicus ) was the highest frequency prey species in 27 dietary studies across North America , accounting for up to 54 % of the food at nests by frequency . It is quite rare for any one species to make up more than half of the food at any dietary study for red - tailed hawks . In total about 9 Microtus species are known in the overall diet , with 5 other voles and lemmings known to be included in their prey spectrum . Another well - represented species was the 27.9 g ( 0.98 oz ) prairie vole ( Microtus ochrogaster ) , which were the primary food , making up 26.4 % of a sample of 1322 , in eastern Kansas . While crepuscular in primary feeding activity , voles are known to be active both day and night , and so are reliable food for hawks than most non-squirrel rodents , which generally are nocturnal in activity . Indeed , most other microtine rodents are largely inaccessible to red - tailed hawks due to their strongly nocturnal foraging patterns , even though 24 species outside of voles and lemmings are known to be hunted . Woodrats are taken as important supplemental prey in some regions , being considerably larger than most other crictetid rodents , and some numbers of North American deermouse ( Peromyscus maniculatus ) may turn up . The largest representation of the latter species was contributing 11.9 % of the diet in the Great Basin of Utah , making them the second best represented prey species there . Considering this limited association with nocturnal rodents , the high importance of pocket gophers in the diet of red - tailed hawks is puzzling to many biologists , as these tend to be highly nocturnal and elusive by day , rarely leaving the confines of their burrow . At least 8 species of pocket gopher are included in the prey spectrum ( not to mention 5 species of pocket mice ) . The 110 g ( 3.9 oz ) northern pocket gopher ( Thomomys talpoides ) is particularly often reported and , by frequency , even turns up as the third most often recorded prey species in 27 American dietary studies . Presumably , hunting of pocket gophers by red - tails , which has possibly never been witnessed , occurs in dim light at first dawn and last light of dusk when they luck upon a gopher out foraging . Voles are often caught by red - tails , especially immature hawks such as this may depend almost fully upon them . By far , the most important prey among rodents are squirrels , as they are almost fully diurnal . All told , nearly 50 species from the squirrel family have turned up as food . In particular , where they are distributed , ground squirrels are doubly attractive as a primary food source due to their ground dwelling habits , as red - tails prefer to attack prey that is terrestrial . There are also many disadvantages to ground squirrels as prey : they can escape quickly to the security of their burrows , they tend to be highly social and they are very effective and fast in response to alarm calls , and a good deal of species enter hibernation that in the coldest climates can range up to a 6 to 9 - month period ( although those in warmer climates with little to no snowy weather often have brief dormancy and no true hibernation ) . Nonetheless , red - tailed hawks are devoted predators of ground squirrels , especially catching incautious ones as they go out foraging ( which more often than not are younger animals ) . A multi-year study conducted on San Joaquin Experimental Range in California , seemingly still the largest food study to date done for red - tailed hawks with 4031 items examined , showed that throughout the seasons the 722 g ( 1.592 lb ) California ground squirrel ( Otospermophilus beecheyi ) was the most significant prey , accounting for 60.8 % of the breeding season diet and about 27.2 % of the diet for hawks year - around . Because of the extremely high density of red - tailed hawks on this range , some pairs came to specialize on diverse alternate prey , which consisted variously of kangaroo rats , lizards , snakes or chipmunks . One pair apparently lessened competition by focusing on pocket gophers instead despite being near the center of ground squirrel activity . In Snake River NCA , the primary food of red - tailed hawks was the 203.5 g ( 7.18 oz ) Townsend 's ground squirrel ( Urocitellus townsendii ) , which made up nearly 21 % of the food in 382 prey items across several years despite sharp spikes and crashes of the ground squirrel population there . The same species was the main food of red - tailed hawks in southeastern Washington , making up 31.2 % of 170 items . An even closer predatory relationship was reported in the Centennial valley of Montana and south - central Montana , where 45.4 % of 194 prey items and 40.2 % of 261 items , respectively , of the food of red - tails consisted of the 455.7 g ( 1.005 lb ) Richardson 's ground squirrel ( Urocitellus richardsonii ) . Locally in Rochester , Alberta , Richardson 's ground squirrel , estimated to average 444 g ( 15.7 oz ) , were secondary in number to unidentified small rodents but red - tails in the region killed an estimated 22 - 60 % of the area 's ground squirrel , a large dent in the squirrel 's population . Further east , ground squirrels are not so reliably distributed , but one study in southern Wisconsin , in one of several quite different dietary studies in that state , the 172.7 g ( 6.09 oz ) thirteen - lined ground squirrel ( Ictidomys tridecemlineatus ) was the main prey species , making up 29.7 % of the diet ( from a sample of 165 ) . In Kluane Lake , Yukon , 750 g ( 1.65 lb ) Arctic ground squirrels ( Spermophilus parryii ) were the main overall food for Harlan 's red - tailed hawks , making up 30.8 % of a sample of 1074 prey items . When these ground squirrels enter their long hibernation , the breeding Harlan 's hawks migrate south for the winter . Nearly as important in Kluane Lake was the 200 g ( 7.1 oz ) American red squirrel ( Tamiasciurus hudsonicus ) , which constituted 29.8 % of the above sample . Red squirrels are highly agile dwellers on dense spruce stands , which has caused biologists to ponder how the red - tailed hawks are able to routinely catch them . Although it is possible that the hawks catch them on the ground such as when squirrels are digging their caches , and the dark color of the Harlan 's hawks may allow them to more effectively ambush the squirrels locally . While American red squirrel turn up not infrequently as supplementary prey elsewhere in North America , other tree squirrels seem to be comparatively infrequently caught , at least during the summer breeding season . It is known that pairs of red - tailed hawks will cooperative hunt tree squirrels at times , probably mostly between late fall and early spring . Fox squirrels ( Sciurus niger ) , the largest of North America 's tree squirrels at 800 g ( 1.8 lb ) , are fairly regular supplemental prey but the lighter , presumably more agile 533 g ( 1.175 lb ) eastern gray squirrel ( Sciurus carolinensis ) appears to be seldom caught based on dietary studies . While adult marmot may be difficult for red - tailed hawks to catch , young marmots are readily taken in numbers after weaning , such as a high frequency of yellow - bellied marmot ( Marmota flaviventris ) in Boulder , Colorado . Another grouping of squirrels but at the opposite end of the size spectrum for squirrels , the chipmunks are also mostly supplemental prey but are considered more easily caught than tree squirrels , considering that they are more habitual terrestrial foragers . In central Ohio , eastern chipmunks ( Tamias striatus ) , the largest species of chipmunk at an average weight of 96 g ( 3.4 oz ) , were actually the leading prey by number , making up 12.3 % of a sample of 179 items . Outside of rodents , the most important prey for North American red - tailed hawks is rabbits and hares , of which at least 13 species are included in their prey spectrum . By biomass and reproductive success within populations , these are certain to be the most significant food source to the species ( at least in North America ) . Adult Sylvilagus rabbits known to be hunted by red - tails can range from the 700 g ( 1.5 lb ) brush rabbit ( Sylvilagus bachmani ) to the Tres Marias rabbit ( Sylvilagus graysoni ) at 1,470 g ( 3.24 lb ) while all leporids hunted may range the 421.3 g ( 14.86 oz ) pygmy rabbit ( Brachylagus idahoensis ) to hares and jackrabbits potentially up twice the hawk 's own weight . While primarily crepuscular in peak activity , rabbits and hares often foraging both during day and night and so face almost constant predatory pressure from a diverse range of predators . Male red - tailed hawks or pairs which are talented rabbit hunters are likely have higher than average productivity due to the size and nutrition of the meal ensuring healthy , fast - growing offspring . Most widely reported are the cottontails , which the three most common North America varieties softly grading into mostly allopatric ranges , being largely segregated by habitat preferences where they overlap in distribution . Namely , in descending order of reportage were : the eastern cottontail ( Sylvilagus floridanus ) , the second most widely reported prey species overall in North America and with maximum percentage known in a given study was 26.4 % in Oklahoma ( out of 958 prey items ) , the mountain cottontail ( Sylvilagus nuttallii ) , maximum representation being 17.6 % out of a sample of 478 in Kaibab Plateau , Arizona and the desert cottontail ( Sylvilagus audubonii ) , maximum representation being 22.4 % out of a sample of 326 in west - central Arizona . Black - tailed jackrabbits ( Lepus californicus ) are even more intensely focused upon as a food source by the hawks found in the west , particularly the Great Basin . This species is likely the largest prey routinely hunted by red - tails and the mean prey size where jackrabbits are primarily hunted is indeed the highest known overall in the species . When jackrabbit numbers crash , red - tailed hawk productivity tends to decline synchronically . In northern Utah , black - tailed jackrabbits made up 55.3 % by number of a sample of 329 . Elsewhere , they are usually somewhat secondary by number . Mean sizes of jackrabbits taken can range up to approximately 2,114 g ( 4.661 lb ) , but probably quantitatively mostly juvenile and yearling jackrabbits are caught . Prime adult jackrabbits , with weights at times exceeding 2,700 g ( 6.0 lb ) , are difficult and taken infrequently , short of by particularly large and aggressive female red - tails . Other even larger species are sometimes taken as prey such as the white - tailed jackrabbit ( Lepus townsendii ) , but whether this includes healthy adults , as they average over 3,200 g ( 7.1 lb ) , is unclear . Near Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , USA a red - tailed hawk consumes a young Eastern cottontail In the boreal forests of Canada and Alaska , red - tails are fairly dependent on the snowshoe hare ( Lepus americanus ) , falling somewhere behind the great horned owl and ahead of the northern goshawk in their regional reliance on this food source . The hunting preferences of red - tails who rely on snowshoe hares is variable . In Rochester , Alberta , 52 % of snowshoe hares caught were adults , such prey estimated to average 1,287 g ( 2.837 lb ) , and adults , in some years , were six times more often taken than juvenile hares , which averaged an estimated 560 g ( 1.23 lb ) . 1.9 - 7.1 % of adults in the regional population of Rochester were taken by red - tails , while only 0.3 - 0.8 of juvenile hares were taken by them . Despite their reliance on it , only 4 % ( against 53.4 % of the biomass ) of the food by frequency here was made up of hares . On the other hand , in Kluane , Yukon , juvenile hares were taken roughly 11 times more often than adults , despite the larger size of adults here , averaging 1,406.6 g ( 3.101 lb ) , and that the overall prey base was less diverse at this more northerly clime . In both Rochester and Kluane Lake , the number of snowshoe hares taken was considerably lower than numbers of ground squirrels taken . The differences of average characteristics of snowshoe hares that were hunted may be partially due to habitat ( extent of bog openings to dense forest ) or topography . Another member of the Lagomorpha order has been found in the diet , the much smaller American pika ( Ochotona princeps ) , at 150 g ( 5.3 oz ) , but is not quantitatively common in the foods of the species so far as is known . A diversity of mammals may be consumed opportunistically outside of the main food groups of rodents and leporids , but usually occur in low numbers . At least five species each are taken of shrews and moles , ranging in size from their smallest mammalian prey , the cinereus ( Sorex cinereus ) and least shrews ( Cryptotis parva ) , which both weigh about 4.4 g ( 0.16 oz ) , to Townsend 's mole ( Scapanus townsendii ) , which weighs about 126 g ( 4.4 oz ) . A respectable number of the 90 g ( 3.2 oz ) eastern mole ( Scalopus aquaticus ) were recorded in studies from Oklahoma and Kansas . Four species of bat have been recorded in their foods . The red - tailed hawks local to the large cave colonies of 12.3 g ( 0.43 oz ) Mexican free - tailed bats ( Tadarida brasiliensis ) in Texas can show surprising agility , some of the same hawks spending their early evening and early morning hours in flight patrolling the cave entrances in order to stoop suddenly on these flighted mammals . Larger miscellaneous mammalian prey are either usually taken as juveniles , like the nine - banded armadillo ( Dasypus novemcinctus ) , or largely as carrion , like the Virginia opossum ( Didelphis virginiana ) . Small carnivorans may be taken , usually consisting of much smaller mustelids , like the 150.6 g ( 5.31 oz ) long - tailed weasel ( Mustela frenata ) , which was surprisingly widely taken as a supplemental prey species . Adult ringtails ( Bassariscus astutus ) , which are about the same weight as a red - tailed hawk at 1,015 g ( 2.238 lb ) , are taken as prey occasionally . Larger carnivoran remains are sometimes found amongst their foods , but most are likely taken as juveniles or smaller range adults , or otherwise consumed only as carrion . Some of the relatively larger carnivorans red - tailed hawks have been known to eat have included red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ) , kit fox ( Vulpes macrotis ) , white - nosed coati ( Nasua narica ) , raccoon ( Procyon lotor ) , striped skunk ( Mephitis mephitis ) and domestic cats ( Felis silvestris catus ) . Many of these medium - sized carnivorans are probably visited as roadkill , especially during the sparser winter months , but carrion has turned up more widely than previously thought . Some nests have been found ( to the occasional `` shock '' of researchers ) with body parts from large domestic stock like sheep ( Ovies aries ) , pigs ( Sus scrofa domesticus ) , horses ( Equus caballus ferus ) and cattle ( Bos primigenius taurus ) ( not to mention wild varieties like deer ) , which red - tails must visit when freshly dead out on pastures and take a couple talonfuls of meat . In one instance , a red - tailed hawk was observed to kill a small but seemingly healthy lamb . These are born heavier than most red - tails at 1,500 g ( 3.3 lb ) but in this instance , the hawk was scared away before it could consume its kill by the rifle fire of the shepherd who witnessed the instance . Birds ( edit ) A hawk eats a rock pigeon , near Toronto harbour Like most ( but not all ) Buteo hawks , red - tailed hawks do not primarily hunt birds in most areas , but can take them fairly often whenever they opportune upon some that are vulnerable . Birds are , by far , the most diverse class in the red - tailed hawk 's prey spectrum , with well over 200 species known in their foods . In most circumstances where birds become the main food of red - tailed hawks , it is in response to ample local populations of galliforms . As these are meaty , mostly terrestrial birds which usually run rather than fly from danger ( although all wild species in North America are capable of flight ) , galliforms are ideal avian prey for red - tails . Some 23 species of galliforms are known to be taken by red - tailed hawks , about a third of these being species introduced by humans . Native quails of all five North American species may expect occasional losses . All 12 species of grouse native to North America are also occasionally included in their prey spectrum . In the state of Wisconsin , two large studies , from Waupun and Greene county , found the main prey species to be the ring - necked pheasant ( Phasianus colchicus ) , making up 22.7 % of a sample of 176 and 33.8 % of a sample of 139 , respectively . With a body mass averaging 1,135 g ( 2.502 lb ) , adult pheasants are among the largest meals that male red - tails are likely to deliver short of adult rabbits and hares and therefore these nests tend to be relatively productive . Despite being not native to North America , pheasants usually live in a wild state . All Wisconsin studies also found large numbers of chickens ( Gallus gallus domesticus ) , making up as much as 14.4 % of the diet . Many studies reflect that free - ranging chickens are vulnerable to red - tailed hawks although somewhat lesser numbers are taken by them overall in comparison to nocturnal predators ( i.e. owls and foxes ) and goshawks . In Rochester , Alberta , fairly large numbers of ruffed grouse ( Bonasa umbellus ) were taken but relatively more juveniles were taken of this species than the two other main contributors to biomass here , snowshoe hare and Townsend 's ground squirrel , as they are fairly independent early on and more readily available . Here the adult grouse was estimated to average 550 g ( 1.21 lb ) against the average juvenile which in mid-summer averaged 170 g ( 6.0 oz ) . Beyond galliforms , three other quite different families of birds make the most significant contributions to the red - tailed hawk 's avian diet . None of these three families are known as particularly skilled or swift fliers but the species are generally small enough that they would generally easily be more nimble in flight than a red - tailed hawk . One of these are the woodpeckers , if only for one species , the 131.6 g ( 4.64 oz ) northern flicker ( Colaptes auratus ) , which was the best represented bird species in the diet in 27 North American studies and was even the fourth most often detected prey species of all . Woodpeckers are often a favorite in the diet of large raptors as their relatively slow , undulating flight makes these relatively easy targets . The flicker in particular is a highly numerous species that has similar habitat preferences to red - tailed hawks , preferring fragmented landscapes with trees and openings or parkland - type wooded mosaics , and often forage on the ground for ants , which may make them even more susceptible . Varied other woodpecker species may turn up in their foods , from the smallest to the largest extant in North America , but are much more infrequently detected in dietary studies . Another family relatively often selected prey family are corvids , which despite their relatively large size , formidable mobbing abilities and intelligence are also slower than average fliers for passerines. 14 species of corvid are known to fall prey to red - tailed hawks . In the Kaibab Plateau , the 128 g ( 4.5 oz ) Steller 's jay ( Cyanocitta stelleri ) were the fourth most identified prey species ( 10.3 % of the diet ) . 453 g ( 0.999 lb ) American crows are also regularly detected supplemental prey in several areas . Even the huge common raven ( Corvus corax ) , at 1,050 g ( 2.31 lb ) at least as large as red - tailed hawk itself , may fall prey to red - tails , albeit very infrequently and only in a well - staged ambush . One of the most surprising heavy contributors are the icterids , despite their slightly smaller size and tendency to travel in large , wary flocks , 12 species are known to be hunted . One species pair , the meadowlarks , are most often selected as they do not flock in the same ways as many other icterids and often come to the ground , throughout their life history , rarely leaving about shrub - height . The 100.7 g ( 3.55 oz ) western meadowlark ( Sturnella neglecta ) , in particular , was the third most often detected bird prey species in North America . Red - winged blackbirds ( Agelaius phoeniceus ) which are probably too small , at an average weight of 52.4 g ( 1.85 oz ) , and fast for a red - tailed hawk to ever chase on the wing ( and do travel in huge flocks , especially in winter ) are nonetheless also quite often found in their diet , representing up to 8 % of the local diet for red - tails . It is possible that males , which are generally bold and often select lofty perches from which to display , are most regularly ambushed . One bird species that often flocks with red - winged blackbirds in winter is even better represented in the red - tail 's diet , the non-native 78 g ( 2.8 oz ) European starling ( Sturnus vulgaris ) , being the second most numerous avian prey species and seventh overall in North America . Although perhaps most vulnerable when caught unaware while calling atonally on a perch , a few starlings ( or various blackbirds ) may be caught by red - tails which test the agile , twisting murmurations of birds by flying conspicuously towards the flock , to intentionally disturb them and possibly detect lagging , injured individual birds that can be caught unlike healthy birds . However , this behavior has been implied rather than verified . Over 50 passerine species from various other families beyond corvids , icterids and starlings are included in the red - tailed hawks ' prey spectrum but are caught so infrequently as to generally not warrant individual mention . Non-passerine prey taken infrequently may include pigeons and doves , cuckoos , nightjars , kingfishers and parrots . However , of some interest , is the extreme size range of birds that may be preyed upon . Red - tailed hawks in Caribbean islands seem to catch small passerines more frequently due to the paucity of vertebrate prey diversity here . Birds as small as the 7.7 g ( 0.27 oz ) elfin woods warbler ( Setophaga angelae ) and the 10 g ( 0.35 oz ) bananaquit ( Coereba flaveola ) may turn up not infrequently as food . How red - tails can catch prey this small and nimble is unclear ( perhaps mostly the even smaller nestlings or fledglings are depredated ) . In California , most avian prey was stated to be between the size of a starling and a quail . Numerous water birds may be preyed upon including at least 22 species of shorebirds , 17 species of waterfowl , 8 species of heron and egrets and 8 species of rails , plus a smaller diversity of grebes , shearwaters and ibises . These may range to as small as the tiny , mysterious and `` mouse - like '' black rail ( Laterallus jamaicensis ) , weighing an average of 32.7 g ( 1.15 oz ) , and snowy plover ( Charadrius nivosus ) , weighing an average of 42.3 g ( 1.49 oz ) ( how they catch adults of this prey is not known ) , to some gulls , ducks and geese as heavy or heavier than a red - tailed hawk itself . How large of a duck that red - tailed hawks can capture may be variable . In one instance , a red - tailed hawk failed to kill a healthy drake red - breasted merganser ( Mergus serrator ) , with this duck estimated to weigh 1,100 g ( 2.4 lb ) , later the same red - tail was able to dispatch a malnourished red - necked grebe ( Podiceps grisegena ) ( a species usually about as heavy as the merganser ) , weighing an estimated 657 g ( 1.448 lb ) . However , in interior Alaska , locally red - tailed hawks have become habitual predators of adult ducks , ranging from 345 g ( 12.2 oz ) green - winged teal ( Anas carolinensis ) to 1,141 g ( 2.515 lb ) mallard ( Anas platyrhynchos ) . Even larger , occasionally adult Ross 's goose ( Chen rossii ) , weighing on average 1,636 g ( 3.607 lb ) , have been killed as well . Also , a non-native Egyptian goose ( Alopochen aegyptiaca ) , in which adults average 1,762 g ( 3.885 lb ) , was killed by a red - tail in Texas . Certainly the largest avian prey red - tailed hawks have successfully hunted is large galliforms . There are several known instances of predation on adult greater sage grouse ( Centrocercus urophasianus ) , although mainly females are reported taken , these averaging 1,200 to 1,745 g ( 2.646 to 3.847 lb ) depending on region . Some adult male sage grouse may have been attacked but , as these average from 2,100 to 3,190 g ( 4.63 to 7.03 lb ) , this needs verification . Even larger , in at least once case a grown hatch - year bird was caught of the rare , non-native Himalayan snowcock ( Tetraogallus himalayensis ) , this species averaging 2,428 g ( 5.353 lb ) in adults . Red - tailed hawks are a threat to the poults typically of the wild turkey ( Meleagris gallopavo ) . However , in one instance , an immature red - tail was observed trying to attack an adult female turkey , which would weigh about 4,260 g ( 9.39 lb ) ( on average ) . However this red - tail was unable to overpower the turkey hen . Additionally , young domestic turkeys , weighing up to at least 1,500 g ( 3.3 lb ) , have been killed by red - tailed hawks . Other than wild turkeys , other larger birds occasionally lose young to red - tails such as trumpeter swans ( Cygnus buccinator ) , sandhill cranes ( Grus canadensis ) and great blue herons ( Ardea herodias ) . Reptiles ( edit ) A red - tailed hawk flies off with its kill , a large colubrid snake Early reports claimed relatively little predation of reptiles by red - tailed hawks but these were regionally biased towards the east coast and the upper Midwest of the United States . However , locally the predation on reptiles can be regionally quite heavy and they may become the primary prey where large , stable numbers of rodents and leporids are not to be found reliably . Nearly 80 species of reptilian prey have been recorded in the diet at this point . Most predation is on snakes , with more than 40 species known in the prey spectrum . The most often found reptilian species in the diet ( and sixth overall in 27 North American dietary studies ) was the gopher snake ( Pituophis catenifer ) . Red - tails are efficient predators of these large snakes , which average about 532 g ( 1.173 lb ) in adults , although they also take many small and young gopher snakes . Along the Columbia River in Washington , large colubrid snakes were found to be the primary prey , with the eastern racer ( Coluber constrictor ) , which averages about 556 g ( 1.226 lb ) in mature adults , the most often recorded at 21.3 % of 150 prey items , followed by the gopher snake at 18 % . This riverine region lacks ground squirrels and has low numbers of leporids. 43.2 % of the overall diet here was made up of reptiles , while mammals , made up 40.6 % . In the Snake River NCA , the gopher snake was the second most regularly recorded ( 16.2 % of 382 items ) prey species over the course of the years , and did not appear to be subject to the extreme population fluctuations of mammalian prey here . Good numbers of smaller colubrids can be taken as well , especially garter snakes . Red - tailed hawks may engage in avoidance behavior to some extent with regard to venomous snakes . For example , on the San Joaquin Experimental Range in California , they were recorded taking 225 gopher snakes against 83 western rattlesnakes ( Crotalus oreganus ) . Based on surveys , however , the rattlesnakes were five times more abundant on the range than the gopher snakes . Nonetheless , at least 15 venomous snakes have been recorded in the red - tailed hawk 's diet . The smallest known snake known to be hunted by red - tailed hawks is the 6 g ( 0.21 oz ) redbelly snake ( Storeria occipitomaculata ) . Red - tailed hawks have been seen flying off with snake prey that may exceed 153 cm ( 5 ft 0 in ) in length in some cases . One red - tail was photographed killing a `` fairly large '' eastern diamondback rattlesnake ( Crotalus adamanteus ) , this being North America 's heaviest snake and the heaviest venomous snake in the Americas at a large mature size of about 2,300 g ( 5.1 lb ) . For the eastern indigo snakes ( Drymarchon couperi ) , North America 's longest native snake , usually young and small ones are reportedly at risk . In North America , fewer lizards are typically recorded in the foods of red - tailed hawk than are snakes , probably because snakes are considerably better adapted to cooler , seasonal weather , with an extensive diversity of lizards found only in the southernmost reaches of the contiguous United States . A fair number of lizards were recorded in the diet in southern California and red - tails can be counted among the primary predatory threats to largish lizards in the United States such as the 245 g ( 8.6 oz ) common chuckawalla ( Sauromalus ater ) . However , the red - tailed hawks ranging into the neotropics regularly take numerous species of lizards . This is especially true of hawks living on islands which are not naturally colonized by small mammals . Insular red - tails commonly pluck up mostly tiny anoles , that may average only 1.75 to 43.5 g ( 0.062 to 1.534 oz ) in adult mass , depending on species . Not all tropical lizards taken by red - tailed hawks are so dainty and some are easily as large as most birds and reptiles taken elsewhere such as adults of the 1,800 g ( 4.0 lb ) San Esteban chuckwalla ( Sauromalus varius ) and even those as large as 2,800 g ( 6.2 lb ) Cape spinytail iguanas ( Ctenosaura hemilopha ) and 4,000 g ( 8.8 lb ) green iguanas ( Iguana iguana ) ( though it is not clearly noted whether they can take healthy adults iguanas or not ) . Beyond snakes and lizards , there are a few cases of red - tailed hawks preying on baby or juvenile turtles , i.e. the gopher tortoise ( Gopherus polyphemus ) , the desert tortoise ( Gopherus agassizii ) and the common snapping turtle ( Chelydra serpentina ) . Other prey ( edit ) Records of predation on amphibians is fairly infrequent . It is thought that such prey may be slightly underrepresented , as they are often consumed whole and may not leave a trace in pellets . Their fine bones may dissolve upon consumption . So far as is known , North American red - tailed hawks have preyed upon 9 species of amphibian , four of which are toads . Known amphibian prey has ranged to as small as the 0.75 g ( 0.026 oz ) red - backed salamander ( Plethodon cinereus ) , the smallest known vertebrate prey for red - tailed hawks , to the 430 g ( 15 oz ) American bullfrog ( Lithobates catesbeianus ) . Invertebrates , mostly represented by insects like beetles and crickets , are better represented in the stomach contents of red - tailed hawks than their pellets or prey remains . It is possible some invertebrate prey is ingested incidentally , as in other various birds of prey , they can in some cases be actually from the stomachs of birds eaten by the raptor . However , some red - tails , especially immatures early in their hunting efforts , often do spend much of the day on the ground grabbing terrestrial insects and spiders . The red - tailed hawks of Puerto Rico frequently consume Puerto Rican freshwater crabs ( Epilobocera sinuatifrons ) , which average 9.4 g ( 0.33 oz ) . Reportedly other island populations , such as those on Socorro island , also feed often on terrestrial crabs , here often reportedly blunting their claws while catching them . Fish are the rarest class of prey based on dietary studies . Among the rare instances of them capturing fish have included captures of wild channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus ) , non-native common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) and ornamental koi ( Cyprinus rubrofuscus ) as well some hawks that were seen scavenging on dead chum salmon ( Oncorhynchus keta ) . Interspecies predatory relationships ( edit ) As easily one of the most abundant of all American raptorial birds , red - tailed hawks have been recorded as interacting with every other diurnal bird of prey . Due to the extreme dietary plasticity of red - tails , the food habits of other birds of prey regularly overlap considerably with red - tails . Furthermore , due to its ability to nest in varied habitats , home ranges also frequently abut those of other raptor species . The most obvious similar species in their range are other Buteo hawks , especially larger species with a similar ecological niche . Two of the larger , more widespread other Buteos are the Swainson 's hawk and the ferruginous hawks and , as with many other birds of prey , red - tailed hawks occur in almost the entirety of these birds ' breeding ranges . These species have broadly similar breeding season diets , especially the ferruginous and red - tailed hawks . In some areas , such as Snake River NCA the diets of the two species consist of more than 90 % of the same species and body mass of prey taken was similar . Therefore , all three large Buteo hawks defend their territories from each other with almost the same degree of dedication that they defend from others of their own species . In some cases , territorial clashes of Swainson 's hawks and red - tailed hawks can last up to 12 hours , however , the birds involved are usually careful to avoid physical contact . Due to the similarities of the foods and their aggressive dispositions towards one another , these Buteos need some degree of partitioning in order to persist alongside one another and this usually is given by habitat preferences . The ferruginous hawk prefers open , practically treeless prairie while of these , the red - tailed hawks prefers the most wooded areas with large trees , while the Swainson 's hawk prefer roughly intermediate areas . Where the habitat is more open , such as in Cassia County , Idaho , the Swainson 's and ferruginous hawks have the advantage in numbers and red - tails are scarce . However , habitat alterations by humans , such as fire suppression and recovering pasture , usually favor the red - tailed hawk and are to the detriment of the other two species . These practices have caused range expansions of many other species of birds but declines in many others . Of these three Buteo species , the Swainson 's hawk is most dissimilar , being a long - distance migrant which travels to South America each winter and , for much of the year , prefers to prey on insects ( except for during breeding , when more nutritious food such as ground squirrels are mainly fed to the young ) . It also breeds notably later than the other two species . Surprisingly , although its slightly smaller in body mass and has notably smaller ( and presumably weaker ) feet than ferruginous and red - tailed hawks , the Swainson 's is actually usually ( but not invariably ) dominant in territorial conflicts over the other two . Part of this advantage is that the Swainson 's hawk is apparently a superior flier both in long and short distance flights , with its more pointed wing shape and lower wing loading allowing it more agile , sustained and speedier flight that the bulkier hawks can not match . Therefore , in north - central Oregon , Swainson 's hawks were shown to be more productive , in prairie located trees , and partially displaced prior - breeding red - tails several times , although overall breeding success rates were not perceptibly decreased in the latter hawk . In the Chihuahuan Desert of Mexico , Swainson 's hawks usually nested in lowlands and red - tails nested in highlands but interspecies conflicts nevertheless were apparently quite frequent . Usually , the habitat preferences of red - tailed hawks and ferruginous hawks are discrepant enough to keep serious territorial conflicts to a minimum . However , red - tailed hawks and ferruginous hawks occasionally engaged in kleptoparasitism towards one another , usually during winter . Red - tails may be somewhat dominant based on prior reports in food conflicts but the ferruginous hawk may also win these . Where they overlap , the hawk species may adjust their daily routine to minimize contact , which tends to be costly of time and energy and may cause the hawks to abandon their nests for long stretches of time , which in turn leaves their young vulnerable to predation . When habitats change rapidly , often due to human interference , and the species nest more closely than natural partitioning would allow , in all three nesting success can decline significantly . Beyond the Swainson 's and ferruginous hawks , six other Buteos co-occur with red - tailed hawks in different parts of North America . Many of these are substantially smaller than red - tails and avoid most serious territorial conflicts with them by nesting in deeper wooded areas . One other larger species , the rough - legged buzzard , mostly nests far north of the breeding range of red - tailed hawks . However , in Alaska they sometimes nest in the same areas . The rough - legged buzzards are both cliff and tree nesters and areas used by the two species are not necessarily mutually exclusive but each seems to avoid the other , in part by differing breeding schedules . Wintering rough - legged buzzards may regularly come into conflict over food with red - tailed hawks and seem to be subordinate to the red - tails , with several records of them being chased off both kills and carrion by the red - tailed hawks . During winter , their hunting habits may keep them somewhat separate , the rough - legged being a much more aerial hunter but rough - legged buzzards usually withdrew if a flying red - tailed hawk flew towards them . There is at least one case , however , of a rough - legged buzzard being the victor of a conflict over a kill with a red - tailed hawk . Red - tailed hawks are conspicuously more aggressive and tend to be dominant over slenderer , medium - sized Buteos such as red - shouldered hawks and zone - tailed hawks ( Buteo albonotatus ) . In Massachusetts , red - shoulder hawks used mixed forests and hardwoods as nesting habitat while red - tails most often used in pitch pine and stunted oaks on Cape Cod . Nesting range overlap here most often occurred on white pine forests . As habitat has opened over time , red - tailed hawks frequently took over former red - shouldered hawk territories , even using their nests in two cases . In north - central Florida , it was found during winter that red - shouldered and red - tailed hawk habitat usage blurred and , because the local habitat favors red - shouldered hawks , they easily outnumbered the number of red - tailed hawks in the area . Therefore , again with sufficient habitat partitioning , the two species can live near one another without negatively effecting one another . In the American southwest and Texas , two relatively large buteonine hawks also live alongside red - tailed hawks , the Harris 's hawk ( Parabuteo unicinctus ) and the white - tailed hawk ( Geranoaetus albicaudatus ) . Usually , habitat preferences kept conflicts to a minimum , with the red - tailed hawk favoring taller , more isolated saguaro cactus for nesting , whereas the other species outnumbered red - tails in areas that were denser and more shrubby . The Harris 's hawk was determined to be a superior aerial hunter over red - tailed hawks , and could take down flying birds more routinely . Hawks and kites from outside the buteonine lineage are usually substantially smaller or at least different enough in diet and habitat to largely avoid heavy conflict with red - tailed hawks . On occasion , northern harriers ( Circus hudsonius ) which have much lower wing loading , will mob red - tailed hawks out of their home ranges but in winter the red - tails seem to be dominant over them in conflicts over food . Among Accipiter hawks , the most similar to the red - tailed hawk in diet and size is the northern goshawk . In some areas , the prey species of these can be very similar and North American populations of goshawks take many more squirrels and leporids than their Eurasian counterparts do . It was found that the feet and striking power of hunting goshawks was more powerful than that of the red - tailed hawk , despite the red - tails being up to 10 % heavier in some parts of North America . Therefore , wild goshawks can dispatch larger prey both on average and at maximum prey size , with some victims of female goshawks such as adult hares and galliforms such as turkey and capercaillie weighing up to or exceeding roughly 4,000 g ( 8.8 lb ) . In a comparative study in the Kaibab Plateau of Arizona , however , it was found that red - tailed hawks had several population advantages . Red - tails were more flexible in diet , although there was a very broad overlap in prey species selected , and nesting habitat than the goshawks were . Remarkably , as red - tailed hawks in conflict with other more closely related Buteo hawks rarely ( if ever ) result in mortality on either side , goshawks and red - tailed hawks do seem to readily kill one another . Adults of both species have been shown to be able to kill adults of the other . A red - tailed hawk is mobbed by a northern mockingbird in the urban environment of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The great horned owl occupies a similar ecological niche nocturnally to the red - tailed hawk . There have been many studies that have contrasted the ecology of these two powerful raptors . The great horned owl averages heavier and larger footed , with northern populations averaging up to 26 % heavier in the owl than the hawk . However , due in part to the red - tail 's more extensive access to sizable prey such as ground squirrels , several contrasting dietary studies found that the estimated mean prey size of the red - tailed hawk , at 175 g ( 6.2 oz ) , was considerably higher than that of the great horned owl , at 76 g ( 2.7 oz ) . Also , the diet of red - tailed hawk seems to be more flexible by prey type , as only just over 65 % of their diet is made of mammals , whereas great horned owls were more restricted feeders on mammals , selecting them 87.6 % of the time . However , the overall prey spectrum of great horned owls includes more species of mammals and birds ( but far less reptiles ) and the great horned owl can attack prey of a wider size range , including much larger prey items than any taken by red - tailed hawks . Some prey killed by great horned owls was estimated to weigh up to 6,800 g ( 15.0 lb ) . Great horned owls and red - tailed hawks compete not only for food but more seriously over nesting areas and home ranges . Great horned owls are incapable of constructing nests and readily expropriate existing red - tail nests . The habitat preferences of the two species are quite similar and the owl frequently uses old red - tail nests , but they do seem to prefer more enclosed nest locations where available over the generally open situation around red - tailed hawk nests . Sometimes in warmer areas , the owls may nest sufficiently early to have fledged young by the time red - tails start to lay . However , when there is a temporal overlap in reproductive cycles , the owl sometimes takes over an occupied red - tail nest , causing desertion . Red - tailed hawks have an advantage in staple prey flexibility as aforementioned , while great horned owl populations can be stressed when preferred prey is scarce , especially when they rely on leporids such as hares and jackrabbits . For example , in Alberta , when snowshoe hares were at their population peak , red - tailed hawks did not increase in population despite taking many , with only a slight increase in mean clutch size , whereas the owls fluctuated in much more dramatic ways in accordance with snowshoe hare numbers . The red - tails migratory behavior was considered as the likely cause of this lack of effect , whereas great horned owls remained through the winter and was subject to winter - stress and greater risk of starvation . As a nester , great horned owl has the advantage in terms of flexibility , being somewhat spread more evenly across different habitats whereas in undisturbed areas , red - tailed hawks seem to nest more so in clusters where habitat is favorable . Predatory relationships between red - tailed hawks and great horned owls are quite one - sided , with the great horned owl likely the overall major predator of red - tails . On the other hand , red - tailed hawks are rarely ( if ever ) a threat to the great horned owl . Occasionally a red - tailed hawk can strike down an owl during the day but only in a few singular cases has this killed an owl . Most predation by the owls on the hawks is directed at nestlings at the point where the red - tails ' nestlings are old enough that the parents no longer roost around the nest at night . Up to at least 36 % of red - tailed hawk nestlings in a population may be lost to great horned owls . Adult and immature red - tailed hawks are also occasionally preyed upon at night by great horned owls in any season . In one case , a great horned owl seemed to have ambushed , killed and fed upon a full - grown migrating red - tail even in broad daylight . Occasionally , both red - tails and great horned owls will engage each other during the day and , even though the red - tailed hawk has the advantage at this time of day , either may succeed in driving away the other . Despite their contentious relations , the two species may nest quite close , for example , in Saskatchewan , the closest nests distances between them were only 32 to 65 m ( 105 ft 0 in to 213 ft 3 in ) , but at these sites all owl nests but only two red - tail nests succeeded . In Waterloo , Wisconsin , however , the two species were largely segregated by nesting times , as returning red - tailed hawks in April -- June were usually able to successfully avoid nesting in groves holding great horned owls , which can begin nesting activities as early as February . In Delaware County , Ohio and in central New York state , the findings were generally similar as in Wisconsin , that temporal and times of hunting activities usually allowed both species to succeed in nesting but in all three areas , any time the red - tails tried to nest closer to great horned owls , their breeding success rates lowered considerably . It is presumable that sparser habitat and prey resources increased the closeness of nesting habits of the two species , to the determent of the red - tails . Due to nesting proximity to great horned owls , mature red - tails may have losses ranging from 10 to 26 % . Red - tailed hawks may face competition from a very broad range of predatory animals , including birds outside of typically active predatory families , carnivoran mammals and some reptiles such as snakes . Mostly these diverse kinds of predators are segregated by their hunting methods , primary times of activity and habitat preferences . In California , both the red - tails and western diamondback rattlesnakes ( Crotalus atrox ) lives mainly on California ground squirrel but the rattlesnake mainly attacks the squirrels in and around their burrows , whereas the hawks must wait until they leave the burrows to capture them . Hawks have been observed following American badgers ( Taxidea taxus ) to capture prey they flush and the two are considered potential competitors , especially in sparse sub-desert areas where the rodent foods they both favor are scarce . Competition over carcasses may occur with American crows , and several crows , usually about six or more , working together can displace a hawk . Another avian scavenger , the turkey vulture ( Cathartes aura ) , is dominated by red - tails and may be followed by red - tails in order to supplant a carcass found by the vulture with their keen sense of smell . In some cases , red - tailed hawks may be considered lessened as food competitors by their lack of specialization . For instance , no serious competition probably occurs between them and Canada lynx ( Lynx canadensis ) despite both living on snowshoe hares . Red - tailed Hawk with moon over Estero Bay CA Distinguishing territorial exclusionary behavior and anti-predator behavior is difficult in raptorial birds . However , as opposed to other medium to largish hawks which chase off red - tails most likely as competition , in much smaller raptors such as kestrels and smaller Accipiter hawks , their aggressive reaction to red - tailed hawks is almost certainly an anti-predator behavior . Although less prolific than goshawks , some eagles and , especially , great horned owls , red - tailed hawks can and do prey upon smaller birds of prey . The following species of accipitrid have been known to fall prey to red - tailed hawks , potentially including nestlings , fledglings , immatures and / or adults : swallow - tailed kite ( Elanoides forficatus ) , Mississippi kite ( Ictinia mississippiensis ) , white - tailed kite ( Elanus leucurus ) , northern harrier ( Circus hudsonius ) , sharp - shinned hawk ( Accipiter striatus ) , Cooper 's hawk ( Accipiter cooperii ) , goshawks , gray hawk ( Buteo plagiatus ) , red - shouldered hawk and broad - winged hawk ( Buteo platypterus ) . These species range from the 135.7 g ( 4.79 oz ) sharp - shinned hawk , the smallest North American accipitrid , to the goshawk , which at 956 g ( 2.108 lb ) is nearly red - tailed hawk sized . Additionally , there are records of red - tailed hawks hunting 9 species of owl , ranging in size from the 104.2 g ( 3.68 oz ) northern saw - whet owl ( Aegolius acadius ) to juveniles of the 1,079 g ( 2.379 lb ) great gray owl ( Strix nebulosa ) and seemingly adults of the 717 g ( 1.581 lb ) barred owl ( Strix varia ) . Red - tails will also hunt falcons including adult American kestrels ( Falco sparverius ) and merlins ( Falco columbarius ) and presumed nestlings of the peregrine falcon ( Falco peregrinus ) . When hunting other raptorial birds , red - tailed hawks seem to ambush them from a perch , diving suddenly and unexpectedly upon spotting the quarry and tend to have the greatest success when the raptorial prey is distracted , such as those migrating on windy days , feeding on their own prey and tending to their nest . In turn , red - tailed hawks may engage in behavior that straddles territorial exclusion and anti-predator behavior to the two much larger raptors in North America which actively hunt , the eagles . Red - tails are most commonly seen flying towards and aggressively displacing both flying bald eagles ( Haliaeetus leucocephalus ) and golden eagles ( Aquila chrysaetos ) , but may also , to the contrary , unobtrusively duck down out of flight to an inconspicuous perch when an eagle is spotted . The behavioral variation is probably related to the activity of hawks , which may feel the need to protect their nests and food resources while actively breeding but are not usually willing to risk their lives in attacking an eagle while migrating or wintering . At times mobbing behavior of smaller raptors may cause both eagles to turn over and present their large talons to their attacker , which can be dangerous for the smaller hawk . Besides the great horned owl , the two eagle species are the only known animals known to regularly threaten red - tailed hawks of any age . In particular , the golden eagle is probably the greatest daytime threat to fledged immature and adult red - tails , as these have turned up in many dietary studies of the powerful eagle . Less efficient as a predator of red - tails , bald eagles nonetheless have been recording killing adults in some cases or , more often , depredating red - tailed hawk nests . On occasion , this may result in the bald eagle bringing the nestling red - tails to their own nest and , for some reason , not killing them . In some cases , the bald eagles inadvertently actually raise the nestling red - tails themselves and the baby red - tailed hawks may successfully fledge . In one case , a red - tailed hawk was observed to kill a bald eagle chick , whether this was predatory or competitive , it quickly abandoned the dead nestling after the eagle 's parents returned . On several tropical islands , which are often shared only with other hawks , owls and falcons of only medium or small - sized and typically lack larger raptors or carnivorans , the red - tailed hawk may be the largest native predator and will , in these cases , be considered the apex predator . Other than large birds of prey , extensive records of predation on red - tailed hawks is surprisingly poor , in spite of several populations recording nestlings and eggs disappearing through presumed acts of natural predation . The most likely major predator of eggs and nestlings that disappear is the raccoon which , during its nocturnal foraging , is a notorious enemy of nearly any kind of birds nest . It is also known that unidentified large snakes , probably consisting of the same species that the red - tails so readily predate during broad daylight , will prey upon nestling red - tails . In California , common ravens were recorded preying on the downy young of red - tailed hawks . Other corvids , including blue jays ( Cyanocitta cristata ) , California scrub jays ( Aphelocoma californica ) and crows , are known to feed on eggs and small nestlings either when nest attendance is atypically low by the hawks or when they can successful harass the parent hawks via mobbing so severely that they temporarily leave the nest . Blackflies ( Simulium canonicolum ) have been recorded as killing several red - tail chicks through blood loss . There are also several cases of possible prey turning the tables on red - tailed hawks and either maiming or killing them . This is especially true of snakes , with some prey species of Pituophis , Pantherophis and Coluber known to overpower and nearly kill , often the hawk survives only if by human intervention . Not infrequently prey such as coral snakes and rattlesnakes may succeed in killing red - tailed hawks with their venom , even if they themselves are also killed and partially consumed . Peregrine falcons are also known to kill red - tailed hawks that have come too close to their nests by stooping upon them . Reproduction ( edit ) Territorial adult chasing away an immature red - tailed hawk Courtship and pre-laying behaviors ( edit ) Pairs either court for the first time or engage in courtship rituals to strengthen pre-existing pair bonds before going into the breeding . The breeding season usually begins in late February through March , but can commence as early as late December in Arizona and late January in Wisconsin or to the opposite extreme as late as mid-April as in Alberta . In this pre-nesting period , high - circling with much calling will occur . One or both members of a pair may be involved . The courtship display often involves dangling legs , at times the pair will touching each other 's wings and male 's feet may touch female 's back , she may occasional roll over and present talons , food passes are rarely reported . High soaring occurs aseasonally . Circling above territory tends to be done noisily and conspicuously , helping insure against possible takeovers . Spring circling of a pair can be a prelude to copulation . A typical sky - dance involves the male hawk climbing high in flight with deep , exaggerated beats and then diving precipitously on half - closed wings at great speed , checking , and shooting back up , or often plunging less steeply and repeating process in a full rollercoaster across the sky . Sky - dances are done on periphery of the pair 's territory and it appears to designate the territory limits , occasionally one male 's sky - dance may also trigger a sky - dance by a neighboring male , who may even run a parallel course in the sky . Sky - dances no longer occur after late incubation . Boundary flight displays may be engaged in by all four birds of 2 adjacent pairs . Cartwheeling with interlocking talons is also seen occasionally in spring , almost always a territorial male expelling an intruding one , the latter often being a second or third year male that is newly mature . A perched display , with fluffed - out breast feathers may too occur at this time . Even males that are in spring migration have been recorded engaging in a separate display : circling at slow speed before partially closing wings , dropping legs with talons spread and tilting from side - to - side . A female hawk is usually around when migrating male does this but she does not engage in this display herself . The area of occupancy of breeding territories by pairs is variable based on regional habitat composition . The highest recorded density of pairs was in California where each pair occurred on 1.3 km ( 0.50 sq mi ) , which was actually just ahead of Puerto Rico where pair occupancy averaged 1.56 km ( 0.60 sq mi ) in peak habitat . The largest known average territory sizes were surprisingly in Ohio , where the average area of occupancy by pairs was recorded as 50 km ( 19 sq mi ) . In Wisconsin mean ranges for males range from 1.17 to 3.9 km ( 0.45 to 1.51 sq mi ) in males and from 0.85 to 1.67 km ( 0.33 to 0.64 sq mi ) in females , respectively in summer and winter . Here and elsewhere , both members of the pair stay quite close together throughout winter if they 're sedentary . Other the other hand , migrant populations tend to separate while migrating and return to the same territory to find its prior mate , sometimes before they reach their home range . In Alaska , returning migrant pairs were able to displace lone red - tailed hawks that had stayed on residence , especially lone males but sometimes even lone females . In general , the red - tailed hawk will only take a new mate when its original mate dies . Although pairs often mate for life , replacement of mates can often be quite fast for this common bird species . In one case in Baja California , when a female was shot on May 16 , the male of that pair was seen to have selected a new mate the following day . In copulation , the female , when perched , tilts forward , allowing the male to land with his feet lodged on her horizontal back . The female twists and moves her tail feathers to one side , while the mounted male twists his cloacal opening around the female 's cloaca . Copulation lasts 5 to 10 seconds and during pre-nesting courtship in late winter or early spring can occur numerous times each day . Nests ( edit ) Red - tailed hawks build large but untidy looking nests The pair constructs a stick nest most often in a large tree 4 to 21 m ( 13 to 69 ft ) off the ground or on a cliff ledge 35 m ( 115 ft ) or higher above the ground , or may nest on virtually any man - made structures with some variety of ample ledges or surface space and good views of the surrounding environment ( i.e. powerline poles , radio transmission towers , skyscraper buildings ) . Much variation is recorded in nest usage behavior , many red - tails build new nests every year despite prior nests sometimes being in good standing and unoccupied , some may reuse a nest in subsequent years or may leave a nest for a year and then come back to it the following year . A red - tailed hawk nest is typically located in a gradient zone between woods with tall , mature trees , if available , and openings whether this is composed of shrubland , grassland or agricultural areas . Nest sites vary greatly in topography and vegetative composition . At times , unlike great horned owls , red - tailed hawks have been recorded nesting in surprisingly unbroken forests . In North Dakota , nest sites tend to be concentrated along wooded river drainages . Compared to Swainson 's hawks and ferruginous hawks , red - tailed hawk nests are usually in taller trees and are closer to waterways . In Puerto Rico , nests are most often found in transitional zone between dry lowlands and mountainous cloud forests , with trees typically taller than their neighbors to allow views of more than half of their home ranges . More than 21 tree species were recorded used in Puerto Rico . Tree species is seemingly unimportant to red - tailed hawks . In some parts of Arizona , saguaro cactus were used exclusively as nesting sites . Alternately , old nests of other Buteo hawks , corvids , golden eagles and even leaf nests of tree squirrels have also been used by red - tailed hawks . Both members of the pair will build the nests but the female spends more time forming the bowl , with the greatest activity often in the morning and nest building completed in a week or less . The nest is generally 71 to 97 cm ( 28 to 38 in ) in diameter , with a mean of roughly 76 cm ( 30 in ) , and can be up to 96 cm ( 38 in ) tall after several years use . The inner bowl averages about 37 cm ( 15 in ) wide and 13 cm ( 5.1 in ) deep . The nest is constructed of twigs , and lined with bark , pine needles , corn cobs , husks , stalks , aspen catkins , or other plant lining matter . Lining the nest may be for warning other red - tails of the active use of a nest . In moderate to northern climes , red - tailed hawks tend to face to the south or west , presumably to make them less vulnerable to strong northeasterly storm winds . Eggs ( edit ) In most of the interior contiguous United States the first egg is laid between mid-March and early April , ranging from 3 to 5 weeks after the nest is constructed , with the clutch completed 2 to 5 days after the initial egg is laid . The average date of the laying the first egg can be variable : peaking mid-January in Puerto Rico , averaging March 9th in Arizona , March 26 in the Front Range Urban Corridor and May 1st in Alberta . The mean initiation of clutches may bump weeks later if 10 cm ( 3.9 in ) or more of snow is still on the ground in Wisconsin during March . A clutch of one to three eggs is laid in March or April , depending upon latitude , with four eggs being uncommon and five and perhaps even six increasingly rare . Clutch size depends almost exclusively on the availability of prey for the adults . At the species level , body size also determines clutch size . For example , while the total clutch weighs up to 18 % of the females weight and the clutch size averages 2 to 3 , a larger raptor like the golden eagle lays a smaller clutch , usually not more than two , that weighs less than 10 % in total of the female 's body mass , whereas a smaller raptor like the kestrel lays a larger clutch averaging five that weighs 50 % of the females weight . Average clutch size vary from 1.96 in Alaska when prey populations were low up to 2.96 in Washington . Eggs are laid approximately every other day . Average egg sizes in height and width ( each with a sample size of 20 ) are in the following subspecies - B. j. borealis : 59.53 mm × 47.49 mm ( 2.344 in × 1.870 in ) ; B. j. calurus : 60.04 mm × 47.1 mm ( 2.364 in × 1.854 in ) ; B. j. fuertesi : 59.42 mm × 46.99 mm ( 2.339 in × 1.850 in ) . The eggs of red - tailed hawks are mostly white , sometimes with a faint buffy wash ; at times the eggs manifest a sparsely or heavily marked with blotches of buff , pale reddish - brown , dark brown , or purple . The markings often appear indistinctly and may combine to form a fine speckling . They are incubated primarily by female , with the male substituting when the female leaves to hunt or merely stretch her wings . Rarely do the males incubate more than four hours of daylight . The male brings most food to the female while she incubates . Hatching , development and brooding ( edit ) Parent in nest with chicks After 28 to 35 days of incubation ( averaging about three days longer in the Caribbean as does fledgling as compared to North American red - tails ) , the eggs hatch over 2 to 4 days . Like most raptorial birds , the nestlings are altricial and nidicolous at hatching . Hatchlings average 58 g ( 2.0 oz ) in body mass with no difference in sizes of the sexes until the young are about 29 days old for mass and 21 days or so for external linear standard measurements such as bill and talon size . The female broods them while the male provides most of the food to the female and the young , which are also known as eyasses ( pronounced `` EYE - ess - ez '' ) . The female feeds the eyasses after tearing the food into small pieces . The young red - tails are active by the second day when they issue soft peeping calls , bounce , and wave continuously with their wings . By day 7 , the bouncing and peeping begin to wane , and young start to peck at prey in their nest . Nestlings emit high whistling notes ( usually in response to adults overhead ) by day 10 , sit up on tarsometatarsi by day 15 , become aggressive toward intruders by day 16 , strike out with talons and wings by day 21 , begin to stretch wings and exercise regularly by day 30 . After 42 to 46 days , the eyasses begin to leave the nest and tear apart prey for themselves . The amount of food brought to the nest daily varies considerably , based on brood size and prey availability . In Alberta , an average of 410 to 730 g ( 14 to 26 oz ) is brought each day for 1 to 3 nestlings while in Washington , it was estimated a minimum of 520 g ( 1.15 lb ) per day for 1 surviving nestling and in Wisconsin , an estimated 219 g ( 7.7 oz ) was needed for 1 nestling and 313 g ( 11.0 oz ) for 2 . Brooding is strenuous for parent red - tails and both members of the pair usually lose some weight , especially the female . Some females may lose over 100 g ( 3.5 oz ) between hatching and fledging . During brooding the female may become aggressive to intruders , including humans . In the east , red - tailed hawk females rarely defends nests from humans but historically in California and quite often still in Alaska , some female will dive repeatedly and `` savagely '' , sometimes snapping off large branches in her temper , occasionally stunning herself or inadvertently knocking down her own youngster if it is attempting to fledge . Apparently , the less extensive prior exposure they have to humans may make mature females more aggressive towards humans near the nest . Although development is asynchronical in most nests , runting may sometimes be recorded and even siblicide may occur , with the parents feeding the weaker , younger chicks less so and both the siblings and parents occasionally aggressively pecking the `` runts '' of the nest . Ultimately , the runt in such cases does not usually survive and may be either be found crushed in the nest , discarded out of the nest after starvation or consumed by the parents or the siblings . However , as a whole , such killings are fairly rare and only when food supplies are extremely low , often this being in sync with poor spring weather ( such as overly rainy or cold conditions ) . If there is too much food , such as California ground squirrels in California , the parents will discard remains after a day or two since decomposition of their prey invites infection , other diseases and blood - sucking insects to the nest that may endanger the nestlings . However , after about four weeks , the female often stops discarding leftover prey and the increased presence of flies may form somewhat of a risk to disease in the young but may also merely get the young to leave the nest sooner . One nest in California had two females and one male attended to , the male performing his usual function but both females would brood and tend to the nest . Additionally , bald eagles have been recorded to occasionally adopt red - tail fledglings into their nests . As recorded in Shoal Harbor Migratory Bird Sanctuary located near Sydney , British Columbia on June 9 , 2017 , a juvenile red - tailed hawk was taken by a pair of bald eagles back to their nest , whereupon the chick , originally taken as prey , was accepted into the family by both the parents and the eagles ' three fledgelings . After surviving six weeks amongst the eagles , the fledgling , nicknamed `` Spunky '' by birdwatchers , had successfully begun learning to hunt and fly , showing that the aggressive hawk was able to survive amongst a nest of much larger adoptive siblings . Fledging and immaturity ( edit ) A red - tailed hawk chick peers out of its cliff nest Young typically leave the nest for the first time and attempt their first flights at about 42 -- 46 days after hatching but usually they stay very near the nest for the first few days . During this period , the fledglings remain fairly sedentary , though they may chase parents and beg for food . Parents deliver food directly or , more commonly , drop it near the young . Short flights are typically undertaken for the first 3 weeks after fledgling and the young red - tails activity level often doubles . About 6 to 7 weeks after fledging , the young begin to capture their own prey , which often consists of insects and frogs that the young hawks can drop down to onto the ground with relative ease . At the point they are 15 weeks old , they may start attempts to hunt more difficult mammal and bird prey in sync with their newly developed skills for sustained flight , and most are efficient mammal predators fairly soon after their first attempts at such prey . Shortly thereafter , when the young are around 4 months of age , they become independent of their parents . In some extreme cases , juvenile red - tails may prolong their association with their parents to as long as they are half a year old , as was recorded in Wisconsin . After dispersing from the parental territory , juveniles from several nests may congregate and interact in a juvenile staging area . Although post-fledgling siblings in their parents care are fairly social , they are rarely seen together post distribution from their parents range . Usually , newly independent young hawks leave the breeding area and migrate , if necessary , earlier than adults do , however the opposite was true in the extreme north of Alaska , where adults were recorded to leave first . Immature hawks in migratory populations tend to distribute further in winter than adults from these populations do . Immatures attempting to settle for the winter often are harassed from territory to territory by older red - tails , settling only in small , marginal areas . In some cases , such as near urban regions , immatures may be driven to a small pockets of urban vegetation with less tree cover and limited food resources . When a distant adult appear , immature may drop from a prominent perch to a more concealed one . In some cases , hungry immature red - tails have been recorded making attempts at hunting prey beyond their capacities , expending valuable energy , such as healthy adults of larger carnivorans such as coyotes ( Canis latrans ) , foxes and badgers and healthy flying passerines . There are some cases of red - tailed hawks , presumably younger than two years of age , attempting to breed , often with an adult bird of the opposite sex . Such cases have been recorded in Alberta , Arizona and Wisconsin , with about half of these attempts being successful at producing young . However , while adult plumage and technically sexual maturity is attained at two years old , many red - tails do not first successfully breed until they are around 3 years of age . Breeding success and longevity ( edit ) A recent fledgling on the ground , probably making its early hunting attempts . Breeding success is variable due to many factors . Estimated nesting success usually falls between 58 % and 93 % . Nesting success rates are probably drive primarily by prey populations , regional habitat composition , competition levels with other red - tailed hawks , predation rates ( often due to great horned owls or perhaps raccoons ) and human disturbance levels . In Oregon specifically , nesting success varied primarily based on `` dispersion and density of perches '' secondarily to ground squirrel abundance and whether the nest of other pairs red - tails was directly visible from a nest . Repeated disturbances at the nest early in the nesting cycle may cause abandonment of eggs or nestlings in some cases , but seemingly pairs are less likely to abandon the young later in the season in cases of human disturbance . 30 % of nesting deaths in a study from Wisconsin were from nestlings falling to their death or the nest collapsing . In Puerto Rico , habitat appeared to be the primary driver of breeding success , as in lowland pastures nesting success was 43 % producing a mean number of fledglings of 1.5 whereas in cloud forest success was 34 % producing a mean of 0.7 fledglings . In Wyoming , 12 pairs on a 12 square mile tract produced an average of 1.4 young per pair . In comparison , the mean number of fledglings was 0.96 in Michigan , 1.36 in Montana and was 1.4 in the Appalachians . In Wisconsin , the number of young successfully to fledge ranged from 1.1 to 1.8 from year to year probably depending on staple prey numbers . The record lifespan in wild for a red - tailed hawk is 25 years and 5 months from banding studies . In comparison , lifespans of up to 29.5 years have been recorded in captivity . In the wild , other red - tailed hawks have lived for at least 25 years , for example , Pale Male was born in 1990 , and in Spring 2014 is still raising eyasses . However , of 5195 banded wild red - tailed hawks in one bander 's recordings , only 31 were reported to have survived to 17 years of age and only 11 survived for 20 years . The average mortality rate at 1 year of age for red - tails is 54 % and thereafter is around 20 % from banding sources . The estimated average lifespan of red - tailed hawks who attain maturity , per Palmer ( 1988 ) , was claimed as only 6 to 7 years . The main causes of mortality considered as electrocution on power lines , other collisions , shooting , consumption of poisoned baits set for other animals and collision with vehicles and other crafts . While most mortality of young red - tails is at least mainly due to natural causes , mortality of fledged or older red - tails is now mostly attributable to human killing , accidental or intentional , as well as flying into manmade materials . Hawks in urban areas are threatened by the use of rat traps and poisoned bait to kill rodents . This generally consists of warfarin cookies which induce internal bleeding in rats and mice , and a hawk that ingests rodents who have consumed rat poison can itself be affected . Red - tailed hawks are also vulnerable to fatal bacterial infections include peritonitis , myocarditis , granulamotous , sarcocystosis and mycobateriosis as well as some forms of viral infection , to which immature hawks especially , as they often have less access to coverage in poor weather conditions , are most vulnerable . Neither this nor other Buteo hawks were found to be highly susceptible to long - term DDT egg - shell thinning due to being part , generally , of relatively short , terrestrial - based food chains . Relationship with humans ( edit ) A trained red - tailed hawk working with a volunteer from the Ojai Raptor Center See also § Distribution and habitat , for habitat relationships to human settlement patterns . Use in falconry ( edit ) The red - tailed hawk is a popular bird in falconry , particularly in the United States where the sport of falconry is tightly regulated and where red - tailed hawks are both widely available and allowed to novice falconers . Red - tailed hawks are highly tameable and trainable , with a more social disposition than all other falcons or hawks other than the Harris 's hawk . They are also long lived and highly disease resistant , allowing a falconer to maintain a red - tailed hawk as a hunting companion for potentially up to two decades . There are fewer than 5,000 falconers in the United States , so despite their popularity any effect on the red - tailed hawk population , estimated to be about one million in the United States , is negligible . Not being as swift as falcons or accipiters , red - tailed hawks are not the most effective of bird hawks and are usually used against ground game such as rabbits and squirrels . However , some individuals may learn to ambush birds on the ground with a swift surprise approach and capture them before they can accelerate to full speed and escape . Some have even learned to use a falcon - like diving stoop to capture challenging game such as pheasants . In the course of a typical hunt , a falconer using a red - tailed hawk most commonly releases the hawk and allows it to perch in a tree or other high vantage point . The falconer , who may be aided by a dog , then attempts to flush prey by stirring up ground cover . A well - trained red - tailed hawk will follow the falconer and dog , realizing that their activities produce opportunities to catch game . Once a raptor catches game , it does not bring it back to the falconer . Instead , the falconer must locate the bird and its captured prey , `` make in '' ( carefully approach ) and trade the bird its kill in exchange for a piece of offered meat . Feathers and native American use ( edit ) Red - tailed hawk in Oregon The feathers and other parts of the red - tailed hawk are considered sacred to many American indigenous people and , like the feathers of the bald eagle and golden eagle , are sometimes used in religious ceremonies and found adorning the regalia of many Native Americans in the United States ; these parts , most especially their distinctive tail feathers , are a popular item in the Native American community . As with the other two species , the feathers and parts of the red - tailed hawk are regulated by the eagle feather law , which governs the possession of feathers and parts of migratory birds . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : BirdLife International . ( 2016 ) . Buteo jamaicensis . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . doi : 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2016 - 3. RLTS. T22695933A93534834. en ^ Jump up to : Ferguson - Lees , J. ; Christie , D. ( 2001 ) . Raptors of the World . London : Christopher Helm . ISBN 0 - 7136 - 8026 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Red - tailed Hawk '' . All About Birds . Cornell University . Retrieved 16 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Preston , C.R. ( 2000 ) . Red - tailed hawk . Stackpole Books . ^ Jump up to : Palmer , R.S. ( 1988 ) . Editor . Handbook of North American birds . Volume 5 Diurnal Raptors ( part 2 ) 465 pp . Jump up ^ Maxwell , Terry C. ( 2013 ) . Wildlife of the Concho Valley . Texas A&M University Press . p. 148 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62349 - 006 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Red - tailed Hawk '' . Encyclopedia of Life . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Schmutz , J.K. , Schmutz , S.M. , & Boag , D.A. ( 1980 ) . Coexistence of three species of hawks ( Buteo spp . ) in the prairie -- parkland ecotone . Canadian Journal of Zoology , 58 ( 6 ) , 1075 - 1089 . ^ Jump up to : Preston , C.R. and R.D. Beane. ( 2009 ) . Red - tailed Hawk ( Buteo jamaicensis ) , The Birds of North America Online ( A. Poole , Ed . ) . Ithaca : Cornell Lab of Ornithology ; Retrieved from the Birds of North America Online . ^ Jump up to : Beebe , F.L. ( 1976 ) . North American falconry and hunting hawks . Hancock House Books ( British Columbia ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Red - tailed Hawk '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Land Management . Retrieved 12 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Clark , W.S. ( 2014 ) . HARLAN 'S HAWK differs from RED - TAILED HAWK . Global Raptor Information Network . ^ Jump up to : `` Buteo jamaicensis '' . U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved 5 June 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Dewey , T. ; Arnold , D. `` Buteo jamaicensis '' . Animal Diversity Web . Retrieved 5 June 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Leslie and Amadon , Dean ( 1986 ) Eagles , Hawks and Falcons of the World . The Wellfleet Press . ISBN 978 - 1555214722 . ^ Jump up to : CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses , 2nd Edition by John B. Dunning Jr . ( Editor ) . CRC Press ( 2008 ) , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4200 - 6444 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Pearlstine , E.V. , & Thompson , D.B. ( 2004 ) . Geographic variation in morphology of four species of migratory raptors . Journal of Raptor Research , 38 , 334 - 342 . ^ Jump up to : Fitzpatrick , B.M. , & Dunk , J.R. ( 1999 ) . Ecogeographic variation in morphology of Red - tailed Hawks in western North America . Journal of Raptor Research , 33 ( 4 ) , 305 - 312 . Jump up ^ Meiri , S. , & Dayan , T. ( 2003 ) . On the validity of Bergmann 's rule . Journal of biogeography , 30 ( 3 ) , 331 - 351 . Jump up ^ Jaksić , F.M. , & Carothers , J.H. ( 1985 ) . Ecological , morphological , and bioenergetic correlates of hunting mode in hawks and owls . Ornis Scandinavica , 165 - 172 . ^ Jump up to : Hull , J.M. ; Hull , A.C. ; Sacks , B.N. ; Smith , J.P. ; Ernest , H.B. ( 2008 ) . `` Landscape characteristics influence morphological and genetic differentiation in a widespread raptor ( Buteo jamaicensis ) '' . Molecular Ecology. 17 ( 3 ) : 810 -- 24 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294X. 2007.03632. x . PMID 18208488 . ^ Jump up to : del Hoyo , J. ; Elliott , A. ; Sargatal , J. , eds. ( 1999 ) . Handbook of the Birds of the World . 2 . Barcelona : Lynx Edicions . ISBN 84 - 87334 - 15 - 6 . Jump up ^ Donohue , K.C. , & Dufty , A.M. ( 2006 ) . Sex determination of Red ‐ tailed Hawks ( Buteo jamaicensis calurus ) using DNA analysis and morphometrics . Journal of Field Ornithology , 77 ( 1 ) , 74 - 79 . Jump up ^ `` Buteos '' ( PDF ) . Alaska Department of Fish & Game . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Craighead , J.J. and F.C. Craighead , Jr. ( 1956 ) . Hawks , owls and wildlife . Stackpole Co . Harrisburg , PA . ^ Jump up to : Snyder , N.F.R. and Wiley , J.W. ( 1976 ) . Sexual size dimorphism in hawks and owls of North America . Ornithological Monographs , No. 20 , pp. i -- vi , 1 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Schoenebeck , C.W. , Turco , M. , Fahrlander , R.M. , Darveau , K.M. , & Freeman , T.L. ( 2014 ) . Sex and age group specific changes in body condition of Red - tailed Hawks in central Nebraska . Wilson Journal of Ornithology , 126 ( 3 ) , 575 - 580 . ^ Jump up to : Steenhof , K. , & Kochert , M.N. ( 1988 ) . Dietary responses of three raptor species to changing prey densities in a natural environment . The Journal of Animal Ecology , 37 - 48 . Jump up ^ Franson , J.C. , Thomas , N.J. , Smith , M.R. , Robbins , A.H. , Newman , S. , & McCartin , P.C. ( 1996 ) . A retrospective study of postmortem findings in red - tailed hawks . Journal of Raptor Research , 30 ( 1 ) , 7 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Imler , R.H. ( 1937 ) . Weights of some birds of prey of western Kansas . Bird - banding , 8 ( 4 ) , 166 - 169 . Jump up ^ CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses by John B. Dunning Jr . ( Editor ) . CRC Press ( 1992 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8493 - 4258 - 5 . Jump up ^ Red - tailed Hawk videos , photos and facts . Arkive.org . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Sex Determination of Red - Tailed Hawks ( Buteo jamaicensis calurus ) '' . Scholarworks.boisestate.edu. 2006 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Robbins , C.S. , Bruun , B. , & Zim , H.S. ( 2001 ) . Birds of North America : a guide to field identification . Macmillan . Jump up ^ Liguori , J. ( 2016 ) . Hawks from every angle : how to identify raptors in flight . Princeton University Press . ^ Jump up to : Ligouri , J. & Sullivan , B.L. ( 2010 ) . Comparison of Harlan 's hawk with Eastern & Western Red - tailed Hawks . Birding , March : 30 - 37 . Jump up ^ Brodkorb , P. ( 1964 ) . Catalogue of fossil birds : Part 2 ( Anseriformes through Galliformes ) . University of Florida . Jump up ^ Lerner , H.R. , Klaver , M.C. , & Mindell , D.P. ( 2008 ) . Molecular phylogenetics of the Buteonine birds of prey ( Accipitridae ) . The Auk , 125 ( 2 ) , 304 - 315 . Jump up ^ de Oliveira , E.H.C. , Tagliarini , M.M. , dos Santos , M.S. , O'Brien , P.C. , & Ferguson - Smith , M.A. ( 2013 ) . Chromosome painting in three species of Buteoninae : a cytogenetic signature reinforces the monophyly of South American species . PLOS one , 8 ( 7 ) , e70071 . Jump up ^ Suarez , William ( 2004 ) . `` The Identity of the Fossil Raptor of the Genus Amplibuteo ( Aves : Accipitridae ) from the Quaternary of Cuba '' ( PDF ) . Caribbean Journal of Science . Puerto Rico : College of Arts and Sciences . 40 ( 1 ) : 120 -- 125 . Jump up ^ `` Buteo jamaicensis ( J.F. Gmelin , 1788 ) '' . Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved 16 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Riesing , M.J. , Kruckenhauser , L. , Gamauf , A. , & Haring , E. ( 2003 ) . Molecular phylogeny of the genus Buteo ( Aves : Accipitridae ) based on mitochondrial marker sequences . Molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 27 ( 2 ) , 328 - 342 . Jump up ^ Johnson , N.K. , & Peeters , H.J. ( 1963 ) . The systematic position of certain hawks in the genus Buteo . The Auk , 80 ( 4 ) , 417 - 446 . Jump up ^ Clark , W.S. ( 1986 ) . What is Buteo ventralis ? Birds Prey Bull , 3 , 115 - 118 . Jump up ^ Pastore , H. , Lambertucci , S.A. , & Gelain , M. ( 2007 ) . Rufous - tailed Hawk ( Buteo ventralis ) natural history in Argentine Patagonia . Neotropical Raptors . Hawk Mountain Sanctuary , Orwigsburg , Pennsylvania , USA , 106 - 118 . Jump up ^ Clark , W.S. ( 2007 ) . Taxonomic status of the Forest Buzzard Buteo oreophilus trizonatus . Ostrich - Journal of African Ornithology , 78 ( 1 ) , 101 - 104 . Jump up ^ Kruckenhauser , L. , Haring , E. , Pinsker , W. , Riesing , M.J. , Winkler , H. , Wink , M. , & Gamauf , A. ( 2004 ) . Genetic vs. morphological differentiation of Old World buzzards ( genus Buteo , Accipitridae ) . Zoologica Scripta , 33 ( 3 ) , 197 - 211 . Jump up ^ The Lords of the Air . Kingsnake.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Guaraguao Colirrojo on AvesPR.org Jump up ^ Guaraguao colirrojo on EdicionesDigitales ^ Jump up to : Ridgway , R. , & Friedmann , H. ( 1919 ) . The birds of North and Middle America : a descriptive catalogue of the higher groups , genera , species , and subspecies of birds known to occur in North America , from the Arctic lands to the Isthmus of Panama , the West Indies and other islands of the Caribbean sea , and the Galapagos Archipelago ( Vol. 50 , No. 8 ) . Govt . Print . Off . ^ Jump up to : Santana , E. , & Temple , S.A. ( 1988 ) . Breeding biology and diet of Red - tailed Hawks in Puerto Rico . Biotropica , 151 - 160 . ^ Jump up to : Tesky , Julie L. `` Buteo jamaicensis '' . United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 10 June 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Taverner , P.A. ( 1927 ) . A study of Buteo borealis , the Red - tailed Hawk , and its varieties in Canada ( No. 13 ) . Canada . Victoria Memorial Museum . ^ Jump up to : Sibley , David Allen ( 19 December 2009 ) . `` Subspecies names in the Sibley Guide to Birds '' . Sibley Guides : Identification of North American Birds and Trees . Random House . Archived from the original on 4 May 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 04 . Website based on / supplement to book , Sibley , David Allen ( 2014 - 03 - 11 ) . The Sibley Guide to Birds ( Second ed . ) . Knopf Doubleday ( Random House ) . ISBN 9780307957900 . ^ Jump up to : Johnsgard , P.A. ( 1990 ) . Hawks , eagles , & falcons of North America : biology and natural history . Smithsonian Institution . Jump up ^ Dickerman , R.W. , & Parkes , C. ( 1987 ) . Subspecies of the Red - tailed Hawk in the Northeast . Federation of New York State Birds Clubs , Inc . Jump up ^ Wheeler , B.K. ( 2003 ) . Raptors of western North America . Princeton : Princeton University Press . ^ Jump up to : Blake , E.R. ( 1977 ) . Manual of Neotropical birds ( Vol. 1 ) . University of Chicago Press . ^ Jump up to : Howell , Steve N.G. ; Webb , Sophie ( 1995 ) . A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 854012 - 4 . Jump up ^ Stiles , F.G. , & Skutch , A.F. ( 1989 ) . Guide to the birds of Costa Rica . Comistock . ^ Jump up to : Storer , R.W. ( 1962 ) . Variation in the Red - tailed Hawks of southern Mexico and Central America . Variación de los gavilanes colirrojos del sur de México y Centroamérica . The Condor. , 64 ( 1 ) , 77 - 78 . Jump up ^ Dunne , P. , Sibley , D. , & Sutton , C. ( 1988 ) . Hawks in flight : the flight identification of North American migrant raptors . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt ( HMH ) . ^ Jump up to : Ligouri , J. & Sullivan , B.L. ( 2010 ) . A Study of Krider 's Red - tailed Hawk . Birding , March : 38 - 45 . Jump up ^ Walter , H.S. ( 1990 ) . Small viable population : the red - tailed hawk of Socorro Island . Conservation Biology , 4 ( 4 ) , 441 - 443 . Jump up ^ Jehl Jr , J.R. , & Parkes , K.C. ( 1983 ) . `` Replacements '' of Landbird Species on Socorro Island , Mexico . The Auk , 100 , 551 - 559 . ^ Jump up to : White , J. , Kennedy , L.M. , & Christie , M.E. ( 2017 ) . Do perceptions of the Red ‐ tailed Hawk indicate a human ‐ wildlife conflict on the island of La Gonave , Haiti ? Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography , 38 ( 2 ) , 258 - 268 . Jump up ^ Barbour , T. ( 1935 ) . Cuban red - tailed hawk . Occas Papers Boston Soc Nat Hist no . 8 : 207 - 208 . ^ Jump up to : American Ornithologists ' Union . 1998a . Check - list of North American birds . 7th edition ed . Washington , D.C. : American Ornithologists ' Union . ^ Jump up to : `` Red - tailed Hawk '' ( PDF ) . Sky-hunters.org . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 May 2008 . Retrieved 16 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Pale Male -- Introduction -- Red - tailed Hawk in New York City Nature . PBS ( May 2004 ) . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Geist , Bill ( 10 July 2003 ) . `` In Love With a Hawk '' . CBS . Retrieved 17 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Pale Male -- the Central Park Red Tail Hawk website ^ Jump up to : Winn , M. 1999 . Red - tails in love . A Wildlife Drama in Central Park . New York , NY : Vintage Departures , Vintage Books , Random Haouse , Inc . Jump up ^ Minor , W.F. & Minor , M. ( 1981 ) . Nesting of Red - tailed Hawks and Great Horned Owls in central New York suburban areas . Kingbird 31 : 68 - 76 . ^ Jump up to : Houston S. ( 1983 ) . `` Trees and the Red - tailed Hawk in southern Saskatchewan '' . Blue Jay . 41 : 99 -- 109 . ^ Jump up to : Bent , A.C. 1938 . Life histories of North American birds of prey , Part 1 . U.S. National Museum Bulletin 170 : 295 - 357 . Jump up ^ Garrigues , Jeff . `` Biogeography of Red - tailed hawk '' . San Francisco State University Department of Geography . Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 . Retrieved 28 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Smith , E.L. , Hoffman , S.W. , Stahlecker , D.W. , & Duncan , R.B. ( 1996 ) . Results of a raptor survey in southwestern New Mexico . J. Raptor Res , 30 ( 4 ) , 183 - 188 . Jump up ^ Vilella , F.J. , & Nimitz , W.F. ( 2012 ) . Spatial dynamics of the Red - tailed Hawk in the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico . The Wilson Journal of Ornithology , 124 ( 4 ) , 758 - 766 . Jump up ^ Knight , R.L. , & Temple , S.A. ( 1988 ) . Nest - defense behavior in the red - winged blackbird . Condor , 193 - 200 . Jump up ^ Chandler , C.R. , & Rose , R.K. ( 1988 ) . Comparative Analysis of the Effects of Visual and Auditory Stimuli on Avian Mobbing Behavior ( Análisis Comparativo del Efecto de Estímulos Visuales y Auditivos en Conducta de Tumultos en Aves ) . Journal of Field Ornithology , 269 - 277 . Jump up ^ McGowan , K.J. ( 2001 ) . Demographic and behavioral comparisons of suburban and rural American Crows . In Avian ecology and conservation in an urbanizing world ( pp. 365 - 381 ) . Springer US . Jump up ^ Brown , E.D. ( 1985 ) . Functional interrelationships among the mobbing and alarm caws of Common Crows ( Corvus brachyrhynchos ) . Ethology , 67 ( 1 ‐ 4 ) , 17 - 33 . Jump up ^ Hamerstrom , F. ( 1957 ) . The influence of a hawk 's appetite on mobbing . The Condor , 59 ( 3 ) , 192 - 194 . ^ Jump up to : Ballam , J.M. ( 1984 ) . The use of soaring by the Red - tailed Hawk ( Buteo jamaicensis ) . The Auk , 519 - 524 . Jump up ^ Corvidae , E.L. , Bierregaard , R.O. , & Peters , S.E. ( 2006 ) . Comparison of wing morphology in three birds of prey : correlations with differences in flight behavior . Journal of Morphology , 267 ( 5 ) , 612 - 622 . ^ Jump up to : Day , Leslie . `` The City Naturalist -- Red Tailed Hawk '' . 79th Street Boat Basin Flora and Fauna Society . Archived from the original on 27 June 1997 . Retrieved 17 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Knight , R.L. , Andersen , D.E. , Bechard , M.J. , & Marr , N.V. ( 1989 ) . Geographic variation in nest ‐ defence behaviour of the Red ‐ tailed Hawk Buteo jamaicensis . Ibis , 131 ( 1 ) , 22 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Red - Tailed Hawk '' . Oregon Zoo . Archived from the original on 6 August 2007 . Retrieved 16 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Red - tailed Hawk -- Buteo jamaicensis '' . The Hawk Conservancy Trust . Retrieved 5 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Zoo 's Animal Bytes : Red - Tailed Hawk '' . San Diego Zoo . Retrieved 3 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Raptor porn : The ridiculous proliferation of the red - tail call '' . Salon . Archived from the original on 28 December 2013 . Retrieved 27 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lowe , C. 1978 . Certain life history aspects of the Red - tailed Hawk , central Oklahoma and interior Alaska . Master 's Thesis , Univ . Alaska , Fairbanks . Jump up ^ Farmer , C.J. , Bell , R.J. , Drolet , B. , Goodrich , L.J. , Greenstone , E. , Grove , D. , & Sodergren , J. ( 2008 ) . Trends in autumn counts of migratory raptors in northeastern North America , 1974 -- 2004 . State of North America 's birds of prey . Series in Ornithology , ( 3 ) , 179 - 215 . Jump up ^ Castaño R , A.M. & Colorado G.J. ( 2002 ) . First records of red - tailed hawk Buteo jamaicensis in Colombia . Cotinga no . 18 : 102 . Jump up ^ Haugh , J.R. , & Cade , T.J. ( 1966 ) . The spring hawk migration around the southeastern shore of Lake Ontario . The Wilson Bulletin , 88 - 110 . Jump up ^ Luttich , S.N. , L.B. Keith and J.D. Stephenson. 1971 . Population dynamics of the Red - tailed Hawk ( Buteo jamaicensis ) at Rochester , Alberta . Auk no . 88 : 75 - 87 . Jump up ^ Steenhof , K. , Kochert , M.N. , & Moritsch , M.Q. ( 1984 ) . Dispersal and migration of southwestern Idaho raptors . Journal of Field Ornithology , 55 ( 3 ) , 357 - 368 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , S.W. , Smith , J.P. , & Meehan , T.D. ( 2002 ) . Breeding grounds , winter ranges , and migratory routes of raptors in the Mountain West . Journal of Raptor Research , 36 ( 2 ) , 97 - 110 . ^ Jump up to : Orians , G. and F. Kuhlman. 1956 . Red - tailed Hawk and Great Horned Owl populations in Wisconsin . Condor no . 58 : 371 - 385 . ^ Jump up to : Sherrod , S.K. ( 1978 ) . Diets of North American Falconiformes . Raptor Res , 12 ( 3 / 4 ) , 49 - 121 . ^ Jump up to : Blumstein , D.T. ( 1986 ) . The Diets and Breeding Biology of Red - tailed Hawks in Boulder County : 1985 Nesting Season . Colorado Division of Wildlife . Jump up ^ Jaksić , F.M. , & Braker , H.E. ( 1983 ) . Food - niche relationships and guild structure of diurnal birds of prey : competition versus opportunism . Canadian Journal of Zoology , 61 ( 10 ) , 2230 - 2241 . ^ Jump up to : Marti , Carl D. ; Kochert , Michael N. ( 1995 ) . `` Are Red - tailed Hawks and Great Horned Owls diurnal -- nocturnal dietary counterparts ? '' ( PDF ) . Wilson Bulletin . 107 ( 4 ) : 615 -- 628 . JSTOR 4163598 . ^ Jump up to : Steenhof , K. , & Kochert , M.N. ( 1985 ) . Dietary shifts of sympatric buteos during a prey decline . Oecologia , 66 ( 1 ) , 6 - 16 . Jump up ^ Clark , W.S. , Galen , S.C. , Hull , J.M. , Mayo , M.A. , & Witt , C.C. ( 2017 ) . Contrasting molecular and morphological evidence for the identification of an anomalous Buteo : a cautionary tale for hybrid diagnosis . PeerJ , 5 , e2850 . ^ Jump up to : Restani , M. ( 1989 ) . Resource partitioning among three species of hawks in the Centennial Valley , Montana ( Doctoral dissertation , Montana State University - Bozeman , College of Letters & Science ) . Jump up ^ Sarasola , J.H. , & Negro , J.J. ( 2004 ) . Gender determination in the Swainson 's Hawk ( Buteo swainsoni ) using molecular procedures and discriminant function analysis . Journal of Raptor Research , 38 ( 4 ) , 357 - 361 . Jump up ^ Fowler , D.W. , Freedman , E.A. , & Scannella , J.B. ( 2009 ) . Predatory functional morphology in raptors : interdigital variation in talon size is related to prey restraint and immobilisation technique . PLoS One , 4 ( 11 ) , e7999 . ^ Jump up to : Goslow , G.E. ( 1971 ) . The attack and strike of some North American raptors . The Auk , 815 - 827 . Jump up ^ Orde , C.J. , & Harrell , B.E. ( 1977 ) . Hunting techniques and predatory efficiency of nesting Red - tailed Hawks . Journal of Raptor Research , 11 , 82 - 85 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Y.F. , & Kuo , Y.M. ( 2001 ) . Predation on Mexican free - tailed bats by peregrine falcons and red - tailed hawks . Journal of Raptor Research , 35 ( 2 ) , 115 - 123 . ^ Jump up to : Twente , J.W. ( 1954 ) . Predation on bats by hawks and owls . The Wilson Bulletin , 66 ( 2 ) , 135 - 136 . Jump up ^ Mikula , P. , Morelli , F. , Lučan , R.K. , Jones , D.N. , & Tryjanowski , P. ( 2016 ) . `` Bats as prey of diurnal birds : a global perspective '' . Mammal Review . 46 ( 3 ) : 160 . doi : 10.1111 / mam. 12060 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Goss , N.S. 1891 . History of the Birds of Kansas . Geo . W. Crane and Co. , Topeka , Kansas . 692 pp . Jump up ^ Jehl , J.R. , & Parkes , K.C. ( 1982 ) . The status of the avifauna of the Revillagigedo Islands , Mexico . Wilson Bull , 94 ( 1 ) , 1 - 19 . Jump up ^ Richter R. ( 1985 ) . Red - tailed Hawk drowns Yellow - crowned Night Heron . Florida Field Naturalist , 13 : 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Turner , A.S. , Conner , L.M. , & Cooper , R.J. ( 2008 ) . Supplemental feeding of northern bobwhite affects red - tailed hawk spatial distribution . Journal of Wildlife Management , 72 ( 2 ) , 428 - 432 . Jump up ^ Stalling , D.T. ( 1997 ) . Reithrodontomys humulis . Mammalian Species , ( 565 ) , 1 - 6 . Jump up ^ Aschemeier , L.M. , & Maher , C.R. ( 2011 ) . Eavesdropping of woodchucks ( Marmota monax ) and eastern chipmunks ( Tamias striatus ) on heterospecific alarm calls . Journal of Mammalogy , 92 ( 3 ) , 493 - 499 . Jump up ^ Reich , L.M. ( 1981 ) . Microtus pennsylvanicus . Mammalian species , ( 159 ) , 1 - 8 . Jump up ^ English , P.F. ( 1934 ) . Some observations on a pair of Red - tailed Hawks . The Wilson Bulletin , 46 ( 4 ) , 228 - 235 . ^ Jump up to : Fitch , H.S. , & Bare , R.O. ( 1978 ) . A field study of the Red - tailed Hawk in eastern Kansas . Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science ( 1903 ) , 1 - 13 . Jump up ^ Hazard , E.B. ( 1982 ) . The mammals of Minnesota . University of Minnesota Press . Jump up ^ Baumgardner , D.J. , Ward , S.E. , & Dewsbury , D.A. ( 1980 ) . Diurnal patterning of eight activities in 14 species of muroid rodents . Learning & Behavior , 8 ( 2 ) , 322 - 330 . Jump up ^ Dark , J. , & Zucker , I. ( 1983 ) . Short photoperiods reduce winter energy requirements of the meadow vole , Microtus pennsylvanicus . Physiology & behavior , 31 ( 5 ) , 699 - 702 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , D.G. , & Murphy , J.R. ( 1973 ) . Breeding ecology of raptors in the eastern Great Basin of Utah . Brigham Young University Science Bulletin , Biological Series , 18 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ Verts , B.J. , & Carraway , L.N. ( 1999 ) . Thomomys talpoides . Mammalian Species , ( 618 ) , 1 - 11 . Jump up ^ Howard , W. , & Childs , H. ( 1959 ) . Ecology of pocket gophers with emphasis on Thomomys bottae mewa . California Agriculture , 29 ( 7 ) , 277 - 358 . Jump up ^ Armitage , K.B. ( 1981 ) . Sociality as a life - history tactic of ground squirrels . Oecologia , 48 ( 1 ) , 36 - 49 . Jump up ^ Daan , S. , Barnes , B.M. , & Strijkstra , A.M. ( 1991 ) . Warming up for sleep ? -- ground squirrels sleep during arousals from hibernation . Neuroscience letters , 128 ( 2 ) , 265 - 268 . Jump up ^ Owings , D.H. , Borchert , M. , & Virginia , R. ( 1977 ) . The behaviour of California ground squirrels . Animal Behaviour , 25 , 221 - 230 . Jump up ^ Wilson , D.R. , & Hare , J.F. ( 2004 ) . Animal communication : ground squirrel uses ultrasonic alarms . Nature , 430 ( 6999 ) , 523 - 523 . ^ Jump up to : Fitch , H.S. , Swenson , F. , & Tillotson , D.F. ( 1946 ) . Behavior and food habits of the Red - tailed Hawk . The Condor , 48 ( 5 ) , 205 - 237 . Jump up ^ Tromborg , C.T. , & Coss , R.G. ( 2015 ) . Isolation rearing reveals latent antisnake behavior in California ground squirrels ( Otospermophilus becheeyi ) searching for predatory threats . Animal cognition , 18 ( 4 ) , 855 - 865 . Jump up ^ Rickart , E.A. ( 1987 ) . Spermophilus townsendii . Mammalian species , ( 268 ) , 1 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Fitzner , R.E. , Rickard , W.H. , Cadwell , L.L. , & Rogers , L.E. ( 1981 ) . Raptors of the Hanford site and nearby areas of southcentral Washington ( No . PNL - 3212 ) . Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs. , Richland , WA ( USA ) . ^ Jump up to : Seidensticker , J.C. ( 1970 ) . Food of nesting Red - tailed Hawks in south - central Montana . The Murrelet , 51 ( 3 ) , 38 - 40 . Jump up ^ Michener , G.R. , & Koeppl , J.W. ( 1985 ) . Spermophilus richardsonii . Mammalian Species , 1 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Luttich , S. , Rusch , D.H. , Meslow , E.C. , & Keith , L.B. ( 1970 ) . Ecology of Red ‐ Tailed Hawk Predation in Alberta . Ecology , 51 ( 2 ) , 190 - 203 . ^ Jump up to : Errington , P.L. , & Breckenridge , W.J. ( 1938 ) . Food habits of Buteo hawks in north - central United States . The Wilson Bulletin , 50 ( 2 ) , 113 - 121 . ^ Jump up to : Wootton , J.T. ( 1987 ) . The effects of body mass , phylogeny , habitat , and trophic level on mammalian age at first reproduction . Evolution , 41 ( 4 ) , 732 - 749 . ^ Jump up to : Doyle , F.I. ( 2001 ) . Timing of reproduction by red - tailed hawks , northern goshawks and great horned owls in the Kluane Boreal Forest of Southwestern Yukon ( Doctoral dissertation , University of British Columbia ) . ^ Jump up to : Springer , Mark Andrew ; Kirkley , John Stephen ( 1978 ) . `` Inter and Intraspecific interactions between Red - Tailed Hawks and Great Horned Owls in Central Ohio '' . The Ohio Journal of Science . 78 ( 6 ) : 323 -- 328 . ^ Jump up to : Blumstein , D.T. ( 1989 ) . Food habits of red - tailed hawks in Boulder County , Colorado . J. Raptor Res , 23 , 53 - 55 . Jump up ^ White , C.R. , & Seymour , R.S. ( 2003 ) . Mammalian basal metabolic rate is proportional to body mass2 / 3 . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 100 ( 7 ) , 4046 - 4049 . Jump up ^ Chapman , J.A. ( 1974 ) . Sylvilagus bachmani . Mammalian Species , ( 34 ) , 1 - 4 . Jump up ^ Cervantes , F.A. ( 1997 ) . Sylvilagus graysoni . Mammalian Species , ( 559 ) , 1 - 3 . Jump up ^ Green , J.S. , & Flinders , J.T. ( 1980 ) . Brachylagus idahoensis . Mammalian Species , ( 125 ) , 1 - 4 . Jump up ^ Schneider , E. ( 1990 ) . Grzimek 's Encyclopedia of Mammals ; Volume 4 . New York : McGraw - Hill Publishing Company . Jump up ^ Bond , B.T. , Burger , Jr , L.W. , Leopold , B.D. , & Godwin , K.D. ( 2001 ) . Survival of cottontail rabbits ( Sylvilagus floridanus ) in Mississippi and an examination of latitudinal variation . The American Midland Naturalist , 145 ( 1 ) , 127 - 136 . ^ Jump up to : Gatto , Angela E. ; Grubb , Teryl G. ; Chambers , Carol L. ( 2006 ) . `` Red - tailed Hawk dietary overlap with Northern Goshawks on the Kaibab Plateau , Arizona '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Raptor Research . 39 ( 4 ) : 439 -- 444 . Jump up ^ Millsap , B.A. ( 1981 ) . Distributional status of falconiformes in westcentral Arizona : with notes on ecology , reproductive success and management . US Bureau of Land Management , Phoenix District Office . Jump up ^ Krebs , C.J. , Boutin , S. , & Boonstra , R. ( 2001 ) . Ecosystem dynamics of the boreal forest . New York . The Kluane Project . Jump up ^ Smith , A.T. , & Weston , M.L. ( 1990 ) . Ochotona princeps . Mammalian Species , ( 352 ) , 1 - 8 . Jump up ^ Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada ( COSEWIC ) . COSEWIC Assessment and Update Status Report on the Townsend 's Mole in Canada . 0 - 662 - 33588 - 0 . Ottawa : Environment Canada . 2003 . Jump up ^ Carraway , L.N. , Alexander , L.F. , & Verts , B.J. ( 1993 ) . Scapanus townsendii . Mammalian Species , ( 434 ) , 1 - 7 . Jump up ^ McCay , T.S. ( 2001 ) . Blarina carolinensis . Mammalian Species , 1 - 7 . Jump up ^ Ceballos , G. ( Ed . ) . ( 2014 ) . Mammals of Mexico . JHU Press . ^ Jump up to : `` Study of North Virginia Ecology '' . Fairfax County Public Schools . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Wilkins , K.T. ( 1989 ) . Tadarida brasiliensis . Mammalian species , ( 331 ) , 1 - 10 . Jump up ^ McDonough , C.M. , & Loughry , W.J. ( 2013 ) . The nine - banded armadillo : a natural history ( Vol. 11 ) . University of Oklahoma Press . Jump up ^ Herlihy L. ( 2005 ) . Red - tailed Hawk and ferret encounter . New Hampshire Bird Records , 23 : 48 - 49 Jump up ^ Poglayen - Neuwall , I. , & Toweill , D.E. ( 1988 ) . Bassariscus astutus . Soc . ^ Jump up to : Bildstein , K.L. ( 1987 ) . Behavioral ecology of red - tailed hawks ( Buteo jamaicensis ) , rough - legged hawks ( Buteo lagopus ) , northern harriers ( Circus cyaneus ) , and American kestrels ( Falco sparverius ) in south central Ohio ( No. 04 ; USDA , QL696 . F3 B5 . ) . Jump up ^ Hass , C.C. , & Valenzuela , D. ( 2002 ) . Anti-predator benefits of group living in white - nosed coatis ( Nasua narica ) . Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology , 51 ( 6 ) , 570 - 578 . Jump up ^ Hall , L.K. , Day , C.C. , Westover , M.D. , Edgel , R.J. , Larsen , R.T. , Knight , R.N. , & McMillan , B.R. ( 2013 ) . Vigilance of kit foxes at water sources : A test of competing hypotheses for a solitary carnivore subject to predation . Behavioural processes , 94 , 76 - 82 . Jump up ^ Barney , M.D. ( 1959 ) . Red - tailed hawk killing a lamb . Condor , 61 : 157 - 158 . Jump up ^ Holdermann , D.A. & Holdermann , C.E. ( 1993 ) . Immature Red - tailed Hawk captures Montezuma Quail . NMOS Bulletin 21 : 31 - 33 . Jump up ^ Rollins , D. , Taylor , B.D. , Sparks , T.D. , Buntyn , R.J. , Lerich , S.E. , Harveson , L.A. , Waddell , T.E. & Scott , C.B. ( 2009 ) . Survival of female scaled quail during the breeding season at three sites in the Chihuahuan Desert . In National Quail Symposium Proceedings ( Vol. 6 , No. 1 , p. 48 ) . Jump up ^ Johnsgard , P. 1973 . Grouse and Quails of North America . Lincoln , Nebraska , USA : University of Nebraska Press . ^ Jump up to : McCluskey C. ( 1979 ) . Red - tailed Hawk preys on adult Sage Grouse in northern Utah . Raptor Research 13 : 123 . Jump up ^ Conover , M.R. , & Borgo , J.S. ( 2009 ) . Do sharp - tailed grouse select loafing sites to avoid visual or olfactory predators ? Journal of Wildlife Management , 73 ( 2 ) , 242 - 247 . Jump up ^ Wolfe , D.H. , Patten , M.A. , Shochat , E. , Pruett , C.L. , & Sherrod , S.K. ( 2007 ) . Causes and patterns of mortality in lesser prairie - chickens Tympanuchus pallidicinctus and implications for management . Wildlife Biology , 13 ( sp1 ) , 95 - 104 . Jump up ^ Zwickel , Fred C. and James F. Bendell. 2005 . Sooty Grouse ( Dendragapus fuliginosus ) , version 2.0 . In The Birds of North America ( P.G. Rodewald , editor ) . Cornell Lab of Ornithology , Ithaca , New York , USA . Jump up ^ Martin , K. , Leslie A. Robb , Scott Wilson and Clait E. Braun. ( 2015 ) . White - tailed Ptarmigan ( Lagopus leucura ) , version 2.0 . In The Birds of North America ( P.G. Rodewald , editor ) . Cornell Lab of Ornithology , Ithaca , New York , USA . Jump up ^ Johnson , Jeff A. , Michael A. Schroeder and Leslie A. Robb. 2011 . Greater Prairie - Chicken ( Tympanuchus cupido ) , version 2.0 . In The Birds of North America ( P.G. Rodewald , editor ) . Cornell Lab of Ornithology , Ithaca , New York , USA . Jump up ^ `` Sage Grouse Behavior '' . The Sage Grouse Initiative . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Gates , J.M. ( 1972 ) . Red - tailed hawk populations and ecology in east - central Wisconsin . The Wilson Bulletin , 421 - 433 . Jump up ^ Fisher , R.J. , & Wiebe , K.L. ( 2006 ) . Breeding dispersal of Northern Flickers Colaptes auratus in relation to natural nest predation and experimentally increased perception of predation risk . Ibis , 148 ( 4 ) , 772 - 781 . Jump up ^ Fisher , R.J. , & Wiebe , K.L. ( 2006 ) . Nest site attributes and temporal patterns of northern flicker nest loss : effects of predation and competition . Oecologia , 147 ( 4 ) , 744 - 753 . Jump up ^ Brooks , A. ( 1944 ) . A deplumed Pileated Woodpecker . Condor , 46 : 124 . Jump up ^ Knight , R.L. , & Kawashima , J.Y. ( 1993 ) . Responses of raven and red - tailed hawk populations to linear right - of - ways . The Journal of wildlife management , 266 - 271 . Jump up ^ Wiley , J.W. , & Wiley , B.N. ( 1979 ) . The biology of the White - crowned Pigeon . Wildlife Monographs , ( 64 ) , 3 - 54 . Jump up ^ Snyder , L.L. ( 1926 ) . Belted Kingfisher preyed upon by Red - tailed Hawk . Auk , 43 : 97 - 98 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez - Estrella , R. , de la Luz , J.L.L. , Breceda , A. , Castellanos , A. , Cancino , J. , & Llinas , J. ( 1996 ) . Status , density and habitat relationships of the endemic terrestrial birds of Socorro Island , Revillagigedo Islands , Mexico . Biological Conservation , 76 ( 2 ) , 195 - 202 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Noel F. , Ernesto C. Enkerlin - Hoeflich and M.A. Cruz - Nieto. 1999 . Thick - billed Parrot ( Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha ) , version 2.0 . In The Birds of North America ( P.G. Rodewald , editor ) . Cornell Lab of Ornithology , Ithaca , New York , USA . Jump up ^ Martınez - Gomez , J.E. , & Jacobsen , J.K. ( 2004 ) . The conservation status of Townsend 's shearwater Puffinus auricularis auricularis . Biological Conservation , 116 ( 1 ) , 35 - 47 . Jump up ^ Bell , G.R. ( 1976 ) . Ecological Observations of Common ( Gallinula chloropus ) and Purple Gallinules ( Porpyrula martinica ) : On Lacassine National Wildlife Refuge , Cameron Parish , Louisiana ( Doctoral dissertation , University of Southwestern Louisiana ) . Jump up ^ Evens , J.G. , & Thorne , K.M. ( 2015 ) . Case Study , California Black Rail ( Laterallus jamaicensis corturniculus ) : Science Foundation Chapter 5 , Appendix 5.1 in The Baylands and climate change : What can we do ? . California State Coastal Conservancy . Jump up ^ Page , Gary W. , Lynne E. Stenzel , J.S. Warriner , J.C. Warriner and P.W. Paton. 2009 . Snowy Plover ( Charadrius nivosus ) , version 2.0 . In The Birds of North America ( P.G. Rodewald , editor ) . Cornell Lab of Ornithology , Ithaca , New York , USA . Jump up ^ Jehl Jr , J.R. ( 2004 ) . Foraging by a Red - tailed Hawk along a wetland edge : How large a duck can be captured ? The Wilson Bulletin , 116 ( 4 ) , 354 - 356 . Jump up ^ Jónsson , J.E. , & Afton , A.D. ( 2008 ) . Lesser snow geese and Ross 's geese form mixed flocks during winter but differ in family maintenance and social status . The Wilson Journal of Ornithology , 120 ( 4 ) , 725 - 731 . Jump up ^ Callaghan , C.T. , & Brooks , D.M. ( 2016 ) . Ecology , behavior , and reproduction of invasive Egyptian Geese ( Alopochen aegyptiaca ) in Texas . Bulletin of the Texas Ornithological Society , 49 : 37 - 45 . Jump up ^ Girard , G.L. ( 1937 ) . Life history , habits and food of the sage grouse , Centrocercus urophasianus Bonaparte . University of Wyoming , Committee on Research . Jump up ^ Rasmussen , D.I. , & Griner , L.A. ( 1938 , February ) . Life history and management studies of the sage grouse in Utah , with special reference to nesting and feeding habits . In Transactions of the North American Wildlife Conference ( Vol. 3 , pp. 852 - 864 ) . Jump up ^ Nelson , O.C. ( 1955 ) . A field study of the sage grouse in southeastern Oregon with special reference to reproduction and survival ( Doctoral dissertation ) . Jump up ^ Christensen , Glen C. 1998 . Himalayan Snowcock ( Tetraogallus himalayensis ) , version 2.0 . In The Birds of North America ( P.G. Rodewald , editor ) . Cornell Lab of Ornithology , Ithaca , New York , USA . Jump up ^ Cherry , M.J. , Lane , V.R. , Warren , R.J. & Conner , L.M. ( 2011 ) . Red - tailed hawk attacks Wild Turkey on bait : Can Baiting Affect Predation Risk ? The Oriole , 77 : 19 - 24 . Jump up ^ Hargrave , L.L. ( 1935 ) . Red - tailed hawk kills young turkey . Condor , 37 : 83 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Carl D. and Michael W. Eichholz. 2010 . Trumpeter Swan ( Cygnus buccinator ) , version 2.0 . In The Birds of North America ( P.G. Rodewald , editor ) . Cornell Lab of Ornithology , Ithaca , New York , USA . Jump up ^ Gerber , Brian D. , James F. Dwyer , Stephen A. Nesbitt , Rod C. Drewien , Carol D. Littlefield , T.C. Tacha and P.A. Vohs. 2014 . Sandhill Crane ( Antigone canadensis ) , version 2.0 . In The Birds of North America ( P.G. Rodewald , editor ) . Cornell Lab of Ornithology , Ithaca , New York , USA . Jump up ^ Knox , L.J. ( 1995 ) . The Audubon Society Encyclopedia of North American Birds . RQ , 34 ( 3 ) , 373 - 374 . ^ Jump up to : Fisher , A.K. ( 1893 ) . Hawks and owls of the United States in their relation to agriculture . U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Bull . 3 . Government Printing Office , Washington , D.C. ^ Jump up to : Knight , R.L. , & Erickson , A.W. ( 1976 ) . High incidence of snakes in the diet of nesting red - tailed hawks . Raptor Res , 10 , 108 - 111 . Jump up ^ Iverson , J.B. , Young , C.A. , & Akre , T.S. ( 2008 ) . Body Size and Growth in the Bullsnake ( Pituophis catenifer sayi ) in the Nebraska Sandhills . Journal of Herpetology , 42 ( 3 ) , 501 - 507 . ^ Jump up to : Guthrie , J.E. ( 1932 ) . Snakes versus birds ; birds versus snakes . The Wilson Bulletin , 44 ( 2 ) , 88 - 113 . Jump up ^ Carfagno , G.L. , & Weatherhead , P.J. ( 2008 ) . Energetics and space use : intraspecific and interspecific comparisons of movements and home ranges of two Colubrid snakes . Journal of Animal Ecology , 77 ( 2 ) , 416 - 424 . Jump up ^ Linzey , D.W. & Clifford , M.J. ( 1981 ) . Snakes of Virginia . Univ. of Virginia Press , Charlottesville , VA . Jump up ^ Dorcas , M.E. , Hopkins , W.A. , & Roe , J.H. ( 2004 ) . Effects of body mass and temperature on standard metabolic rate in the eastern diamondback rattlesnake ( Crotalus adamanteus ) . Journal Information , 2004 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Kendrick , M.M. , & Mengak , M.T. ( 2010 ) . Eastern Indigo Snake ( Drymarchon couperi ) . Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources , The University of Georgia . Jump up ^ Hollingsworth , B.D. ( 1998 ) . The systematics of chuckwallas ( Sauromalus ) with a phylogenetic analysis of other iguanid lizards . Herpetological Monographs , 38 - 191 . Jump up ^ Cooper Jr , W. , Van Wyk , J.H. , Mouton , P.L.F. , Al - Johany , A.M. , Lemos - Espinal , J.A. , Paulissen , M.A. , & Flowers , M. ( 2000 ) . Lizard antipredatory behaviors preventing extraction from crevices . Herpetologica , 394 - 401 . Jump up ^ Butler , M.A. , & Losos , J.B. ( 2002 ) . Multivariate sexual dimorphism , sexual selection , and adaptation in Greater Antillean Anolis lizards . Ecological Monographs , 72 ( 4 ) , 541 - 559 . Jump up ^ Grismer , L.L. ( 2002 ) . Amphibians and reptiles of Baja California , including its Pacific islands and the islands in the Sea of Cortés ( Vol. 4 ) . Univ of California Press . Jump up ^ Powell , R. & Henderson , R.W. ( 2008 ) . Avian predators of West Indian reptiles . Iguana , 15 ( 1 ) : 9 - 12 . Jump up ^ Blázquez , M.C. , Rodríguez ‐ Estrella , R. , & Delibes , M. ( 1997 ) . Escape behavior and predation risk of mainland and island spiny ‐ tailed iguanas ( Ctenosaura hemilopha ) . Ethology , 103 ( 12 ) , 990 - 998 . Jump up ^ Meiri , S. ( 2010 ) . Length -- weight allometries in lizards . Journal of Zoology , 281 ( 3 ) , 218 - 226 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , J.W. , & Woolfenden , G.E. ( 1978 ) . Red - tailed hawk preys on juvenile gopher tortoise . Florida Field Naturalist , 6 , 49 . Jump up ^ Frost , D.R. , Grant , T. , Faivovich , J. , Bain , R.H. , Haas , A. , Haddad , C.F.B. , De Sá , R.O. , Channing , A. , Wilkinson , M. , Donnellan , S.C. , Raxworthy , C.J. , Campbell , J.A. , Blotto , B.L. , Moler , P. , Drewes , R.C. , Nussbaum , R.A. , Lynch , J.D. , Green , D.M. , Ward , C. , Wheeler , W.C. ( 2006 ) The amphibian tree of life . Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 297 : 1 - 370 . Jump up ^ La Rivers , I. ( 1941 ) . The Mormon cricket as food for birds . The Condor , 43 ( 1 ) , 65 - 69 . Jump up ^ Munro , J.A. ( 1929 ) . Notes on the food habits of certain raptores in British Columbia and Alberta . The Condor , 31 ( 3 ) , 112 - 116 . Jump up ^ Fraiola , K.M.S. ( 2006 ) . Juvenile Epilobocera sinuatifrons growth rates and ontogenetic shifts in feeding in wild populations ( Doctoral dissertation , UGA ) . Jump up ^ Tepper , J.M. ( 2015 ) . Predators of koi . In 40th World Small Animal Veterinary Association Congress , Bangkok , Thailand , 15 -- 18 May 2015 . Proceedings book ( pp. 349 - 350 ) . World Small Animal Veterinary Association . Jump up ^ Stalmaster , M.V. ( 1980 ) . Salmon carrion as a winter food source for red - tailed hawks . The Murrelet , 43 - 44 . ^ Jump up to : Janes , S.W. ( 1984 ) . Influences of territory composition and interspecific competition on red ‐ tailed hawk reproductive success . Ecology , 65 ( 3 ) , 862 - 870 . Jump up ^ Thurow , T.L. , & White , C.M. ( 1983 ) . Nest site relationship between the ferruginous hawk and Swainson 's hawk . Journal of Field Ornithology , 54 ( 4 ) , 401 - 406 . Jump up ^ Woffinden , N.D. , & Murphy , J.R. ( 1989 ) . Decline of a Ferruginous Hawk population : a 20 - year summary . The Journal of wildlife management , 1127 - 1132 . Jump up ^ Livezey KB ( 2009 ) . `` Range expansion of Barred Owls , part I : chronology and distribution '' . American Midland Naturalist. 161 : 49 -- 56 . doi : 10.1674 / 0003 - 0031 - 161.1. 49 . JSTOR 20491416 . Jump up ^ Livezey KB ( 2009 ) . `` Range expansion of Barred Owls , part 2 : facilitating ecological changes '' . American Midland Naturalist. 161 ( 2 ) : 323 -- 349 . doi : 10.1674 / 0003 - 0031 - 161.2. 323 . JSTOR 20491442 . Jump up ^ Livezey KB ( 2010 ) . `` Killing barred owls to help spotted owls II : implications for many other range - expanding species '' . Northwestern Naturalist. 91 ( 3 ) : 251 -- 270 . doi : 10.1898 / NWN09 - 38.1 . JSTOR 40983223 . Jump up ^ England , A.S. , Bechard , M.J. , & Houston , C.S. ( 1997 ) . Swainson 's hawk . American Ornithologists ' Union . Jump up ^ Janes , S.W. ( 1985 ) . INTERSPECIFIC INTERACTIONS AMONG GRASSLAND AND SHRUBSTEPPE RAPTORS : THE SMALLER SPECIES WINS . Behavioral interactions and habitat relations among grassland and shrubsteppe raptors , 7 . Jump up ^ Cody , M.L. ( Ed . ) . ( 1985 ) . Habitat selection in birds . Academic Press . Jump up ^ Janes , S.W. ( 1994 ) . Partial loss of Red - tailed Hawk territories to Swainson 's Hawks : relations to habitat . Condor , 52 - 57 . Jump up ^ Thiollay , J.M. ( 1981 ) . Comparisons entre les peuplements de Falconiformes des plaines cotieres du Mexique et de Cote - d'Ivoire . Le Gerfaut no . 68 : 139 - 162 . ^ Jump up to : Cartron , J.L.E. ( Ed . ) . ( 2010 ) . Raptors of New Mexico . UNM Press . Jump up ^ Mindell , D.P. ( 1983 ) . Nesting raptors in southwestern Alaska : Status , distribution , and aspects of biology . Alaska Technical Report 8 . Anchorage : Bureau of Land Management . 59 pg . Jump up ^ Bohall , P.G. , & Collopy , M.W. ( 1984 ) . Seasonal abundance , habitat use , and perch sites of four raptor species in north - central Florida . Journal of Field Ornithology , 181 - 189 . ^ Jump up to : Mader , W.J. ( 1978 ) . A comparative nesting study of red - tailed hawks and Harris ' hawks in southern Arizona . The Auk , 327 - 337 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , J.O. , & Meitzen , L.H. ( 1946 ) . Behavior and food habits of Sennett 's White - tailed Hawk in Texas . The Wilson Bulletin , 198 - 205 . Jump up ^ Bildstein , K.L. ( 1988 ) . Northern Harrier Circus cyaneus . In Handbook of North American birds. , edited by R.S. Palmer , 251 - 303 . New Haven , CT : Yale Univ . Press . Jump up ^ Kenward , Robert ( 2006 ) . The Goshawk . London , UK : T & AD Poyser . p. 274 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7136 - 6565 - 9 . Jump up ^ Golet , G.H. , Golet , H.T. , & Colton , A.M. ( 2003 ) . Immature Northern Goshawk captures , kills , and feeds on adult - sized wild turkey . Journal of Raptor Research , 37 ( 4 ) , 337 - 340 . Jump up ^ Tornberg , R. ( 2001 ) . Pattern of goshawk Accipiter gentilis predation on four forest grouse species in northern Finland . Wildlife Biology , 7 ( 4 ) , 245 - 256 . Jump up ^ Tornberg , R. , Mönkkönen , M. , & Pahkala , M. ( 1999 ) . Changes in diet and morphology of Finnish goshawks from 1960s to 1990s . Oecologia , 121 ( 3 ) , 369 - 376 . Jump up ^ Smithers , B.L. ; Boal , C.W. ; Andersen , D.E. ( 2005 ) . `` Northern Goshawk diet in Minnesota : An analysis using video recording systems '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Raptor Research . 39 ( 3 ) : 264 -- 273 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , R.T. , Joy , S.M. & Leslie , D.G. ( 1994 ) . Nest productivity , fidelity , and spacing of northern goshawks in northern Arizona . Stud . Avian Biol. no . 16 : 106 - 113 . ^ Jump up to : Boal , C.W. ( 2005 ) . Productivity and mortality of northern goshawks in Minnesota . J. Raptor Res , 39 ( 3 ) , 222 - 228 . ^ Jump up to : Voous , K.H. 1988 . Owls of the Northern Hemisphere . The MIT Press , 0262220350 . Jump up ^ Cromrich , L.A. , Holt , D.W. , & Leasure , S.M. ( 2002 ) . Trophic niche of North American great horned owls . Journal of Raptor Research , 36 ( 1 ) , 58 - 65 . ^ Jump up to : McInvaille , W.B. ( 1972 ) . Predator - prey relations and breeding biology of the great horned owl and red - tailed hawk in central Alberta . University of Wisconsin -- Madison . Jump up ^ Wilson , P.W. & Grigsby , E.M. ( 1980 ) . Red - tailed Hawks Attack Great Horned Owl . Inland Bird Banding , 54 : 80 . Jump up ^ Smith , D.G. ( 1970 ) . Close nesting and aggression contacts between Great Horned Owls and Red - tailed Hawks . The Auk , 87 ( 1 ) , 170 - 171 . ^ Jump up to : Houston , C.S. ( 1975 ) . Close proximity of Red - tailed Hawk and Great Horned Owl nests . Auk 92 : 612 - 614 . ^ Jump up to : Petersen , L. ( 1979 ) . Ecology of great horned owls and red - tailed hawks in southeastern Wisconsin ( No. 111 ) . Department of Natural Resources . ^ Jump up to : Hagar Jr. , D.C. ( 1957 ) . Nesting populations of red - tailed hawks and horned owls in central New York State . The Wilson Bulletin , 263 - 272 . Jump up ^ Fitch , H.S. ( 1947 ) . Predation by owls in the Sierran foothills of California . Condor , 137 - 151 . Jump up ^ Patrick K. Devers ; Kiana Koenen & Paul R. Krausman ( 2004 ) . `` Interspecific interactions between badgers and red - tailed hawks in the Sonoran Desert , southwestern Arizona '' . The Southwestern Naturalist. 49 ( 1 ) : 109 -- 111 . doi : 10.1894 / 0038 - 4909 ( 2004 ) 049 2.0.CO ; 2 . JSTOR 3672278 . Jump up ^ Langley , William ( 2001 ) . `` Competition between American crows and red - tailed hawks for a carcass : flock advantage '' . Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science . 104 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 28 -- 30 . doi : 10.1660 / 0022 - 8443 ( 2001 ) 104 ( 0028 : CBACAR ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . JSTOR 3628087 . Jump up ^ Prior , K.A. , & Weatherhead , P.J. ( 1991 ) . Competition at the carcass : opportunities for social foraging by turkey vultures in southern Ontario . Canadian Journal of Zoology , 69 ( 6 ) , 1550 - 1556 . Jump up ^ Ruggiero , L.F. , & Krebs , C.J. ( 1999 ) . Habitat fragmentation and interspecific competition : implications for lynx conservation . Ecology and conservation of lynx in the United States . Jump up ^ Coulson , J.O. , Coulson , T.D. , DeFrancesch , S.A. , & Sherry , T.W. ( 2008 ) . Predators of the Swallow - tailed Kite in southern Louisiana and Mississippi . Journal of Raptor Research , 42 ( 1 ) , 1 - 12 . Jump up ^ Miller , K.E. ( 2005 ) . Red - tailed hawk depredates Mississippi kite nestling at dawn . Journal of Raptor Research , 39 ( 1 ) , 108 - 108 . Jump up ^ Pinkston , D.R. & Caraviotis , J.G. ( 1980 ) . Probable predation on White - tailed Kite by Red - tailed Hawk . Raptor Research 14 : 85 - 86 . Jump up ^ Klem , D. , Hillegass , B.S. , & Peters , D.A. ( 1985 ) . Raptors killing raptors . The Wilson bulletin , 97 ( 2 ) , 230 - 231 . Jump up ^ Peyton , S.B. ( 1945 ) . Western red - tailed hawk catches Cooper hawk . Condor , 47 , 167 . Jump up ^ Bibles , Brent D. , Richard L. Glinski and R. Roy Johnson . 2002 . Gray Hawk ( Buteo plagiatus ) . In The Birds of North America ( P.G. Rodewald , editor ) . Cornell Lab of Ornithology , Ithaca , New York , USA . Jump up ^ Miller , S.J. , Dykstra , C.R. , Simon , M.M. , Hays , J.L. , & Bednarz , J.C. ( 2015 ) . Causes of Mortality and Failure at Suburban Red - Shouldered Hawk ( Buteo lineatus ) Nests . Journal of Raptor Research , 49 ( 2 ) , 152 - 160 . Jump up ^ Hengstenberg , D.W. , & Vilella , F.J. ( 2005 ) . Nesting ecology and behavior of Broad - winged Hawks in moist karst forests of Puerto Rico . Journal of Raptor Research , 39 ( 4 ) , 404 . Jump up ^ Bull , Evelyn L. ; Henjum , Mark G. 1990 . Ecology of the great gray owl. Gen. Tech . Rep. PNW - GTR - 265 . Portland , OR : U.S. Department of Agriculture , Forest Service , Pacific Northwest Research Station . 39 pg . ^ Jump up to : Bahm , M.A. , & Sullivan , B.L. ( 2009 ) . Interspecific Depredation of Raptors by Red - Tailed Hawks ( Buteo jamaicensis ) on San Clemente Island , California . The Southwestern Naturalist , 54 ( 1 ) , 85 - 87 . Jump up ^ Warkentin , I.G. , N.S. Sodhi , R.H.M. Espie , Alan F. Poole , L.W. Oliphant and Paul C. James . 2005 . Merlin ( Falco columbarius ) . In The Birds of North America ( P.G. Rodewald , editor ) . Cornell Lab of Ornithology , Ithaca , New York , USA . Jump up ^ Le Duc , P.V. ( 1970 ) . Red - Tailed Hawk Attacks Bald Eagle . The Auk , 586 - 586 . Jump up ^ Olendorff , R.R. ( 1976 ) . The food habits of North American golden eagles . American Midland Naturalist , 231 - 236 . Jump up ^ Palmer , R.S. ( Ed . ) . ( 1988 ) . Handbook of North American Birds Volume VI : Diurnal Raptors ( Part 1 ) . Yale University Press . Jump up ^ Fischer , W. ( 1959 ) . Die Seeadler ( 1st edition ) . Neue Brehmn - Bucherei no . 221 ( 3d rev . ed. 1982 ) . Jump up ^ Watson , J.W. , Davison , M. , & Leschner , L.L. ( 1993 ) . Bald eagles rear red - tailed hawks . Journal of Raptor Research , 27 ( 2 ) , 126 - 127 . Jump up ^ Perkins D.W. , Phillips , D.M. & Garcelon , D.K. ( 1996 ) . Predation on a Bald Eagle nestling by a Red - tailed Hawk . Journal of Raptor Research 30 : 249 . Jump up ^ Wetmore , A. , & Lincoln , F.C. ( 1933 ) . Additional notes on the birds of Haiti and the Dominican Republic . Proceedings of the United States National Museum . Jump up ^ `` Red - tailed Hawk , Buteo jamaicensis '' . Study of Northern Virginia Ecology . Fairfax County Public Schools . Retrieved 16 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Rosen , P.C. ( 2000 ) . A monitoring study of vertebrate community ecology in the northern Sonoran Desert , Arizona . Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Doctorate thesis , University of Arizona . ^ Jump up to : Wiley , J.W. ( 1975 ) . The nesting and reproductive success of Red - tailed Hawks and Red - shouldered Hawks in Orange County , California , 1973 . The Condor , 77 ( 2 ) , 133 - 139 . Jump up ^ Seidensticker IV , J.C. , & Reynolds III , H.V. ( 1971 ) . The nesting , reproductive performance , and chlorinated hydrocarbon residues in the Red - tailed Hawk and Great Horned Owl in south - central Montana . The Wilson Bulletin , 408 - 418 . Jump up ^ Smith , R.N. , Cain , S.L. , Anderson , S.H. , Dunk , J.R. , & Williams , E.S. ( 1998 ) . Blackfly - induced mortality of nestling red - tailed hawks . The Auk , 368 - 375 . Jump up ^ Brugger , K.E. ( 1989 ) . Red - tailed hawk dies with coral snake in talons . Copeia , 1989 ( 2 ) , 508 - 510 . Jump up ^ Kaczmarczik , M. `` Snake versus Hawk '' . Academic of Natural Sciences . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Terres , John K. ( 1980 ) . The Audubon Society Encyclopedia of North American Birds . New York : Knopf . p. 1109 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 46651 - 9 . Jump up ^ Anthony , A.W. ( 1893 ) . Birds of San Pedro Mártir , Lower California . Zoe 4 : 228 - 247 . Jump up ^ `` Buteo jamaicensis '' . Oiseaux.net . Retrieved 7 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Stotz , N. ( 1994 ) . Unusual nesting attempt by Red - tailed Hawk . Kingbird no . 44 ( 3 ) : 187 . Jump up ^ Brubaker , D.L. , K.L. Brubaker and B.C. Thompson . ( 2003 ) . Raptor and Chihuahuan Raven nesting on decommissioned telephone - line poles in the northern Chihuahuan Desert . Journal of Raptor Research no . 37 ( 2 ) : 135 - 146 . Jump up ^ Pinel , H.W. and C.A. Wallis. ( 1972 ) . Unusual nesting records of Red - tailed Hawk in southern Alberta . Blue Jay no . 30 : 30 - 31 . Jump up ^ Smith , R.N. , Anderson , S.H. , Cain , S.L. , & Dunk , J.R. ( 2003 ) . Habitat and nest - site use by Red - tailed Hawks in northwestern Wyoming . Journal of Raptor Research , 37 ( 3 ) , 219 - 227 . Jump up ^ Misztal , A. 1974 . The population and nesting of Red - tailed Hawks and Great Horned Owls on the Wisconsin till plains of western Ohio . Master 's Thesis , Ohio State Univ. , Columbus . Jump up ^ Titus , K. , & Mosher , J.A. ( 1981 ) . Nest - site habitat selected by woodland hawks in the central Appalachians . The Auk , 270 - 281 . Jump up ^ Gilmer , D.S. , Konrad , P.M. , & Stewart , R.E. ( 1983 ) . Nesting ecology of Red - tailed Hawks and Great Horned Owls in central North Dakota and their interactions with other large raptors . Prairie Naturalist , 15 ( 3 ) , 133 - 143 . Jump up ^ Smith , D.G. ( 1971 ) . Population dynamics , habitat selection , and partitioining of breeding raptors in the eastern Great Basin of Utah . Ph. D. diss. , Brigham Young Univ. , Provo , UT . Jump up ^ Tietje , W.D. , Bloom , P.H. , & Vreeland , J.K. ( 1997 ) . Characteristics of red - tailed hawk nest sites in oak woodlands of central California . US Forest Service General Technical Report PSW . no . 160 ( December ) : 365 - 372 . Jump up ^ Cornman , D.D. ( 1973 ) . Red - tailed Hawk population ecology in Wood County , Ohio . Master 's Thesis , Bowling Green State Univ. , Bowling Green , OH . Jump up ^ Luttich , S.N. , Keith , L.B. , & Stephenson , J.D. ( 1971 ) . Population dynamics of the Red - tailed Hawk ( Buteo jamaicensis ) at Rochester , Alberta . The Auk , 75 - 87 . ^ Jump up to : Henny , C.J. , & Wight , H.M. ( 1972 ) . Population ecology and environmental pollution : Red - tailed and Cooper 's hawks ( No. 2 , pp. 229 - 250 ) . US Fish and Wildlife Service . Jump up ^ Baicich , P.J. , & Harrison , C.J.O. ( 2005 ) . Nests , eggs , and nestlings of North American birds ( p. 480 ) . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . Jump up ^ Harrison , H.H. ( 1979 ) . A Field Guide to western bird 's nests of 520 species found breeding in the United States west of the Mississippi River . Boston , MA : A Field Guide to western birds ' nests . Jump up ^ Hardy , R. ( 1939 ) . Nesting habits of the western Red - tailed Hawk . Condor no . 41 : 79 - 80 . Jump up ^ Springer , M.A. , & Osborne , D.R. ( 1983 ) . Analysis of growth of the red - tailed hawk . Ohio J. Sci. no . 83 : 13 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Stinson , C.H. ( 1980 ) . Weather - dependent foraging success and sibling aggression in Red - tailed Hawks in central Washington . Condor no . 82 : 76 - 80 . Jump up ^ Wiley , J.W. ( 1975 ) . Three adult Red - tailed Hawks tending a nest . Condor no . 77 : 480 - 482 . Jump up ^ `` Bald eagle adopts ' mortal enemy ' baby hawk '' . 9 June 2017 . Retrieved 4 April 2018 -- via www.bbc.com . Jump up ^ `` Why This Young Hawk Thinks It 's an Eagle '' . nationalgeographic.com. 25 July 2017 . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , S.J. ( 1973 ) . Post-fledging activity of the Red - tailed Hawk . Raptor Res . no . 7 : 43 - 48 . Jump up ^ Johnson , S.J. ( 1986 ) . Development of hunting and self - sufficiency in juvenile Red - tailed Hawks ( Buteo jamaicensis ) . Raptor Res . no . 20 : 29 - 34 . ^ Jump up to : Geller , G.A. , & Temple , S.A. ( 1983 ) . Seasonal trends in body condition of juvenile Red - tailed Hawks during autumn migration . The Wilson Bulletin , 492 - 495 . Jump up ^ Kessel , B. , & Springer , H.K. ( 1966 ) . Recent data on status of some interior Alaska birds . The Condor , 68 ( 2 ) , 185 - 195 . Jump up ^ Brinker , D.F. , & Erdman , T.C. ( 1985 ) . Characteristics of autumn Red - tailed Hawk migration through Wisconsin . In Proc. Hawk Migration Conf ( Vol. 4 , pp. 107 - 136 ) . Jump up ^ Millsap , B.A. ( 1981 ) . Distributional status of falconiformes in west central Arizona : with notes on ecology , reproductive success and management . US Bureau of Land Management , Phoenix District Office . Jump up ^ Janes , S.W. ( 1984 ) . Fidelity to breeding territory in a population of red - tailed hawks . Condor , 200 - 203 . Jump up ^ Coues , E. ( 1874 ) . Birds of the northwest : a handbook of the ornithology of the region drained by the Missouri River and its tributaries . U.S. Dep . Interior , U.S. Geol . Surv. of Terr. , Misc . Publ . no . 3 . Jump up ^ Janik , C.A. & Mosher , J.A. ( 1982 ) . Breeding biology of raptors in the central Appalachians . Raptor Res . no . 16 : 18 - 24 . Jump up ^ Soucy , Jr. , L.J. ( 1995 ) . Live recovery of a venerable raptor , a longevity record for the Red - tailed Hawk . North American Bird Bander no . 20 ( 1 ) : 26 . Jump up ^ Keran , D. ( 1981 ) . The incidence of man - caused and natural mortalities to raptors . Raptor Res . no . 15 : 108 - 112 . Jump up ^ `` Raptors and Rat Poison '' . allaboutbirds.org. 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Beebe , Frank ( 1984 ) . A Falconry Manual . Hancock House Publishers , ISBN 0 - 88839 - 978 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Migratory Bird Permits ; Changes in the Regulations Governing Falconry ; Notice of Intent To Prepare an Environmental Assessment for Falconry and Raptor Propagation Activities ; Proposed Rule and Notice '' . Department of the Interior : Fish and Wildlife Service . Archived from the original on 11 March 2007 . Retrieved 14 June 2007 . Jump up ^ McGranaghan , Liam J. ( 2001 ) . The Red - Tailed Hawk : A Complete Guide to Training and Hunting North America 's Most Versatile Game Hawk . Western Sporting Publications . p. 181 . ISBN 0 - 9709571 - 0 - 6 . Jump up ^ Collier , Julie ( Spring 2003 ) . `` The Sacred Messengers '' . Cross Paths . Mashantucket Pequot Museum . 6 ( 1 ) . Archived from the original on 24 January 2008 . Retrieved 20 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` TITLE 50 -- Wildlife and Fisheries '' . Electronic Code of Federal Regulations ( e-CFR ) . Archived from the original on 10 June 2007 . Retrieved 20 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Cook , Stephen . `` Feather Law '' . Mashantucket Pequot Museum . Retrieved 20 June 2007 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Buteo jamaicensis . Wikispecies has information related to Buteo jamaicensis Wikisource has original text related to this article : `` The Red - tailed Hawk '' by John James Audubon Wikisource has original text related to this article : `` The Black Warrior , Falco Harlani '' by John James Audubon Red - tailed hawk Species Account -- Cornell Lab of Ornithology Red - tailed hawk -- Buteo jamaicensis -- USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter Red - tailed hawk Pictures at Fordham University North American Falconers Association Comparison of Adult & Immature tails Discussion of Krider 's and Harlan 's forms and identification issues Photo Field Guide on Flickr `` Red - tailed hawk '' in The Encyclopedia of Life `` Red - tailed hawk media '' . Internet Bird Collection . Red - tailed hawk photo gallery at VIREO ( Drexel University ) Historical works ( edit ) John James Audubon . The Red - tailed Hawk in Ornithological Biography vol. 1 ( 1831 ) , pp. 265 -- 272 ( also on WikiSource , see right ) . The Red - tailed Buzzard in The Birds of America vol. 1 ( 1840 ) , pp. 32 -- 38 . ( The 1840 edition appears to be a combination of the two companion works from early 1830s : the plates from Birds of America and the descriptions from Ornithological Biography . ) John James Audubon . The Black Warrior in Ornithological Biography vol. 1 ( 1831 ) , pp. 441 -- 443 ( also on WikiSource , see right ) . Harlan 's Buzzard in The Birds of America vol. 1 ( 1840 ) , pp. 38 -- 40 . Live nest cameras ( edit ) Live nestcam at Cornell University Live nestcam at Syracuse University PMC - Sierra HawkCam Live nestcam at the University of Wisconsin , Madison Subfamily : Buteoninae Genus Species ( extinctions : † indicates a species confirmed to be extinct ) Geranoaetus Black - chested buzzard - eagle Variable hawk White - tailed hawk Buteo Common buzzard Eastern buzzard Himalayan buzzard Cape Verde buzzard Socotra buzzard Red - tailed hawk Long - legged buzzard Rough - legged buzzard Ferruginous hawk Red - shouldered hawk Broad - winged hawk Swainson 's hawk Ridgway 's hawk White - rumped hawk Short - tailed hawk White - throated hawk Galápagos hawk Gray hawk Zone - tailed hawk Hawaiian hawk Rufous - tailed hawk Mountain buzzard Madagascar buzzard Upland buzzard Red - necked buzzard Jackal buzzard Archer 's buzzard Augur buzzard Rupornis Roadside hawk Parabuteo Harris 's hawk White - rumped hawk Buteogallus Rufous crab hawk Common black hawk Cuban black hawk Great black hawk Savanna hawk Busarellus Black - collared hawk Leucopternis White - browed hawk White - necked hawk Black - faced hawk Plumbeous hawk Barred hawk Slate - colored hawk Semiplumbeous hawk Pseudastur Gray - backed hawk White hawk Mantled hawk Kaupifalco Lizard buzzard Butastur Rufous - winged buzzard Grasshopper buzzard White - eyed buzzard Grey - faced buzzard Harpyhaliaetus Chaco eagle Solitary eagle Eagle Buzzard Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q457471 Wikispecies : Buteo jamaicensis ABA : retaha ARKive : buteo - jamaicensis BirdLife : 22695933 eBird : rethaw EoL : 1049057 EPPO : BUTEJA Fossilworks : 129162 GBIF : 2480542 IBC : red - tailed - hawk - buteo - jamaicensis iNaturalist : 5212 IRMNG : 11303631 ITIS : 175350 IUCN : 22695933 NBN : NHMSYS0001689432 NCBI : 56263 Species+ : 9825 WoRMS : 159109 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red-tailed_hawk&oldid=854667191 '' Categories : IUCN Red List least concern species Buteo Falconry Sound effects Birds of North America Birds described in 1788 Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles with ' species ' microformats Good articles Use dmy dates from May 2012 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Asturianu Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Diné bizaad Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Interlingua Italiano עברית Latina Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 00 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-tailed%20hawk

a broken chord i.e. playing the notes of a chord one by one is called

Chord ( music )

chord ( music )

A chord , in music , is any harmonic set of pitches consisting of two or more ( usually three ) notes ( also called `` pitches '' ) that are heard as if sounding simultaneously . Chords and sequences of chords are frequently used in modern West African and Oceanic music , Western classical music , and Western popular music ; yet , they are absent from the music of many other parts of the world . In tonal Western classical music ( music with a tonic key or `` home key '' ) , the most frequently encountered chords are triads , so called because they consist of three distinct notes : the root note , and Intervals of a third and a fifth above the root note . Other chords with more than three notes include added tone chords , extended chords and tone clusters , which are used in contemporary classical music , jazz and other genres .

An ordered series of chords is called a chord progression . One example of a widely used chord progression in Western traditional music and blues is the 12 bar blues progression . Although any chord may in principle be followed by any other chord , certain patterns of chords are more common in Western music , and some patterns have been accepted as establishing the key ( tonic note ) in common - practice harmony -- notably the movement between tonic and dominant chords . To describe this , Western music theory has developed the practice of numbering chords using Roman numerals which represent the number of diatonic steps up from the tonic note of the scale . Common ways of notating or representing chords in Western music ( other than conventional staff notation ) include Roman numerals , the Nashville number system , figured bass , macro symbols ( sometimes used in modern musicology ) , and chord charts . C Major triad represented in staff notation . Play ( help info ) in just intonation Play ( help info ) in Equal temperament Play ( help info ) in 1 / 4 - comma meantone Play ( help info ) in Young temperament Play ( help info ) in Pythagorean tuning Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition and history 2 Notation 2.1 Roman numerals 2.2 Figured bass notation 2.3 Macro analysis 2.4 Tabular notation 3 Characteristics 3.1 Number of notes 3.2 Scale degree 3.3 Inversion 3.4 Secundal , tertian , and quartal chords 3.5 Harmonic content 4 Triads 5 Seventh chords 6 Extended chords 7 Altered chords 8 Added tone chords 9 Suspended chords 10 Borrowed chords 11 References 12 Sources 13 Further reading 14 External links Definition and History ( edit ) Main article : Harmony Mussorgsky 's Pictures at an Exhibition `` Promenade '' , is a piece showing an explicit chord progression. ( Nattiez 1990 , p. 218 ) Play ( help info ) The English word chord derives from Middle English cord , a shortening of accord in the original sense of agreement and later , harmonious sound . A sequence of chords is known as a chord progression or harmonic progression . These are frequently used in Western music . A chord progression `` aims for a definite goal '' of establishing ( or contradicting ) a tonality founded on a key , root or tonic chord . The study of harmony involves chords and chord progressions , and the principles of connection that govern them . Ottó Károlyi writes that , `` Two or more notes sounded simultaneously are known as a chord , '' though , since instances of any given note in different octaves may be taken as the same note , it is more precise for the purposes of analysis to speak of distinct pitch classes . Furthermore , as three notes are needed to define any common chord , three is often taken as the minimum number of notes that form a definite chord . Hence Andrew Surmani , for example , ( 2004 , p. 72 ) states , `` When three or more notes are sounded together , the combination is called a chord . '' George T. Jones ( 1994 , p. 43 ) agrees : `` Two tones sounding together are usually termed an interval , while three or more tones are called a chord . '' According to Monath ( 1984 , p. 37 ) ; `` A chord is a combination of three or more tones sounded simultaneously , '' and the distances between the tones are called intervals . However sonorities of two pitches , or even single - note melodies , are commonly heard as implying chords . A simple example of two notes being interpreted as a chord is when the root and third are played , but the fifth is omitted . In the key of C major , if the music comes to rest on the two notes G and B , most listeners will hear this as a G major chord . Since a chord may be understood as such even when all its notes are not simultaneously audible , there has been some academic discussion regarding the point at which a group of notes may be called a chord . Jean - Jacques Nattiez ( 1990 , p. 218 ) explains that , `` We can encounter ' pure chords ' in a musical work , '' such as in the Promenade of Modest Mussorgsky 's Pictures at an Exhibition but , `` Often , we must go from a textual given to a more abstract representation of the chords being used , '' as in Claude Debussy 's Première Arabesque . Upper stave : Claude Debussy 's Première Arabesque . The chords on the lower stave are constructed from the notes in the actual piece , shown on the upper stave . Play ( help info ) In the medieval era , early Christian hymns featured organum ( which used the simultaneous perfect intervals of a fourth , a fifth , and an octave ) , with chord progressions and harmony an incidental result of the emphasis on melodic lines during the medieval and then Renaissance ( 15th to 17th centuries ) . The Baroque period , the 17th and 18th centuries , began to feature the major and minor scale based tonal system and harmony , including chord progressions and circle progressions . It was in the Baroque period that the accompaniment of melodies with chords was developed , as in figured bass , and the familiar cadences ( perfect authentic , etc . ) . In the Renaissance , certain dissonant sonorities that suggest the dominant seventh occurred with frequency . In the Baroque period the dominant seventh proper was introduced , and was in constant use in the Classical and Romantic periods . The leading - tone seventh appeared in the Baroque period and remains in use . Composers began to use nondominant seventh chords in the Baroque period . They became frequent in the Classical period , gave way to altered dominants in the Romantic period , and underwent a resurgence in the Post-Romantic and Impressionistic period . The Romantic period , the 19th century , featured increased chromaticism . Composers began to use secondary dominants in the Baroque , and they became common in the Romantic period . Many contemporary popular Western genres continue to rely on simple diatonic harmony , though far from universally : notable exceptions include the music of film scores , which often use chromatic , atonal or post-tonal harmony , and modern jazz ( especially circa 1960 ) , in which chords may include up to seven notes ( and occasionally more ) . When referring to chords that do not function as harmony , such as in atonal music , the term `` sonority '' is often used specifically to avoid any tonal implications of the word `` chord '' . Triads consist of three notes ; the root or first note , the third , and the fifth . For example , the C major scale consists of the notes CDEFGAB : a triad can be constructed on any note of such a major scale , and all are minor or major except the triad on the seventh or leading - tone , which is a diminished chord . A triad formed using the note C itself consists of C ( the root note ) , E ( the third note of the scale ) and G ( the fifth note of the scale ) . The interval from C to E is of four semitones , a major third , and so this triad is called C Major . A triad formed upon the same scale but with D as the root note , D ( root ) , F ( third ) , A ( fifth ) , on the other hand , has only three semitones between the root and third and is called D minor , a minor triad . Notation ( edit ) `` Chord symbol '' redirects here . For other uses , see Chord names and symbols ( popular music ) . C Major triad represented in staff notation Chords can be represented in various ways . The most common notation systems are : Plain staff notation , used in classical music Roman numerals , commonly used in harmonic analysis to denote the scale step on which the chord is built . Figured bass , much used in the Baroque era , uses numbers added to a bass line written on staff ( music ) , to enable keyboard players to improvise chords with the right hand while playing the bass with their left . Macro symbols , sometimes used in modern musicology , to denote chord root and quality . Various chord names and symbols used in popular music lead sheets , fake books , and chord charts , to quickly lay out the harmonic groundplan of a piece so that the musician may improvise , jam , or vamp on it . Roman numerals ( edit ) Main article : Roman numeral analysis The chord progression vi -- ii -- V -- I in the key of C major . Using lead sheet chord names , these chords could be referred to as A minor , D minor , G major and C major . Play ( help info ) . While scale degrees are typically represented in musical analysis or musicology articles with Arabic numerals ( e.g. , 1 , 2 , 3 ... , sometimes with a circumflex above the numeral : , , ... ) , the triads ( three - note chords ) that have these degrees as their roots are often identified by Roman numerals ( e.g. , I , IV , V , which in the key of C major would be the triads C major , F major , G major ) . In some conventions ( as in this and related articles ) upper - case Roman numerals indicate major triads ( e.g. , I , IV , V ) while lower - case Roman numerals indicate minor triads ( e.g. , I for a major chord and i for a minor chord , or using the major key , ii , iii and vi representing typical diatonic minor triads ) : other writers , ( e.g. Schoenberg ) use upper case Roman numerals for both major and minor triads . Some writers use upper - case Roman numerals to indicate the chord is diatonic in the major scale , and lower - case Roman numerals to indicate that the chord is diatonic in the minor scale . Diminished triads may be represented by lower - case Roman numerals with a degree symbol ( e.g. , vii indicates a diminished seventh chord built on the seventh scale degree ; in the key of C major , this chord would be b diminished seventh , which consists of the notes B , D , F and G ♯ ) . Roman numerals can also be used in stringed instrument notation to indicate the position or string to play . In some string music , the string on which it is suggested that the performer play the note is indicated with a Roman numeral ( e.g. , on a four - string orchestral string instrument ( violin , viola , cello or double bass ) , I indicates the highest - pitched , thinnest string and IV indicates the lowest - pitched , thickest bass string ) . In some orchestral parts , chamber music and solo works for string instruments , the composer specifies to the performer which string should be used with the Roman numeral . Alternately , the note name of the string that the composer wishes the performer to use are stated using letters ( e.g. , `` sul G '' means `` play on the G string '' ) . Figured bass notation ( edit ) Main article : Figured bass A bass note with figured bass symbols underneath the staff . The figured bass symbols indicate the intervals the chord - playing musician should play above the bass note . The figure in this illustration indicates that the intervals of a sixth above the bass and a fourth above the bass should be played . Figured bass or thoroughbass is a kind of musical notation used in almost all Baroque music ( c. 1600 -- 1750 ) , though rarely in music from later than 1750 , to indicate harmonies in relation to a conventionally written bass line . Figured bass is closely associated with chord - playing basso continuo accompaniment instruments , which included harpsichord , pipe organ and lute . Added numbers , symbols and accidentals beneath the staff indicate at the intervals to play , the numbers stand for the number of scale steps above the written note to play the figured notes . In the 2010s , some classical musicians who specialize in music from the Baroque era can still perform chords using figured bass notation ; in many cases , however , the chord - playing performers read a fully notated accompaniment that has been prepared for the piece by the music publisher . Such a part , with fully written - out chords , is called a `` realization '' of the figured bass part . In the illustration the bass note is a C , and the numbers 4 and 6 indicate that notes a fourth and a sixth above , that is F and A , should be played , giving the second inversion of the F major triad . If no numbers are written beneath a bass note , this is assumed to indicate the figure 5 , 3 , which calls for a third and a fifth above the bass note ( i.e. , a root position triad ) . Macro analysis ( edit ) Macro analysis for triads on C . Main article : Macro analysis Macro analysis is used by musicologists , music theorists and advanced university music students to analyze songs and pieces . Macro analysis uses upper - case and lower - case letters to indicate the roots of chords , followed by symbols that specify the chord quality . Tabular notation ( edit ) Main article : Chord names and symbols ( popular music ) In most genres of popular music , including jazz , pop , and rock , a chord name and the corresponding symbol are typically composed of one or more parts . In these genres , chord - playing musicians in the rhythm section ( e.g. , electric guitar , acoustic guitar , piano , Hammond organ , etc . ) typically improvise the specific `` voicing '' of each chord from a song 's chord progression by interpreting the written chord symbols appearing in the lead sheet or fake book . Normally , these chord symbols include : A letter indicating the root note ( e.g. `` C '' ) . A symbol or abbreviation indicating the chord quality ( e.g. major , maj , M or minor , min , m ) . Note : if no chord quality is specified , the chord is assumed to be a major triad by default , except in where the arranger uses the German - derived convention of capital letters for major chords ( e.g. , `` C '' for C major ) and lower case letters for minor chords ( e.g. , `` c '' for C minor ) . Number ( s ) indicating the number of an interval ( e.g. seventh , or 7 ) above the root note . A bare number stands for a perfect or major interval , except for a seventh , which is taken to be minor by default . Or its full name or symbol may be included . ( e.g. major seventh , maj7 , or M7 as in C ) Symbols or abbreviations for altered fifths ( e.g. diminished fifth , denoted as ♭ 5 or augmented fifth , denoted as ♯ 5 ) . An additional interval number ( e.g. `` add 13 '' or `` add13 '' ) , in added tone chords . Thus `` C '' instructs the performer to play a C chord ( the individual notes C , E , G , B ♭ ) plus an added 13th scale degree ( the note A ) . Note : the thirteenth scale degree is just the sixth scale degree an octave higher . For instance , the name C augmented seventh , and the corresponding symbol Caug ( which can also be written as C+ ) use parts 1 ( `` C '' , thus the chord has `` C '' as the root note ) , 2 ( an augmented fifth above the root note ) , and 3 ( with the seventh scale degree above the root note ) . None of these parts , except for the root , directly refer to the notes forming the chord , but to the intervals they form with respect to the root . For instance , Caug is formed by the notes C -- E -- G ♯ -- B ♭ . However , its name and symbol refer only to the root note C , the augmented ( fifth ) interval from C to G ♯ , and the ( minor ) seventh interval from C to B ♭ . The interval from C to E ( a major third ) is inferred , as an augmented triad is inherently major . A set of decoding rules is applied to deduce the missing information . Chord qualities are related with the qualities of the component intervals that define the chord . The main chord qualities are : major and minor , augmented , diminished , and half - diminished , dominant seventh . Some of the symbols used for chord quality are similar to those used for interval quality : m or min for minor , M , ma , maj or no symbol for major , aug or + for augmented , dim or for diminished . The interpretation of chord symbols depends on the genre of music being played . In jazz from the bebop era or later , major and minor chords are typically voiced as seventh chords even if only `` C '' or `` Cm '' appear in the chart . In jazz charts , seventh chords are often voiced with upper extensions , such as the ninth , sharp eleventh and thirteenth , even if the chart only indicates `` A '' . As well , in jazz , the root and fifth are often omitted from chord voicings , except when there is a diminished fifth or an augmented fifth . The root can be omitted because it is being played by the bass instrument . In cases where two chordal instruments are comping at the same time from a chart , the players have to either listen to each other 's voicings , agree on a voicing beforehand , or alternate comping in different choruses . This is done because if the electric guitarist interprets an `` A '' chord as `` A '' ( with a B ♭ ) and the Hammond organ player interprets the `` A '' as `` A '' ( with a B ♮ ) , the two chords would clash . The interpretation of chord symbols also depends on the taste preferences of the bandleader or singer who is being accompanied . Some bandleaders or singers may prefer alt chords to be interpreted in different ways . One singer may prefer alt chords with ♭ 9s , while another singer may prefer ♭ 13s . In a pop or rock context , however , `` C '' and `` Cm '' would almost always be played as triads , with no sevenths . In pop and rock , in the relatively less common cases where songwriters wish a dominant seventh , major seventh or minor seventh chord , they will indicate this explicitly with the indications `` C '' , `` C '' or `` Cm '' . In addition , however , Δ is sometimes used for major , instead of the standard M , or maj . In some jazz arrangements , the triangle symbols specifically indicates a major seventh , − is sometimes used for minor , instead of the standard m , mi or min , + , or aug , is used for augmented ( A is not used ) , , ° , dim , is used for diminished ( d is not used ) , , or is used for half diminished ; in some fake books , the abbreviation `` m '' is used as an equivalent symbol , dom may be used for dominant 7th , alt ( or `` alt dom '' ) is used in jazz to indicate an altered dominant seventh chord ( e.g. , a dominant seventh chord with an added altered extension such as ♭ 9 and / or ♯ 11 ) , 7 is used for dominant 7th , that is a minor ( flat ) seventh above the root note ( if no other information is provided ; thus C , A , D and G all indicate dominant seventh chords . However , if `` maj7 '' is indicated , this is a major seventh above the root ) , 7 ( ♭ 9 ) is used to indicate a dominant seven chord with a minor ( flat ) ninth ( e.g. , A ) , which would contain an A chord , thus the notes A , C ♯ , E , G , plus B ♭ , the ♭ 9 ) . Sometimes this chord is notated `` 7 ( − 9 ) '' , 9 is used for a ninth chord , which in jazz usually includes the dominant seventh as well , if it is a dominant chord . A ninth can also be requested for other chord qualities ( e.g. , Amaj , which indicates a major seventh chord , the notes A , C ♯ , E , G ♯ , with an added ninth , which is a B ; or Dm , which indicates a D minor triad , thus the notes D , F , A , with an added ninth , the note E ) , 13 indicates that the thirteenth is added to the chord . In jazz , when a number higher than 9 is used , it implies that several other lower numbers are played . Thus for A ( also indicated as `` A13 '' ) , a pianist would play the third ( C ♯ ) , the seventh ( G ) , ninth ( B ) and thirteenth ( F ♯ ) ; the eleventh ( in this case D ) is normally omitted unless it is augmented ( D ♯ ) . Roots and perfect fifths are commonly omitted from jazz chord voicings ) . sus4 ( or simply 4 ) indicates that the third is omitted and the fourth used instead . Other notes may be added to a sus4 chord , indicated with the word `` add '' and the scale degree ( e.g. , A or A ) . sus2 ( or simply 2 ) indicates that the third is omitted and the second ( which may also be called the ninth ) is used instead . As with `` sus4 '' , a `` sus2 '' chord can have other scale degrees added ( e.g. , A or A ) / C ♯ bass or / C ♯ indicates that a bass note other than the root should be played . For example , A / C ♯ bass indicates that an A major triad should be played with a C ♯ in the bass . ( Note : in some genres of modern jazz , two chords with a slash between them may indicate an advanced voicing called a polychord , which is the playing of two chords simultaneously -- e.g. , F / A would be interpreted as an F major triad played simultaneously with an A maj triad , that is the notes F -- A -- C and A -- C ♯ -- E. To avoid misunderstanding , the `` / C ♯ bass '' notation can be used ) . 5 in rock , hard rock and metal indicates that a power chord should be played . A power chord consists of the root and the fifth , possibly with the root doubled an octave higher . Thirds and sevenths are not played in power chords . Typically , power chords are played with distortion or overdrive . The `` 5 '' notation is not always used to indicate when power chords are used in rock . Determining when to play triads and when to use power chords may also come down to the preferences of the guitarist , bandleader or record producer . If a rock chord progression contains sequences with very rapid chord changes , some or all of these chords may be voiced as power chords ( e.g. , in the chord progression `` C / / / F / / / G / / / A ♭ B ♭ B C '' , the last bar in which there is one chord change per beat and the chords are chromatic would probably be voiced as power chords if performed by a hard rock guitarist ) . 6 / 9 indicates a chord with the triad , with the sixth and ninth of the chord added Unusual chords can be indicated with a sequence of scale degrees and indicated additions or omissions ( e.g. , C would indicate C -- E -- B ♭ -- D or F would be F -- A -- C -- G -- D ) . Characteristics ( edit ) Within the diatonic scale , every chord has certain characteristics , which include : Number of pitch classes ( distinct notes without respect to octave ) that constitute the chord . Scale degree of the root note Position or inversion of the chord General type of intervals it appears constructed from -- for example seconds , thirds , or fourths Counts of each pitch class as occur between all combinations of notes the chord contains Number of notes ( edit ) Number of notes Name Alternate name Monad Monochord Dyad Dichord Triad Trichord Tetrad Tetrachord 5 Pentad Pentachord 6 Hexad Hexachord 7 Heptad Heptachord 8 Octad Octachord 9 Ennead Nonachord 10 Decad Decachord Two - note combinations , whether referred to as chords or intervals , are called dyads . Chords constructed of three notes of some underlying scale are described as triads . Chords of four notes are known as tetrads , those containing five are called pentads and those using six are hexads . Sometimes the terms trichord , tetrachord , pentachord , and hexachord are used -- though these more usually refer to the pitch classes of any scale , not generally played simultaneously . Chords that may contain more than three notes include pedal point chords , dominant seventh chords , extended chords , added tone chords , clusters , and polychords . Polychords are formed by two or more chords superimposed . Often these may be analysed as extended chords ; examples include tertian , altered chord , secundal chord , quartal and quintal harmony and Tristan chord ) . Another example is when G ( G -- B -- D -- F -- A ♭ -- C ♯ ) is formed from G major ( G -- B -- D ) and D ♭ major ( D ♭ -- F -- A ♭ ) . A nonchord tone is a dissonant or unstable tone that lies outside the chord currently heard , though often resolving to a chord tone . Scale degree ( edit ) Roman numeral Scale degree tonic ii supertonic iii mediant IV subdominant V dominant vi submediant vii / ♭ VII leading tone / subtonic C major scale play ( help info ) In the key of C major the first degree of the scale , called the tonic , is the note C itself , so a C major chord , a triad built on the note C , may be called the one chord of that key and notated in Roman numerals as I . The same C major chord can be found in other scales : it forms chord III in the key of A minor ( A -- B -- C ) and chord IV in the key of G major ( G -- A -- B -- C ) . This numbering lets us see the job a chord is doing in the current key and tonality . Many analysts use lower - case Roman numerals to indicate minor triads and upper - case for major ones , and degree and plus signs ( and ) to indicate diminished and augmented triads respectively . Otherwise all the numerals may be upper - case and the qualities of the chords inferred from the scale degree . Chords outside the scale can be indicated by placing a flat / sharp sign before the chord -- for example , the chord of E ♭ major in the key of C major is represented by ♭ III . The tonic of the scale may be indicated to the left ( e.g. F ♯ : ) or may be understood from a key signature or other contextual clues . Indications of inversions or added tones may be omitted if they are not relevant to the analysis . Roman numerals indicate the root of the chord as a scale degree within a particular major key as follows : Inversion ( edit ) Root position , first inversion , and second inversion C major chords Play root position C major chord ( help info ) , Play first inversion C major chord ( help info ) , or Play second inversion C major chord ( help info ) . Chord roots ( all the same ) in red . Root position , first inversion , and second inversion chords over C bass Play root position C major chord ( help info ) , Play first inversion A minor chord ( help info ) , or Play second inversion F major chord ( help info ) . Chord roots in red . Main article : Inversion ( music ) In the harmony of Western art music a chord is in root position when the tonic note is the lowest in the chord , and the other notes are above it . When the lowest note is not the tonic , the chord is inverted . Chords that have many constituent notes can have many different inverted positions as shown below for the C major chord : Bass note Position Order of notes Notation root position CEG or CGE 5 3 as G is a fifth above C and E is a third above C first inversion EGC or ECG 6 3 as C is a sixth above E and G is a third above E second inversion GCE or GEC 6 4 as E is a sixth above G and C is a fourth above G Further , a four - note chord can be inverted to four different positions by the same method as triadic inversion . For example , a G chord can be in root position ( G as bass note ) ; first inversion ( B as bass note ) ; second inversion ( D as bass note ) ; or third inversion ( F as bass note ) . Where guitar chords are concerned the term `` inversion '' is used slightly differently ; to refer to stock fingering `` shapes '' . Secundal , tertian , and quartal chords ( edit ) See also : Secundal , Tertian , Quartal and quintal harmony , and Mixed - interval chord Chord Component intervals Secundal Seconds : major second , minor second Tertian Thirds : major third , minor third Quartal Fourth : perfect fourth , augmented fourth Quintal Fifths : diminished fifth , perfect fifth Quartal chord : C -- F -- B chord Play ( help info ) . Many chords are a sequence of ascending notes separated by intervals of roughly the same size . Chords can be classified into different categories by this size : Tertian chords can be decomposed into a series of ( major or minor ) thirds . For example , the C major triad ( C -- E -- G ) is defined by a sequence of two intervals , the first ( C -- E ) being a major third and the second ( E -- G ) being a minor third . Most common chords are tertian . Secundal chords can be decomposed into a series of ( major or minor ) seconds . For example , the chord C -- D -- E ♭ is a series of seconds , containing a major second ( C -- D ) and a minor second ( D -- E ♭ ) . Quartal chords can be decomposed into a series of ( perfect or augmented ) fourths . Quartal harmony normally works with a combination of perfect and augmented fourths . Diminished fourths are enharmonically equivalent to major thirds , so they are uncommon . For example , the chord C -- F -- B is a series of fourths , containing a perfect fourth ( C -- F ) and an augmented fourth / tritone ( F -- B ) . These terms can become ambiguous when dealing with non-diatonic scales , such as the pentatonic or chromatic scales . The use of accidentals can also complicate the terminology . For example , the chord B ♯ -- E -- A ♭ appears to be quartal , as a series of diminished fourths ( B ♯ -- E and E -- A ♭ ) , but it is enharmonically equivalent to ( and sonically indistinguishable from ) the tertian chord C -- E -- G ♯ , which is a series of major thirds ( C -- E and E -- G ♯ ) . Harmonic content ( edit ) The notes of a chord form intervals with each of the other notes of the chord in combination . A 3 - note chord has 3 of these harmonic intervals , a 4 - note chord has 6 , a 5 - note chord has 10 , a 6 - note chord has 15 . The absence , presence , and placement of certain key intervals plays a large part in the sound of the chord , and sometimes of the selection of the chord that follows . A chord containing tritones is called tritonic ; one without tritones is atritonic . Harmonic tritones are an important part of Dominant seventh chords , giving their sound a characteristic tension , and making the tritone interval likely to move in certain stereotypical ways to the following chord . A chord containing semitones , whether appearing as Minor seconds or Major sevenths , is called hemitonic ; one without semitones is anhemitonic . Harmonic semitones are an important part of Major seventh chords , giving their sound a characteristic high tension , and making the harmonic semitone likely to move in certain stereotypical ways to the following chord . A chord containing Major sevenths but no Minor seconds is much less harsh in sound than one containing Minor seconds as well . Other chords of interest might include the Diminished chord , which has many minor thirds and no major thirds , many tritones but no perfect fifths Augmented chord , which has many major thirds and no minor thirds or perfect fifths Dominant seventh diminished five chord , which has many major thirds and tritones and no minor thirds or perfect fifths Triads ( edit ) Pitch constellations of triads Main article : Triad ( music ) See also : Jazz and pop notation for triads Triads , also called triadic chords , are tertian chords with three notes . The four basic triads are described below . Component intervals Chord symbol Notes Audio Third Fifth Major triad major perfect C , CM , Cmaj , CΔ , Cma CEG play ( help info ) Minor triad minor perfect Cm , Cmin , C − , Cmi CE ♭ G play ( help info ) Augmented triad major augmented Caug , C , C+ CEG ♯ play ( help info ) Diminished triad minor diminished Cdim , C , Cm CE ♭ G ♭ play ( help info ) Seventh chords ( edit ) Pitch constellations of seventh chords . Main article : Seventh chord See also : Jazz and pop notation for seventh chords Seventh chords are tertian chords , constructed by adding a fourth note to a triad , at the interval of a third above the fifth of the chord . This creates the interval of a seventh above the root of the chord , the next natural step in composing tertian chords . The seventh chord built on the fifth step of the scale ( the dominant seventh ) is the only one available in the major scale : it contains all three notes of the diminished triad of the seventh and is frequently used as a stronger substitute for it . There are various types of seventh chords depending on the quality of both the chord and the seventh added . In chord notation the chord type is sometimes superscripted and sometimes not ( e.g. Dm7 , Dm , and D are all identical ) . Component intervals Chord symbol Notes Audio Third Fifth Seventh Diminished seventh minor diminished diminished C , Cdim CE ♭ G ♭ B Play ( help info ) Half - diminished seventh minor diminished minor C , Cm , C − CE ♭ G ♭ B ♭ Play ( help info ) Minor seventh minor perfect minor Cm , Cmin , C − , CE ♭ GB ♭ Play ( help info ) Minor major seventh minor perfect major Cm , Cm , C − , C − , C − CE ♭ GB Play ( help info ) Dominant seventh major perfect minor C , Cdom CEGB ♭ Play ( help info ) Major seventh major perfect major CM , C , C , C , C CEGB Play ( help info ) Augmented seventh major augmented minor C+ , Caug , C , C , C CEG ♯ B ♭ Play ( help info ) Augmented major seventh major augmented major C+ , C , C , C+ , C+ CEG ♯ B Play ( help info ) Extended chords ( edit ) Main article : Extended chord See also : Jazz and pop notation for extended chords Dominant thirteenth extended chord : CEGB ♭ DFA play ( help info ) . The upper structure or extensions , i.e. notes beyond the seventh , in red . This chord is just a theoretical illustration of this chord . In practice , a jazz pianist or jazz guitarist would not normally play the chord all in thirds as illustrated . Jazz voicings typically use the third , seventh , and then the extensions such as the ninth and thirteenth , and in some cases the eleventh . The root is often omitted from chord voicings , as the bass player will play the root . The fifth is often omitted if it is a perfect fifth . Augmented and diminished fifths are normally included in voicings . Extended chords are triads with further tertian notes added beyond the seventh : the ninth , eleventh , and thirteenth chords . After the thirteenth , any notes added in thirds duplicate notes elsewhere in the chord ; all seven notes of the scale are present in the chord , so adding more notes does not add new pitch classes . Such chords may be constructed only by using notes that lie outside the diatonic seven - note scale . Components Chord symbol Notes Audio Chord Interval ( s ) Dominant ninth dominant seventh major ninth -- -- CEGB ♭ D Play ( help info ) Dominant eleventh dominant seventh ( the third is usually omitted ) major ninth perfect eleventh -- CEGB ♭ DF Play ( help info ) Dominant thirteenth dominant seventh major ninth perfect eleventh ( usually omitted ) major thirteenth CEGB ♭ DFA Play ( help info ) Other extended chords follow similar rules , so that for example maj , maj , and maj contain major seventh chords rather than dominant seventh chords , while m , m , and m contain minor seventh chords . Altered chords ( edit ) Main article : Altered chord Altered chord on C with diminished fifth and minor seventh and nninth . Play ( help info ) The third and seventh of the chord are always determined by the symbols shown above ( the root can not be so altered without changing the name of the chord , while the third can not be altered without altering the chord 's quality ) . Nevertheless , the fifth , ninth , eleventh and thirteenth may all be chromatically altered by accidentals . These are noted alongside the altered element . Accidentals are most often used with dominant seventh chords . Altered dominant seventh chords ( C ) may have a minor ninth , a sharp ninth , a diminished fifth or an augmented fifth ( see Levine 's Jazz Theory ) . Some write this as C , which assumes also the minor ninth , diminished fifth and augmented fifth ( see Aebersold 's Scale Syllabus ) . The augmented ninth is often referred to in blues and jazz as a blue note , being enharmonically equivalent to the minor third or tenth . When superscripted numerals are used the different numbers may be listed horizontally ( as shown ) or else vertically . Components Chord symbol Notes Audio Chord Interval ( s ) Seventh augmented fifth dominant seventh augmented fifth C , C Play ( help info ) Seventh minor ninth dominant seventh minor ninth C , C Play ( help info ) Seventh sharp ninth dominant seventh augmented ninth C , C Play ( help info ) Seventh augmented eleventh dominant seventh augmented eleventh C , C Play ( help info ) Seventh diminished thirteenth dominant seventh minor thirteenth C , C Play ( help info ) Half - diminished seventh minor seventh diminished fifth C , C , Cm Play ( help info ) Added tone chords ( edit ) Main article : Added tone chord Suspended chord ( sus2 ) and added tone chord ( add9 ) both with D ( ninth = second ) , distinguished by the absence or presence of the third ( E ♭ ) . An added tone chord is a triad chord with an added , non-tertian note , such as the commonly added sixth as well as chords with an added second ( ninth ) or fourth ( eleventh ) or a combination of the three . These chords do not include `` intervening '' thirds as in an extended chord . Added chords can also have variations . Thus m , m and m are minor triads with extended notes . Sixth chords can belong to either of two groups . One is first inversion chords and added sixth chords that contain a sixth from the root . The other group is inverted chords in which the interval of a sixth appears above a bass note that is not the root . The major sixth chord ( also called , sixth or added sixth with the chord notation 6 , e.g. , `` C '' ) is by far the most common type of sixth chord of the first group . It comprises a major triad with the added major sixth above the root , common in popular music . For example , the chord C contains the notes C-E-G-A . The minor sixth chord ( min or m , e.g. , `` Cm '' ) is a minor triad with the same added note . For example , the chord Cm contains the notes C-E ♭ - G-A . In chord notation , the sixth of either chord is always assumed a major sixth rather than a minor sixth , however a minor sixth interval may be indicated in the notation as , for example , `` Cm ( m6 ) '' , or Cm . The augmented sixth chord usually appears in chord notation as its enharmonic equivalent , the seventh chord . This chord contains two notes separated by the interval of an augmented sixth ( or , by inversion , a diminished third , though this inversion is rare ) . The augmented sixth is generally used as a dissonant interval most commonly used in motion towards a dominant chord in root position ( with the root doubled to create the octave the augmented sixth chord resolves to ) or to a tonic chord in second inversion ( a tonic triad with the fifth doubled for the same purpose ) . In this case , the tonic note of the key is included in the chord , sometimes along with an optional fourth note , to create one of the following ( illustrated here in the key of C major ) : Italian augmented sixth : A ♭ , C , F ♯ French augmented sixth : A ♭ , C , D , F ♯ German augmented sixth : A ♭ , C , E ♭ , F ♯ The augmented sixth family of chords exhibits certain peculiarities . Since they are not based on triads , as are seventh chords and other sixth chords , they are not generally regarded as having roots ( nor , therefore , inversions ) , although one re-voicing of the notes is common ( with the namesake interval inverted to create a diminished third ) . The second group of sixth chords includes inverted major and minor chords , which may be called sixth chords in that the six - three ( 6 3 ) and six - four ( 6 4 ) chords contain intervals of a sixth with the bass note , though this is not the root . Nowadays this is mostly for academic study or analysis ( see figured bass ) but the neapolitan sixth chord is an important example ; a major triad with a flat supertonic scale degree as its root that is called a `` sixth '' because it is almost always found in first inversion . Though a technically accurate Roman numeral analysis would be ♭ II , it is generally labelled N. In C major , the chord is notated ( from root position ) D ♭ , F , A ♭ . Because it uses chromatically altered tones this chord is often grouped with the borrowed chords but the chord is not borrowed from the relative major or minor and it may appear in both major and minor keys . Components Chord symbol Notes Audio Chord Interval ( s ) Add nine major triad major ninth -- C , C CEGD Play ( help info ) Add fourth major triad perfect fourth -- C , C CEGF Play ( help info ) Add sixth major triad major sixth -- CEGA Play ( help info ) Six - nine major triad major sixth major ninth CEGAD -- Seven - six major triad major sixth minor seventh CEGAB ♭ -- Mixed - third major triad minor third -- -- CE ♭ EG Play ( help info ) Suspended chords ( edit ) Main article : Suspended chord Sus4 chord on C play ( help info ) A suspended chord , or `` sus chord '' ( sometimes wrongly thought to mean sustained chord ) , is a chord in which the third is replaced by either the second or the fourth . This produces two main chord types : the suspended second ( sus2 ) and the suspended fourth ( sus4 ) . The chords , C and C , for example , consist of the notes CDG and CFG , respectively . There is also a third type of suspended chord , in which both the second and fourth are present , for example the chord with the notes CDF G . The name suspended derives from an early polyphonic technique developed during the common practice period , in which a stepwise melodic progress to a harmonically stable note in any particular part was often momentarily delayed or suspended by extending the duration of the previous note . The resulting unexpected dissonance could then be all the more satisfyingly resolved by the eventual appearance of the displaced note . In traditional music theory the inclusion of the third in either chord would negate the suspension , so such chords would be called added ninth and added eleventh chords instead . In modern layman usage the term is restricted to the displacement of the third only and the dissonant second or fourth no longer needs to be held over ( prepared ) from the previous chord . Neither is it now obligatory for the displaced note to make an appearance at all though in the majority of cases the conventional stepwise resolution to the third is still observed . In post-bop and modal jazz compositions and improvisations suspended seventh chords are often used in nontraditional ways : these often do not function as V chords , and do not resolve from the fourth to the third . The lack of resolution gives the chord an ambiguous , static quality . Indeed , the third is often played on top of a sus4 chord . A good example is the jazz standard , Maiden Voyage . Extended versions are also possible , such as the seventh suspended fourth , which , with root C , contains the notes CFGB ♭ and is notated as C play ( help info ) . C is sometimes written C since the sus4 is more common than the sus2 . Components Chord symbol Notes Audio Chord Interval ( s ) suspended second open fifth major second -- -- CDG Play ( help info ) suspended fourth open fifth perfect fourth -- -- CFG Play ( help info ) Jazz sus open fifth perfect fourth minor seventh major ninth CFGB ♭ D Play ( help info ) Borrowed chords ( edit ) Main article : Borrowed chord Borrowed chords from the parallel minor key are commonly found in the Baroque , Classical and Romantic eras . A borrowed chord is one from a different key than the home key , the key of the piece it is used in . The most common occurrence of this is where a chord from the parallel major or minor key is used . Particularly good examples can be found throughout the works of composers such as Schubert . For instance , for a composer working in the C major key , a major ♭ III chord ( e.g. , an E ♭ major chord ) would be borrowed , as this chord appears only in the C minor key . Although borrowed chords could theoretically include chords taken from any key other than the home key , this is not how the term is used when a chord is described in formal musical analysis . When a chord is analysed as `` borrowed '' from another key it may be shown by the Roman numeral corresponding with that key after a slash . For example , V / V ( pronounced `` five of five '' ) indicates the dominant chord of the dominant key of the present home - key . The dominant key of C major is G major so this secondary dominant is the chord of the fifth degree of the G major scale , which is D major ( which can also be described as II relative to the key of C major , not to be confused with the supertonic ii namely D minor . ) . If used for a significant duration , the use of the D major chord may cause a modulation to a new key ( in this case to G major ) . Borrowed chords are widely used in Western popular music and rock music . For example , there are a number of songs in E major which use the ♭ III chord ( e.g. , a G major chord used in an E major song ) , the ♭ VII chord ( e.g. , a D major chord used in an E major song ) and the ♭ VI chord ( e.g. , a C major chord used in an E major song ) . All of these chords are `` borrowed '' from the key of E minor . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Benward & Saker ( 2003 ) . Music : In Theory and Practice , Vol . I , p. 67&359 . Seventh Edition . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 294262 - 0. `` A chord is a harmonic unit with at least three different tones sounding simultaneously . '' `` A combination of three or more pitches sounding at the same time . '' Jump up ^ Károlyi , Otto ( 1965 ) . Introducing Music . Penguin Books . p. 63 . Two or more notes sounding simultaneously are known as a chord . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Barry ( January 16 , 2008 ) . `` An explanation for the emergence of Jazz ( 1956 ) '' , Theory of Music . Jump up ^ Linkels , Ad , The Real Music of Paradise `` , In Broughton , Simon and Ellingham , Mark with McConnachie , James and Duane , Orla ( Ed . ) , World Music , Vol. 2 : Latin & North America , Caribbean , India , Asia and Pacific , pp 218 -- 229 . Rough Guides Ltd , Penguin Books . ISBN 1 - 85828 - 636 - 0 ^ Jump up to : Malm , William P. ( 1996 ) . Music Cultures of the Pacific , the Near East , and Asia . p. 15 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 182387 - 6 . Third edition : `` Indeed , this harmonic orientation is one of the major differences between Western and much non-Western music . '' Jump up ^ Moylan , William ( 2014 - 06 - 20 ) . Understanding and Crafting the Mix : The Art of Recording . CRC Press . ISBN 9781136117589 . ^ Jump up to : Arnold Schoenberg , Structural Functions of Harmony , Faber and Faber , 1983 , p. 1 - 2 . Jump up ^ Benward & Saker ( 2003 ) , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster , Inc. ( 1995 ) . `` Chord '' , Merriam - Webster 's dictionary of English usage , p. 243 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87779 - 132 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Chord '' , Oxford Dictionaries . Jump up ^ Dahlhaus , Car . `` Harmony '' . In L. Root , Deane . Grove Music Online . Oxford Music Online . Oxford University Press . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Károlyi , Ottó , Introducing Music , p. 63 . England : Penguin Books . Jump up ^ Arnold Schoenberg , Theory of Harmony , p. 26 : `` It is required of a chord that it consist of three different tones . '' Jump up ^ Schellenberg , E. Glenn ; Bigand , Emmanuel ; Poulin - Charronnat , Benedicte ; Garnier , Cecilia ; Stevens , Catherine ( Nov 2005 ) . `` Children 's implicit knowledge of harmony in Western music '' . Developmental Science . 8 ( 8 ) : 551 -- 566 . PMID 16246247 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7687.2005. 00447. x . Jump up ^ Duarter , John ( 2008 ) . Melody & Harmony for Guitarists , p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7866 - 7688 - 0 . Jump up ^ Benward & Saker ( 2003 ) , p. 185 . ^ Jump up to : Benward & Saker ( 2003 ) , p. 70 . ^ Jump up to : Benward & Saker ( 2003 ) , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Benward & Saker ( 2003 ) , p. 100 . ^ Jump up to : Benward & Saker ( 2003 ) , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Benward & Saker ( 2003 ) , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Benward & Saker ( 2003 ) , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Benward & Saker ( 2003 ) , p. 274 . Jump up ^ Winston Harrison , The Rockmaster System : Relating Ongoing Chords to the Keyboard -- Rock , Book 1 , Dellwin Publishing Co. 2005 , p. 33 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Pachet , François , Surprising Harmonies , International Journal on ComputingAnticipatory Systems , 1999 . ( 2 ) Archived March 30 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Pen , Ronald ( 1992 ) . Introduction to Music , p. 81 . McGraw - Hill , ISBN 0 - 07 - 038068 - 6 . `` In each case the note that forms the foundation pitch is called the root , the middle tone of the chord is designated the third ( because it is separated by the interval of a third from the root ) , and the top tone is referred to as the fifth ( because it is a fifth away from the root ) . '' Jump up ^ William G Andrews and Molly Sclater ( 2000 ) . Materials of Western Music Part 1 , p. 227 . ISBN 1 - 55122 - 034 - 2 . Jump up ^ Benward & Saker ( 2003 ) . Music : In Theory and Practice , Vol . I , p. 74 - 75 . Seventh Edition . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 294262 - 0 . Jump up ^ A minor augmented triad , C -- E ♭ -- G ♯ , is very rare ( it is enharmonically equivalent to the first inversion of A ♭ major ) and would generally be described instead as an altered fifth ( Cm ) . Jump up ^ The symbol Δ is ambiguous , as it is used by some as a synonym for M ( e.g. CΔ = CM and C = C ) , and by others as a synonym of M7 ( e.g. CΔ = C ) . Jump up ^ Haerle , Dan ( 1982 ) . The Jazz Language : A Theory Text for Jazz Composition and Improvisation , p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7604 - 0014 - 2 . Jump up ^ Policastro , Michael A. ( 1999 ) . Understanding How to Build Guitar Chords and Arpeggios , p. 168 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7866 - 4443 - 8 . Jump up ^ Benward & Saker ( 2003 ) , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Bert Weedon , Play in a Day , Faber Music Ltd , ISBN 0 - 571 - 52965 - 8 , passim - among a wide range of other guitar tutors Jump up ^ Dufrenne , Mikel ( 1989 ) . The Phenomenology of Aesthetic Experience , p. 253 . ISBN 0 - 8101 - 0591 - 8 . Jump up ^ Connie E. Mayfield ( 2012 ) `` Theory Essentials '' , p. 523 . ISBN 1 - 133 - 30818 - X . Jump up ^ Hanson , Howard . ( 1960 ) Harmonic Materials of Modern Music , p. 7ff . New York : Appleton - Century - Crofts . LOC 58 - 8138 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Horvit , and Nelson ( 2008 ) . Techniques and Materials of Music , p. 46 - 47 . ISBN 0 - 495 - 50054 - 2 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Horvit , and Nelson ( 2008 ) . Techniques and Materials of Music , p. 48 - 49 . ISBN 0 - 495 - 50054 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hawkins , Stan . `` Prince - Harmonic Analysis of ' Anna Stesia ' '' , p. 329 and 334n7 , Popular Music , Vol. 11 , No. 3 ( Oct. , 1992 ) , pp. 325 - 335 . Jump up ^ Miller , Michael ( 2005 ) . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to Music Theory , p. 119 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59257 - 437 - 7 . Jump up ^ Piston , Walter ( 1987 ) . Harmony ( 5th ed . ) , p. 66 . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 95480 - 3 . Jump up ^ Bartlette , Christopher , and Steven G. Laitz ( 2010 ) . Graduate Review of Tonal Theory . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 537698 - 2 Sources ( edit ) Grout , Donald Jay ( 1960 ) . A History Of Western Music . Norton Publishing . Dahlhaus , Carl . Gjerdingen , Robert O. trans . ( 1990 ) . Studies in the Origin of Harmonic Tonality , p. 67 . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 09135 - 8 . Goldman ( 1965 ) . Cited in Nattiez ( 1990 ) . Jones , George T. ( 1994 ) . HarperCollins College Outline Music Theory . ISBN 0 - 06 - 467168 - 2 . Nattiez , Jean - Jacques ( 1990 ) . Music and Discourse : Toward a Semiology of Music ( Musicologie générale et sémiologue , 1987 ) . Translated by Carolyn Abbate ( 1990 ) . ISBN 0 - 691 - 02714 - 5 . Norman Monath , Norman ( 1984 ) . How To Play Popular Piano In 10 Easy Lessons . Fireside Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 53067 - 4 . Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell , eds. ( 2001 ) . The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians . ISBN 1 - 56159 - 239 - 0 . Surmani , Andrew ( 2004 ) . Essentials of Music Theory : A Complete Self - Study Course for All Musicians . ISBN 0 - 7390 - 3635 - 1 . Further reading ( edit ) Benward , Bruce & Saker , Marilyn ( 2002 ) . Music in Theory and Practice , Volumes I & II ( 7th ed . ) . New York : McGraw Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 294262 - 2 . Mailman , Joshua B. ( 2015 ) . `` Schoenberg 's Chordal Experimentalism Revealed Through Representational Hierarchy Association ( RHA ) , Contour Motives , and Binary State Switching '' ( PDF ) . Music Theory Spectrum. 37 ( 2 ) : 224 -- 252 . Persichetti , Vincent ( 1961 ) . Twentieth - century Harmony : Creative Aspects and Practice . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 09539 - 8 . OCLC 398434 . Schejtman , Rod ( 2008 ) . Music Fundamentals . The Piano Encyclopedia . ISBN 978 - 987 - 25216 - 2 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Quotations related to Chord ( music ) at Wikiquote Media related to Chords at Wikimedia Commons How to Interpret Chord Symbols Consonance and dissonance Argument Avoid note Beating Cadence Chord Interval Nonchord tone Cambiata Changing tones Pedal point Preparation Resolution Musical note Spectra Consonances Unison Minor third Major third Perfect fourth Perfect fifth Minor sixth Major sixth Octave Dissonances Minor second Major second Tritone Minor seventh Major seventh List of musical intervals ( hide ) Chords By form Triad Major Minor Augmented Diminished Suspended Seventh Leading - tone Major Minor Dominant Dominant seventh flat five Diminished Half - diminished Diminished major Minor - major Augmented major Augmented minor Altered seventh Nondominant Harmonic seventh Extended Ninth Eleventh Thirteenth Upper structure Dominant 7 ♯ 9 Polychord Tone cluster Added / omitted Sixth Augmented sixth Lydian Seven six Specific Alpha Bridge Complexe sonore Dream Elektra Farben Grandmother Magic μ Mystic Northern lights Petrushka Psalms So What Tristan Viennese trichord General Mixed interval Secundal Tertian Quartal Synthetic chord By function Diatonic Tonic Dominant Subdominant Supertonic Mediant Submediant Leading / Subtonic Altered Approach Borrowed Chromatic mediant Neapolitan Passing Secondary Secondary dominant Secondary leading - tone Secondary supertonic Other Common Contrast Primary triad Subsidiary Substitute Techniques Barre Block Chordioid Chord - scale system Guitar Open Power Slash Other Arpeggio List of chords Factor Harmony Accompaniment Alberti bass Banjo roll Cadence Chord Chord progression Four - part Harmonic rhythm Harmonization List of chords List of chord progressions Note Pitch Sequence Simultaneity Voice leading Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chord_(music)&oldid=806375121 '' Categories : Chords Harmony Accompaniment Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 All articles with links needing disambiguation Articles with links needing disambiguation from October 2016 Pages linking to missing files Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 16 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chord%20%28music%29

where does time change from central to eastern

Eastern Time Zone

eastern time zone

The Eastern Time Zone ( ET ) is a time zone encompassing 17 U.S. states in the eastern part of the contiguous United States , parts of eastern Canada , the state of Quintana Roo in Mexico , Panama in Central America , and the Caribbean Islands .

Places that use Eastern Standard Time ( EST ) when observing standard time ( autumn / winter ) are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC − 05 : 00 ) . Eastern Daylight Time ( EDT ) , when observing daylight saving time DST ( spring / summer ) is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC − 04 : 00 ) . In the northern parts of the time zone , on the second Sunday in March , at 2 : 00 a.m. EST , clocks are advanced to 3 : 00 a.m. EDT leaving a one - hour `` gap '' . On the first Sunday in November , at 2 : 00 a.m. EDT , clocks are moved back to 1 : 00 a.m. EST , thus `` duplicating '' one hour . Southern parts of the zone ( Panama and the Caribbean ) do not observe daylight saving time . Contents 1 History 2 Daylight Saving Time 3 Canada 4 United States 5 Mexico 6 Caribbean Islands 7 Central and South America 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) The boundaries of the Eastern Time Zone have moved westward since the Interstate Commerce Commission took over time - zone management from railroads in 1938 . For example , the easternmost and northernmost counties in Kentucky were added to the zone in the 1940s , and in 1961 most of the state went Eastern . In 2000 , Wayne County , on the Tennessee border , switched from Central to Eastern . In March 2018 , the Florida Legislature passed a bill requesting authorization from Congress for year - round daylight savings time , which would effectively put Florida on Atlantic Standard Time year - round ( except for west of the Apalachicola River , which would be on Eastern Standard Time year - round ) . Daylight saving Time ( edit ) The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States . The act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987 . The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007 . So local times change at 2 : 00 a.m. EST to 3 : 00 a.m. EDT on the second Sunday in March and return at 2 : 00 a.m. EDT to 1 : 00 a.m. EST on the first Sunday in November . In Canada , the time changes as it does in the United States . Canada ( edit ) Main article : Time in Canada In Canada , the following provinces and territories are part of the Eastern Time Zone : Ontario , most of Quebec , most of Nunavut , most of All observe Daylight Saving Time in sync with the United States , with very localized exceptions . United States ( edit ) Main article : Time in the United States The boundary between time zones is set forth in the Code of Federal Regulations , with the boundary between the Eastern and Central Time Zones being specifically detailed at 49 CFR 71 . Seventeen states and Washington , D.C. are located entirely within the Eastern Time Zone . They are : Connecticut Delaware Georgia Maine Maryland Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Vermont Virginia West Virginia Five states are partly in the Eastern Time Zone , with the remaining portions in the Central Time Zone . They are : Florida - peninsula and Big Bend regions east of the Apalachicola River along with portions of Gulf County south of the Intracoastal Waterway . Indiana - all except for northwest ( Gary ) and southwest ( Evansville ) regions Kentucky - eastern 60 % Michigan : all , except for the four counties which border Wisconsin : Gogebic , Iron , Dickinson , and Menominee Tennessee : East Tennessee Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States because it includes the capital city ( Washington D.C. ) , the most populous city ( New York City ) , and half of the country 's population . For this reason , media organizations will often report when events happened or are scheduled to happen in Eastern Time even if they occurred in another time zone , and TV schedules are also almost always posted in Eastern Time . In the United States , all nationally televised morning programs ( except Good Morning America Weekend Edition which some ABC affiliates on the east coast air on a tape - delay ) , some daytime talk shows , evening newscasts , most talent and awards shows , and any other nationally televised event that airs live on American television during prime time and on the weekends ( such as sports television ) are broadcast live in the Eastern Time Zone . Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time , even if both teams are from the same time zone , outside of Eastern Time . For example , a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time ( for example , one may see `` Seattle at Los Angeles '' with `` 10 : 00 p.m. '' posted as the start time for the game , often without even clarifying the time is posted in Eastern time ) . Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time . National broadcast networks ( ABC , CBS , The CW , FOX , NBC ) generally have two primary feeds , an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones , and a tape - delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone . The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8 : 00 p.m. , with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7 : 00 p.m. local time . Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7 : 00 p.m. local time . As Arizona does not observe daylight saving time , during the summer months , it has its own feed at 7 : 00 p.m. local time . Cable channels with a separate western feed ( such as HBO , whose western feed is called `` HBOW '' ) generally air the same programming as the eastern feed delayed by three hours . Other cable networks such as the Discovery family of networks repeat their prime time programming three hours later ; this allows for the same show to be advertised as airing at `` 8 : 00 p.m. E / P '' ( that is , `` 8 : 00 p.m. Eastern and Pacific time '' ) . Networks specializing in the airing of sports events , such as ESPN , advertise all of their programming in Eastern and Pacific , incorporating the 3 - hour time difference ( as in `` 8 : 00 p.m. Eastern / 5 : 00 p.m. Pacific '' ) and leaving viewers in the remaining time zones to calculate start time in their own areas . Mexico ( edit ) Main article : Time in Mexico Quintana Roo : this eastern state followed CST for an almost - 17 - year period ( 1982 to some time in 1998 ) . After more than two years of lobbying by a coalition of local hotel owners with the backing of the state 's government , the Federal government approved the change to Quintana Roo 's time zone , moving it from Central Standard Time ( CST ) to Eastern Standard Time ( EST ) . The time change took effect on February 1 , 2015 . Caribbean Islands ( edit ) The Bahamas officially observe both Eastern Standard Time during the winter months and Eastern Daylight Time during the summer months . Cuba generally follows the U.S. with Eastern Standard Time in the winter , and Eastern Daylight Time in the summer , but the exact day of change varies year to year . Cayman Islands , Haiti , and Jamaica use Eastern Standard Time year - round . The Turks and Caicos Islands used to follow eastern time with daylight saving but switched in 2015 to the Atlantic Time Zone . Central and south America ( edit ) Panama in Central America uses Eastern Standard Time UTC − 05 year - round . The state of Acre and the southwest part of the state of Amazonas all in Brazil as well as Colombia , Ecuador ( except for the Galápagos Islands , which uses Central Standard Time ) , and Peru in South America also use EST ( UTC − 5 ) all year - round . See also ( edit ) Effects of time zones on North American broadcasting References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Why Louisville ? '' . Louisville magazine . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Klas , Mary Ellen ( 6 March 2018 ) . `` Legislature approves year - round daylight saving time -- but it 's not a done deal yet '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved 30 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Prerau , David ( 2006 ) . `` Early adoption and U.S. Law '' . Daylight Saving Time . Web Exhibit . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Law , Gwillim ( 2007 - 09 - 21 ) . `` United States Time Zones '' . Jump up ^ `` Daylight Saving Time Starts Sunday '' . Government of Ontario . 2008 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ The specification for the Eastern Time Zone is set forth at 49 CFR 71.4 , and is listed in Text and pdf formats . The boundary between Eastern and Central is set forth at 49 CFR 71.5 , and is listed in text and pdf formats . Jump up ^ http://legacy.decaturdaily.com/decaturdaily/news/060813/zones.shtml Jump up ^ `` SIID División de Politica Social `` Horario de Verano . Antecedentes y legislación comparada '' '' ( in Spanish ) . Chamber of Deputies ( Mexico ) . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` On Mexican Time : Changing Time Zones To Accommodate Tourism '' . Forbes . Retrieved 29 January 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official U.S. time in the Eastern time zone North American Time Zone border data and images World time zone map U.S. time zone map History of U.S. time zones and UTC conversion Canada time zone map Time zones for major world cities Official times across Canada Federal Regulations defining time zones Time zones in North America Time zone Hours from UTC : Standard time Hours from UTC : Daylight saving time Hawaii -- Aleutian ( in Hawaii ) -- 10 -- 10 Hawaii -- Aleutian ( in Alaska ) -- 10 -- 9 Alaska -- 9 -- 8 Pacific -- 8 -- 7 Mountain ( Arizona and Sonora only ) -- 7 -- 7 Mountain ( other states / provinces ) -- 7 -- 6 Central ( Saskatchewan only ) -- 6 -- 6 Central ( other states / provinces ) -- 6 -- 5 Eastern ( parts of Nunavut and the Caribbean ) -- 5 -- 5 Eastern ( other states / provinces ) -- 5 -- 4 Atlantic ( Natashquan River ) -- 4 -- 4 Atlantic ( other states / provinces ) -- 4 -- 3 Newfoundland -- 3 : 30 -- 2 : 30 Saint Pierre and Miquelon and most of Greenland -- 3 -- 2 See also Time in Canada Time in Denmark Time in Mexico Time in the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Time_Zone&oldid=854763197 '' Categories : Time zones Time in Canada Time in Mexico Time zones in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Pages using Infobox time zone All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Bosanski Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 16 : 17 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern%20Time%20Zone

who is most closely associated with the conformity experiment

Stanford prison experiment

stanford prison experiment

The Stanford prison experiment ( SPE ) was an attempt to investigate the psychological effects of perceived power , focusing on the struggle between prisoners and prison officers . It was conducted at Stanford University between August 14 -- 20 , 1971 , by a research group led by psychology professor Philip Zimbardo using college students . It was funded by the U.S. Office of Naval Research as an investigation into the causes of difficulties between guards and prisoners in the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps . The experiment is a topic covered in most introductory ( social ) psychology textbooks .

Guards and prisoners had been chosen randomly from the volunteering college students . Some participants developed their roles as the officers and enforced authoritarian measures and ultimately subjected some prisoners to psychological torture . Many of the prisoners passively accepted psychological abuse and , by the officers ' request , actively harassed other prisoners who tried to stop it . Zimbardo , in his role as the superintendent , allowed abuse to continue . Two of the prisoners left mid-experiment , and the whole exercise was abandoned after six days following the objections of graduate student Christina Maslach , whom Zimbardo was dating ( and later married ) . Certain portions of the experiment were filmed , and excerpts of footage are publicly available . Contents ( hide ) 1 Goals and methods 2 Results 3 Conclusions 4 Criticism 5 Comparisons to Abu Ghraib 6 Ethical issues 7 Similar studies 7.1 BBC prison study 7.2 Experiments in the United States 8 In popular culture 9 See also 10 Footnotes 11 References 12 External links Goals and methods ( edit ) Zimbardo and his team aimed to test the hypothesis that the inherent personality traits of prisoners and guards are the chief cause of abusive behavior in prison . Participants were recruited and told they would participate in a two - week prison simulation . The team selected the 24 males whom they deemed to be the most psychologically stable and healthy . These participants were predominantly white and of the middle class . The group was intentionally selected to exclude those with criminal backgrounds , psychological impairments , or medical problems . They all agreed to participate in a 7 - to 14 - day period and received $15 per day ( approximately $90 in 2017 ) . The experiment was conducted in a 35 - foot ( 10.5 m ) section of a basement of Jordan Hall ( Stanford 's psychology building ) . The prison had two fabricated walls , one at the entrance , and one at the cell wall to block observation . Each cell ( 6 × 9 feet , or 1.8 × 2.7 m ) , contained only a cot for the prisoners . In contrast , the guards lived in a very different environment , separated from the prisoners . They were given rest and relaxation areas , and other comforts . Twelve of the 24 participants were assigned the role of prisoner ( 9 plus 3 alternates ) , while the other 12 were assigned the role of guard ( also 9 plus 3 alternates ) . Zimbardo took on the role of the superintendent , and an undergraduate research assistant the role of the warden . Zimbardo designed the experiment in order to induce disorientation , depersonalization , and deindividuation in the participants . The researchers held an orientation session for guards the day before the experiment , during which guards were instructed not to physically harm the prisoners or withhold food or drink . In the footage of the study , Zimbardo can be seen talking to the guards : `` You can create in the prisoners feelings of boredom , a sense of fear to some degree , you can create a notion of arbitrariness that their life is totally controlled by us , by the system , you , me , and they 'll have no privacy ... We 're going to take away their individuality in various ways . In general what all this leads to is a sense of powerlessness . That is , in this situation we 'll have all the power and they 'll have none . '' The researchers provided the guards with wooden batons to establish their status , clothing similar to that of an actual prison guard ( khaki shirt and pants from a local military surplus store ) , and mirrored sunglasses to prevent eye contact . Prisoners wore uncomfortable , ill - fitting smocks and stocking caps , as well as a chain around one ankle . Guards were instructed to call prisoners by their assigned numbers , sewn on their uniforms , instead of by name . The prisoners were `` arrested '' at their homes and `` charged '' with armed robbery . The local Palo Alto police department assisted Zimbardo with the arrests and conducted full booking procedures on the prisoners , which included fingerprinting and taking mug shots . The prisoners were transported to the mock prison from the police station , where they were strip searched and given their new identities . The small mock prison cells were set up to hold three prisoners each . There was a small corridor for the prison yard , a closet for solitary confinement , and a bigger room across from the prisoners for the guards and warden . The prisoners were to stay in their cells and the yard all day and night until the end of the study . The guards worked in teams of three for eight - hour shifts . The guards were not required to stay on site after their shift . Results ( edit ) After a relatively uneventful first day , on the second day the prisoners in Cell 1 blockaded their cell door with their beds and took off their stocking caps , refusing to come out or follow the guards ' instructions . Guards from other shifts volunteered to work extra hours , to assist in subduing the revolt , and subsequently attacked the prisoners with fire extinguishers without being supervised by the research staff . Finding that handling nine cell mates with only three guards per shift was challenging , one of the guards suggested they use psychological tactics to control them . They set up a `` privilege cell '' in which prisoners who were not involved in the riot were treated with special rewards , such as higher quality meals . The `` privileged '' inmates chose not to eat the meal in commiseration with their fellow prisoners . After only 36 hours , one prisoner began to act `` crazy '' , as Zimbardo described : `` # 8612 then began to act crazy , to scream , to curse , to go into a rage that seemed out of control . It took quite a while before we became convinced that he was really suffering and that we had to release him . '' Guards forced the prisoners to repeat their assigned numbers to reinforce the idea that this was their new identity . Guards soon used these prisoner counts to harass the prisoners , using physical punishment such as protracted exercise for errors in the prisoner count . Sanitary conditions declined rapidly , exacerbated by the guards ' refusal to allow some prisoners to urinate or defecate anywhere but in a bucket placed in their cell . As punishment , the guards would not let the prisoners empty the sanitation bucket . Mattresses were a valued item in the prison , so the guards would punish prisoners by removing their mattresses , leaving them to sleep on concrete . Some prisoners were forced to be naked as a method of degradation . Several guards became increasingly cruel as the experiment continued ; experimenters reported that approximately one - third of the guards exhibited genuine sadistic tendencies . Most of the guards were upset when the experiment was halted after only six days . Zimbardo mentions his own absorption in the experiment . On the fourth day , some of the guards stated they heard a rumor that the released prisoner was going to come back with his friends and free the remaining inmates . Zimbardo and the guards disassembled the prison and moved it onto a different floor of the building . Zimbardo himself waited in the basement , in case the released prisoner showed up , and planned to tell him that the experiment had been terminated . The released prisoner never returned , and the prison was rebuilt in the basement . Zimbardo argued that the prisoners had internalized their roles , since some had stated they would accept `` parole '' even if it would mean forfeiting their pay , despite the fact that quitting would have achieved the same result without the delay involved in waiting for their parole requests to be granted or denied . Zimbardo argued they had no reason for continued participation in the experiment after having lost all monetary compensation , yet they did , because they had internalized the prisoner identity . Prisoner No. 416 , a newly admitted stand - by prisoner , expressed concern about the treatment of the other prisoners . The guards responded with more abuse . When he refused to eat his sausages , saying he was on a hunger strike , guards confined him to `` solitary confinement '' , a dark closet : `` the guards then instructed the other prisoners to repeatedly punch on the door while shouting at 416 . '' The guards said he would be released from solitary confinement only if the prisoners gave up their blankets and slept on their bare mattresses , which all but one refused to do . Zimbardo aborted the experiment early when Christina Maslach , a graduate student in psychology whom he was dating ( and later married ) , objected to the conditions of the prison after she was introduced to the experiment to conduct interviews . Zimbardo noted that , of more than 50 people who had observed the experiment , Maslach was the only one who questioned its morality . After only six days of a planned two weeks ' duration , the experiment was discontinued . Conclusions ( edit ) On August 20 , 1971 , Zimbardo announced the end of the experiment to the participants . The experiment 's results favor situational attribution of behavior over dispositional attribution ( a result caused by internal characteristics ) . It seemed that the situation , rather than their individual personalities , caused the participants ' behavior . Using this interpretation , the results are compatible with those of the Milgram experiment , where random participants complied with orders to administer seemingly dangerous and potentially lethal electric shocks to a shill . The experiment has also been used to illustrate cognitive dissonance theory and the power of authority . Shortly after the study was completed , there were bloody revolts at both the San Quentin and Attica prison facilities , and Zimbardo reported his findings on the experiment to the U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary . Participants ' behavior was modified due to the fact that they were watched as opposed to a lurking variable ( Hawthorne effect ) . Even knowing they were being observed , guards and prisoners acted differently than normal . Some guards felt the need to show their dominance even when it was not necessary . Zimbardo instructed the guards before the experiment to disrespect the prisoners in various ways . For example , they had to refer to prisoners by number rather than by name . This , according to Zimbardo , was intended to diminish the prisoners ' individuality . With no control , prisoners learned they had little effect on what happened to them , ultimately causing them to stop responding , and give up . Quick to realize that the guards were the highest in the hierarchy , prisoners began to accept their roles as less important human beings . The uniforms were given to all participants to erase individual identity , and participants were randomly chosen to be either a prisoner or guard to reduce individuality . A strength of the study is that it has altered the way US prisons are run . For example , juveniles accused of federal crimes are no longer housed before trial with adult prisoners , due to the risk of violence against them . Criticism ( edit ) Some of the guards ' behaviour led to dangerous and psychologically damaging situations . One third of the guards were judged to have exhibited `` genuine sadistic tendencies '' , while many prisoners were emotionally traumatized ; five of them had to be removed from the experiment early . After Maslach confronted Zimbardo and forced him to realize that he had been passively allowing unethical acts to be performed under his supervision , Zimbardo concluded that both prisoners and guards had become grossly absorbed in their roles and realized that he had likewise become as grossly absorbed in his own , and he terminated the experiment . Ethical concerns surrounding the experiment often draw comparisons to a similar experiment , conducted ten years earlier in 1961 at Yale University by Stanley Milgram . Because of the nature and questionable ethics of the experiment , Zimbardo found it impossible to keep traditional scientific controls in place . He was unable to remain a neutral observer , since he influenced the direction of the experiment as the prison 's superintendent . Conclusions and observations drawn by the experimenters were largely subjective and anecdotal , and the experiment is practically impossible for other researchers to accurately reproduce . Erich Fromm claimed to see generalizations in the experiment 's results and argued that the personality of an individual does affect behavior when imprisoned . This ran counter to the study 's conclusion that the prison situation itself controls the individual 's behavior . Fromm also argued that the amount of sadism in the `` normal '' subjects could not be determined with the methods employed to screen them . `` John Wayne '' ( the real - life Dave Eshelman ) , one of the guards in the experiment , said the study placed undue emphasis on the cruelty of the guards , and that he caused the escalation of events between guards and prisoners after he began to emulate a character from the 1967 film Cool Hand Luke . He further intensified his actions because he was nicknamed `` John Wayne '' by the other participants , even though he was trying to mimic actor Strother Martin , who had played the role of the sadistic prison Captain in the movie . What came over me was not an accident . It was planned . I set out with a definite plan in mind , to try to force the action , force something to happen , so that the researchers would have something to work with . After all , what could they possibly learn from guys sitting around like it was a country club ? So I consciously created this persona . I was in all kinds of drama productions in high school and college . It was something I was very familiar with : to take on another personality before you step out on the stage . I was kind of running my own experiment in there , by saying , `` How far can I push these things and how much abuse will these people take before they say , ' knock it off ? ' '' But the other guards did n't stop me . They seemed to join in . They were taking my lead . Not a single guard said , `` I do n't think we should do this . '' ― David Eshelman Also , researchers from Western Kentucky University argued that selection bias may have played a role in the results . The researchers recruited students for a study using an advertisement similar to the one used in the Stanford Prison Experiment , with some ads saying `` a psychological study '' ( the control group ) , and some with the words `` prison life '' as originally worded in Dr. Zimbardo 's Stanford Prison Experiment . It was found that students who responded to the classified advertisement for the `` prison study '' were higher in traits such as social dominance , aggression , authoritarianism , etc. and were lower in traits related to empathy and altruism when statistically compared to the control group participants . The study has been criticized for demand characteristics by psychologist Peter Gray . He argues that participants in psychological experiments are more likely to do what they believe the researchers want them to do . The guards were essentially told to be cruel . However , it could be argued that it was precisely this willingness to comply with the experiment 's questionable practices that showed how little was needed for the students to engage in such practices . Skeptical author Brian Dunning states : Most of the Stanford guards did not exhibit any cruel or unusual behavior , often being friendly and doing favors for the prisoners ... The statistical validity of the sample of participants , 24 male Stanford students of about the same age , has been called into question as being too small and restrictive to be generally applicable to the population at large ... ( and the fact that ) Zimbardo has dedicated much of his career to the promotion of the idea that bad environments drive bad behavior . Guards and prisoners were playing the role of their authority , which is subjective . They may have not acted the same in real life situations . In particular , the environment and authority roles they found themselves in changed their actions . Critics contend that not only was the sample size too minimal for extrapolation , but also having all of the experimental subjects be US male students gravely undercut the experiment 's validity . In other words , it 's entirely conceivable that replicating the experiment using a diverse group of people ( with different objectives and views in life ) would have produced radically distinct results ; that is , had the test subjects come from divergent socio - economic and psychological groups , different experimental results may well have resulted . Comparisons to Abu Ghraib ( edit ) When acts of prisoner torture and abuse at the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq were publicized in March 2004 , Zimbardo himself , who paid close attention to the details of the story , was struck by the similarity with his own experiment . He was dismayed by official military and government representatives ' shifting the blame for the torture and abuses in the Abu Ghraib American military prison onto `` a few bad apples '' rather than acknowledging the possibly systemic problems of a formally established military incarceration system . Eventually , Zimbardo became involved with the defense team of lawyers representing one of the Abu Ghraib prison guards , Staff Sergeant Ivan `` Chip '' Frederick . He was granted full access to all investigation and background reports , and testified as an expert witness in SSG Frederick 's court martial , which resulted in an eight - year prison sentence for Frederick in October 2004 . Zimbardo drew from his participation in the Frederick case to write the book The Lucifer Effect : Understanding How Good People Turn Evil , published by Random House in 2007 , which deals with the striking similarities between his own Stanford Prison Experiment and the Abu Ghraib abuses . Ethical issues ( edit ) The experiment was perceived by many to involve questionable ethics , the most serious concern being that it was continued even after participants expressed their desire to withdraw . Despite the fact that participants were told they had the right to leave at any time , Zimbardo did not allow this during the experiment . Zimbardo was faced with the ethical dilemma that the experiment could possibly return outstanding results if continued , but it might also adversely affect the participants ' well - being if not halted . Since the time of the Stanford experiment , ethical guidelines have been established for experiments involving human subjects . The Stanford Prison Experiment led to the implementation of rules to preclude any harmful treatment of participants . Before they are implemented , human studies must now be reviewed and found by an institutional review board ( US ) or ethics committee ( UK ) to be in accordance with ethical guidelines set by the American Psychological Association . These guidelines involve consideration of whether the potential benefit for science outweighs the possible risk for physical and psychological harm . A post-experimental debriefing is now considered an important ethical consideration to ensure that participants are not harmed in any way by their experience in an experiment . Though Zimbardo did conduct debriefing sessions , they were several years after the Stanford Prison Experiment . By that time numerous details were forgotten ; nonetheless , many participants reported that they experienced no lasting negative effects . Current standards specify that the debriefing process should occur as soon as possible to assess what psychological harm , if any , may have been done and to rehabilitate participants , if necessary . If there is an unavoidable delay in debriefing , the researcher is obligated to take steps to minimize harm . Similar studies ( edit ) BBC prison study ( edit ) Psychologists Alex Haslam and Steve Reicher conducted the BBC Prison Study in 2002 and published the results in 2006 . This was a partial replication of the Stanford prison experiment conducted with the assistance of the BBC , which broadcast events in the study in a documentary series called The Experiment . Their results and conclusions differed from Zimbardo 's and led to a number of publications on tyranny , stress , and leadership . The results were published in leading academic journals such as British Journal of Social Psychology , Journal of Applied Psychology , Social Psychology Quarterly , and Personality and Social Psychology Review . The BBC Prison Study is now taught as a core study on the UK A-level Psychology OCR syllabus . While Haslam and Reicher 's procedure was not a direct replication of Zimbardo 's , their study casts further doubt on the generality of his conclusions . Specifically , it questions the notion that people slip mindlessly into role and the idea that the dynamics of evil are in any way banal . Their research also points to the importance of leadership in the emergence of tyranny of the form displayed by Zimbardo when briefing guards in the Stanford experiment . Experiments in the United States ( edit ) The Stanford prison experiment was in part a response to the Milgram experiment at Yale beginning in 1961 and published in 1963 . The Third Wave experiment involved the use of authoritarian dynamics similar to Nazi Party methods of mass control in a classroom setting by high school teacher Ron Jones in Palo Alto , California , in 1976 with the goal of demonstrating to the class in a vivid way how the German public in World War II could have acted in the way it did . Although the veracity of Jones ' accounts has been questioned , several participants in the study have gone on record to confirm the events . In both experiments , participants found it difficult to leave the study due to the roles they were assigned . Both studies examine human nature and the effects of authority . Personalities of the subjects had little influence on both experiments despite the test prior to the prison experiment . In the Milgram and the Zimbardo studies , participants conform to social pressures . Conformity is strengthened by allowing some participants to feel more or less powerful than others . In both experiments , behavior is altered to match the group stereotype . In popular culture ( edit ) American science fiction writer Gene Wolfe published a story , When I was Ming the Merciless ( 1975 ) , inspired by the Stanford Prison Experiment . In the story , college student volunteers are randomly assigned to factions ( Blue , Green , and Yellow ) and locked in a campus building . Violence ensues . In 1977 , Italian director Carlo Tuzii adapted the experiment to an Italian environment . Italian students made a film based on it , La Gabbia ( The Cage ) . Quiet Rage : The Stanford Prison Experiment ( 1992 ) , is a documentary about the experiment , made available via the Stanford Prison Experiment website . The documentary was written by Zimbardo and directed and produced by Ken Musen . The novel Black Box , written by Mario Giordano and inspired by the experiment , was adapted for the screen by German director Oliver Hirschbiegel as Das Experiment ( 2001 ) . In the third season of the television series Veronica Mars ( 2006 -- 2007 ) , a variant of the experiment is recreated as an activity for a sociology class , the main difference being that the guards were expected to get information out of the prisoners . In an October 2008 episode of the NBC television show Life , Detectives Crews and Reese investigated a murder that took place at a prison experiment loosely modeled on the Stanford Prison Experiment . The 2010 film The Experiment is an English - language remake of the 2001 film Das Experiment . The Japanese serialized manga Prison School , first published in February 2011 , heavily references the Stanford Prison Experiment as the inspiration for Kate 's revenge plot . Broadening , a play in the 2012 Dublin Fringe Festival , was based on the Stanford experiment . The experiment was featured in a 2012 episode of Science 's Dark Matters : Twisted But True in the documentary short `` Creative Evil '' . In 2014 , the Danish national television channel DR3 recreated the experiment in the television series Ond , ondere , ondest . The 2015 film The Stanford Prison Experiment is another film based on the experiment . `` PhDead '' episode 154 of the TV series Castle , season 8 ( air date : October 5 , 2015 ) : Castle and Beckett investigate a murder and discover its relationship to a recreation of the Stanford Prison Experiment . In an October 2015 episode of the ITV television show Lewis , the second half mentions the Stanford prison experiment , and eventually the whole case revolves around it . In a December 2017 episode of the YouTube Red series Mind Field , Zimbardo discusses the experiment with host Michael Stevens with regards to what defines a hero . See also ( edit ) San Francisco Bay Area portal 1970s portal Prison portal Person - situation debate Trier social stress test Unethical human experimentation in the United States Eichmann in Jerusalem : A Report on the Banality of Evil Milgram experiment Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Stanford Prison Experiment -- A Simulation Study of the Psychology of Imprisonment Conducted at Stanford University Jump up ^ FAQ on official site Jump up ^ Intro to psychology textbooks gloss over criticisms of Zimbardo 's Stanford Prison Experiment Jump up ^ Beyond Ethics to Post-ethics : A Preface to a New Theory of Morality and Immorality , Peter Baofu Jump up ^ The Successes and Failures of Whistleblower Laws , Robert G. Vaughan Jump up ^ Smith , J.R. ; Haslam , S.A. , eds. ( 2012 ) . Social Psychology : Revisiting the Classic Studies . Sage . Jump up ^ Saletan , William ( 2004 - 05 - 12 ) . `` Situationist Ethics '' . Slate . ISSN 1091 - 2339 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Slideshow on official site '' . Prisonexp.org . p . Slide 4 . Jump up ^ Haney , C. ; Banks , W.C. ; Zimbardo , P.G. ( 1973 ) . `` Interpersonal dynamics in a simulated prison '' . International Journal of Criminology and Penology. 1 : 69 -- 97 . ^ Jump up to : `` Index of / downloads '' . www.zimbardo.com . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` C82SAD L07 Social Influence II The BBC Prison Experiment ( handout ) '' . Psychology.nottingham.ac.uk . Jump up ^ Haney , C. ; Banks , W.C. & Zimbardo , P.G. ( 1973 ) . `` Research reviews '' ( PDF ) . Zimbardo.com . Jump up ^ `` Slide tour '' . The Stanford Prison Experiment . ^ Jump up to : Zimbardo , P.G. ( 2007 ) . The Lucifer Effect : Understanding How Good People Turn Evil . New York : Random House . ^ Jump up to : `` The Lucifer Effect '' . lucifereffect.com . Jump up ^ `` The Standard Prison Experiment '' . Stanford University News Service . ^ Jump up to : Konnikova , Maria ( June 12 , 2015 ) . `` The Real Lesson of the Stanford Prison Experiment '' . The New Yorker . ^ Jump up to : `` Zimbardo -- Stanford Prison Experiment Simply Psychology '' . www.simplypsychology.org . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Zimbardo ( 2007 ) , The Lucifer Effect , p. 54 . Jump up ^ `` Conclusion '' . Stanford Prison Experiment . Jump up ^ `` ' John Wayne ' ( name withheld ) Interview : ' The Science of Evil ' '' . Primetime : Basic Instincts . KATU . January 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Eshelman , David ( July 2011 ) . `` The Menace Within '' . Stanford Alumni Magazine . Jump up ^ Carnahan , Thomas ; Sam McFarland ( 2007 ) . `` Revisiting the Stanford prison experiment : could participant self - selection have led to the cruelty ? '' ( PDF ) . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin . 33 ( 5 ) : 603 -- 14 . doi : 10.1177 / 0146167206292689 . PMID 17440210 . Jump up ^ Gray , Peter ( 2013 ) . `` Why Zimbardo 's Prison Experiment Is n't in My Textbook '' . Freedom to Learn blog . Jump up ^ Dunning , Brian ( 27 March 2008 ) . `` Skeptoid # 102 : What You Did n't Know about the Stanford Prison Experiment '' . Skeptoid . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Health & Human Services Code of Federal Regulations , Title 45 , Part 46 , Protection of Human Subjects Jump up ^ The Belmont Report , Office of the Secretary , Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research , The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects for Biomedical and Behavioral Research , April 18 , 1979 Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , The Nuremberg Code Jump up ^ American Psychological Association ( 2017 ) . Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct , Sec . 8.07 . http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/ Jump up ^ The BBC Prison Study Official Site Jump up ^ Interview of Alex Haslam at The Guardian Jump up ^ Reicher , Steve ; Haslam , Alex. `` Learning from the Experiment '' . The Psychologist ( Interview ) . Interview with Briggs , Pam . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Milgram Experiment Simply Psychology '' . www.simplypsychology.org . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Jones , Ron ( 1976 ) . `` The Third Wave '' . The Wave Home . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` several email exchanges with former students '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` A Look at the Original Students of The Third Wave and Their Teacher Ron Jones , 40 Years Later '' ^ Jump up to : `` Comparing Milgram 's Obedience and Zimbardo 's Prison Studies '' . PSY 101 -- Introduction to Psychology by Jeffrey Ricker , Ph. D. Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Wolfe , Gene ( 1975 ) . When I was Ming the Merciless . Jump up ^ `` Quiet Rage : The Stanford Prison Experiment ( 1992 documentary ) '' . Justice videos . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` Billy Crudup turns college students into prison guards in The Stanford Prison Experiment '' . Entertainment Weekly . References ( edit ) Carnahan , T. ; McFarland , S. ( 2007 ) . `` Revisiting the Stanford Prison Experiment : could participant self - selection have led to the cruelty ? '' . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin . 33 ( 5 ) : 603 -- 614 . doi : 10.1177 / 0146167206292689 . PMID 17440210 . Griggs , R.A. ( 2014 ) . `` Coverage of the Stanford Prison Experiment in introductory psychology textbooks '' . Teaching of Psychology . 41 : 195 -- 203 . doi : 10.1177 / 0098628314537968 . Haney , C. , Banks , W.C. , & Zimbardo , P.G. ( 1973 ) . `` Study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison '' , Naval Research Reviews , 9 , 1 -- 17 . Washington , DC : Office of Naval Research . Haney , C. ; Banks , W.C. ; Zimbardo , P.G. ( 1973 ) . `` Interpersonal dynamics in a simulated prison '' . International Journal of Criminology and Penology. 1 : 69 -- 97 . Haslam , S.A. ; Reicher , S.D. ( 2003 ) . `` Beyond Stanford : questioning a role - based explanation of tyranny '' . Dialogue ( Bulletin of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology ) . 18 : 22 -- 25 . Haslam , S.A. ; Reicher , S.D. ( 2006 ) . `` Stressing the group : social identity and the unfolding dynamics of responses to stress '' . Journal of Applied Psychology . 91 : 1037 -- 1052 . doi : 10.1037 / 0021 - 9010.91. 5.1037 . Haslam , S.A. ; Reicher , S.D. ( 2012 ) . `` When prisoners take over the prison : A social psychology of resistance '' . Personality and Social Psychology Review . 16 : 154 -- 179 . doi : 10.1177 / 1088868311419864 . Musen , K. & Zimbardo , P.G. ( 1991 ) . Quiet rage : The Stanford prison study . Videorecording . Stanford , CA : Psychology Dept. , Stanford University . Reicher ; Haslam , S.A. ( 2006 ) . `` Rethinking the psychology of tyranny : The BBC Prison Study '' . British Journal of Social Psychology . 45 : 1 -- 40 . Zimbardo , P.G. ( 1971 ) . `` The power and pathology of imprisonment '' , Congressional Record ( Serial No. 15 , 1971 - 10 - 25 ) . Hearings before Subcommittee No. 3 , of the United States House Committee on the Judiciary , Ninety - Second Congress , First Session on Corrections , Part II , Prisons , Prison Reform and Prisoner 's Rights : California . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . Zimbardo , P. G ( 2007 ) Understanding How Good People Turn Evil . Interview transcript . Democracy Now ! , March 30 , 2007 . Accessed 17 January 2015 . Haney , C. ; Banks , W.C. ; Zimbardo , P.G. ( 1973 ) . `` A study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison '' . Naval Research Review . 30 : 4 -- 17 . Mcleod , S. ( 2008 ) . Zimbardo -- Standford Prison Experiment / Simply Psychology . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 Ricker , J. ( 2011 , November 25 ) . Comparing Milgrams Obedience and Zimbardo 's Prison Studies . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 External links ( edit ) Stanford Prison Experiment , a website with info on the experiment and its impact Summary of the experiment Interviews with guards , prisoners , and researchers in July / August 2011 Stanford Magazine Zimbardo , P. ( 2007 ) . From Heavens to Hells to Heroes . In - Mind Magazine . The official website of the BBC Prison Study The Experiment ( IMDb ) -- German movie ( Das Experiment ) from 2001 inspired by the Stanford Experiment `` The Lie of the Stanford Prison Experiment '' , The Stanford Daily ( April 28 , 2005 ) , p. 4 -- Criticism by Carlo Prescott , ex-con and consultant / assistant for the experiment The Artificial Prison of the Human Mind Article with Comments . Philip Zimbardo on Democracy Now ! March 30 2007 Philip Zimbardo on The Daily Show , March 2007 BBC news article -- 40 years on , with video of Philip Zimbardo Philip G. Zimbardo Papers ( Stanford University Archives ) Abu Ghraib and the experiment : BBC News : Is it in anyone to abuse a captive ? BBC News : Why everyone 's not a torturer Ronald Hilton : US soldiers ' bad behavior and Stanford Prison Experiment Slate.com : Situationist Ethics : The Stanford Prison Experiment does n't explain Abu Ghraib , by William Saletan IMDb : Untitled Stanford Prison Experiment Project VIDEO : Talk to MIT re : new book : The Lucifer Effect Psychology Articles for Undergrad Degree and A-Level Study Incarceration Science Prison healthcare Criminology Penology Punishment Stanford prison experiment Prisoners Criminal Detainee Hostage Political prisoner Prisoner of conscience Prisoner of war Slave Prisons Types Black site Debtors ' Extermination camp Farm Internment Island Labor camp Battalion Chain gang Military Penal colony Corrective labor colony Prisoner - of - war camp Private Ship Youth detention center Elderly ward Security levels House arrest Administrative detention Death row Maximum security Open Supermax Components Cell Solitary confinement Commissary Cemetery Food Library Nursery Officer Warden Sally port Trusty system Escape List of prison escapes Helicopter prison escapes Prisoner - of - war escapes Culture Film Gang ( United States ) Handball Literature Blogs American Prison ring Slang Tattooing Social issues Abuse ( United States ) Contemplative programs Solitary confinement Education Informants LGBT Mentally ill people in the United States Mobile phones Pay - to - stay Overcrowding Private prisons ( United States ) Violence Rape ( United States ) Religion ( United States ) Riots Sexuality Strikes Suicide Protective custody Women in prison ( United States ) Organizations International Network of Prison Ministries African Prisons Project Florida Justice Institute POA ( trade union ) Prison abolition movement Prison Advice and Care Trust Prison Fellowship Prison Fellowship International Prison Legal News Prison Officers ' Association ( Ireland ) Prison Radio Prison Reform Trust Prison University Project The Prison Phoenix Trust WriteAPrisoner.com Leaving prison Escape Rehabilitation Work release Lists Countries by incarceration rate Prisons By country Australia China Chile Estonia Germany India Ireland Jamaica Japan North Korea Russia Soviet Union Gulag Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Imprisonment and detention Commons Criminal justice portal Conformity Group pressures Authoritarian personality Bandwagon effect Collectivism Coercive persuasion Consensus reality Contagion Behavioral Crime Hysterical Suicide Groupthink Hazing Herd mentality Indoctrination Memory conformity Milieu control Mobbing Nationalism Normalization Normative social influence Ostracism Panopticon Patriotism Peer pressure Peer review Pluralistic ignorance Propaganda Right - wing authoritarianism Scapegoating Shunning Social influence Socialization Spiral of silence Teasing Tyranny of the majority Xeer Conforming oneself Compliance Countersignaling Herd behavior Internalisation Social proof Obedience Experiments Asch conformity experiments Milgram experiment Stanford prison experiment Counterconformity Anti-authoritarianism Antisocial tendencies Auto - segregation Civil disobedience Cosmopolitanism Counterculture Culture jamming Deviance Eclecticism Eccentricity Hermit Idiosyncrasy Individualism Rebellion Ritual clown Satire Shock value Medical ethics cases Assisted suicide Betty and George Coumbias Dax Cowart Giovanni Nuvoli Sue Rodriguez Ramón Sampedro Piergiorgio Welby Jack Kevorkian Euthanasia / Withholding treatment Andrew Bedner Tony Bland Carol Carr Baby Doe Law Eluana Englaro June Hartley Robert Latimer Baby M Haleigh Poutre Karen Ann Quinlan Terri Schiavo case Gloria Taylor Medical opinion against parent / patient / guardian Betancourt v. Trinitas Commonwealth v. Twitchell Mordechai Dov Brody Lantz v. Coleman Charlie Gard case Tirhas Habtegiris Rom Houben Sun Hudson case Baby K Jesse Koochin Joseph Maraachli case Jahi McMath case Spiro Nikolouzos case Aruna Shanbaug case David Vetter Informed consent to treatment Ashley Treatment Gillick competence Marion 's Case Schloendorff v. Society of New York Hospital Christiane Völling Research Albert Stevens Albert Kligman 's dermatology experiments Deep sleep therapy Doctors ' trial Guatemala syphilis experiment Henrietta Lacks Human radiation experiments J. Marion Sims Jesse Gelsinger Joseph Gilbert Hamilton Moore v. Regents of the University of California Surgery to try to improve mental health Medical Experimentation on Black Americans Milgram experiment Radioactive iodine experiments Skid Row Cancer Study Stanford prison experiment Study 329 Plutonium injections Tuskegee syphilis experiment Willowbrook State School Greenberg v. Miami Children 's Hospital Research Institute Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanford_prison_experiment&oldid=827971927 '' Categories : 1971 in science 1971 in the United States Academic scandals Conformity Group processes History of psychology Human subject research in the United States Imprisonment and detention Psychology experiments Research ethics Stanford University 1971 in California Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2015 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from January 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Български Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018 , at 20 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford%20prison%20experiment

who was the first caption of india cricket team

Indian Test match captains Number Name Year Opposition Location Played Won Lost Drawn CK Nayudu 1932 England England 0 0 1933 / 4 England India 0 Total 0 Maharajkumar of Vizianagram 1936 England England 0 Total 0 Iftikhar Ali Khan Pataudi 1946 England England 0 Total 0 Lala Amarnath 1947 / 8 Australia Australia 5 0 1948 / 9 West Indies India 5 0 1952 / 3 Pakistan India 5 Total 15 6 7 5 Vijay Hazare 1951 / 2 England India 5 1952 England England 0 1952 / 3 West Indies West Indies 5 0 Total 14 5 8 6 Vinoo Mankad 1954 / 5 Pakistan Pakistan 5 0 0 5 1958 / 9 † West Indies India 0 0 Total 6 0 5 7 Ghulam Ahmed 1955 / 6 † New Zealand India 0 0 1958 / 9 West Indies India 0 0 Total 0 8 Polly Umrigar 1955 / 6 New Zealand India 0 1956 / 7 Australia India 0 1958 / 9 † West Indies India 0 0 Total 8 9 Hemu Adhikari 1958 / 9 † West Indian India 0 0 Total 0 0 10 Datta Gaekwad 1959 England England 0 0 Total 0 0 11 Pankaj Roy 1959 † England England 0 0 Total 0 0 12 Gulabrai Ramchand 1959 / 60 Australia India 5 Total 5 13 Nari Contractor 1960 / 1 Pakistan India 5 0 0 5 1961 / 2 England India 5 0 1961 / 2 † West Indies West Indies 0 0 Total 12 8 14 Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi 1961 / 2 West Indies West Indies 0 0 1963 / 4 England India 5 0 0 5 1964 / 5 Australia India 1964 / 5 New Zealand India 0 1966 / 7 West Indies India 0 1967 England England 0 0 1967 / 8 Australia Australia 0 0 1967 / 8 New Zealand New Zealand 0 1969 / 70 New Zealand India 1969 / 70 Australia India 5 1974 / 5 West Indies India 0 Total 40 9 19 12 15 Chandu Borde 1967 / 8 † Australia Australia 0 0 Total 0 0 16 Ajit Wadekar 1970 / 1 West Indies West Indies 5 0 1971 England England 0 1972 / 3 England India 5 England England 0 0 Total 16 8 17 Srinivas Venkataraghavan 1974 / 5 † West Indies India 0 0 1979 England England 0 Total 5 0 18 Sunil Gavaskar 1975 / 6 † New Zealand New Zealand 0 0 1978 / 9 West Indies India 6 0 5 1979 / 80 Australia India 6 0 1979 / 80 Pakistan India 5 0 1980 / 1 Australia Australia 1980 / 1 New Zealand New Zealand 0 1981 / 2 England India 6 0 5 1982 England England 0 1982 / 3 Sri Lanka India 0 0 1982 / 3 Pakistan Pakistan 6 0 1984 / 5 Pakistan Pakistan 0 0 1984 / 5 England India 5 Total 47 9 8 30 19 Bishan Singh Bedi 1975 / 6 New Zealand New Zealand 0 1975 / 6 West Indies West Indies 1976 / 7 New Zealand India 0 1976 / 7 England India 5 1977 / 8 Australia Australia 5 0 1978 / 9 Pakistan Pakistan 0 Total 22 6 11 5 20 Gundappa Viswanath 1979 / 80 † Pakistan India 0 0 1979 / 1980 England India 0 0 Total 0 21 Kapil Dev 1982 / 3 West Indies West Indies 5 0 1983 / 4 Pakistan India 0 0 1983 / 4 West Indies India 6 0 1985 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 0 1985 / 6 Australia Australia 0 0 1986 England England 0 1986 / 7 Australia India 0 0 1986 / 7 Sri Lanka India 0 1986 / 7 Pakistan India 5 0 Total 34 7 23 22 Dilip Vengsarkar 1987 / 8 West Indies India 0 1988 / 9 New Zealand India 0 1988 / 9 West Indies West Indies 0 Total 10 5 23 Ravi Shastri 1987 / 8 † West Indies India 0 0 Total 0 0 24 Krishnamachari Srikkanth 1989 / 90 Pakistan Pakistan 0 0 Total 0 0 25 Mohammad Azharuddin 1989 / 90 New Zealand New Zealand 0 England England 0 1990 / 1 Sri Lanka India 0 0 1991 / 2 Australia Australia 5 0 1992 / 3 Zimbabwe Zimbabwe 0 0 1992 / 3 South Africa South Africa 0 1992 / 3 England India 0 0 1992 / 3 Zimbabwe India 0 0 1993 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 0 1993 / 4 Sri Lanka India 0 0 1993 / 4 New Zealand New Zealand 0 0 1994 / 5 West Indies India 1995 / 6 New Zealand India 0 England England 0 1997 / 8 Australia India 0 1998 / 9 Zimbabwe Zimbabwe 0 0 1998 / 9 New Zealand New Zealand 0 1998 / 9 Pakistan India 0 1998 / 9 Pakistan India 0 0 1998 / 9 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 0 0 Total 47 14 14 19 26 Sachin Tendulkar 1996 / 7 Australia India 0 0 1996 / 7 South Africa India 0 1996 / 7 South Africa South Africa 0 1996 / 7 West Indies West Indies 5 0 1997 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 0 0 1997 / 8 Sri Lanka India 0 0 1999 / 2000 New Zealand India 0 1999 / 2000 Australia Australia 0 0 1999 / 2000 South Africa India 0 0 Total 25 9 12 27 Sourav Ganguly 2000 / 1 Bangladesh Bangladesh 0 0 2000 / 1 Zimbabwe India 0 2000 / 1 Australia India 0 2001 Zimbabwe Zimbabwe 0 2001 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 0 2001 / 2 South Africa South Africa 0 2001 / 2 England India 0 2001 / 2 Zimbabwe India 0 0 2001 / 2 West Indies West Indies 5 2002 England England 2002 / 3 West Indies India 0 2002 / 3 New Zealand New Zealand 0 0 2003 / 4 New Zealand India 0 0 2003 / 4 Australia Australia 2003 / 4 Pakistan Pakistan 0 0 2004 / 5 Australia India 0 2004 / 5 South Africa India 0 2004 / 5 Bangladesh Bangladesh 0 0 2004 / 5 Pakistan India 2005 / 6 Zimbabwe Zimbabwe 0 0 Total 49 21 13 15 28 Rahul Dravid 2003 / 4 † New Zealand India 0 0 2003 / 4 † Pakistan Pakistan 0 2004 / 5 † Australia India 0 2005 / 6 Sri Lanka India 0 2005 / 6 Pakistan Pakistan 0 2005 / 6 England India 2005 / 6 West Indies West Indies 0 2006 / 7 South Africa South Africa 0 2007 Bangladesh Bangladesh 0 2007 England England 0 Total 25 8 6 11 29 Virender Sehwag 2005 / 6 † Sri Lanka India 0 0 2009 † New Zealand New Zealand 0 0 2010 † Bangladesh Bangladesh 0 0 2012 † Australia Australia 0 0 Total 30 Anil Kumble 2007 Pakistan India 0 2007 / 8 Australia Australia 2008 South Africa India 0 2008 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 0 2008 Australia India 0 0 Total 14 5 6 31 Mahendra Singh Dhoni 2008 † South Africa India 0 0 2008 † Australia India 0 0 2008 England India 0 2009 New Zealand New Zealand 0 2009 Sri Lanka India 0 Bangladesh Bangladesh 0 0 South Africa India 0 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Australia India 0 0 New Zealand India 0 South Africa South Africa 2011 West Indies West Indies 0 2011 England England 0 0 2011 West Indies India 0 2011 / 12 Australia Australia 0 0 2012 New Zealand India 0 0 2012 / 13 England India 2012 / 13 Australia India 0 0 2013 / 14 West Indies India 0 0 2013 / 14 South Africa South Africa 0 2013 / 14 New Zealand New Zealand 0 2014 England England 5 2014 / 15 Australia Australia 0 Total 60 27 18 15 32 Virat Kohli 2014 / 15 † Australia Australia 0 2015 Bangladesh Bangladesh 0 0 2015 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 0 2015 / 16 South Africa India 0 2016 West Indies West Indies 0 2016 / 17 New Zealand India 0 0 2016 / 17 England India 5 0 2017 Bangladesh India 0 0 2017 Australia India 2017 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 0 0 2017 Sri Lanka India 0 2018 South Africa South Africa 0 2018 England England 0 Total 38 22 7 9 33 Ajinkya Rahane 2017 † Australia India 0 0 2018 Afghanistan India 0 0 Total 0 0 Grand Total ( 1932 - 2018 ) 523 146 160 217

CK Nayudu

List of India national cricket captains

list of india national cricket captains

The list includes all Indian captains of individual , women 's and youth cricket . India became a full member of the Imperial Cricket Conference ( now the International Cricket Council ) on 31 May 1926 . On 25 June 1932 it became the sixth Test nation after England , Australia , South Africa , the West Indies and New Zealand when they took on England at Lord 's . They played only seven tests , which were all against England , before the Second World War , losing five matches and drawing twice . Their first game against other opposition came in 1947 -- 48 when they played against Sir Donald Bradman 's Invincibles ( a name given to the Australia national cricket team of that time ) .

Contents 1 International cricket 1.1 Test match captains 1.2 One Day International captains 1.3 Twenty - 20 International captains 2 Women 's cricket 2.1 Test match captains 2.2 Women 's One - Day International captains 2.3 Women 's Twenty - 20 International captains 3 Youth cricket 3.1 Test match captains 3.2 Youth One - Day International captains 4 Bibliography 5 References 6 External links International cricket ( edit ) Where a player has a dagger ( † ) next to a Test match series in which he captained @ least one Test , it denotes that the player deputised for the appointed captain or was appointed for a minor proportion in a serIndia cricket team captains ies . Test match captains ( edit ) This is the list of the 33 cricketers who have captained the Indian cricket team for at least one Test match . Mahendra Singh Dhoni is the most successful Indian test captain with 27 wins . The table of results is complete as of 22 August 2018 . Indian Test match captains Number Name Year Opposition Location Played Won Lost Drawn CK Nayudu 1932 England England 0 0 1933 / 4 England India 0 Total 0 Maharajkumar of Vizianagram 1936 England England 0 Total 0 Iftikhar Ali Khan Pataudi 1946 England England 0 Total 0 Lala Amarnath 1947 / 8 Australia Australia 5 0 1948 / 9 West Indies India 5 0 1952 / 3 Pakistan India 5 Total 15 6 7 5 Vijay Hazare 1951 / 2 England India 5 1952 England England 0 1952 / 3 West Indies West Indies 5 0 Total 14 5 8 6 Vinoo Mankad 1954 / 5 Pakistan Pakistan 5 0 0 5 1958 / 9 † West Indies India 0 0 Total 6 0 5 7 Ghulam Ahmed 1955 / 6 † New Zealand India 0 0 1958 / 9 West Indies India 0 0 Total 0 8 Polly Umrigar 1955 / 6 New Zealand India 0 1956 / 7 Australia India 0 1958 / 9 † West Indies India 0 0 Total 8 9 Hemu Adhikari 1958 / 9 † West Indian India 0 0 Total 0 0 10 Datta Gaekwad 1959 England England 0 0 Total 0 0 11 Pankaj Roy 1959 † England England 0 0 Total 0 0 12 Gulabrai Ramchand 1959 / 60 Australia India 5 Total 5 13 Nari Contractor 1960 / 1 Pakistan India 5 0 0 5 1961 / 2 England India 5 0 1961 / 2 † West Indies West Indies 0 0 Total 12 8 14 Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi 1961 / 2 West Indies West Indies 0 0 1963 / 4 England India 5 0 0 5 1964 / 5 Australia India 1964 / 5 New Zealand India 0 1966 / 7 West Indies India 0 1967 England England 0 0 1967 / 8 Australia Australia 0 0 1967 / 8 New Zealand New Zealand 0 1969 / 70 New Zealand India 1969 / 70 Australia India 5 1974 / 5 West Indies India 0 Total 40 9 19 12 15 Chandu Borde 1967 / 8 † Australia Australia 0 0 Total 0 0 16 Ajit Wadekar 1970 / 1 West Indies West Indies 5 0 1971 England England 0 1972 / 3 England India 5 England England 0 0 Total 16 8 17 Srinivas Venkataraghavan 1974 / 5 † West Indies India 0 0 1979 England England 0 Total 5 0 18 Sunil Gavaskar 1975 / 6 † New Zealand New Zealand 0 0 1978 / 9 West Indies India 6 0 5 1979 / 80 Australia India 6 0 1979 / 80 Pakistan India 5 0 1980 / 1 Australia Australia 1980 / 1 New Zealand New Zealand 0 1981 / 2 England India 6 0 5 1982 England England 0 1982 / 3 Sri Lanka India 0 0 1982 / 3 Pakistan Pakistan 6 0 1984 / 5 Pakistan Pakistan 0 0 1984 / 5 England India 5 Total 47 9 8 30 19 Bishan Singh Bedi 1975 / 6 New Zealand New Zealand 0 1975 / 6 West Indies West Indies 1976 / 7 New Zealand India 0 1976 / 7 England India 5 1977 / 8 Australia Australia 5 0 1978 / 9 Pakistan Pakistan 0 Total 22 6 11 5 20 Gundappa Viswanath 1979 / 80 † Pakistan India 0 0 1979 / 1980 England India 0 0 Total 0 21 Kapil Dev 1982 / 3 West Indies West Indies 5 0 1983 / 4 Pakistan India 0 0 1983 / 4 West Indies India 6 0 1985 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 0 1985 / 6 Australia Australia 0 0 1986 England England 0 1986 / 7 Australia India 0 0 1986 / 7 Sri Lanka India 0 1986 / 7 Pakistan India 5 0 Total 34 7 23 22 Dilip Vengsarkar 1987 / 8 West Indies India 0 1988 / 9 New Zealand India 0 1988 / 9 West Indies West Indies 0 Total 10 5 23 Ravi Shastri 1987 / 8 † West Indies India 0 0 Total 0 0 24 Krishnamachari Srikkanth 1989 / 90 Pakistan Pakistan 0 0 Total 0 0 25 Mohammad Azharuddin 1989 / 90 New Zealand New Zealand 0 England England 0 1990 / 1 Sri Lanka India 0 0 1991 / 2 Australia Australia 5 0 1992 / 3 Zimbabwe Zimbabwe 0 0 1992 / 3 South Africa South Africa 0 1992 / 3 England India 0 0 1992 / 3 Zimbabwe India 0 0 1993 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 0 1993 / 4 Sri Lanka India 0 0 1993 / 4 New Zealand New Zealand 0 0 1994 / 5 West Indies India 1995 / 6 New Zealand India 0 England England 0 1997 / 8 Australia India 0 1998 / 9 Zimbabwe Zimbabwe 0 0 1998 / 9 New Zealand New Zealand 0 1998 / 9 Pakistan India 0 1998 / 9 Pakistan India 0 0 1998 / 9 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 0 0 Total 47 14 14 19 26 Sachin Tendulkar 1996 / 7 Australia India 0 0 1996 / 7 South Africa India 0 1996 / 7 South Africa South Africa 0 1996 / 7 West Indies West Indies 5 0 1997 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 0 0 1997 / 8 Sri Lanka India 0 0 1999 / 2000 New Zealand India 0 1999 / 2000 Australia Australia 0 0 1999 / 2000 South Africa India 0 0 Total 25 9 12 27 Sourav Ganguly 2000 / 1 Bangladesh Bangladesh 0 0 2000 / 1 Zimbabwe India 0 2000 / 1 Australia India 0 2001 Zimbabwe Zimbabwe 0 2001 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 0 2001 / 2 South Africa South Africa 0 2001 / 2 England India 0 2001 / 2 Zimbabwe India 0 0 2001 / 2 West Indies West Indies 5 2002 England England 2002 / 3 West Indies India 0 2002 / 3 New Zealand New Zealand 0 0 2003 / 4 New Zealand India 0 0 2003 / 4 Australia Australia 2003 / 4 Pakistan Pakistan 0 0 2004 / 5 Australia India 0 2004 / 5 South Africa India 0 2004 / 5 Bangladesh Bangladesh 0 0 2004 / 5 Pakistan India 2005 / 6 Zimbabwe Zimbabwe 0 0 Total 49 21 13 15 28 Rahul Dravid 2003 / 4 † New Zealand India 0 0 2003 / 4 † Pakistan Pakistan 0 2004 / 5 † Australia India 0 2005 / 6 Sri Lanka India 0 2005 / 6 Pakistan Pakistan 0 2005 / 6 England India 2005 / 6 West Indies West Indies 0 2006 / 7 South Africa South Africa 0 2007 Bangladesh Bangladesh 0 2007 England England 0 Total 25 8 6 11 29 Virender Sehwag 2005 / 6 † Sri Lanka India 0 0 2009 † New Zealand New Zealand 0 0 2010 † Bangladesh Bangladesh 0 0 2012 † Australia Australia 0 0 Total 30 Anil Kumble 2007 Pakistan India 0 2007 / 8 Australia Australia 2008 South Africa India 0 2008 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 0 2008 Australia India 0 0 Total 14 5 6 31 Mahendra Singh Dhoni 2008 † South Africa India 0 0 2008 † Australia India 0 0 2008 England India 0 2009 New Zealand New Zealand 0 2009 Sri Lanka India 0 Bangladesh Bangladesh 0 0 South Africa India 0 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Australia India 0 0 New Zealand India 0 South Africa South Africa 2011 West Indies West Indies 0 2011 England England 0 0 2011 West Indies India 0 2011 / 12 Australia Australia 0 0 2012 New Zealand India 0 0 2012 / 13 England India 2012 / 13 Australia India 0 0 2013 / 14 West Indies India 0 0 2013 / 14 South Africa South Africa 0 2013 / 14 New Zealand New Zealand 0 2014 England England 5 2014 / 15 Australia Australia 0 Total 60 27 18 15 32 Virat Kohli 2014 / 15 † Australia Australia 0 2015 Bangladesh Bangladesh 0 0 2015 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 0 2015 / 16 South Africa India 0 2016 West Indies West Indies 0 2016 / 17 New Zealand India 0 0 2016 / 17 England India 5 0 2017 Bangladesh India 0 0 2017 Australia India 2017 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 0 0 2017 Sri Lanka India 0 2018 South Africa South Africa 0 2018 England England 0 Total 38 22 7 9 33 Ajinkya Rahane 2017 † Australia India 0 0 2018 Afghanistan India 0 0 Total 0 0 Grand Total ( 1932 - 2018 ) 523 146 160 217 One Day International captains ( edit ) This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Indian cricket team for at least one One Day International . Total 24 players have captained India in ODIs out of which Mahendra Singh Dhoni is the most successful captain with 110 wins . He also hold record of highest loss with 74 match . Number Name Year Played Won Lost Tied No result Win % Ajit Wadekar 0 0 0 0.00 Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan 1975 -- 1979 7 6 0 0 14.28 Bishen Singh Bedi 1975 - 1978 0 0 25.00 Sunil Gavaskar 1980 - 1985 37 14 21 0 40.00 5 Gundappa Viswanath 1980 0 0 0 0.00 6 Kapil Dev 1982 - 1992 74 39 33 0 54.16 7 Syed Kirmani 0 0 0 0.00 8 Mohinder Amarnath 1984 0 0 0 NA 9 Ravi Shastri 1986 - 1991 11 7 0 0 36.36 10 Dilip Vengsarkar 1987 - 1988 18 8 10 0 0 44.44 11 Krishnamachari Srikkanth 13 8 0 33.33 12 Mohammad Azharuddin 1989 - 1999 174 90 76 6 53.57 13 Sachin Tendulkar 1996 - 1999 73 23 43 6 34.33 14 Ajay Jadeja 1997 - 1999 13 8 5 0 0 61.53 15 Sourav Ganguly 1999 -- 2005 146 76 65 0 5 53.90 16 Rahul Dravid 2000 - 2007 79 42 33 0 56.00 17 Anil Kumble 2001 0 0 0 100.00 18 Virender Sehwag 2003 - 2011 12 7 5 0 0 58.33 19 Mahendra Singh Dhoni 2007 -- 2017 199 110 74 11 58.51 20 Suresh Raina 12 6 5 0 54.54 21 Gautam Gambhir 6 6 0 0 0 100.00 22 Virat Kohli 2013 - present 49 38 10 0 79.16 23 Ajinkya Rahane 2015 0 0 0 100.00 24 Rohit Sharma 2017 0 0 0 66.66 Twenty - 20 International captains ( edit ) This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Indian cricket team for at least one Twenty 20 International. Only six players captained in T20I for India . From which Mahendra Singh Dhoni is most successful with 41 wins . Number Name Year Played Won Lost Tied No result Win % Virender Sehwag 2006 0 0 0 100.00 Mahendra Singh Dhoni 2007 -- 2016 73 42 28 59.85 Suresh Raina 0 0 0 100.00 Ajinkya Rahane 2015 0 0 50.00 5 Virat Kohli 2017 - present 15 10 5 0 0 66.66 6 Rohit Sharma 2017 - 2018 9 8 0 0 88.88 Total 103 65 35 63.10 Women 's cricket ( edit ) Where a player has a dagger ( † ) next to a Test match series in which she captained at least one Test , it denotes that the player deputised for the appointed captain or was appointed for a minor proportion in a series . Test match captains ( edit ) This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Indian women 's cricket team for at least one women 's Test match . The table of results is updated as 11 September 2014 . Indian women 's Test match captains Number Name Year Opposition Location Played Won Lost Drawn Shantha Rangaswamy 1976 / 7 West Indies India 6 1976 / 7 New Zealand New Zealand 0 0 1976 / 7 Australia Australia 0 0 1983 / 4 Australia India 0 0 Total 12 9 Nilima Jogalekar 1984 / 1985 † New Zealand India 0 0 Total 0 0 Diana Edulji 1984 / 5 New Zealand India 0 0 1986 England England 0 0 Total 0 0 Shubhangi Kulkarni 1986 † England England 0 0 1990 / 1 Australia Australia 0 Total 0 5 Sandhya Agarwal 1990 / 1 † Australia Australia 0 0 Total 0 0 6 Purnima Rau 1994 / 5 New Zealand New Zealand 0 0 1995 / 6 England India 0 Total 0 7 Pramila Bhatt 1995 / 6 † England India 0 0 Total 0 0 8 Chanderkanta Kaul 1999 England England 0 0 Total 0 0 9 Anjum Chopra 2001 / 2 England India 0 0 2001 / 2 South Africa South Africa 0 0 2002 England England 0 0 Total 0 10 Mamatha Maben 2003 / 4 New Zealand India 0 0 Total 0 0 11 Mithali Raj 2005 / 6 England India 0 0 2005 / 6 Australia Australia 0 0 2006 England England 0 2014 England England 0 0 Total 5 Total 35 6 25 Women 's one - Day International captains ( edit ) This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Indian women 's cricket team for at least one women 's one - day international . The World Cup Final appearance against Australia in 2004 / 5 represents India 's best performance in a Women 's World Cup . Indian women 's ODI captains Number Name Year Played Won Lost Tied No result Win % Diana Edulji 1977 / 8 , 1984 / 5 -- 1993 18 7 11 0 0 38.88 Shantha Rangaswamy 1981 / 2 - 1983 / 4 16 12 0 0 25.00 Shubhangi Kulkarni 1986 0 0 0 0.00 Purnima Rau 1994 / 5 - 1995 / 6 8 5 0 0 62.50 5 Pramila Bhatt 1995 / 6 - 1997 / 8 7 5 0 78.57 6 Chanderkanta Kaul 1999 0 0 75.00 7 Anju Jain 2000 / 1 8 5 0 0 62.50 8 Anjum Chopra 2001 / 2 - 2002 / 3 - 2011 / 2012 28 10 17 0 37.03 9 Mamatha Maben 2003 / 4 - 2004 / 5 19 14 5 0 0 73.68 10 Mithali Raj 2003 -- present 81 45 33 0 55.55 11 Jhulan Goswami 2008 - 2011 25 12 13 0 0 48.00 12 Rumeli Dhar 2008 - 2008 0 0 0 0.00 13 Harmanpreet Kaur 2013 -- 2013 0 0 0 100.00 Total 219 113 101 51.59 Women 's Twenty - 20 International captains ( edit ) This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Indian women 's cricket team for at least one Twenty 20 International . Number Name Year Played Won Lost Tied No result Win % Mithali Raj 2006 -- present 32 17 15 0 0 53.12 Jhulan Goswami 2008 - 2011 18 8 10 0 0 41.17 Anjum Chopra 2012 - 2012 10 7 0 0 30.00 Harmanpreet Kaur 2012 - 2016 13 9 0 0 69.23 Total 66 33 33 0 0 50.00 Youth cricket ( edit ) Test match captains ( edit ) This is a list of cricketers whose have captained the Indian Under - 19 cricket team for at least one under - 19 Test match . The very nature of Under - 19 cricket means that in practice no youth captains the side for more than one year . Four men , Srikkanth , Shastri , Dravid and Virat have gone on to captain the senior side . The table of results is complete as of August 2014 . * mark has been added after the names of players who went on to represent India in at least one men 's international match ( Test match or ODI match ) . Number Name Year Opposition Location Played Won Lost Drawn Krishnamachari Srikkanth * 1978 / 9 † Pakistan India 0 0 Vedraj Chauhan 1978 / 9 Pakistan India 0 0 Ravi Shastri * 1981 England England 0 0 Saba Karim * 1984 / 5 Australia India 0 5 Anju Mudkavi 1984 / 5 † Australia India 0 0 6 Amikar Dayal 1986 / 7 Australia Australia 0 7 Myluahanan Senthilnathan 1987 / 8 New Zealand New Zealand 0 0 8 Janardhanan Ramdas 1988 / 9 Pakistan Pakistan 0 9 Ranjib Biswal 1989 / 90 Pakistan India 0 10 Rahul Dravid * 1991 / 2 New Zealand India 0 11 Manoj Joglekar 1992 / 3 England India 12 Sridharan Sriram * 1993 / 4 Australia India 13 Amit Sharma 1994 England England 0 14 Kiran Powar 1994 / 5 Australia Australia 0 15 Sanjay Raul 1995 / 6 South Africa India 16 Ajit Agarkar * 1996 / 7 † Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 0 0 17 Jyoti Yadav 1996 / 7 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 0 18 Reetinder Sodhi * 1998 / 9 Sri Lanka India 0 0 19 Ajay Ratra * 2003 / 4 England India 0 20 Manvinder Bisla 2002 † England England 0 0 21 Yaleeka Gnaneswara Rao 2002 England England 0 22 Ambati Rayudu * 2004 / 5 England India 0 0 23 Tanmay Srivastava 2006 England England 0 2007 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 0 Total 5 0 24 Piyush Chawla * 2006 Pakistan India 0 0 2007 New Zealand India Total 5 25 Virat Kohli * 2008 South Africa South Africa 0 26 Ashok Menaria 2009 Australia Australia 0 27 Vijay Zol 2014 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 0 0 Total 69 20 12 37 Youth one - Day International captains ( edit ) This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Indian U-19 cricket team for at least one Under - 19 One Day International . India 's first great success in Under - 19 ODI cricket was in 1999 / 2000 , when they won the Under - 19 World Cup under the captaincy of Mohammad Kaif . The feat was repeated in 2008 / 9 and 2012 under the captaincy of Virat Kohli and Unmukt Chand . The table of results is complete as of 16 August 2014 . * mark has been added after the names of players who went on to represent India in at least one men 's international match ( Test match , ODI or T20 match ) . Number Name Year Played Won Lost Tied No result Win % Ravi Shastri 1981 0 0 0 0.00 Saba Karim 1985 0 0 0 0.00 Anju Mudkavi 1985 0 0 0 0.00 Amikar Dayal 1986 0 0 33.33 5 M. Senthilnathan 1988 8 5 0 0 62.50 6 Arjan Kripal Singh 1988 0 0 0 0.00 7 Ranjib Biswal 1989 / 90 5 0 0 80.00 8 Rahul Dravid 0 0 66.66 9 Manoj Joglekar 1993 0 0 0 100.00 10 Amit Sharma 1994 5 0 0 40.00 11 Kiran Powar 1995 0 0 33.33 12 Sanjay Raul 0 0 0 100.00 13 Jyoti Yadav 1997 / 8 0 0 33.33 14 Amit Pagnis 1997 6 0 0 66.66 15 Reetinder Sodhi 1999 0 0 0 100.00 16 Mohammad Kaif 1999 / 00 9 9 0 0 0 100.00 17 Ajay Ratra 2001 0 0 66.66 18 Parthiv Patel 2002 7 0 0 57.14 19 Yaleeka Gnaneswara Rao 2002 0 0 0 100.00 20 Ambati Rayudu 2003 / 04 10 8 0 0 80.00 21 Dinesh Karthik 0 0 0 0.00 22 Manoj Tiwary 2005 5 0 0 80.00 23 Ravikant Shukla 2005 / 06 17 15 0 0 88.23 24 Tanmay Srivastava 2006 / 07 7 7 0 0 0 100.00 25 Piyush Chawla 2006 / 07 12 11 0 0 91.66 26 Ravindra Jadeja 2007 0 0 0 100.00 27 Virat Kohli 2008 11 11 0 0 0 100.00 28 Ashok Menaria 2009 / 10 12 8 0 0 66.66 29 Unmukt Chand 2011 / 12 21 15 5 0 73.80 30 Vijay Zol 2013 / 14 22 18 0 85.71 31 Sanju Samson 2014 0 0 0 100.00 32 Ricky Bhui 2015 0 0 0 100.00 33 Virat Singh 2015 0 0 0 100.00 34 Rishabh Pant 2015 0 0 0 100.00 35 Ishan Kishan 2015 8 7 0 0 87.50 36 Abhishek Sharma 2016 5 5 0 0 00 100.00 Bibliography ( edit ) Surya Prakash Chaturvedi , Humaare Kaptaan : Naidu se Dhoni Tak , Rajkamal Prakashan , 2010 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` India -- Tests '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 8 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Includes one Tied Test Match ^ Jump up to : Asian Test Championship Jump up ^ `` Results Global ESPN Cricinfo '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Results Global ESPN Cricinfo '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Results Global ESPN Cricinfo '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Mohammed Azharuddin vs Sourav Ganguly vs MS Dhoni - Who is India 's best captain in recent times ? '' . 2014 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Win % = ( matches won + 0.5 * matches tied ) / ( matches played - matches abandoned ) and is rounded to the nearest number as percentage ^ Jump up to : Sourav Ganguly also captained the ACC Asian XI in the ODI against the ICC World XI held on 10 January 2005 for the World Cricket Tsunami Appeal . The ACC Asian XI lost that ODI Jump up ^ Match against Australia Women 's team during 1990 / 1 season in Manuka Oval ( Canberra ) was abandoned. ( Source : `` Australia Women v India Women -- India Women in Australia 1990 / 91 ( Only ODI ) '' . Cricketarchive.com . Retrieved 25 May 2007. ) However the match is not recorded in the game books . Jump up ^ Match against Australia Women 's team during 1994 / 5 season in Smallbone Park ( Rotorua ) abandoned . ( Source : `` Australia Women v India Women -- New Zealand Women 's Centenary Tournament 1994 / 95 '' . Cricketarchive.com . Retrieved 25 May 2007. ) However the match is not recorded in the game books. < / Jump up ^ The match between Indian women 's team and New Zealand women 's team in the 1997 / 98 Hero Honda Women 's Cricket World Cup at Nehru Stadium , Indore ended in a tie when India were dismissed for 176 . This is the only tied ODI game in Indian Women 's cricket . ( Source : `` India Women v New Zealand Women , Group B -- Hero Honda Women 's World Cup , 1997 / 98 , 21st Match '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 25 May 2007. ) Jump up ^ Match against Sri Lankan Women 's team during 1997 / 98 Hero Honda Women 's World Cup in Feroz Shah Kotla ( New Delhi ) abandoned . `` India Women v Sri Lanka Women -- Hero Honda Women 's World Cup 1997 / 98 ( Group B ) '' . Cricketarchive.com . Retrieved 25 May 2007 . However the match is not recorded in the game books . Jump up ^ New Zealand Women 's tour of India was cancelled . The tour was scheduled to have 5 ODI matches Jump up ^ Two of India 's matches in the 2002 Women 's Tri-Series involving England Women 's team and Ireland Women 's team were abandoned . The game at Riverside Ground ( Chester - le - Street ) is reflected in the rule books while another game at Fox Lodge Cricket Club ( Strabane ) is not reflected in the official records . Jump up ^ `` Indian women 's cricket team - Twenty 20 International '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 11 Sep 2012 . http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?captain_involve=7593;class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=won;result=1;result=2;result=3;result=4;team=6;template=results;type=team http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/individual/list_captains.html?class=1;id=6;type=team External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Captains of the India national cricket team . CricketArchive Cricinfo India Test cricket captains 1932 -- 1933 / 34 : Nayudu 1936 : Vizianagaram 1946 : Pataudi , Sr . 1947 / 48 -- 1952 / 53 : Amarnath 1951 / 52 -- 1952 / 53 : Hazare 1954 / 55 ; 1958 / 59 : Mankad 1955 / 56 ; 1958 / 59 : Ahmed 1955 / 56 -- 1956 / 57 ; 1958 / 59 : Umrigar 1958 / 59 : Adhikari 1959 : Gaekwad 1959 : Roy 1959 / 60 : Ramchand 1960 / 61 -- 1961 / 62 ; 1961 / 62 : Contractor 1961 / 62 -- 1974 / 75 : Pataudi , Jr . 1967 / 68 : Borde 1970 / 71 -- 1974 : Wadekar 1974 / 75 ; 1979 : Venkataraghavan 1975 / 76 ; 1978 / 79 -- 1984 / 85 : Gavaskar 1975 / 75 -- 1978 / 79 : Bedi 1979 / 80 ; 1979 / 80 : Viswanath 1982 / 83 -- 1986 / 87 : Kapil Dev 1987 / 88 -- 1988 / 89 : Vengsarkar 1987 / 88 : Shastri 1989 / 90 : Srikkanth 1989 / 90 -- 1998 / 99 : Azhar 1996 / 97 -- 1999 / 00 : Tendulkar 2000 / 01 -- 2005 / 06 : Ganguly 2003 / 04 ; 2004 / 05 ; 2005 / 06 -- 2007 : Dravid 2005 / 06 ; 2009 ; 2010 ; 2012 : Sehwag 2007 -- 2008 : Kumble 2008 -- 2014 : Dhoni 2014 / 15 ; 2015 -- : Kohli 2016 / 17 : Rahane Italics denote deputised captaincy India ODI cricket captains 1974 : Wadekar 1975 -- 1979 : Venkataraghavan 1975 / 76 -- 1978 / 79 : Bedi 1980 / 81 -- 1985 / 86 : Gavaskar 1980 / 81 : Viswanath 1982 / 83 -- 1992 / 93 : Kapil Dev 1983 / 84 : Kirmani 1984 / 85 : Amarnath 1986 / 87 -- 1991 / 92 : Shastri 1987 / 88 -- 1988 / 89 : Vengsarkar 1989 / 90 : Srikkanth 1989 / 90 -- 1999 : Azharuddin 1996 -- 1999 / 00 : Tendulkar 1997 / 98 -- 1999 / 00 : Jadeja 1999 -- 2005 : Ganguly 2000 / 01 -- 2007 : Dravid 2001 / 02 : Kumble 2003 -- 2011 : Sehwag 2007 -- 2016 : Dhoni 2010 -- 2014 : Raina 2011 : Gambhir 2013 -- present : Kohli 2015 : Rahane India T20I cricket captains 2006 : Sehwag 2007 -- 2016 : Dhoni 2010 -- 2011 : Raina 2015 : Rahane 2016 - : Kohli National cricket captains Test nations Afghanistan Australia Bangladesh England India Ireland New Zealand Pakistan South Africa Sri Lanka West Indies Zimbabwe ODI nations Bermuda Canada East Africa Hong Kong Kenya Namibia Nepal Netherlands Oman PNG Scotland United Arab Emirates United States of America Cricket in India Board of Control for Cricket in India ( BCCI ) National teams India India A U-19 Women Blind Zonal teams Central East North South West State teams Andhra Assam Baroda Bengal Chhattisgarh Delhi Gujarat Goa Haryana Himachal Pradesh Hyderabad Jammu & Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Mumbai Odisha Punjab Railways Rajasthan Saurashtra Services ( M ) Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttar Pradesh Vidarbha Tournaments First - class Ranji Trophy Duleep Trophy Irani Cup Senior Women 's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game One Day Vijay Hazare Trophy Deodhar Trophy BCCI Corporate Trophy Senior Women 's Challenger Trophy Senior Women 's One Day League NKP Salve Challenger Trophy ( defunct ) Twenty20 Indian Premier League Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy Senior Women 's T20 League Senior Women 's T20 Challenger Trophy Other Rohinton Baria Trophy Cooch Behar Trophy Celebrity Cricket League Indian Cricket League ( defunct ) BCCI Presidents Members Selectors Awards Mansur Ali Khan Pataudi Memorial Lecture National Cricket Academy Lists Captains Test wicket - keepers ODI wicket - keepers International grounds Test records ODI records T20I records Others History India -- Pakistan cricket rivalry Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_India_national_cricket_captains&oldid=856171061 '' Categories : Indian cricket captains India in international cricket Lists of Indian cricketers Lists of cricket captains Hidden categories : Use Indian English from July 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from September 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी മലയാളം मराठी ଓଡ଼ିଆ Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 10 : 32 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20India%20national%20cricket%20captains

when did the reds win the super rugby

2011 Super Rugby Final Event 2011 Super Rugby season Reds Crusaders 18 13 Date 9 July 2011 Venue Suncorp Stadium , Brisbane Referee Bryce Lawrence ( New Zealand ) Attendance 52,113 ← 2010 2012 →

2011

2011 Super Rugby final

2011 super rugby final

2011 Super Rugby Final Event 2011 Super Rugby season Reds Crusaders 18 13 Date 9 July 2011 Venue Suncorp Stadium , Brisbane Referee Bryce Lawrence ( New Zealand ) Attendance 52,113 ← 2010 2012 → The 2011 Super Rugby Final , was played between the Queensland Reds from Australia and the Crusaders from New Zealand on 9 July 2011 . It was the 16th final in the Super Rugby competition 's history and the first under the new 15 - team format . The Reds had qualified in first place after the regular competition rounds , while the Crusaders qualified in third . The Reds went straight to the semi-final , where they beat New Zealand team the Blues . The Crusaders hosted a qualifying final in Nelson beating the Sharks , and then travelled to Cape Town and beat the Stormers in the other semi-final . As the Reds had qualified higher , the final was hosted in Brisbane at Suncorp Stadium . The Crusaders went into the final as favourites , despite playing away from home and having travelled across many time - zones to reach the final . This was partly due to their impressive record , reaching ten finals in fourteen years and winning the Super Rugby championship seven times . The match was scoreless in the opening half hour with strong defence shown by both sides , but a try to Dan Carter gave the Crusaders an early lead . The Reds stayed in the game through two penalty kicks from Quade Cooper and went into half - time trailing by 6 -- 7 . The match opened up late in the game as fatigue took its toll on the defence from both sides . Carter kicked a penalty goal in the 49th minute to take the Crusaders to a four - point lead . The Reds hit back through a try to winger Digby Ioane . The conversion from Cooper took it to 13 -- 10 before Carter tied the score with a 45 - metre penalty kick in the 56th minute . With the score locked at 13 -- 13 , Reds scrum - half Will Genia broke the deadlock with a solo 30 metre run for the standout try of the match . The Reds held on to claim the title , scoring two tries to the Crusaders ' one , with the final score at 18 -- 13 . Contents 1 Road to the Final 2 Final match 2.1 First Half 2.2 Second Half 3 Match details 4 References Road to the final ( edit ) Final Standings Pos Team PD TB LB Pts Reds 13 0 + 120 5 66 Stormers 12 0 + 143 63 Crusaders 11 + 163 5 61 Blues 10 5 + 70 6 60 5 Waratahs 10 0 6 + 146 6 57 6 Sharks 10 5 + 68 6 57 7 Bulls 10 0 6 + 46 54 8 Highlanders 8 0 8 − 47 45 9 Hurricanes 5 9 − 70 5 5 42 10 Chiefs 6 9 − 16 40 11 Cheetahs 5 0 11 − 2 5 7 40 12 Western Force 5 9 − 83 0 5 37 13 Brumbies 11 − 123 33 14 Lions 12 − 126 5 29 15 Rebels 0 13 − 289 24 Main article : 2011 Super Rugby season The 2011 Super Rugby championship involved fifteen teams , five each from South Africa , Australia and New Zealand . The 2011 season was the 16th year of the competition , and the first in the new 15 team format ( 12 teams competed between 1996 and 2005 , before increasing to 14 between 2006 and 2010 ) . The 2011 competition began on 18 February with the regular competition rounds consisting of 120 matches over twenty one weeks . Each team played teams from their own country twice ( home and away ) and four teams from each of the other two countries once ( two at home and two away ) . The top six teams would advance to the finals . The Reds won the Australian conference and topped the overall standings , with just three losses during the season ( to the Brumbies , Waratahs , and Hurricanes ) . The Crusaders finished top of the New Zealand conference , an outstanding performance after the effect of the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake on the team , including the cancellation of their match with the Hurricanes and the loss of their home ground for the season . The Blues , Waratahs and Sharks filled the remaining three places as the next top finishers . The Blues hosted the Waratahs in Auckland in the first qualifying final , while the Sharks travelled to Nelson to play the Crusaders . There were two tries apiece scored by the Blues and Waratahs in the first qualifier , but the Blues prevailed with Lachie Munro kicking eleven points off the tee in their 26 -- 13 victory . In Nelson , the Crusaders beat the Sharks in the second qualifier , scoring four tries to one to win 36 -- 8 . For the semi-finals , the Blues travelled to Brisbane to play the Reds and the Crusaders flew to Cape Town to play the Stormers . Both games were won by a clear margin . Rod Davies scored a hat - trick of tries in Brisbane for the Reds to beat the Blues by four tries to one with a final score of 30 -- 13 . In the second semi-final at Cape Town , the Stormers and Crusaders scored two tries each , but All Black five eighth Dan Carter scored 17 points to secure the away victory for the Crusaders by 29 -- 10 . Qualifying finals Semifinals Grand final 24 June 2011 Blues 26 5 Waratahs 13 2 July 2011 Reds 30 Blues 13 9 July 2011 Reds 18 2 July 2011 Crusaders 13 Stormers 10 25 June 2011 Crusaders 29 Crusaders 36 6 Sharks 8 Final match ( edit ) When the same teams played at Suncorp Stadium a month before the final , the Reds had carried off a late 17 -- 16 victory against the Crusaders . Despite being away from home and having travelled over 100,000 kilometres during the year , the Crusaders still went into the match as favourites at odds of 8 / 15 . This was the 10th final for the Crusaders in 14 years and they had won the Super Rugby championship seven times . The Queensland Reds had won Super Rugby trophies twice before in the amateur era of the Super 10 , beating Natal 21 -- 10 in 1994 and Transvaal 30 - 16 in 1995 . First half ( edit ) The Crusaders held the territory and possession advantage early , but Dan Carter pushed a penalty attempt wide at the 15 minute mark . The Reds then wasted two opportunities from attacking positions . After a scoreless opening half hour , Quade Cooper kicked penalty goal in the 32nd minute . The Crusaders replied through a try to Carter who ran hard at the Reds ' defenders , kicking the ball ahead as he reached them on the quarter - line , before gliding through to regather and score with 34 minutes gone . He converted his own try to take a four - point lead . The combative defence of the Crusaders was effective in pressuring Cooper and Genia , who had controlled the play in the Red 's win against the Blues in the previous week 's semifinal , and largely kept them in check during the opening half . The Crusaders also made errors , though , in particular three not - straight line - out throws from hooker Corey Flynn which gave possession to the Reds . Cooper reduced the deficit with 38 minutes elapsed by kicking another penalty goal following his entanglement with Brad Thorn 's outstretched leg , and the score at half time was 6 -- 7 to the Crusaders . Second half ( edit ) Cooper started things brightly for the Reds after the break , stepping through the line with Rod Davies in support and getting a pass away but it fooled everyone and went to ground . The match opened up as fatigue took its toll on the defence from both sides . Richie McCaw thwarted a midfield break by Ben Tapaui with a critical ankle tap . In the 45th minute , a knock on by Digby Ioane gave a scrum to the Crusaders 20 metres out . Brad Thorn then barged over the line but no try was awarded as the TMO could n't see a grounding . This was a missed opportunity for the Crusaders as Thorn had 4 unmarked Crusaders to his left . From a scrum penalty a minute later , however , Carter kicked a penalty goal from 22 metres out to put the Crusaders ahead by four . The Reds retook the lead through a try to Ioane with some big stepping around Sonny Bill Williams and outright pace . Cooper converted it to make the score 13 -- 10 , but Carter levelled it up with a 45 - metre penalty kick shortly after . With the score at 13 all , Rob Simmons seemed to have broken the deadlock for the Reds with an intercept and long run in to the try - line before the referee ruled that he had knocked on . Will Genia proved to be the game breaker . The Reds gained a turnover 60 metres out from the Crusaders ' tryline . Anthony Faingaa passed the ball to Genia who accelerated through a gap near the ruck . The Crusaders replacement scrumhalf Kahn Fotuali'i attempted an ankle tap instead of a diving tackle , and missed . Genia was over the forty - metre line . Having Cooper to his left in support held off Sonny Bill Williams and Zac Guildford , leaving Sean Maitland to defend against Genia . With a fend on Maitland , Genia 's momentum carried him over the line to claim the standout try of the match . The Reds were in front with 10 minutes remaining . They held on to win their first major title since the game turned professional in the mid 1990s . The attendance of 52,113 was a then record crowd for Super Rugby in Australia . The Reds scored two tries to the Crusaders ' one , with the final score at 18 -- 13 . Will Genia was named as the Man of the Match . Match details ( edit ) 9 July 2011 19 : 40 Reds 18 -- 13 Crusaders Try : Digby Ioane 51 ' c , Will Genia 68 ' m Con : Quade Cooper ( 1 / 2 ) Pen : Quade Cooper ( 2 / 3 ) 32 ' , 38 ' Report Summary Try : Dan Carter 34 ' c Con : Dan Carter ( 1 / 1 ) Pen : Dan Carter ( 2 / 3 ) 49 ' , 56 ' Suncorp Stadium , Brisbane Attendance : 52,113 Referee : Bryce Lawrence Reds Crusaders Reds : FB 15 Jono Lance RW 14 Rodney Davies CT 13 Anthony Fainga'a SF 12 Ben Tapuai LW 11 Digby Ioane FF 10 Quade Cooper HB 9 Will Genia ( vc ) N8 8 Radike Samo OF 7 Beau Robinson BF 6 Scott Higginbotham RL 5 James Horwill ( c ) LL Rob Simmons TP Greg Holmes HK Saia Fainga'a LP Ben Daley Substitutes : HK 16 James Hanson LP 17 Guy Shepherdson RL 18 Adam Wallace - Harrison N8 19 Jake Schatz OF 20 Liam Gill SH 21 Ian Prior CT 22 Will Chambers Coach : Ewen McKenzie Crusaders : FB 15 Tom Marshall RW 14 Sean Maitland CT 13 Robbie Fruean SF 12 Sonny Bill Williams LW 11 Zac Guildford FF 10 Dan Carter HB 9 Andrew Ellis N8 8 Kieran Read OF 7 Richie McCaw ( c ) BF 6 George Whitelock RL 5 Sam Whitelock LL Brad Thorn TP Owen Franks HK Corey Flynn LP Wyatt Crockett Substitutes : HK 16 Quentin MacDonald LP 17 Ben Franks RL 18 Luke Romano N8 19 Matt Todd HB 20 Kahn Fotuali'i FF 21 Matt Berquist UB 22 Ryan Crotty Coach : Todd Blackadder Man of the Match : Will Genia ( Reds ) Touch judges : Stuart Dickinson Vinny Munro Television match official : George Ayoub References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Reds crowned 2011 Super Rugby champions '' . superxv.com. 9 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 11 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` About Super rugby '' . SANZAR . Archived from the original on 31 March 2014 . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Payten , Iain ( 24 June 2011 ) . `` NSW Waratahs lose knock - out Super Rugby final to Auckland Blues '' . The Daily Telegraph . News . Archived from the original on 30 May 2014 . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Crusaders too strong for Sharks '' . ESPNscrum. 25 June 2011 . Archived from the original on 30 May 2014 . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Queensland Reds beat the Blues to head into Super Rugby final '' . Rugbydump. 3 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 30 May 2014 . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Crusaders beat the Stormers to set up final vs the Reds '' . Rugbydump. 4 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 30 May 2014 . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Super Rugby fairytale Crusaders ending ruined by Red devils '' . Daily Maverick. 9 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 12 November 2014 . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Will Genia wins Super Rugby player of the year '' . superxv.com. 26 July 2012 . Archived from the original on 5 February 2013 . Retrieved 29 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Reds v Crusaders at Brisbane '' . ESPN Scrum. 9 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 31 December 2013 . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Preceded by 2010 Super 14 Final Super Rugby Final 2011 Succeeded by 2012 Super Rugby Final Super Rugby Teams Australian Conference Brumbies Rebels Reds Sunwolves Waratahs New Zealand Conference Blues Chiefs Crusaders Highlanders Hurricanes South African Conference Bulls Jaguares Lions Sharks Stormers Former teams Cats Cheetahs Western Force Southern Kings Super 12 seasons Super 14 seasons 2006 2007 2008 2009 Super Rugby seasons 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Super Rugby finals 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Player transfers 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 SANZAAR Champions Records Centurions Franchise areas Trophy Super W Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2011_Super_Rugby_Final&oldid=813672145 '' Categories : 2011 Super Rugby season Super Rugby finals 2011 in Australian rugby union 2011 in New Zealand rugby union Queensland Reds matches Crusaders ( rugby union ) matches Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 December 2017 , at 17 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%20Super%20Rugby%20Final

when did the baroque period start and end

The Baroque ( US : / bəˈroʊk / or UK : / bəˈrɒk / ) is a highly ornate and often extravagant style of architecture , art and music that flourished in Europe from the early 17th until the late 18th century . It followed the Renaissance style and preceded the Neoclassical style . It was encouraged by the Catholic Church as a means to counter the simplicity and austerity of Protestant architecture , art and music , though Lutheran Baroque art developed in parts of Europe as well . The baroque style used contrast , movement , exuberant detail , grandeur and surprise to achieve a sense of awe . The style began in the first third of the 17th century in Rome , then spread rapidly to France , northern Italy , Spain and Portugal , then to Austria and southern Germany . By the 1730s , it had evolved into an even more flamboyant variant , called rocaille or Rococo , which appeared in France and central Europe until the late 18th century .

from the early 17th until the late 18th century

Baroque

baroque

The Baroque Baldachino of St. Peter 's Basilica by Bernini ; Louis XIV by Bernini ; The Toilet of Venus by François Boucher ; Wieskirche , Bavaria Years active 17th - 18th century Country Europe and Latin America The Baroque ( US : / bəˈroʊk / or UK : / bəˈrɒk / ) is a highly ornate and often extravagant style of architecture , art and music that flourished in Europe from the early 17th until the late 18th century . It followed the Renaissance style and preceded the Neoclassical style . It was encouraged by the Catholic Church as a means to counter the simplicity and austerity of Protestant architecture , art and music , though Lutheran Baroque art developed in parts of Europe as well . The baroque style used contrast , movement , exuberant detail , grandeur and surprise to achieve a sense of awe . The style began in the first third of the 17th century in Rome , then spread rapidly to France , northern Italy , Spain and Portugal , then to Austria and southern Germany . By the 1730s , it had evolved into an even more flamboyant variant , called rocaille or Rococo , which appeared in France and central Europe until the late 18th century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin of word 2 Architecture : origins and characteristics 2.1 Italian Baroque architecture 2.2 Spanish Baroque architecture 2.3 Central Europe and Rococo ( 1740s -- 1770s ) 2.4 French Baroque or Classicism 2.5 Russian Baroque 3 Painting 4 Sculpture 5 Music and ballet 5.1 Composers and examples 6 Theatre 7 End of the style , condemnation and academic rediscovery 8 Italian Baroque 9 Spanish Baroque 10 Baroque in Germany , Austria and Central Europe 11 French Baroque , or Style Louis XIV 12 See also 13 Notes 14 Books cited in text 15 Further reading 16 External links Origin of word ( edit ) The word baroque was a Portuguese term for a pearl ( barocco ) with an irregular shape . Cognates for the term in other Romance languages include : barroco in Portuguese , barrueco in Spanish , and barocco in Italian . It was used in French to describe pearls in a 1531 inventory of Charles V 's treasures . In the 18th century , the term was usually used to describe music . In an anonymous satirical review of the première of Jean - Philippe Rameau 's Hippolyte et Aricie in October 1733 , which was printed in the Mercure de France in May 1734 , the critic wrote that the novelty in this opera was `` du barocque '' , complaining that the music lacked coherent melody , was unsparing with dissonances , constantly changed key and meter , and speedily ran through every compositional device . Jean - Jacques Rousseau , who was a musician and composer as well as philosopher , wrote in 1768 in the Encylopedié : `` Baroque music is that in which the harmony is confused , and loaded with modulations and dissonances . The singing is harsh and unnatural , the intonation difficult , and the movement limited . It appears that term comes from the word ' baroco ' used by logicians . '' The word was first used to describe the period of art that followed the Renaissance in 1855 by the Swiss art historian Jacob Burckhardt in an article in the journal Le Cicerone . He used the term to attack the movement for subverting the values of the Renaissance . The term `` style baroque '' did not enter into the dictionary of the Académie française until 1878 , when it lost its original negative connotation . In 1888 , the art historian Heinrich Wölfflin published the first serious academic work on the style , Renaissance und Barock , which described the differences between the painting , sculpture , and architecture of the Renaissance and the Baroque . Architecture : origins and characteristics ( edit ) Main article : Baroque architecture Quadratura or Trompe l'oeil ceiling of the Church of the Jesu , Rome , by Giovanni Battista Gaulli ( 1669 -- 1683 ) The Baroque style of architecture was a result of doctrines adopted by the Catholic Church at the Council of Trent in 1545 -- 63 , in response to the Protestant Reformation . The first phase of the Counter-Reformation had imposed a severe , academic style on religious architecture , which had appealed to intellectuals but not the mass of churchgoers . The Council of Trent decided instead to appeal to a more popular audience , and declared that the arts should communicate religious themes with direct and emotional involvement . Lutheran Baroque art developed as a confessional marker of identity , in response to the Great Iconoclasm of Calvinists . Baroque churches were designed with a large central space , where the worshippers could be close to the altar , with a dome or cupola high overhead , allowing light to illuminate the church below . The dome was one of the central symbolic features of baroque architecture illustrating the union between the heavens and the earth , The inside of the cupola was lavishly decorated with paintings of angels and saints , and with stucco statuettes of angels , giving the impression to those below of looking up at heaven . Another feature of baroque churches are the quadratura ; tromp - l'oeil paintings on the ceiling in stucco frames , either real or painted , crowded with paintings of saints and angels and connected by architectural details with the balustrades and consoles . Quadratura paintings of Atlantes below the cornices appear to be supporting the ceiling of the church . Unlike the painted ceilings of Michelangelo in the Sistine Chapel , which combined different scenes , each with its own perspective , to be looked at one at a time , the Baroque ceiling paintings were carefully created so the viewer on the floor of the church would see the entire ceiling in correct perspective , as if the figures were real . The interiors of baroque churches became more and more ornate in the High Baroque , and focused around the altar , usually placed under the dome . The most celebrated baroque decorative works of the High Baroque are the Chair of Saint Peter ( 1647 -- 53 ) and the Baldachino of St. Peter ( 1623 -- 34 ) , both by Gian Lorenzo Bernini , in St. Peter 's Basilica in Rome . The Baldequin of St. Peter is an example of the balance of opposites in Baroque art ; the gigantic proportions of the piece , with the apparent lightness of the canopy ; and the contrast between the solid twisted columns , bronze , gold and marble of the piece with the flowing draperies of the angels on the canopy . The Dresden Frauenkirche serves as a prominent example of Lutheran Baroque art , which was completed in 1743 after being commissioned by the Lutheran city council of Dresden and was `` compared by eighteenth - century observers to St Peter 's in Rome '' . The twisted column in the interior of churches is one of the signature features of the Baroque . It gives both a sense of motion and also a dramatic new way of reflecting light . The cartouche was another characteristic feature of baroque decoration . These were large plaques of carved of marble or stone , usually oval and with a rounded surface , which carried images or text in gilded letters , and were placed as interior decoration or above the doorways of buildings , delivering messages to those below . They showed a wide variety of invention , and were found in all types of buildings , from cathedrals and palaces to small chapels . Baroque architects sometimes used forced perspective to create illusions . For the Palazzo Spada in Rome , Borromini used columns of diminishing size , a narrowing floor and a miniature statue in the garden beyond to create the illusion that a passageway was thirty meters long , when it was actually only seven meters long . A statue at the end of the passage appears to be life - size , though it is only sixty centimeters high . Borromini designed the illusion with the assistance of a mathematician . Italian Baroque architecture ( edit ) Facade of St. Peter 's Basilica ( early17th century ) Santa Maria della Salute , Venice ( 1631 -- 1687 ) The first building in Rome to have a Baroque facade was the Church of the Gesù in 1584 ; it was plain by later Baroque standards , but marked a break with the traditional Renaissance facades that preceded it . The interior of this church remained very austere until the high Baroque , when it was lavishly ornamented . In Rome in 1605 , Paul V became the first of series of popes who commissioned basilicas and church buildings designed to inspire emotion and awe through a proliferation of forms , and a richness of colors and dramatic effects . Among the most influential monuments of the Early Baroque were the facade of St. Peter 's Basilica ( 1606 -- 1619 ) , and the new nave and loggia which connected the facade to Michelangelo 's dome in the earlier church . The new design created a dramatic contrast between the soaring dome and the disproportionately wide facade , and the contrast on the facade itself between the Doric columns and the great mass of the portico . In the mid to late 17th century the style reached its peak , later termed the High Baroque . Many monumental works were commissioned by Popes Urban VIII and Alexander VII . The sculptor and architect Gian Lorenzo Bernini designed a new quadruple colonnade around St. Peter 's Square ( 1656 to 1667 ) . The three galleries of columns in a giant ellipse balance the oversize dome and give the Church and square a unity and the feeling of a giant theater . Another major innovator of the Italian High Baroque was Francesco Borromini , whose major work was the Church of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane or Saint Charles of the Four Fountains ( 1634 -- 46 ) . The sense of movement is given not by the decoration , but by the walls themselves , which undulate and by concave and convex elements , including an oval tower and balcony inserted into a concae traverse . The interior was equally revolutionary ; the main space of the church was oval , beneath an oval dome . Painted ceilings , crowded with angels and saints and tromp - l'oeil architectural effects , were an important feature of the Italian High Baroque . Major works included The Entry of Saint Ignace into Paradise by Andrea Pozzo ( 1685 -- 1695 ) in the Church of Saint Ignatius in Rome , and The triumph of the name of Jesus by Giovanni Battista Gaulli in the Church of the Gesù in Rome ( 1669 -- 1683 ) , which featured figures spilling out of the picture frame and dramatic oblique lighting and light - dark contrasts . The style spread quickly from Rome to other regions of Italy : It appeared in Venice in the church of Santa Maria della Salute ( 1631 -- 1687 ) by Baldassare Longhena , a highly original octagonal form crowned with an enormous cupola . It appeared also in Turin , notably in the Chapel of the Holy Shroud ( 1668 -- 1694 ) by Guarino Guarini . The style also began to be used in palaces ; Guarini designed the Palazzo Carignano in Turin , while Longhena designed the Ca ' Rezzonico on the Grand Canal , ( 1657 ) , finished by Giorgio Massari with decorated with paintings by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo . A series of massive earthquakes in Sicily required the rebuilding of most of the , and several were built in the exuberant late Baroque or Rococo style . Spanish Baroque architecture ( edit ) Main article : Spanish Baroque architecture The towers of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela by Fernando de Casas Novoa ( 1680 ( center tower ) and 1738 -- 50 ) Palace of San Telmo , Seville ( 1682 ) The Catholic Church in Spain , and particularly the Jesuits , were the driving force of Spanish Baroque Architecture . The first major work in the style was the San Isidro Chapel in Madrid , begun in 1643 by Pedro de la Torre . It contrasted an extreme richness of ornament on the exterior with simplicity in the interior , divided into multiple spaces and using effects of light to create a sense of mystery . The Cathedral in Santiago de Compostela was modernized with a series of Baroque additions beginning at the end of the 17th century , starting with a highly - ornate bell tower ( 1680 ) , then flanked by two even taller and more ornate towers , called the Obradorio , added between 1738 and 1750 by Fernando de Casas Novoa , Another landmark of the Spanish Baroque is the chapel tower of the Palace of San Telmo in Seville by Leonardo de Figueroa . Granada had only been liberated from the Moors in the 15th century , and had its own distinct variety of Baroque . The painter , sculptor and architect Alonso Cano designed the Baroque interior of Granada Cathedral between 1652 and his death in 1657 . It features dramatic contrasts of the massive white columns and gold decor . Some of the most and ornamental and lavishly decorated architecture of the period was designed by the brothers Churriguera , who worked primarily in Salamanca and Madrid . The Church of San Esteban in Salamanca ( 1693 ) is one of the most ornate baroque churches anywhere . Their other works include the buildings on the city 's main square , the Plaza Mayor of Salamanca ( 1729 ) . Other notable Spanish baroque architects of the late Baroque include Pedro de Ribera , a pupil of Churriguera , who designed the Royal Hospice of San Fernando in Madrid , and Narciso Tomé , who designed the celebrated El Transparente altarpiece at Toledo Cathedral ( 1729 -- 32 ) which gives the illusion , in certain light , of floating upwards . The architects of the Spanish Baroque had an effect far beyond Spain ; their work was highly influential in the churches built in the Spanish colonies in Latin America and the Philippines . The Church built by the Jesuits for a college in Tepotzotlán , with its ornate Baroque facade and tower , is a good example . Central Europe and Rococo ( 1740s -- 1770s ) ( edit ) Main article : Rococo St. Nicholas Church ( Malá Strana ) Prague ( 1704 -- 1755 ) Karlskirche , Vienna , by Joseph Emanuel Fischer von Erlach ( 1732 -- 1737 ) The Wiesekirche in Bavaria by Dominikus Zimmermann ( 1745 -- 1754 ) From 1680 to 1750 , many highly ornate cathedrals , abbeys , and pilgrimage churches were built in central Europe , in Bavaria , Austria , and what is now the Czech Republic . The princes of the multitude of states in that region also chose Baroque for their palaces and residences , and often used Italian - trained architects to construct them . Notable architects included Johann Fischer von Erlach , Lukas von Hildebrandt and Dominikus Zimmermann in Bavaria , Balthasar Neumann in Bruhl , and Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann in Dresden . In Prussia , Frederic II of Prussia was inspired the Grand Trianon of the Palace of Versailles , and used it as the model for his summer residence , Sanssouci , in Potsdam , designed for him by Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff ( 1745 -- 1747 ) . Another work of baroque palace architecture is the Zwinger in Potsdam , the former orangerie of the palace of the Dukes of Saxony in the 18th century . One of the best examples of rococo churches is the Basilika Vierzehnheiligen , or Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers , a pilgrimage church located near the town of Bad Staffelstein near Bamberg , in Bavaria , southern Germany . The Basilica was designed by Balthasar Neumann and was constructed between 1743 and 1772 , its plan a series of interlocking circles around a central oval with the altar placed in the exact center of the church . The interior of this church illustrates the summit of Rococo decoration . Another notable example of the style is the Pilgrimage Church of Wies ( German : Wieskirche ) . It was designed by the brothers J.B. and Dominikus Zimmermann . It is located in the foothills of the Alps , in the municipality of Steingaden in the Weilheim - Schongau district , Bavaria , Germany. Construction took place between 1745 and 1754 , and the interior was decorated with frescoes and with stuccowork in the tradition of the Wessobrunner School . It is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Another notable example is the St. Nicholas Church ( Malá Strana ) in Prague ( 1704 -- 55 ) , built by Christoph Dientzenhofer and his son Kilian Ignaz Dientzenhofer . Decoration covers all of walls of interior of the church . The altar is placed in the nave beneath the central dome , and surrounded by chapels , Light comes down from the dome above and from the surrounding chapels . The altar is entirely surrounded by arches , columns , curved balustrades and pilasters of colored stone , which are richly decorated with statuary , creating a deliberate confusion between the real architecture and the decoration . The architecture is transformed into a theater of light , color and movement . French Baroque or Classicism ( edit ) Main article : French Baroque architecture Chateau de Balleroy by François Mansart ( 1626 -- 1636 ) Palace of Versailles ( begun by Louis Le Vau in 1661 ) France largely resisted the ornate baroque style of Italy , Spain , Vienna and the rest of Europe . The French Baroque style ( often termed Grand Classicism or simply Classicism in France ) is closely associated with the works built for Louis XIV and Louis XV ; it features more geometric order and measure than baroque , and less elaborate decoration on the facades and in the interiors . Louis XIV invited the master of baroque , Bernini , to submit a design for the new wing of the Louvre , but rejected it in favor of a more classical design by Claude Perrault and Louis Le Vau . The principal architects of the style included François Mansart ( Chateau de Balleroy , 1626 -- 1636 ) , Pierre Le Muet ( Church of Val - de-Grace , 1645 -- 1665 ) , Louis Le Vau ( Vaux - le - Vicomte , 1657 -- 1661 ) and especially Jules Hardouin Mansart and Robert de Cotte , whose work included the Galerie des Glaces and the Grand Trianon at Versailles ( 1687 -- 1688 ) . Mansart was also responsible for the Baroque - classicism of the Place Vendôme ( 1686 -- 1699 ) . The major work of the period was the Palace of Versailles , begun in 1661 by Le Vau with decoration by the painter Charles Le Brun . The gardens were designed by André Le Nôtre specifically to complement and amplify the architecture . The Galerie des Glaces ( Hall of Mirrors ) , the centerpiece of the château , with paintings by Le Brun , was constructed between 1678 and 1686 . Mansart completed the Grand Trianon in 1687 . The chapel , designed by de Cotte , was finished in 1710 . Following the death of Louis XIV , Louis XV added the more intimate Petit Trianon and the highly ornate theater . The fountains in the gardens were designed to be seen from the interior , and to add to the dramatic effect . The palace was admired and copied by other monarchs of Europe , particularly Peter the Great of Russia , who visited Versailles early in the reign of Louis XV , and built his own version at Peterhof Palace near Saint Petersburg , between 1705 and 1725 . Russian Baroque ( edit ) The Catherine Palace by Bartolomeo Rastrelli ( 1752 - ) The Great Church of the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg , by Rastrelli ( 1753 -- 1759 ) The debut of Russian Baroque , or Petrine Baroque , followed a long visit of Peter the Great to western Europe in 1697 - 98 , where he visited the Chateaux of Fontainebleu and Versailles and other architectural monuments . He decided , on his return to Russia , to construct similar monuments in St. Petersburg , when he moved the Russian capital there in 1712 . Early major monuments in the Petrine baroque include the Peter and Paul Cathedral and Menshikov Palace . During the reign of Empress Anna and Elizaveta Petrovna , Russian architecture was dominated by the luxurious baroque style of Bartolomeo Rastrelli ; called Elizabethan Baroque . Rastrelli 's signature buildings include the Winter Palace , the Catherine Palace and the Smolny Cathedral . Other distinctive monuments of the Elizabethan Baroque are the bell tower of the Troitse - Sergiyeva Lavra and the Red Gate . Painting ( edit ) Main article : Baroque painting The Raising of the Cross by Peter Paul Rubens ( 1610 -- 1611 ) The Toilet of Venus by François Boucher ( 1755 ) Baroque painters worked deliberately to set themselves apart from the painters of the Renaissance . In their palette , they used included intense and warm colors , and particularly made use of the primary colors of painting at the time , red , blue and yellow , frequently putting all three in close proximity . In their lighting , they avoided the even lighting of Renaissance painting and used strong contrasts of light and darkness on certain parts of the picture to direct attention to the central actions or figures . In their composition , they avoided the tranquil scenes of Renaissance paintings , and chose the moments of the greatest movement and drama . Unlike the tranquil faces of Renaissance paintings , the faces in Baroque paintings clearly expressed their emotions . They often used asymmetry , with action occurring away from the center of the picture , and created axes that were neither vertical or horizontal , but slanting to the left or right , giving a sense of instability and movement . They enhanced this impression of movement by having the costumes of the personages blown by the wind , or moved by their own gestures . The overall impressions were movement , emotion and drama . Another essential element of baroque painting was allegory ; every painting told a story and had a message , often encrypted in symbols and allegorical characters , which an educated viewer was expected to know and read . Peter Paul Rubens introduced the Flemish Baroque in 1610 -- 11 , with the skillful combination of emotions , movement and drama , In Italy , artists often collaborated with architects on interior decoration ; Pietro da Cortona was one of the painters of the 17th century who employed this illusionist way of painting . Among his most important commissions were the frescoes he painted for the Palace of the Barberini family ( 1633 -- 39 ) , to glorify the reign of Pope Urban VIII . Pietro da Cortona 's compositions were the largest decorative frescoes executed in Rome since the work of Michelangelo at the Sistine Chapel . They gave the viewers looking up at the ceiling the impression that they were seeing the sky filled with saints and angels . Other major painters associated closely with the Baroque style include Guido Reni , Domenichino , Caravaggio , Andrea Pozzo , Paolo de Matteis and Annibale Carracci in Italy ; Nicolas Poussin and Georges de La Tour in France ( though Poussin spent most of his working life in Italy ) , Francisco de Zurbarán in Spain , and Adam Elsheimer in Germany . François Boucher was an important figure in the late French Baroque , in what was known as the rocaille style , who designed tapestries , carpets and theater decoration as well as painting . His work was extremely popular with Madame Pompadour , the Mistress of King Louis XV . His paintings featured mythological romantic , and mildly erotic themes . Sculpture ( edit ) Main article : Baroque sculpture Ecstasy of St. Teresa , by Bernini ( 1647 -- 1652 ) Bust of Louis XIV by Bernini , Versailles ( 1665 ) The dominant figure in baroque sculpture was Gian Lorenzo Bernini . Under the patronage of Pope Urban VIII , he made a remarkable series of monumental statues of saints and figures whose faces and gestures vividly expressed their emotions , as well as portrait busts of exceptional realism , and highly decorative works for the Vatican , including the imposing Chair of St. Peter beneath the dome in St. Peter 's Basilica In addition , he designed fountains with monumental groups of sculpture to decorate the major squares of Rome . Baroque sculpture was particularly inspired by ancient Roman statuary , particularly by the famous statue of Laocoön from the First Century A.D. , which was on display in the gallery of the Vatican . When he visited Paris in 1665 , Bernini addressed the students at the Academy of painting and sculpture , he advised the students to work from classical models , rather than from nature . He told the students , `` When I had trouble with my first statue , i consulted the Antinous like an oracle . '' Notable late French baroque sculptors included Étienne Maurice Falconet and Jean Baptiste Pigalle . Pigalle was commissioned by Frederick the Great to make statues for Frederick 's own version of Versailles at Sanssouci in Potsdam , Germany . Falconet also received an important foreign commission , creating the famous statue of Peter the Great on horseback found in St. Petersburg . In Spain , the sculptor Francisco Salzillo worked exclusively on religious themes , using polychromed wood . Some of the finest baroque sculptural craftsmanship was found in the gilded stucco altars of churches of the Spanish colonies of the New World , made by local craftsmen ; examples include the Rosary Chapel of the Church of Santo Domingo in Oaxaca , Mexico ( 1724 -- 31 ) . Music and ballet ( edit ) Main articles : Baroque music and Baroque dance Louis XIV in costume for the Ballet Royal de la Nuit ( 1653 ) Antonio Vivaldi , ( 1678 -- 1741 ) The term Baroque is also used to designate the style of music composed during a period that overlaps with that of Baroque art . The first uses of the term ' baroque ' for music were criticisms . In an anonymous , satirical review of the première in October 1733 of Rameau 's Hippolyte et Aricie , printed in the Mercure de France in May 1734 . The critic implied that the novelty in this opera was `` du barocque , '' complaining that the music lacked coherent melody , was filled with unremitting dissonances , constantly changed key and meter , and speedily ran through every compositional device . Jean - Jacques Rousseau , who was a musician and noted composer as well as philosopher , made a very similar observation in 1768 in the famous Encylopedié of Denis Diderot : `` Baroque music is that in which the harmony is confused , and loaded with modulations and dissonances . The singing is harsh and unnatural , the intonation difficult , and the movement limited . It appears that term comes from the word ' baroco ' used by logicians . '' Common use of the term for the music of the period began only in 1919 , by Curt Sachs , and it was not until 1940 that it was first used in English in an article published by Manfred Bukofzer . The baroque was a period of musical experimentation and innovation . New forms were invented , including the concerto and sinfonia . Opera was born in Italy at the end of the 16th century ( with Jacopo Peri 's mostly lost Dafne , produced in Florence in 1598 ) and soon spread through the rest of Europe : Louis XIV created the first Royal Academy of Music , In 1669 , the poet Pierre Perrin opened an academy of opera in Paris , the first opera theater in France open to the public , and premiered Pomone , the first grand opera in French , with music by Robert Cambert , with five acts , elaborate stage macheriny , and a ballet . Heinrich Schütz in Germany , Jean - Baptiste Lully in France , and Henry Purcell in England all helped to establish their national traditions in the 17th century . The classical ballet also originated in the Baroque era . The style of court dance was brought to France by Marie de Medici , and in the beginning the members of the court themselves were the dancers . Louis XIV himself performed in public in several ballets . In March 1662 , the Académie Royale de Danse , was founded by the King . It was the first professional dance school and company , and set the standards and vocabulary for ballet throughout Europe during the period . Several new instruments , including the piano , were introduced during this period . The invention of the piano is credited to Bartolomeo Cristofori ( 1655 -- 1731 ) of Padua , Italy , who was employed by Ferdinando de ' Medici , Grand Prince of Tuscany , as the Keeper of the Instruments ... Cristofori named the instrument un cimbalo di cipresso di piano e forte ( `` a keyboard of cypress with soft and loud '' ) , abbreviated over time as pianoforte , fortepiano , and later , simply , piano . Composers and examples ( edit ) Giovanni Gabrieli ( c. 1554 / 1557 -- 1612 ) Sonata pian ' e forte ( 1597 ) , In Ecclesiis ( from Symphoniae sacrae book 2 , 1615 ) Giovanni Girolamo Kapsperger ( c. 1580 -- 1651 ) Libro primo di villanelle , 20 ( 1610 ) Claudio Monteverdi ( 1567 -- 1643 ) , L'Orfeo , favola in musica ( 1610 ) Heinrich Schütz ( 1585 -- 1672 ) , Musikalische Exequien ( 1629 , 1647 , 1650 ) Francesco Cavalli ( 1602 -- 1676 ) , L'Egisto ( 1643 ) , Ercole amante ( 1662 ) , Scipione affricano ( 1664 ) Jean - Baptiste Lully ( 1632 -- 1687 ) , Armide ( 1686 ) Marc - Antoine Charpentier ( 1643 -- 1704 ) , Te Deum ( 1688 -- 1698 ) Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber ( 1644 -- 1704 ) , Mystery Sonatas ( 1681 ) John Blow ( 1649 -- 1708 ) , Venus and Adonis ( 1680 -- 1687 ) Johann Pachelbel ( 1653 -- 1706 ) , Canon in D ( 1680 ) Arcangelo Corelli ( 1653 -- 1713 ) , 12 concerti grossi , Op. 6 ( 1714 ) Marin Marais ( 1656 -- 1728 ) , Sonnerie de Ste - Geneviève du Mont - de-Paris ( 1723 ) Henry Purcell ( 1659 -- 1695 ) , Dido and Aeneas ( 1688 ) Alessandro Scarlatti ( 1660 -- 1725 ) , L'honestà negli amori ( 1680 ) , Il Pompeo ( 1683 ) , Mitridate Eupatore ( 1707 ) François Couperin ( 1668 -- 1733 ) , Les barricades mystérieuses ( 1717 ) Tomaso Albinoni ( 1671 -- 1751 ) , Didone abbandonata ( 1724 ) Antonio Vivaldi ( 1678 -- 1741 ) , The Four Seasons ( 1725 ) Jan Dismas Zelenka ( 1679 -- 1745 ) , Il Serpente di Bronzo ( 1730 ) , Missa Sanctissimae Trinitatis ( 1736 ) Georg Philipp Telemann ( 1681 -- 1767 ) , Der Tag des Gerichts ( 1762 ) Johann David Heinichen ( 1683 -- 1729 ) Jean - Philippe Rameau ( 1683 -- 1764 ) , Dardanus ( 1739 ) George Frideric Handel ( 1685 -- 1759 ) , Water Music ( 1717 ) , Messiah ( 1741 ) Domenico Scarlatti ( 1685 -- 1757 ) , Sonatas for harpsichord Johann Sebastian Bach ( 1685 -- 1750 ) , Toccata and Fugue in D minor ( 1703 -- 1707 ) , Brandenburg Concertos ( 1721 ) , St Matthew Passion ( 1727 ) Nicola Porpora ( 1686 -- 1768 ) , Semiramide riconosciuta ( 1729 ) Giovanni Battista Pergolesi ( 1710 -- 1736 ) , Stabat Mater ( 1736 ) Theatre ( edit ) Set design for Andromedé by Pierre Corneille , ( 1650 ) The Baroque period was a golden age for theater in France and Spain ; playwrights included Corneille , Racine and Moliere in France ; and Lope de Vega and Pedro Calderón de la Barca Spain . During the Baroque period , the art and style of the theater evolved rapidly , alongside the development of opera and of ballet . The design of newer and larger theaters , the invention the use of more elaborate machinery , the wider use of the proscenium arch , which framed the stage and hid the machinery from the audience , encouraged more scenic effects and spectacle . The Baroque had a Catholic and conservative character in Spain , following an Italian literary models during the Renaissance . The Hispanic Baroque theatre aimed for a public content with an ideal reality that manifested fundamental three sentiments : Catholic religion , monarchist and national pride and honour originating from the chivalric , knightly world . Two periods are known in the Baroque Spanish theatre , with the division occurring in 1630 . The first period is represented chiefly by Lope de Vega , but also by Tirso de Molina , Gaspar Aguilar , Guillén de Castro , Antonio Mira de Amescua , Luis Vélez de Guevara , Juan Ruiz de Alarcón , Diego Jiménez de Enciso , Luis Belmonte Bermúdez , Felipe Godínez , Luis Quiñones de Benavente or Juan Pérez de Montalbán . The second period is represented by Pedro Calderón de la Barca and fellow dramatists Antonio Hurtado de Mendoza , Álvaro Cubillo de Aragón , Jerónimo de Cáncer , Francisco de Rojas Zorrilla , Juan de Matos Fragoso , Antonio Coello y Ochoa , Agustín Moreto , and Francisco Bances Candamo . These classifications are loose because each author had his own way and could occasionally adhere himself to the formula established by Lope . It may even be that the `` manner '' of Lope was more liberal and structured than Calderón 's . Lope de Vega introduced through his Arte nuevo de hacer comedias en este tiempo ( 1609 ) the new comedy . He established a new dramatic formula that broke the three Aristotle unities of the Italian school of poetry ( action , time and place ) and a fourth unity of Aristotle which is about style , mixing of tragic and comic elements showing different types of verses and stanzas upon what is represented . Although Lope has a great knowledge of the plastic arts , he did not use it during the major part of his career nor in theatre or scenography . The Lope 's comedy granted a second role to the visual aspects of the theatrical representation . Tirso de Molina , Lope de Vega , and Calderón were the most important play writers in Golden Era Spain . Their works , known for their subtle intelligence and profound comprehension of a person 's humanity , could be considered a bridge between Lope 's primitive comedy and the more elaborate comedy of Calderón . Tirso de Molina is best known for two works , The Convicted Suspicions and The Trickster of Seville , one of the first versions of the Don Juan myth . Upon his arrival to Madrid , Cosimo Lotti brought to the Spanish court the most advanced theatrical techniques of Europe . His techniques and mechanic knowledge were applied in palace exhibitions called `` Fiestas '' and in lavish exhibitions of rivers or artificial fountains called `` Naumaquias '' . He was in charge of styling the Gardens of Buen Retiro , of Zarzuela and of Aranjuez and the construction of the theatrical building of Coliseo del Buen Retiro . Lope 's formulas begins with a verse that it unbefitting of the palace theatre foundation and the birth of new concepts that begun the careers of some play writers like Calderón de la Barca . Marking the principal innovations of the New Lopesian Comedy , Calderón 's style marked many differences , with a great deal of constructive care and attention to his internal structure . Calderón 's work is in formal perfection and a very lyric and symbolic language . Liberty , vitality and openness of Lope gave a step to Calderón 's intellectual reflection and formal precision . In his comedy it reflected his ideological and doctrine intentions in above the passion and the action , the work of Autos sacramentales achieved high ranks . The genre of Comedia is political , multi-artistic and in a sense hybrid . The poetic text interweaved with Medias and resources originating from architecture , music and painting freeing the deception that is in the Lopesian comedy was made up from the lack of scenery and engaging the dialogue of action . The best known German playwright was Andreas Gryphius , who used the Jesuit model of the Dutch Joost van den Vondel and Pierre Corneille . There was also Johannes Velten who combined the traditions of the English comedians and the commedia del'arte with the classic theatre of Corneille and Molière . His touring company was perhaps the most significant and important of the 17th century . End of the style , condemnation and academic rediscovery ( edit ) Madame de Pompadour , the mistress of Louis XV , probably without intending it , contributed to the decline of the baroque and rococo style . In 1750 she sent her nephew , Abel - François Poisson de Vandières , on a two - year mission to study artistic and archeological developments in Italy . He was accompanied by several artists , including the engraver Nicolas Cochin and the architect Soufflot . They returned to Paris with a passion for classical art . Vandiéres became the Marquis of Marigny , and was named Royal Director of buildings in 1754 . He turned official French architecture toward the neoclassical . Cochin became an important art critic ; he denounced the petit style of Boucher , and called for a grand style with a new emphasis on antiquity and nobility in the academies of painting of architecture . The pioneer German art historian and archeologist Johann Joachim Winckelmann , also condemned the baroque style , and praised the superior values of classical art and architecture . By the 19th century , Baroque was a target for ridicule and criticism . The neoclassical critic Francesco Milizia wrote : `` Borrominini in architecture , Bernini in sculpture , Pierre de Cortone in painting ... are a plague on good taste , which infected a large number of artists . '' In the 19th century , criticism went even further ; the British critic John Ruskin declared that baroque sculpture was not only bad , but also morally corrupt . The Swiss - born art historian Heinrich Wölfflin ( 1864 -- 1945 ) started the rehabilitation of the word Baroque in his Renaissance und Barock ( 1888 ) ; Wölfflin identified the Baroque as `` movement imported into mass '' , an art antithetic to Renaissance art . He did not make the distinctions between Mannerism and Baroque that modern writers do , and he ignored the later phase , the academic Baroque that lasted into the 18th century . Baroque art and architecture became fashionable between the two World Wars , and has largely remained in critical favor . The term `` Baroque '' may still be used , usually pejoratively , describing works of art , craft , or design that are thought to have excessive ornamentation or complexity of line . Italian Baroque ( edit ) Facade of the Church of the Gesù , Rome ( 1584 ) Saint Ignatius , Rome ( 1626 -- 1650 ) Ceiling of the Church of the Gesù , Rome ( 1674 -- 1679 ) The Ca Rezzonico , Venice ( 1649 -- 1656 ) Cartouches decorating courtyard of the Palazzo Spada in Rome by Borromini ( 1632 ) Gallery with forced perspective by Francesco Borromini , creates the illusion that the corridor is much longer than it really is . Palazzo Spada ( 1632 ) Interior plan of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane ( 1646 ) Spanish Baroque ( edit ) Dome of Royal Chapel , Palacio Real , Madrid ( 1738 -- 1755 ) Retable of Convento de San Esteban , Salamanca ( 1690 ) El Transparente Altarpiece , Toledo Cathedral , ( 1729 -- 1732 ) Hospice of San Fernando , Madrid ( 1750 ) Plaza Mayor , Salamanca ( 1729 ) Granada Cathedral ( 1652 -- 1657 ) Jesuit College , Tepoztlán , Mexico Baroque in Germany , Austria and Central Europe ( edit ) Quadratura of the Jesuitkirche , Vienna Late Baroque or Roccoco : High altar of Basilika Vierzehnheiligen in Bavaria ( 1743 -- 1772 ) Sanssouci , in Potsdam by Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff ( 1745 -- 1747 ) Plan of the Basilika Vierzehnheiligen ( 1743 -- 1772 ) The Wieskirche by Dominikus Zimmermann , Bavaria , ( 1728 -- 1733 ) Ceiling of Ottobeuren Abbey in Bavaria ( 1711 -- 1725 ) The Vierzehnheigen Basilica , Bavaria by Balthasar Neumann ( 1743 -- 1772 ) Remnant of Zwinger Palace in Dresden ( 1710 -- 1728 ) French Baroque , or Style Louis XIV ( edit ) Vaux - le - Vicomte ( 1657 -- 1661 ) East facade of the Louvre by Claude Perrault and Louis Le Vau ( 1668 -- 1680 ) Hall of Mirrors in Versailles ( 1678 -- 1686 ) See also ( edit ) Art portal Christianity portal Baroque architecture List of Baroque architecture Baroque in Brazil Czech Baroque architecture Dutch Baroque architecture English Baroque French Baroque architecture Italian Baroque Lutheran Baroque art Sicilian Baroque New Spanish Baroque Neoclassicism ( music ) Andean Baroque Polish Baroque Baroque architecture in Portugal Naryshkin Baroque Petrine Baroque Siberian Baroque Spanish Baroque Ukrainian Baroque Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Heal , Bridget ( 1 December 2011 ) . `` ' Better Papist than Calvinist ' : Art and Identity in Later Lutheran Germany '' . German History . German History Society . 29 ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary on - line definition of Baroque Jump up ^ Michael Meere , French Renaissance and Baroque Drama : Text , Performance , Theory , Rowman & Littlefield , 2015 , ISBN 1611495490 Jump up ^ Claude V. Palisca , `` Baroque '' . The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , second edition , edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell ( London : Macmillan Publishers , 2001 ) . ^ Jump up to : Encyclopedie ; Lettre sur la Musique Francaise under the direction of Denis Diderot Jump up ^ Hopkins , Owen , `` Les Styles en Architecture , ( 2014 ) , p. 70 Jump up ^ Panofsky , Erwin ( 1995 ) . `` What is Baroque ? '' . Three Essays on Style . The MIT Press . p. 19 . Jump up ^ Hopkins , Owen , Les Styles en Architecture ( 2014 ) , p. 70 Jump up ^ Hughes , J. Quentin ( 1953 ) . The Influence of Italian Mannerism Upon Maltese Architecture . Melitensiawath . Retrieved 8 July 2016 . pp. 104 -- 110 . Jump up ^ Helen Gardner , Fred S. Kleiner , and Christin J. Mamiya , Gardner 's Art Through the Ages ( Belmont , CA : Thomson / Wadsworth , 2005 ) , p. 516 . Jump up ^ Heal , Bridget ( 20 February 2018 ) . `` The Reformation and Lutheran baroque '' . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 1 May 2018 . However , the writings of theologians can go only so far towards explaining the evolution of confessional consciousness and the shaping of religious identity . Lutheran attachment to religious images was a result not only of Luther 's own cautious endorsement of their use , but also of the particular religious and political context in which his Reformation unfolded . After the reformer 's death in 1546 , the image question was fiercely contested once again . But as Calvinism , with its iconoclastic tendencies , spread , Germany 's Lutherans responded by reaffirming their commitment to the proper use of religious images . In 1615 , Berlin 's Lutheran citizens even rioted when their Calvinist rulers removed images from the city 's Cathedral . Jump up ^ Ducher , pg. 102 ^ Jump up to : Ducher ( 1988 ) p. 106 - 107 Jump up ^ Ducher ( 1988 ) , pg. 102 Jump up ^ Cabanne ( 1988 ) page 12 Jump up ^ Ducher ( 1988 ) ^ Jump up to : Ducher ( 1988 ) p. 104 . Jump up ^ Cabanne ( 1988 ) page 15 Jump up ^ Cabanne ( 1988 ) , pages 18 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Cabanne ( 1988 ) page 48 - 49 ^ Jump up to : Cabanne ( 1988 ) pgs. 48 -- 51 Jump up ^ Cabanne ( 1988 ) pg. 63 Jump up ^ Cabanne ( 1988 ) , pp. 89 - 94 . Jump up ^ Ducher ( 1988 ) pp. 104 - 105 . Jump up ^ Cabanne ( 1988 ) pages 25 - 32 . Jump up ^ Cabanne ( 1988 ) , pgs. 25 - 28 . Jump up ^ Cabanne ( 1988 ) , pgs. 28 - 33 . Jump up ^ * William Craft Brumfield . A History of Russian Architecture ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1993 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 40333 - 7 ( Chapter Eight : `` The Foundations of the Baroque in Saint Petersburg '' ) Jump up ^ Prater and Bauer , La Peinture du baroque ( 1997 ) , pg. 11 Jump up ^ Prater and Bauer , La Peinture du baroque ( 1997 ) , pgs. 3 -- 15 Jump up ^ Prater and Bauer , La Peinture du baroque ( 1997 ) , pg. 12 Jump up ^ Ducher ( 1988 ) pages 108 -- 109 Jump up ^ Cabanne ( 1988 ) pp. 102 - 104 Jump up ^ Boucher , La Sculpture baroque italienne ( 1999 ) , p. 146 Jump up ^ Boucher ( 1999 ) page 16 . ^ Jump up to : Palisca 2001 . Jump up ^ Sachs , Curt ( 1919 ) . Barockmusik ( Baroque Music ) . Jahrbuch der Musikbibliothek Peters ( in German ) . 26 . Leipzig : Edition Peters . pp. 7 -- 15 . ^ Jump up to : Bély , Lucien , Louis XIV - Le Plus Grand Roi du Monde ( 2005 ) , pp. 152 - 54 Jump up ^ Erlich , Cyril ( 1990 ) . The Piano : A History . Oxford University Press , USA ; Revised edition . ISBN 0 - 19 - 816171 - 9 . Jump up ^ Powers , Wendy ( 2003 ) . `` The Piano : The Pianofortes of Bartolomeo Cristofori ( 1655 -- 1731 ) Thematic Essay Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History The Metropolitan Museum of Art '' . New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Isacoff ( 2012 , 23 ) Jump up ^ Britannica on - line , Baroque Theater Jump up ^ González Mas , Ezequiel ( 1980 ) . Historia de la literatura española : ( Siglo XVII ) . Barroco , Volumen 3 . La Editorial , UPR , pp. 1 -- 2 Jump up ^ González Mas , Ezequiel ( 1980 ) . Historia de la literatura española : ( Siglo XVII ) . Barroco , Volumen 3 . La Editorial , UPR , p. 8 . Jump up ^ González Mas , Ezequiel ( 1980 ) . Historia de la literatura española : ( Siglo XVII ) . Barroco , Volumen 3 . La Editorial , UPR , p. 13 Jump up ^ González Mas , Ezequiel ( 1980 ) . Historia de la literatura española : ( Siglo XVII ) . Barroco , Volumen 3 . La Editorial , UPR , p. 91 Jump up ^ Lope de Vega , 2010 , Comedias : El Remedio en la Desdicha . El Mejor Alcalde El Rey , pp. 446 -- 447 Jump up ^ Amadei - Pulice , 1990 , María Alicia ( 1990 ) . Calderón y el barroco : exaltación y engaño de los sentidos . John Benjamins Publishing Company , p. 6 Jump up ^ Wilson , Edward M. ; Moir , Duncan ( 1992 ) . Historia de la literatura española : Siglo De Oro : Teatro ( 1492 -- 1700 ) . Editorial Ariel , pp. 155 -- 158 Jump up ^ Amadei - Pulice , 1990 , María Alicia ( 1990 ) . Calderón y el barroco : exaltación y engaño de los sentidos . John Benjamins Publishing Company , pp. 26 -- 27 Jump up ^ Molina Jiménez , María Belén ( 2008 ) . El teatro musical de Calderón de la Barca : Análisis textual . EDITUM , p. 56 Jump up ^ Amadei - Pulice , 1990 , María Alicia ( 1990 ) . Calderón y el barroco : exaltación y engaño de los sentidos . John Benjamins Publishing Company , pp. 6 -- 9 Jump up ^ Cabanne , 1988 & pg. 106 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Bruce , La Sculpture baroque italienne , Thames and Hudson , ( 1997 ) , page 9 Jump up ^ Boucher ( 1998 ) page 9 . Books cited in text ( edit ) Bély , Lucien , Louis XIV - Le plus grand roos du monde , ( 2005 ) , ( in French ) Editions Jean - Paul Gisserot Boucher , Bruce , Italian Baroque Sculpture , ( 1998 ) , Thames & Hudson ( World of Art ) , ISBN 0500203075 Cabanne , Pierre , L'Art Classique et le Baroque ( 1988 ) , ( in French ) , Larousse , Paris ISBN 978 - 2 - 03 - 583324 - 2 Causa , Raffaello , L'Art au XVIII siècle du rococo à Goya ( 1963 ) , ( in French ) Hachcette , Paris ISBN 2 - 86535 - 036 - 3 Ducher , Robert . 1988 . Caractéristique des Styles . Paris : Flammarion . ISBN 2 - 08 - 011539 - 1 Gardner , Helen , Fred S. Kleiner , and Christin J. Mamiya. 2005 . Gardner 's Art Through the Ages , 12th edition . Belmont , CA : Thomson / Wadsworth . ISBN 978 - 0 - 15 - 505090 - 7 ( hardcover ) Isacoff , Stuart ( 2012 ) . A Natural History of the Piano : The Instrument , the Music , the Musicians -- From Mozart to Modern Jazz and Everything in Between . Knopf Doubleday Publishing . Prater , Andreas , and Bauer , Hermann , La Peinture du baroque ( 1997 ) , ( in French ) , Taschen , Paris ISBN 3 - 8228 - 8365 - 4 Tazartes , Maurizia , Fontaines de Rome , ( 2004 ) , ( in French ) Citadelles , Paris ISBN 2 - 85088 - 200 - 3 Further reading ( edit ) Andersen , Liselotte. 1969 . `` Baroque and Rococo Art '' , New York : H.N. Abrams . Bazin , Germain , 1964 . Baroque and Rococo . Praeger World of Art Series . New York : Praeger . ( Originally published in French , as Classique , baroque et rococo . Paris : Larousse . English edition reprinted as Baroque and Rococo Art , New York : Praeger , 1974 ) Buci - Glucksmann , Christine. 1994 . Baroque Reason : The Aesthetics of Modernity . Sage . Downes , Kerry , `` Baroque '' , Grove Art Online , Oxford Art Online , Oxford University Press , Web . 23 Oct. 2017 , subscription required Hills , Helen ( ed . ) . 2011 . Rethinking the Baroque . Farnham , Surrey ; Burlington , VT : Ashgate . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 6685 - 1 . Hortolà , Policarp , 2013 , The Aesthetics of Haemotaphonomy . Sant Vicent del Raspeig : ECU . ISBN 978 - 84 - 9948 - 991 - 9 . Kitson , Michael . 1966 . The Age of Baroque . Landmarks of the World 's Art . London : Hamlyn ; New York : McGraw - Hill . Lambert , Gregg , 2004 . Return of the Baroque in Modern Culture . Continuum . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 6648 - 8 . Martin , John Rupert . 1977 . Baroque . Icon Editions . New York : Harper and Rowe . ISBN 0 - 06 - 435332 - X ( cloth ) ; ISBN 0 - 06 - 430077 - 3 ( pbk . ) Palisca , Claude V. ( 1991 ) ( 1961 ) . Baroque Music . Prentice Hall History of Music ( 3rd ed . ) . Englewood Cliffs , N.J. : Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 058496 - 7 . OCLC 318382784 . Wölfflin , Heinrich. 1964 . Renaissance and Baroque ( Reprinted 1984 ; originally published in German , 1888 ) The classic study . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 9046 - 4 Vuillemin , Jean - Claude , 2013 . Episteme baroque : le mot et la chose . Hermann . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7056 - 8448 - 8 . Wakefield , Steve . 2004 . Carpentier 's Baroque Fiction : Returning Medusa 's Gaze . Colección Támesis . Serie A , Monografías 208 . Rochester , NY : Tamesis . ISBN 1 - 85566 - 107 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baroque art . `` Baroque '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . The baroque and rococo culture Webmuseum Paris barocke in Val di Noto -- Sizilien Baroque in the `` History of Art '' The Baroque style and Luis XIV influence Melvyn Bragg 's BBC Radio 4 program In Our Time : The Baroque `` Baroque Style Guide '' . British Galleries . Victoria and Albert Museum . Archived from the original on 19 August 2007 . Retrieved 16 July 2007 . Baroque architecture by region Andean ( Peru , Ecuador ) Czech ( Bohemia , Moravia ) Dutch Republic England France Germany Italy ( Sicily ) Malta New Spain ( Mexico ) Philippines Poland Portugal Russia Petrine Naryshkin Elizabethan Siberia Spain Ukraine History of architecture Architectural timeline History of construction Neolithic Ancient Egyptian Coptic Chinese Dravidian Hindu Maya Mesopotamian Classical Mesoamerican Achaemenid Persia Ancient Greek Roman Indian Incan Sasanian Byzantine Russian Islamic Newari Medieval Scandinavian Buddhist Somali Persian Japanese Korean Pre-Romanesque Romanesque Romano - Gothic Gothic Plateresque Manueline Hoysala Vijayanagara Western Chalukya Renaissance Spanish Spanish Colonial Portuguese Portuguese Colonial Ottoman Mughal Sikh Baroque Biedermeier Classicism Revivalism Neoclassical Historicism Gründerzeit Victorian Gothic Neo-Renaissance Neo-Baroque Rationalism Modernisme Art Nouveau ( Jugendstil ) Futurist Expressionism Art Deco Fascist Nazi Stalinist Modern Postmodern Stripped Classicism Vernacular New Classical Neo-futurism History of Europe Prehistory Paleolithic Europe Neolithic Europe Bronze Age Europe Iron Age Europe Classical antiquity Classical Greece Roman Republic Hellenistic period Roman Empire Early Christianity Crisis of the Third Century Fall of the Western Roman Empire Late antiquity Middle Ages Early Middle Ages Migration Period Christianization Francia Byzantine Empire Maritime republics Viking Age Kievan Rus ' Holy Roman Empire High Middle Ages Feudalism Crusades Mongol invasion Serbian Empire Late Middle Ages Hundred Years ' War Kalmar Union Renaissance Early modern Reformation Age of Discovery Baroque Thirty Years ' War Absolute monarchy Ottoman Empire Portuguese Empire Spanish Empire Early modern France Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth Swedish Empire Dutch Republic British Empire Habsburg Monarchy Russian Empire Age of Enlightenment Modern Great Divergence Industrial Revolution French Revolution Napoleonic Wars Nationalism Revolutions of 1848 World War I Russian Revolution Interwar period World War II Cold War European integration See also Art of Europe Genetic history of Europe History of the Mediterranean region History of the European Union History of Western civilization Maritime history of Europe Military history of Europe BNE : XX525325 GND : 4004541 - 9 HDS : 11182 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baroque&oldid=849829565 '' Categories : Baroque 17th century in art 17th century in the arts 18th century in art 18th century in the arts Art movements in Europe Art movements Decorative arts Early Modern period Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use dmy dates from February 2017 Articles containing German - language text Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with HDS identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Seeltersk Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt West - Vlams Winaray 粵語 中文 94 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 July 2018 , at 16 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque

is the pink dog in blues clues a boy

Magenta is Blue 's best friend , who is identical to her with the exception of a magenta fur coat . She is frequently seen amongst Blue 's classmates and visited Blue 's home for a play - date in one episode . She is often seen as an attendant at gatherings or special friends taking place at Blue 's residence , and later acquires a pair of purple eyeglasses in one episode which she keeps for the remainder of the series . Magenta is shyer than Blue . Steven Burns stated in an interview that both she and Blue are girls .

List of Blue 's Clues characters

list of blue's clues characters

Blue 's Clues is an American children 's television show airing on the Nickelodeon family of channels . This article is a list of characters that have appeared in the television series . As well as several main characters , there are a few recurring characters and many minor characters in the series .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 1.1 Blue 1.2 Steve 1.3 Joe 1.4 Mailbox 1.5 Mr. Salt and Mrs. Pepper 1.6 Paprika 1.7 Tickety Tock 1.8 Slippery Soap 1.9 Shovel and Pail 1.10 Sidetable Drawer 2 Supporting characters 2.1 Magenta 2.2 Periwinkle 2.3 Cinnamon 2.4 Felt Friends 3 Recurring characters 3.1 Green Puppy 3.2 Orange Kitten 3.3 Purple Kangaroo 3.4 Plum 3.5 Spatula 3.6 Bowl 3.7 Wynonna 3.8 Sam 3.9 Tyrese 3.10 Miranda 3.11 Marlee 3.12 Miss Marigold 3.13 Steve 's Grandmother 3.14 Dr. Stork 3.15 Baby Bear 3.16 Papa Bear & Mama Bear 3.17 Gingerbread Boy 3.18 Gingerbread Girl 3.19 Duck 3.20 Giraffe 3.21 Jane & Carly 3.22 Yellow Kitten , Green Kitten , & Blue Kitten 4 Pink Snail 5 References Main characters ( edit ) Blue ( edit ) Blue the dog ( portrayed by Traci Paige Johnson ) is the main protagonist of the Blue 's Clues television series . She is a playful , smart , energetic , and friendly little blue - spotted puppy who enjoys doing fun things with her friends . She is owned by Steve ( later Joe ) . She expresses this by leaving clues around the house so everyone can guess what she wants to do . Her basic mark for leaving clues is her blue pawprint . Blue likes to eat sandwiches and drink milk . She also possesses many other human characteristics . Every episode she initiates a game of Blue 's Clues in which she leaves three blue paw print clues for Steve and the viewer to find in order to answer a question . Though Blue can not speak like most of the characters , she seems to be able to communicate with others through barking . In Blue 's First Holiday , it is revealed that Blue played her first game of Blue 's Clues trying to find Joe 's duck blanket . Blue is high - spirited and believes in making people find things out by themselves instead of being told an answer automatically . Blue was born on a farm with many other puppies . Blue is affectionate , friendly , compassionate , and playful . She can be shy and sometimes mischievous . When she ca n't explain something by her usual `` bow - bow '' , she makes people find out for themselves , by playing Blue 's Clues . Blue 's Clues is her favorite game and is always ready to play it . Blue is very sensitive and intelligent , and she can get mad or sad whenever someone does not do what she intended them to do . Fortunately , she does n't bite when upset , as she is very friendly . She also appears in the spin - off Blue 's Room , where she can talk . She first appears in Blue Prints and Snack Time and last appears in Bluestock in Blue 's Clues and Music Stars in Blue 's Room . Steve ( edit ) Steve ( played by Steve Burns ) is the host of Blue 's Clues for the first four seasons . He is replaced by Joe ( played by Donovan Patton ) in the fifth and sixth seasons , who , rather than wearing a green - striped shirt every day like Steve , wears a variety of different shirts . Steve is Blue 's owner . Steve is always ready to play Blue 's Clues and always needs the viewer to help to figure out problems and find clues . Steve likes anything that is green - striped , just like his shirt . Steve went to college on a hopscotch scholarship . He then became the captain of his Junior Varsity Hopscotch Team . He takes an astronomy class , a music class , and an art class . Steve enjoys finding clues when playing Blue 's Clues , drawing clues also while playing Blue 's Clues , imagining , helping others and discovering new things . He is hilarious , but will most likely forget things . He often needs assistance finding clues from the viewer and is very compassionate . He began getting depressed about not being able to find clues in Blue 's Big Musical Movie , but , with the encouragement of the rest of the main characters , finally found the last clue all by himself ( a drawer ) . He also owns a stuffed Anteater named Horace . His first appearance was in Blue Prints and Snack Time . He made a cameo appearance in the 2009 Disney and Pixar animated film Up and this time was a CGI form . In the scene where Carl 's house flies in town while being lifted by balloons , he looks up at it from the building . Joe ( edit ) Joe ( played by Donovan Patton ) is Steve 's younger brother . When Steve left for college , Joe stayed with Blue and became the new host of the show and Blue 's caregiver . Joe loves squares , just like the ones on his shirt , and ca n't wait to play a game of Blue 's Clues . Joe likes the colors orange and green and has a stuffed duck named Boris . Joe has a handy - dandy notebook like Steve , except it 's in a different shape . His square shirt comes in red , orange , yellow , green , blue , and purple . He also appears in Blue 's Room . His first appearance was in Joe 's First Day of Season 4 . After that he had his last appearance in the episode Music Stars Mailbox ( edit ) Mailbox is a purple cheerful talking mailbox who lives at the foot of the pathway in front of Blue 's house . He sits on a post , receives the mail , and delivers it when it comes . When he delivers the mail , he comes in through the living room window to the right of the Thinking Chair , on an `` extendo '' arm . Mailbox is a boy with a thick Brooklyn accent . He wants to be a comedian when he grows up . Although his stake is in the ground , he can still extend through windows , to the backyard , and pretty much anywhere else he wants . He loves delivering letters and telling jokes . He also likes to participate in treasure hunts that happen around the house while he holds the treasure . Steve or Joe sing a special song before the mail arrives to their house . Mailbox likes to make others laugh . Mailbox is hard - working and usually delivers mail on time . The character is voiced by Seth O'Hickory . His first appearance was in Blue Prints and Snack Time and last appearance in Bluestock in Blue 's Clues and Meet Blue 's Baby Brother ! In Blue 's Room . Mr. Salt and Mrs. Pepper ( edit ) Mr. Salt and Mrs. Pepper are French salt and pepper shaker . They have two children : a daughter named Paprika and a son named Cinnamon . Mrs. Pepper lives in the kitchen and almost always needs help with shopping , finding things , and counting . Mrs. Pepper is Mr. Salt 's wife . Mrs. Pepper has a mother , Grandma Cayenne , who is also Cinnamon and Paprika 's grandmother . Mr. and Mrs. Pepper is one of the oldest characters in the Blue 's Clues house . They were adults when all of the other characters ( discluding Mr. Salt ) were babies . Mrs. Pepper often points out things after they have already been seen . Mr. and Mrs. Pepper are the only pepper shakers in her family . Her hobbies include swimming and making music , as well as cooking . They are usually taking care of her two young children , but when she has some time on her hands , Mrs. Pepper likes to swim and sing . The character is voiced by Penelope Jewkes during the first season and then by Spencer Kayden for the rest of the show 's run . Paprika ( edit ) Paprika is a young French paprika shaker . She is Mr. Salt and Mrs. Pepper 's first baby and when she was a baby , she talked in a small squeaky voice . Her voiced matured as she got older . She has a little brother called Cinnamon . Paprika named him herself . Her two favorite drinks are milk and orange juice . When she was a baby , she had a pacifier , a rattle made from an orange , a bottle with a pink top , a yellow gummy bear for a teddy bear , and a peanut cradle . As a baby , whenever she wanted something to eat or drink , she would say `` Paprika hungry '' . She acted and sounded like a baby in the first 3 seasons but since season 4 , she acted older . Whenever Paprika walks , she makes a rattling sound . Paprika holds paprika inside of her . Her room is located inside the kitchen cabinet . Paprika was born in the last episode of season one , Blue 's News . Paprika becomes a big sister in the fourth season . She was voiced by Jenna Marie Castle ( 1996 - 2001 ) & Corrine Hoffman ( 2001 - 2006 ) . She first appeared in Blue 's News and her final appearance in Blue 's Clues was Bluestock and in a Blue 's Room episode Meet Blue 's Baby Brother Tickety Tock ( edit ) Tickety Tock , or just Tickety , is a young alarm clock . In most episodes , her 12 mark is a different symbol . She is a pink girl clock who lives in Blue 's bedroom on the nightstand . Tickety is learning to count , and loves to ring her bells . She is a caring , forgiving clock . Unlike most of the others , Tickety will accept losing a game or forgetting her lines in a play . Tickety loves to sing , but she loves ringing her bells best , as mentioned before . Tickety is a playful alarm clock . She often has problems with her clock hands but she helps remind everybody of important times . She loves tall things , counting polka dots and dancing to all kinds of music . Tickety is forgiving and very thoughtful . The character is voiced by Kathryn Avery ( 1996 - 2001 ) and Kelly Nigh ( 2001 - 2004 ) . Slippery soap ( edit ) Slippery Soap , or simply Slippery , is a lavender bar of soap who lives in the bathroom of Blue 's house . He loves to play in the bubbles in the tub and is always slipping and sliding around . Steve calls him `` Slip '' in short . Unlike usual soap bars , Slippery can talk and has arms . Instead of using legs to move , Slippery slides around on bubbles . He dreams of becoming the captain of a boat . Slippery loves to play with his friends . In his early childhood , he slept with Baby Tickety as well as playing with her almost all the time . Slippery is not included in much of each episode , mostly appearing singing and dancing with the cast at the beginning . Slippery 's hobbies include sliding around , blowing bubbles , and making snowmen . The character is voiced by Cody Ross Pitts ( 1996 - 2001 ) , & Patrick Van Wagnen ( 2001 - 2004 ) , Shovel and Pail ( edit ) Shovel and Pail are a kind brother and sister . They are colored yellow with a red mouth and red with a yellow mouth . She lives in the backyard and goes almost everywhere and does almost everything with Shovel . Pail has another friend named Sifter . Pail often gets mad at Shovel for something she did but thinks that it 's okay to make him take the blame . Pail is the sister of Shovel and is often outside in the sandbox filling herself with sand . She enjoys making sandcastles and usually gives a hand to Steve when he is looking for Blue 's Clues . She has an active imagination and wants to become a vet when she is an adult along with her brother . The character was originated / played by Mara Claffy ( aka Marshall Claffy ( 1996 - 2001 ) , Olivia Zaro ( 2000 - 2001 ) , Julia Wetherell ( 2001 - 2003 ) , & Nicole Gibson ( 2004 - 2006 ) . Sidetable Drawer ( edit ) Sidetable Drawer is a red - and - orange drawer who lives in the living room to the left of the Thinking Chair . She usually has a telephone on top of her , unless she is in another room . Sidetable is the keeper of Steve 's and Joe 's Handy Dandy Notebooks . The character is very talented when it comes to singing , as shown in Blue 's Big Musical Movie . She can be shy at times , but will always try to help her friends . She usually acts as a supporting character only seen at the beginning of episodes except on a few rare occasions when she walks out of the living room where she is normally . The character is voiced by Aleisha LaNaé Allen . She normally contains , as revealed in `` Points of View '' , a flashlight , crayons , keys , a magnifying glass , and , of course , the Handy Dandy Notebook . Her first appearance was in Blue Prints and Snack Time and her last appearance was in Bluestock Supporting characters ( edit ) Magenta ( edit ) Magenta is Blue 's best friend , who is identical to her with the exception of a magenta fur coat . She is frequently seen amongst Blue 's classmates and visited Blue 's home for a play - date in one episode . She is often seen as an attendant at gatherings or special friends taking place at Blue 's residence , and later acquires a pair of purple eyeglasses in one episode which she keeps for the remainder of the series . Magenta is shyer than Blue . Steven Burns stated in an interview that both she and Blue are girls . Periwinkle ( edit ) Periwinkle is a precocious , impish , energetic male kitten from the city . He 's also one of Blue 's neighbors and is often called `` Perri '' in short by Steve . Periwinkle loves to do magic tricks , put on shows , build forts , and do things on a grand scale . He 's very outgoing and likes to collect things . Periwinkle talks ( unlike Blue and Magenta ) . Periwinkle has a long - distance friendship with Plum , a purple bird that lives in the city , and goes to school with Blue , Magenta , and many recurring characters . The character is voiced by Bradley ( credited as Cameron ) Bowen and Kenny Kim . Cinnamon ( edit ) Cinnamon is a French baby cinnamon shaker . Cinnamon is the only son of Mr. Salt and Mrs. Pepper . He was named by his big sister , Paprika . He was named in Paprika 's quote , `` He looks like a cinnamon . '' Cinnamon can not speak but manages to make squeaks and simple sounds . He was born in the seventh episode of season four . Cinnamon 's birth was such a large event in Blue 's Clues history , there were five episodes ( What 's New , Blue ? , Blue 's New Place , Mr. Salt and Mrs. Pepper Day ! , The Baby 's Here ! , and Making Changes ) dedicated to his arrival that all aired in the fourth season . Cinnamon was portrayed by Annalivia Balaban ( Nick Balaban 's daughter ) . Felt friends ( edit ) The Felt Friends are a variety of children ( many of their names start with the letter F ) who are made entirely of felt shapes . They appear in almost every Blue 's Clues episode , normally as cameo characters in the background . In several episodes , Steve ( or Joe ) and Blue skidoo into their picture frame residence and help them with a problem . They were usually voiced by Kathryn Avery , Cody Ross Pitts , and Brandon Goncalves . Recurring characters ( edit ) Green Puppy ( edit ) Green Puppy is one of Blue 's acquaintances and schoolmates ; a mint green dog who , unlike the other dogs featured in the series , is depicted with visible teeth incisors . She communicates through low , gruff barks and is portrayed as having much shorter ears as opposed to the floppy - eared Magenta and Blue , and mainly serves as a minor recurring character throughout the series . She first appeared in Blue 's Sad Day , knocking over Blue 's block tower at school , which is the reason and answer for the game of Blue 's Clues that day . She is voiced by Adam Petlzman . Orange Kitten ( edit ) Orange Kitten is a young cat currently attending Miss Marigold 's preschool class along with Blue , Magenta , Purple Kangaroo , Green Puppy , and Periwinkle , conveniently named after her color and species . The character is one of Blue 's best friends . She has appeared in several episodes of the Blue 's Clues television series and is classified a recurring character in the show . Her first appearance was in Blue 's Sad Day . It is revealed in `` Blue 's Big Holiday '' , that she is of Jewish heritage , while she and her owner , Sam are probably celebrating Christmas and Hanukkah together . The character is voiced by Caitlin Hale . Purple Kangaroo ( edit ) Purple Kangaroo is one of Blue 's friends from her preschool . He is a young lavender - colored kangaroo currently attending Miss Marigold 's preschool class . He is one of Blue 's best friends . The character appears several times in episodes of the Blue 's Clues television series , most notably at preschool along with Blue , Magenta , Green Puppy , Orange Kitten , and Periwinkle . The character is voiced by Alexander Claffy . Plum ( edit ) Plum is Periwinkle 's best friend from the city and his former next - door neighbor , until Periwinkle moved to the suburbs - ( where Steve and his friends live ) ; he has lavender colored feathers and wears red sneakers on his feet . He is very fluent in speaking Spanish but he also can speak English as well . The character is voiced by Nicolas Salgado . Spatula ( edit ) Spatula is Bowl 's brother who works at the local bakery along with his brother . He 's often seen trying to stir foods which he will bake later . He enjoys to bake desserts , pastries and other foods . Bowl ( edit ) Bowl is Spatula 's brother who works at the local bakery along with his brother . He enjoys to bake desserts pastries and other food . Wynonna ( edit ) Wynonna is Green Puppy 's middle aged owner . She celebrates Christmas with Green , meaning her family is Christian . Wynonna is portrayed by Wynonna Judd . Sam ( edit ) Sam is Orange Kitten 's female owner appearing to be the same age as Steve . She is one of the few live action characters to be seen in the Blue 's Clues television series ; in the Christmas special `` Blue 's Big Holiday '' she and Orange Kitten celebrate Hanukkah , hinting that she comes from a Jewish family . She only appears in one episode ; she has blonde hair and is wearing an orange sweater with an matching scarf . Sam is portrayed by Lisa Datz . Tyrese ( edit ) Tyrese is Purple Kangaroo 's male owner of African American decent . In the `` Blue 's Big Holiday '' , he along with Purple Kangaroo celebrate Kwanzaa . He wears a bright yellow shirt with his sleeves rolled up and a pair of dark brown pants ; just like Sam and Wynonna , he only appears in one episode . Tyrese is portrayed by Tyrese Gibson . Miranda ( edit ) Miranda is Magenta 's female owner and is the same age as Steve and Sam . She often wears a red long sleeved sweater with black pants and red shoes . She has brown hair and carries a large brown handbag ; unlike the other live action characters she appears in two episodes instead of one - ( Shy & Magenta Gets Glasses ) . Miranda is portrayed by Shannon Walker Williams . Marlee ( edit ) Marlee is a librarian who has appeared in two episodes - ( Blue 's Book Nook & Our Neighborhood Festival ) . She appears to be deaf but she can also read people 's lips and uses Sign Language to communicate . Marlee is portrayed by Marlee Matlin . Miss Marigold ( edit ) Miss Marigold is a female school teacher in Blue 's preschool class . She often wears an orange , yellow polka - dotted shirt with blue jeans , along with a pair of golden earrings and light brown shoes . Steve 's Grandmother ( edit ) Steve 's grandmother is the grandmother of Steve and Joe . She seems to have met every resident of the Blue 's Clues house except for Cinnamon and lives next door to Blue and Steve . She wears a green striped dress that is very similar to Steve 's green striped shirt ; so far her only appearance was in Blue 's Big Treasure Hunt . Steve 's Grandmother is portrayed by Rue McClanahan Dr. stork ( edit ) Stork is a doctor who works at the hospital that Cinnamon was born from . She has a tan coat and a long yellow beak ; she also wears a green - blue hat , with a matching skirt . Her legs are pink , with green - blue shoes ; the character is voiced by Lisa Kudrow . Baby Bear ( edit ) Baby Bear is a young bear cub and a friend of Blue . She lives with Papa Bear and Mama Bear in a storybook . Baby Bear is part of Goldilocks and the Three Bears ; Baby Bear has appeared in nine episodes ; her first appearance was in Blue 's Story Time . Papa Bear & Mama Bear ( edit ) Papa Bear and Mama Bear are Baby Bear 's parents . He is very kind and generous ; Papa is polite whenever guests visit his family . Mama Bear is married to Papa Bear and is also polite when guest come for a visit . The characters are voiced by Matt Parillo and Angela C. Santomero respectively . Gingerbread Boy ( edit ) Gingerbread Boy is a Gingerbread man . He also loves surprises ; Gingerbread Boy has appeared in several episodes . His first appearance was in Blue Wants to Play a Game . Gingerbread girl ( edit ) Gingerbread girl is Gingerbread Boy 's sister . She lives up a mountain , over a bridge , and in between the red and green apple trees ; she has blonde hair styled in braids . Duck ( edit ) Duck is a mallard duck and a classmate of Blue and her friends . He appears to very shy and loves finger painting . Giraffe ( edit ) Giraffe is a yellow giraffe and a classmate of Blue and her friends . Jane & Carly ( edit ) Jane and Carly are two young girls who teach Steve , Blue , and the viewers about Sign Language . Among of the two girls , Jane is the only one who can talk ; Carly is completely deaf and communicates with American sign language and also enjoys telling stories . Jane is orange while Carly is purple . Yellow Kitten , green Kitten , & Blue Kitten ( edit ) They are three different colored kittens who attend the same school as Blue and her friends . Pink snail ( edit ) Snail is a pink snail hidden in many scenes , usually behind something or in a location no viewer of the show would look . The snail appears three times in each episode but is not considered a true character . She owns a small skateboard , which she used to make a special appearance in the Blue 's Clues movie , Blue 's Big Musical Movie . Its educational purpose is to create an extra locating or spotting challenge for older kids who view the show . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Johnson , Traci ( 2007 ) . `` Traci Paige Johnson - IMDb '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ meet the characters on blue 's clues . Nick Jr ... Last accessed 23 Feb 2012 . Jump up ^ http://m.huffpost.com/us/entry/us_5848f46ce4b0d0aa037f422e Jump up ^ Kiesewetter , John ( 2002 - 04 - 29 ) . `` ' Blue 's Clues ' puts on new host , new shirts '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Lipton , Michael ( 2002 - 06 - 03 ) . `` Am I Blue ? Absolutely - Blue 's Clues - People.com '' . People . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Blue 's Clues : Steve Goes to College ( 3 ) - TV.com '' . TV.com. 2002 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ http://m.huffpost.com/us/entry/us_5848f46ce4b0d0aa037f422e Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Blue%27s_Clues_characters&oldid=814624631 '' Categories : Lists of characters in American television animation Lists of children 's television characters Hidden categories : Articles needing cleanup from September 2016 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from September 2016 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from September 2016 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from August 2012 All articles needing style editing All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 December 2017 , at 23 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Blue%2527s%20Clues%20characters

who is best known as the founder of the sierra club quizlet

John Muir ( / mjʊər / ; April 21 , 1838 -- December 24 , 1914 ) also known as `` John of the Mountains '' , was a Scottish - American naturalist , author , environmental philosopher , glaciologist and early advocate for the preservation of wilderness in the United States . His letters , essays , and books describing his adventures in nature , especially in the Sierra Nevada , have been read by millions . His activism has helped to preserve the Yosemite Valley , Sequoia National Park and many other wilderness areas . The Sierra Club , which he founded , is a prominent American conservation organization . The 211 - mile ( 340 km ) John Muir Trail , a hiking trail in the Sierra Nevada , was named in his honor . Other such places include Muir Woods National Monument , Muir Beach , John Muir College , Mount Muir , Camp Muir , Muir Grove , and Muir Glacier . In Scotland , the John Muir Way , a 130 - mile - long route , was named in honor of him .

John Muir

John Muir

john muir

John Muir ( / mjʊər / ; April 21 , 1838 -- December 24 , 1914 ) also known as `` John of the Mountains '' , was a Scottish - American naturalist , author , environmental philosopher , glaciologist and early advocate for the preservation of wilderness in the United States . His letters , essays , and books describing his adventures in nature , especially in the Sierra Nevada , have been read by millions . His activism has helped to preserve the Yosemite Valley , Sequoia National Park and many other wilderness areas . The Sierra Club , which he founded , is a prominent American conservation organization . The 211 - mile ( 340 km ) John Muir Trail , a hiking trail in the Sierra Nevada , was named in his honor . Other such places include Muir Woods National Monument , Muir Beach , John Muir College , Mount Muir , Camp Muir , Muir Grove , and Muir Glacier . In Scotland , the John Muir Way , a 130 - mile - long route , was named in honor of him .

In his later life , Muir devoted most of his time to the preservation of the Western forests . He petitioned the U.S. Congress for the National Park bill that was passed in 1890 , establishing Yosemite National Park . The spiritual quality and enthusiasm toward nature expressed in his writings has inspired readers , including presidents and congressmen , to take action to help preserve large nature areas . Today Muir is referred to as the `` Father of the National Parks '' and the National Park Service has produced a short documentary about his life . John Muir has been considered `` an inspiration to both Scots and Americans '' . Muir 's biographer , Steven J. Holmes , believes that Muir has become `` one of the patron saints of twentieth - century American environmental activity , '' both political and recreational . As a result , his writings are commonly discussed in books and journals , and he is often quoted by nature photographers such as Ansel Adams . `` Muir has profoundly shaped the very categories through which Americans understand and envision their relationships with the natural world , '' writes Holmes . Muir was noted for being an ecological thinker , political spokesman , and religious prophet , whose writings became a personal guide into nature for countless individuals , making his name `` almost ubiquitous '' in the modern environmental consciousness . According to author William Anderson , Muir exemplified `` the archetype of our oneness with the earth '' , while biographer Donald Worster says he believed his mission was `` ... saving the American soul from total surrender to materialism . '' On April 21 , 2013 , the first ever John Muir Day was celebrated in Scotland , which marked the 175th anniversary of his birth , paying homage to the conservationist . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 1.1 Boyhood in Scotland 1.2 Immigration to America 2 Explorer of nature 2.1 California 2.1. 1 Experiencing Yosemite 2.1. 2 Friendships 2.1. 3 Geological studies and theories 2.1. 4 Botanical studies 2.2 Pacific Northwest 3 Activism and controversies 3.1 Preservation efforts 3.2 Co-founding the Sierra Club 3.3 Preservation vs conservation 3.4 Native Americans 3.5 Hetch Hetchy dam controversy 4 Nature writer 4.1 Jeanne Carr : friend and mentor 4.2 Writing becomes his work 5 Philosophical beliefs 5.1 Of Nature and Theology 5.2 Of sensory perceptions and light 5.3 Seeing nature as home 6 Personal life 7 Death 8 Legacy 9 Tributes and honors 10 Bibliography 10.1 Books 10.2 Essays online 11 See also 12 Notes 13 Further reading 14 External links Early life ( edit ) Boyhood in Scotland ( edit ) Muir was born in the small house at left . His father bought the adjacent building in 1842 , and made it the family home . John Muir 's Birthplace is a four - story stone house in Dunbar , East Lothian , Scotland . His parents were Daniel Muir and Ann Gilrye . He was the third of eight children : Margaret , Sarah , David , Daniel , Ann and Mary ( twins ) , and the American - born Joanna . His earliest recollections were of taking short walks with his grandfather when he was three . In his autobiography , he described his boyhood pursuits , which included fighting , either by re-enacting romantic battles from the Wars of Scottish Independence or just scrapping on the playground , and hunting for birds ' nests ( ostensibly to one - up his fellows as they compared notes on who knew where the most were located ) . Author Amy Marquis notes that he began his `` love affair '' with nature while young , and implies that it may have been in reaction to his strict religious upbringing . `` His father believed that anything that distracted from Bible studies was frivolous and punishable . '' But the young Muir was a `` restless spirit '' and especially `` prone to lashings . '' As a young boy , Muir became fascinated with the East Lothian landscape , and was known to spend a lot of time wandering the local coastline and countryside . It was during this time that he became interested in natural history and the works of Scottish naturalist Alexander Wilson . Although he spent the majority of his life in America , Muir never forgot his roots in Scotland . He held a strong connection with his birthplace and Scottish identity throughout his life and was frequently heard talking about his childhood spent amid the East Lothian countryside . He greatly admired the works of Thomas Carlyle and poetry of Robert Burns ; he was known to carry a collection of poems by Burns during his travels through the American wilderness . He returned to Scotland on a trip in 1893 , where he met one of his Dunbar schoolmates and visited the places of his youth that were etched in his memory . He also never lost his strong Scottish accent despite having lived in America for many years . Immigration to America ( edit ) In 1849 , Muir 's family emigrated to the United States , starting a farm near Portage , Wisconsin , called Fountain Lake Farm . It has been designated a National Historic Landmark . Stephen Fox recounts that Muir 's father found the Church of Scotland insufficiently strict in faith and practice , leading to their emigration and joining a congregation of the Campbellite Restoration Movement , called the Disciples of Christ . By the age of 11 , the young Muir had learned to recite `` by heart and by sore flesh '' all of the New Testament and most of the Old Testament . In maturity , while remaining a deeply spiritual man , Muir may have changed his orthodox beliefs . He wrote , `` I never tried to abandon creeds or code of civilization ; they went away of their own accord ... without leaving any consciousness of loss . '' Elsewhere in his writings , he described the conventional image of a Creator , `` as purely a manufactured article as any puppet of a half - penny theater . '' Entrance to Fountain Lake Farm near Portage , Wisconsin When he was 22 years old , Muir enrolled at the University of Wisconsin -- Madison , paying his own way for several years . There , under a towering black locust tree beside North Hall , Muir took his first botany lesson . A fellow student plucked a flower from the tree and used it to explain how the grand locust is a member of the pea family , related to the straggling pea plant . Fifty years later , the naturalist Muir described the day in his autobiography . `` This fine lesson charmed me and sent me flying to the woods and meadows in wild enthusiasm . '' As a freshman , Muir studied chemistry with Professor Ezra Carr and his wife Jeanne ; they became lifelong friends and Muir developed a lasting interest in chemistry and the sciences . Muir took an eclectic approach to his studies , attending classes for two years but never being listed higher than a first - year student due to his unusual selection of courses . Records showed his class status as `` irregular gent '' and , even though he never graduated , he learned enough geology and botany to inform his later wanderings . In 1863 , his brother Daniel left Wisconsin and moved to Southern Ontario ( then known as Canada West in the United Canadas ) , to avoid the draft during the U.S. Civil War . Muir left school and travelled to the same region in 1864 , and spent the spring , summer , and fall exploring the woods and swamps , and collecting plants around the southern reaches of Lake Huron 's Georgian Bay . Muir hiked along the Niagara Escarpment , including much of today 's Bruce Trail . With his money running low and winter coming , he reunited with his brother Daniel near Meaford , Ontario , who persuaded him to work with him at the sawmill and rake factory of William Trout and Charles Jay . Muir lived with the Trout family in an area called Trout Hollow , south of Meaford , on the Bighead River . While there , he continued `` botanizing '' , exploring the escarpment and bogs , collecting and cataloging plants . One source appears to indicate he worked at the mill / factory until the summer of 1865 , while another says he stayed on at Trout Hollow until after a fire burned it down in February 1866 . In March 1866 , Muir returned to the United States , settling in Indianapolis to work in a wagon wheel factory . He proved valuable to his employers because of his inventiveness in improving the machines and processes ; he was promoted to supervisor , being paid $25 per week . In early - March 1867 , an accident changed the course of his life : a tool he was using slipped and struck him in the eye . He was confined to a darkened room for six weeks , worried about whether he would ever regain his sight . When he did , `` he saw the world -- and his purpose -- in a new light '' . Muir later wrote , `` This affliction has driven me to the sweet fields . God has to nearly kill us sometimes , to teach us lessons . '' From that point on , he determined to `` be true to ( himself ) '' and follow his dream of exploration and study of plants . Photo of Muir by Carleton Watkins , circa 1875 In September 1867 , Muir undertook a walk of about 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) from Kentucky to Florida , which he recounted in his book A Thousand - Mile Walk to the Gulf . He had no specific route chosen , except to go by the `` wildest , leafiest , and least trodden way I could find . '' When Muir arrived at Cedar Keys , he began working for Richard Hodgson at Hodgson 's sawmill . However , three days after accepting the job at Hodgson 's , Muir almost died of a malarial sickness . One evening in early January 1868 , Muir climbed onto the Hodgson house roof to watch the sunset . Muir saw a ship , the Island Belle , and learned it would soon be sailing for Cuba . Muir boarded the ship , and while in Havana , he spent his hours studying shells and flowers and visiting the botanical garden in the city . Afterwards , he sailed to New York City and booked passage to California . Muir served as an officer in the United States Coast Survey , a uniformed government service agency . Explorer of nature ( edit ) California ( edit ) Experiencing Yosemite ( edit ) Finally settling in San Francisco , Muir immediately left for a week - long visit to Yosemite , a place he had only read about . Seeing it for the first time , Muir notes that `` He was overwhelmed by the landscape , scrambling down steep cliff faces to get a closer look at the waterfalls , whooping and howling at the vistas , jumping tirelessly from flower to flower . '' He later returned to Yosemite and worked as a shepherd for a season . He climbed a number of mountains , including Cathedral Peak and Mount Dana , and hiked an old trail down Bloody Canyon to Mono Lake . Muir built a small cabin along Yosemite Creek , designing it so that a section of the stream flowed through a corner of the room so he could enjoy the sound of running water . He lived in the cabin for two years and wrote about this period in his book First Summer in the Sierra ( 1911 ) . Muir 's biographer , Frederick Turner , notes Muir 's journal entry upon first visiting the valley and writes that his description `` blazes from the page with the authentic force of a conversion experience . '' Friendships ( edit ) During these years in Yosemite , Muir was unmarried , often unemployed , with no prospects for a career , and had `` periods of anguish , '' writes naturalist author John Tallmadge . He was sustained by the natural environment and by reading the essays of naturalist author Ralph Waldo Emerson , who wrote about the very life that Muir was then living . On excursions into the back country of Yosemite , he traveled alone , carrying `` only a tin cup , a handful of tea , a loaf of bread , and a copy of Emerson . '' He usually spent his evenings sitting by a campfire in his overcoat , reading Emerson under the stars . As the years passed , he became a `` fixture in the valley , '' respected for his knowledge of natural history , his skill as a guide , and his vivid storytelling . Visitors to the valley often included scientists , artists , and celebrities , many of whom made a point of meeting with Muir . In 1871 , after Muir had lived in Yosemite for three years , Emerson , with a number of academic friends from Boston , arrived in Yosemite during a tour of the Western United States . The two men met , and according to Tallmadge , `` Emerson was delighted to find at the end of his career the prophet - naturalist he had called for so long ago ... And for Muir , Emerson 's visit came like a laying on of hands . '' Emerson spent one day with Muir , and he offered him a teaching position at Harvard , which Muir declined . Muir later wrote , `` I never for a moment thought of giving up God 's big show for a mere profship ! '' Muir also spent time with photographer Carleton Watkins and studied his photographs of Yosemite . Geological studies and theories ( edit ) John Muir in 1907 Pursuit of his love of science , especially geology , often occupied his free time . Muir soon became convinced that glaciers had sculpted many of the features of the Yosemite Valley and surrounding area . This notion was in stark contradiction to the accepted contemporary theory , promulgated by Josiah Whitney ( head of the California Geological Survey ) , which attributed the formation of the valley to a catastrophic earthquake . As Muir 's ideas spread , Whitney tried to discredit Muir by branding him as an amateur . But Louis Agassiz , the premier geologist of the day , saw merit in Muir 's ideas and lauded him as `` the first man I have ever found who has any adequate conception of glacial action . '' In 1871 , Muir discovered an active alpine glacier below Merced Peak , which helped his theories gain acceptance . A large earthquake centered near Lone Pine in Owens Valley strongly shook occupants of Yosemite Valley in March 1872 . The quake woke Muir in the early morning , and he ran out of his cabin `` both glad and frightened , '' exclaiming , `` A noble earthquake ! '' Other valley settlers , who believed Whitney 's ideas , feared that the quake was a prelude to a cataclysmic deepening of the valley . Muir had no such fear and promptly made a moonlit survey of new talus piles created by earthquake - triggered rockslides . This event led more people to believe in Muir 's ideas about the formation of the valley . Botanical studies ( edit ) In addition to his geologic studies , Muir also investigated the plant life of the Yosemite area . In 1873 and 1874 , he made field studies along the western flank of the Sierra on the distribution and ecology of isolated groves of Giant Sequoia . In 1876 , the American Association for the Advancement of Science published Muir 's paper on the subject . Pacific northwest ( edit ) Muir made four trips to Alaska , as far as Unalaska and Barrow . Muir , Mr Young ( Fort Wrangell missionary ) and a group of Native American Guides first traveled to Alaska in 1879 and were the first Euro - Americans to explore Glacier Bay . Muir Glacier was later named after him . He traveled into British Columbia a third of the way up the Stikine River , likening its Grand Canyon to `` a Yosemite that was a hundred miles long '' . Muir recorded over 300 glaciers along the river 's course . He returned for further explorations in southeast Alaska in 1880 and in 1881 was with the party that landed on Wrangel Island on the USS Corwin and claimed that island for the United States . He documented this experience in journal entries and newspaper articles -- later compiled and edited into his book The Cruise of the Corwin . In 1888 after seven years of managing the Strentzel fruit ranch in Alhambra Valley , California , his health began to suffer . He returned to the hills to recover , climbing Mount Rainier in Washington and writing Ascent of Mount Rainier . Activism and controversies ( edit ) Preservation efforts ( edit ) Yosemite Valley and the Merced River Establishing Yosemite National Park Muir threw himself into the preservationist role with great vigor . He envisioned the Yosemite area and the Sierra as pristine lands . He thought the greatest threat to the Yosemite area and the Sierra was domesticated livestock -- especially domestic sheep , which he referred to as `` hoofed locusts '' . In June 1889 , the influential associate editor of Century magazine , Robert Underwood Johnson , camped with Muir in Tuolumne Meadows and saw firsthand the damage a large flock of sheep had done to the grassland . Johnson agreed to publish any article Muir wrote on the subject of excluding livestock from the Sierra high country . He also agreed to use his influence to introduce a bill to Congress to make the Yosemite area into a national park , modeled after Yellowstone National Park . On September 30 , 1890 , the U.S. Congress passed a bill that essentially followed recommendations that Muir had suggested in two Century articles , The Treasure of the Yosemite and Features of the Proposed National Park , both published in 1890 . But to Muir 's dismay , the bill left Yosemite Valley under state control , as it had been since the 1860s . Co-founding the Sierra Club ( edit ) Main article : Sierra Club In early 1892 , Professor Henry Senger , a philologist at the University of California , Berkeley , contacted Muir with the idea of forming a local ' alpine club ' for mountain lovers . Senger and San Francisco attorney Warren Olney sent out invitations `` for the purpose of forming a ' Sierra Club . ' Mr. John Muir will preside . '' On May 28 , 1892 , the first meeting of the Sierra Club was held to write articles of incorporation . One week later Muir was elected president , Warren Olney was elected vice-president , and a board of directors was chosen that included David Starr Jordan , president of the new Stanford University . Muir remained president until his death 22 years later . The Sierra Club immediately opposed efforts to reduce Yosemite National Park by half , and began holding educational and scientific meetings . At one meeting in the fall of 1895 that included Muir , Joseph LeConte , and William R. Dudley , the Sierra Club discussed the idea of establishing ' national forest reservations ' , which were later called National Forests . The Sierra Club was active in the successful campaign to transfer Yosemite National Park from state to federal control in 1906 . The fight to preserve Hetch Hetchy Valley was also taken up by the Sierra Club , with some prominent San Francisco members opposing the fight . Eventually a vote was held that overwhelmingly put the Sierra Club behind the opposition to Hetch Hetchy Dam . Preservation vs conservation ( edit ) In July 1896 , Muir became associated with Gifford Pinchot , a national leader in the conservation movement . Pinchot was the first head of the United States Forest Service and a leading spokesman for the sustainable use of natural resources for the benefit of the people . His views eventually clashed with Muir 's and highlighted two diverging views of the use of the country 's natural resources . Pinchot saw conservation as a means of managing the nation 's natural resources for long - term sustainable commercial use . As a professional forester , his view was that `` forestry is tree farming , '' without destroying the long - term viability of the forests . Muir valued nature for its spiritual and transcendental qualities . In one essay about the National Parks , he referred to them as `` places for rest , inspiration , and prayers . '' He often encouraged city dwellers to experience nature for its spiritual nourishment . Both men opposed reckless exploitation of natural resources , including clear - cutting of forests . Even Muir acknowledged the need for timber and the forests to provide it , but Pinchot 's view of wilderness management was more resource - oriented . Their friendship ended late in the summer of 1897 when Pinchot released a statement to a Seattle newspaper supporting sheep grazing in forest reserves . Muir confronted Pinchot and demanded an explanation . When Pinchot reiterated his position , Muir told him : `` I do n't want any thing more to do with you . '' This philosophical divide soon expanded and split the conservation movement into two camps : the preservationists , led by Muir ; and Pinchot 's camp , who co-opted the term `` conservation . '' The two men debated their positions in popular magazines , such as Outlook , Harper 's Weekly , Atlantic Monthly , World 's Work , and Century . Their contrasting views were highlighted again when the United States was deciding whether to dam Hetch Hetchy Valley . Pinchot favored damming the valley as `` the highest possible use which could be made of it . '' In contrast , Muir proclaimed , `` Dam Hetch Hetchy ! As well dam for water - tanks the people 's cathedrals and churches , for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the hearts of man . '' Theodore Roosevelt and Muir , 1906 In 1899 , Muir accompanied railroad executive E.H. Harriman and esteemed scientists on the famous exploratory voyage along the Alaska coast aboard the luxuriously refitted 250 - foot ( 76 m ) steamer , the George W. Elder . He later relied on his friendship with Harriman to pressure Congress to pass conservation legislation . In 1903 , President Theodore Roosevelt accompanied Muir on a visit to Yosemite . Muir joined Roosevelt in Oakland , California , for the train trip to Raymond . The presidential entourage then traveled by stagecoach into the park . While traveling to the park , Muir told the president about state mismanagement of the valley and rampant exploitation of the valley 's resources . Even before they entered the park , he was able to convince Roosevelt that the best way to protect the valley was through federal control and management . After entering the park and seeing the magnificent splendor of the valley , the president asked Muir to show him the real Yosemite . Muir and Roosevelt set off largely by themselves and camped in the back country . The duo talked late into the night , slept in the brisk open air of Glacier Point , and were dusted by a fresh snowfall in the morning . It was a night Roosevelt never forgot . Muir then increased efforts by the Sierra Club to consolidate park management . In 1906 Congress transferred the Mariposa Grove and Yosemite Valley to the park . Native Americans ( edit ) Muir 's attitude toward Native Americans evolved over his life . His earliest encounters were with the Winnebago Indians in Wisconsin , who begged for food and stole his favorite horse . In spite of that , he had a great deal of sympathy for their `` being robbed of their lands and pushed ruthlessly back into narrower and narrower limits by alien races who were cutting off their means of livelihood . '' His early encounters with the Paiute in California left him feeling ambivalent after seeing their lifestyle , which he described as `` lazy '' and `` superstitious '' . Ecofeminist philosopher Carolyn Merchant has criticized Muir , believing that he wrote disparagingly of the Native Americans he encountered in his early explorations . Later , after living with Indians , he praised and grew more respectful of their low impact on the wilderness , compared to the heavy impact by European - Americans . Muir was given the Stickeen ( Muir 's spelling , coastal tribe ) name `` Ancoutahan '' meaning `` adopted chief '' . Hetch Hetchy dam controversy ( edit ) Hetch Hetchy Valley With population growth continuing in San Francisco , political pressure increased to dam the Tuolumne River for use as a water reservoir . Muir passionately opposed the damming of Hetch Hetchy Valley because he found Hetch Hetchy as stunning as Yosemite Valley . Muir , the Sierra Club and Robert Underwood Johnson fought against inundating the valley . Muir wrote to President Roosevelt pleading for him to scuttle the project . Roosevelt 's successor , William Howard Taft , suspended the Interior Department 's approval for the Hetch Hetchy right - of - way . After years of national debate , Taft 's successor Woodrow Wilson signed the bill authorizing the dam into law on December 19 , 1913 . Muir felt a great loss from the destruction of the valley , his last major battle . He wrote to his friend Vernon Kellogg , `` As to the loss of the Sierra Park Valley ( Hetch Hetchy ) it 's hard to bear . The destruction of the charming groves and gardens , the finest in all California , goes to my heart . '' Nature writer ( edit ) Lake Tenaya , Yosemite In his life , Muir published six volumes of writings , all describing explorations of natural settings . Four additional books were published posthumously . Several books were subsequently published that collected essays and articles from various sources . Miller writes that what was most important about his writings was not their quantity , but their `` quality '' . He notes that they have had a `` lasting effect on American culture in helping to create the desire and will to protect and preserve wild and natural environments . '' His first appearance in print was by accident , writes Miller ; a person he did not know submitted , without his permission or awareness , a personal letter to his friend Jeanne Carr , describing Calypso borealis , a rare flower he had encountered . The piece was published anonymously , identified as having been written by an `` inspired pilgrim '' . Throughout his many years as a nature writer , Muir frequently rewrote and expanded on earlier writings from his journals , as well as articles published in magazines . He often compiled and organized such earlier writings as collections of essays or included them as part of narrative books . Jeanne Carr : friend and mentor ( edit ) Muir 's friendship with Jeanne Carr had a lifelong influence on his career as a naturalist and writer . They first met in the fall of 1860 , when , at age 22 , he entered a number of his homemade inventions in the Wisconsin State Agricultural Society Fair . Carr , a fair assistant , was asked by fair officials to review Muir 's exhibits to see if they had merit . She thought they did and `` saw in his entries evidence of genius worthy of special recognition , '' notes Miller . As a result , Muir received a diploma and a monetary award for his handmade clocks and thermometer . During the next three years while a student at the University of Wisconsin , he was befriended by Carr and her husband , Ezra , a professor at the same university . According to Muir biographer Bonnie Johanna Gisel , the Carrs recognized his `` pure mind , unsophisticated nature , inherent curiosity , scholarly acumen , and independent thought . '' Jeanne Carr , 35 years of age , especially appreciated his youthful individuality , along with his acceptance of `` religious truths '' that were much like her own . The Muirs ' home in Martinez , California , is a National Historic Site . Muir was often invited to the Carrs ' home ; he shared Jeanne 's love of plants . In 1864 , he left Wisconsin to begin exploring the Canadian wilderness and , while there , began corresponding with her about his activities . Carr wrote Muir in return and encouraged him in his explorations and writings , eventually having an important influence over his personal goals . At one point she asked Muir to read a book she felt would influence his thinking , Lamartine 's The Stonemason of Saint Point . It was the story of a man whose life she hoped would `` metabolize in Muir , '' writes Gisel , and `` was a projection of the life she envisioned for him . '' According to Gisel , the story was about a `` poor man with a pure heart , '' who found in nature `` divine lessons and saw all of God 's creatures interconnected . '' After Muir returned to the United States , he spent the next four years exploring Yosemite , while at the same time writing articles for publication . During those years , Muir and Carr continued corresponding . She sent many of her friends to Yosemite to meet Muir and `` to hear him preach the gospel of the mountains , '' writes Gisel . The most notable was naturalist and author Ralph Waldo Emerson . The importance of Carr , who continually gave Muir reassurance and inspiration , `` can not be overestimated , '' adds Gisel . It was `` through his letters to her that he developed a voice and purpose . '' She also tried to promote Muir 's writings by submitting his letters to a monthly magazine for publication . Muir came to trust Carr as his `` spiritual mother , '' and they remained friends for 30 years . In one letter she wrote to Muir while he was living in Yosemite , she tried to keep him from despairing as to his purpose in life . The value of their friendship was first disclosed by a friend of Carr 's , clergyman and writer G. Wharton James . After obtaining copies of their private letters from Carr , and despite pleadings from Muir to return them , he instead published articles about their friendship , using those letters as a primary source . In one such article , his focus was Muir 's debt to Carr , stating that she was his `` guiding star '' who `` led him into the noble paths of life , and then kept him there . '' Writing becomes his work ( edit ) Muir 's friend , zoologist Henry Fairfield Osborn , writes that Muir 's style of writing did not come to him easily , but only with intense effort . `` Daily he rose at 4 : 30 o'clock , and after a simple cup of coffee labored incessantly ... he groans over his labors , he writes and rewrites and interpolates . '' Osborn notes that he preferred using the simplest English language , and therefore admired above all the writings of Carlyle , Emerson and Thoreau . `` He is a very firm believer in Thoreau and starts by reading deeply of this author . '' His secretary , Marion Randall Parsons , also noted that `` composition was always slow and laborious for him ... Each sentence , each phrase , each word , underwent his critical scrutiny , not once but twenty times before he was satisfied to let it stand . '' Muir often told her , `` This business of writing books is a long , tiresome , endless job . '' Miller speculates that Muir recycled his earlier writings partly due to his `` dislike of the writing process . '' He adds that Muir `` did not enjoy the work , finding it difficult and tedious . '' He was generally unsatisfied with the finished result , finding prose `` a weak instrument for the reality he wished to convey . '' However , he was prodded by friends and his wife to keep writing and as a result of their influence he kept at it , although never satisfied . Muir wrote in 1872 , `` No amount of word - making will ever make a single soul to ' know ' these mountains . One day 's exposure to mountains is better than a cartload of books . '' In one of his essays , he gave an example of the deficiencies of writing versus experiencing nature . Philosophical beliefs ( edit ) Of nature and theology ( edit ) Muir believed that to discover truth , he must turn to what he believed were the most accurate sources . Muir had a strict , Scottish Presbyterian upbringing . In his book , The Story of My Boyhood and Youth ( 1913 ) , he writes that during his childhood , his father made him read the Bible every day . Muir eventually memorized three - quarters of the Old Testament and all of the New Testament . Muir 's father read Josephus 's War of the Jews to understand the culture of first - century Palestine , as it was written by an eyewitness , and illuminated the culture during the period of the New Testament . But as Muir became attached to the American natural landscapes he explored , Williams notes that he began to see another `` primary source for understanding God : the Book of Nature . '' According to Williams , in nature , especially in the wilderness , Muir was able to study the plants and animals in an environment that he believed `` came straight from the hand of God , uncorrupted by civilization and domestication . '' As Tallmadge notes , Muir 's belief in this `` Book of Nature '' compelled him to tell the story of `` this creation in words any reader could understand . '' As a result , his writings were to become `` prophecy , for ( they ) sought to change our angle of vision . '' Williams notes that Muir 's philosophy and world view rotated around his perceived dichotomy between civilization and nature . From this developed his core belief that `` wild is superior '' . His nature writings became a `` synthesis of natural theology '' with scripture that helped him understand the origins of the natural world . According to Williams , philosophers and theologians such as Thomas Dick suggested that the `` best place to discover the true attributes of deity was in Nature . '' He came to believe that God was always active in the creation of life and thereby kept the natural order of the world . As a result , Muir `` styled himself as a John the Baptist , '' adds Williams , `` whose duty was to immerse in ' mountain baptism ' everyone he could . '' Williams concludes that Muir saw nature as a great teacher , `` revealing the mind of God , '' and this belief became the central theme of his later journeys and the `` subtext '' of his nature writing . During his career as writer and while living in the mountains , Muir continued to experience the `` presence of the divine in nature , '' writes Holmes His personal letters also conveyed these feelings of ecstasy . Historian Catherine Albanese stated that in one of his letters , `` Muir 's eucharist made Thoreau 's feast on wood - chuck and huckleberry seem almost anemic . '' Muir was extremely fond of Thoreau and was probably influenced more by him than even Emerson . Muir often referred to himself as a `` disciple '' of Thoreau . Of sensory perceptions and light ( edit ) Yosemite scene During his first summer in the Sierra as a shepherd , Muir wrote field notes that emphasized the role that the senses play in human perceptions of the environment . According to Williams , he speculated that the world was an unchanging entity that was interpreted by the brain through the senses , and , writes Muir , `` If the creator were to bestow a new set of senses upon us ... we would never doubt that we were in another world ... '' While doing his studies of nature , he would try to remember everything he observed as if his senses were recording the impressions , until he could write them in his journal . As a result of his intense desire to remember facts , he filled his field journals with notes on precipitation , temperature , and even cloud formations . However , Muir took his journal entries further than recording factual observations . Williams notes that the observations he recorded amounted to a description of `` the sublimity of Nature , '' and what amounted to `` an aesthetic and spiritual notebook . '' Muir felt that his task was more than just recording `` phenomena , '' but also to `` illuminate the spiritual implications of those phenomena , '' writes Williams . For Muir , mountain skies , for example , seemed painted with light , and came to `` ... symbolize divinity . '' He often described his observations in terms of light . Muir biographer Steven Holmes notes that Muir used words like `` glory '' and `` glorious '' to suggest that light was taking on a religious dimension : `` It is impossible to overestimate the importance of the notion of glory in Muir 's published writings , where no other single image carries more emotional or religious weight , '' adding that his words `` exactly parallels its Hebraic origins , '' in which biblical writings often indicate a divine presence with light , as in the burning bush or pillar of fire , and described as `` the glory of God . '' Seeing nature as home ( edit ) Posthumous portrait by Orlando Rouland ( 1917 ) Muir often used the term `` home '' as a metaphor for both nature and his general attitude toward the `` natural world itself , '' notes Holmes . He often used domestic language to describe his scientific observations , as when he saw nature as providing a home for even the smallest plant life : `` the little purple plant , tended by its Maker , closed its petals , crouched low in its crevice of a home , and enjoyed the storm in safety . '' Muir also saw nature as his own home , as when he wrote friends and described the Sierra as `` God 's mountain mansion . '' He considered not only the mountains as home , however , as he also felt a closeness even to the smallest objects : `` The very stones seem talkative , sympathetic , brotherly . No wonder when we consider that we all have the same Father and Mother . '' In his later years , he used the metaphor of nature as home in his writings to promote wilderness preservation . Not surprisingly , Muir 's deep - seated feeling about nature as being his true home led to tension with his family at his home in Martinez , California . He once told a visitor to his ranch there , `` This is a good place to be housed in during stormy weather , ... to write in , and to raise children in , but it is not my home . Up there , '' pointing towards the Sierra Nevada , `` is my home . '' Personal life ( edit ) Muir and family circa 1888 . In 1878 , when he was nearing the age of 40 , Muir 's friends `` pressured him to return to society . '' Soon after he returned to the Oakland area , he was introduced by Jeanne Carr to Louisa Strentzel , daughter of a prominent physician and horticulturist with a 2,600 - acre ( 11 km ) fruit orchard in Martinez , California , northeast of Oakland . In 1880 , after he returned from a trip to Alaska , Muir and Strentzel married . John Muir went into partnership with his father - in - law , Dr. John Strentzel , and for ten years directed most of his energy into managing this large fruit ranch . Although Muir was a loyal , dedicated husband , and father of two daughters , `` his heart remained wild , '' writes Marquis . His wife understood his needs , and after seeing his restlessness at the ranch would sometimes `` shoo him back up '' to the mountains . He sometimes took his daughters with him . The house and part of the ranch are now the John Muir National Historic Site . Death ( edit ) John Muir died at California Hospital ( now California Hospital Medical Center ) in Los Angeles on December 24 , 1914 , of pneumonia at age 76 , after a brief visit to Daggett , California , to see his daughter Helen Muir Funk . John Muir was survived by two daughters and ten grandchildren . His grandson Ross Hanna lived until 2014 , when he died at age 91 . Legacy ( edit ) A portrait of Muir , circa 1910 . During his lifetime John Muir published over 300 articles and 12 books . He co-founded the Sierra Club , which helped establish a number of national parks after he died and today has over 2.4 million members . Muir has been called the `` patron saint of the American wilderness '' and its `` archetypal free spirit . '' As a dreamer and activist , his eloquent words changed the way Americans saw their mountains , forests , seashores , and deserts , said nature writer Gretel Ehrlich . He not only led the efforts to protect forest areas and have some designated as national parks , but his writings presented `` human culture and wild nature as one of humility and respect for all life . '' Robert Underwood Johnson , editor of Century Magazine , which published many of Muir 's articles , states that he influenced people 's appreciation of nature and national parks , which became a lasting legacy : The world will look back to the time we live in and remember the voice of one crying in the wilderness and bless the name of John Muir ... He sung the glory of nature like another Psalmist , and , as a true artist , was unashamed of his emotions . His countrymen owe him gratitude as the pioneer of our system of national parks ... Muir 's writings and enthusiasm were the chief forces that inspired the movement . All the other torches were lighted from his . Muir exalted wild nature over human culture and civilization , believing that all life was sacred . Turner describes him as `` a man who in his singular way rediscovered America ... an American pioneer , an American hero . '' The primary aim of Muir 's nature philosophy , writes Wilkins , was to challenge mankind 's `` enormous conceit , '' and in so doing , he moved beyond the Transcendentalism of Emerson to a `` biocentric perspective on the world '' . He did so by describing the natural world as `` a conductor of divinity , '' and his writings often made nature synonymous with God . His friend , Henry Fairfield Osborn , observed that as a result of his religious upbringing , Muir retained `` this belief , which is so strongly expressed in the Old Testament , that all the works of nature are directly the work of God . '' In the opinion of Enos Mills , a contemporary who established Rocky Mountain National Park , Muir 's writings would `` likely to be the most influential force in this century . '' Tributes and honors ( edit ) Mount Muir located one mile south of Mount Whitney in the High Sierra of California . John Muir on a 1964 U.S. commemorative stamp California celebrates John Muir Day on April 21 each year . Muir was the first person honored with a California commemorative day when legislation signed in 1988 created John Muir Day , effective from 1989 onward . Muir is one of three people so honored in California , along with Harvey Milk Day and Ronald Reagan Day . East Lothian in Scotland also celebrates John Muir day , the play Thank God for John Muir , by Andrew Dallmeyer is based on his life . The following places are named after Muir : Mount Muir Mount Muir ( elevation 4688 ' ) in Angeles National Forest north of Pasadena , California Muir 's Peak next to Mount Shasta , California ( also known as Black Butte ) Muir Glacier , Alaska John Muir Trails in California , Tennessee , Connecticut , and Wisconsin John Muir Wilderness ( southern and central Sierra Nevada ) Muir Pass Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks , the divide at 11,955 ' above sea level , between Evolution Creek and Middle Fork of Kings River Muir Woods National Monument just north of San Francisco , California Muir Beach , California John Muir National Historic Site in Martinez , California Camp Muir in Mount Rainier National Park John Muir College , one of the six undergraduate colleges of University of California , San Diego John Muir Highway - a section of California State Route 132 between Coulterville and Smith Station at California State Route 120 . This road roughly follows part of the route Muir took on his first walk to Yosemite . The main - belt asteroid 128523 Johnmuir John Muir featured on the California state quarter . John Muir was featured on two U.S. commemorative postage stamps . A 5 - cent stamp issued on April 29 , 1964 , was designed by Rudolph Wendelin , and showed Muir 's face superimposed on a grove of redwood trees , and the inscription , `` John Muir Conservationist '' . A 32 - cent stamp issued on February 3 , 1998 , was part of the `` Celebrate the Century '' series , and showed Muir in Yosemite Valley , with the inscription `` John Muir , Preservationist '' . An image of Muir , with the California condor and Half Dome , appears on the California state quarter released in 2005 . A quotation of his appears on the reverse side of the Indianapolis Prize Lilly Medal for conservation . On December 6 , 2006 , California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted John Muir into the California Hall of Fame located at The California Museum for History , Women , and the Arts . Muir and Hudson Stuck are honored with a feast day on the liturgical of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America on April 22 . Muirite ( a mineral ) , Erigeron muirii , Carlquistia muirii ( two species of aster ) , Ivesia muirii ( a member of the rose family ) , Troglodytes troglodytes muiri ( a wren ) , Ochotona princeps muiri ( a pika ) , Thecla muirii ( a butterfly ) , and Amplaria muiri ( a millipede ) were all named after John Muir . Bibliography ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Studies in the Sierra ( 1950 reprint of serials from 1874 ) Picturesque California 1888 The Mountains of California . New York : Century , 1894 . Stickeen : An Adventure with a Dog and a Glacier ( 1897 ) Our National Parks . Boston : Houghton , Mifflin , 1901 . My First Summer in the Sierra . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1911 . Edward Henry Harriman . Garden City , N.Y. : Doubleday , Page , 1911 . The Yosemite . New York : Century , 1912 . The Story of My Boyhood and Youth . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1913 . Travels in Alaska . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1915 . Letters to a Friend . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1915 . A Thousand - mile Walk to the Gulf . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1916 . The Cruise of the Corwin . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1917 . Steep Trails . Boston : Houghton , 1918 . Nature Writings : The Story of My Boyhood and Youth ; My First Summer in the Sierra ; The Mountains of California ; Stickeen ; Selected Essays . New York : Library of America , 1997 . Gifford , Terry . John Muir : His Life and Letters and Other Writings . London : Seattle : Mountaineers , 1996 . ed . Tim Flinders . John Muir : Spiritual Writings Maryknoll , NY : Orbis Books , 2013 Essays online ( edit ) `` Alaska . The Discovery of Glacier Bay '' `` The American Forests '' `` Among the Animals of the Yosemite '' `` Among the Birds of the Yosemite '' `` The Coniferous Forests of the Sierra Nevada '' `` Features of the Proposed Yosemite National Park '' `` The Forests of Yosemite Park '' `` Fountains and Streams of the Yosemite '' `` In the Heart of the California Alps '' `` Living Glaciers of California '' `` The New Sequoia Forests of California '' `` A Rival of the Yosemite , King 's River Canyon '' `` Snow - Storm on Mount Shasta '' `` Studies in the Sierra : The Glacier Meadows of the Sierra '' `` Studies in the Sierra : The Mountain Lakes of California '' `` Studies in the Sierra : The Passes of the Sierra '' `` The Treasures of the Yosemite '' `` The Wild Gardens of the Yosemite Park '' `` The Wild Parks and Forest Reservations of the West '' `` The Wild Sheep of the Sierra '' `` The Yellowstone National Park '' `` The Yosemite National Park '' The standard author abbreviation J. Muir is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name . See also ( edit ) John Muir 's Birthplace John Muir Trust John Muir Way Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` John Muir '' . Encyclopedia of World Biography . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kim Kennedy White ( ed . ) . America Goes Green : An Encyclopedia of Eco-Friendly Culture in the United States . Santa Barbara , Calif. : ABC - CLIO , 2013 , p. xxiii . `` John Muir ( 1838 - 1914 ) was a Scottish - born American citizen '' . Jump up ^ Stephen Fox . The American Conservation Movement : John Muir and His Legacy . Madison : University of Wisconsin Press , 1981 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Wenk , Elizabeth ; Morey , Kathy ( 2007 ) . John Muir Trail : The Essential Guide to Hiking America 's Most Famous Trail . Berkeley , CA : Wilderness Press . ISBN 0899974368 . Jump up ^ `` The Life and Contributions of John Muir '' . Sierra Club . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Miller , Barbara Kiely ( 2008 ) . John Muir . Gareth Stevens . p. 10 . ISBN 0836883187 . Jump up ^ National Park Service . `` Biography of John Muir '' . YouTube . ^ Jump up to : `` John Muir in Scotland '' . Scotland.org. 21 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Adams , Ansel ( 2002 ) . America 's Wilderness : the Photographs of Ansel Adams , with the Writings of John Muir . Philadelphia , PA : Courage Books . ISBN 0762413905 . ^ Jump up to : Holmes , Steven ( 1999 ) . The Young John Muir : An Environmental Biography . Madison : Univ. of Wisconsin Press . Jump up ^ Anderson , William ( 1998 ) . Green Man : The Archetype of Our Oneness with the Earth . ISBN 0951703811 . ^ Jump up to : Worster , Donald ( 2008 ) . Passion for Nature . ISBN 0195166825 . Jump up ^ A Boyhood in Scotland , Chapter 1 , ' The Story of My Boyhood and Youth by John Muir ' by John Muir ( 1913 ) - John Muir Exhibit ( John Muir Education Project , Sierra Club California ... ^ Jump up to : Muir , John ( 1916 ) . The Story of My Boyhood and Youth . Houghton Mifflin Co . ISBN 1 - 883011 - 24 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Marquis , Amy Leinbach ( Fall 2007 ) . `` A Mountain Calling '' . National Parks Magazine . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2011 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kevin Hutchings and John Miller ( eds . ) . Transatlantic Literary Ecologies : Nature and Culture in the Nineteenth - Century Anglophone Atlantic World . New York : Routledge , Taylor & Francis Group , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fountain Lake Farm ( Wisconsin Farm Home of John Muir ) '' . National Historic Landmarks Program . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2011 . Retrieved January 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ White , Graham ( 2009 ) . `` Introduction '' . Journeys in the Wilderness , A John Muir Reader . Edinburgh : Birlinn . ISBN 1841586978 . ^ Jump up to : Fox , Stephen R. ( 1985 ) . The American conservation movement : John Muir and his legacy . Univ of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 10634 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Wolfe , Linnie Marsh ( 1945 ) . Son of the Wilderness : The Life of John Muir . Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 0299186342 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Rod ( 2005 ) . John Muir : Magnificent Tramp . New York : Forge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7653 - 1071 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Following John Muir 's footsteps ... '' . Historical marker at the Epping Lookout , Meaford , Ontario . The Friends of John Muir . Jump up ^ Stephen R. Fox ( 1981 ) . The American Conservation Movement : John Muir and His Legacy . University of Wisconsin Press . p. 48 . Jump up ^ Muir , John ( 1916 ) . Badè , William Frederic , ed . A Thousand - mile Walk to the Gulf . Boston and New York : Houghton Mifflin . p. xxxii . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Turner , Frederick W. ( 2000 ) . John Muir : Rediscovering America . Madison : Da Capo Press . ISBN 9780738203751 . ^ Jump up to : Wilkins , Thurman ( 1995 ) . John Muir : Apostle of Nature . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 080612797X . Jump up ^ `` History of Coast Survey '' . Office of Coast Survey . NOAA . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Muir , John ( 1901 ) . Our National Parks . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 1177228750 . Jump up ^ Muir , John ; Teale , Edwin Way ( 1954 ) . The Wilderness World of John Muir . Mariner Books . ISBN 0618127518 . ^ Jump up to : Tallmadge , John ( 1997 ) . Meeting the Tree of Life : A Teacher 's Path . Univ. of Utah Press . ISBN 0874805317 . Jump up ^ Carleton Watkins photographs saved Yosemite December 20 , 2011 Guardian Jump up ^ Terry Gifford ( re . ) ( 1996 ) . `` Trees and Travel '' . The life and letters of John Muir . The Mountaineers Books . p. 322 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89886 - 463 - 2 . Letter to Robert Underwood Johnson ; Martinez , 3 March 1895 Jump up ^ Muir , John ( 1901 ) . `` The Earthquake '' . Our National Parks . Sierra Club . Jump up ^ `` On the Post-glacial History of Sequoia Gigantea '' . Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science . 25 : 242 -- 252 . August 1876 . Jump up ^ Muir , John , ( 1915 ) Travels in Alaska . Boston : Houghton Mifflin ... Jump up ^ John Muir ( 1915 ) . `` Chapter X : The Discovery of Glacier Bay '' . Travels in Alaska . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company . Jump up ^ Sorum , Alan ( September 30 , 2007 ) . `` John Muir Comes to Alaska '' . Information About Alaska ( IAA ) . Retrieved January 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Davis , Wade ( March 2004 ) . `` Deep North '' . National Geographic Magazine . National Geographic Society . Retrieved January 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ John Muir ( 1917 ) . The Cruise of the Corwin . Boston and New York : Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 1140210408 . Retrieved September 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Muir , John ( September 1890 ) . `` Features of the Proposed Yosemite National Park '' . The Century Magazine . XL ( 5 ) . Retrieved April 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Fox , Stephen R. ( 1985 ) . The American Conservation Movement : John Muir and His Legacy . Univ of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 10634 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Colby , William ( December 1967 ) . `` The Story of the Sierra Club '' ( PDF ) . Sierra Club Bulletin . Sierra Club . Retrieved February 26 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Meyer , John M. ( Winter 1997 ) . `` Gifford Pinchot , John Muir , and the Boundaries of Politics in American Thought '' . Polity . Palgrave MacMillan. 30 ( 2 ) : 267 -- 284 . JSTOR 3235219 . doi : 10.2307 / 3235219 . Jump up ^ Nash , Roderick ( 2001 ) . Wilderness & The American Mind . Yale University : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 09122 - 9 . Jump up ^ Fleck , Richard F. ( February 1978 ) . `` John Muir 's Evolving Attitudes toward Native American Cultures '' . American Indian Quarterly . University of Nebraska Press . 4 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 31 . JSTOR 1183963 . doi : 10.2307 / 1183963 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Merchant . `` Shades of Darkness : Race and Environmental History '' . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2011 . Retrieved June 9 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Muir , John ( 1911 ) . My First Summer in the Sierra . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0618988513 . Jump up ^ John Muir ( 1915 ) . Travels in Alaska . Houghton Mifflin Company . p. 33 . Jump up ^ Muir , John ( 1912 ) . The Yosemite . New York : The Century Company . Jump up ^ Jones , Holway R ( 1965 ) . John Muir and the Sierra Club : the Battle for Yosemite . San Francisco : Sierra Club . ^ Jump up to : Gisel , Bonnie Johanna ( 2001 ) . Kindred & Related Spirits : The Letters of John Muir and Jeanne C. Carr . Univ. of Utah Press . ISBN 0874806828 . Jump up ^ Miller , Sally M ; Morrison , Daryl ( 2005 ) . John Muir : Family , Friends , and Adventures . Univ. of New Mexico Press . ISBN 0826335306 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Muir Memorial '' . Sierra Club Bulletin . 10 ( 1 ) . January 1916 . Jump up ^ Muir , John ( 1915 ) . Travels in Alaska . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . Jump up ^ Muir , John ( 1918 ) . Parsons , Marion , ed . The Writings of John Muir : Steep Trails . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 1605977160 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Denis C ( 2002 ) . God 's Wilds : John Muir 's Vision of Nature . College Station : Texas A&M Univ . Press . ISBN 1585441430 . ^ Jump up to : Muir , John ( 1938 ) . Wolfe , Linnie Marsh , ed . John of the Mountains : the Unpublished Journals of John Muir . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0299078841 . Jump up ^ Albanese , Catherine L ( 1990 ) . Nature Religion in America : From the Algonkian Indians to the New Age . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . Jump up ^ Bowman , Antonette ( 2012 ) Portrait of a Prophet : Orlando Rouland 's John Muir , 1917 . National Portrait Gallery , Smithsonian . Jump up ^ `` Most Often Asked Questions at the John Muir National Historic Site '' . Sierra Club . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ John Muir National Historic Site `` The park 's museum collection includes historic documents and artifacts that relate to the writing , travels , political activities and daily life of John Muir and his family in Martinez ... The collections are displayed in the home , carriage house and through exhibitions in the Visitor Center . '' Jump up ^ `` Obituary : John Muir '' . Claremont Colleges Digital Library . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ this Day . `` Obituary : John Muir '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( June 22 , 2014 ) . `` Dixon mourns the loss of beloved resident Ross Erwin Hanna '' . The Reporter News . Retrieved June 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ehrlich , Gretel ( 2000 ) . John Muir : Nature 's Visionary . Washington , D.C. : National Geographic Society . OCLC 248316300 . Jump up ^ `` Ronald Reagan , John Muir , Harvey Milk : The Californian trinity '' . The Economist . July 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hindery , Robin ( July 19 , 2010 ) . `` California establishes annual day honoring Reagan '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bruce , Keith ( February 16 , 2015 ) . `` Arts News : '' . Herald Scotland . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Theatre review : Thank God for John Muir '' . The Scotsman . May 10 , 2011 . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Muir 2015 '' . Visit East Lothian . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2015 . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lower Peaks Committee List '' . Angeles Chapter , Sierra Club . Jump up ^ `` Mount Muir , California '' . Peakbagger.com . Jump up ^ USGS Map , Mt . Goddard Quadrangle Jump up ^ John Muir Highway Geotourism , Sierra Nevada Geotourism Mapguide Jump up ^ `` John Muir Stamps and First Day Covers '' . San Francisco , CA : Sierra Club . Retrieved April 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lilly Medal Awarded Prize Winners '' . Indianapolis Zoological Society . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2011 . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Scientific Names in Honor of John Muir '' . John Muir Exhibit . Sierra Club . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ IPNI. J. Muir . Further reading ( edit ) Austin , Richard C. ( 1991 ) . Baptized into wilderness : A Christian perspective on John Muir . Creekside Press . ISBN 0 - 9625831 - 2 - X . Bilbro , Jeffrey . `` Preserving `` God 's Wildness '' for Redemptive Baptism : Muir and Disciples of Christ Theology , '' in Loving God 's Wildness : The Christian Roots of Ecological Ethics in American Literature . Tuscaloosa : U of Alabama P , 2015 . 63 - 98 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8173 - 1857 - 4 . Blessing , Matt . `` ' The inventions , though of little importance , opened all doors for me ' : John Muir 's Years as an Inventor '' . Wisconsin Magazine of History , vol. 99 , no . 4 ( Summer 2016 ) : 16 - 27 . Ehrlich , Gretel ( 2000 ) . John Muir : Nature 's Visionary . National Geographic . ISBN 0 - 7922 - 7954 - 9 . Engberg , Robert and Donald Wesling , 1999 . John Muir : To Yosemite and Beyond . University of Utah Press : Salt Lake City . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87480 - 580 - 2 Fleck , Richard F. , ed. , 1997 . Mountaineering Essays . University of Utah Press : Salt Lake City . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87480 - 544 - 4 . Gifford , Terry ( 2011 ) . John Muir 's Literary Science . The Public Domain Review . Hunt , James B. 2013 . Restless Fires : Young John Muir 's Thousand Mile Walk to the Gulf in 1867 -- 68 . Mercer University Press . Lasky , Kathryn . John Muir : America 's first environmentalist ( Candlewick Press , 2014 ) Miller , Char ( 2001 ) . Gifford Pinchot and the Making of Modern Environmentalism . Island Press . ISBN 1 - 55963 - 822 - 2 . O'Casey , Terrence ( September 24 , 2006 ) . `` John Muir : God 's Preacher of Creation '' . Christian Standard . Smith , Michael B. ( June 1998 ) . `` The Value of a Tree : Public Debates of John Muir and Gifford Pinchot '' . The Historian. 60 ( 4 ) : 757 -- 778 . ISSN 0018 - 2370 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 6563.1998. tb01414. x . Turner , Frederick . John Muir : From Scotland to the Sierra : A Biography ( Canongate Books , 2014 ) White , Graham ( ed ) ( 2009 ) . Journeys in the Wilderness , A John Muir Reader . Birlinn . ISBN 1 - 84158 - 697 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Williams , Dennis ( 2002 ) . God 's Wilds : John Muir 's Vision of Nature . Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 1 - 58544 - 143 - 0 . Witschi , N.S. ( 2002 ) . Traces of Gold : California 's Natural Resources and the Claim to Realism in Western American Literature . Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama Press . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 1117 - 3 . Worster , Donald ( January 2005 ) . `` John Muir and the Modern Passion for Nature '' . Environmental History . 10 ( 1 ) : 8 -- 19 . doi : 10.1093 / envhis / 10.1. 8 . Worster , Donald ( 2008 ) . A Passion for Nature : The Life of John Muir . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516682 - 8 . Wuerthner , George ( 1994 ) . Yosemite : A Visitor 's Companion . Stackpole Books . pp. 25 -- 37 . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 2598 - 7 . Young , Samuel Hall ( 1915 ) . Alaska Days with John Muir . Fleming H. Revell . External links ( edit ) This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Muir . Wikiquote has quotations related to : John Muir Wikisource has original works written by or about : John Muir John Muir 's Ascent of Mt . Rainier , an essay by John Muir 's photographer A.C. Warner -- University of Washington Digital Collection The Story of My Boyhood and Youth by John Muir Video -- John Muir biography National Park Service -- 20 min . `` John Muir in the New World '' PBS American Masters Episodes , February 23 , 2011 Works by John Muir at Project Gutenberg Works by or about John Muir at Internet Archive Works by John Muir at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) John Muir Writings Sierra Club Complete text of a selection of first edition John Muir books John Muir 's Correspondence , 1856 -- 1914 , The Bancroft Library Manuscript letters , 1861 -- 1914 put online by the Wisconsin Historical Society John Muir Letters , online from Calisphere John Muir 's Clockwork Desk , Wisconsin Historical Society exhibit . John Muir Papers . Provides an overview of the John Muir Papers and related collections held at the University of the Pacific . John Muir Exhibit by the Sierra Club ; includes a detailed chronology . John Muir Global Network John Muir National Historic Site from National Park Service Friends of John Muir 's Birthplace ( formerly Dunbar 's John Muir Association ) at the Wayback Machine ( archived April 25 , 2001 ) Scotland John Muir 's Birthplace , John Muir Birthplace Trust Scotland John Muir Trust Scotland Canadian Friends of John Muir ( CFJM ) website John Muir Project Protecting Federal Public Forest Lands Access Adventure Founded by Muir 's grandson 9 short radio episodes : California Glaciers , Earthquake , Samoset , Two Pine Logs , The Water - Ouzel , Wild Bees of California , The Wind , A Windstorm in the Forest and Woody Gospel Letter at the Wayback Machine ( archived May 23 , 2004 ) based on the writings of John Muir . California Legacy Project . Yosemite National Park Attractions Yosemite Valley Yosemite Village Hetch Hetchy Glacier Point Badger Pass Mariposa Grove of Giant Sequoias Tuolumne Meadows Tioga Pass Wawona Tree Chilnualna Falls Valley attractions Half Dome Northwest Face Yosemite Falls El Capitan Films : El Capitan , To the Limit The Nose Bridalveil Fall Happy Isles Mirror Lake North Dome Vernal Fall Nevada Fall Little Yosemite Valley LeConte Lodge Bracebridge Dinner Yosemite Firefall Yosemite Valley Chapel Hiking trails Mist Trail McGurk Meadow Ostrander Lake Taft Point Sentinel Dome Alder Creek Mariposa Grove Wapama Falls Lembert Dome John Muir Trail People John Muir Stephen T. Mather Galen Clark Shelton Johnson Buffalo Soldiers Chief Tenaya Ahwahnechee people Lodging & camping Yosemite Lodge at the Falls The Ahwahnee Camp Curry Wawona Hotel Housekeeping Camp High Sierra Camps Camp 4 Natural disasters 1938 TWA Yosemite crash ( crashed due to inclement weather ) 1996 Yosemite Valley landslide 1997 Merced River flood 2013 Rim Wildfire Transportation Nearby airports FAT MPI MMH YARTS Route 140 Route 41 Route 120 Nearby municipalities Foresta El Portal & Arch Rock Entrance Yosemite West & Chinquapin Wawona Bootjack Mariposa Briceburg Oakhurst Midpines Lee Vining Mammoth Merced Le Grand Chowchilla Additional information History of the Yosemite area Geology of the Yosemite area National Register of Historic Places in Yosemite National Park List of waterfalls Yosemite Category California Portal Sequoia National Park Landmarks and attractions Ash Mountain Entrance Sign Atwell Mill Grove Cabin Creek Ranger Residence and Dormitory Cattle Cabin Crystal Cave Eagle Lake Forester Pass Franklin Garfield Grove General Sherman Tree Generals ' Highway Generals ' Highway Stone Bridges Giant Forest Giant Forest Lodge Hist . Dist . Giant Forest Village -- Camp Kaweah Hist . Dist . Great Western Divide Hazelwood Tree High Sierra Trail Hockett Mdw . Ranger Sta . Hospital Rock John Muir Trail Kaweah Gap Kern Plateau Salamander King Arthur Lilliput Glacier Lincoln Tree Mineral King Mineral King Road Cultural Landscape Monroe Moro Rock Muir Grove Pear Lake Ski Hut President Quinn Ranger Sta . Redwood Mdw . Ranger Sta . Smithsonian Institution Shelter Squatter 's Cabin Tharp 's Log Ursa Minor Cave Washington Tree Wuksachi Village and Lodge Mountains Alta Peak Mount Barnard Black Kaweah Florence Peak Junction Peak Kaweah Peaks Ridge Kaweah Queen Mount Kaweah Mount Langley Mount Le Conte Mount Mallory Mount McAdie Milestone Mountain Mount Muir Red Kaweah Mount Russell Sawtooth Peak Mount Stewart Table Mountain Triple Divide Peak Mount Tyndall Thunder Mountain Mount Whitney People John Muir Stephen T. Mather Hale Tharp John Tyndall Josiah Whitney George W. Stewart Yokut people Nearby municipalities Three Rivers Lemon Cove Kaweah Visalia Tulare Lone Pine Additional information Indian Basin Grove National Register of Historic Places listings in Sequoia - Kings Canyon National Parks Sequoia National Park Category California Portal Kings Canyon National Park Landmarks and attractions Barton -- Lackey Cabin Boole Cedar Grove Charlotte Lake Converse Basin Darwin Glacier Deadman Canyon Forester Pass General Grant Tree General Grant Grove Generals Highway Great Western Divide Indian Basin Grove Ishi Giant John Muir Trail Kern Plateau Salamander Kings River Slender Salamander Martha Lake Muir Pass Rae Lakes Redwood Mountain Grove Robert E. Lee Tree Shorty Lovelace Hist . Dist . Wilsonia Hist . Dist . Mountains Acrodectes Peak Mount Agassiz Mount Baxter Mount Brewer Charlotte Dome Mount Clarence King Mount Cotter Mount Darwin Mount Farquhar Mount Goddard Mount Gould Junction Peak Mount Keith Middle Palisade Milestone Mountain Norman Clyde Peak North Palisade Palisade Crest Palisades Mount Sill Split Mountain Mount Stanford Table Mountain Thunderbolt Peak Triple Divide Peak Thunder Mountain University Peak Mount Winchell People John Muir Stephen T. Mather Nearby municipalities Hume Squaw Valley Independence Auberry Fresno Additional information National Register of Historic Places listings in Sequoia - Kings Canyon National Parks Kings Canyon National Park Category California Portal VIAF : 68933311 LCCN : n79078692 ISNI : 0000 0001 2137 9847 GND : 119315343 SELIBR : 320585 SUDOC : 027042030 BNF : cb11917175x ( data ) ULAN : 500224954 NLA : 35367197 NDL : 00472012 NKC : jn19990005883 Botanist : J. Muir BNE : XX1348149 IATH : w6v127gv Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Muir&oldid=804747678 '' Categories : John Muir 1838 births 1914 deaths 19th - century American writers 19th - century Scottish writers 20th - century American writers 20th - century Scottish writers Activists from California American botanical writers American botanists American conservationists American Disciples of Christ American engineers American environmentalists American essayists American explorers American geologists American inventors American male writers American mountain climbers American naturalists American nature writers American non-fiction environmental writers Hetch Hetchy Project History of the Sierra Nevada ( U.S. ) People associated with Transcendentalism People from Dunbar People from Martinez , California People of the American Old West Progressive Era in the United States Scottish activists Scottish botanical writers Scottish botanists Scottish conservationists Scottish Disciples of Christ Scottish emigrants to the United States Scottish engineers Scottish essayists Scottish explorers Scottish geologists Scottish inventors Scottish mountain climbers Scottish naturalists Scottish nature writers Sierra Club presidents University of Wisconsin -- Madison alumni Writers from California Writers who illustrated their own writing Yosemite National Park Hidden categories : Biography with signature Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 Botanists with author abbreviations CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia external links cleanup from April 2014 Wikipedia spam cleanup from April 2014 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links Webarchive template wayback links AC with 14 elements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Wikiquote Wikisource تۆرکجه Башҡортса Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaelg Gàidhlig 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Italiano עברית Қазақша Malagasy Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 22 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Muir

who did hero meet first in big hero 6

Hiro Hamada is a 14 - year - old robotics genius living in the futuristic city of San Fransokyo . After graduating from high school , he spends much of his free time participating in illegal robot fights . To redirect Hiro , his elder brother Tadashi takes him to the research lab at the San Fransokyo Institute of Technology , where Hiro meets Tadashi 's friends , GoGo , Wasabi , Honey Lemon , and Fred . Hiro also meets Professor Robert Callaghan , the head of the university 's robotics program . Amazed , Hiro decides to apply to the university . To enroll , he signs up for the school 's science fair and presents his project : microbots , swarms of tiny robots that can link together in any arrangement imaginable using a neuro - cranial transmitter . Hiro declines an offer from Alistair Krei , CEO of Krei Tech , to market the microbots , and Callaghan accepts him into the school . When a fire breaks out among the exhibits , Tadashi rushes in to save Callaghan , but the building explodes moments later , apparently killing both Tadashi and Callaghan .

GoGo

Big Hero 6 ( film )

big hero 6 ( film )

Big Hero 6 is a 2014 American 3D computer - animated superhero - comedy - drama film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures . Loosely based on the superhero team of the same name by Marvel Comics , the film is the 54th Disney animated feature film . Directed by Don Hall and Chris Williams , the film tells the story of Hiro Hamada , a young robotics prodigy who forms a superhero team to combat a masked villain . The film features the voices of Scott Adsit , Ryan Potter , Daniel Henney , T.J. Miller , Jamie Chung , Damon Wayans , Jr. , Genesis Rodriguez , Alan Tudyk , James Cromwell , and Maya Rudolph .

Big Hero 6 is the first Disney animated film to feature Marvel Comics characters , whose parent company was acquired by The Walt Disney Company in 2009 . Walt Disney Animation Studios created new software technology to produce the film 's animated visuals . Big Hero 6 premiered at the 27th Tokyo International Film Festival on October 23 , 2014 , and at the Abu Dhabi Film Festival on October 31 ; it was theatrically released in the Disney Digital 3 - D and RealD 3D formats in the United States on November 7 , 2014 . The film was met with both critical and commercial success , grossing over $657.8 million worldwide and becoming the highest - grossing animated film of 2014 . It won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature and the Kids ' Choice Award for Favorite Animated Movie . It also received nominations for the Annie Award for Best Animated Feature , the Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film , and the BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film . Big Hero 6 was released on DVD and Blu - ray Disc on February 24 , 2015 . A television series , which will continue the story of the film , will debut in 2017 on Disney XD . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Track listing 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 North America 6.1. 2 Outside North America 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Other media 7.1 Video games 7.2 Toys 8 Future 8.1 Projected film sequel 8.2 Television follow - up 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Hiro Hamada is a 14 - year - old robotics genius living in the futuristic city of San Fransokyo . After graduating from high school , he spends much of his free time participating in illegal robot fights . To redirect Hiro , his elder brother Tadashi takes him to the research lab at the San Fransokyo Institute of Technology , where Hiro meets Tadashi 's friends , GoGo , Wasabi , Honey Lemon , and Fred . Hiro also meets Professor Robert Callaghan , the head of the university 's robotics program . Amazed , Hiro decides to apply to the university . To enroll , he signs up for the school 's science fair and presents his project : microbots , swarms of tiny robots that can link together in any arrangement imaginable using a neuro - cranial transmitter . Hiro declines an offer from Alistair Krei , CEO of Krei Tech , to market the microbots , and Callaghan accepts him into the school . When a fire breaks out among the exhibits , Tadashi rushes in to save Callaghan , but the building explodes moments later , apparently killing both Tadashi and Callaghan . Weeks later , a depressed Hiro inadvertently activates Baymax , the inflatable healthcare robot that Tadashi created , who follows Hiro 's only remaining microbot to an abandoned warehouse . There , the two discover that someone has been mass - producing the microbots and are attacked by a man wearing a Kabuki mask who is controlling them . After they escape , Hiro equips Baymax with armor and a battle chip containing various karate moves and they track the masked man to the docks . GoGo , Wasabi , Honey Lemon , and Fred arrive , responding to a call from Baymax , and the masked man chases the group . The six escape to Fred 's mansion where they decide to form a high - tech superhero team to combat the villain . The group tracks the masked man , who they suspect to be Krei , to an abandoned Krei Tech laboratory on an island which had been used for teleportation research until a test pilot was lost in an accident . The masked man attacks , but the group manages to knock off his mask , revealing the man to be Callaghan who had stolen Hiro 's microbots to shield himself from the explosion on campus . Hiro realizes that Tadashi died without reason , while Callaghan refuses to take responsibility for Tadashi 's death . This prompts an enraged Hiro to remove Baymax 's healthcare chip , leaving only the battle chip , and to order him to kill Callaghan . Honey re-installs the healthcare chip at the last second , preventing Baymax from carrying out the kill order . Callaghan escapes , and Hiro leaves with Baymax , intent on avenging Tadashi . Back home , Hiro tries to remove the healthcare chip again , but Baymax stops him and states that vengeance is not what Tadashi would have wanted . To calm him down , Baymax shows Hiro videos of Tadashi running numerous tests during Baymax 's development as a demonstration of Tadashi 's benevolence and legacy . A remorseful Hiro apologizes to his friends , who reassure him they will catch Callaghan the right way . Video footage from the accident reveals that the pilot was Callaghan 's daughter Abigail and that Callaghan is seeking revenge on Krei . Callaghan interrupts Krei at a public event and attempts to destroy his headquarters using Krei 's teleportation portal . After a lengthy battle , the team deprives Callaghan of his microbots and the mask , saving Krei , but the portal remains active . Baymax detects Abigail inside , alive but in hyper - sleep , and leaps into the portal with Hiro to rescue her . They find Abigail 's pod , but on the way back out , Baymax is struck by debris , damaging his armor and disabling his thrusters . Knowing that the portal will collapse , Baymax uses his armor 's rocket fist to propel Hiro and Abigail back through the portal , forcing them to leave him behind . Callaghan is arrested while Abigail is taken to the hospital . Sometime later , Hiro discovers Baymax 's personality chip clenched in the rocket fist . He rebuilds Baymax 's body and the six friends continue their exploits through the city , fulfilling Tadashi 's dream of helping those in need . During the end credits , a series of newspaper headlines reveals that the university has awarded Hiro a grant and dedicated a building in Tadashi 's honor , and that the team has continued protecting the city . In a post-credits scene , Fred discovers a hidden cache of superhero equipment in his family mansion . His father , a retired superhero , returns from vacation and says , `` We have a lot to talk about . '' Voice cast ( edit ) Ryan Potter as Hiro Hamada , a 14 - year - old robotics prodigy . Speaking of the character , co-director Don Hall said `` Hiro is transitioning from boy to man , it 's a tough time for a kid and some teenagers develop that inevitable snarkiness and jaded attitude . Luckily Ryan is a very likeable kid . So no matter what he did , he was able to take the edge off the character in a way that made him authentic , but appealing '' . Scott Adsit as Baymax , an inflatable robot built by Tadashi as a medical assistant . Hall said , `` Baymax views the world from one perspective -- he just wants to help people , he sees Hiro as his patient '' . Producer Roy Conli said `` The fact that his character is a robot limits how you can emote , but Scott was hilarious . He took those boundaries and was able to shape the language in a way that makes you feel Baymax 's emotion and sense of humor . Scott was able to relay just how much Baymax cares '' . Daniel Henney as Tadashi Hamada , Hiro 's older brother and Baymax 's creator . On Hiro and Tadashi 's relationship , Conli said `` We really wanted them to be brothers first . Tadashi is a smart mentor . He very subtly introduces Hiro to his friends and what they do at San Fransokyo Tech . Once Hiro sees Wasabi , Honey , GoGo , and Fred in action , he realizes that there 's a much bigger world out there than really interests him '' . T.J. Miller as Fred , a comic - book fan who is also team mascot at San Fransokyo Institute of Technology . Speaking of Miller , Williams said `` He 's a real student of comedy . There are a lot of layers to his performance , so Fred ended up becoming a richer character than anyone expected '' , both literally and metaphorically . Jamie Chung as GoGo , a tough , athletic student who specializes in electromagnetics . Hall said `` She 's definitely a woman of few words . We looked at bicycle messengers as inspiration for her character '' . Damon Wayans , Jr. as Wasabi , a smart , slightly neurotic youth who specializes in lasers . On the character , co-director Chris Williams said `` He 's actually the most conservative , cautious -- he ( sic ) the most normal among a group of brazen characters . So he really grounds the movie in the second act and becomes , in a way , the voice of the audience and points out that what they 're doing is crazy '' . Genesis Rodriguez as Honey Lemon , a chemistry enthusiast at San Fransokyo Institute of Technology . Williams said `` She 's a glass - is - half - full kind of person . But she has this mad - scientist quality with a twinkle in her eye -- there 's more to Honey than it seems '' . James Cromwell as Professor Robert Callaghan , the head of a robotics program at San Fransokyo Institute of Technology who becomes an extremely powerful masked supervillain . According to film merchandising , this supervillain alter ego is named `` Yokai '' . Alan Tudyk as Alistair Krei , a pioneer entrepreneur , tech guru , and the CEO of Krei Tech and is always on the hunt for the next big thing . Maya Rudolph as Aunt Cass , Hiro and Tadashi 's aunt and guardian . Stan Lee as Fred 's father . Lee 's likeness was used for the character . Katie Lowes as Abigail Callaghan , the daughter of Professor Callaghan and a test pilot for Krei Tech . Daniel Gerson as Sergeant Gerson , the desk sergeant for the San Fransokyo Police Department . Billy Bush as a newscaster Production ( edit ) After Disney 's acquisition of Marvel Entertainment in 2009 , CEO Bob Iger encouraged the company 's divisions to explore Marvel 's properties for adaptation concepts . By deliberately picking an obscure title , it would give them the freedom to come up with their own version . While directing Winnie the Pooh , director Don Hall was scrolling through a Marvel database when he stumbled upon Big Hero 6 , a comic he had never heard of before . `` I just liked the title , '' he said . He pitched the concept to John Lasseter in 2011 , as one of five ideas for possible productions for Walt Disney Animation Studios , and this particular idea `` struck a chord '' with Lasseter , Hall , and Chris Williams . In June 2012 , Disney confirmed that Walt Disney Animation Studios was adapting Marvel Comics ' series and that the film had been commissioned into early stages of development . Because they wanted the concept to feel new and fresh , head of story Paul Briggs ( who also voiced Yama in the film ) only read a few issues of the comic , while screenwriter Robert Baird admitted he had not read the comic at all . Big Hero 6 was produced solely by Walt Disney Animation Studios , although several members of Marvel 's creative team were involved in the film 's production including Joe Quesada , Marvel 's chief creative officer , and Jeph Loeb , head of Marvel Television . According to an interview with Axel Alonso by CBR , Marvel did not have any plans to publish a tie - in comic . Disney planned to reprint the Marvel version of Big Hero 6 themselves , but reportedly Marvel disagreed . They eventually came to agreement that Yen Press would publish the Japanese manga version of Big Hero 6 for Disney . Conversely , Lasseter dismissed the idea of a rift between the two companies , and producer Roy Conli stated that Marvel allowed Disney `` complete freedom in structuring the story . '' Disney Animation Studio President Andrew Millstein stated : `` Hero is one example of what we 've learned over the years and our embracing some of the Pixar DNA . '' Regarding the film 's story , Quesada stated , `` The relationship between Hiro and his robot has a very Disney flavor to it ... but it 's combined with these Marvel heroic arcs . '' The production team decided early on not to connect the film to the Marvel Cinematic Universe and instead set the film in a stand - alone universe . An inflatable vinyl robotic arm that helped inspire Baymax 's design , from the researchers in the new field of soft robotics at Carnegie Mellon University 's Robotics Institute . With respect to the design of Baymax , Hall mentioned in an interview , `` I wanted a robot that we had never seen before and something to be wholly original . That 's a tough thing to do , we 've got a lot of robots in pop culture , everything from The Terminator to WALL - E to C - 3PO on down the line and not to mention Japanese robots , I wo n't go into that . So I wanted to do something original . '' Even if they did not yet know what the robot should look like , artist Lisa Keene came up with the idea that it should be a huggable robot . Early on in the development process , Hall and the design team took a research trip to Carnegie Mellon University 's Robotics Institute , where they met a team of DARPA - funded researchers who were pioneering the new field of ' soft robotics ' using inflatable vinyl , which ultimately inspired Baymax 's inflatable , vinyl , truly huggable design . Hall stated that `` I met a researcher who was working on soft robots. ... It was an inflatable vinyl arm and the practical app would be in the healthcare industry as a nurse or doctor 's assistant . He had me at vinyl . This particular researcher went into this long pitch but the minute he showed me that inflatable arm , I knew we had our huggable robot . '' Hall stated that the technology `` will have potential probably in the medical industry in the future , making robots that are very pliable and gentle and not going to hurt people when they pick them up . '' Hall mentioned that achieving a unique look for the mechanical armor took some time and `` just trying to get something that felt like the personality of the character . '' Co-director Williams stated , `` A big part of the design challenge is when he puts on the armor you want to feel that he 's a very powerful intimidating presence ... at the same time , design-wise he has to relate to the really adorable simple vinyl robot underneath . '' Baymax 's face design was inspired by a copper suzu bell that Hall noticed while at a Shinto shrine . According to Conli , Lasseter initially disliked Baymax 's description ( while low on battery power ) of Hiro 's cat as a `` hairy baby , '' but Williams kept the line in anyway , and at the film 's first test screening , Lasseter admitted that Williams was correct . According to Williams , Baymax was originally going to be introduced rather late in the film , but then story artist John Ripa conceived of a way for Baymax to meet Hiro much earlier . The entire film became much stronger by establishing the relationship between Hiro and Baymax early on , but the filmmakers ended up having to reconstruct `` a fair amount of the first act '' in order to make that idea work . About ninety animators worked on the film at one point or another ; some worked on the project for as long as two years . In terms of the film 's animation style and settings , the film combines Eastern world culture ( predominantly Japanese ) with Western world culture ( predominantly California ) . In May 2013 , Disney released concept art and rendered footage of San Fransokyo from the film . San Fransokyo , the futuristic mashup of San Francisco and Tokyo , was described by Hall as `` an alternate version of San Francisco . Most of the technology is advanced , but much of it feels retro ... Where Hiro lives , it feels like the Haight . I love the Painted ladies . We gave them a Japanese makeover ; we put a cafe on the bottom of one . They live above a coffee shop . '' According to production designer Paul Felix , `` The topography is exaggerated because what we do is caricature , I think the hills are 11⁄2 times exaggerated . I do n't think you could really walk up them ... When you get to the downtown area , that 's when you get the most Tokyo - fied , that pure , layered , dense kind of feeling of the commercial district there . When you get out of there , it becomes more San Francisco with the Japanese aesthetic. ... ( It 's a bit like ) Blade Runner , but contained to a few square blocks . You see the skyscrapers contrasted with the hills . '' The reason why Disney wanted to merge Tokyo ( which is where the comic book version takes place ) with San Francisco was partly because San Francisco had not been used by Marvel before , partly because of all the city 's iconic aspects , and partly because they felt its aesthetics would blend well with Tokyo . The filmmakers ' idea was that San Fransokyo is based on an alternate history in which San Francisco was largely rebuilt by Japanese immigrants in the aftermath of the 1906 earthquake , although this premise is never stated in the film . To create San Fransokyo as a detailed digital simulation of an entire city , Disney purchased the actual assessor data for the entire city and county of San Francisco . The final city contains over 83,000 buildings and 100,000 vehicles . A software program called Denizen was used to create over 700 distinctive characters that populate the city . Another one named Bonzai was responsible for the creation of the city 's 250,000 trees , while a new rendering system called Hyperion offered new illumination possibilities , like light shining through a translucent object ( e.g. Baymax 's vinyl covering ) . Pixar 's RenderMan was considered as a `` Plan B '' for the film 's rendering , if Hyperion was not able to meet production deadlines . Development on Hyperion started in 2011 and was based upon research into multi-bounce complex global illumination originally conducted at Disney Research in Zürich . Disney , in turn , had to assemble a new super-computing cluster just to handle Hyperion 's immense processing demands , which consists of over 2,300 Linux workstations distributed across four data centers ( three in Los Angeles and one in San Francisco ) . Each workstation , as of 2014 , included a pair of 2.4 GHz Intel Xeon processors , 256 GB of memory , and a pair of 300 GB solid - state drives configured as a RAID Level 0 array ( i.e. , to operate as a single 600 GB drive ) . This was all backed by a central storage system with a capacity of five petabytes , which holds all digital assets as well as archival copies of all 54 Disney Animation films . The emotional climax that takes place in the middle of a wormhole portal is represented by the stylized interior of a mandelbulb . The post-credits scene was only added to the film in August 2014 , late in production , after co-director Don Hall and his crew went to see Marvel Studios ' Guardians of the Galaxy . He stated that `` ( i ) t horrified us , that people were sat waiting for an end credits thing , because of the Marvel DNA . We did n't want people to leave the movie disappointed . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) Big Hero 6 ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Henry Jackman Released November 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 04 ) Recorded 2014 Genre Film score Length 53 : 57 Label Walt Disney Producer Chris Montan Walt Disney Animation Studios chronology Frozen ( 2013 ) Frozen 2013 Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Zootopia 2016 Henry Jackman chronology Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) Captain America : The Winter Soldier 2014 Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Big Hero 62014 The Interview ( 2014 ) The Interview 2014 Singles from Big Hero 6 ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) `` Immortals '' Released : October 14 , 2014 Henry Jackman composed the score for the film . The soundtrack features an original song titled `` Immortals '' written and recorded by American rock band Fall Out Boy , which was released by Walt Disney Records on October 14 , 2014 . The soundtrack album was digitally released by Walt Disney Records on November 4 , 2014 , and had a CD release on November 24 . While not part of the soundtrack , a brief instrumental section of `` Eye of the Tiger '' plays in the film . Track listing ( edit ) All music composed by Henry Jackman ( except `` Immortals '' , performed by Fall Out Boy ) . No . Title Writer ( s ) Artist Length 1 . `` Immortals '' Patrick Stump , Pete Wentz , Joe Trohman , Andy Hurley Fall Out Boy 3 : 15 2 . `` Hiro Hamada '' 1 : 57 3 . `` Nerd School '' 2 : 12 4 . `` Microbots '' 1 : 46 5 . `` Tadashi '' 1 : 46 6 . `` Inflatable Friend '' 1 : 56 7 . `` Huggable Detective '' 1 : 35 8 . `` The Masked Man '' 1 : 29 9 . `` One of the Family '' 1 : 49 10 . `` Upgrades '' 2 : 27 11 . `` The Streets of San Fransokyo '' 4 : 08 12 . `` To the Manor Born '' 1 : 15 13 . `` So Much More '' 3 : 01 14 . `` First Flight '' 2 : 35 15 . `` Silent Sparrow '' 4 : 39 16 . `` Family Reunion '' 2 : 39 17 . `` Big Hero 6 '' 6 : 57 18 . `` I Am Satisfied with My Care '' 5 : 29 19 . `` Signs of Life '' 1 : 14 20 . `` Reboot '' 1 : 48 Total length : 53 : 57 Release ( edit ) Big Hero 6 premiered on October 23 , 2014 as the opening film at the Tokyo International Film Festival . The world premiere of Big Hero 6 in 3D took place at the Abu Dhabi Film Festival on October 31 , 2014 . It was theatrically released in the United States and Canada on November 7 , 2014 with limited IMAX international showings . Theatrically , the film was accompanied by the Walt Disney Animation Studios short , Feast . For the South Korean release of the film , it was retitled Big Hero , to avoid the impression of being a sequel , and edited to remove indications of the characters ' Japanese origin . This is owing to the tense relations between Korea and Japan . For instance , the protagonist 's name , Hiro Hamada , was changed to `` Hero Armada , '' and Japanese - language signage onscreen was changed to English . Nonetheless , the film caused some online controversy in South Korea , because of small images resembling the Rising Sun Flag in the protagonist 's room . The film was released in China on February 28 , 2015 . Home Media ( edit ) Big Hero 6 was released in the United States by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on Blu - ray and DVD on February 24 , 2015 . Writer Steven T. Seagle , who co-created the comic book Big Hero 6 , criticized the Blu - ray featurette documenting the origins of the group , for not mentioning him or co-creator Duncan Rouleau . Seagle also criticized the book Art of Big Hero 6 for the same omission . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Big Hero 6 earned $222.5 million in North America and $435.3 million in other territories for a worldwide estimated total of $657.8 million . Calculating in all expenses , Deadline estimated that the film made a profit of $187.34 million . Worldwide , it is the highest - grossing animated film of 2014 , the third - highest - grossing non-Pixar animated film from Disney , and the 16th - highest - grossing animated film of all time . By grossing over $500 million worldwide , it became the fourth Disney release of 2014 to do so ; the other titles being Guardians of the Galaxy , Maleficent , and Captain America : The Winter Soldier . North America ( edit ) In the U.S. and Canada , the film is the second - highest - grossing science - fiction animated film ( behind 2008 's WALL - E ) , the second - highest - grossing animated superhero comedy film ( behind 2004 's The Incredibles ) , and the second - highest - grossing Disney animated film ( behind 2013 's Frozen ) . The film earned $1.4 million from late Thursday night showings , which is higher than the previews earned by Frozen ( $1.2 million ) and The Lego Movie ( $400,000 ) . In its opening day on November 7 , the film earned $15.8 million , debuting at number two behind Interstellar ( $16.9 million ) . Big Hero 6 topped the box office in its opening weekend , earning $56.2 million from 3,761 theaters ahead of Interstellar ( $47.5 million ) ; it is Walt Disney Animation Studios ' second - best opening behind Frozen ( $67.4 million ) , both adjusted and unadjusted . On February 15 , 2015 , Big Hero 6 became the third - highest - grossing Disney animated film in both the U.S. and Canada , behind The Lion King and Frozen . Outside North America ( edit ) Two weeks ahead of its North American release , Big Hero 6 was released in Russia ( earned $4.8 million ) and Ukraine ( earned $0.2 million ) in two days ( October 25 -- 26 ) . The main reason behind the early release was in order to take advantage of the two weeks of school holidays in Russia . Jeff Bock , box office analyst for Exhibitor Relations , said `` For a two - day gross , that 's huge . It 's a giant number in Russia . '' In its second weekend , the film added $4.8 million ( up 1 % ) bringing its total nine - day cumulative audience to $10.3 million in Russia and $10.9 including its revenue from Ukraine . In its opening weekend , the film earned $7.6 million from seventeen markets for a first weekend worldwide total of $79.2 million , behind Interstellar ( $132.2 million ) . It went to number one in the Philippines , Vietnam , and Indonesia . It opened with $4.8 million in Mexico . In Japan , where the film is locally known as Baymax , it opened at second place behind Yo - Kai Watch : Tanjō no Himitsu da Nyan ! , with $5.3 million , marking it the second - biggest Disney opening in Japan behind Frozen. and topped the box office for six consecutive weekends . The film opened in second place with $6 million ( $6.8 million including previews ) in the U.K. , which is 15 % lower than Frozen . It opened at No. 1 with $14.8 million in China , which is the biggest opening for a Disney and Pixar animated film ( breaking Frozen 's record ) and topped the box office for three consecutive weekends . The film became the highest - grossing Disney animated film in Vietnam and in China ( surpassed by Zootopia ) ) , the second - highest - grossing Disney animated film of all time in Russia , in the Philippines ( behind Toy Story 3 ) , and in Japan ( behind Frozen ) . In addition to being the second - highest - grossing Disney animated film , it is also the fifth - highest - grossing animated film of all time in China . In total earnings , its biggest markets outside of the United States and Canada are China ( $83.5 million ) and Japan ( $76 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 89 % of critics gave the film a positive review based on 197 reviews , with an average score of 7.3 / 10 . The site 's consensus states : `` Agreeably entertaining and brilliantly animated , Big Hero 6 is briskly - paced , action - packed , and often touching . '' Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 from top reviews from mainstream critics , calculated a score of 74 based on 38 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews . '' Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post gave the film 3.5 / 4 stars , writing that `` The real appeal of Big Hero 6 is n't its action . It 's the central character 's heart . '' Maricar Estrella of Fort Worth Star - Telegram gave the film 5 stars , saying it `` offers something for everyone : action , camaraderie , superheroes and villains . But mostly , Baymax offers a compassionate and healing voice for those suffering , and a hug that can be felt through the screen . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film 3 out of 4 stars , stating , `` The breakthrough star of the season is here . His name is Baymax and he 's impossible not to love . The 3 - D animated Big Hero 6 would be a ton less fun without this irresistible blob of roly - poly , robot charisma . '' Kofi Outlaw of Screen Rant gave the film 4 out of 5 stars or `` excellent , '' explaining that `` Big Hero 6 combines Disney wonder and charm with Marvel awe and action to deliver a film that exhibits the best of both studios . '' Alonso Duralde of The Wrap gave the film a positive review , calling it `` sweet and sharp and exciting and hilarious '' and says that the film `` comes to the rescue of what 's become a dreaded movie trope -- the origin story -- and launches the superhero tale to pleasurable new heights . '' Calvin Wilson of St. Louis Post-Dispatch gave the film 3.5 of 4 stars , writing that `` the storytelling is solid , propelled by characters that you come to care about . And that should make Big Hero 6 a big hit . '' Bill Goodykoontz of The Arizona Republic gave the film a positive review , writing , `` Directors Don Hall and Chris Williams have made a terrific movie about a boy ( Ryan Potter ) and his robot friend , who seek answers to a deadly tragedy , '' calling it an `` unexpectedly good treat . '' Soren Anderson of The Seattle Times gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars , saying that `` Clever , colorful , fast on its feet , frequently very funny and sweet ( but not excessively so ) , Big Hero 6 mixes its myriad influences into a final product that , while in no way original , is immensely entertaining . '' Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a positive review , saying that `` the funny and heartwarming story about the bond between a teen tech geek and a gentle robot represents another ca n't - miss proposition by Walt Disney Animation Studios . '' Jon Niccum of The Kansas City Star gave the film 3.5 out of four stars , writing that while it `` may hit a few familiar beats inherent to any superhero `` origin story , '' '' it is still `` the best animated film of the year , supplying The Incredibles - size adventure with a level of emotional bonding not seen since The Iron Giant , '' and that it `` never runs low on battery power . '' Elizabeth Weitzman of the Daily News gave the film 4 out of 5 stars , calling it a `` charming animated adventure , '' saying that with `` appealing 3D animation '' and a smart and `` sharp story and script , '' it is `` one of the rare family films that can fairly boast of having it all : humor , heart and huggability . '' Rafer Guzmán from Newsday gave the film 3 out of 4 stars , saying that `` Marvel plus Disney plus John Lasseter equals an enjoyable jumble of kid - approved action , '' with `` rich , vivid colors and filled with clever details . '' Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Award Recipients and nominees Result 87th Academy Awards Best Animated Feature Don Hall , Chris Williams and Roy Conli Won 65th American Cinema Editors Awards Best Edited Animated Feature Film Tim Mertens Nominated 42nd Annual Annie Awards Best Animated Feature Big Hero 6 Nominated Animated Effects in an Animated Production Michael Kaschalk , Peter DeMund , David Hutchins , Henrik Falt , John Kosnik Won Character Design in an Animated Feature Production Shiyoon Kim , Jin Kim Nominated Directing in an Animated Feature Production Don Hall & Chris Williams Nominated Storyboarding in an Animated Feature Production Marc E. Smith Nominated Writing in an Animated Feature Production Robert L. Baird , Daniel Gerson & Jordan Roberts Nominated Editorial in an Animated Feature Production Tim Mertens Nominated 68th British Academy Film Awards Best Animated Film Nominated Broadcast Film Critics Association Best Animated Film Big Hero 6 Nominated 72nd Golden Globe Awards Best Animated Feature Film Big Hero 6 Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Animated Movie Won Nevada Film Critics Society Best Animated Movie Big Hero 6 Won Women Film Critics Circle Best Family Film Big Hero 6 Won Best Animated Female GoGo Tomago played by , Jamie Chung Nominated Honey Lemon played by , Genesis Rodriguez Nominated Best Line in a Movie `` Stop Whining . Woman Up ! '' said by , Jamie Chung Won 15th Phoenix Film Critics Society Best Animated Film Big Hero 6 Nominated Best Original Song `` Immortals '' by Fall Out Boy Nominated 19th Satellite Awards Best Motion Picture , Animated or Mixed Media Big Hero 6 Nominated Producers Guild of America Best Outstanding Producer of Animated Theatrical Motion Pictures Roy Conli Nominated 13th Annual Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture Don Hall , Chris Williams , Roy Conli , Zach Parrish Won Outstanding Models in any Motion Media Project Brett Achorn , Minh Duong , Scott Watanabe , Larry Wu Won Outstanding Created Environment in an Animated Feature Motion Picture Ralf Habel , David Hutchins , Michael Kaschalk , Olun Riley Won Outstanding Effects Simulations in an Animated Feature Motion Picture Henrik Falt , David Hutchins , Michael Kaschalk , John Kosnik Won Outstanding Animated Character in an Animated Feature Motion Picture Colin Eckart , John Kahwaty , Zach Parrish , Zack Petroc Won Other Media ( edit ) A Japanese manga adaptation of Big Hero 6 ( which is titled Baymax ( ベイ マックス , Beimakkusu ) in Japan ) , illustrated by Haruki Ueno , began serialization in Kodansha 's Magazine Special from August 20 , 2014 . A prologue chapter was published in Weekly Shōnen Magazine on August 6 , 2014 . According to the film 's official Japanese website , the manga revealed plot details in Japan before anywhere else in the world . The website also quoted the film 's co-director Don Hall , to whom it referred as a manga fan , as saying that the film was Japanese - inspired . Yen Press publishes the series in English . Video games ( edit ) A video game based on the film titled Big Hero 6 : Battle in the Bay was released on October 28 , 2014 for the Nintendo 3DS and Nintendo DS . This game is set after the events of the film and is a side - scrolling beat ' em up game . Four of the six members are playable ( with Baymax and Honey Lemon being non-playable ) , and the Touch Screen can be used to launch Honey Lemon 's grenades in the heat of battle . Hiro and Baymax from the film are also available in Disney Infinity : Marvel Super Heroes as playable Disney Originals characters in the Toy Box . A mobile game based on the film titled Big Hero 6 : Bot Fight was also released on November 3 , 2014 . It takes place a year after the events of the film , where the heroes discover and battle runaway robots via match - 3 battles . It was later discontinued on February 3 , 2016 due to the constraints of Disney Mobile 's support team and the need to discontinue old games to release new ones . A world based on Big Hero 6 will make its debut appearance in Kingdom Hearts III . The world will continue the story from the events at the end of the film , with the villains taking control of the original Baymax body left behind in the portal space , turning it into a monstrous Heartless that the second Baymax and Sora fight . Toys ( edit ) Vinyl toy company Funko released the first images of the toy figures via their Big Hero 6 Funko . The POP Vinyl series collection features Hiro Hamada , GoGo Tomago , Wasabi , Honey Lemon , Fred , and a 6 - inch Baymax . Bandai released a number of action figures related to the film ; these toys including a number of different Baymax figures . One is a soft plastic 10 - inch version that includes a series of projected stills from the film on his stomach , which can be changed when the figure 's arm is moved , and which emits accompanying sounds . Deluxe Flying Baymax , which retails for $39.99 , depicts the armored version of the character and features lights and sounds that activate at the push of a button . Placing the Hiro figurine on his back changes the sounds into speech and when the figure is tilted , the sounds are those of flying . The Armor - Up Baymax ( original retail cost $19.99 ) comes with 20 pieces of armor that can be assembled onto the robot by the owner . The other characters from the film , including the other members of team and Professor Callaghan ( who is called Yokai ) are issued in 4 - inch action figures , each of which have eight points of articulation . Future ( edit ) Projected film sequel ( edit ) On February 18 , 2015 , the film 's directors , Don Hall and Chris Williams , said a sequel was possible . Hall added , `` Having said that , of course , we love these characters , and the thought of working with them again some day definitely has its appeal . '' In March 2015 , Genesis Rodriguez told MTV that a sequel was being considered , saying , `` ... There 's nothing definitive . There 's talks of something happening . We just do n't know what yet . '' In April 2015 , Stan Lee mentioned a projected sequel as one of several that he understood were in Marvel 's plans for upcoming films . Television follow - up ( edit ) Main article : Big Hero 6 ( TV series ) In March 2016 , Disney announced that a Big Hero 6 television series was in development and will premiere on Disney XD in 2017 . The series takes place immediately after the events of the film , and is created by Kim Possible 's Mark McCorkle and Bob Schooley , and executive produced by McCorkle , Schooley , and Nick Filippi . The majority of the cast from the film will return to voice the characters , except for Wayans Jr. and Miller . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ontario Film Review Board : Big Hero 6 '' . Ontario Film Review Board . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Big Hero 6 - Synopsis '' . Disney Studio Awards . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2014 . Retrieved December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Interstellar , ' ' Big Hero 6 ' Eye Record - Breaking Weekend '' . Variety . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McDaniel , Matt ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Throws Out the Marvel Rulebook for ' Big Hero 6 ' '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` Disney animates Marvel characters for ' Big Hero 6 ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roper , Caitlin ( October 21 , 2014 ) . `` Big Hero 6 Proves It : Pixar 's Gurus Have Brought the Magic Back to Disney Animation '' . Wired.com . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Gina ( November 7 , 2014 ) . `` How John Lasseter 's Pixar Culture Led to ' Big Hero 6 ' Breakthrough for Disney '' . The Wrap . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lowe , Kinsey ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Big Hero 6 ′ : No. 1 Animated Movie Worldwide 2014 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denis ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Big Hero 6 ' : Maya Rudolph & More Reprise Roles for Disney XD Animated Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Truitt , Brian ( July 13 , 2014 ) . `` Meet the saviors of San Fransokyo in ' Big Hero 6 ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Yamato , Jen ( July 14 , 2014 ) . `` Maya Rudolph , James Cromwell , More Join Disney 's Marvel Animation ' Big Hero 6 ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hiro '' ( PDF ) . xprizechallenge.org . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Baymax '' ( PDF ) . xprizechallenge.org . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Meet the characters in Big Hero 6 , Disney 's upcoming action - packed comedy - adventure . '' . Oh My Disney -- Disney . July 13 , 2014 . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stradling , Morgan ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` Comedian TJ Miller is First Voice Actor Announced for Disney 's ' Big Hero 6 ' -- He 's Voicing Fred ! '' . Rotoscopers . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fred '' ( PDF ) . xprizechallenge.org . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jamie Chung Next to Not Be Announced for ' Big Hero 6 ' '' . Stitch Kingdom . April 28 , 2014 . Retrieved April 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` Disney 's ' Big Hero 6 ' Adds Maya Rudolph to Top - Secret Voice Cast ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Retrieved April 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GoGo '' ( PDF ) . xprizechallenge.org . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wasabi '' ( PDF ) . xprizechallenge.org . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Honey Lemon '' ( PDF ) . xprizechallenge.org . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Baymax and the Big Hero 6 are Ready For Action '' . Disney Insider . Walt Disney Company . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Donn , Emily ( November 7 , 2014 ) . `` Big Hero 6 Stan Lee Cameo Revealed '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Hero 6 : Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . The Walt Disney Studios . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( February 22 , 2015 ) . `` ' Big Hero 6 ′ Wins Oscar For Animated Film '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Keegan , Rebecca ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` Disney is reanimated with ' Frozen , ' ' Big Hero 6 ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Disney / Marvel announce new major animated film , Big Hero 6 '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tilley , Steve ( November 2 , 2014 ) . `` ' Big Hero 6 ' : Disney brings little - known Marvel stars to big screen '' . Toronto Sun . Canoe Sun Media . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Keegan , Rebecca ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Disney Animation announces first Marvel movie , ' Big Hero 6 ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kyle Buchanan ( August 28 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Has n't Talked to Marvel About Setting Films in Its Cinematic Universe '' . Vulture . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Big Hero 6 banks on a huggable robot to draw in audiences '' . Vancouver Sun . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( June 29 , 2012 ) . `` Disney Animation teams up with Marvel for ' Big Hero 6 ' -- BREAKING '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Max ( June 29 , 2012 ) . `` Confirmed : Disney Animating Marvel 's Big Hero 6 '' . IGN . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Guzman , René ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` S.A. artist drew on personal experience for ' Big Hero 6 ' scene '' . expressnews.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sims , Andrew ( September 3 , 2014 ) . `` Hypable goes behind ' Big Hero 6 ' : How Disney Animation is taking on their first Marvel property '' . Hypable . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gregg , Kilday ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Animation 's Andrew Millstein on a ' Frozen ' Sequel and the Studio 's Next Marvel Collaboration ( Q&A ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Bob ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel meets Disney Animation in ' Big Hero 6 ' '' . Los Angeles Daily News . New York . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel , Disney Partner on Animated Release : ' Big Hero 6 ' ( Video ) '' . The Wrap . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Axel - In - Charge : The Mixed Message of Manara 's ' Spider - Woman ' Variant , Reason For No ' Big Hero 6 ' Plans '' . Comic Book Resources . Jump up ^ Rich Johnston . `` Marvel Agreed With Disney Not To Put Out Big Hero 6 Comics '' . Bleeding Cool Comic Book , Movie , TV News . Jump up ^ `` That Disney / Marvel Bust Up Over Big Hero 6 '' . Bleeding Cool Comic Book , Movie , TV News . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Feinberg , Scott ( August 27 , 2014 ) . `` John Lasseter Dismisses Notion of Rift With Marvel Over ' Big Hero 6 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` We are Chris Williams , Don Hall , Roy Conli , and Paul Briggs of BIG HERO 6 - AUA ! '' . Reddit . October 10 , 2014 . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lealos , Shawn S. ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` Big Hero 6 Sequel : What Will it Take to Get Made ? '' . Renegade Cinema . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Film , Total ( July 4 , 2014 ) . `` Big Hero 6 director confirms the Avengers wo n't make cameos '' . TotalFilm.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Christopher Palmeri ( October 31 , 2014 ) . `` ' Big Hero 6 ' Turns Godzilla Into Lovable Disney Robot '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Aitoro , Jill R. ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` DARPA goes Disney thanks to ' Big Hero 6 ' '' . Washington Business Journal . American City Business Journals . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Easy Does It '' . Carnegie Mellon University ( CMU ) . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Edwin Kee . `` Inflatable robot arm wo n't break any bones '' . Ubergizmo . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Technology of Big Hero 6 '' . GeekDad . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` We are Chris Williams , Don Hall , Roy Conli , and Paul Briggs of BIG HERO 6 - AUA ! : movies '' . reddit . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Big Hero 6 '' . Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The ' Big Hero 6 ' Directors Reveal the Story Behind the Wild New Trailer ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . The Moviefone Blog . July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McDaniel , Matt ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` First Teaser for Marvel and Disney 's ' Big Hero 6 ' : Meet Their ' Huggable ' Robot '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved June 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( November 1 , 2014 ) . `` Why Big Hero 6 is Disney 's most loveable creation in years '' . The Telegraph . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2014 . Retrieved November 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bodey , Michael ( December 30 , 2014 ) . `` Big Hero 6 : another animation marvel from Disney '' . The Australian . News Corp Australia . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lark , Max ; Draskovic , Marina ; Solomon , Charles ( Spring 2016 ) . `` It 's a Matter of Trust : At Walt Disney Animation Studios , The ' Story Trust , ' A Peer - to - Peer Feedback System , Has Taken Storytelling -- And Disney Animation -- To New Creative Heights '' . Disney twenty - three . Burbank : Walt Disney Company . 8 ( 1 ) : 18 -- 21 . ISSN 2162 - 5492 . OCLC 698366817 . ^ Jump up to : Stuart , Sophia ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Behind the Scenes of Disney 's Tech - Centric ' Big Hero 6 ' '' . PC Magazine . Ziff Davis , LLC . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Krupa , Daniel . `` Disney Animation Announces First Marvel Movie , Big Hero 6 '' . IGN . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Acuna , Kirsten ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` Gorgeous Concept Art For Disney 's First Animated Marvel Film '' . Business Insider . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ordoña , Michael ( August 24 , 2014 ) . `` If S.F. , Tokyo merged with retro twist , you 'd get ' Big Hero 6 ' '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Keegan , Rebecca ( October 24 , 2014 ) . `` San Fransokyo architects built a new world for Disney 's Big Hero 6 '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing Company . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IAR Screens ' Big Hero 6 ' Footage and Goes Behind the Scenes of Disney 's Next '' . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Monster Supercomputing Achievement That Lights Up Disney 's `` Big Hero 6 '' `` . Co. Create . Jump up ^ Ford , Steven ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Disney creates new digital animation process for ' Big Hero 6 ' '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Desowitz , Bill ( January 30 , 2015 ) . `` Immersed in Movies : Going Into the ' Big Hero 6 ' Portal '' . Animation Scoop . Indiewire . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brew , Simon ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Has the post-credits sting run its course ? '' . Den of Geek ! . Dennis Publishing Limited . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Henry Jackman to Score Disney 's ' Big Hero 6 ' '' . Film Music Reporter . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wickman , Kase ( October 9 , 2014 ) . `` ' Big Hero 6 ' Sizzle Reel Brings New Fall Out Boy Song , Two Minutes Of Cuteness '' . MTV . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Hear ' Immortals , ' Fall Out Boy 's song from the ' Big Hero 6 ' soundtrack '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Hero 6 ' Soundtrack Details '' . Film Music Reporter . October 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Feldman , Abigail ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Big Hero 6 ' succeeds at box office '' . The Tufts Daily . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` World Premieres of ' Big Hero 6 ' and ' Parasyte ' Set for Tokyo International Film Festival '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World premiere of Big Hero 6 in 3D to close Abu Dhabi Film Festival '' . The National . October 31 , 2014 . Retrieved November 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bahr , Lindsey ( August 24 , 2014 ) . `` Big Hero 6 Preview '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Big Hero 6 An IMAX 3D Experience '' . IMAX.com . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney Animation Studios ' ' Feast ' to Premiere at the Annecy International Animated Film Festival '' . Disney Post . April 24 , 2014 . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashcraft , Brian ( January 19 , 2015 ) . `` Why Big Hero 6 Is Upsetting Some People in South Korea '' . Kotaku . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy . `` ' Jupiter ' Ascends A Touch ; ' Exodus ' Crosses $200 M : Intl Box Office Actuals '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Big Hero 6 Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian ( January 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' Big Hero 6 ' Is Coming to DVD and Blu - ray This February '' . Movieweb . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Phegley , Kiel ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` Man of Action On `` Big Hero 6 '' & Comics / Hollywood Relationship : ' Credit Is Proper ' `` . Comic Book Resources . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr . ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` No. 7 ' Big Hero 6 ′ -- 2014 Most Valuable Blockbuster Movie Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` Oscar Money Watch : ' Big Hero 6 ' Quietly Became One Of Disney 's Biggest Hits '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Jupiter ' Ascends to Top Spot Overseas '' . boxofficemojo.com . IMDB . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Animation - Sci - Fi '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Superhero - Comedy '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney Animation Studios '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch ( November 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' Interstellar ' & ' Big Hero 6 ' Off To Strong Box Office Starts -- Thursday B.O. '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( November 7 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Interstellar ' Nabs $3.5 M Thursday , Has $4.9 M Heading Into Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maane Khatchatourian ( November 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' Interstellar ' Tops Friday Box Office , ' Big Hero 6 ' Skyrocketing to Weekend Win of $56 Million '' . Variety . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( November 8 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Interstellar ' Tops ' Big Hero 6 ' With $17 M Friday '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( November 9 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Big Hero 6 ' Races Past ' Interstellar ' With $56.2 Million '' . Variety . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( November 9 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Big Hero 6 ' Wins With $56.2 M ; ' Interstellar ' No. 2 With $50 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney Animation Studios -- Opening Gross ( 2007 - present ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` November Disney Animation -- Weekend Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( November 9 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Big Hero 6 ' Tops ' Interstellar ' With $56.2 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( November 9 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : Disney 's ' Big Hero 6 ' Eclipses Nolan 's ' Interstellar ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' Big Hero 6 ' Is Now Disney Animation 's Third Most Successful Film Of All Time '' . February 15 , 2015 . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( February 15 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Explodes With Record - Breaking $81.7 Million '' . Variety . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( October 26 , 2014 ) . `` Int'l Box Office : ' Annabelle ' Still A Doll With $26.5 M Frame ; ' Fury ' Wages $11.2 M ; ' Lucy ' Outmuscles ' Hercules ' In China ; ' Guardians ' Warps To # 3 On 2014 Global Hit List ; More '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bryan Alexander ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` ' Big Hero 6 ' scores in Russia before U.S. release '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( November 2 , 2014 ) . `` ' Turtles ' , ' Maze Runner ' Top Int'l Box Office ; ' Guardians ' Is 2014 's # 2 Pic : Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( November 9 , 2014 ) . `` Global Box Office : Christopher Nolan 's ' Interstellar ' Rockets to $80 M Overseas '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( November 9 , 2014 ) . `` ' Interstellar 's $80 M Overseas Opening Is Alright , Alright , Alright : International B.O. '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( November 16 , 2014 ) . `` Global Box Office : ' Interstellar ' Rockets Past $300 M Worldwide '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( November 16 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Interstellar ' Soars Past $300 Million Globally '' . Variety . Retrieved November 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( December 22 , 2014 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' Rules While Chinese , Indian And French Films Make Noise : Intl BO Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Yo - kai Watch Film Beats Out Disney 's Big Hero 6 at Japanese Box Office '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gavin J Blair ( February 16 , 2015 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Fifty Shades ' Opens in Fifth , ' Big Hero 6 ' Passes $70 Million '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Hobbit ' Hits $900 Million Worldwide '' . boxofficemojo.com . IMDB . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 1 , 2015 ) . `` Mr Grey Dominates , Mr Smith 's ' Focus ' Pulls & Ms Smith 's ' Exotic Marigold Hotel ' Upgrades : More International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Clifford Coonan ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Big Hero 6 ' , ' Jupiter Ascending ' Dominate '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 12 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Zootopia ' Roars to Record $25 M Saturday in China , Nears $100 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 22 , 2015 ) . `` ' Insurgent ' Tops Overseas Box Office ; DWA 's ' Home ' Runs Up $19 M -- Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( May 3 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Crosses $1 B At International Box Office ; Propelled By ' Ultron ' , ' Cinderella ' '' . Deadline.com . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Jump up ^ `` Big Hero 6 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Michael O'Sullivan ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Big Hero 6 '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Marcier Estrella ( November 7 , 2014 ) . `` Big Hero 6 '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Jump up ^ Peter Travers ( November 7 , 2014 ) . `` Big Hero 6 '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Kofi Outlaw ( November 7 , 2014 ) . `` Big Hero 6 '' . Screen Rant . Jump up ^ Alonso Duralde ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Big Hero 6 '' . The Wrap . Jump up ^ Calvin Wilson ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Big Hero 6 '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Jump up ^ Bill Goodykoontz ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Big Hero 6 '' . The Arizona Republic . Jump up ^ Soren Anderson ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Big Hero 6 '' . The Seattle Times . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Michael Rechtshaffen ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Big Hero 6 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Jon Niccum ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Big Hero 6 '' . The Kansas City Star . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Weitzman ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Big Hero 6 '' . The Daily News . Jump up ^ Rafer Guzmán ( November 7 , 2014 ) . `` Big Hero 6 '' . News Day . Jump up ^ `` American Cinema Editors announce nominees '' . Awards Daily . January 3 , 2015 . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 42nd Annual Annie Award Nominees '' . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` BAFTA Nominations : ' Grand Budapest Hotel ' Leads With 11 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gray , Tim ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` Golden Globes : ' Birdman , ' ' Fargo ' Top Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix Film Critics Society 2014 Awards '' . Phoenix Film Critics Society . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2015 . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` ' Birdman ' Leads Satellite Awards Nominations '' . The Wrap . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` VES Awards 2015 : Complete Winners List '' . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Big Hero 6 Is 1st Disney Film to Be Previewed With Manga Series '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 初 の 連載 マンガ 化 決定 ! 映画 に 先駆け ストーリー が 解禁 ! ニュース ベイ マックス '' . Ugc.disney.co.jp . July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Yen Press Licenses Manga Version of Disney 's Big Hero 6 Film '' . Anime News Network . August 31 , 2014 . Retrieved September 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kingdom , Stitch ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` E3 : Nintendo Names Future Disney Titles for ' Big Hero 6 , ' ' Planes ' and More '' . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Disney Infinity ' Hands - On Review , Part Three : San Diego Comic - Con '' . Stitch Kingdom . July 27 , 2014 . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hollada , Becky ( August 23 , 2014 ) . `` Big Hero 6 's Hiro and Baymax Get Disney Infinity Figures '' . Nintendo World Report . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Low , Aloysius ( November 2 , 2014 ) . `` Made in Singapore : Disney 's Big Hero 6 Bot Fight mobile game tie - in '' . CNET . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About Big Hero 6 : Bot Fight '' . Disney . February 12 , 2016 . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2016 . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carle , Chris ( August 16 , 2015 ) . `` D23 2015 : KINGDOM HEARTS 3 ADDS BIG HERO 6 WORLD '' . IGN . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts III to Include Big Hero 6 '' . Disney Interactive . June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Martens , Todd ( August 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' character Finn has the '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dain , John ( August 27 , 2014 ) . `` POP Vinyl series collection '' . PopVinyl.net . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Andy ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` Big Hero 6 Bandai toys take healthcare robots into battle '' . Wired . Jump up ^ Konow , David ( November 7 , 2014 ) . `` Subverting Expectations in Big Hero 6 : A Family Film with Emotional Depth '' . Creative Screenwriting . CS Publications Inc . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Is A ' Big Hero 6 ' Sequel In The Works ? We Asked Honey Lemon '' . MTV News . Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee on Marvel versus DC , Spidey joining the Avengers and his high hopes for '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Baymax is Back ! Big Hero 6 is Getting Its Own TV Show '' . Oh My Disney . March 2 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sandberg , Byrn Elise ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Big Hero 6 ' TV Series Set for Disney XD '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brain ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` Disney XD To Launch ' Big Hero 6 ' TV Series In 2017 '' . Variety . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Big Hero 6 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Big Hero 6 . Official website Big Hero 6 on IMDb Big Hero 6 at The Big Cartoon DataBase Big Hero 6 at Box Office Mojo Big Hero 6 at Rotten Tomatoes Big Hero 6 at Metacritic Big Hero 6 at Walt Disney Animation Studios Links to related articles Big Hero 6 Characters Hiro Takachiho / Hiro Hamada Baymax Fred GoGo Tomago Wasabi - No - Ginger / Wasabi Honey Lemon Tadashi Hamada Marvel characters Silver Samurai Sunfire Ebon Samurai In other media Marvel Comics series Disney Infinity : Marvel Super Heroes TV series Kingdom Hearts III People Steven T. Seagle Duncan Rouleau Don Hall Chris Williams Roy Conli John Lasseter Mark McCorkle Bob Schooley Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) DisneyToon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films Book Walt Disney Animation Studios List of feature films Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) People Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas Related topics History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit ) Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time Animated films based on Marvel Comics Franchises Direct - to - video series Marvel Animated Features Heroes United Marvel Anime Iron Man : Rise of Technovore Avengers Confidential : Black Widow & Punisher Single films The Monster of Frankenstein Big Hero 6 Hulk : Where Monsters Dwell Phineas and Ferb : Mission Marvel Animated Spider - Man Short films Marvel Super Heroes 4D Lego Marvel Super Heroes : Maximum Overload Lego Marvel Super Heroes : Avengers Reassembled See also Marvel Animation Academy Award for Best Animated Feature Shrek -- Aron Warner ( 2001 ) Spirited Away -- Hayao Miyazaki ( 2002 ) Finding Nemo -- Andrew Stanton ( 2003 ) The Incredibles -- Brad Bird ( 2004 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit -- Nick Park and Steve Box ( 2005 ) Happy Feet -- George Miller ( 2006 ) Ratatouille -- Brad Bird ( 2007 ) WALL - E -- Andrew Stanton ( 2008 ) Up -- Pete Docter ( 2009 ) Toy Story 3 -- Lee Unkrich ( 2010 ) Rango -- Gore Verbinski ( 2011 ) Brave -- Mark Andrews and Brenda Chapman ( 2012 ) Frozen -- Chris Buck , Jennifer Lee , and Peter Del Vecho ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 -- Don Hall , Chris Williams , and Roy Conli ( 2014 ) Inside Out -- Pete Docter and Jonas Rivera ( 2015 ) Zootopia -- Byron Howard , Rich Moore , and Clark Spencer ( 2016 ) Disney portal Cartoon portal Film in the United States portal 2010s portal Asia portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Hero_6_(film)&oldid=804524159 '' Categories : 2014 films English - language films American films 2010s American animated films 2010s action films 2010s animated superhero films 2010s comedy science fiction films 2014 3D films 2014 animated films 2014 computer - animated films American action comedy films American animated science fiction films American comedy science fiction films Animated comedy films Animated coming - of - age films Animated superhero films Animated films about revenge Animated films based on Marvel Comics Best Animated Feature Academy Award winners Big Hero 6 Film scores by Henry Jackman Film superheroes Films about brothers Films about revenge Films about technology Films about terrorism Films directed by Don Hall Films directed by Chris Williams IMAX films Robot films Science fantasy films Superhero comedy films Teleportation in films Walt Disney Animation Studios films Walt Disney Pictures films Wormholes in fiction Hidden categories : Use American English from March 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from February 2015 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Track listings with deprecated parameters Articles containing Japanese - language text Comics navigational boxes purge Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Shqip Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 15 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20Hero%206%20%28film%29

name of all the states and their capital of india

List of state and union territory capitals in India

list of state and union territory capitals in india

India is a country located in southern Asia . With over 1.3 billion people , India is the most populous democracy in the world . It is a federal constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system consisting of 29 states and 7 union territories . All states , as well as the union territories of Puducherry and the National Capital Territory of Delhi , have elected legislatures and governments , both patterned on the Westminster model . The remaining five union territories are directly ruled by the centre through appointed administrators . In 1956 , under the States Reorganisation Act , states were reorganised on a linguistic basis . Since then , their structure has remained largely unchanged . Each state or union territory is further divided into administrative districts .

The state and union territory capitals are sorted according to no legislative and judicial capitals . The administrative capital is where the executive government offices are located , the legislative capital is where the state assembly convenes , and the judicial capital is the location of the state or territorial High Courts . Union territories are marked with a dagger ( ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 List 2 Explanatory notes 3 Citations 4 References 5 External links List ( edit ) No . State or union territory Administrative capitals Legislative capitals Judiciary capitals Year capital was established The Former capital Andaman and Nicobar Islands Port Blair Port Blair Kolkata 1955 Calcutta ( 1945 -- 1955 ) Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad ( de jure to 2024 ) Amaravati ( de facto from 2017 ) Amaravati Hyderabad 1956 2017 Kurnool ( 1953 - 1956 ) Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Itanagar Guwahati 1986 Assam Dispur Guwahati Guwahati Shillong ( 1874 -- 1952 ) 5 Bihar Patna Patna Patna 1912 6 Chandigarh Chandigarh -- Chandigarh 1966 -- 7 Chhattisgarh Naya Raipur Raipur Bilaspur 2000 -- 8 Dadra and Nagar Haveli Silvassa -- Mumbai 1945 Mumbai ( 1954 -- 1961 ) Panaji ( 1961 -- 1987 ) 9 Daman and Diu Daman -- Mumbai Ahmedabad ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Panaji ( 1963 -- 1987 ) 10 National Capital Territory of Delhi New Delhi New Delhi New Delhi 1931 -- 11 Goa Panaji Porvorim Mumbai 1961 Panaji ( 1961 -- 1987 ) 12 Gujarat Gandhinagar Gandhinagar Ahmedabad 1960 Ahmedabad ( 1960 -- 1970 ) 13 Haryana Chandigarh Chandigarh Chandigarh 1966 -- 14 Himachal Pradesh Shimla Dharamshala ( W / 2nd ) Shimla ( Summer ) Dharamsala ( Winter ) Shimla 1971 2017 Bilaspur ( 1950 -- 1956 ) 15 Jammu and Kashmir Srinagar ( Summer ) Jammu ( Winter ) Srinagar ( Summer ) Jammu ( Winter ) Srinagar ( Summer ) Jammu ( Winter ) 1947 -- 16 Jharkhand Ranchi Ranchi Ranchi 2000 17 Karnataka Bengaluru Bengaluru Bengaluru 1940 ( Mysore ) 18 Kerala Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram Kochi 1956 19 Lakshadweep Kavaratti Kavaratti Kochi 1956 20 Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Bhopal Jabalpur 1956 Nagpur ( 1861 -- 1956 ) 21 Maharashtra Mumbai Nagpur ( W / 2nd ) Mumbai ( S + B ) Nagpur ( W ) Mumbai 1818 1960 -- 22 Manipur Imphal Imphal Imphal 1947 -- 23 Meghalaya Shillong Shillong Shillong 1970 -- 24 Mizoram Aizawl Aizawl Guwahati 1972 -- 25 Nagaland Kohima Kohima Guwahati 1963 -- 26 Odisha Bhubaneswar Bhubaneswar Cuttack 1948 Cuttack ( 1936 -- 1948 ) 27 Puducherry Puducherry Puducherry Chennai 1954 Madras ( 1948 -- 1954 ) 28 Punjab Chandigarh Chandigarh Chandigarh 1966 29 Rajasthan Jaipur Jaipur Jodhpur 1950 -- 30 Sikkim Gangtok Gangtok Gangtok 1890 -- 31 Tamil Nadu Chennai Chennai Chennai 1956 32 Telangana Hyderabad Hyderabad Hyderabad 2014 -- 33 Tripura Agartala Agartala Agartala 1956 -- 34 Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Lucknow Allahabad 1938 -- 35 Uttarakhand Dehradun Dehradun Nainital 2000 -- 36 West Bengal Kolkata Kolkata Kolkata 1947 Explanatory notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ After the formation of Telangana , as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 , both states will share Hyderabad as their common capital for up to ten years . The new capital of Andhra Pradesh is going to be Amaravati , decided by the Andhra Pradesh government in April , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shilong was the joint capital of Assam and Meghalaya until 1971 . Jump up ^ Chandigarh is the capital of the states of Punjab and Haryana , and is a Union Territory , separate from the two states . Jump up ^ Raipur is the interim capital of Chhattisgarh . The town of Naya Raipur 17 km from Raipur is envisaged as the state 's new capital . Jump up ^ Panaji was the capital of Goa from 1843 when it was ruled by the Portuguese . Jump up ^ Nagpur was the capital of Central Provinces and Berar which was a province from 1861 until 1950 . Central Province became the major constituent of Madhya Pradesh , after it was formed in 1950 . Nagpur remained the capital of the new state . In 1956 , Berar ( Vidarbha ) was separated from Madhya Pradesh , and merged with the Bombay State . Nagpur thus lost the status of a capital city . In 1960 , under the Nagpur pact , Nagpur became the second capital of Maharashtra . Jump up ^ Mumbai / Bombay was the capital of Bombay Presidency which was a province until 1950 . After that Bombay became the capital of Bombay State . Subsequently , Bombay State was split into Gujarat and Maharashtra in 1960 . Jump up ^ In 1960 , under the Nagpur pact , Nagpur became the second capital of Maharashtra . Although an official notification to this effect was only given in 1988 . The India yearbook of the government of India still does not mention Nagpur , being either the second or winter capital of Maharashtra . Jump up ^ Under the Nagpur pact , one of the preconditions for Vidarbha joining the state of Maharastra was that , at least one of the legislative sessions every year should be held in Nagpur . The winter session is held in Nagpur . Jump up ^ Gangtok has been the capital of Sikkim since 1890 . Sikkim joined the Indian Union in 1975 . Jump up ^ Chennai ( Madras ) was the capital of the Madras Presidency since 1839 , which was redrawn as Madras State in 1956 . Madras State was renamed as Tamil Nadu in 1968 . Jump up ^ After the formation of Telangana , as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 , both states will share Hyderabad as their common capital for ten years . The new Andhra Pradesh Capital City capital is going to be Amaravati , decided by the Andhra Pradesh government in April , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dehradun is the interim capital of Uttarakhand . The town of Gairsain is envisaged as the state 's new capital . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Library of Congress 2004 . Jump up ^ Sharma 2007 , p. 49 . ^ Jump up to : `` After 2200 Years , Amaravati Gets Back Power ! '' . Gulte.com . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AP Government Portal - Official Andhra Pradesh State Govt . Portal '' . Ap.gov.in . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Baruah 1999 , p. xiii . Jump up ^ Menon & Banerjea 2002 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Ring 1996 , p. 288 . Jump up ^ `` Dharamshala Declared Second Capital of Himachal Hill Post '' . www.hillpost.in . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Boland - Crewe & Lea 2002 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Kumāra 1998 , p. 136 . ^ Jump up to : Kini 1974 , pp. 34 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Khandewale 1989 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Spate 1953 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Sati & Kumar 2004 , pp. 9 -- 10 . References ( edit ) Baruah , Sanjib ( 1999 ) . India Against Itself : Assam and the Politics of Nationality . University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 3491 - 6 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Boland - Crewe , Tara ; Lea , David , eds. ( 15 November 2002 ) . The Territories and States of India . Europa . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85743 - 148 - 3 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . `` Country Profile : India '' ( PDF ) , Library of Congress Country Studies ( 5th ed . ) , Library of Congress Federal Research Division , December 2004 , retrieved 30 September 2011 Khandewale , Shrinivas Vishnu ( 1989 ) . Industrial Area and Regional Resources : A Case Study of Nagpur Industrial Area . Mittal Publications . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7099 - 134 - 2 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Mathew , George ( 1995 ) . Status of Panchayati Raj in the States of India , 1994 . Concept Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7022 - 553 - 9 . Retrieved 19 August 2012 . Kini , N.G.S. ( 1974 ) . The City Voter in India : A Study of 1967 General Elections in Nagpur . Abhinav Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88386 - 524 - 8 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Kumāra , Braja Bihārī ( 1 January 1998 ) . Small States Syndrome In India . Concept Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7022 - 691 - 8 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Kippen , James ( 2006 ) . Gurudev 's Drumming Legacy : Music , Theory , and Nationalism in the Mr̥daṅg Aur Tablā Vādanpaddhati of Gurudev Patwardhan . Ashgate Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 5424 - 7 . Retrieved 15 August 2012 . Menon , N.R. Madhava ; Banerjea , D. ( 2002 ) . Criminal Justice India Series : Haryana , 2002 . Allied Publishers in collaboration with National University of Juridical Sciences . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7764 - 518 - 7 . Retrieved 15 August 2012 . `` Post-Independence Era '' , History of Andhra Pradesh , Government of Andhra Pradesh , archived from the original on 20 December 2013 , retrieved 4 August 2012 Ring , Trudy ( 1 January 1996 ) . Asia and Oceania : International Dictionary of Historic Places . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 1 - 884964 - 04 - 6 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Sati , Vishwambhar Prasad ; Kumar , Kamlesh ( 2004 ) . Uttaranchal : Dilemma Of Plenties And Scarcities . Mittal Publications . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7099 - 898 - 3 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Sharma , B.K. ( August 2007 ) . Introduction to the Constitution of India ( 4th ed . ) . Prentice Hall . ISBN 978 - 81 - 203 - 3246 - 1 . Spate , Oskar Hermann Khristian ( 1953 ) . The Changing Map Of Asia A Political Geography . Taylor & Francis . Retrieved 15 August 2012 . External links ( edit ) List of states in India Legislative bodies in India ( hide ) State and Union Territory capitals of India Agartala Aizawl Amaravati ( de facto ) Bangalore Bhopal Bhubaneswar Chandigarh Chennai Daman Dehradun ( interim ) New Delhi Dispur Gandhinagar Gangtok Hyderabad Imphal Itanagar Jaipur Jammu ( in winter ) Kavaratti Kohima Kolkata Lucknow Mumbai Panaji Patna Pondicherry Port Blair Raipur Ranchi Shillong Shimla Silvassa Srinagar ( in summer ) Thiruvananthapuram Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India&oldid=819297516 '' Categories : States and union territories of India - related lists Indian capital cities Lists of cities in India Lists of capitals of country subdivisions Cities and towns in India by state or territory Hidden categories : Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी नेपाली ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Português Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 16 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20state%20and%20union%20territory%20capitals%20in%20India

richest man of all times in the world

The list of the wealthiest historical figures gathers published estimates as to the ( inflation - adjusted ) net - worth and fortunes of the wealthiest historical figures in comparison . Due to problems arising from different definitions of wealth , ways of measuring it , various economic models throughout history , as well as multiple other reasons -- this article discusses the wealthiest people in the following separate historical periods : Antiquity , Middle Ages and modern period . Accordingly -- because of the previously mentioned difficulties -- it is not possible to determine the single richest person in all of history .

List of wealthiest historical figures

list of wealthiest historical figures

The list of the wealthiest historical figures gathers published estimates as to the ( inflation - adjusted ) net - worth and fortunes of the wealthiest historical figures in comparison . Due to problems arising from different definitions of wealth , ways of measuring it , various economic models throughout history , as well as multiple other reasons -- this article discusses the wealthiest people in the following separate historical periods : Antiquity , Middle Ages and modern period . Accordingly -- because of the previously mentioned difficulties -- it is not possible to determine the single richest person in all of history .

For the modern period , wealth can be measured more or less objectively via inflation adjustment , e.g. comparing the nominal GDP of the United States of the respective periods , and then converting it into contemporary United States dollars . For the medieval and ancient history , comparison of wealth becomes more problematic , on one hand due to the inaccuracy or unreliability of records , on the other due to the difficulty of comparing a pre-industrial economy to a modern one , and especially in the presence of absolute monarchy , where an entire kingdom or empire is considered the ruler 's personal property . The latter factor is also an issue in the early modern to modern period , e.g. Davidson ( 2015 ) lists Joseph Stalin among The 10 Richest People of All Time for his `` complete control of a nation with 9.6 % of global GDP '' . Excluding monarchs and autocrats , the wealthiest private individual in the history of capitalism is variously identified as Jakob Fugger ( died 1525 ) , of the early modern Fugger family of merchants and bankers , and early 20th - century American entrepreneurs Andrew Carnegie ( died 1919 ) and John D. Rockefeller ( died 1937 ) . Frequently , one of these few people is considered to be the richest person of all time , depending on source . While the Rothschild family rose to the status of the wealthiest family of bankers in the 19th century , their wealth was distributed among a number of family members , preventing them from appearing among the wealthiest individuals . The richest among the Rothschilds was the head of its English branch -- Nathan Mayer Rothschild -- the richest person of his time . Bernstein and Swan in All the Money in the World ( 2008 ) mention the top three richest Americans ever -- all tycoons of the Gilded Age -- respectively : John D. Rockefeller , Andrew Carnegie and Cornelius Vanderbilt ; Henry Ford was ranked only 12th . According to Close ( 2016 ) , the wealthiest woman in the history of capitalism , excluding monarchs , was L'Oréal heiress Liliane Bettencourt , whose net worth was at $40.7 billion in 2015 . Including monarchs , he mentions Empress Wu for Antiquity , Isabella of Castile for Middle Ages , and Catherine the Great for modern history . Contents 1 Early modern to modern period 2 Middle Ages 3 Antiquity 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading Early modern to modern period ( edit ) Listed individuals are thought to have had a net worth of at least the equivalent of 100 billion United States dollars . Therefore , it excludes figures such as Andrew W. Mellon , Richard B. Mellon , Stephen Van Rensselaer , A.T. Stewart , Heshen , J.P. Morgan , and others . Name Lifetime Net worth ( billion 2010 USD ) Description Jakob Fugger 1459 -- 1525 ( 66 years ) 400 German merchant , mining entrepreneur and banker . He expanded Fugger family 's assets by spreading their operations across Europe . At one point , Fugger & family had an almost monopolistic hold on the European copper market . At his death , Jakob Fugger bequeathed to his nephew Anton Fugger company assets totaling 2,032,652 guilders . Referred to as `` Fugger the Rich '' . John D. Rockefeller 1839 -- 1937 ( 97 years ) 336 On September 29 , 1916 , Rockefeller became the first person ever to reach a nominal personal fortune of US $1 billion ( equivalent to US $16 billion in 2016 ) . Rockefeller amassed his fortune from the Standard Oil company , of which he was a founder , chairman and major shareholder . By the time of his death in 1937 , estimates place his net worth in the range of US $300 billion to US $400 billion in adjusted dollars for the late 2000s ( decade ) . When considering the real value of his wealth , Rockefeller is widely held to have been the wealthiest American , as well as the richest person in modern history . Andrew Carnegie 1835 -- 1919 ( 84 years ) 310 Carnegie founded the Carnegie Steel Company , which was the most extensive integrated iron and steel operations in the United States ; in 1901 , Carnegie sold his company for US $480 million to J.P. Morgan , who then merged his company into U.S. Steel . Capitalized at US $1.4 billion at the time , U.S. Steel was the first billion dollar company in the world . In his final years , Carnegie 's net worth was US $475 million , but by the time of his death in 1919 he had donated most of his wealth to charities and other philanthropic endeavors and had only US $30 million left to his personal fortune . Carnegie 's hundreds of millions accounted for about 0.60 % of the U.S. annual GDP and has a real value estimated at about US $75 billion adjusted for the late 2000s ( decade ) . Nicholas II of Russia 1868 -- 1918 ( 50 years ) 250 -- 300 Emperor of All Russia from 1894 to 1917 . Estimates of the wealth of Nicholas II remain wildly speculative . As emperor , and an autocrat , the resources under Nicholas II 's command were virtually incalculable . However , the vast majority of this was officially owned by the State as Crown property . From this , supplemented by an annuity from the Treasury , he derived an annual income of 24 million roubles , from which he had to fund staff , the upkeep of imperial palaces and imperial theatres , annuities for the royal family , pensions , bequests , and other outgoings . `` Before the end of the year , the Tsar was usually penniless ; sometimes he reached this embarrassing state by autumn . '' According to the Grand Marshall of the Court , Count Paul Benckendorff , his personal wealth only amounted to between 12.5 and 17.5 million roubles . Osman Ali Khan , Asaf Jah VII 1886 -- 1967 ( 81 years ) 210 The last Nizam of Hyderabad State in British India . Regarded as the wealthiest person in the world during his lifetime , his portrait was on the cover of Time magazine in 1937 . As a semi-autonomous monarch , he had his own mint , printing his own currency , the Hyderabadi rupee , and had a private treasury that was said to contain £ 100m in gold and silver bullion , and a further £ 400m of jewels ( in 2008 terms ) . Among them was the Jacob Diamond , valued at some £ 50m ( in 2008 terms ) , and used by the Nizam as a paperweight . Henry Ford 1863 -- 1947 ( 84 years ) 188 -- 199 Henry Ford was an American automotive engineer , entrepreneur , and founder of the Ford Motor Company . Through his designing of the Model T Ford and employing the assembly line means of rapid production , he was able to lower the base price of his product in order to reach a wider market . As production increased , Ford further reduced prices and increased salaries to reduce worker turnover . This resulted in a rapid increase in output , with Ford production rising from roughly 18,000 cars in 1909 to over 1 million cars in 1920 . Despite Ford stating that his focus was increasing Ford Motor Company 's benefit to society and to its employees , even at one point being sued by the Dodge brothers based on this premise , his company was massively profitable . His highest earnings were recorded at age 57 and he died at the age of 83 in 1947 at a net worth of US $188.1 billion ( inflation - adjusted value in 2008 dollars ) . John Jacob Astor 1763 -- 1848 ( 85 years ) 120 -- 138 American businessman , merchant , opium smuggler , fur trader , and investor . In 1801 , Astor 's nominal wealth was some US $250,000 , and by the time of his death in 1848 his fortune had grown to US $20 million , making him America 's first multi-millionaire . Cornelius Vanderbilt 1794 -- 1877 ( 83 years ) 105 -- 205 American business magnate and philanthropist who built his wealth in railroads and shipping . Stephen Girard 1750 -- 1831 ( 81 years ) 105 -- 120 French - born American banker . Before becoming a banker , he was a merchant and owned a fleet of trading ships . William Henry Vanderbilt 1821 -- 85 ( 64 years ) 52 -- 239 Railroad owner . Inherited much of his wealth from his father , Cornelius Vanderbilt , who initiated the Vanderbilt family 's involvement in railroad and shipping business . He doubled his father 's fortune , to an amount estimated between $52 billion and $239 billion . Middle Ages ( edit ) Absolute rulers or conquerors are sometimes listed for the territory they controlled rather than for their immediate personal wealth ( Davidson ( 2015 ) for TIME.com listed Akbar I , Genghis Khan and Emperor Shenzong of Song for their imperial possessions , while Alan Rufus is listed for his immediate possessions within the feudal system of Norman England ) . Name Lifetime Description Musa I of Mali c. 1280 -- c. 1337 Mansa Musa , or Musa I of Mali is considered one of the richest men in history . Musa was the tenth emperor of the Mali Empire , one of the prosperous Sahelian kingdoms that developed along the Saharan slave trade routes in the later medieval period . Mansa Musa made his fortune by exploiting his country 's salt and gold production . Musa is said to have brought several tonnes of gold to Mecca when he made a pilgrimage there in 1324 . Reported as being inconceivably rich by contemporaries , `` There 's really no way to put an accurate number on his wealth . '' William the Conqueror d . 1087 William the Conqueror became personally enormously wealthy from spoils of war during the Norman Conquest of England . Basil II 958 -- 1025 Byzantine emperor from 960 to 1025 at the time of the Eastern Roman Empire 's greatest medieval territorial extent , also a time of considerable prosperity for the Empire . Alan Rufus c. 1040 -- 1093 Alan Rufus , 1st Lord of Richmond , was a relative and companion of William the Conqueror ( Duke William II of Normandy ) during the Norman Conquest of England . By 1086 he had become one of the richest and most powerful men of England . William de Warenne , 1st Earl of Surrey d . 1088 Fought alongside William the Conqueror at the Battle of Hastings and was rewarded with considerable land holdings in England . Richard FitzAlan , 10th Earl of Arundel c. 1306 -- 1376 English nobleman and admiral . Succeeded to the Earldom of Surrey in 1347 . John of Gaunt 1340 -- 1399 Third son of King Edward III of England . Duke of Lancaster . Owned land in almost every county in England , with a household comparable to that of a monarch . Antiquity ( edit ) For Classical Antiquity , even more than for the High Middle Ages , the definition of personal wealth becomes difficult to compare with the modern period ; especially in the case of divine kings , where an entire empire might be considered the personal property of a deified emperor . Name Lifetime Description Marcus Licinius Crassus c. 115 BC -- 53 BC Crassus inherited a fortune of 7 million sesterces after the death of his father in 87 BC . After several years of exile , Crassus was able to rebuild his family fortune by seizing the property of executed convicts for himself . Crassus also expanded his wealth by trading in slaves and by purchasing whole neighborhoods of Rome as they burned , for drastically less than market value . Crassus was known in Rome as Dives , meaning `` The Rich '' . It is believed that Crassus expanded his personal fortune to 170 million sesterces , while Pliny the Elder surmised his fortune to be valued even higher , at 200 million sesterces . This would place Crassus 's net worth equal to the total annual budget of the Roman treasury . Crassus has often been listed among the `` wealthiest individuals in history '' , although depending on the estimate of the `` adjusted value '' of a Roman sesterce , his net worth may also be placed in the range of US $200 million to US $20 billion . Augustus Caesar 63 BC -- AD 14 Listed by Time Magazine with `` $4.6 trillion '' because he `` personally owned all of Egypt '' . Croesus died c. 546 BC The name of Croesus , a historical king of Lydia , was proverbial for wealth already in antiquity ; this is probably due to his being the first ruler to issue true gold coins with a standardised purity for general circulation and not necessarily for his personal wealth . See also ( edit ) Forbes list of billionaires List of richest Americans in history List of wealthiest organizations List of wealthiest families List of wealthiest animals References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Rockefellers : The Legacy Of History 's Richest Man , Forbes 2014 Jump up ^ Guinness World Records claims John D. Rockefeller was the richest person . ^ Jump up to : Jacob Davidson , time.com The 10 Richest People of All Time , 30 July 2015 ^ Jump up to : Daniel Eckert , So wurde Jakob Fugger zum reichsten Menschen der Historie ( `` This is how Jakob Fugger became the wealthiest person in history '' ) , Die Welt , 6 June 2016 ( in German ) . `` Auf heutige Verhältnisse hochgerechnet läge das Vermögen des Bauernenkels bei unglaublichen 400 Milliarden Dollar ( 354 Milliarden Euro ) . In die Nähe dieses Wertes kamen nur die Rothschilds , die in ihrer Glanzzeit im 19 . Jahrhundert die mächtigste Bankiersfamilie der Welt waren '' ( `` Adjusted to current - day conditions , the net worth of the farmer 's grandson would be close to astonishing 400 billion dollars ( 354 billion Euro ) . Only the Rothschild family , at their peak in the 19th century the most powerful family of bankers , came close to such a figure . '' Jump up ^ listed at 372 billion US $2014 by Jacob Davidson , time.com The 10 Richest People of All Time , 30 July 2015 : `` Rockefeller gets all the press , but Andrew Carnegie may be the richest American of all time . The Scottish immigrant sold his company , U.S. Steel , to J.P. Morgan for $480 million in 1901 . That sum equates to about slightly over 2.1 % of U.S. GDP at the time , giving Carnegie economic power equivalent to $372 billion in 2014 . '' Jump up ^ GDP : A Brief but Affectionate History p. 65 Jump up ^ All the Money in the World ( 2008 ) by Bernstein and Swan , p. 17 `` Introduction '' Jump up ^ Kerry Close , The 10 Richest Women of All Time , time.com , 1 February 2016 . Bettencourt ranks at # 6 in this list , after five ancient rulers and monarchs of the Middle Ages and early modern period . Jump up ^ Kerry Close , The 10 Richest Women of All Time , time.com . Empress Wu ranks at # 1 in this list , Catherine the Great at # 3 , and Isabella of Castile at # 5 . Jump up ^ Peter Geffcken : Fugger -- Geschichte einer Familie : `` Die Handelsherren mit dem Dreizack '' . In : DAMALS 7 / 2004 Jump up ^ `` Anton Fugger '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Thomas , Ryland ; Williamson , Samuel H. ( 2018 ) . `` What Was the U.S. GDP Then ? '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series . ^ Jump up to : Staff ( 15 July 2007 ) . `` The Wealthiest Americans Ever '' . New York Times . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Richest Americans in History '' . Forbes . 24 August 1998 . Retrieved 22 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The richest Americans '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2009 . Retrieved 22 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Rockefellers '' . PBS . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Richest Americans '' . Fortune magazine . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 16 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Wealthiest Americans Ever '' . The New York Times . July 15 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Men Who Built America : Andrew Carnegie '' . History.com . ^ Jump up to : Massie , Robert K. Nicholas and Alexandra , New York , Atheneum , 1967 , p64 Jump up ^ Clarke , William The Lost Fortune of the Tsars , St. Martin 's Griffin ; Reprint edition , 1996 , p101 . Jump up ^ `` The Nizam of Hyderabad '' . Time . Jump up ^ McCaffrey , Julie ( 3 February 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : The last Nizam of Hyderabad was so rich he had a £ 50m diamond paperweight . '' Mirror.co.uk . London . Jump up ^ Bedi , Rahul ( 12 April 2008 ) . `` India finally settles £ 1million Nizam dispute '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` Exhibitions at National Museum of India , New Delhi ( India ) '' . 2 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Shah , Tahir . `` Alan the Red , the Brit who makes Bill Gates a pauper . '' Times Online . The Sunday Times . 7 October 2007 . Web . 19 9ay 2010 . Jump up ^ Hargreaves , Steve . `` The richest Americans in history '' . Jump up ^ Fortune Magazine 's `` richest Americans '' Archived 2009 - 09 - 13 at the Wayback Machine ... Fortune estimated his wealth at death at $105,000,000 , or 1 / 87 of the nation 's GDP . Jump up ^ Hargreaves , Steve . `` The richest Americans in history '' . ^ Jump up to : Gus Lubin , business insider The 20 Richest People Of All Time , 2 September 2010 Jump up ^ Hargreaves , Steve . `` The richest Americans in history '' . ^ Jump up to : `` William Henry Vanderbilt '' . www.newnetherlandinstitute.org . Jump up ^ `` Meet Mansa Musa I of Mali -- the richest human being in all history '' . 2012 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Richest People of All Time '' . 2016 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Jacob Davidson . `` The 10 Richest People of All Time '' . CNNMoney ... ^ Jump up to : `` Estimate from historian William Rubenstein via The Times , converted to dollars at average rate since ' 07 ( 1 : 1.7 ) and adjusted for inflation . '' The 20 Richest People Of All Time , 4 September 2010 . `` Although he became a monarch , we 're counting the spoils of war before he took the throne , based on what he gave out to his sons Odo and Robert . '' `` he left the equivalent of $229.5 billion to his sons . '' Jump up ^ The Domesday Book : England 's Heritage Then and Now , ed . Thomas Hinde ( UK : Coombe Books , 1996 ) Jump up ^ Jonathan Sumption , Divided Houses : The Hundred Years War III ( London : Faber & Faber , 2009 ) , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Wallechinsky , David & Irving Wallace . `` Richest People in History Ancient Roman Crassus '' . Trivia - Library . The People 's Almanac. 1975 -- 1981 . Web . 23 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Often named as the richest man ever , a more accurate conversion of sesterce would put his modern figure between $200 million and $20 billion . '' Peter L. Bernstein . The 20 Richest People Of All Time Further reading ( edit ) Philip Beresford , William D. Rubinstein , The Richest of the Rich : The Wealthiest 250 People in Britain since 1066 , Harriman House , 2011 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85719 - 065 - 9 . Reviewed in Spear 's Magazine Michael Klepper , Robert Gunther , The Wealthy 100 : From Benjamin Franklin to Bill Gates -- A Ranking of the Richest Americans , Past and Present , Citadel Press , 1996 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 80651 - 800 - 8 . Lists of people by net worth By citizenship Australia Austria Belgium Brazil Canada China ( PRC ) Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Egypt Finland France Germany Greece Hong Kong Hungary India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Kazakhstan Kenya South Korea Kuwait Lebanon Malaysia Mexico Monaco Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Philippines Poland Portugal Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore South Africa Spain Sweden Switzerland Taiwan ( ROC ) Thailand Turkey Uganda Ukraine UAE United Kingdom United States Venezuela Vietnam By region Arab League South Asia South East Asia Africa World Forbes lists 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Forbes 400 In history List of wealthiest historical figures List of richest Americans in history In US politics List of Presidents of the United States by net worth List of richest American politicians Other Bloomberg Billionaires Index Forbes Fictional 15 Financial Review Rich List ( Australia ) Hurun Muslims Royals Sunday Times Rich List ( UK ) Women By alumni List of wealthiest families Extreme Wealth Concepts Billionaires Capital accumulation Distribution of wealth Dynastic wealth Economic inequality Geography and wealth High - net - worth individual UHNWI Millionaires National wealth Oligarchy Overaccumulation Paper wealth Plutocracy Plutonomy Wealth Wealth concentration Wealth effect Wealth management Wealth and religion Wealth tax Lists of people Female billionaires ‎ Wealthiest Americans Richest royals Wealthiest families Wealthiest historical figures Forbes list of billionaires Lists of organizations Companies by profit and loss Largest companies by revenue Largest financial services companies by revenue Largest manufacturing companies by revenue Public corporations by market capitalization Wealthiest organizations Other lists Cities by number of billionaires Countries by number of billionaires Most expensive things Wealthiest animals See also Business magnate Business oligarch Philanthropy The Giving Pledge The rich get richer and the poor get poorer Upper class Nouveau riche Vieux riche Religion and poverty Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_wealthiest_historical_figures&oldid=865946692 '' Categories : History - related lists Lists of people by wealth Economy - related lists of superlatives Hidden categories : Articles with German - language external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles lacking reliable references from November 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 06 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20wealthiest%20historical%20figures

the wheat and the tares in the bible

Parable of the tares

parable of the tares

The Parable of the Tares ( also known as the Parable of the Weeds , Parable of the Wheat and Tares , Parable of the Wheat and Weeds , or the Parable of the Weeds in the Grain ) , is one of the parables of Jesus , which appears in Matthew 13 : 24 - 30 . The parable says that during the final judgment , the angels will separate the `` sons of the evil one '' ( the tares or weeds ) from the `` sons of the kingdom '' ( the wheat ) . It follows the Parable of the Sower , and precedes the Parable of the Mustard Seed . According to the common interpretation , the good seeds are the spiritual children of Jesus Christ and the weeds are the rest of the population of the Earth that are the spiritual children of Satan .

Contents 1 Narrative 2 Interpretation 3 Religious toleration 4 Depictions 5 See also 6 References Narrative ( edit ) The parable is as follows : Another parable put he forth unto them , saying , The kingdom of heaven is likened unto a man which sowed good seed in his field : But while men slept , his enemy came and sowed tares among the wheat , and went his way . But when the blade was sprung up , and brought forth fruit , then appeared the tares also . So the servants of the householder came and said unto him , Sir , didst not thou sow good seed in thy field ? from whence then hath it tares ? He said unto them , An enemy hath done this . The servants said unto him , Wilt thou then that we go and gather them up ? But he said , Nay ; lest while ye gather up the tares , ye root up also the wheat with them . Let both grow together until the harvest : and in the time of harvest I will say to the reapers , Gather ye together first the tares , and bind them in bundles to burn them : but gather the wheat into my barn . -- Matthew 13 : 24 - 30 , Holy Bible : King James Version The word translated `` tares '' in the King James Version is ζιζάνια ( zizania ) , plural of ζιζάνιον ( zizanion ) . This word is thought to mean darnel ( Lolium temulentum ) , a ryegrass which looks much like wheat in its early stages of growth . Roman law prohibited sowing darnel among the wheat of an enemy , suggesting that the scenario presented here is realistic . Many translations use `` weeds '' instead of `` tares '' . A similar metaphor is wheat and chaff , replacing ( growing ) tares by ( waste ) chaff , and in other places in the Bible `` wicked ones '' are likened to chaff . Interpretation ( edit ) An eschatological interpretation is provided by Jesus in Matthew 13 : 36 - 43 : Then Jesus sent the multitudes away , and went into the house . His disciples came to him , saying , `` Explain to us the parable of the darnel weeds of the field . '' He answered them , `` He who sows the good seed is the Son of Man , the field is the world ; and the good seed , these are the children of the Kingdom ; and the darnel weeds are the children of the evil one . The enemy who sowed them is the devil . The harvest is the end of the age , and the reapers are angels . As therefore the darnel weeds are gathered up and burned with fire ; so will it be at the end of this age . The Son of Man will send out his angels , and they will gather out of his Kingdom all things that cause stumbling , and those who do iniquity , and will cast them into the furnace of fire . There will be weeping and the gnashing of teeth . Then the righteous will shine forth like the sun in the Kingdom of their Father . He who has ears to hear , let him hear . -- Matthew 13 : 36 - 43 , World English Bible Félicien Rops , Satan Sowing Seeds , pencil , c. 1872 Although Jesus has distinguished between people who are part of the Kingdom of Heaven and those who are not , this difference may not always be readily apparent , as the parable of the Leaven indicates . However , the final judgment will be the `` ultimate turning - point when the period of the secret growth of God 's kingdom alongside the continued activity of the evil one will be brought to an end , and the new age which was inaugurated in principle in Jesus ' earthly ministry will be gloriously consummated . '' St. Augustine pointed out that the invisible distinction between `` wheat '' and `` tares '' also runs through the Church : O you Christians , whose lives are good , you sigh and groan as being few among many , few among very many . The winter will pass away , the summer will come ; lo ! The harvest will soon be here . The angels will come who can make the separation , and who can not make mistakes ... I tell you of a truth , my Beloved , even in these high seats there is both wheat , and tares , and among the laity there is wheat , and tares . Let the good tolerate the bad ; let the bad change themselves , and imitate the good . Let us all , if it may be so , attain to God ; let us all through His mercy escape the evil of this world . Let us seek after good days , for we are now in evil days ; but in the evil days let us not blaspheme , that so we may be able to arrive at the good days . A minority of Christians think that Jesus 's interpretation of the parable needs an interpretation of its own . To prove this claim , they point to the phrase with which Jesus followed his exposition of the parable , namely , `` He who has ears to hear , let him hear , '' which occurs after biblical passages with a hidden meaning ( see Luke 14 : 34 - 35 and Mark 4 : 1 - 9 ) . According to non-literal readings of Jesus 's explanation , `` the children of the evil one '' and `` the children of the kingdom `` are something else than humans . The following is an abridged version of Origen 's commentary on Jesus 's interpretation of the parable : The enemy sowing weeds Good things in the human soul are the offspring of the kingdom of God and have been sown by God the Word so that wholesome words about anything are children of the kingdom . But while men are asleep who do not act according to the command of Jesus , `` Watch and pray that you enter not into temptation , '' ( Matthew 26 : 41 ) the devil sows tares -- that is , evil opinions -- over and among natural conceptions . And according to this the whole world might be called a field , for in the whole world the Son of man sowed the good seed , but the wicked one tares -- that is , evil words . And at the end of things there will be a harvest , in order that the angels may gather up the bad opinions that have grown upon the soul , and may give them over to fire . Then those who become conscious that they have received the seeds of the evil one in themselves shall wail and be angry against themselves ; for this is the gnashing of teeth . ( Acts 7 : 54 ) Then above all shall the righteous shine , no longer differently as at the first , but all `` as one sun in the kingdom of their Father . '' ( Matthew 13 : 43 ) Daniel , knowing that the multitudes of the righteous differ in glory , have said this , `` And the intelligent shall shine as the brightness of the firmament , and from among the multitudes of the righteous as the stars for ever and ever . '' ( Daniel 12 : 3 ) And in the passage , `` There is one glory of the sun , and another glory of the moon , and another glory of the stars : for one star differs from another star in glory : so also is the resurrection of the dead , '' ( 1Corinthians 15 : 41 - 42 ) the Apostle says the same thing . I think , then , that at the beginning of the blessedness enjoyed by those who are being saved the difference connected with the light takes place . Perhaps the saying , `` Let your light shine before men , '' ( Matthew 5 : 16 ) can be written upon the table of the heart in a threefold way ; so that even now the light of the disciples of Jesus shines before the rest of men , and after death before the resurrection , and after the resurrection until `` all shall attain unto a full - grown man , '' ( Ephesians 4 : 13 ) and all become one sun . The parable seems to have been interpreted in a similar way by Athenagoras who incidentally stated that `` false opinions are an aftergrowth from another sowing '' , and by St. Gregory Nazianzen who exhorted those who were going to be baptized : `` Only be not ignorant of the measure of grace ; only let not the enemy , while you sleep , maliciously sow tares . '' Moreover , St. Gregory of Nyssa relates how his sister St. Macrina cited the parable as a scriptural support for her idea that God gave humans a passionate nature for a good purpose and that passions become vices when we fail to use our reason properly . In her opinion , the `` impulses of the soul , each one of which , if only they are cultured for good , necessarily puts forth the fruit of virtue within us , '' are the good seed , among which `` the bad seed of the error of judgment as to the true Beauty '' has been scattered . From the bad seed , `` the growth of delusion '' springs up by which the true Beauty `` has been thrown into the shade . '' Due to this , `` the seed of anger does not steel us to be brave , but only arms us to fight with our own people ; and the power of loving deserts its intellectual objects and becomes completely mad for the immoderate enjoyment of pleasures of sense ; and so in like manner our other affections put forth the worse instead of the better growths . '' But `` the wise Husbandman '' leaves the growth of the `` error as to Beauty '' to remain amongst his seed , `` so as to secure our not being altogether stripped of better hopes '' by our passions having been rooted out along with it . For `` if love is taken from us , how shall we be united to God ? If anger is to be extinguished , what arms shall we possess against the adversary ? Therefore the Husbandman leaves those bastard seeds within us , not for them always to overwhelm the more precious crop , but in order that the land itself ( for so , in his allegory , he calls the heart ) by its native inherent power , which is that of reasoning , may wither up the one growth and may render the other fruitful and abundant : but if that is not done , then he commissions the fire to mark the distinction in the crops . '' Religious toleration ( edit ) The weeds or `` tares '' ( Greek : ζιζάνιον , zizanion ) were probably darnel . The Parable of the Tares has often been cited in support of various degrees of religious toleration . St. John Chrysostom argued that the parable teaches only a limited toleration , asserting that God does not `` forbid our checking heretics , and stopping their mouths , and taking away their freedom of speech , and breaking up their assemblies and confederacies , but our killing and slaying them . '' In his `` Letter to Bishop Roger of Chalons '' , Bishop Wazo of Liege ( c. 985 - 1048 AD ) relied on the parable to argue that `` the church should let dissent grow with orthodoxy until the Lord comes to separate and judge them '' . Martin Luther preached a sermon on the parable in which he affirmed that only God can separate false from true believers and noted that killing heretics or unbelievers ends any opportunity they may have for salvation : `` From this observe what raging and furious people we have been these many years , in that we desired to force others to believe ; the Turks with the sword , heretics with fire , the Jews with death , and thus outroot the tares by our own power , as if we were the ones who could reign over hearts and spirits , and make them pious and right , which God 's Word alone must do . But by murder we separate the people from the Word , so that it can not possibly work upon them and we bring thus , with one stroke a double murder upon ourselves , as far as it lies in our power , namely , in that we murder the body for time and the soul for eternity , and afterwards say we did God a service by our actions , and wish to merit something special in heaven . '' He concluded that `` although the tares hinder the wheat , yet they make it the more beautiful to behold '' . Roger Williams , a Baptist theologian and founder of Rhode Island , used this parable to support government toleration of all of the `` weeds '' ( heretics ) in the world , because civil persecution often inadvertently hurts the `` wheat '' ( believers ) too . Instead , Williams believed it was God 's duty to judge in the end , not man 's . This parable lent further support to Williams ' Biblical philosophy of a wall of separation between church and state as described in his 1644 book , The Bloody Tenent of Persecution . John Milton , in Areopagitica ( 1644 ) , calling for freedom of speech and condemning Parliament 's attempt to license printing , referred to this parable and the Parable of Drawing in the Net both only found in Matthew 13 : ( I ) t is not possible for man to sever the wheat from the tares , the good fish from the other fry ; that must be the Angels ' ministry at the end of mortal things . Depictions ( edit ) Parable of the Wheat and the Tares by Abraham Bloemaert ( 1624 ) This parable has been depicted by several artists , including William Blake , Abraham Bloemaert , Albin Egger - Lienz , Domenico Fetti , Jan Luyken , John Everett Millais , Félicien Rops , James Tissot . See also ( edit ) Five Discourses of Matthew Life of Jesus in the New Testament Ministry of Jesus References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Liddell HG and Scott R , A Greek - English Lexicon , Clarendon Press , Oxford , 1843 -- 1996 , under `` ζιζάνια '' . The plural form ( Zizania ) has in modern times been adopted as the botanical name for wild rice . Jump up ^ `` Thayer 's Lexicon : ζιζάνια '' . Blueletterbible.org . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Craig S. Keener , The Gospel of Matthew : A Socio - Rhetorical Commentary , Eerdmans , 2009 , ISBN 0 - 8028 - 6498 - 8 , pp. 386 - 387 . Jump up ^ Ramesh Khatry , The Authenticity of the Parable of the Wheat and the Tares and Its Interpretation , Universal Publishers , 2000 , ISBN 1 - 58112 - 094 - X , p. 35 . ^ Jump up to : R.T. France , The Gospel According to Matthew : An introduction and commentary , Eerdmans , 1985 , ISBN 0 - 8028 - 0063 - 7 , pp. 225 - 227 . Jump up ^ `` Augustine , Sermon # 23 on the New Testament '' . Newadvent.org . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Origen , Commentary on Matthew ( Book X , Chapter 2 - 3 ) '' . en.wikisource.org . Retrieved 7 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athenagoras , On the Resurrection '' . en.wikisource.org . Retrieved 14 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gregory Nazianzen , The Oration on Holy Baptism ( Chapter XXXIV . ) '' . Newadvent.org . Retrieved 7 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gregory of Nyssa , On the Soul '' . en.wikisource.org . Retrieved 14 July 2016 . Jump up ^ St. John Chrysostom , Homily 46 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Landes , Richard . `` The Birth of Heresy : A Millennial Phenomenon , '' . Journal of Religious History 24.1 ( 2000 ) : 26 - 43 . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey Burton Russell , Dissent and Order in the Middle Ages : The Search for Legitimate Authority ( New York : Twayne Publishers 1992 ) , p. 23 Jump up ^ The Sermons of Martin Luther. II . pp. 100 -- 106 ( Grand Rapids : Baker Book House 1906 ) . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ James P. Byrd ( 2002 ) . `` The challenges of Roger Williams : religious liberty , violent persecution , and the Bible '' . Mercer University Press . Retrieved July 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Areopagitica '' . Gutenberg.org . Retrieved January 12 , 2011 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Parable of the Tares . Jesus Historicity Chronology of Jesus Genealogy of Jesus Historical Jesus Quest for the historical Jesus portraits sources Josephus on Jesus Tacitus mention Mara bar Serapion letter Historicity Gospels race and appearance Life events Birth Nativity Mary Joseph Flight into Egypt Childhood Unknown years Baptism Temptation Apostles selecting Great Commission Ministry Sermon on the Mount / Plain Beatitudes Prayers Lord 's Prayer Parables Miracles Transfiguration Homelessness Last Supper Passion arrest trial Crucifixion sayings on the cross Tomb Resurrection Ascension New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke Gospel harmony Oral gospel traditions Life of Jesus in the New Testament Historical background of the New Testament New Testament places associated with Jesus Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament Culture Language of Jesus Bibliography Films Christianity Christ Christianity Christology Depictions of Jesus art Jesus in Christianity pre-existence incarnation Relics associated with Jesus Scholastic Lutheran Christology Second Coming Session of Christ Other views Brothers of Jesus Holy Family Jesuism Jesus in comparative mythology Christ myth theory Jesus in Islam Ahmadiyya Jesus in Scientology Judaism 's view of Jesus in the Talmud Master Jesus Religious perspectives on Jesus Criticism Parables of Jesus Canonical Gospels Barren Fig Tree Budding Fig Tree Counting the cost Drawing in the Net Faithful Servant Friend at Night Good Samaritan Good Shepherd Great Banquet Growing Seed Hidden Treasure Lamp Leaven Lost Coin Lost Sheep Master and Servant Mustard Seed New Wine into Old Wineskins Pearl Pharisee and the Publican Prodigal Son Rich Fool Rich man and Lazarus Scribe Sheep and Goats Sower Strong Man Talents or minas Tares Ten Virgins True Vine Tree and its Fruits Two Debtors Two Sons Unjust Judge Unjust Steward Unforgiving Servant Wedding Feast Wicked Husbandmen Wise and Foolish Builders Workers in the Vineyard Non-canonical / disputed Assassin Empty Jar Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parable_of_the_Tares&oldid=850104325 '' Categories : Parables of Jesus Gospel of Matthew Satan Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles containing Greek - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Esperanto Français गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית မြန်မာဘာသာ 日本 語 Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Tagalog தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 July 2018 , at 16 : 42 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parable%20of%20the%20Tares

what is the beatles song a day in the life about

A Day in the Life

a day in the life

`` A Day in the Life '' is a song by the English rock band the Beatles that was released as the final track of their 1967 album Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band . Credited to Lennon -- McCartney , the verses were written mainly by John Lennon , with Paul McCartney primarily contributing the song 's middle section . Lennon 's lyrics were inspired by contemporary newspaper articles , including a report on the death of Guinness heir Tara Browne . The recording includes two passages of orchestral glissandos that were partly improvised in the avant - garde style . As with the sustained piano chord that closes the song , the orchestral passages were added after the Beatles had recorded the main rhythm track .

A reputed drug reference in the line `` I 'd love to turn you on '' resulted in the song initially being banned from broadcast by the BBC . Since its release on Sgt . Pepper , `` A Day in the Life '' has been issued as a B - side and also on various compilation albums . Jeff Beck , Barry Gibb , The Fall and Phish are among the artists who have covered the song . Since 2008 , McCartney has included the song in his live performances . It was ranked the 28th greatest song of all time by Rolling Stone . In another list , the magazine ranked it as the greatest Beatles song . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Lyrics 2.1 Tara Browne 2.2 `` 4,000 holes '' 2.3 Drug culture 2.4 Other reference points 3 Musical structure and development 3.1 Basic track 3.2 Orchestra 3.3 Final chord 4 Variations 5 BBC radio ban 6 Recognition and reception 7 Legacy 8 Covers 9 Personnel 10 Notes 11 References 12 Sources 13 External links Background John Lennon wrote the melody and most of the lyrics to the verses of `` A Day in the Life '' in mid January 1967 . Soon afterwards , he presented the song to Paul McCartney , who contributed a middle - eight section . In a 1970 interview , Lennon discussed their collaboration on the song : Paul and I were definitely working together , especially on `` A Day in the Life '' that was a real ... The way we wrote a lot of the time : you 'd write the good bit , the part that was easy , like `` I read the news today '' or whatever it was , then when you got stuck or whenever it got hard , instead of carrying on , you just drop it ; then we would meet each other , and I would sing half , and he would be inspired to write the next bit and vice versa . He was a bit shy about it because I think he thought it 's already a good song ... So we were doing it in his room with the piano . He said `` Should we do this ? '' `` Yeah , let 's do that . '' According to author Ian MacDonald , `` A Day in the Life '' was strongly informed by Lennon 's LSD - inspired revelations , in that the song `` concerned ' reality ' only to the extent that this had been revealed by LSD to be largely in the eye of the beholder '' . Beatles biographer Jonathon Gould writes that `` of the many ambitious pop singles released during the fall of 1966 , none had a stronger influence on the Beatles than the Beach Boys ' ' Good Vibrations ' '' . In a 1968 editorial for Jazz & Pop , writer Gene Sculatti called the single the `` ultimate in - studio production trip '' , adding that its influence was apparent in songs such as `` A Day in the Life '' . Lyrics Tara Browne According to Lennon , the inspiration for the first two verses was the death of Tara Browne , the 21 - year - old heir to the Guinness fortune who had crashed his Lotus Elan on 18 December 1966 in Redcliffe Gardens , Earl 's Court . Browne had been a friend of Lennon and McCartney , and had , earlier in 1966 , instigated McCartney 's first experience with LSD . Lennon adapted the song 's verse lyrics from a story in the 17 January 1967 edition of the Daily Mail , which reported the ruling on a custody action over Browne 's two young children . During a writing session at McCartney 's house in north London , Lennon and McCartney fine - tuned the lyrics , using an approach that author Howard Sounes likens to the cut - up technique popularised by William Burroughs . `` I did n't copy the accident , '' Lennon said . `` Tara did n't blow his mind out , but it was in my mind when I was writing that verse . The details of the accident in the song -- not noticing traffic lights and a crowd forming at the scene -- were similarly part of the fiction . '' McCartney expounded on the subject : `` The verse about the politician blowing his mind out in a car we wrote together . It has been attributed to Tara Browne , the Guinness heir , which I do n't believe is the case , certainly as we were writing it , I was not attributing it to Tara in my head . In John 's head it might have been . In my head I was imagining a politician bombed out on drugs who 'd stopped at some traffic lights and did n't notice that the lights had changed . The ' blew his mind ' was purely a drugs reference , nothing to do with a car crash . '' `` 4,000 holes '' Lennon wrote the song 's final verse inspired by a Far & Near news brief , in the same 17 January edition of the Daily Mail that had inspired the first two verses . Under the headline `` The holes in our roads '' , the brief stated : `` There are 4,000 holes in the road in Blackburn , Lancashire , or one twenty - sixth of a hole per person , according to a council survey . If Blackburn is typical , there are two million holes in Britain 's roads and 300,000 in London . '' In his lyrics , Lennon mentions the Royal Albert Hall , a symbol of Victorian - era London and a concert venue usually associated with classical music performances . The story had been sold to the Daily Mail in Manchester by Ron Kennedy of the Star News agency in Blackburn . Kennedy had noticed a Lancashire Evening Telegraph story about road excavations and in a telephone call to the Borough Engineer 's department had checked the annual number of holes in the road . Lennon had a problem with the words of the final verse , however , not being able to think of how to connect `` Now they know how many holes it takes to '' and `` the Albert Hall '' . His friend Terry Doran suggested that the holes would `` fill '' the Albert Hall . Drug culture McCartney said about the line `` I 'd love to turn you on '' , which concludes both verse sections : `` This was the time of Tim Leary 's ' Turn on , tune in , drop out ' and we wrote , ' I 'd love to turn you on . ' John and I gave each other a knowing look : ' Uh - huh , it 's a drug song . You know that , do n't you ? ' '' George Martin commented that he had always suspected that the line `` found my way upstairs and had a smoke '' was a drug reference , recalling how the Beatles would `` disappear and have a little puff '' , presumably of marijuana , but not in front of him . `` When ( Martin ) was doing his TV programme on Pepper '' , McCartney recalled later , `` he asked me , ' Do you know what caused Pepper ? ' I said , ' In one word , George , drugs . Pot . ' And George said , ' No , no . But you were n't on it all the time . ' ' Yes , we were . ' Sgt . Pepper was a drug album . '' Other reference points Author Neil Sinyard attributed the third - verse line `` The English Army had just won the war '' to Lennon 's role in the film How I Won the War , which he had filmed during September and October 1966 . Sinyard said : `` It 's hard to think of ( the verse ) ... without automatically associating it with Richard Lester 's film . '' The middle - eight that McCartney provided for `` A Day in the Life '' was a short piano piece he had been working on independently , with lyrics about a commuter whose uneventful morning routine leads him to drift off into a dream . McCartney had written the piece as a wistful recollection of his younger years , which included riding the 82 bus to school , smoking , and going to class . This theme -- the Beatles ' youth in the north of England -- matched that of `` Penny Lane '' ( a street in Liverpool ) and `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' ( an orphanage behind Lennon 's house ) , two songs written for the album but were released instead as a double A-side single . Musical Structure and development Basic track The Beatles began recording the song , with a working title of `` In the Life of ... '' , at EMI 's Studio Two on 19 January 1967 . The line - up as they rehearsed the track was Lennon on piano , McCartney on Hammond organ , George Harrison on acoustic guitar , and Ringo Starr on congas . The band then taped four takes of the rhythm track , by which point Lennon had switched to acoustic guitar and McCartney to piano , with Harrison now playing maracas . As a link between the end of the second verse , where Lennon sings `` I 'd love to turn you on '' , and the start of McCartney 's middle - eight , the band included a 24 - bar bridge . At first , the Beatles were not sure how to fill this link section . At the conclusion of the session on 19 January , the transition consisted of a simple repeated piano chord and the voice of assistant Mal Evans counting out the bars . Evans ' voice was treated with gradually increasing amounts of echo . The 24 - bar bridge ended with the sound of an alarm clock triggered by Evans . Although the original intent was to edit out the ringing alarm clock when the section was filled in , it complemented McCartney 's piece -- which begins with the line `` Woke up , fell out of bed '' -- so the decision was made to keep the sound . The track was refined with remixing and additional parts added on 20 January and 3 February . During the latter session , McCartney and Starr re-recorded their contributions on bass guitar and drums , respectively . Starr later highlighted his fills on the song as typical of an approach whereby `` I try to become an instrument ; play the mood of the song . For example , ' Four thousand holes in Blackburn , Lancashire , ' -- boom ba bom . I try to show that ; the disenchanting mood . '' As on the 1966 track `` Rain '' , music journalist Ben Edmonds recognises Starr 's playing as reflective of his empathy with Lennon 's songwriting . In Edmonds ' description , the drumming on `` A Day in the Life '' `` transcends timekeeping to embody psychedelic drift -- mysterious , surprising , without losing sight of its rhythmic role '' . Orchestra The song 's orchestral segments reflect the influence of avant - garde composers such as Karlheinz Stockhausen ( left , at an awards ceremony in Amsterdam in October 1969 ) . The orchestral portions of `` A Day in the Life '' reflect Lennon and McCartney 's interest in the work of avant - garde composers such as Karlheinz Stockhausen , Luciano Berio and John Cage . To fill the empty 24 - bar middle section , Lennon 's request to George Martin , the band 's producer , was that the orchestra should provide `` a tremendous build - up , from nothing up to something absolutely like the end of the world '' . McCartney suggested having the musicians improvise over the segment . To allay concerns that classically trained musicians would be unable to do this , Martin wrote a loose score for the section . Using the rhythm implied by Lennon 's staggered intonation on the words `` turn you on '' , the score was an extended , atonal crescendo that encouraged the musicians to improvise within the defined framework . The orchestral part was recorded on 10 February 1967 in Studio One at EMI Studios , with Martin and McCartney conducting a 40 - piece orchestra . The recording session was completed at a total cost of £ 367 ( equivalent to £ 6,113 in 2016 ) for the players , an extravagance at the time . Martin later described explaining his score to the puzzled orchestra : What I did there was to write ... the lowest possible note for each of the instruments in the orchestra . At the end of the twenty - four bars , I wrote the highest note ... near a chord of E major . Then I put a squiggly line right through the twenty - four bars , with reference points to tell them roughly what note they should have reached during each bar ... Of course , they all looked at me as though I were completely mad . McCartney had originally wanted a 90 - piece orchestra , but this proved impossible . Instead , the semi-improvised segment was recorded multiple times , filling a separate four - track tape machine , and the four different recordings were overdubbed into a single massive crescendo . The results were successful ; in the final edit of the song , the orchestral bridge is reprised after the final verse . The orchestral link from the song 's middle section to the final verse Womack describes the `` sarcastic brass retort '' that ends the sequence as the `` most decisive moment '' on Sgt . Pepper . Problems playing this file ? See media help . The Beatles hosted the orchestral session as a 1960s - style happening , with guests including Mick Jagger , Marianne Faithfull , Keith Richards , Brian Jones , Donovan , Pattie Boyd , Michael Nesmith , and members of the psychedelic design collective The Fool . Overseen by Tony Bramwell of NEMS Enterprises , the event was filmed for use in a projected television special that never materialised . Reflecting the Beatles ' taste for experimentation and the avant garde , the orchestra players were asked to wear formal dress and then given a costume piece as a contrast with this attire . This resulted in different players wearing anything from fake noses to fake stick - on nipples . Martin recalled that the lead violinist performed wearing a gorilla paw , while a bassoon player placed a balloon on the end of his instrument . At the end of the night , the four Beatles and some of their guests overdubbed an extended humming sound to close the song -- an idea that they later discarded . According to Beatles historian Mark Lewisohn , the tapes from this 10 February orchestral session reveal the guests breaking into loud applause following the second orchestral passage . Among the EMI staff attending the event , one recalled how Ron Richards , the Hollies ' producer , was stunned by the music he had heard ; in Lewisohn 's description , Richards `` ( sat ) with his head in his hands , saying ' I just ca n't believe it ... I give up . ' '' Martin later offered his own opinion of the orchestral session : `` part of me said ' We 're being a bit self - indulgent here . ' The other part of me said ' It 's bloody marvellous ! ' '' Final chord A grand piano in EMI 's Studio Two , where the closing piano chord was recorded on 22 February 1967 Following the final orchestral crescendo , the song ends with one of the most famous final chords in music history . Overdubbed in place of the vocal experiment from 10 February , this chord was added during a session at EMI 's Studio Two on 22 February . Lennon , McCartney , Starr and Evans shared three different pianos , with Martin on a harmonium , and all played an E-major chord simultaneously . The chord was made to ring out for over forty seconds by increasing the recording sound level as the vibration faded out . Towards the end of the chord the recording level was so high that listeners can hear the sounds of the studio , including rustling papers and a squeaking chair . Also present at the session was David Crosby of the Byrds . He recalled his reaction to hearing the completed song : `` man , I was a dish - rag . I was floored . It took me several minutes to be able to talk after that . '' Due to the multiple takes required to perfect the orchestral cacophony and the final chord , the total time spent recording `` A Day in the Life '' was 34 hours . In contrast , the Beatles ' debut album , Please Please Me , had been recorded in its entirety in only 10 hours , 45 minutes . The chord inspired Apple sound designer Jim Reekes in creating the startup chime of the Apple Macintosh featured on Macintosh Quadra computers on a Korg Wavestation EX . `` It 's a C Major chord , played with both hands stretched out as wide as possible ( with 3rd at the top , if I recall ) '' , according to Reekes . Variations On the Sgt . Pepper album , the start of `` A Day in the Life '' is cross-faded with the applause at the end of the previous track , `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( Reprise ) '' . On the Beatles ' 1967 -- 1970 compilation LP , the crossfade is cut off , and the track begins abruptly after the start of the original recording , but on the soundtrack album Imagine : John Lennon and the CD versions of 1967 -- 1970 , the song starts cleanly , with no applause effects . Following `` A Day in the Life '' on the Sgt . Pepper album ( as first released on LP in the UK and years later worldwide on CD ) is a high - frequency 15 - kilohertz tone and some randomly spliced Beatles studio babble . The tone is the same pitch as a dog whistle , at the upper limit of human hearing , but within the range that dogs and cats can hear . This penultimate touch was part of the Beatles ' humour . McCartney would recall how the Beatles thought : `` Imagine there are people sitting around and they think the album 's finished and then suddenly the dog starts barking and no one will know what the heck 's happened . '' The studio babble , titled in the session notes `` Edit for LP End '' , and recorded two months after the mono and stereo masters for `` A Day in the Life '' had been finalised , was added to the run - out groove of the initial British pressing . The two or three seconds of gibberish would loop back into itself endlessly on any record player not equipped with an automatic phonograph arm return . There are even a few variations of the inner groove on different LP pressings . Some listeners have discerned words among the vocal gibberish , Lennon 's saying `` been so high '' , followed by McCartney 's response : `` never could be any other way . '' The Anthology 2 album , released in 1996 , featured a composite remix of `` A Day in the Life '' , including elements from the first two takes , representing the song at its early , pre-orchestral stage , while Anthology 3 included a version of `` The End '' that concludes by having the last note fade into the final chord of `` A Day in the Life '' ( reversed , then played forwards ) . The version on the 2006 soundtrack remix album Love has the song starting with Lennon 's intro of `` sugar plum fairy '' , with the strings being more prominent during the crescendos . In 2017 , a handful of outtakes from the recording sessions , including the first take , were included on the two - disc and six - disc versions of the 50th - anniversary edition of Sgt . Pepper . The six - disc version of that edition also included , on a disc of mono mixes , a previously unreleased early demo mix of the song in its pre-orchestral stage , as of 30 January . BBC Radio ban The song became controversial for its supposed references to drugs . The BBC announced that it would not broadcast `` A Day in the Life '' due to the line `` I 'd love to turn you on '' , which , according to the corporation , advocated drug use . Other lyrics allegedly referring to drugs include `` found my way upstairs and had a smoke / somebody spoke and I went into a dream '' . A spokesman for the BBC stated : `` We have listened to this song over and over again . And we have decided that it appears to go just a little too far , and could encourage a permissive attitude to drug - taking . '' The ban was eventually lifted on 13 March 1972 . Recognition and reception Recalling the release of Sgt . Pepper in his 1977 book The Beatles Forever , Nicholas Schaffner wrote that `` Nothing quite like ' A Day In The Life ' had been attempted before in so - called popular music '' in terms of the song 's `` use of dynamics and tricks of rhythm , and of space and stereo effect , and its deft intermingling of scenes from dream , reality , and shades in between '' . Schaffner said that in the context of 1967 , the track `` was so visually evocative it seemed more like a film than a mere song '' . Richard Goldstein of The New York Times called the song `` a deadly earnest excursion in emotive music with a chilling lyric ... ( that ) stands as one of the most important Lennon - McCartney compositions ... ( and ) an historic Pop event '' . In a contemporary music critics ' poll published by Jazz & Pop magazine , `` A Day in the Life '' won in the categories of Best Pop Song and Best Pop Arrangement . In his appraisal of the song , musicologist Walter Everett states that , as on the band 's Revolver album , `` the most monumental piece on Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band was Lennon 's '' . He identifies the track 's most striking feature as `` its mysterious and poetic approach to serious topics that come together in a larger , direct message to its listeners , an embodiment of the central ideal for which the Beatles stood : that a truly meaningful life can be had only when one is aware of one 's self and one 's surroundings and overcomes the status quo . '' Author Philip Norman describes `` A Day in the Life '' as a `` masterpiece '' and cites it as an example of how Sgt . Pepper `` certainly was John 's Freak Out ! '' , referring to the 1966 album by the Mothers of Invention . `` A Day in the Life '' became one of the Beatles ' most influential songs , and is now considered by many to be the band 's greatest work . Paul Grushkin , in his book Rockin ' Down the Highway : The Cars and People That Made Rock Roll , called the track `` one of the most ambitious , influential , and groundbreaking works in pop music history '' . According to musicologist John Covach , `` ' A Day in the Life ' is perhaps one of the most important single tracks in the history of rock music ; clocking in at only four minutes and forty - five seconds , it must surely be among the shortest epic pieces in rock . '' In his review of the 50th anniversary edition of Sgt . Pepper for Rolling Stone , Mikal Gilmore says that `` A Day in the Life '' and Harrison 's `` Within You Without You '' are the only songs on the album that transcend its legacy as `` a gestalt : a whole that was greater than the sum of its parts '' . `` A Day in the Life '' appears on many top songs lists . It placed twelfth on CBC 's 50 Tracks , the second highest Beatles song on the list after `` In My Life '' . It placed first in Q magazine 's list of the 50 greatest British songs of all time , and was at the top of Mojo 's 101 Greatest Beatles ' Songs , as decided by a panel of musicians and journalists . `` A Day in the Life '' was also nominated for a Grammy in 1967 for Best Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist or Instrumentalist . In 2004 , Rolling Stone ranked it at number 28 on the magazine 's list of `` The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' , and in 2010 , deemed it to be the Beatles ' greatest song . It is listed at number 5 in Pitchfork Media 's `` The 200 Greatest Songs of the 1960s '' . Legacy `` A Day in the Life '' Single by Barry Gibb from the album Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band B - side `` Nowhere Man '' Released July 1978 Format 7 '' Recorded September 1977 Genre Psychedelic rock Length 5 : 11 Label RSO Songwriter ( s ) Lennon -- McCartney Producer ( s ) George Martin Barry Gibb singles chronology `` I 'll Kiss Your Memory '' ( 1970 ) `` A Day in the Life '' ( 1978 ) `` Guilty '' ( 1980 ) `` I 'll Kiss Your Memory '' ( 1970 ) `` A Day in the Life '' ( 1978 ) `` Guilty '' ( 1980 ) On 27 August 1992 Lennon 's handwritten lyrics were sold by the estate of Mal Evans in an auction at Sotheby 's London for $100,000 ( £ 56,600 ) . The lyrics were put up for sale again in March 2006 by Bonhams in New York . Sealed bids were opened on 7 March 2006 and offers started at about $2 million . The lyric sheet was auctioned again by Sotheby 's in June 2010 . It was purchased by an anonymous American buyer who paid $1,200,000 ( £ 810,000 ) . McCartney has been performing this song in a majority of his live shows since his 2008 tour . It is played in a medley with `` Give Peace a Chance '' . The Beatles ' friend and contemporary Bob Dylan references the song 's opening lyrics in his 2012 tribute to John Lennon , `` Roll on John '' . Covers The song has been recorded by many other artists , notably by Jeff Beck on the 1998 George Martin album In My Life , which version was used in the film Across the Universe , and on Beck 's 2008 album Performing This Week : Live at Ronnie Scott 's Jazz Club , which version won Beck the 2010 Grammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental Performance . As of winter 2013 , the jam band Phish has covered the song 61 times . The London Symphony Orchestra released an orchestral cover of the song in 1978 on Classic Rock : The Second Movement . It was also covered by Barry Gibb in 1978 for the film Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band and was included on the soundtrack of the same name , recorded in September 1977 and produced by George Martin . Gibb 's version was released as a single , with `` Nowhere Man '' as the B - side ( also recorded by him and intended for the film ) . Also in 1978 , his version was used as the B - side of Robin Gibb 's version of `` Oh ! Darling '' released only in Italy . David Bowie used the lyric `` I heard the news today oh boy ! '' in his 1975 song `` Young Americans '' . Lennon appeared twice on Bowie 's Young Americans album , providing guitar and backing vocals . In 2012 , Bob Dylan included the same line in his tribute song to Lennon , `` Roll on John '' . Phish have covered the song more than 65 times since debuting it on 10 June 1995 , often as an encore selection . Page McConnell and Trey Anastasio have split vocal duties for the Lennon / McCartney sections respectively . Personnel The Beatles John Lennon -- lead vocal , acoustic guitar , piano ( final chord ) Paul McCartney -- lead vocal ( middle - eight ) , piano ( throughout and final chord ) , bass guitar George Harrison -- maracas Ringo Starr -- drums , congas , piano ( final chord ) Production George Martin -- producer and harmonium ( final chord ) Geoff Emerick -- engineering and mixing Arrangements Orchestrated by George Martin Conducted by George Martin ( with Paul McCartney ) Additional musicians Mal Evans -- alarm clock , counting , piano ( final chord ) John Marson -- harp Erich Gruenberg , Granville Jones , Bill Monro , Jurgen Hess , Hans Geiger , D. Bradley , Lionel Bentley , David McCallum , Donald Weekes , Henry Datyner , Sidney Sax , Ernest Scott , Carlos Villa -- violin John Underwood , Gwynne Edwards , Bernard Davis , John Meek -- viola Francisco Gabarro , Dennis Vigay , Alan Delziel , Alex Nifosi -- cello Cyril Mac Arther , Gordon Pearce -- double bass Roger Lord -- oboe Basil Tschaikov , Jack Brymer -- clarinet N. Fawcett , Alfred Waters -- bassoon Clifford Seville , David Sandeman -- flute Alan Civil , Neil Sanders -- french horn David Mason , Monty Montgomery , Harold Jackson -- trumpet Raymond Brown , Raymond Premru , T. Moore -- trombone Michael Barnes -- tuba Tristan Fry -- timpani Marijke Koger -- tambourine Notes Jump up ^ When asked about `` Good Vibrations '' in 1990 , McCartney responded : `` I thought it was a great record . It did n't quite have the emotional thing that Pet Sounds had for me . I 've often played Pet Sounds and cried . It 's that kind of an album for me . '' Jump up ^ While McCartney remembered writing the lyric `` I 'd love to turn you on '' with Lennon , Lennon , in his 1980 Playboy interview with David Sheff , credited it as being McCartney 's alone , stating , `` Paul 's contribution was the beautiful little lick in the song , ' I 'd love to turn you on ' that he 'd had floating around in his head and he could n't use for anything . I thought it was a damn good piece of work . '' This is confirmed by Lennon 's April 1972 Hit Parader interview , in which he had stated : `` I think Paul wrote ' I 'd love to turn you on . ' '' Jump up ^ When the song was banned by the BBC , Lennon and McCartney denied that there were drug references and publicly complained about the ban at a dinner party at the home of their manager , Brian Epstein , celebrating their album . Lennon said that the song was simply about `` a crash and its victim '' , and called the line in question `` the most innocent of phrases '' . McCartney later said , `` This was the only one in the album written as a deliberate provocation . A stick - that - in - your - pipe ... But what we want is to turn you on to the truth rather than pot . '' Jump up ^ George Martin , the Beatles ' producer , later said that editing it out would have been unfeasible in any case . Jump up ^ Although the special did not take place , portions of the film appear on the Beatles Anthology DVD and in the `` A Day in the Life '' clip included in the three - disc versions of the Beatles ' 2015 video compilation 1 . Jump up ^ According to Tony Bramwell , the BBC ban also led to the film from the orchestral session never being completed . The party aspect of that session was soon reprised by the Beatles when they filmed their performance of `` All You Need Is Love '' for the Our World satellite broadcast . Jump up ^ When Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band was released in South Asia , Malaysia and Hong Kong , `` A Day in the Life '' `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' and `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' were excluded because of supposed drug references . References Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , p. 123 . `` In the United Kingdom Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ... was rush - released six days ahead of its official date , June 1 . '' Jump up ^ Popular Music in America : The Beat Goes On , Michael Campbell , page 213 Jump up ^ J. DeRogatis , Turn on Your Mind : Four Decades of Great Psychedelic Rock ( Milwaukee , Michigan : Hal Leonard , 2003 ) , ISBN 0 - 634 - 05548 - 8 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Hertsgaard 1996 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , pp. 229 -- 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Rolling Stone Interview : John Lennon '' . 21 January 1971 . Retrieved 26 February 2013 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Gould 2007 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Sculatti , Gene ( September 1968 ) . `` Villains and Heroes : In Defense of the Beach Boys '' . Jazz & Pop . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 10 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Leaf , David ( 1997 ) . `` The Observers : Paul McCartney '' . The Pet Sounds Sessions ( Booklet ) . The Beach Boys . Capitol Records . ^ Jump up to : `` Sold on Song -- TOP 100 -- Day in the Life '' . BBC Radio 2 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2006 . Retrieved 31 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , p. 380 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Sounes 2010 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Davies , Hunter ( 1968 ) . The Beatles . Columbus : McGraw - Hill . p. 357 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 015457 - 5 . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , p. 324 . Jump up ^ `` Far & Near : The holes in our roads '' . The Daily Mail ( 21994 ) . 17 January 1967 . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Frame , Pete ( 1989 ) . The Harp Beat Rock Gazetteer of Great Britain . London : Banyan Books . p. 55 . ISBN 0 - 9506402 - 6 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` A Day in the Life -- An Indepth Analysis -- The Origins of the Song '' . web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 19 April 2008 . Retrieved 18 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , p. 325 . Jump up ^ Sheff , David ( 2000 ) ( 1981 ) . All We Are Saying : The Last Major Interview With John Lennon and Yoko Ono . St. Martin 's Press . pp. 183 -- 184 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 25464 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Lennon & McCartney -- Who Wrote What '' . Jump up ^ Chan , Dale . `` A Day in the Life '' . Retrieved 14 April 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` 100 Greatest Beatles Songs -- 1 : A Day in the Life '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 21 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beatles ' Song Nasty '' . Associated Press . 8 June 1967 . Archived from the original on 31 March 2008 . Retrieved 14 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Paul McCartney 's Guide to the Beatles ' Songbook '' Los Angeles Times 14 January 1968 : B19 Jump up ^ Thomson , Elizabeth ; Gutman , David , eds. ( 2004 ) . The Lennon Companion : Twenty - five Years of Comment . Da Capo Press . ISBN 9780306812705 . Jump up ^ `` Beatles Songwriting & Recording Database : Sgt Pepper '' . Beatlesinterviews.org. 1 June 1967 . Retrieved 28 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Aldridge , Alan ( 14 January 1968 ) . `` Paul McCartney 's Guide to the Beatles ' Songbook '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles , California . Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/jun/11/comment.transport Jump up ^ Henke , James ( 2003 ) . Lennon Legend : An Illustrated Life of John Lennon . San Francisco : Chronicle Books . p. 29 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8118 - 3517 - 6 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 2005 , p. 94 . ^ Jump up to : Winn 2009 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Kevin ; Kehew , Brian ( 2006 ) . Recording The Beatles . Curvebender Publishing . p. 443 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9785200 - 0 - 7 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 230 . ^ Jump up to : Bona , Anna Mitchell - Dala . `` Recording ' A Day in the Life ' : Friday , 20 January 1967 '' . Archived from the original on 20 February 2008 . Retrieved 8 April 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Everett 1999 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Winn 2009 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ The Beatles 2000 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Harris 2007 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Sounes 2010 , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 45 -- Sergeant Pepper at the Summit : The very best of a very good year . ( Part 1 ) : UNT Digital Library '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . Digital.library.unt.edu . Retrieved 28 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Winn 2009 , pp. 86 -- 87 . ^ Jump up to : Lewisohn 2005 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark , Gregory ( 2017 ) . `` The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain , 1209 to Present ( New Series ) '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bona , Anda Mitchell - Dala . `` Recording ' A Day in the Life ' : A Remarkable Session '' . Archived from the original on 4 January 2009 . Retrieved 5 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Martin , George ( 1994 ) . All You Need is Ears : The Inside Personal Story of the Genius Who Created The Beatles . New York : St. Martin 's Griffin Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 11482 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Day in the Life Song Details '' . The Beatles Studio . Retrieved 8 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Womack 2007 , p. 181 . Jump up ^ Sounes 2010 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Harris 2007 , pp. 76 , 82 . Jump up ^ Harris 2007 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Mironneau , Serge ; Macrow , Ade . `` Donovan Sessionography '' . Archived from the original on 15 April 2008 . Retrieved 8 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Rowe , Matt ( 18 September 2015 ) . `` The Beatles 1 To Be Reissued With New Audio Remixes ... And Videos '' . The Morton Report . Retrieved 9 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Gould 2007 , pp. 387 -- 88 . ^ Jump up to : Lewisohn 2005 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Unterberger , Richie . `` Review of ' A Day in the Life ' '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 14 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 2005 , pp. 97 , 99 . Jump up ^ `` A Day in the Life -- An Indepth Analysis -- Recording the Song '' . web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 22 February 2008 . Retrieved 18 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Harris 2007 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Vaughn , Don R. ( 3 February 2008 ) . `` ' A Day in the Life ' : Story of Beatles ' song fascinating '' . The Clarion - Ledger . Retrieved 2 January 2015 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Music Notes : Please , Please Me '' . 30 November 2006 . Archived from the original on 29 April 2008 . Retrieved 8 April 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Whitwell , Tom ( 26 May 2005 ) `` Tiny Music Makers : Pt 4 : The Mac Startup Sound '' , Music Thing Jump up ^ Wild , Andrew . `` An A-Z of Beatles Songs '' . Archived from the original on 23 October 2009 . Retrieved 31 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Joseph . `` The Usenet Guide to Beatles Recording Variations '' . Archived from the original on 1 January 2009 . Retrieved 31 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Winn 2009 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Howlett , Kevin ( 2017 ) . Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Super Deluxe Edition ( booklet ) . The Beatles . London : Apple Records . p. 83 . Jump up ^ Howlett , Kevin ( 2017 ) . Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Super Deluxe Edition ( booklet ) . The Beatles . London : Apple Records . p. 83 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn , Mark : The Complete Beatles Recording Sessions . Hamlyn , 1988 ^ Jump up to : Everett 1999 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Winn 2009 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Howlett , Kevin ( 2017 ) . Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Super Deluxe Edition ( booklet ) . The Beatles . London : Apple Records . p. 81 . Jump up ^ Calkin , Graham . `` Anthology '' . Archived from the original on 19 April 2008 . Retrieved 8 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Howlett , Kevin ( 2017 ) . Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Super Deluxe Edition ( booklet ) . The Beatles . London : Apple Records . p. 81 . Jump up ^ Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Super Deluxe Edition ( CD sleeve ) . The Beatles . London : Apple Records . 2017 . Jump up ^ Gould 2007 , p. 427 . Jump up ^ Miles , Barry ; Badman , Keith , eds. ( 2001 ) . The Beatles Diary After the Break - Up : 1970 -- 2001 . London : Music Sales Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7119 - 8307 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` The Sgt . Pepper 's Album '' . Beatles Again . 15 December 2007 . Archived from the original on 10 April 2008 . Retrieved 14 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Schaffner 1978 , pp. 80 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Richard ( 18 June 1967 ) . `` We Still Need the Beatles , but ... '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Rock Critics admin ( 14 March 2014 ) . `` 1967 Jazz & Pop Results '' . rockcritics.com . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Norman 2016 , pp. 261 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Grushkin , Paul R ( 2008 ) . Rockin ' Down the Highway : The Cars and People That Made Rock Roll . MBI Publishing Company . p. 135 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 2292 - 5 . Jump up ^ Covach , John ( 2006 ) . `` From ' Craft ' to ' Art ' : Formal Structure in the Music of the Beatles '' . In Womack , Kenneth ; Davis , Todd F. Reading the Beatles : Cultural Studies , Literary Criticism , and the Fab Four . SUNY Press . p. 48 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 6715 - 2 . Jump up ^ Gilmore , Mikal ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` Review : The Beatles ' ' Sgt . Pepper 's ' Anniversary Editions Reveal Wonders '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Jian , Ghomeshi ( January 2007 ) . `` 50 Tracks '' . Retrieved 14 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Top Ten British Songs of All Time '' . Top-Ten-10.com . Retrieved 14 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` He One Mojo Filter '' . 5 June 2006 . Archived from the original on 28 March 2008 . Retrieved 14 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Beatles hailed ' best of British ' '' . BBC News . 11 September 2005 . Retrieved 20 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles ' Grammy and Academy Awards and Emmy Awards Nominations '' . 11 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 17 May 2008 . Retrieved 19 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 28 : The Beatles , ' A Day in the Life ' '' . rollingstone.com. 2013 . Retrieved 7 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Pitchfork . Linhardt , Alex . The Greatest Songs of the 1960s Jump up ^ Brennan , Joseph . `` Gibb Songs : 1978 '' . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lennon Original Lyrics for Sale '' . BBC News . 18 January 2006 . Retrieved 14 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' A Day in the Life ' : The Autograph Manuscript of John Lennon '' . Bonhams . Archived from the original on 2 February 2010 . Retrieved 20 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Heritage , Stuart ( 18 January 2006 ) . `` Buy Lennon 's ' A Day in The Life ' Lyrics for $2 Million '' . Hecklerspray . Retrieved 20 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` John Lennon 's A Day in the Life lyrics sell for $1.2 m '' . BBC News . 18 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` McCartney live at 3rd Abu Dhabi Grand Prix '' . Retrieved 14 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Second Hand Songs 2010 . Jump up ^ Horowitz , Hal . `` Review of Performing This Week : Live at Ronnie Scott 's Jazz Club '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` 52nd Annual Grammy Awards : Nominees '' . National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 28 January 2010 . Retrieved 1 February 2010 . Jump up ^ http://phish.net/song/a-day-in-the-life Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Brennan , Joseph . `` Gibb Songs : 1977 '' . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Barry Gibb The Bee Gees -- A Day in the Life '' . discogs . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Robin Gibb / Barry Gibb -- Oh ! Darling / A Day in the Life '' . discogs . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Gavilá , Ana . `` David Bowie , Young Americans '' . Jump up ^ Womack 2014 , p. 217 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` A Day in the Life -- An Indepth Analysis -- The Musicians '' . web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 16 June 2008 . Retrieved 18 September 2010 . Sources The Beatles ( 2000 ) . The Beatles Anthology . San Francisco , CA : Chronicle Books . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 2684 - 8 . Everett , Walter ( 1999 ) . The Beatles as Musicians : Revolver Through the Anthology . New York , NY : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 512941 - 0 . Harris , John ( March 2007 ) . `` The Day the World Turned Day - glo ! '' . Mojo . pp. 72 -- 89 . Hertsgaard , Mark ( 1996 ) . A Day in the Life : The Music and Artistry of the Beatles . London : Pan Books . ISBN 0 - 330 - 33891 - 9 . Inglis , Ian ( 2008 ) . `` Cover story : magic , myth , and music '' . In Julien , Olivier . Sgt . Pepper and the Beatles : It Was Forty Years Ago Today . Ashgate . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 6708 - 7 . Lewisohn , Mark ( 2005 ) ( 1988 ) . The Complete Beatles Recording Sessions : The Official Story of the Abbey Road Years 1962 -- 1970 . London : Bounty Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7537 - 2545 - 0 . MacDonald , Ian ( 2005 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties ( 3rd ed . ) . Chicago Review Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55652 - 733 - 3 . Moore , Allan ( 1997 ) . The Beatles : Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 57484 - 6 . Norman , Philip ( 2016 ) . Paul McCartney : The Biography . New York , NY : Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 32796 - 1 . Ryan , Kevin ; Kehew , Brian ( 2006 ) . Recording the Beatles . Curvebender . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9785200 - 0 - 7 . Riley , Tim ( 2002 ) ( 1988 ) . Tell Me Why : A Beatles Commentary . Cambridge , MA : Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81120 - 3 . Schaffner , Nicholas ( 1978 ) . The Beatles Forever . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 055087 - 5 . Sounes , Howard ( 2010 ) . Fab : An Intimate Life of Paul McCartney . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 723705 - 0 . Winn , John C. ( 2009 ) . That Magic Feeling : The Beatles ' Recorded Legacy , Volume Two , 1966 -- 1970 . New York , NY : Three Rivers Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 45239 - 9 . Womack , Kenneth ( 2007 ) . Long and Winding Roads : The Evolving Artistry of the Beatles . Continuum . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 1746 - 6 . Womack , Kenneth ( 2014 ) . The Beatles Encyclopedia : Everything Fab Four . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 39171 - 2 . External links Alan W. Pollack 's Notes on `` A Day in the Life '' Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics The Beatles singles discography UK and US ( all labels ) 1963 `` Please Please Me '' / `` Ask Me Why '' `` From Me to You '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` She Loves You '' / `` I 'll Get You '' 1964 `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' / `` You Ca n't Do That '' `` I Feel Fine '' / `` She 's a Woman '' 1965 `` Ticket to Ride '' / `` Yes It Is '' `` Help ! '' / `` I 'm Down '' `` We Can Work It Out '' / `` Day Tripper '' 1966 `` Paperback Writer '' / `` Rain '' `` Yellow Submarine '' / `` Eleanor Rigby '' 1967 `` Penny Lane '' / `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' `` All You Need Is Love '' / `` Baby , You 're a Rich Man '' `` Hello , Goodbye '' / `` I Am the Walrus '' 1968 `` Lady Madonna '' / `` The Inner Light '' `` Hey Jude '' / `` Revolution '' 1969 `` Get Back '' / `` Do n't Let Me Down '' `` The Ballad of John and Yoko '' / `` Old Brown Shoe '' `` Something '' / `` Come Together '' 1970 `` Let It Be '' / `` You Know My Name ( Look Up the Number ) '' 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` A Day in the Life '' 1982 `` The Beatles Movie Medley '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' 1995 `` Free as a Bird '' / `` Christmas Time ( Is Here Again ) '' `` Real Love '' / `` Baby 's in Black '' UK only ( Parlophone , Apple ) 1962 `` My Bonnie '' / `` The Saints '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` This Boy '' 1964 `` Ai n't She Sweet '' / `` If You Love Me , Baby '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` Things We Said Today '' 1976 `` Yesterday '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Twist and Shout '' US only ( Vee - Jay , Swan , Tollie , Capitol , Apple ) 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` I Saw Her Standing There '' 1964 `` Twist and Shout '' / `` There 's a Place '' `` Do You Want to Know a Secret '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' `` Sie liebt dich '' / `` I 'll Get You '' `` I 'll Cry Instead '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' `` And I Love Her '' / `` If I Fell '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Matchbox '' / `` Slow Down '' 1965 `` Eight Days a Week '' / `` I Do n't Want to Spoil the Party '' `` Yesterday '' / `` Act Naturally '' 1966 `` Nowhere Man '' / `` What Goes On '' 1970 `` The Long and Winding Road '' / `` For You Blue '' 1976 `` Got to Get You into My Life '' / `` Helter Skelter '' `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` Julia '' Other countries ( Odeon , Parlophone , Apple ) 1963 `` All My Loving '' / `` This Boy '' ( Canada ) 1964 `` Komm , gib mir deine Hand / Sie liebt dich '' ( Germany ) 1966 `` Norwegian Wood ( This Bird Has Flown ) '' / `` Nowhere Man '' ( Australia ) 1968 `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' ( Europe , Japan , Australia ) `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` I Will '' ( Philippines ) `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Do n't Pass Me By '' ( Sweden ) 1969 `` You 're Going to Lose That Girl '' / `` Tell Me What You See '' ( Japan ) 1970 `` Oh ! Darling '' / `` Here Comes the Sun '' ( Japan ) 1972 `` All Together Now '' / `` Hey Bulldog '' ( Europe ) 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` Within You Without You '' ( Germany ) Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Songs Side one `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band '' `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' `` Getting Better '' `` Fixing a Hole '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite ! '' Side two `` Within You Without You '' `` When I 'm Sixty - Four '' `` Lovely Rita '' `` Good Morning Good Morning '' `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( Reprise ) '' `` A Day in the Life '' Non-album single `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' `` Penny Lane '' Outtakes `` Only a Northern Song '' `` Carnival of Light '' Tribute albums Easy Star 's Lonely Hearts Dub Band Sgt . Pepper Knew My Father Sgt . Pepper Live Sgt . Petsound 's Lonely Hearts Club Band With a Little Help from My Fwends Related articles The Beatles discography Sgt . Pepper 's cover Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( film ) Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( soundtrack ) It Was Twenty Years Ago Today Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band on the Road Yellow Submarine ( film ) `` Tina in the Sky with Diamonds '' Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles ( White Album ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Day_in_the_Life&oldid=832218888 '' Categories : 1967 songs 1978 singles Art rock songs Barry Gibb songs Grammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental Performance Parlophone singles British psychedelic rock songs RSO Records singles Song recordings produced by George Martin Songs inspired by deaths Songs published by Northern Songs Songs written by Lennon -- McCartney The Beatles songs Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia semi-protected pages Good articles Use British English from March 2014 Use dmy dates from March 2014 Pages using deprecated image syntax Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from March 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 15 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Day%20in%20the%20Life

what was loveys name on gilligan's island

In episode 31 of season 2 , `` Mr. and Mrs. ? ? ? '' , in which the Howells were having marital problems , she mentioned her maiden name was Wentworth . Her actual first name was never mentioned in the series itself or its unaired pilot episode .

Lovey Howell

lovey howell

`` Lovey '' Howell ( née Wentworth ) , referred to as `` Mrs. Howell '' by characters other than her husband , is a fictional character from the 1964 to 1967 television show Gilligan 's Island . Played by Natalie Schafer , the character was a rich , spoiled socialite , married to Thurston Howell III .

Character summary ( edit ) While Mr. Howell always called her `` Lovey '' , the other castaways always called her `` Mrs. Howell '' . There are only two times someone besides Thurston calls her Lovey : in the pilot , when the radio is announcing the missing people , the announcer says `` Thurston Howell III and his wife , international hostess Lovey Howell '' ; and in the episode in which Gilligan thinks he wins the lottery and invites all the people into the Howells ' club , The Professor greets Mr. and Mrs. Howell as Thurston and Lovey . In episode 31 of season 2 , `` Mr. and Mrs. ? ? ? '' , in which the Howells were having marital problems , she mentioned her maiden name was Wentworth . Her actual first name was never mentioned in the series itself or its unaired pilot episode . Not much information was revealed about her life before being marooned with her fellow castaways , but she introduced herself in episode 6 of season 2 ( `` Quick Before It Sinks '' ) as `` Mrs. Thurston Howell III , from New York , Palm Beach and of course , Paris , mon cher . '' She also mentions in episode 17 of season 2 : `` You 've Been Disconnected '' that she spoke fluent French and Italian , hinting at a classical education . In episode 9 of season 3 ( `` Ring Around Gilligan '' ) , Mr. Howell mentions her having studied at Vassar , saying `` Mommy warned me about you Vassar girls and your long gym classes '' . During episode 4 of season 2 : `` Smile , You 're on Mars Camera '' Thurston Howell indicates that Lovey , or at least her family , had money of their own ; Mr. Howell describes her as being an heiress who is `` loaded '' . It is also revealed that Mrs. Howell 's father gave them an oil company ( apparently dry ) in `` Dustbowl , Oklahoma '' as a wedding gift , which she claims he thought was a football stadium ( episode 13 of season 1 : `` Three Million Dollars More or Less '' ) . Lovey claimed she was a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution ( DAR ) ( episode 30 of season 2 , `` ' V ' for Vitamins '' ) , to have been presented at the Court of St. James and to have been selected the `` Queen of the Prune - Bowl Parade '' ( episode 30 of season 3 , `` Gilligan , the Goddess '' ) . Although spoiled and preoccupied with social status , Mrs. Howell was also kind and genuinely cared about the well - being of her fellow castaways . She frequently served as something of a mother figure to the two younger female castaways , Ginger Grant and Mary Ann Summers , offering advice ( though she sometimes also displays jealousy toward the two younger women ) . One of the Island `` Visitors '' she ca n't stand is socialite Erika - Tiffany Smith ( played by Zsa Zsa Gabor ) because her name appears before the Howells in the `` Social Register '' . She also claims to be close friends with `` Grace and Prince Rainier '' on several episodes . Several times she acted as a motherly figure to Gilligan , such as psychoanalyzing him , adopting him , and praising him for his accomplishments when no one else did . She often plotted with her husband several times to steal / access / manipulate things from the other survivors . She once tried to get Gilligan and Mary Ann to wed , kept a gold mine secret from the rest of the group , divulged secrets about stolen jewelry from a parrot , schemed to convince a burnt out artist to leave the island and got through to an uncivilized jungle boy played by Kurt Russell . It was once quoted by Thurston Howell himself that their brilliance together was exceeded only by their greed . They had also proven to have a house in each state and several staffs of servants , including an upstairs maid , a downstairs maid and a butler who served him breakfast in bed . Thurston once quoted that the neighborhood of one million dollars apiece was considered a slum area where they resided . Although the Howells were portrayed as childless in the original series , their son Thurston Howell IV ( portrayed by David Ruprecht ) was introduced in the reunion movie The Harlem Globetrotters on Gilligan 's Island . Gilligan 's Island Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Characters Gilligan The Skipper The Professor Ginger Grant Mary Ann Summers Thurston Howell III Lovey Howell Spin - offs The New Adventures of Gilligan Rescue from Gilligan 's Island The Castaways on Gilligan 's Island The Harlem Globetrotters on Gilligan 's Island Gilligan 's Planet Surviving Gilligan 's Island Related Episodes S.S. Minnow The Adventures of Gilligan 's Island Gilligan 's Island pinball machine The Real Gilligan 's Island Gilligan 's Wake Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lovey_Howell&oldid=815012328 '' Categories : Fictional socialites Gilligan 's Island characters Fictional characters from Rhode Island Fictional characters introduced in 1964 Female characters in television Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2015 All articles needing additional references Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 06 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovey%20Howell

who have the vikings played in the super bowl

Minnesota Vikings

minnesota vikings

National Football League ( 1961 -- present )

Western Conference ( 1961 -- 1969 ) Central Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) NFC Central ( 1970 -- 2001 ) NFC North ( 2002 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Purple , Gold , White Fight song Skol , Vikings Mascot Viktor the Viking Personnel Owner ( s ) Zygi Wilf Chairman Zygi Wilf President Mark Wilf General manager Rick Spielman Head coach Mike Zimmer Team history Minnesota Vikings ( 1961 -- present ) Team nicknames The Vikes The Purple People Eaters The Purple and Gold Championships League championships ( 0 † ) NFL Championships ( pre-1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) ( 1 ) 1969 Conference championships ( 4 ) NFL Western : 1969 NFC : 1973 , 1974 , 1976 Division championships ( 20 ) NFL Central : 1968 , 1969 NFC Central : 1970 , 1971 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1980 , 1989 , 1992 , 1994 , 1998 , 2000 NFC North : 2008 , 2009 , 2015 , 2017 † -- Does not include the AFL or NFL championships won during the same seasons as the AFL -- NFL Super Bowl championships before the 1970 AFL -- NFL merger Playoff appearances ( 29 ) NFL : 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1980 , 1982 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2004 , 2008 , 2009 , 2012 , 2015 , 2017 Home fields Metropolitan Stadium ( 1961 -- 1981 ) Mall of America Field at Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome ( 1982 -- 2013 ) TCF Bank Stadium ( 2014 -- 2015 ) U.S. Bank Stadium ( 2016 -- present ) The Minnesota Vikings are an American football team based in Minneapolis , Minnesota . The Vikings joined the National Football League ( NFL ) as an expansion team in 1960 , and first took the field for the 1961 season . The team competes in the National Football Conference ( NFC ) North division . The Vikings played in four Super Bowl games in the 1970s , but lost all four . During the 1960s , the Vikings ' record was typical for an expansion franchise , but improved over the course of the decade , resulting in a Central Division title in 1968 . In 1969 , their dominant defense led to the Vikings ' league championship in 1969 , the last NFL championship prior to the merger of the NFL with the AFL . The team plays its home games at U.S. Bank Stadium in the Downtown East section of Minneapolis . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1960s 1.2 1970s 1.3 1980s 1.4 1990s 1.4. 1 1998 1.4. 2 1999 1.5 2000s 1.5. 1 2000 1.5. 2 2001 -- 2005 1.5. 3 2006 -- 2008 1.5. 4 2009 -- 2010 1.5. 5 2011 -- 2013 1.5. 6 2014 -- present 2 Logo and uniforms 2.1 All purple uniforms 3 Mascots 3.1 Current mascot 3.2 Historic mascots 4 Traditions 4.1 Fight song 4.2 Rivals 4.2. 1 Chicago Bears 4.2. 2 Detroit Lions 4.2. 3 Green Bay Packers 4.3 Helga hats 4.4 Vikings horn 5 Players 5.1 Current roster 5.2 Retired numbers 5.3 Pro Football Hall of Famers 5.4 Ring of Honor 5.5 25th Anniversary Team ( 1985 ) 5.6 40th Anniversary Team ( 2000 ) 5.7 50 Greatest Vikings ( 2010 ) 5.8 All Metrodome Team ( 2013 ) 6 Coaches 6.1 Head coaches 6.2 Current staff 7 Radio and television 7.1 Radio affiliates 7.1. 1 Minnesota 7.1. 2 Iowa 7.1. 3 North Dakota 7.1. 4 South Dakota 7.1. 5 Wisconsin 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links History Main article : History of the Minnesota Vikings See also : List of Minnesota Vikings seasons Professional football in the Minneapolis -- Saint Paul area ( the `` Twin Cities '' ) began with the Minneapolis Marines / Red Jackets , an NFL team that played intermittently in the 1920s and 1930s . However , a new professional team in the area did not surface again until August 1959 , when Minneapolis businessmen Bill Boyer , H.P. Skoglund , and Max Winter were awarded a franchise in the new American Football League ( AFL ) . Five months later , in January 1960 , after significant pressure from the NFL , the ownership group , along with Bernard H. Ridder Jr. , reneged on its agreement with the AFL and then was awarded the National Football League 's 14th franchise , with play to begin in 1961 . Ole Haugsrud was added to the NFL team ownership because , in the 1920s , when he sold his Duluth Eskimos team back to the league , the agreement allowed him 10 percent of any future Minnesota team . Coincidentally or not , the teams from Ole Haugsrud 's high school , Central High School in Superior , Wisconsin , were also called the Vikings and also had a similar purple - and - yellow uniform design and color scheme . From the team 's first season in 1961 to 1981 , the team called Metropolitan Stadium in suburban Bloomington home . The Vikings conducted summer training camp at Bemidji State University from 1961 to 1965 . In 1966 , the team moved to their training camp to Minnesota State University in Mankato . The training camp at Minnesota State was one of the longest continuously running training camp events in the NFL and is remembered as part of the golden era history of the team . The Vikings played their home games at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis from 1982 to 2013 . The Vikings played their last game at the Metrodome on December 29 , 2013 , defeating the Detroit Lions 14 -- 13 to end the season . Since the team 's first season in 1961 , the Vikings have had one of the highest winning percentages in the NFL . As of 2017 , they have won at least three games in every season except in 1962 , and are one of only six NFL teams to win at least 15 games in a regular season . The Vikings have won one NFL Championship , in 1969 , before the league 's merger with the American Football League ( AFL ) . Since the league merger in 1970 , they have qualified for the playoffs 27 times , third-most in the league . The team has played in Super Bowls IV , VIII , IX , and XI , though failing to win any of them . In addition , they have lost in their last six NFC Championship Game appearances since 1978 . The team currently has 14 members in the Pro Football Hall of Fame . 1960s The team was officially named the Minnesota Vikings on September 27 , 1960 ; the name is partly meant to reflect Minnesota 's place as a center of Scandinavian American culture . From the start , the Vikings embraced an energetic marketing program that produced first - year season ticket sales of nearly 26,000 and an average home attendance of 34,586 , about 85 percent of Metropolitan Stadium 's capacity of 40,800 . Eventually , the capacity of Met Stadium was increased to 47,900 . Bert Rose , former public relations director for the Los Angeles Rams , was appointed the team 's first general manager . The search for the first head coach saw the team court then - Northwestern University head coach Ara Parseghian , who , according to Minneapolis Star writer Jim Klobuchar -- the Vikings ' first beat reporter for that newspaper -- visited team management in the Twin Cities under the condition that his visit was to be kept secret from his current employer . His cover was blown by local columnist Sid Hartman , who reported the visit and forced Parseghian to issue denials . Philadelphia Eagles assistant Nick Skorich and a man with Minnesota ties who was working in the CFL , Bud Grant , were also candidates until a different Eagle , quarterback Norm Van Brocklin , was hired on January 18 , 1961 . Van Brocklin had just finished his career as a player on a high note , having defeated the Green Bay Packers in the 1960 NFL Championship Game . Head Coach Bud Grant ( 1967 -- 1983 and 1985 ) The Vikings were upset by the Chiefs 23 -- 7 in Super Bowl IV . As a new franchise , the Vikings had the first overall selection in the 1961 NFL Draft , and they picked running back Tommy Mason of Tulane . They also took a young quarterback from the University of Georgia named Fran Tarkenton in the third round . Notable veterans acquired in the offseason were George Shaw and Hugh McElhenny . The Vikings won their first regular season game , defeating the Chicago Bears 37 -- 13 on Opening Day 1961 ; Tarkenton came off the bench to throw four touchdown passes and run for another to lead the upset . Reality set in as the expansion team lost its next seven games on their way to a 3 -- 11 record . The losing continued throughout much of the 1960s as the Vikings had a combined record of 32 wins , 59 losses , and 7 ties in their first seven seasons with only one winning season ( 8 -- 5 -- 1 in 1964 ) . On March 7 , 1967 , quarterback Fran Tarkenton was traded to the New York Giants for a first - round and second - round draft choice in 1967 , a first - round choice in 1968 and a second - round choice in 1969 . With the picks , Minnesota selected Clinton Jones and Bob Grim in 1967 , Ron Yary in 1968 and Ed White in 1969 . On March 10 , 1967 the Vikings hired new head coach Bud Grant to replace Van Brocklin , who had resigned on February 11 , 1967 . Grant came to the Vikings from the Canadian Football League as head coach for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers , whom he led to four Grey Cup Championships in 10 years . Replacing Tarkenton at quarterback was eight - year CFL veteran and Grey Cup champion Joe Kapp . During the late 1960s , the Vikings built a powerful defense known as the Purple People Eaters , led by Alan Page , Carl Eller , Gary Larsen , and Jim Marshall . In 1968 , that stingy defense earned the Vikings their first Central Division title and their first playoff berth . In 1969 , the Vikings secured a 12 -- 2 record . The team had 12 straight regular - season victories after a season - opening loss to the New York Giants , which was the longest single - season winning streak in 35 years . The Vikings defeated the Cleveland Browns 27 -- 7 in the last pre-merger NFL Championship Game on January 4 , 1970 , at Metropolitan Stadium . The Vikings became the first modern NFL expansion team to win an NFL Championship Game , and earned a berth in Super Bowl IV ; however , the heavily favored Vikings lost that game to the Kansas City Chiefs , 23 -- 7 . The team MVP that season was Joe Kapp , who threw for seven touchdowns against the Baltimore Colts -- still an all - time NFL record ; however , Kapp refused to accept the award , stating , `` There is not one most valuable Viking ... there are 40 most valuable Vikings ! '' 1970s The team continued to dominate in 1970 and 1971 , reaching the playoffs behind the stubborn `` Purple People Eaters '' defensive line . In 1971 , Alan Page won the NFL Most Valuable Player Award given by the Associated Press . He was the first defensive player to win the award . Hall of Fame defensive end Carl Eller , a member of the `` Purple People Eaters '' . On January 27 , 1972 , the Vikings traded Norm Snead , Bob Grim , Vince Clements and first - round draft picks in 1972 and 1973 to the New York Giants to reacquire the popular Fran Tarkenton . While the acquisitions of Tarkenton and wide receiver John Gilliam improved the passing attack , the running game was inconsistent and the Vikings finished with a disappointing 7 -- 7 record . The Vikings addressed the problem by drafting running back Chuck Foreman with their first pick in the 1973 Draft . Co-owner Bill Boyer died on February 19 , 1973 and was replaced on the team 's board of directors by his son - in - law Jack Steele . The Vikings won their first nine games of 1973 and finished the season with a 12 -- 2 record . They then advanced to their second Super Bowl in franchise history , Super Bowl VIII , against the Miami Dolphins at Rice Stadium in Houston , Texas ; however , the Dolphins prevailed , 24 -- 7 . The Vikings won the Central Division again in 1974 with a 10 -- 4 record . In the playoffs they built on their cold weather reputation , defeating both the St. Louis Cardinals 30 -- 14 and the Los Angeles Rams 14 -- 10 in frozen Metropolitan Stadium . The Vikings played in their second straight Super Bowl , Super Bowl IX ( 3rd overall ) , losing to the Pittsburgh Steelers , 16 -- 6 , at Tulane Stadium in New Orleans on January 12 , 1975 . Led by Tarkenton and running back Chuck Foreman , the 1975 Vikings got off to a 10 -- 0 start and easily won another division title . However , the Vikings lost to the Dallas Cowboys in the playoffs , 17 -- 14 , on a controversial touchdown pass from the Cowboys ' quarterback Roger Staubach to wide receiver Drew Pearson that became known as the Hail Mary . The touchdown was controversial because many felt that Pearson pushed off on Vikings defensive back Nate Wright , committing pass interference . As the Metropolitan Stadium crowd was stunned to learn that no penalty was called , debris was thrown on the field for several minutes . A Corby 's Whiskey bottle struck game official Armen Terzian , rendering him unconscious . The Vikings played in Super Bowl XI , their third Super Bowl ( fourth overall ) in four years , against the Oakland Raiders at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena , California , on January 9 , 1977 . The Vikings , however , lost 32 -- 14 . In 1977 , the Vikings again won the Central Division with a 9 -- 5 record and advanced to their 4th NFC Championship Game in 5 years , but were defeated by the eventual Super Bowl Champion Cowboys , 23 -- 6 , at Texas Stadium . By 1978 , age was taking its toll on the Vikings , but they still made the playoffs with an 8 -- 7 -- 1 record . There was no more playoff magic as the Rams finally defeated the Vikings , 34 -- 10 in Los Angeles after having lost in their previous four playoff matchups ( in 1969 , ' 74 , ' 76 and ' 77 ) . Quarterback Fran Tarkenton retired following the season holding league passer records in attempts ( 6,467 ) , completions ( 3,686 ) , yards ( 47,003 ) , and touchdowns ( 342 ) . In December 1979 , ground was broken for construction of the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in downtown Minneapolis . 1980s On May 15 , 1981 , the Vikings moved into a new facility in suburban Eden Prairie that houses the team 's offices , locker room and practice fields . The complex was named `` Winter Park '' after Max Winter , one of the Vikings ' founders , who served as the team 's president from 1965 to 1987 . The Vikings played their final game at Metropolitan Stadium on December 20 to conclude the 1981 NFL season by losing to the Kansas City Chiefs , 10 -- 6 . `` Two - minute '' Tommy Kramer ( 1977 -- 1989 ) The Vikings played their first game at the Metrodome in a preseason matchup against the Seattle Seahawks on August 21 , 1982 in a game Minnesota won , 7 -- 3 . The first touchdown in the new facility was scored by Joe Senser on an 11 - yard pass from Tommy Kramer . The first regular - season game in the Metrodome was the 1982 opener on September 12 , when the Vikings defeated Tampa Bay , 17 -- 10 . Rickey Young scored the first regular - season touchdown in the facility on a 3 - yard run in the 2nd quarter . That year the defense led by Joey Browner began a dominant 10 - year run as a premier NFL defense . The Vikings beat the St. Louis Cardinals 28 - 10 on August 6 , 1983 at Wembley Stadium in London in the very first international game in the NFL . On January 27 , 1984 , Bud Grant retired as head coach of the Vikings . With a career regular - season record of 151 -- 87 -- 5 (. 632 ) in 17 seasons with Minnesota , Grant led the franchise to 12 playoff appearances , 11 division titles , and four Super Bowls . Les Steckel , who was an offensive assistant with the Vikings for 5 seasons , was then named the 3rd head coach in franchise history . Steckel , who came to the Vikings in 1979 after working as an assistant with the 49ers , was the youngest head coach in the NFL in 1984 at age 38 . However , the Vikings lost a franchise - worst 13 games . After the season Steckel was fired , and on December 18 , 1984 , Bud Grant came out of retirement and was rehired as the head coach of the Vikings . On January 6 , 1986 , following the 1985 season , Bud Grant re-retired , this time permanently , as head coach of the Vikings . At the time of his retirement he was the 6th winningest coach in NFL history with 168 career wins , including playoffs . In 18 seasons , he led the Vikings to a 158 -- 96 -- 5 regular season record . Longtime Vikings assistant coach Jerry Burns was named the fourth head coach in team history on January 7 , 1986 . He served as the Vikings ' offensive coordinator from 1968 to 1985 , when the team won 11 division titles and played in four Super Bowls . In his first season , the Vikings , led by the NFL Comeback Player of the Year Tommy Kramer , went 9 -- 7 , their first winning record in four years . On August 2 , 1986 , Fran Tarkenton was the first player who played the majority of his career with the Vikings to be inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame . Following the strike - shortened 1987 season , the 8 -- 7 Vikings , who had finished 8 -- 4 in regular games but 0 -- 3 using strike - replacement players , pulled two upsets in the playoffs . They defeated the 12 -- 3 New Orleans Saints 44 -- 10 at the Louisiana Superdome in the Wild Card game . The following week , in the Divisional Playoff game , they beat the 13 -- 2 San Francisco 49ers 36 -- 24 at Candlestick Park . During that game , Anthony Carter set the all - time record for most receiving yards in a playoff game with 227 yards . The Vikings played the Washington Redskins in the NFC Championship Game on January 17 , 1988 , at RFK Stadium . Trailing 17 -- 10 , the Vikings drove to the Redskins ' 6 - yard line with a little over a minute left in the game , but failed to get the ball into the end zone . The Vikings ' hopes of a Super Bowl ended when Darrin Nelson dropped a pass from Wade Wilson on fourth down at the goal line . On October 12 , 1989 , the Vikings acquired Herschel Walker from Dallas . The final result of the trade gave the Vikings Walker , third - round choice Mike Jones , fifth - round choice Reggie Thornton and 10th - round choice Pat Newman in 1990 and a third - round choice Jake Reed in 1991 . Dallas received Issiac Holt , David Howard , Darrin Nelson , Jesse Solomon , Alex Stewart , a first - , second - and a sixth - round choice in 1990 , first - and second - round choices in 1991 and a first - , second - and third - round choice in 1992 . Two of those selections turned into Emmitt Smith and Darren Woodson . Walker 's performance fell short of expectations in his three seasons with the Vikings , while the Cowboys rode their draft picks to three Super Bowl victories in the early - to - mid-1990s . 1990s Cris Carter 's Hall of Fame display . Carter was a Viking from 1990 -- 2001 . On December 3 , 1991 , Jerry Burns announced his retirement effective at the end of the 1991 season . In six seasons as Head Coach of the Vikings , Burns compiled a career record of 52 -- 43 (. 547 ) . He also led Minnesota to three playoff appearances , including a division title and an NFC Championship Game . Dennis Green was later named the fifth head coach in team history , after turning around a struggling Stanford University football program as head coach from 1989 to 1991 . In his 10 seasons as the coach of the Vikings , Green won four NFC Central division titles , had eight playoff appearances , two NFC Championship Game appearances and an all - time record of 97 -- 62 . The Vikings therefore had the fifth highest winning percentage among all NFL teams during the regular season in the 1990s . 1998 Main article : 1998 Minnesota Vikings season 1998 was a year to remember for the franchise . With a spectacular offense led by quarterback Randall Cunningham ( who replaced an injured Brad Johnson ) , running back Robert Smith , veteran wide receiver Cris Carter , and explosive rookie Randy Moss , the Vikings set a then - NFL record by scoring a total of 556 points , never scoring fewer than 24 in a game . The Vikings finished the season 15 -- 1 , their only loss was to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 27 -- 24 in Week 9 . In the playoffs , the Vikings rolled past the Arizona Cardinals 41 -- 21 , and came into the Metrodome heavily favored for their NFC title showdown with the Atlanta Falcons , who had gone 14 -- 2 in the regular season . After kicker Gary Anderson , who had just completed the first perfect regular season in NFL history ( not missing a single extra point or field goal attempt the entire year ) , missed a 38 - yard field goal attempt with just over 2 minutes remaining , the Falcons ' ensuing drive tied the game . This led to a controversial decision by head coach Dennis Green to run out the clock and let the game go to overtime . Though the Vikings won the coin toss , Atlanta went on to win it 30 -- 27 in overtime on Morten Andersen 's 38 - yard field goal . The Vikings became the first 15 -- 1 team to fail to reach the Super Bowl . The Falcons lost Super Bowl XXXIII to John Elway and the Denver Broncos . 1999 Randy Moss ( 1998 -- 2004 and 2010 ) Main article : 1999 Minnesota Vikings season Cunningham resumed duties again in 1999 , but after a lukewarm 2 -- 4 start , Jeff George replaced him as starting quarterback . He finished the season with an 8 -- 2 record , and led the Vikings into the postseason once again , with an overall team record of 10 -- 6 . Minnesota beat Dallas in the Wild Card game 27 -- 10 , and faced playoff newcomer Kurt Warner and the St. Louis Rams in the Divisional matchup . The game was a shootout that Minnesota led 17 -- 14 at halftime , but the Rams outscored Minnesota 35 -- 20 in the second half to win 49 -- 37 . St. Louis would go on to win Super Bowl XXXIV . 2000s The Vikings entered the decade by winning the divisional championship and an appearance in the NFC Championship game , where they were defeated 41 - 0 by the New York Giants . The following season , they struggled by posting a 5 -- 11 record in 2001 . The team would make the playoffs again in 2004 , but would not win a divisional title again until 2008 . Since the merger , the 2000s became the decade with the fewest playoff berths for the franchise . 2000 Main article : 2000 Minnesota Vikings season In 2000 , the Vikings went 11 -- 5 . The Vikings were 11 -- 2 after 14 weeks , but slumped briefly , losing their last three to the Rams , Packers and Colts while starting quarterback Daunte Culpepper was hampered by injury . Nonetheless , the Vikings made the playoffs for the fifth straight year . After easily beating the Saints in the Divisional game 34 -- 16 , they traveled to New York City to face the Giants in the NFC Championship Game . Though they were the road team , the Vikings were favored to win the game ( since most considered their 11 -- 2 record with Culpepper more indicative than their 0 -- 3 record when he was out ) ; instead , the Vikings were defeated 41 -- 0 , their worst defeat in playoff history . Robert Smith , who ran for 1,521 yards that season , retired at the end of the year after only playing eight NFL seasons . 2001 -- 2005 In 2001 , after a disappointing 5 -- 11 season , the Vikings bought out the contract of Dennis Green , despite his successful coaching tenure with the team . Mike Tice coached the final game of 2001 , losing to the Ravens 19 -- 3 . Tice was named the permanent coach after the season , but he would not lead the Vikings back to the playoffs until 2004 . During the 2003 season , the Vikings came close to getting into the playoffs . However , the Arizona Cardinals completed a game - winning touchdown on 4th - and - 28 with 0 : 00 left , knocking the Vikings out of the playoffs . The moment of Arizona 's touchdown was actually the first moment the entire season in which the Vikings had n't led their division . The Vikings became the second team in football history to miss the playoffs after getting off to a 6 -- 0 start , following the 1978 Washington Redskins . In 2004 , Daunte Culpepper amassed MVP - like statistics , throwing for 4,717 passing yards ( leading the NFL ) , 39 passing touchdowns ( a Viking record ) , and 5,123 total yards ( an NFL record ) . In the wild card game , the Vikings defeated the rival Green Bay Packers in their first - ever playoff meeting , 31 -- 17 . In doing so , the Vikings became the second team in NFL history to have a . 500 record ( 8 -- 8 ) in the regular season and win a playoff game ( The St. Louis Rams did the same thing only a day earlier ) . In the divisional round , the Vikings were defeated by the eventual NFC champion Philadelphia Eagles . On March 2 , 2005 , Vikings wide receiver Randy Moss was traded to the Oakland Raiders for linebacker Napoleon Harris and the Raiders ' first round draft pick . After struggling to a disappointing 2 -- 5 start to the 2005 season , Vikings lost quarterback Daunte Culpepper to a season - ending knee injury . This injury was a very significant part to this Minnesota Vikings team due to the fact they also lost Moss . The dynamic duo from years earlier were now gone and a new leader would eventually emerge . The Vikings finished the 2005 season with a 9 -- 7 record . However , this season would be more notable for off - the - field events . In October , 17 team members were part of a party of about 90 that went out on a pleasure cruise on local Lake Minnetonka . The incident erupted into scandal when media reported that a number of the players had performed sex acts and that prostitutes had been flown in . Four players were ultimately charged with misdemeanors related to the party . Mike Tice was let go after the 2005 season and was replaced by Brad Childress . This was one of many significant front office moves made by the new ownership team , led by Zygi Wilf . 2006 -- 2008 All - Pro running back Adrian Peterson was selected 7th overall by the Vikings in the 2007 NFL Draft . Minnesota began the 2006 season 4 -- 2 ( with Childress becoming the first Vikings coach to start his career 2 -- 0 ) , but would finish the year at 6 -- 10 , receiving the 7th pick in the NFL Draft ; with it , the Vikings selected Adrian Peterson out of the University of Oklahoma . Peterson 's first career touchdown was a 60 - yard screen pass against the Atlanta Falcons in his first career game . When the Vikings played the Chicago Bears in Week 6 , Peterson broke the record for single game All - Purpose ( rushing , receiving , kick returning ) yards ( 361 total yards , 224 rushing ) . In Week 9 , Peterson broke the NFL single game rushing record set by Jamal Lewis in 2003 by rushing for 296 yards against the San Diego Chargers . Despite a strong push in the middle of the season , winning five straight games , the Vikings lost their final two games to finish the season at 8 -- 8 and missed the playoffs . In Week 13 of the 2008 season against the Bears , Gus Frerotte hooked up with Bernard Berrian and set the record for longest play in franchise history with a 99 - yard touchdown pass . In the 2009 season , Adrian Peterson led the NFL with 1760 rushing yards , breaking the franchise record . The Vikings clinched the NFC North championship for the first time after defeating the New York Giants 20 -- 19 in Week 17 , when kicker Ryan Longwell made the game - winning field goal . Peterson had 19 carries for 109 yards and added a touchdown during the game . On January 4 , 2009 , the Vikings hosted the Philadelphia Eagles for the Wild Card round , their first home playoff game in eight years . The Eagles led the Viking 16 -- 14 at halftime and , coming off a 44 -- 6 victory over the Dallas Cowboys , went on to defeat the Vikings 26 -- 14 . The Eagles would go on to defeat the defending Super Bowl champion New York Giants in the Divisional round , only to lose to the Arizona Cardinals in the NFC Championship Game . Since 2006 , the Vikings have been known especially for their strong run defense ( # 1 in the NFL in 2006 , 2007 , and 2008 ; they are the first NFL team to accomplish this since the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 ) , anchored by the Williams Wall consisting of defensive tackle Kevin Williams and nose tackle Pat Williams ( no relation ) . With the addition of sack - leader Jared Allen in 2008 , the dominant front four began being called by several nicknames , including `` Thunder and Plunder '' and `` Shock and AWE '' ( an acronym of their surname initials ) . 2009 -- 2010 Brett Favre played for the Vikings in 2009 and 2010 . On August 18 , 2009 , after months of speculation and negotiations , twice - retired veteran quarterback Brett Favre , who until 2007 had played 16 years for division archrival Green Bay Packers , signed a two - year , $25 million deal with the Vikings . On October 5 , 2009 , the Vikings hosted the Green Bay Packers as Favre played his former team for the first time . With a 30 -- 23 victory on Monday Night Football , the Vikings moved to a 4 -- 0 record . Favre became the first quarterback in NFL history to defeat all 32 current teams as a starter . Over 21.8 million viewers tuned in to watch the game , beating the previous record for a cable television program set by a game between the Philadelphia Eagles and the Dallas Cowboys in 2008 ( 18.6 million viewers ) . The Vikings beat the New York Giants , 44 -- 7 , in Week 17 to help the team clinch the second seed in the conference and a first round - bye with an Eagles loss later that same day . The Vikings ended the regular season with a 12 -- 4 record , their best record since 2000 and the first 11 - plus win season since their record - setting 1998 campaign . The Vikings played the Dallas Cowboys in the divisional round on January 17 , 2010 , and won the game by a score of 34 -- 3 , advancing the Vikings to the NFC Championship game , the ninth in franchise history . This would also be the first NFC Championship game for the team since the 2000 season . Minnesota would travel to New Orleans the following week to face the top - seeded Saints in the first conference championship game held at the Superdome . Despite out - gaining the Saints on offense by nearly a twofold margin , the Vikings were severely hindered by five turnovers , including a Favre interception in the final minute of the fourth quarter in Saints territory . They were ousted in overtime , 31 -- 28 , as the Saints won the coin toss and kicked a 40 - yard field goal on the first possession of overtime . Minnesota Vikings 50th Anniversary logo : 2010 In the first week of the 2010 NFL regular season , the Vikings played the defending Super Bowl champions , the New Orleans Saints . The Vikings lost 14 -- 9 . In Week 2 , the Vikings played the Miami Dolphins and lost 14 -- 10 . The Vikings defeated the Detroit Lions 24 -- 10 in the third week of the season . After a week four bye - week , the Vikings received star wide receiver Randy Moss in a trade with the New England Patriots . Even with the addition of Moss , the Vikings lost to the New York Jets 29 -- 20 in Week 5 . The Vikings won a crucial victory against another struggling team in the form of the Dallas Cowboys 24 -- 21 , but in Week 7 the Vikings lost to the arch - rival Green Bay Packers 28 -- 24 . In Week 9 , the Vikings played the Arizona Cardinals at home and won 27 -- 24 in overtime , coming back from a 24 -- 10 deficit in the final four minutes of regulation . Favre threw for a career - high 446 passing yards . The Vikings then went on to face the Chicago Bears , but were defeated , and then went on to be blown out 31 -- 3 at home by the Packers the following game . Head coach Brad Childress was fired the following Monday . With Leslie Frazier filling in for the fired Childress , the Vikings won two games in a row . One against the Washington Redskins on the road , and a blowout win over the Buffalo Bills at home . Jared Allen played for the Vikings from 2008 to 2013 . After a winter storm dropped nearly 17 inches of snow in the Minneapolis / St Paul area the Saturday before the Vikings December 12 home game versus the New York Giants and 30 mph gusts drove snow removers off the dome 's roof overnight , several panels were damaged as the weight of the snow caused the roof to collapse . After viewing the damage , Vikings management and the NFL decided to move the game to Monday and play it at Ford Field in Detroit , Michigan . Because of on - going repairs to the roof of the Metrodome , the Vikings played their December 20 game versus the Chicago Bears at TCF Bank Stadium . Favre threw the final touchdown pass of his career ( to Percy Harvin ) in this game . The game was played 29 years to the day after the last outdoor game at old Met Stadium . On December 26 , the NFL announced that the game versus the Philadelphia Eagles was being postponed to Tuesday , December 28 , 2010 because of blizzard conditions . This marks the third consecutive venue or date change for a Vikings game and was the first NFL game played on a Tuesday since 1964 . The Vikings proceeded to upset the dynamic Eagles offense , led by a resurgent Michael Vick , 24 -- 14 with rookie Joe Webb at the helm . The Vikings finished the season 6 -- 10 with a 20 -- 13 loss against the Detroit Lions . 2011 -- 2013 The 2010 -- 11 season was a step down for the Minnesota Vikings . After coming within a few plays of Super Bowl XLIV , Minnesota ended the 2010 season with a 6 -- 10 record and a last place finish in the NFC North for the first time since 1990 . During the season , the Vikings had many distractions , including trading for Randy Moss and then waiving him only a month later , Brett Favre 's NFL investigation for allegedly sending inappropriate text messages to Jets ' employee Jenn Sterger while he was with the team in 2008 , the Metrodome 's collapse and resulting venue changes , and finally head coach Brad Childress ' firing on November 22 following a 31 -- 3 loss at the hands of the rival Green Bay Packers . After serving as the interim head coach for the final six games of the season ( finishing with a 3 -- 3 record ) , defensive coordinator Leslie Frazier was officially named the head coach on January 3 , 2011 , after signing a three - year contract . On January 17 , Brett Favre retired for the third , and officially last , time , leaving the team in search for a long term replacement at the quarterback position . Wasting no time after being appointed head coach , Frazier began to restructure the team 's coaching staff , including letting go of offensive coordinator Darrell Bevell and hiring Mike Singletary as linebackers coach and Bill Musgrave as the new offensive coordinator . Their first round draft pick was Christian Ponder , a quarterback from Florida State University . The team finished with a 3 -- 13 record , tied with the 1984 Vikings for the second worst record in franchise history . In 2012 , Adrian Peterson rushed for 2,097 yards -- 8 less than Eric Dickerson 's single - season record . During the 2012 NFL Draft , the team selected USC lineman Matt Kalil with the 4th overall pick after a trade with the Cleveland Browns , and Notre Dame safety Harrison Smith in the first round . Both players were instrumental in helping the Vikings reach the playoffs for the 27th time in franchise history , as was fellow draftee , sixth - round selection Blair Walsh . After beating the Packers in the final game of 2012 to reach the playoffs as the NFC 's sixth seed , the Vikings lost 24 -- 10 to the Packers in the rematch at Lambeau Field in the Wild Card round . The team was forced to play backup Joe Webb during the game after Ponder was sidelined due to an arm injury sustained from the previous week . Peterson was later named the league 's MVP , after rushing for 2,097 yards , the second most rushing yards in a season in NFL history . In the 2013 season , the Vikings finished with five wins , ten losses , and one tie , with no road wins . Notable moments include acquired free agent Matt Cassel outplaying Christian Ponder at the quarterback position and the defense allowing a league - worst 480 points , coming within four points of matching the franchise 's worst set in 1984 . This was also the last season played at the Metrodome as a new stadium deal was reached . Leslie Frazier was fired after the regular season ended . 2014 -- present The Vikings moved to U.S. Bank Stadium in 2016 The team hired former Cincinnati Bengals defensive coordinator Mike Zimmer to replace Leslie Frazier as head coach on January 16 , 2014 . Former Cleveland Browns offensive coordinator Norv Turner replaced Bill Musgrave , and George Edwards replaced Alan Williams as defensive coordinator . In the 2014 NFL Draft , the Vikings selected Anthony Barr , a linebacker out of UCLA , and Teddy Bridgewater , a quarterback out of the University of Louisville . Bridgewater would later lose the starting job to Matt Cassel only to become the starter for the Vikings when Cassel was lost to a season - ending foot injury in week 3 . Star running back Adrian Peterson only played in one regular season game due to his ongoing child abuse trial , with NFL commissioner Roger Goodell placing Peterson on the Commissioner 's Exempt List indefinitely . On April 16 , 2015 , the league released a statement issuing Peterson 's reinstatement to occur on April 17 , 2015 . The Vikings concluded their season with seven wins and nine losses , winning only one game against a divisional opponent , although Bridgewater set a franchise record for wins by a rookie starting quarterback . On January 3 , 2016 , the Vikings beat divisional rival Green Bay 20 -- 13 to win the NFC North for the first time since 2009 . The Vikings , led by their top 5 defense , ended the 2015 season with an 11 -- 5 record , and a # 3 seed in the playoffs . However , they lost to the Seattle Seahawks 10 -- 9 after Blair Walsh missed a 27 - yard field goal in the third coldest game in NFL playoff history . The Vikings were responsible for a historic milestone in the late rounds of the 2016 NFL draft . Their sixth - round selection , German wide receiver Moritz Böhringer , was the first European player ever to be drafted by an NFL team without having previously played at any level in North America . After Teddy Bridgewater went down with a knee injury in the preseason of 2016 , the Vikings traded their 2017 first round pick and a conditional fourth round pick to the Philadelphia Eagles for quarterback Sam Bradford , who threw for 20 touchdowns , 5 interceptions , 3,877 yards , and led the Vikings to an 8 - 8 season . Following the knee injury , the Vikings declined to pick up the 5th year option for Teddy Bridgewater . Running back Adrian Peterson went down to injury in Week 2 against the Green Bay Packers with a torn meniscus and was placed on the Injured Reserve until Week 15 . On February 28 , 2017 , the Vikings announced they would not exercise Peterson 's 2017 contract option which made him a free agent . Had they exercised the option , Peterson would be owed $18 million for the 2017 season . On April 25 , 2017 , the New Orleans Saints signed Peterson to a 2 - year , $7 million contract , ending his tenure with the Vikings since his debut in 2007 as a rookie . He holds several Vikings records including most career rushing touchdowns , career rushing yards , and most rushing yards in a season . In the summer of 2017 , the Vikings ownership announced they would end the 52 year annual tradition of summer training camp in Mankato , Minnesota at Minnesota State University , Mankato as they built a large new headquarters , training facility and area property development in Eagan , Minnesota on the site of the former Northwest Airlines offices to be completed in the spring of 2018 in time for the 2018 summer training camp . The Minneapolis Miracle was the final play of the 2017 / 18 Divisional Round game against the New Oreans Saints . The Vikings were trailing by one point and needed a field goal or touchdown to secure a trip to the NFC Championship Game . With less than ten seconds remaining in the game quarterback Case Keenum lobbed the ball to wide receiver Stefon Diggs , which became the game winning touchdown . This also happens to be the very first walk - off victory in NFL playoff history . On KFAN 100.3 , radio announcer , Paul Allen dubbed the play the ' Minneapolis Miraracle ' . They would go on to the NFC Championship for the opportunity to be playing in the Super Bowl within their own stadium . This would end up not happening as the Vikings would lose to the eventual Super Bowl champion Philadelphia Eagles 38 - 7 . Logo and uniforms The Vikings ' trademark horned helmet and purple - and - gold uniforms were designed by Los Angeles Examiner cartoonist Karl Hubenthal . Bert Rose and Norm Van Brocklin both knew Hubenthal from their days with the Los Angeles Rams organization . Hubenthal also designed the original Norseman logo . From the team 's debut in 1961 to 1995 , the Vikings ' logos and uniforms essentially remained the same . Reflecting Minnesota 's Scandinavian cultural heritage , one of the team 's two primary logos consists of a profile of a blond norseman , while the other consists of a white Viking horn . Minnesota Vikings wordmark ( 1982 -- 2003 ) The team 's helmet is purple with a Viking horn logo on each side . Each horn is outlined in gold . The horn logo was slightly revised in 2006 . The original uniform design consisted of white pants , gold trim , and either purple or white jerseys . From 1962 to 1964 , the Vikings wore purple pants with their white jerseys ( The Vikings , with their new uniform , still wear , on occasion , purple pants with yellow and white trim ) . In a design that was unique among American football teams , the white jerseys had a completely different stripe pattern , which was over the shoulders , than the purple ones , which was around the sleeve cuff . These unique shoulder stripes on the white jerseys did not appear until 1969 , the year they went to their first Super Bowl . There have also been minor changes to the uniform design throughout the years , such as changing the color of the facemask from gray to white ( 1980 ) , and then to purple ( 1985 ) ; and adding the Norseman logo to the sleeves ( 1996 ) . The Vikings continued to wear black shoes until Les Steckel became head coach in 1984 . In 2006 , the team returned to black shoes for first time since the 1983 season . The Vikings tweaked their Norseman logo , which involved updating the shading , altering the shape and base of the horns , thickening the mustache and face , making the gold tones brighter , and shortening the braid . The new logo was unveiled on February 14 , 2013 . On March 28 , the team reported that new uniforms will be unveiled on April 25 . On April 25 , 2013 , the Minnesota Vikings unveiled the club 's new uniforms during its annual NFL Draft party . From 1969 through 1973 , the Vikings had an alternate purple jersey without stripes for warm - weather games . The team 's uniforms were redesigned in 2006 , the first significant change in the franchise 's 46 - year history . Although the team colors remained the same , trim lines were added to the outside shoulders and sleeves , and the sides of the jerseys and pants . In addition the horn on the helmet was slightly more defined . Included in the new design are both white and purple pants , the purple pants have not been regularly used since 2007 , but resurfaced twice in 2010 . The team wore black armbands for the last four games in 1978 in memory of Jack `` Jocko '' Nelson , an assistant coach who died during the season . In 1985 the team wore a 25 years patch on their jerseys . In 1989 , they wore a `` 40 for 60 '' patch honoring the 1969 NFL championship team . They wore a 35 years patch in 1995 , 40 years in 2000 and 45 years in 2005 . They also wore patches in 1999 for assistant coach Chip Myers who died in the offseason and in 2001 for Korey Stringer . The Vikings , like other teams , wore NFL 50th and 75th anniversary patches in 1969 and 1994 . All purple uniforms In the 1960s the Vikings wore purple pants with road white jerseys . On October 11 , 1964 the Vikings played the Detroit Lions at Metropolitan Stadium and the Lions mistakenly only brought their white jerseys to Minnesota . Both teams started the game in white , but by the second quarter the Vikings were able to obtain their purple tops . The Vikings changed jerseys on the sidelines during the 2nd quarter , finishing the game in purple jerseys and purple pants . It was n't until 43 years later , on December 17 , 2007 ( a Monday Night Football game versus the Chicago Bears ) that the Vikings again donned both purple jerseys and purple pants -- the first time the Vikings wore all - purple intentionally . Three years later , the Vikings played the November 7 , 2010 home game against the Arizona Cardinals in the all - purple uniform . The NFL added new Color Rush uniforms for all 32 teams during the 2016 - 17 season , specifically for Thursday Night Football games . The Vikings showed off an all purple look with gold numbers and stripes on the pants , debuting their own Color Rush uniform on December 1 versus the Dallas Cowboys at U.S. Bank Stadium . Mascots Current mascot After several failed attempts at developing an official team - owned mascot , the Vikings finally introduced Viktor the Viking during the 2007 Vikings ' season . Team officials had long indicated that they were after a mascot concept that would primarily appeal to the team 's younger fan base . Viktor the Viking , a muscle - bound , blond - haired and mustachioed character , wears a Vikings ' # 1 jersey and an oversized Vikings helmet with protruding horns and a small yellow nose guard . Historic mascots From 1970 to 1992 , Hub Meeds dressed as a Viking and served as the team mascot . Meeds asked to become the mascot after being accidentally let onto the field by security during Super Bowl IV . From 1994 to 2015 , the team mascot was Ragnar ( played by Joseph Juranitch ) and was based on the legendary Viking Ragnar Lodbrok . Juranitch admits to being somewhat of an eccentric -- he holds the current world record for fastest time shaving a beard with an axe , but has n't shaved his beard since he won the Ragnar job among 3,000 applicants . Ragnar drove onto the field at the beginning of a game dressed in Viking garb , on a motorcycle , while a cheerleader used to ride a snowmobile . Although never one to shy away from confrontations with opposing players , notably Chad `` Ochocinco '' Johnson , he had a soft spot for Brett Favre while the quarterback started for the rival Green Bay Packers . In 2015 , the Vikings announced that they were not able to reach a new contract agreement with Juranitch which he wanted $20,000 per game , and released him . Another mascot associated with the Vikings was `` Vikadontis Rex '' , a purple foam dinosaur . Vikadontis was the official mascot of the Minnesota Vikings Children 's Fund and took part in the 1995 Celebrity Mascot Olympics . Vikadontis was retired starting with the 2000 season . The team also had an NFL Huddles mascot in the mid-1980s , ( somewhat similar to Viktor the Viking ) . Krazy George was also employed as a cheerleader from 1982 to 1985 . Traditions Fight song Further information : Skol , Vikings `` Skol , Vikings '' is the fight song of the Minnesota Vikings . It was introduced around the time the team was founded in 1961 . It is always played whenever the team scores a touchdown , field goal or safety , and at the end of each half . The song `` Purple and Gold '' was recorded in 2010 by Prince to be used as a fight song for the Minnesota Vikings . Rivals Due to geographic and cultural proximity , the Vikings ' foremost rival is the Green Bay Packers . Some sources cite this rivalry as the biggest overall in the NFC North apart from the Packers - Bears rivalry ( which dates back several more decades , i.e. to 1920 ) . Chicago Bears Further information : Bears -- Vikings rivalry Detroit Lions Further information : Lions -- Vikings rivalry Green Bay Packers Further information : Packers -- Vikings rivalry Helga hats Vikings fans are known to dress up in `` Helga hats '' , purple hats with white horns and blonde braids , mimicking the helmets popularly believed to have been worn by Viking warriors . The original Helga Hats are still hand assembled in the Twin Cities area . Vikings horn During home games , the Vikings ' Gjallarhorn is loudly played and sounds often after the team has made a big play , gets a first down , or scores a touchdown . The team often also uses the horn during its pre-game ceremonies . In addition , a flash cannon fires upon Vikings touchdowns . Players See also : Minnesota Vikings all - time statistical leaders Current roster Minnesota Vikings roster view talk Quarterbacks 8 Kirk Cousins 3 Trevor Siemian 1 Kyle Sloter Running backs 31 Mack Brown 33 Dalvin Cook 30 C.J. Ham FB 25 Latavius Murray Wide receivers 13 Stacy Coley 14 Stefon Diggs 16 Cayleb Jones -- Tavarres King 19 Adam Thielen 11 Laquon Treadwell 17 Kendall Wright -- Brandon Zylstra Tight ends 81 Blake Bell 89 David Morgan II -- Josiah Price 82 Kyle Rudolph Offensive linemen 64 Josh Andrews G 76 Aviante Collins T 79 Tom Compton G 62 Nick Easton G 67 Cornelius Edison C 65 Pat Elflein C 69 Rashod Hill T 63 Danny Isidora G 78 Dieugot Joseph T 68 Cedrick Lang T 72 Storm Norton T 71 Riley Reiff T 74 Mike Remmers T Defensive linemen 90 Tashawn Bower DE -- Dylan Bradley DT 97 Everson Griffen DE 99 Danielle Hunter DE 94 Jaleel Johnson DT 98 Linval Joseph DT 66 Caushaud Lyons DT 95 Ifeadi Odenigbo DE 93 Sheldon Richardson DT 96 Brian Robison DE 91 Stephen Weatherly DE Linebackers 55 Anthony Barr OLB 40 Kentrell Brothers MLB -- Reshard Cliett OLB 42 Ben Gedeon OLB 54 Eric Kendricks MLB 56 Antwione Williams OLB 50 Eric Wilson OLB Defensive backs 20 Mackensie Alexander CB 41 Anthony Harris FS 27 Jayron Kearse SS 29 Xavier Rhodes CB 38 Horace Richardson CB 34 Andrew Sendejo SS 35 Marcus Sherels CB 22 Harrison Smith FS 39 Jack Tocho S 26 Trae Waynes CB Special teams -- Nick Dooley LS 2 Kai Forbath K 47 Kevin McDermott LS 4 Ryan Quigley P Reserve lists Currently vacant Rookies in italics Roster updated April 5 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 64 Active , 0 Inactive → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Retired numbers Minnesota Vikings retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure 10 Fran Tarkenton QB 1961 -- 1966 1972 -- 1978 53 Mick Tingelhoff 1962 -- 1978 70 Jim Marshall DE 1961 -- 1979 77 Korey Stringer OT 1995 -- 2000 80 Cris Carter WR 1990 -- 2001 88 Alan Page DT 1967 -- 1978 posthumous Pro Football Hall of Famers Minnesota Vikings Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position ( s ) Tenure Inducted Warren Moon QB 1994 -- 1996 2006 Jan Stenerud 1984 -- 1985 1991 Brett Favre QB 2009 -- 2010 2016 7 Morten Andersen 2017 10 Fran Tarkenton QB 1961 -- 1966 1972 -- 1978 1986 22 Paul Krause 1968 -- 1979 1998 39 Hugh McElhenny RB 1961 -- 1962 1970 44 Dave Casper TE 2002 53 Mick Tingelhoff 1962 -- 1978 2015 56 Chris Doleman DE 1985 -- 1993 , 1999 2012 58 Jim Langer 1980 -- 1981 64 Randall McDaniel 1988 -- 1999 2009 65 Gary Zimmerman OT 1986 -- 1992 2008 73 Ron Yary OT 1968 -- 1981 2001 80 Cris Carter WR 1990 -- 2001 2013 81 Carl Eller DE 1964 -- 1978 84 Randy Moss WR 1998 -- 2004 , 2010 2018 88 Alan Page DT 1967 -- 1978 1988 93 John Randle DT 1990 -- 2000 Coaches and Executives Name Position ( s ) Tenure Inducted Jim Finks General manager 1964 -- 1973 1995 Bud Grant Head coach 1967 -- 1983 , 1985 1994 italics = played only a minor portion of their career with the Vikings , and are recognized primarily based upon achievements with other teams Ring of Honor Minnesota Vikings Ring of Honor No . Player Position ( s ) Tenure Inducted 10 Fran Tarkenton QB 1961 -- 1966 1972 -- 1978 000000001998 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 1998 22 Paul Krause 1968 -- 1979 000000001998 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 1998 28 Ahmad Rashad WR 1976 -- 1982 000000002017 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 , 2017 30 Bill Brown RB 1962 -- 1974 000000002004 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 2004 44 Chuck Foreman RB 1973 -- 1979 000000002007 - 09 - 30 - 0000 September 30 , 2007 47 Joey Browner 1983 -- 1991 000000002013 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2013 53 Mick Tingelhoff 1962 -- 1978 000000002001 - 11 - 25 - 0000 November 25 , 2001 55 Scott Studwell LB 1977 -- 1990 000000002009 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2009 56 Chris Doleman DE 1985 -- 1993 , 1999 000000002011 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23 , 2011 59 Matt Blair LB 1974 -- 1985 000000002012 - 10 - 25 - 0000 October 25 , 2012 64 Randall McDaniel 1988 -- 1999 000000002006 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2006 70 Jim Marshall DE 1961 -- 1979 000000001999 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 1999 73 Ron Yary OT 1968 -- 1981 000000002001 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 2001 77 Korey Stringer OT 1995 -- 2000 000000002001 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 2001 80 Cris Carter WR 1990 -- 2001 000000002003 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2003 81 Carl Eller DE 1964 -- 1978 000000002002 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2002 84 Randy Moss WR 1998 -- 2004 , 2010 000000002017 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 , 2017 88 Alan Page DT 1967 -- 1978 000000001998 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 1998 93 John Randle DT 1990 -- 2000 000000002008 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 2008 -- Jerry Burns Head coach 1986 -- 1991 000000002005 - 11 - 06 - 0000 November 6 , 2005 -- Jim Finks General manager 1964 -- 1973 000000001998 - 10 - 18 - 0000 October 18 , 1998 -- Bud Grant Head coach 1967 -- 1983 , 1985 000000001998 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 1998 -- Fred Zamberletti Medical adviser 1961 -- 2011 000000001998 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 1998 25th Anniversary Team ( 1985 ) Fran Tarkenton QB , # 10 Bill Brown RB , # 30 Chuck Foreman RB , # 44 Ahmad Rashād WR , # 28 Sammy White WR , # 85 Stu Voigt TE , # 83 Ron Yary T , # 73 Grady Alderman T , # 67 Ed White G , # 62 Milt Sunde G , # 64 Mick Tingelhoff C , # 53 Jim Marshall DE , # 70 Alan Page DT , # 88 Gary Larsen DT , # 77 Carl Eller DE , # 81 Matt Blair OLB , # 59 Scott Studwell ILB , # 55 Jeff Siemon ILB , # 50 Roy Winston OLB , # 60 Bobby Bryant CB , # 20 Ed Sharockman CB , # 45 Paul Krause S , # 22 Karl Kassulke S , # 29 Fred Cox K , # 14 Greg Coleman P , # 8 Bud Grant HC 40th Anniversary Team ( 2000 ) Fran Tarkenton QB , # 10 Chuck Foreman RB , # 44 Robert Smith RB , # 26 Ahmad Rashād WR , # 28 Cris Carter WR , # 80 Steve Jordan TE , # 83 Ron Yary OT , # 73 Randall McDaniel OG , # 64 Mick Tingelhoff C , # 53 Ed White OG , # 62 Tim Irwin OT , # 76 Jim Marshall DE , # 70 Alan Page DT , # 88 John Randle DT , # 93 Carl Eller DE , # 81 Matt Blair LB , # 59 Scott Studwell LB , # 55 Jeff Siemon LB , # 50 Bobby Bryant CB , # 20 Carl Lee CB , # 39 Paul Krause S , # 22 Joey Browner S , # 47 Greg Coleman P , # 8 Fred Cox K , # 14 Darrin Nelson KR , # 20 Bill Brown ST , # 30 50 Greatest Vikings ( 2010 ) In connection with the team 's 50th anniversary , the Vikings announced a group of 50 top players on December 19 , 2010 . Grady Alderman OT , # 67 Jared Allen DE , # 69 Matt Birk C , # 75 / 78 Matt Blair LB , # 59 Bill Brown RB , # 30 Joey Browner S , # 47 Bobby Bryant CB , # 20 Anthony Carter WR , # 81 Cris Carter WR , # 80 Fred Cox K , # 14 Daunte Culpepper QB , # 11 Chris Doleman DE / LB , # 56 Carl Eller DE , # 81 Chuck Foreman RB , # 44 John Gilliam WR , # 42 Bud Grant Coach Wally Hilgenberg LB , # 58 Steve Hutchinson G # 76 Tim Irwin OT , # 76 Steve Jordan TE , # 83 Tommy Kramer QB , # 9 Paul Krause S , # 22 Gary Larsen DT , # 77 Carl Lee CB , # 39 Jim Marshall DE , # 70 Randall McDaniel G , # 64 Keith Millard DT , # 75 Randy Moss WR , # 84 Dave Osborn RB , # 41 Alan Page DT , # 88 Adrian Peterson RB , # 28 John Randle DT , # 93 Ahmad Rashād WR , # 28 Ed Sharockman CB , # 45 Jeff Siemon LB , # 50 Robert Smith RB , # 20 / 26 Scott Studwell LB , # 55 Doug Sutherland DT , # 69 Fran Tarkenton QB , # 10 Henry Thomas DT , # 97 Mick Tingelhoff C , # 53 Stu Voigt TE , # 83 Gene Washington WR , # 84 Ed White G , # 62 Sammy White WR , # 85 Kevin Williams DT , # 93 Antoine Winfield CB , # 26 Roy Winston LB , # 60 Ron Yary OT , # 73 Gary Zimmerman OT , # 65 All Metrodome Team ( 2013 ) Offense QB -- # 11 Daunte Culpepper , 1999 -- 2005 RB -- # 28 Adrian Peterson , 2007 -- 2013 RB -- # 26 Robert Smith , 1993 -- 2000 WR -- # 81 Anthony Carter , 1985 -- 1993 WR -- # 80 Cris Carter , 1990 -- 2001 WR -- # 84 Randy Moss , 1998 -- 2004 , 2010 TE -- # 83 Steve Jordan , 1982 -- 1994 OT -- # 76 Tim Irwin , 1981 -- 1993 OT -- # 65 Gary Zimmerman , 1986 -- 1992 OG -- # 76 Steve Hutchinson , 2006 -- 2011 OG -- # 64 Randall McDaniel , 1988 -- 1999 C -- # 78 Matt Birk , 1998 -- 2008 Defense DE -- # 69 Jared Allen , 2008 -- 2013 DE -- # 56 Chris Doleman , 1985 -- 1993 , 1999 DT -- # 93 John Randle , 1990 -- 2000 DT -- # 93 Kevin Williams , 2003 -- 2013 LB -- # 52 Chad Greenway , 2006 -- 2013 LB -- # 58 Ed McDaniel , 1992 -- 2001 LB -- # 55 Scott Studwell , 1977 -- 1990 CB -- # 39 Carl Lee , 1983 -- 1993 CB -- # 26 Antoine Winfield , 2004 -- 2012 S -- # 24 Robert Griffith , 1994 -- 2001 S -- # 47 Joey Browner , 1983 -- 1991 Special teams K -- # 8 Ryan Longwell , 2006 -- 2011 P -- # 5 / # 4 Chris Kluwe , 2005 -- 2012 KR -- # 12 Percy Harvin ( WR ) , 2009 -- 2012 ST -- # 81 Chris Walsh ( WR ) , 1994 -- 2002 Head Coach HC -- Dennis Green , 1992 -- 2001 Coaches Head coaches Main article : List of Minnesota Vikings head coaches Name Years Won Lost Ties Winning % Postseason Norm Van Brocklin 1961 -- 1966 29 51 . 345 -- Bud Grant 1967 -- 1983 151 87 5 . 621 1968 -- 71 , 1973 -- 78 , 1980 , 1982 Les Steckel 1984 13 0 . 188 -- Bud Grant 1985 7 9 0 . 438 -- Jerry Burns 1986 -- 1991 52 43 0 . 547 1987 -- 89 Dennis Green 1992 -- 2001 97 62 0 . 610 1992 -- 94 , 1996 -- 2000 Mike Tice 2001 -- 2005 32 33 0 . 492 Brad Childress 2006 -- 2010 39 35 0 . 527 2008 , 2009 Leslie Frazier 2010 -- 2013 21 32 . 398 2012 Mike Zimmer 2014 -- present 39 24 0 . 619 2015 , 2017 Total 470 390 10 . 546 29 Current staff Minnesota Vikings staff Front Office Owner / Chairman -- Zygi Wilf Owner / President -- Mark Wilf Owner / Vice Chairman -- Leonard Wilf General Manager -- Rick Spielman Assistant General Manager -- George Paton Executive Vice President -- Public Affairs -- Lester Bagley Executive Vice President -- Football Operations -- Rob Brzezinski Executive Vice President -- Strategic Planning and Business Initiatives -- Jonathan Wilf Executive Vice President / Chief Marketing Officer -- Steve LaCroix Executive Vice President / Chief Financial Officer -- Steve Poppen Chief Operating Officer -- Kevin Warren Project Executive -- Don Becker Consultant -- Bud Grant Consultant -- Team Historian -- Fred Zamberletti Director of Real Estate Development -- Grant Till Director of College Scouting -- Jamaal Stephenson Director of Pro Scouting -- Ryan Monnens Director of Analytics / Pro Scout -- Scott Kuhn Head Coaches Head Coach -- Mike Zimmer Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- John DeFilippo Senior Offensive Assistant -- Todd Downing Quarterbacks -- Kevin Stefanski Running Backs -- Kennedy Polamalu Wide Receivers -- Darrell Hazell Assistant Wide Receivers -- Drew Petzing Tight Ends -- Clancy Barone Offensive Line -- Tony Sparano Assistant Offensive Line -- Andrew Janocko Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- George Edwards Defensive Line -- Andre Patterson Assistant Defensive Line -- Robert Rodriguez Linebackers -- Adam Zimmer Defensive Backs -- Jerry Gray Defensive Assistant -- Jeff Howard Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Mike Priefer Assistant Special Teams -- Ryan Ficken Strength and Conditioning Head Athletic Trainer -- Eric Sugarman Assistant Athletic Trainer -- Rob Roche Assistant Athletic Trainer -- Albert Padilla Assistant Athletic Trainer / Physical Therapist -- David Jantzi Head Strength and Conditioning -- Mark Uyeyama Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Derik Keyes Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Reshard Langford Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Chaz Mahle Equipment Equipment Manager -- Dennis Ryan Assistant Equipment Manager -- Aaron Neumann Assistant Equipment Manager -- Adam Groene Equipment Assistant -- Terrell Barnes → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Radio and television Map of radio affiliates The Vikings ' flagship radio station is KFXN - FM ( 100.3 ) , which uses the branding `` KFAN '' based on its former calls on 1130 AM before a format flip between the AM and FM stations before the 2011 season ; 1130 AM also continues to broadcast game play - by - play as KTLK . The games are also heard on the `` KFAN Radio Network '' in Minnesota , Wisconsin , Iowa , South Dakota , and North Dakota , as well as many other outlets . Paul Allen has been the play - by - play announcer since the 2002 NFL season with Pete Bercich filling in as analyst , who began his first season in 2007 . Telecasts of preseason games not shown on national networks are aired on KMSP ( Channel 9 ) in the Twin Cities with a simulcast of KFAN 's radio broadcast while Fox Sports North shows a tape delay later . Radio affiliates Minnesota City Call sign Frequency Aitkin KKIN - FM 94.3 FM Albert Lea KQPR - FM 96.1 FM Alexandria KIKV - FM 100.7 FM Bemidji KBUN 1450 AM Bemidji KBHP - FM 101.1 FM Benson KSCR - FM 93.5 FM Blue Earth KBEW - FM 98.1 FM Brainerd KBLB - FM 93.3 FM Crookston KROX - AM 1260 AM Dassel KARP - FM 106.9 FM Detroit Lakes KBOT - FM 104.1 FM Detroit Lakes KDLM - AM 1340 AM Duluth KJOQ 1490 AM Duluth KQDS - FM 94.9 FM Ely WELY - AM 1450 AM Ely WELY - FM 94.5 FM Eveleth KRBT - AM 1340 AM Fergus Falls KBRF - AM 1250 AM Frazee KDLB 94.5 FM Grand Rapids KMFY - FM 96.9 FM Grand Marais WVVE 95.3 FM Hibbing WNMT - AM 650 AM International Falls KSDM - FM 104.1 FM Jackson KRAQ - FM 105.7 FM Mankato KFSP 1230 AM Mankato KNUJ - FM 105.9 FM Mankato KXLP - FM 94.1 FM Marshall KARL - FM 105.1 FM Morris KKOK - FM 95.7 FM New Ulm KNUJ - FM 107.3 FM Pine City WCMP - FM 100.9 FM Rochester KFAN - AM 1270 AM Rochester KRCH - FM 101.7 FM Roseau KCAJ - FM 102.1 FM St. Cloud WJON - AM 1240 AM Spring Grove KQYB - FM 98.3 FM Thief River Falls KTRF - AM 1230 AM Twin Cities KFXN - FM 100.3 FM Twin Cities KTLK 1130 AM Wadena KSKK 1070 AM Waseca KOWZ 1170 AM Willmar KWLM - AM 1340 AM Willmar K242CF - FM 96.3 FM Winona KWNO 1230 AM Worthington KWOA - AM 730 AM Iowa City Call sign Frequency Des Moines KXNO - AM 1460 AM Sioux City KMNS - AM 620 AM Spencer KICD - AM 1240 AM Spencer K252EX - FM 98.3 FM Mason City KLKK - FM 103.7 FM North Dakota City Call sign Frequency Bismarck KXMR - AM 710 AM Carrington KDAK - AM 1600 AM Devils Lake KDLR - AM 1240 AM Dickinson KLTC - AM 1460 AM Fargo KFGO 790 AM Fargo KRWK - FM 101.9 FM Grand Forks KKXL - AM 1440 AM Jamestown KQDJ - AM 1400 AM Jamestown K246AM - FM 97.1 FM Minot KRRZ - AM 1390 AM Oakes KDDR - AM 1220 AM Oakes K240CJ - FM 95.9 FM Valley City KOVC - AM 1490 AM Williston KEYZ - AM 660 AM South Dakota City Call sign Frequency Aberdeen KGIM - AM 1420 AM Aberdeen K296FW - FM 107.1 FM Milbank KMSD - AM 1510 AM Milbank K252FB - FM 98.3 FM Mobridge KMLO - FM 100.7 FM Pierre KPLO - FM 94.5 FM Sioux Falls KWSN - AM 1230 AM Sioux Falls K251BH - FM 98.1 FM Sisseton KBWS - FM 102.9 FM Watertown KPHR - FM 106.3 FM Yankton WNAX - AM 570 AM Yankton K260BO - FM 99.9 FM Wisconsin City Call sign Frequency Amery WLMX - FM 104.9 FM Eau Claire WMEQ - AM 880 AM Hayward WHSM - FM 101.1 FM Rice Lake WKFX - FM 99.1 FM Source : See also Pro Football Hall of Fame List of Minnesota Vikings seasons List of Minnesota Vikings starting quarterbacks List of Minnesota Vikings head coaches List of Minnesota Vikings first - round draft picks Minnesota Vikings draft history List of Minnesota Vikings broadcasters Notes Jump up ^ Due in part to this outcome , during the subsequent off - season the NFL rules committee adjusted the overtime rules for the 2010 postseason , and in 2011 for both regular season and postseason games . The new rules state that unless the first possession of overtime ends in a touchdown or safety , both teams must have the opportunity to possess the ball . Under the new rules , the Vikings would have had an opportunity to possess the ball after the Saints kicked a field goal on the overtime 's first possession in the NFC Championship ) . References ^ Jump up to : `` Timeline '' . Minnesota Vikings . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team '' Minnesota Vikings `` . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Franchise Encyclopedias '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Quirk , Jim ( 1998 ) . `` The Minneapolis Marines : Minnesota 's Forgotten NFL Team '' . footballresearch.com . Professional Football Researchers Association . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2007 . Retrieved April 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings '' . profootballhof.com . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved April 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ole Haugsrud Remembers Archived August 7 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 1959 SUPERIOR CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL YEAR BOOK SUPERIOR WISCONSIN - eBay '' . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Training Camp Info '' . vikings.com . Minnesota Vikings Football . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Team Encyclopedias and Records '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers by Franchise '' . profootballhof.com . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Krawczynski , Jon ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` Hall of Fame Still Sinking In For Doleman '' . vikings.com . Minnesota Vikings Football . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minnesota Vikings '' . Sports E-Cyclopedia . Retrieved April 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1964 Minnesota Vikings '' . Jt-sw.com . December 30 , 2002 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1964 Minnesota Vikings Statistics & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Purple People Eaters '' . Viking Update . July 19 , 2001 . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2006 . Retrieved April 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Super Bowl IV ( DVD ) . Super Bowl I-X Collector 's Set . NFL Productions . 2003 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time Super Bowl Odds '' . The Sports Network . Retrieved April 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Chicharito Channels Joe Kapp '' . Jump up ^ `` NFL Football Statistics , Draft , Awards , and History '' . databaseFootball.com . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers '' ALAN PAGE `` . Profootballhof.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Famous Hail Mary Pass '' . Viking Update . July 20 , 2001 . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2007 . Retrieved April 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Seifert , Kevin ( January 10 , 2010 ) . `` Armen Terzian -- NFC North Blog -- ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fran tarkenton '' . profootballhof.com . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved April 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bud Grant '' . profootballhof.com . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 Minnesota Vikings '' . Jt-sw.com . December 30 , 2002 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings at New Orleans Saints -- January 3rd , 1988 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings at San Francisco 49ers -- January 9th , 1988 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Carter and the receiving record '' . StarTribune.com . StarTribune . November 26 , 2009 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Green vs. Vikes in ' 87 -- The Myth Persists '' . NBC Sports Washington . 2005 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Scout.com : History : Walker Trade '' . Scout.com . Microsoft . July 20 , 2001 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jerry Burns NFL Coaching Record '' . databaseFootball.com . databaseSports.com . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jerry Burns Record , Statistics , and Category Ranks '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sports : Stanford Hires NFL 's Dennis Green as 1st Black Head Coach in Pac - 10 '' . Los Angeles Times . January 3 , 1989 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Coaches -- Dennis Green '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minnesota Vikings Team Encyclopedia '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings at Tampa Bay Buccaneers -- November 1st , 1998 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . November 1 , 1998 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona Cardinals at Minnesota Vikings -- January 10th , 1999 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . January 10 , 1999 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Original sin '' . CNNSI.com . CNN / SI . January 17 , 1999 . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History 1990 -- 1999 '' . Super Bowl History . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 Minnesota Vikings '' . Jt-sw.com . January 31 , 2011 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Cowboys at Minnesota Vikings -- January 9th , 2000 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . January 9 , 2000 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Scoreboard : Recap : St. Louis 49 , Minnesota 37 '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . January 16 , 2000 . Retrieved May 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Winners List '' . Super-Bowl-History.us. 2006 . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minnesota Vikings Season Schedule '' . Vikings.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Minnesota Vikings Statistics & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Smith NFL Football Statistics '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vikings RB Smith runs into retirement '' . CNN . Jump up ^ `` Green , Vikings agree to buyout '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 4 , 2002 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Coaches -- Mike Tice '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Players : Daunte Culpepper '' . NFL.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 Minnesota Vikings Statistics & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles outplay self - destructing Vikings '' . ESPN . January 16 , 2005 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Wilf delivers profanity - laced address to Vikings -- NFL -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com . October 19 , 2005 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tice out : Vikings fire head coach after 9 -- 7 campaign -- NFL -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com . January 2 , 2006 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Minnesota Vikings Schedule & Results -- The Football Database '' . Footballdb.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Adrian Peterson '' . NFL.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Chargers at Minnesota Vikings -- November 4th , 2007 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . November 4 , 2007 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Minnesota Vikings Statistics & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Minnesota Vikings Statistics & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants at Minnesota Vikings -- December 28th , 2008 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . December 28 , 2008 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Eagles at Minnesota Vikings -- January 4 , 2009 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . January 4 , 2009 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vikings Home '' . m.vikings.com . Jump up ^ `` NFL Now or Never : 10 Players Who Need a Good Week 5 '' . Bleacher Report . October 7 , 2010 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2009 Minnesota Vikings Statistics & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fox goes light on Favre fawning '' . CNN . November 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 Minnesota Vikings Statistics & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ reference.com/boxscores/201011070min.htm Jump up ^ `` Brad Childress Fired '' . ESPN Sports Center . November 22 , 2010 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Brennan ( December 5 , 2010 ) . `` Bills Get Reality Check in Minnesota '' . BuffaLowDown . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Youngmisuk , Ohm . `` Giants - Vikings game moved to Monday '' , ESPN New York , December 12 , 2010 . Retrieved December 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Metrodome unfit for Vikings - Bears '' , Associated Press , December 15 , 2010 . Retrieved December 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Game Center : Minnesota Vikings at Philadelphia Eagles -- 2010 Week 16 '' . NFL.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Maaddi , Rob . `` Vikings - Eagles snowed out ; moved to Tuesday night '' Archived 2010 - 12 - 29 at the Wayback Machine. , AP via Yahoo ! Sports , December 27 , 2010 . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kercheval , Nancy ( December 28 , 2010 ) . `` Joe Webb Leads Vikings to 24 -- 14 Defeat of Eagles in His First NFL Start '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings History -- The Football Database '' . Footballdb.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings decide to waive receiver Randy Moss -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com . November 2 , 2010 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brett Favre - Jenn Sterger ( PICTURES ) : NFL Looking at Photos Too ? '' . CBS News . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Time - lapse video of new Metrodome roof inflating 1500 ESPN Twin Cities -- Minnesota Sports News & Opinion ( Twins , Vikings , Wolves , Wild , Gophers ) '' . 1500espn.com . July 13 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Scott Shaw / The Plain Dealer . `` Mike Holmgren disputes that Cleveland Browns got duped into Vikings trade , says he urged deal '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Spielman says Minnesota Vikings had other offers for No. 3 pick '' . NFL.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings sign first round pick Harrison Smith to four - year deal -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . June 1 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nasty Harrison Smith brings fear factor to Vikings ' secondary '' . 28 December 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived January 3 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Vikings vs. Packers - Game Recap - January 5 , 2013 - ESPN '' . Jump up ^ `` Christian Ponder : Missing Vikings ' loss hurts the most '' . Jump up ^ `` Peterson edges out Peyton for NFL MVP award '' . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Rushing Yards Leaders - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Jump up ^ `` North Videos - FOX Sports '' . Jump up ^ `` Source : Turner agrees to join Vikes as OC '' . Jump up ^ `` 2016 NFL Draft Results by Team - National Football League - ESPN '' . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings ' Adrian Peterson reinstated by NFL '' . Jump up ^ Goessling , Ben ( April 30 , 2016 ) . `` Moritz Boehringer first draft pick who never played in North America '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stites , Adam ( September 3 , 2016 ) . `` Vikings trade for QB Sam Bradford '' . SB Nation . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vikings Will Not Exercise 2017 Option on Adrian Peterson 's Contract '' . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Saints Agree to Terms with RB Adrian Peterson on a Two - Year Contract '' . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings Career Rushing Leaders Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle . `` Minnesota Vikings , Mankato part ways after one final training camp - beginning next week '' . Startribune . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Goessling , Ben . `` Vikings to end 52 - year camp affiliation with Minnesota State '' . ESPN News . ESPN . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What ' Minneapolis Miracle ' means for Vikings , NFL playoff history '' . Sporting News . 2018 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Faces of a Walk - Off Miracle Win '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Vikings ' radio call of Stefon Diggs ' ' Minneapolis Miracle ' was perfect '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Paul Lukas , `` The Untold History of Minnesota 's Uniforms , '' ESPN.com , retrieved 11 / 23 / 2017 Jump up ^ `` NFL Logos -- National Football League Logos -- Chris Creamer 's Sports Logos Page '' . SportsLogos.Net . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Sillcox , Scott ( August 17 , 2010 ) . `` Minnesota Vikings Uniform and Team History Heritage Uniforms and Jerseys '' . Blog.heritagesportsart.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of NFL Uniforms -- Minnesota Vikings '' . Iml.jou.ufl.edu . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vikings Enhance Norseman Logo '' . Minnesota Vikings . February 14 , 2013 . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc ( February 14 , 2013 ) . `` Minnesota Vikings give Norseman logo facelift for 2013 '' . National Football League . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Florio , Mike ( March 28 , 2013 ) . `` Vikings unveiling new uniforms on April 25 '' . Profootballtalk.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vikings and Nike Unveil New Uniforms During Team 's Annual Draft Party '' . Minnesota Vikings. April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Willabee & Ward Official NFL Anniversary Patches '' . Store.teampatch.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings Jerseys Support Your Team Articles & Tutorials '' . Articles.pubarticles.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` All Purple Jerseys '' . Viking Jersey Blog . August 2 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2012 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Peters , Craig ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Purple Dominates Vikings Color Rush Uniforms '' . Minnesota Vikings . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Viktor '' . vikings.com . Minnesota Vikings Football . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` OP firm develops NFL 's Vikings mascot '' . Kansas City Business Journal . American City Business Journals . September 19 , 2007 . Retrieved December 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Happy 50th Anniversary Hub Meeds '' . Purplepride.org . February 10 , 2006 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lakeland Ledger - Google News Archive Search '' . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings -- Minnesota Vikings Pictures '' . Ragnar The Viking . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Football mascot leads teams out on a bike -- Motorbike reviews Latest Bike Videos MCN '' . Motorcyclenews.com . May 1 , 2003 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Craig , Mark ( September 29 , 2007 ) . `` Even Ragnar has soft spot for Favre '' . Star Tribune . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ochocinco targets ... Ragnar ? '' . Foxsportsnorth.com . December 10 , 2009 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ochocinco scores , Ragnar 's horn remains silent ProFootballTalk '' . Profootballtalk.nbcsports.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Dave ( September 27 , 2007 ) . `` Fittingly , Favre approaches TD and INT records at the Metrodome '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Goessling , Ben ( September 23 , 2015 ) . `` Ragnar 's ride as Vikings mascot ends with bold play '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Krawczynski , Jon ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Ragnar no longer Vikings mascot after contract dispute '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goot , Alex ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` Ragnar is n't the only greedy party in Vikings ' contract negotiations '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.wearevikingsfans.com/UserImages/2523_3-8-2008%203;53;40%20pm.jpg Jump up ^ My Teams Jump up ^ `` NFL Fight Songs - National Football League Fight Songs '' . Jump up ^ Goessling , Ben ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Prince penned ' Purple and Gold ' fight song for Vikings in 2010 '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pollin , Tom ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Bitter Rivals : Which NFL Division Harbors The Most Hate ? '' . FootballNation.com . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ward , Bill ; Salas , Randy A. ( September 8 , 2007 ) . `` Vikings fans : Deep Purple '' . StarTribune.com . StarTribune . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Zach ( September 1 , 2011 ) . `` Vikings Honor NCAA Champion UMD Bulldogs '' . Northland 's NewsCenter . Granite Broadcasting . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2012 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers by Franchise '' . Profootballhof.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ring Of Honor '' . Vikings . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wobschall , Mike ( September 28 , 2011 ) . `` Doleman To Join Vikings Ring of Honor '' . Vikings.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Vikings adding Matt Blair to Ring of Honor '' . Jump up ^ `` Vikings Announce Randy Moss and Ahmad Rashad as 2017 Ring of Honor Inductees '' . Jump up ^ 50 Greatest Vikings , vikings.com ( accessed 2014 - 08 - 02 ) . Jump up ^ `` Vikings Announce Fan - Voted All - Mall of America Field Team '' . vikings.com . Minnesota Vikings Football . December 12 , 2013 . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Vikings Blog '' . KFAN Sports Radio . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2011 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cardinal , Ryan ( August 13 , 2010 ) . `` Watch Saturday 's Preseason Game Live On KARE 11 '' . blog.vikings.com . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2012 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vikings Radio Affiliates External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Minnesota Vikings . Official website Minnesota Vikings Founded in 1961 Based in Minneapolis , Minnesota Headquartered in Eden Prairie , Minnesota Franchise Franchise History Expansion draft Players First - round draft picks Quarterbacks Head coaches Seasons Statistics Draft Broadcasters Stadiums Metropolitan Stadium Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome TCF Bank Stadium U.S. Bank Stadium Culture Purple People Eaters `` Skol , Vikings '' Herschel Walker trade Love Boat scandal `` Little Minnesota '' ( How I Met Your Mother episode ) Cheerleaders Lore The Wrong Way Run Ed Thorp Memorial Trophy Miracle at the Met Gary Anderson 's missed field goal Hail Mary 2010 Metrodome roof collapse Minneapolis Miracle Rivalries Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Division championships ( 20 ) 1968 1969 1970 1971 1973 1976 1977 1978 1980 1989 1992 1994 1998 2000 2008 2009 2015 2017 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1969 1973 1976 League championships ( 0 ) does not include 1969 NFL championship Retired numbers 10 53 70 77 80 88 Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : North Division Seasons ( 57 ) 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network NFL RedZone Radio NFL Films Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Color Rush Sports teams based in Minnesota Baseball MLB Minnesota Twins AA St. Paul Saints NwL Duluth Huskies Mankato MoonDogs Rochester Honkers St. Cloud Rox Willmar Stingers Basketball NBA Minnesota Timberwolves WNBA Minnesota Lynx MBL Minnesota Broncos Minnesota Rangers Football NFL Minnesota Vikings WFA Minnesota Machine IWFL Minnesota Vixen Hockey NHL Minnesota Wild NAHL Austin Bruins Minnesota Magicians Minnesota Wilderness SIJHL Minnesota Iron Rangers Thief River Falls Norskies Independent Minnesota Whitecaps Roller derby WFTDA Babe City Rollers Harbor City Roller Dames Med City Mafia Minnesota RollerGirls North Star Roller Derby MRDA Minnesota Men 's Roller Derby Independent Mankato Area Derby Girls SCAR Dolls Soccer MLS Minnesota United FC NPSL Duluth FC Med City FC Minneapolis City SC Minnesota Twin Stars Viejos Son Los Trapos FC PLA Minnesota United Reserves WPSL Minnesota Twin Stars Ultimate AUDL Minnesota Wind Chill College athletics NCAA Division I Bemidji State University Minnesota State University , Mankato St. Cloud State University University of Minnesota University of Minnesota Duluth Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minnesota_Vikings&oldid=833660224 '' Categories : Minnesota Vikings 1961 establishments in Minnesota National Football League teams Sports clubs established in 1961 Sports in Minneapolis Sports teams in Minnesota Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 20 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota%20Vikings

when did it become illegal to marry first cousins

These developments led to 13 states and territories passing cousin marriage prohibitions by the 1880s . Though contemporaneous , the eugenics movement did not play much of a direct role in the bans . George Louis Arner in 1908 considered the ban a clumsy and ineffective method of eugenics , which he thought would eventually be replaced by more refined techniques . By the 1920s , the number of bans had doubled . Since that time , Kentucky ( 1943 ) and Texas have banned first - cousin marriage and since 1985 , Maine has mandated genetic counseling for marrying cousins to minimise risk to any of serious health defect to their children . The National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws unanimously recommended in 1970 that all such laws should be repealed , but no state has dropped its prohibition .

Cousin marriage

cousin marriage

Cousin marriage is marriage between cousins ( i.e. people with common grandparents or people who share other fairly recent ancestors ) . Opinions and practice vary widely across the world . In some cultures and communities , cousin marriage is considered ideal and actively encouraged ; in others , it is subject to social stigma . In some countries , this practice is common ; in others it is uncommon but still legal . In others , it is seen as incestuous and is legally prohibited : it is banned in China and Taiwan , North Korea , South Korea , the Philippines and 24 of the 50 United States . Supporters of cousin marriage where it is banned may view the prohibition as discrimination , while opponents may appeal to moral or other arguments . Worldwide , more than 10 % of marriages are between first or second cousins .

In the past , cousin marriage was practised within indigenous cultures in Australia , North America , South America , and Polynesia . Various religions have ranged from prohibiting sixth cousins or closer from marrying , to freely allowing first - cousin marriage . Cousin marriage is an important topic in anthropology and alliance theory . Children of first - cousin marriages may have an increased risk of genetic disorders , particularly if their parents both carry a harmful recessive mutation , but this can only be estimated empirically , and those estimates are likely to be specific to particular populations in specific environments . Children of more distantly related cousins have less risk of genetic disorders . In fact , a study of Icelandic records indicated that marriages between third or fourth cousins ( people with common great - great - or great - great - great - grandparents ) may produce the most children and grandchildren . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 The Americas 1.1. 1 United States 1.2 Europe 1.2. 1 Ancient Rome 1.3 Asia 1.3. 1 China 1.3. 2 Middle East 1.3. 2.1 Middle Eastern parallel - cousin marriage 1.4 Africa 2 Legal status and prevalence 2.1 Brazil 2.2 East Asia 2.3 India 2.4 Middle East 2.5 The Netherlands 2.6 Pakistan 2.7 United States 2.8 United Kingdom 3 Social aspects 4 In religion 4.1 Judaism and Christianity 4.2 Islam 4.3 Hinduism 4.4 Other religions 5 Biological aspects 5.1 Genetics 5.2 Fertility 6 Famous cousin marriages 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) According to Professor Robin Fox of Rutgers University , 80 % of all marriages in history may have been between second cousins or closer . The founding population of Homo sapiens was small , 700 to 10,000 individuals ; therefore , a certain amount of inbreeding is inevitable . Proportions of first - cousin marriage in Western countries have declined since the 19th century . In the Middle East , cousin marriage is still strongly favoured . Cousin marriage has often been chosen to keep cultural values intact , preserve family wealth , maintain geographic proximity , keep tradition , strengthen family ties , and maintain family structure or a closer relationship between the wife and her in - laws . Many such marriages are arranged ( see also pages on arranged marriage in the Indian subcontinent , arranged marriages in Pakistan , and arranged marriages in Japan ) . The americas ( edit ) United states ( edit ) Cousin marriage was legal in all states before the Civil War . Anthropologist Martin Ottenheimer argues that marriage prohibitions were introduced to maintain the social order , uphold religious morality , and safeguard the creation of fit offspring . Writers such as Noah Webster ( 1758 -- 1843 ) and ministers like Philip Milledoler ( 1775 -- 1852 ) and Joshua McIlvaine helped lay the groundwork for such viewpoints well before 1860 . This led to a gradual shift in concern from affinal unions , like those between a man and his deceased wife 's sister , to consanguineous unions . By the 1870s , Lewis Henry Morgan ( 1818 -- 1881 ) was writing about `` the advantages of marriages between unrelated persons '' and the necessity of avoiding `` the evils of consanguine marriage '' , avoidance of which would `` increase the vigor of the stock '' . To many , Morgan included , cousin marriage , and more specifically parallel - cousin marriage , was a remnant of a more primitive stage of human social organization . Morgan himself had married his cousin in 1853 . In 1846 , Massachusetts Governor George N. Briggs appointed a commission to study mentally handicapped people ( termed `` idiots '' ) in the state . This study implicated cousin marriage as responsible for idiocy . Within the next two decades , numerous reports ( e.g. , one from the Kentucky Deaf and Dumb Asylum ) appeared with similar conclusions : that cousin marriage sometimes resulted in deafness , blindness , and idiocy . Perhaps most important was the report of physician Samuel Merrifield Bemiss for the American Medical Association , which concluded cousin inbreeding does lead to the `` physical and mental depravation of the offspring '' . Despite being contradicted by other studies like those of George Darwin and Alan Huth in England and Robert Newman in New York , the report 's conclusions were widely accepted . These developments led to 13 states and territories passing cousin marriage prohibitions by the 1880s . Though contemporaneous , the eugenics movement did not play much of a direct role in the bans . George Louis Arner in 1908 considered the ban a clumsy and ineffective method of eugenics , which he thought would eventually be replaced by more refined techniques . By the 1920s , the number of bans had doubled . Since that time , Kentucky ( 1943 ) and Texas have banned first - cousin marriage and since 1985 , Maine has mandated genetic counseling for marrying cousins to minimise risk to any of serious health defect to their children . The National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws unanimously recommended in 1970 that all such laws should be repealed , but no state has dropped its prohibition . Europe ( edit ) Early Medieval Europe continued the late Roman ban on cousin marriage ; under the law of the Catholic Church , couples were forbidden to marry if they were within four degrees of consanguinity . In the ninth century , the church raised the number of prohibited degrees to seven and changed the method by which they were calculated . Eventually , the nobility became too interrelated to marry easily as the local pool of unrelated prospective spouses became smaller ; increasingly , large payments to the church were required for exemptions ( `` dispensations '' ) , or retrospective legitimizations of children , in what amounted to a ' protection racket ' by the church . In 1215 , the Fourth Lateran Council reduced the number of prohibited degrees of consanguinity from seven to four . The method of calculating prohibited degrees was changed also . Instead of the former practice of counting up to the common ancestor then down to the proposed spouse , the new law computed consanguinity by counting back to the common ancestor . In the Roman Catholic Church , unknowingly marrying a closely consanguineous blood relative was grounds for a declaration of nullity , but during the 11th and 12th centuries , dispensations were granted with increasing frequency due to the thousands of persons encompassed in the prohibition at seven degrees and the hardships this posed for finding potential spouses . After 1215 , the general rule was that while fourth cousins could marry without dispensation , the need for dispensations was reduced . For example , the marriage of Louis XIV of France and Maria Theresa of Spain was a first - cousin marriage on both sides . It began to fall out of favor in the 19th century as women became socially mobile . Only Austria , Hungary , and Spain banned cousin marriage throughout the 19th century , with dispensations being available from the government in the last two countries . First - cousin marriage in England in 1875 was estimated by George Darwin to be 3.5 % for the middle classes and 4.5 % for the nobility , though this had declined to under 1 % during the 20th century . Queen Victoria and Prince Albert were a preeminent example . The 19th - century academic debate on cousin marriage developed differently in Europe and America . The writings of Scottish deputy commissioner for lunacy Arthur Mitchell claiming that cousin marriage had injurious effects on offspring were largely contradicted by researchers such as Alan Huth and George Darwin . In fact , Mitchell 's own data did not support his hypotheses and he later speculated that the dangers of consanguinity might be partly overcome by proper living . Later studies by George Darwin found results that resemble those estimated today . His father , Charles Darwin , who did marry his first cousin , had initially speculated that cousin marriage might pose serious risks , but perhaps in response to his son 's work , these thoughts were omitted from a later version of the book they published . When a question about cousin marriage was eventually considered in 1871 for the census , according to George Darwin , it was rejected on the grounds that the idle curiosity of philosophers was not to be satisfied . Ancient Rome ( edit ) Cousin and sibling marriage were legal in ancient Rome from the Second Punic War ( 218 -- 201 BC ) , until it was banned by the Christian emperor Theodosius I in 381 in the West , and until after the death of Justinian ( 565 ) in the East , but the proportion of such marriages is not clear . Anthropologist Jack Goody said that cousin marriage was a typical pattern in Rome , based on the marriage of four children of Emperor Constantine to their first cousins and on writings by Plutarch and Livy indicating the proscription of cousin marriage in the early Republic . Professors Brent Shaw and Richard Saller , however , counter in their more comprehensive treatment that cousin marriages were never habitual or preferred in the western empire : for example , in one set of six stemmata ( genealogies ) of Roman aristocrats in the two centuries after Octavian , out of 33 marriages , none was between first or second cousins . Such marriages carried no social stigma in the late Republic and early Empire . They cite the example of Cicero attacking Mark Antony not on the grounds of cousin marriage , but instead on grounds of Antony 's divorce . Shaw and Saller propose in their thesis of low cousin marriage rates that as families from different regions were incorporated into the imperial Roman nobility , exogamy was necessary to accommodate them and to avoid destabilizing the Roman social structure . Their data from tombstones further indicate that in most of the western empire , parallel - cousin marriages were not widely practiced among commoners , either . Spain and Noricum were exceptions to this rule , but even there , the rates did not rise above 10 % . They further point out that since property belonging to the nobility was typically fragmented , keeping current assets in the family offered no advantage , compared with acquiring it by intermarriage . Jack Goody claimed that early Christian marriage rules forced a marked change from earlier norms to deny heirs to the wealthy and thus to increase the chance that those with wealth would will their property to the Church . Shaw and Saller , however , believe that the estates of aristocrats without heirs had previously been claimed by the emperor , and that the Church merely replaced the emperor . Their view is that the Christian injunctions against cousin marriage were due more to ideology than to any conscious desire to acquire wealth . For some prominent examples of cousin marriages in ancient Rome , such as the marriage of Octavian 's daughter to his sister 's son , see the Julio - Claudian family tree . Marcus Aurelius also married his maternal first cousin Faustina the Younger , and they had 13 children . Cousin marriage was more frequent in Ancient Greece , and marriages between uncle and niece were also permitted there . One example is King Leonidas I of Sparta , who married his half - niece . A Greek woman who became epikleros , or heiress with no brothers , was obliged to marry her father 's nearest male kin if she had not yet married and given birth to a male heir . First in line would be either her father 's brothers or their sons , followed by her father 's sisters ' sons . According to Goody , cousin marriage was allowed in the newly Christian and presumably also pre-Christian Ireland , where an heiress was also obligated to marry a paternal cousin . From the seventh century , the Irish Church only recognized four degrees of prohibited kinship , and civil law fewer . This persisted until after the Norman conquests in the 11th century and the synod at Cashel in 1101 . In contrast , contemporary English law was based on official Catholic policy , and Anglo - Norman clergy often became disgusted with the Irish `` law of fornication '' . Finally , Edward Westermarck states that marriage among the ancient Teutons was apparently prohibited only in the ascending and descending lines and among siblings . Asia ( edit ) China ( edit ) Further information : Chinese marriage Confucius described marriage as `` the union of two surnames , in friendship and in love '' . In ancient China , some evidence indicates in some cases , two clans had a longstanding arrangement wherein they would only marry members of the other clan . Some men also practiced sororate marriage , that is , a marriage to a former wife 's sister or a polygynous marriage to both sisters . This would have the effect of eliminating parallel - cousin marriage as an option , but would leave cross-cousin marriage acceptable . In the ancient system of the Erya dating from around the third century BC , the words for the two types of cross cousins were identical , with father 's brother 's children and mother 's sister 's children both being distinct . However , whereas it may not have been permissible at that time , marriage with the mother 's sister 's children also became possible by the third century AD . Eventually , the mother 's sister 's children and cross cousins shared one set of terms , with only the father 's brother 's children retaining a separate set . This usage remains today , with biao ( 表 ) cousins considered `` outside '' and paternal tang ( 堂 ) cousins being of the same house . In some periods in Chinese history , all cousin marriage was legally prohibited , as law codes dating from the Ming Dynasty attest . However , enforcement proved difficult and by the subsequent Qing Dynasty , the former laws had been restored . The following is a Chinese poem by Po Chu - yi ( A.D. 772 -- 846 ) . In Ku - feng hsien , in the district of Ch'u chou ( Kiangsu ) Is a village called Chu Ch'en ( the names of the two clans ) . There are only two clans there Which have intermarried for many generations . Anthropologist Francis Hsu described mother 's brother 's daughter ( MBD ) as being the most preferred type of Chinese cousin marriage , mother 's sister 's daughter ( MSD ) as being tolerated , and father 's brother 's daughter ( FBD ) as being disfavored . Some writers report this last form as being nearly incestuous . One proposed explanation is that in FBD marriage , the daughter does not change her surname throughout her life , so the marriage does not result in an extension of the father 's kinship ties . In Chinese culture , these patrilineal ties are most important in determining the closeness of a relation . In the case of the MSD marriage , no such ties exist , so consequently this may not even be viewed as cousin marriage . Finally , one reason that MBD marriage is often most common may be the typically greater emotional warmth between a man and his mother 's side of the family . Later analyses have found regional variation in these patterns ; in some rural areas where cousin marriage is still common , MBD is not preferred but merely acceptable , similar to MSD . By the early to mid-20th century , anthropologists described cross-cousin marriage in China as `` still permissible ... but ... generally obsolete '' or as `` permitted but not encouraged '' . Middle East ( edit ) Main article : Cousin marriage in the Middle East Cousin marriage has been allowed throughout the Middle East for all recorded history . Anthropologists have debated the significance of the practice ; some view it as the defining feature of the Middle Eastern kinship system while others note that overall rates of cousin marriage have varied sharply between different Middle Eastern communities . Very little numerical evidence exists of rates of cousin marriage in the past . Raphael Patai reports that in central Arabia , no relaxation of a man 's right to the father 's brother 's daughter , seems to have taken place in the past hundred years before his 1962 work . Here the girl is not forced to marry her male cousin , but she can not marry another unless he gives consent . The force of the custom is seen in one case from Jordan when the father arranged for the marriage of his daughter to an outsider without obtaining the consent of her male cousin . When the marriage procession progressed with the bride toward the house of the bridegroom , the male cousin rushed forward , snatched away the girl , and forced her into his own house . This was regarded by all as a lawful marriage . In Iraq , the right of the cousin has also traditionally been followed and a girl breaking the rule without the consent of the male cousin could have ended up murdered by him . The Syrian city of Aleppo during the 19th century featured a rate of cousin marriage among the elite of 24 % according to one estimate , a figure that masked widespread variation : some leading families had none or only one cousin marriage , while others had rates approaching 70 % . Cousin marriage rates were highest among women , merchant families , and older well - established families . In - marriage was less frequent in the late pre-Islamic Hijaz than in ancient Egypt . It existed in Medina during Muhammad 's time , but at less than today 's rates . In Egypt , estimates from the late 19th and early 20th centuries state variously that either 80 % of fellahin married first cousins or two - thirds married them if they existed . One source from the 1830s states that cousin marriage was less common in Cairo than in other areas . In traditional Syria - Palestina , if a girl had no paternal male cousin ( father 's brother 's son ) or he renounced his right to her , the next in line was traditionally the maternal male cousin ( mother 's brother 's son ) and then other relatives . Raphael Patai , however , reported that this custom loosened in the years preceding his 1947 study . In ancient Persia , the Achaemenid kings habitually married their cousins and nieces , while between the 1940s and 1970s , the percentage of Iranian cousin marriages increased from 34 to 44 % . Cousin marriage among native Middle Eastern Jews is generally far higher than among the European Ashkenazim , who assimilated European marital practices after the diaspora . According to anthropologist Ladislav Holý , cousin marriage is not an independent phenomenon , but rather one expression of a wider Middle Eastern preference for agnatic solidarity , or solidarity with one 's father 's lineage . According to Holý , the oft - quoted reason for cousin marriage of keeping property in the family is , in the Middle Eastern case , just one specific manifestation of keeping intact a family 's whole `` symbolic capital '' . Close agnatic marriage has also been seen as a result of the conceptualization of men as responsible for the control of the conduct of women . Honor is another reason for cousin marriage : while the natal family may lose influence over the daughter through marriage to an outsider , marrying her in their kin group allows them to help prevent dishonorable outcomes like either attacks on her or her own unchaste behavior . Pragmatic reasons for the husband , such as warmer relations with his father - in - law , and those for parents of both spouses , like reduced bride price and access to the labor of the daughter 's children , also contribute . Throughout Middle Eastern history , cousin marriage has been both praised and discouraged by various writers and authorities . A 2009 study found that many Arab countries display some of the highest rates of consanguineous marriages in the world , and that first cousin marriages which may reach 25 -- 30 % of all marriages . In Qatar , Yemen , and UAE , consanguinity rates are increasing in the current generation . Research among Arabs and worldwide has indicated that consanguinity could have an effect on some reproductive health parameters such as postnatal mortality and rates of congenital malformations . Middle Eastern parallel - cousin marriage ( edit ) Andrey Korotayev claimed that Islamization was a strong and significant predictor of parallel cousin ( father 's brother 's daughter -- FBD ) marriage . He has shown that while a clear functional connection exists between Islam and FBD marriage , the prescription to marry a FBD does not appear to be sufficient to persuade people to actually marry thus , even if the marriage brings with it economic advantages . According to Korotayev , a systematic acceptance of parallel - cousin marriage took place when Islamization occurred together with Arabization . Africa ( edit ) Cousin marriage rates from most African nations outside the Middle East are unknown . An estimated 35 -- 50 % of all sub-Saharan African populations either prefer or accept cousin marriages . In Nigeria , the most populous country of Africa , the three largest tribes in order of size are the Hausa , Yoruba , and Igbo . The Hausa are overwhelmingly Muslim , though followers of traditional religions do exist . Muslim Hausa practice cousin marriage preferentially , and polygyny is allowed if the husband can support multiple wives . The book Baba of Karo presents one prominent portrayal of Hausa life : according to its English coauthor , it is unknown for Hausa women to be unmarried for any great length of time after around the age of 14 . Divorce can be accomplished easily by either the male or the female , but females must then remarry . Even for a man , lacking a spouse is looked down upon . Baba of Karo 's first of four marriages was to her second cousin . She recounts in the book that her good friend married the friend 's first cross cousin . The Yoruba people are 50 % Muslim , 40 % Christian , and 10 % adherent of their own indigenous religious traditions . A 1974 study analyzed Yoruba marriages in the town Oka Akoko , finding that among a sample of highly polygynous marriages having an average of about three wives , 51 % of all pairings were consanguineous . These included not only cousin marriages , but also uncle - niece unions . Reportedly , it is a custom that in such marriages at least one spouse must be a relative , and generally such spouses were the preferred or favorite wives in the marriage and gave birth to more children . However , this was not a general study of Yoruba , but only of highly polygynous Yoruba residing in Oka Akoko . Finally , the Igbo people of southern Nigeria specifically prohibit both parallel - and cross-cousin marriage , though polygyny is common . Men are forbidden to marry within their own patrilineage or those of their mother or father 's mother and must marry outside their own village . Igbo are almost entirely Christian , having converted heavily under colonialism . In Ethiopia , most of the population was historically rigidly opposed to cousin marriage , and could consider up to third cousins the equivalent of brother and sister , with marriage at least ostensibly prohibited out to sixth cousins . They also took affinal prohibitions very seriously . The prospect of a man marrying a former wife 's `` sister '' was seen as incest , and conversely for a woman and her former husband 's `` brother '' . Though Muslims make up over a third of the Ethiopian population , and Islam has been present in the country since the time of Muhammad , cross-cousin marriage is very rare among most Ethiopian Muslims . In contrast to the Nigerian situation , in Ethiopia , Islam can not be identified with particular tribal groups and is found across most of them , and conversions between religions are comparatively common . Exceptions to these rules include the overwhelmingly Muslim Somali and Afar peoples , who respectively make up 6.2 % and 1.73 % of the population . The Afar practice a form of cousin marriage called absuma that is arranged at birth and can be forced . Legal status and prevalence ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : more countries and regions . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2010 ) Laws regarding first - cousin marriage around the world . First - cousin marriage legal Allowed with restrictions or exceptions Legality dependent on religion or culture Statute bans first - cousin marriage Banned with exceptions Criminal offence No available data For information on US states see the map below . See sections on India and Hinduism . Brazil ( edit ) Recent 2001 data for Brazil indicate a rate of cousin marriage of 1.1 % , down from 4.8 % in 1957 . The geographic distribution is heterogeneous : in certain regions , the rate is at typical European levels , but in other areas is much higher . Newton Freire - Maia ( pt ) found paternal parallel cousin marriage to be the most common type . In his 1957 study , the rate varied from 1.8 % in the south to 8.4 % in the northeast , where it increased moving inward from the coast , and was higher in rural regions than in urban . Consanguinity has decreased over time and particularly since the 19th century . For example , in São Paulo in the mid-19th century , the rate of cousin marriage apparently was 16 % , but a century later , it was merely 1.9 % . East Asia ( edit ) In the Far East , South Korea is especially restrictive with bans on marriage out to third cousins , with all couples having the same surname and region of origin having been prohibited from marrying until 1997 . Taiwan , North Korea , and the Philippines also prohibit first - cousin marriage . It is allowed in Japan , though the incidence has declined in recent years . China has banned it since passing its 1981 Marriage Law although cross-cousin marriage was commonly practiced in China in the past in rural areas . An article in China Daily from the 1990s reported on the ban 's implementation in the northeastern province of Liaoning , along with a ban on marriage of the physically and mentally handicapped , all justified on `` eugenic '' grounds . Limited existing data indicate some remaining cousin marriage of types besides father 's brother 's daughter in many villages , with percentages usually in the lower single digits . A 2002 Time article claims that an increasing imbalance in the number of males and females is causing more cousin marriages , as `` desperate '' males struggle to find brides . Currently according to the Marriage Law of the People 's Republic of China , `` Article 7 No marriage may be contracted under any of the following circumstances : ( 1 ) if the man and the woman are lineal relatives by blood , or collateral relatives by blood up to the third degree of kinship . '' Similarly , in Vietnam , Clause 3 , Article 10 of the 2000 Vietnamese Law on Marriage and Family forbids marriages on people related by blood up to the third degree of kinship . Cousin marriages ( second - degree cousins or closer ) in the world , in percentage ( % ) . < 1 1 -- 4 5 -- 9 10 -- 19 20 -- 29 30 -- 39 40 -- 49 50 + Slightly over 10 % of all marriages worldwide are estimated to be between second cousins or closer . The overall rate appears to be declining . India ( edit ) Attitudes in India on cousin marriage vary sharply by region and culture . The family law in India takes into account the religious and cultural practices and they are all equally recognized . For Muslims , governed by uncodified personal law , it is acceptable and legal to marry a first cousin , but for Hindus , it may be illegal under the 1955 Hindu Marriage Act , though the specific situation is more complex . The Hindu Marriage Act makes cousin marriage illegal for Hindus with the exception of marriages permitted by regional custom . Practices of the small Christian minority are also location - dependent : their cousin marriage rates are higher in southern states such as Karnataka with high overall rates . Apart from the religion - based personal laws governing marriages , the civil marriage law named Special Marriage Act , 1954 governs . Those who do not wish to marry based on the personal laws governed by religious and cultural practices may opt for a marriage under this law . It defines the first - cousin relationship , both parallel and cross , as prohibited . Conflict may arise between the prohibited degrees based on this law and personal law , but in absence of any other laws , it is still unresolved . Cousin marriage is proscribed and seen as incest for Hindus in North India . In fact , it may even be unacceptable to marry within one 's village or for two siblings to marry partners from the same village . The northern kinship model prevails in the states of Assam , Bihar , Chhattisgarh , Gujarat , Haryana , Himachal Pradesh , Jharkhand , Madhya Pradesh , Odisha , Punjab , Rajasthan , Sikkim , Tripura , Uttar Pradesh , Uttarakhand , and West Bengal . However , for some communities in South India , it is common for Hindu cross cousins to marry , with matrilateral cross-cousin ( mother 's brother 's daughter ) marriages being especially favored . In the region , `` uncle - niece and first - cousin unions are preferential and jointly account for some 30 % of marriages '' . In many North Indian communities such as Brahmins , Rajputs , Vaishyas , Jats , Yadavs , etc. , everyone who is immediately associated with four surnames -- own surname ( that is father 's surname ) , mother 's maiden surname , paternal grandmother 's maiden surname , maternal grandmother 's maiden surname -- falls outside the permissible marriage circle . These surnames are known as the candidate 's gotra ( lit . branch ) . Any two candidates who want to marry can not have a common gotra . The marriage is allowed only when all these shakha ( branches ) are different for both the candidates , so this automatically rules out closer cousin marriages . Cousin marriage is discouraged amongst Telugu Brahmins in Andhra Pradesh , such as Gauda and Dravida Brahmins . Practices in West India overall are closer to the northern than the southern , but differences exist here again . For instance , in Mumbai , studies done in 1956 showed 7.7 % of Hindus married to a second cousin or closer . By contrast , in the northern city of New Delhi , only 0.1 % of Hindus were married to a first cousin during the 1980s . At the other extreme , studies done in the South Indian state of Karnataka , which contains Bangalore , during that period show fully one - third of Hindus married to a second cousin or closer . Pre-2000 Madhya Pradesh , from which Chhattisgarh has now split , and Maharashtra , which contains Mumbai , are states that are intermediate in their kinship practices . India 's Muslim minority represents about 14 % of its population and has an overall rate of cousin marriage of 22 % according to a 2000 report . This dichotomy may be a legacy of the partition of the subcontinent into India and Pakistan , when substantial Muslim migration to Pakistan occurred from the eastern parts of the former unified state of Punjab . In south India , by contrast , the rates are fairly constant , except for the South Indian Malabar Muslims of Kerala ( 9 % ) who claim descent from Arab traders who settled permanently in India in the eighth century . Most Indian Muslims , by contrast , are the result of Hindus ' conversions to Islam in the 16th century or later . The lowest rate for a whole Indian region was in East India ( 15 % ) . Consanguinity rates were generally stable across the four decades for which data exist , though second - cousin marriage appears to have been decreasing in favor of first - cousin marriage . Middle East ( edit ) Main article : Cousin marriage in the Middle East The Middle East has uniquely high rates of cousin marriage among the world 's regions . Certain Middle Eastern countries , including Saudi Arabia , have rates of marriage to first or second cousins that may exceed 70 % . Iraq was estimated in one study to have a rate of 33 % , and figures for Afghanistan have been estimated in the range of 30 -- 40 % . All Arab countries in the Persian Gulf currently require advance genetic screening for all prospective married couples . Qatar was the last Persian Gulf nation to institute mandatory screening in 2009 , mainly to warn related couples who are planning marriage about any genetic risks they may face . The current rate of cousin marriage there is 54 % , an increase of 12 -- 18 % over the previous generation . A report by the Dubai - based Centre for Arab Genomic Studies ( CAGS ) in September 2009 found that Arabs have one of the world 's highest rates of genetic disorders , nearly two - thirds of which are linked to consanguinity . Research from Ahmad Teebi suggests consanguinity is declining in Lebanon , Jordan , Morocco and among Palestinians in Israel , but is increasing in the United Arab Emirates . Ahmad Teebi links the increase in cousin marriage in Qatar and other Arab states of the Persian Gulf to tribal tradition and the region 's expanding economies . `` Rich families tend to marry rich families , and from their own -- and the rich like to protect their wealth , '' he said . `` So it 's partly economic , and it 's also partly cultural . '' In regard to the higher rates of genetic disease in these societies , he says : `` It 's certainly a problem , '' but also that `` The issue here is not the cousin marriage , the issue here is to avoid the disease . '' In many Middle Eastern nations , a marriage to the father 's brother 's daughter ( FBD ) is considered ideal , though this type may not always actually outnumber other types . One anthropologist , Ladislav Holý , argues that it is important to distinguish between the ideal of FBD marriage and marriage as it is actually practiced , which always also includes other types of cousins and unrelated spouses . Holý cites the Berti people of the Sudan , who consider the FBD to be the closest kinswoman to a man outside of the prohibited range . If more than one relationship exists between spouses , as often results from successive generations of cousin marriage , only the patrilineal one is counted . Marriage within the lineage is preferred to marriage outside the lineage even when no exact genealogical relationship is known . Of 277 first marriages , only 84 were between couples unable to trace any genealogical relationship between them . Of those , in 64 , the spouses were of the same lineage . However , of 85 marriages to a second or third wife , in 60 , the spouses were of different lineages . The Marri have a very limited set of incest prohibitions that includes only lineal relatives , the sister , and aunts except the mother 's brother 's wife . Female members of the mother 's lineage are seen as only loosely related . Finally , the Baggara Arabs favor MBD marriage first , followed by cross-cousin marriage if the cross cousin is a member of the same surra , a group of agnates of five or six generations depth . Next is marriage within the surra . No preference is shown for marriages between matrilateral parallel cousins . The Netherlands ( edit ) The Netherlands has also had a recent debate that has reached the level of the Prime Minister proposing a cousin marriage ban . The proposed policy is explicitly aimed at preventing `` import marriages '' from certain nations like Morocco with a high rate of cousin marriage . Critics argue that such a ban would contradict Section 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights , is not based on science , and would affect more than immigrants . While some proponents argue such marriages were banned until 1970 , according to Frans van Poppel of the Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute , they are confusing cousin marriage with uncle - niece marriage . Pakistan ( edit ) This sub-section about Pakistan possibly contains inappropriate or misinterpreted citations that do not verify the text . Please help improve this article by checking for citation inaccuracies. ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In Pakistan , cousin marriage is legal and common . Reasons for consanguinity are for economic and cultural reasons . As Pakistan is a diverse country , consanguineous marriage is therefore favoured by 50 -- 60 % of the population in Pakistan . In some areas , higher proportion of first - cousin marriages in Pakistan has been noted to be the cause of an increased rate of blood disorders in the population . United states ( edit ) Laws regarding first - cousin marriage in the United States First - cousin marriage is legal Allowed with requirements or exceptions Banned with exceptions Statute bans first - cousin marriage Criminal offence Some states recognize marriages performed elsewhere , especially when the spouses were not residents of the state when married . Further information : Cousin marriage law in the United States by state Several states of the United States have bans on cousin marriage . As of February 2014 , 24 U.S. states prohibit marriages between first cousins , 19 U.S. states allow marriages between first cousins , and 7 U.S. states allow only some marriages between first cousins . Six states prohibit first - cousin - once - removed marriages . Some states prohibiting cousin marriage recognize cousin marriages performed in other states , but despite occasional claims that this holds true in general , laws also exist that explicitly void all foreign cousin marriages or marriages conducted by state residents out of state . Data on cousin marriage in the United States are sparse . It was estimated in 1960 that 0.2 % of all marriages between Roman Catholics were between first or second cousins , but no more recent nationwide studies have been performed . It is unknown what proportion of that number were first cousins , which is the group facing marriage bans . To contextualize the group 's size , the total proportion of interracial marriages in 1960 , the last census year before the end of anti-miscegenation statutes , was 0.4 % , and the proportion of black - white marriages was 0.13 % . While recent studies have cast serious doubt on whether cousin marriage is as dangerous as is popularly assumed , professors Diane B. Paul and Hamish G. Spencer speculate that legal bans persist in part due to `` the ease with which a handful of highly motivated activists -- or even one individual -- can be effective in the decentralized American system , especially when feelings do not run high on the other side of an issue . '' A bill to repeal the ban on first - cousin marriage in Minnesota was introduced by Phyllis Kahn in 2003 , but it died in committee . Republican Minority Leader Marty Seifert criticized the bill in response , saying it would `` turn us into a cold Arkansas '' . According to the University of Minnesota 's The Wake , Kahn was aware the bill had little chance of passing , but introduced it anyway to draw attention to the issue . She reportedly got the idea after learning that cousin marriage is an acceptable form of marriage among some cultural groups that have a strong presence in Minnesota , namely the Hmong and Somali . In contrast , Maryland delegates Henry B. Heller and Kumar P. Barve sponsored a bill to ban first - cousin marriages in 2000 . It got further than Kahn 's bill , passing the House of Delegates by 82 to 46 despite most Republicans voting no , but finally died in the state senate . In response to the 2005 marriage of Pennsylvanian first cousins Eleanor Amrhein and Donald W. Andrews Sr. in Maryland , Heller said that he might resurrect the bill because such marriages are `` like playing genetic roulette '' . Texas actually did pass a ban on first - cousin marriage the same year as Amrhein and Andrews married , evidently in reaction to the presence of the polygamous Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - Day Saints ( FLDS ) . Texas Representative Harvey Hilderbran , whose district includes the main FLDS compound , authored an amendment to a child protection statute to both discourage the FLDS from settling in Texas and to `` prevent Texas from succumbing to the practices of taking child brides , incest , welfare abuse and domestic violence '' . While Hilderbran stated that he would not have authored a bill solely to ban first - cousin marriage , he also said in an interview , `` Cousins do n't get married just like siblings do n't get married . And when it happens you have a bad result . It 's just not the accepted normal thing . '' Some news sources then only mentioned the polygamy and child abuse provisions and ignored the cousin marriage portion of the bill , as did some more recent sources . The new statute made sex with an adult first cousin a more serious felony than with adult members of one 's immediate family . However , this statute was amended in 2009 ; while sex with close adult family members ( including first cousins ) remains a felony , the more serious penalty now attaches to sex with an individual 's direct ancestor or descendant . The U.S. state of Maine allows first - cousin marriage if the couple agrees to have genetic counseling , while North Carolina allows it so long as the applicants for marriage are not rare double first cousins , meaning cousins through both parental lines . In the other 25 states permitting at least some first - cousin marriage , double cousins are not distinguished . States have various laws regarding marriage between cousins and other close relatives , which involve factors including whether or not the parties to the marriage are half - cousins , double cousins , infertile , over 65 , or whether it is a tradition prevalent in a native or ancestry culture , adoption status , in - law , whether or not genetic counselling is required , and whether it is permitted to marry a first cousin once removed . United Kingdom ( edit ) There has been a great deal of debate in the past few years in the United Kingdom about whether to discourage cousin marriages through government public relations campaigns or ban them entirely . The debate has been prompted by a Pakistani immigrant population making up 1.5 % of the British population , of whom about 55 % marry a first cousin . For example , Environment Minister ( later Immigration Minister ) Phil Woolas said in 2008 , `` If you have a child with your cousin the likelihood is there 'll be a genetic problem '' and that such marriages were the `` elephant in the room '' . Physician Mohammad Walji has spoken out against the practice , saying that it is a `` very significant '' cause of infant death , and his practice has produced leaflets warning against it . However , Alan Bittles of the Centre for Comparative Genomics in Australia states that the risk of birth defects rises from roughly 2 % in the general population to 4 % for first cousins and therefore that `` It would be a mistake to ban it '' . Aamra Darr of the University of Leeds has also criticized what she called an `` alarmist presentation of data '' that exaggerates the risk . Social aspects ( edit ) Robin Bennett , a University of Washington researcher , has said that much hostility towards married cousins constitutes discrimination . It 's a form of discrimination that nobody talks about . People worry about not getting health insurance -- but saying that someone should n't marry based on how they 're related , when there 's no known harm , to me is a form of discrimination . '' In a different view , William Saletan of Slate magazine accuses the authors of this study of suffering from the `` congenital liberal conceit that science solves all moral questions '' . While readily conceding that banning cousin marriage can not be justified on genetic grounds , Saletan asks rhetorically whether it would be acceptable to legalize uncle - niece marriage or `` hard - core incest '' between siblings and then let genetic screening take care of the resulting problems . A recent New York Times article by Sarah Kershaw documents fear by many married cousins of being treated with derision and contempt . `` While many people have a story about a secret cousin crush or kiss , most Americans find the idea of cousins marrying and having children disturbing or even repulsive , '' notes the article . It gives the example of one mother , Mrs. Spring , whose daughter Kimberly Spring - Winters , 29 , married her cousin Shane Winters , 37 . She stated that when she has told people about her daughter 's marriage , they have been shocked and that consequently she is afraid to mention it . They live in a small Pennsylvania town and she worries that her grandchildren will be treated as outcasts and ridiculed due to their parental status . Another cousin couple stated that their children 's maternal grandparents have never met their two grandchildren because the grandparents severed contact out of disapproval for the couple 's marriage . This couple withheld their names from publication . In most societies , cousin marriage apparently is more common among those of low socio - economic status , among the illiterate and uneducated , and in rural areas . This may be due in part to the token or significantly reduced dowries and bridewealths that exist in such marriages and also the much smaller pool of viable marriage candidates in rural areas . Some societies also report a high prevalence among land - owning families and the ruling elite : here the relevant consideration is thought to be keeping the family estate intact over generations . The average age at marriage is lower for cousin marriages , the difference in one Pakistani study being 1.10 and 0.84 years for first and second cousins , respectively . In Pakistan , the ages of the spouses were also closer together , the age difference declining from 6.5 years for unrelated couples to 4.5 years for first cousins . A marginal increase in time to first birth , from 1.6 years generally to 1.9 years in first cousins , may occur due to the younger age at marriage of consanguineous mothers and resultant adolescent subfertility or delayed consummation . Predictions that cousin marriage would decline during the late 20th century in areas where it is preferential appear to have been largely incorrect . One reason for this is that in many regions , cousin marriage is not merely a cultural tradition , but is also judged to offer significant social and economic benefits . In South Asia , rising demands for dowry payments have caused dire economic hardship and have been linked to `` dowry deaths '' in a number of North Indian states . Where permissible , marriage to a close relative is hence regarded as a more economically feasible choice . Second , improvements in public health have led to decreased death rates and increased family sizes , making it easier to find a relative to marry if that is the preferred choice . Increases in cousin marriage in the West may also occur as a result of immigration from Asia and Africa . In the short term , some observers have concluded that the only new forces that could discourage such unions are government bans like the one China enacted in 1981 . In the longer term , rates may decline due to decreased family sizes , making it more difficult to find cousins to marry . Cousin marriage is important in several anthropological theories by prominent authors such as Claude Lévi - Strauss , Sir Edward Tylor , and Lewis Henry Morgan . Lévi - Strauss viewed cross-cousin marriage as a form of exogamy in the context of a unilineal descent group , meaning either matrilineal or patrilineal descent . Matrilateral cross-cousin marriage in societies with matrilineal descent meant that a male married into the family his mother 's brother , building an alliance between the two families . However , marriage to a mother 's sister daughter ( a parallel cousin ) would be endogamous , here meaning inside the same descent group , and would therefore fail to build alliances between different groups . Correspondingly , in societies like China with patrilineal descent , marriage to a father 's brother 's daughter would fail at alliance building . And in societies with both types of descent , where a person belongs to the group of his mother 's mother and father 's father but not mother 's father or father 's mother , only cross-cousin marriages would successfully build alliances . Lévi - Strauss postulated that cross-cousin marriage had the two consequences of setting up classes which automatically delimit the group of possible spouses and of determining a relationship that can decide whether a prospective spouse is to be desired or excluded . Whereas in other kinship systems one or another of these aspects dominates , in cross-cousin marriage they overlap and cumulate their effects . It differs from incest prohibitions in that the latter employs a series of negative relationships , saying whom one can not marry , while cross-cousin marriage employs positive relationships , saying whom should marry . Most crucially , cross-cousin marriage is the only type of preferential union that can function normally and exclusively and still give every man and woman the chance to marry a cross-cousin . Unlike other systems such as the levirate , the sororate , or uncle - niece marriage , cross-cousin marriage is preferential because for obvious reasons these others can not constitute the exclusive or even preponderant rule of marriage in any group . Cross-cousin marriage divides members of the same generation into two approximately equal groups , those of cross-cousins and `` siblings '' that include real siblings and parallel cousins . Consequently , cross-cousin marriage can be a normal form of marriage in a society , but the other systems above can only be privileged forms . This makes cross-cousin marriage exceptionally important . Cross-cousin marriage also establishes a division between prescribed and prohibited relatives who , from the viewpoint of biological proximity , are strictly interchangeable . Lévi - Strauss thought that this proved that the origin of the incest prohibition is purely social and not biological . Cross-cousin marriage in effect allowed the anthropologist to control for biological degree by studying a situation where the degree of prohibited and prescribed spouses were equal . In understanding why two relatives of the same biological degree would be treated so differently , Lévi - Strauss wrote , it would be possible to understand not only the principle of cross-cousin marriage but of the incest prohibition itself . For Lévi - Strauss cross-cousin marriage was not either socially arbitrary or a secondary consequence of other institutions like dual organization or the practice of exogamy . Instead , the raison d'etre of cross-cousin marriage could be found within the institution itself . Of the three types of institution of exogamy rules , dual organization , and cross-cousin marriage , the last was most significant , making the analysis of this form of marriage the crucial test for any theory of marriage prohibitions . Matrilateral cross-cousin marriage has been found by some anthropological researchers to be correlated with patripotestal jural authority , meaning rights or obligations of the father . According to some theories , in these kinship systems a man marries his matrilateral cross-cousin due to associating her with his nurturant mother . Due to this association , possibly reinforced by personal interaction with a specific cousin , he may become `` fond '' of her , rendering the relationship `` sentimentally appropriate '' . Interestingly , patrilateral cross-cousin marriage is the rarest of all types of cousin marriage , and there is some question as to whether it even exists . In contrast to Lévi - Strauss who viewed the exchange of women under matrilateral cross-cousin marriage as fundamentally egalitarian , anthropologist Edmund Leach held that such systems by nature created groups of junior and senior status and were part of the political structure of society . Under Leach 's model , in systems where this form of marriage segregates descent groups into wife - givers and wife - takers , the social status of the two categories also can not be determined by a priori arguments . Groups like the Kachin exhibiting matrilateral cross-cousin marriage do not exchange women in circular structures ; where such structures do exist they are unstable . Moreover , the exchanging groups are not major segments of the society , but rather local descent groups from the same or closely neighboring communities . Lévi - Strauss held that women were always exchanged for some `` prestation '' which could either be other women or labor and material goods . Leach agreed but added that prestations could also take the form of intangible assets like `` prestige '' or `` status '' that might belong to either wife - givers or wife - takers . Anthropologists Robert Murphy and Leonard Kasdan describe preferential parallel cousin marriage as leading to social fission , in the sense that `` feud and fission are not at all dysfunctional factors but are necessary to the persistence and viability of Bedouin society '' . Their thesis is the converse of Fredrik Barth 's , who describes the fission as leading to the cousin marriage . Per Murphy and Kasdan , the Arab system of parallel cousin marriage works against the creation of homogenous `` bounded '' and `` corporate '' kin groups and instead creates arrangements where every person is related by blood to a wide variety of people , with the degree of relationship falling off gradually as opposed to suddenly . Instead of corporate units , Arab society is described as having `` agnatic sections '' , a kind of repeating fractal structure in which authority is normally weak at all levels but capable of being activated at the required level in times of war . They relate this to an old Arab proverb : `` Myself against my brother ; my brother and I against my cousin ; my cousin , my brother and I against the outsider . '' `` In such a society even the presence of a limited amount of cross-cousin marriage will not break the isolation of the kin group , for first cross cousins often end up being second parallel cousins . '' Instead of organizing horizontally through affinal ties , when large scale organization is necessary it is accomplished vertically , by reckoning distance from shared ancestors . This practice is said to possess advantages such as resilience and adaptability in the face of adversity . A recent research study of 70 nations has found a statistically significant negative correlation between consanguineous kinship networks and democracy . The authors note that other factors , such as restricted genetic conditions , may also explain this relationship . This follows a 2003 Steve Sailer essay published for The American Conservative , where he claimed that high rates of cousin marriage play an important role in discouraging political democracy . Sailer believes that because families practicing cousin marriage are more related to one another than otherwise , their feelings of family loyalty tend to be unusually intense , fostering nepotism . In religion ( edit ) Judaism and Christianity ( edit ) Jacob encountering Rachel with her father 's herds Cousins are not included in the lists of prohibited relatives provided in the Bible , specifically in the books of Leviticus and Deuteronomy . The Old Testament also contains several examples of married cousins . Two of the most famous are prominent in Genesis . Rebekah was married to Isaac , her first cousin once removed ( Genesis 24 : 12 -- 15 ) . Also , Rachel and Leah were both cousins of Isaac 's son Jacob . Jacob loved Rachel and worked seven years for her father Laban in return for permission to marry ( Genesis 28 -- 29 ) . Jacob 's brother Esau also married his cousin Mahalath , daughter of Ishmael . According to many English Bible translations , a fourth example is the five daughters of Zelophehad , who married the `` sons of their father 's brothers '' in the later period of Moses , although other translations merely say `` relatives '' . ( For example , the Catholic RSV - CE and NAB differ in Numbers 36 : 10 -- 12 . ) During the apportionment of Israel following the journey out of Egypt , Caleb gives his daughter Achsah to his brother 's son Othniel according to the NAB ( Joshua 15 : 17 ) , though the Jewish Talmud argues Othniel was simply Caleb 's brother ( Sotah 11b ) . The daughters of Eleazer also married the sons of Eleazer 's brother Kish in the still later time of David ( 1 Chronicles 23 : 22 ) . King Rehoboam and his wives Maacah and Mahalath were grandchildren of David ( 2 Chronicles 11 : 20 ) . Finally , Tobias in the book of Tobit has a right to marry Sarah because he is her nearest kinsman ( Tobit 7 : 10 ) , though the exact degree of their cousinship is not clear . In Roman Catholicism , all marriages more distant than first - cousin marriages are allowed , and first - cousin marriages can be contracted with a dispensation . This was not always the case , however : the Catholic Church has gone through several phases in kinship prohibitions . At the dawn of Christianity in Roman times , marriages between first cousins were allowed . For example , Emperor Constantine , the first Christian Roman Emperor , married his children to the children of his half - brother . First and second cousin marriages were then banned at the Council of Agde in AD 506 , though dispensations sometimes continued to be granted . By the 11th century , with the adoption of the so - called canon - law method of computing consanguinity , these proscriptions had been extended even to sixth cousins , including by marriage . But due to the many resulting difficulties in reckoning who was related to whom , they were relaxed back to third cousins at the Fourth Lateran Council in AD 1215 . Pope Benedict XV reduced this to second cousins in 1917 , and finally , the current law was enacted in 1983 . In Catholicism , close relatives who have married unwittingly without a dispensation can receive an annulment . There are several explanations for the rise of Catholic cousin marriage prohibitions after the fall of Rome . One explanation is increasing Germanic influence on church policy . G.E. Howard states , `` During the period preceding the Teutonic invasion , speaking broadly , the church adhered to Roman law and custom ; thereafter those of the Germans ... were accepted . '' On the other hand , it has also been argued that the bans were a reaction against local Germanic customs of kindred marriage . At least one Frankish King , Pepin the Short , apparently viewed close kin marriages among nobles as a threat to his power . Whatever the reasons , written justifications for such bans had been advanced by St. Augustine by the fifth century . `` It is very reasonable and just '' , he wrote , `` that one man should not himself sustain many relationships , but that various relationships should be distributed among several , and thus serve to bind together the greatest number in the same social interests '' . Taking a contrary view , Protestants writing after the Reformation tended to see the prohibitions and the dispensations needed to circumvent them as part of an undesirable church scheme to accrue wealth , or `` lucre '' . Since the 13th century the Catholic Church has measured consanguinity according to what is called , perhaps confusingly , the civil - law method . Under this method , the degree of relationship between lineal relatives ( i.e. , a man and his grandfather ) is simply equal to the number of generations between them . However , the degree of relationship between collateral ( non-lineal ) relatives equals the number of links in the family tree from one person , up to the common ancestor , and then back to the other person . Thus brothers are related in the second degree , and first cousins in the fourth degree . Protestant churches generally allow cousin marriage , in keeping with criticism of the Catholic system of dispensations by Martin Luther and John Calvin during the Reformation . This includes most of the major US denominations , such as Baptist , Pentecostal , Lutheran , Presbyterian , and Methodist . The Anglican Communion has also allowed cousin marriage since its inception during the rule of King Henry VIII . According to Luther and Calvin , the Catholic bans on cousin marriage were an expression of Church rather than divine law and needed to be abolished . Protestants during the Reformation struggled to interpret the Biblical proscriptions against incest in a sensible manner , a task frustrated by facts like their omission of the daughter ( but inclusion of the granddaughter ) as a directly prohibited relation . John Calvin thought of the Biblical list only as illustrative and that any relationship of the same or smaller degree as any listed , namely the third degree by the civil - law method , should therefore be prohibited . The Archbishop of Canterbury reached the same conclusion soon after . But in contrast to both Protestantism and Catholicism , the Eastern Orthodox Church prohibits up to second cousins from marrying . The 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia refers to a theory by the Anglican bishop of Bath and Wells speculating that Mary and Joseph , the mother of Jesus and her husband , were first cousins . Jack Goody describes this theory as a `` legend '' . Islam ( edit ) See also : Cousin marriage in the Middle East The Qur'an does not state that marriages between first cousins are forbidden . In Sura An - Nisa ( 4 : 22 -- 24 ) , Allah mentioned the women who are forbidden for marriage : to quote the Qu'ran , `` ... Lawful to you are all beyond those mentioned , so that you may seek them with your wealth in honest wedlock ... '' In Sura Al - Ahzab ( 33 : 50 ) , O Prophet , indeed We have made lawful to you your wives to whom you have given their due compensation and those your right hand possesses from what Allah has returned to you ( of captives ) and the daughters of your paternal uncles and the daughters of your paternal aunts and the daughters of your maternal uncles and the daughters of your maternal aunts who emigrated with you and a believing woman if she gives herself to the Prophet ( and ) if the Prophet wishes to marry her , ( this is ) only for you , excluding the ( other ) believers . We certainly know what We have made obligatory upon them concerning their wives and those their right hands possess , ( but this is for you ) in order that there will be upon you no discomfort . And ever is Allah Forgiving and Merciful . Muslims have practiced marriages between first cousins in non-prohibited countries since the time of Muhammad . In a few countries the most common type is between paternal cousins . Muhammad actually did marry two relatives . One was a first cousin , Zaynab bint Jahsh , who was not only the daughter of one of his father 's sisters but was also divorced from a marriage with Muhammad 's adopted son , Zayd ibn Haritha . It was the issue of adoption and not cousinship that caused controversy due to the opposition of pre-Islamic Arab norms . Many of the immediate successors of Muhammad also took a cousin as one of their wives . Umar married his cousin Atikah bint Zayd ibn Amr ibn Nifayl , while Ali married Fatimah , the daughter of his paternal first cousin Muhammad and hence his first cousin once removed . Even though many Muslims practice cousins marriage now , two of the Sunni Muslims madhhabs ( schools , four in total ) like Shafi'i ( about 33.33 % of Sunni Muslims , or 29 % of all Muslims ) and Hanbali consider it as Makruh ( disliked ) , and there are three Hadiths that prefer marriage outside family but all of them is considered ḍaʿīf ( weak ) , but even though some scholars like Ibn Qudamah and Al - Ghazali prefer marriage outside the family , because if a divorce happen between the couple the family bond -- which is considered as sacred in Islam -- will be weakened or broken due to that , and some scholars such as Ibn Baz said that if there was no better non-family potential bride ( none of the `` potential in - family bride '' and the `` potential non-family bride '' was better than the other ) it 's advised to marry the one who is in the family to make the family bond stronger . Hinduism ( edit ) Hindu Marriage Act bans all kinds of first cousin marriage , but allows these type of marriages when allowed by local custom . North Indian Hindus treat all kinds of first cousin marriage as incest , but same is not the case with South Indian Hindus . Marrying cross cousins is common and favoured among South Indian Hindus . Marriage between maternal uncle and niece was formerly practised among South Indian Hindus , which is considered as incest by other Hindus . Major Dharmaśāstra like Yājñavalkya Smṛti and Manusmṛti also ban all kinds of cousin marriage . In Hinduism marriage within the same gotra is prohibited , where a gotra is believed to be the group of descendants of a sage who lived in the remote past . Two persons in the same gotra can not marry even if they come from different linguistic areas . However , same - gotra marriages have been legal under Indian civil law since the Hindu Marriage Act of 1955 . Additionally , marriages within certain degrees of consanguinity are considered sapinda and banned in Hinduism . Hindu lawgivers differ in the definition of sapinda : at one extreme , according to some sources marriages are prohibited within seven generations on the father 's side and five on the mother 's side . In contrast , other sources allow cross cousins to marry , including first cross cousins . The Hindu Marriage Act prohibits marriage for five generations on the father 's side and three on the mother 's side , but allows cross-cousin marriage where it is permitted by custom . Hindu rules of exogamy are often taken extremely seriously , and local village councils in India administer laws against in - gotra endogamy , . Social norms against such practices are quite strong as well . In the 18th and 19th Centuries , Hindu Kurmis of Chunar and Jaunpur are known to have been influenced by their Muslim neighbors and taken up extensively the custom of cousin marriage . In the Mahabharata , one of the two great Hindu Epics , Arjuna took as his fourth wife his first and cross cousin Subhadra , the sister of Krishna . Arjuna had gone into exile alone after having disturbed Yudhishthira and Draupadi in their private quarters . It was during the last part of his exile , while staying at the Dvaraka residence of his cousins , that he fell in love with Subhadra . While eating at the home of Balarama , Arjuna was struck with Subhadra 's beauty and decided he would obtain her as his wife . Subhadra and Arjuna 's son was the tragic hero Abhimanyu . According to Andhra Pradesh oral tradition , Abhimanyu himself married his first cross-cousin Shashirekha , the daughter of Subhadra 's brother Balarama . Cross cousins marriages are evident from Arjuna 's marriage with Subhadra , Pradyumna 's ( Eldest son of Krishna ) marriage with Rukmi 's ( Brother of Rukmini ) daughter . Also Krishna married his cross cousin Mitravinda ( Daughter of Vasudeva 's sister Rajadhi who was Queen of Avanti ) and Bhadra ( Daughter of Vasudeva 's sister Shrutakirti who was the Queen of Kekaya Kingdom . ) Other religions ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : Buddhism . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2010 ) Buddhism does not proscribe any specific sexual practices , only ruling out `` sexual misconduct '' in the Five Precepts . Zoroastrianism allows cousin marriages . Sikhism largely follows the pattern of ban on the same clan marriages , many Sikhs choose to marry their children with a partner from a different village or town , just to avoid chances of consanguinity between them . Biological aspects ( edit ) Genetics ( edit ) Cousin marriage has genetic aspects that do not arise in the case of other marriage - related political and social issues like interracial marriage . This is because married couples that possess higher than normal consanguinity , shared identical DNA and genetic material , have an increased chance of sharing genes for recessive traits . The percentage of consanguinity between any two individuals decreases fourfold as the most recent common ancestor recedes one generation . First cousins have four times the consanguinity of second cousins , while first cousins once removed have half that of first cousins . Double first cousins have twice that of first cousins and are as related as half - siblings . In April 2002 , the Journal of Genetic Counseling released a report which estimated the average risk of birth defects in a child born of first cousins at 1.1 -- 2.0 percentage points over an average base risk for non-cousin couples of 3 % , or about the same as that of any woman over age 40 . In terms of mortality , a 1994 study found a mean excess pre-reproductive mortality rate of 4.4 % , while another study published in 2009 suggests the rate may be closer to 3.5 % . Put differently , a single first - cousin marriage entails a similar increased risk of birth defects and mortality as a woman faces when she gives birth at age 41 rather than at 30 . Repeated consanguineous marriages within a group are more problematic . After repeated generations of cousin marriage the actual genetic relationship between two people is closer than the most immediate relationship would suggest . In Pakistan , where there has been cousin marriage for generations and the current rate may exceed 50 % , one study estimated infant mortality at 12.7 percent for married double first cousins , 7.9 percent for first cousins , 9.2 percent for first cousins once removed / double second cousins , 6.9 percent for second cousins , and 5.1 percent among nonconsanguineous progeny . Among double first cousin progeny , 41.2 percent of prereproductive deaths were associated with the expression of detrimental recessive genes , with equivalent values of 26.0 , 14.9 , and 8.1 percent for first cousins , first cousins once removed / double second cousins , and second cousins respectively . Even in the absence of preferential consanguinity , alleles that are rare in large populations can randomly increase to high frequency in small groups within a few generations due to the founder effect and accelerated genetic drift in a breeding pool of restricted size . For example , because the entire Amish population is descended from only a few hundred 18th - century German - Swiss settlers , the average coefficient of inbreeding between two random Amish is higher than between two non-Amish second cousins . First - cousin marriage is taboo among Amish , but they still suffer from several rare genetic disorders . In Ohio 's Geauga County , Amish make up only about 10 percent of the population but represent half the special needs cases . In the case of one debilitating seizure disorder , the worldwide total of 12 cases exclusively involves Amish sufferers . Similar disorders have been found in the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - Day Saints , who do allow first - cousin marriage and of whom 75 to 80 percent are related to two 1830s founders . Studies into the effect of cousin marriage on polygenic traits and complex diseases of adulthood have often yielded contradictory results due to the rudimentary sampling strategies used . Both positive and negative associations have been reported for breast cancer and heart disease . Consanguinity seems to affect many polygenic traits such as height , body mass index , intelligence and cardiovascular profile . Long - term studies conducted on the Dalmatian islands in the Adriatic Sea have indicated a positive association between inbreeding and a very wide range of common adulthood disorders , including hypertension , coronary heart disease , stroke , cancer , uni / bipolar depression , asthma , gout , peptic ulcer , and osteoporosis . However , these results may principally reflect village endogamy rather than consanguinity per se . Endogamy is marrying within a group and in this case the group was a village . The marital patterns of the Amish are also an example of endogamy . The Latin American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformation found an association between consanguinity and hydrocephalus , postaxial polydactyly , and bilateral oral and facial clefts . Another picture emerges from the large literature on congenital heart defects , which are conservatively estimated to have an incidence of 50 / 1,000 live births . A consistent positive association between consanguinity and disorders such as ventricular septal defect and atrial septal defect has been demonstrated , but both positive and negative associations with patent ductus arteriosus , atrioventricular septal defect , pulmonary atresia , and Tetralogy of Fallot have been reported in different populations . Associations between consanguinity and Alzheimer 's disease have been found in certain populations . Studies into the influence of inbreeding on anthropometric measurements at birth and in childhood have failed to reveal any major and consistent pattern , and only marginal declines were shown in the mean scores attained by consanguineous progeny in tests of intellectual capacity . In the latter case , it would appear that inbreeding mainly leads to greater variance in IQ levels , due in part to the expression of detrimental recessive genes in a small proportion of those tested . A BBC report discussed Pakistanis in Britain , 55 % of whom marry a first cousin . Given the high rate of such marriages , many children come from repeat generations of first - cousin marriages . The report states that these children are 13 times more likely than the general population to produce children with genetic disorders , and one in ten children of first - cousin marriages in Birmingham either dies in infancy or develops a serious disability . The BBC also states that Pakistani - Britons , who account for some 3 % of all births in the UK , produce `` just under a third '' of all British children with genetic illnesses . Published studies show that mean perinatal mortality in the Pakistani community of 15.7 per thousand significantly exceeds that in the indigenous population and all other ethnic groups in Britain . Congenital anomalies account for 41 percent of all British Pakistani infant deaths . The BBC story contained an interview with Myra Ali , whose parents and grandparents were all first cousins . She has a very rare recessive genetic condition , known as Epidermolysis bullosa which will cause her to lead a life of extreme physical suffering , limited human contact and probably an early death from skin cancer . Knowing that cousin marriages increase the probability of recessive genetic conditions , she is understandably against the practice . Finally , in 2010 the Telegraph reported that cousin marriage among the British Pakistani community resulted in 700 children being born every year with genetic disabilities . The increased mortality and birth defects observed among British Pakistanis may , however , have another source besides current consanguinity . This is population subdivision among different Pakistani groups . Population subdivision results from decreased gene flow among different groups in a population . Because members of Pakistani biradari have married only inside these groups for generations , offspring have higher average homozygosity even for couples with no known genetic relationship . According to a statement by the UK 's Human Genetics Commission on cousin marriages , the BBC also `` fails to clarify '' that children born to these marriages were not found to be 13 times more likely to develop genetic disorders . Instead they are 13 times more likely to develop recessive genetic disorders . The HGC states , `` Other types of genetic conditions , including chromosomal abnormalities , sex - linked conditions and autosomal dominant conditions are not influenced by cousin marriage . '' The HGC goes on to compare the biological risk between cousin marriage and increased maternal age , arguing that `` Both represent complex cultural trends . Both however , also carry a biological risk . They key difference , GIG argue , is that cousin marriage is more common amongst a British minority population . '' Genetic effects from cousin marriage in Britain are more obvious than in a developing country like Pakistan because the number of confounding environmental diseases is lower . Increased focus on genetic disease in developing countries may eventually result from progress in eliminating environmental diseases there as well . Comprehensive genetic education and premarital genetic counseling programs can help to lessen the burden of genetic diseases in endogamous communities . Genetic education programs directed at high - school students have been successful in Middle Eastern countries such as Bahrain . Genetic counseling in developing countries has been hampered , however , by lack of trained staff , and couples may refuse prenatal diagnosis and selective abortion despite the endorsement of religious authorities . In Britain , the Human Genetics Commission recommends a strategy comparable with previous strategies in dealing with increased maternal age , notably as this age relates to an increased risk of Down Syndrome . All pregnant women in Britain are offered a screening test from the government - run national health service to identify those at an increased risk of having a baby with Down syndrome . The HGC states that similarly , it is appropriate to offer genetic counseling to consanguineous couples , preferably before they conceive , in order to establish the precise risk of a genetic abnormality in offspring . Under this system the offering of genetic counseling can be refused , unlike , for example , in the US state of Maine where genetic counseling is mandatory to obtain a marriage license for first cousins . Leading researcher Alan Bittles also concluded that though consanguinity clearly has a significant effect on childhood mortality and genetic disease in areas where it is common , it is `` essential that the levels of expressed genetic defect be kept in perspective , and to realize that the outcome of consanguineous marriages is not subject to assessment solely in terms of comparative medical audit '' . He states that the social , cultural , and economic benefits of cousin marriage also need to be fully considered . Fertility ( edit ) Higher total fertility rates are reported for cousin marriages than average , a phenomenon noted as far back as George Darwin during the late 19th century . There is no significant difference in the number of surviving children in cousin marriages because this compensates for the observed increase in child mortality . The total fertility increase may be partly explained by the lower average parental age at marriage , and age at first birth , observed in consanguineous marriages . Other factors include shorter birth intervals and possibly a lower likelihood of using reliable contraception . There is also the possibility of more births as a compensation for increased child mortality , either via a conscious decision by parents to achieve a set family size or the cessation of lactational amenorrhea following the death of an infant . According to a recent paper the fertility difference is probably not due to any underlying biological effect . In Iceland , where marriages between second and third cousins were common , in part due to limited selection , studies show higher fertility rates . Earlier papers claimed that increased sharing of human leukocyte antigens , as well as of deleterious recessive genes expressed during pregnancy , may lead to lower rates of conception and higher rates of miscarriage in consanguineous couples . Others now believe there is scant evidence for this unless the genes are operating very early in the pregnancy . Studies consistently show a lower rate of primary infertility in cousin marriages , usually interpreted as being due to greater immunological compatibility between spouses . Famous cousin marriages ( edit ) Main article : List of coupled cousins Cousin marriages in the United Kingdom include Charles Darwin , Queen Victoria and John Granville Harkness . In royalty , marriage between cousins was common . King Phillip II of Spain , also husband of Queen Mary I of England , had first married his first cousin on both sides , Maria Manuela , Princess of Portugal . Famous cousin marriages in the United States include Edgar Allan Poe , Franklin D. Roosevelt , Albert Einstein , and Jerry Lee Lewis . In Latin America , famous figures who married their cousin include prominent author and 2010 Nobel Prize laureate Mario Vargas Llosa , and former Peruvian beauty queen Marina Mora . Oscar - winning Indian filmmaker Satyajit Ray married his first cousin . See also ( edit ) Affinity ( canon law ) Cousin marriage in the Middle East Cousin marriage in the United States Cousin marriage law in the United States by state Endogamy Genetic sexual attraction Jewish views on incest List of coupled cousins Mahram Pedigree collapse Prohibited degree of kinship Westermarck effect References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Surprising Truth About Cousins and Marriage '' . 14 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Paul , Diane B. ; Spencer , Hamish G. ( 23 December 2008 ) . `` '' It 's Ok , We 're Not Cousins by Blood `` : The Cousin Marriage Controversy in Historical Perspective '' . PLOS Biology . 6 ( 12 ) : e320 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 0060320 -- via PLoS Journals . Jump up ^ `` Final Thoughts '' . Cousin Couples . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brandon Keim ( 23 December 2008 ) . `` Cousin Marriage OK by Science '' . Wired . ^ Jump up to : Saletan , William ( 10 April 2002 ) . `` The Love That Dare Not Speak Its Surname '' -- via Slate . ^ Jump up to : Kershaw , Sarah ( 26 November 2009 ) . `` Shaking Off the Shame '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Ottenheimer , Martin ( 1996 ) . `` Chapter 5 '' . Forbidden Relatives : The American Myth of Cousin Marriage . University of Illinois . Jump up ^ `` When Incest Is Best : Kissing Cousins Have More Kin '' . Scientific American . 8 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Go Ahead , Kiss Your Cousin - DiscoverMagazine.com '' . Jump up ^ Bittles and Black 2009 Jump up ^ Ottenheimer 1996 , pp. 58 , 92 Jump up ^ Freire - Maia 1957 Jump up ^ Bittles 1994 , p. 563 ^ Jump up to : The National 2009 ^ Jump up to : Bittles 2000 ^ Jump up to : Bittles , Alan H. ( May 2001 ) . A Background Summary of Consanguineous Marriage ( PDF ) ( Technical report ) . Edith Cowan University . ^ Jump up to : Bittles 1994 , p. 567 Jump up ^ Bittles and Black 2009 , Section 7 Jump up ^ `` Index of / ~ omar '' . www-personal.ksu.edu . Jump up ^ Ottenheimer . p. 111 . ^ Jump up to : Ottenheimer , Martin ( 1996 ) . `` Chapter 2 '' . Forbidden Relatives : The American Myth of Cousin Marriage . University of Illinois . ^ Jump up to : Ottenheimer , Martin ( 1996 ) . `` Chapter 3 '' . Forbidden Relatives : The American Myth of Cousin Marriage . University of Illinois . ^ Jump up to : Bittles and Black 2009 , Section 2 Jump up ^ Constance Bouchard , Those of My Blood : Creating Noble Families in Medieval Francia ( Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press , 2001 ) , p. 40 Jump up ^ Constance B. Bouchard , ' Consanguinity and Noble Marriages in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries ' , Speculum , Vol. 56 , No. 2 ( April 1981 ) , pp. 269 -- 70 Jump up ^ Constance B. Bouchard , ' Consanguinity and Noble Marriages in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries ' , Speculum , Vol. 56 , No. 2 ( April 1981 ) , pp. 270 , 271 Jump up ^ `` Lateran 4 - 1215 '' . www.ewtn.com . Jump up ^ John W. Baldwin , The Language of Sex : Five Voices from Northern France around 1200 ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1994 ) , p. 78 ^ Jump up to : Constance B. Bouchard , ' Consanguinity and Noble Marriages in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries ' , Speculum , Vol. 56 , No. 2 ( April 1981 ) , p. 270 ^ Jump up to : James A. Brundage , Law , Sex , and Christian Society in Medieval Europe ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1995 ) , p. 356 Jump up ^ Other examples are : Leopold I , Holy Roman Emperor and Margarita , William III and Mary II , Philippe I and Henrietta , Frederick William I of Prussia and Sophia Dorothea , Christian VII of Denmark and Caroline Matilda , George IV and Caroline , Albert and Queen Victoria , Prince Henry of Prussia and Princess Irene , Olav V of Norway and Princess Märtha , Ernest Louis and Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha , who also married Kirill Vladimirovich , another first cousin . Jump up ^ Ottenheimer 1996 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Ottenheimer . p. 81 . Jump up ^ `` There 's nothing wrong with cousins getting married , scientists say '' . 24 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Darwin 1875 . Jump up ^ Ottenheimer . p. 84 Jump up ^ Jones , Steve ( 19 January 2009 ) . `` ' We ought to be exterminated ' '' . London : The Guardian . Jump up ^ Ottenheimer , Martin ( 1996 ) . `` Chapter 4 '' . Forbidden Relatives : The American Myth of Cousin Marriage . University of Illinois . Jump up ^ `` Kissin ' cousins meant health problems for Charles Darwin 's children , researchers say '' . 5 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Ottenheimer 1996 , p. 63 Jump up ^ Grubbs 2002 , p. 163 Jump up ^ Goody 1983 , pp. 51 -- 2 ^ Jump up to : Shaw 1984 Jump up ^ Patterson 1998 , p. 98 Jump up ^ Goody 1983 , p. 45 Jump up ^ Goody 1983 , p. 44 Jump up ^ Westermarck 1921 , Vol. 2 , p. 101 Jump up ^ Dawson 1915 , p. 143 Jump up ^ Chen 1932 , pp. 628 -- 9 Jump up ^ Feng 1967 , p. 37 Jump up ^ Feng 1967 , p. 44 Jump up ^ Feng 1967 , p. 38 Jump up ^ Chen 1932 , pp. 650 -- 1 ^ Jump up to : Feng 1967 , p. 43 ^ Jump up to : Chen 1932 , p. 630 Jump up ^ Hsu 1945 , p. 91 ^ Jump up to : Zhaoxiang 2001 , p. 353 Jump up ^ Zhaoxiang 2001 , p. 355 Jump up ^ Zhaoxiang 2001 , p. 356 -- 57 Jump up ^ Goody , Marriage and the Family in Europe Jump up ^ Patai Jump up ^ Meriwether Jump up ^ Holy , also Patai , p. 140 Jump up ^ Patai , Golden River to Golden Road , 145 -- 153 ^ Jump up to : Patai 153 -- 161 Jump up ^ Patai 166 Jump up ^ Meriwether p. 135 Jump up ^ Patai 141 Jump up ^ Women in Ancient Persia , 559 -- 331 BC By Maria Brosius , p. 68 Jump up ^ Givens 1994 Jump up ^ Patai , The Myth of the Jewish Race , `` Cousin Marriage '' Jump up ^ Holy , 110 -- 17 Jump up ^ Holy , 118 -- 20 Jump up ^ Holy , 120 -- 7 Jump up ^ Holy , Chapter 2 Jump up ^ Patai 144 -- 145 Jump up ^ Patai 173 -- 75 Jump up ^ Tadmour 2009 ( Table 1 ) . Jump up ^ Tadmour , Ghazi O. ; Pratibha Nair1 ; Tasneem Obeid1 ; Mahmoud T Al Ali1 ; Najib Al Khaja1 ; Hanan A Hamamy ( 2009 ) . `` Consanguinity and reproductive health among Arabs '' . Reproductive Health . 6 ( 17 ) : 17 . doi : 10.1186 / 1742 - 4755 - 6 - 17 . PMC 2765422 . PMID 19811666 . Jump up ^ Korotayev A. V. Parallel Cousin ( FBD ) Marriage , Islamization , and Arabization / / Ethnology 39 / 4 ( 2000 ) : 395 -- 407 . Jump up ^ Bittles 1994 , p. 565 Jump up ^ CIA 2010 Jump up ^ Swanson Jump up ^ Karo 1982 , p. 268 Jump up ^ Karo 1982 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Karo 1982 , p. 264 Jump up ^ Karo 1982 , pp. 102 -- 103 Jump up ^ Suberu 2001 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Scott - Emuakpor 1974 Jump up ^ Schwimmer 2003 Jump up ^ Crummey 1983 , p. 207 Jump up ^ Crummey 1983 , p. 213 Jump up ^ Abbink 1998 , p. 113 Jump up ^ Abbink 1998 , pp. 112 , 118 Jump up ^ Ethiopian Census 2007 Jump up ^ Save the Children USA 2007 , pp. 6 -- 8 ^ Jump up to : Bittles 2009 Jump up ^ Hajnal 1963 , p. 135 Jump up ^ Freire - Maia 1957 , p. 286 Jump up ^ Freire - Maia 1957 , p. 292 Jump up ^ See Article 809 of the Korean Civil Code and `` THE FIRST TEN YEARS OF THE KOREAN CONSTITUTIONAL COURT '' ( PDF ) . Constitutional Court of Korea : 242 ( p. 256 of the PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Family Code of the Philippines . Article 38 . ^ Jump up to : Bittles 1991 , p. 780 Jump up ^ Hannah Beech Nanliang . In Rural China , It 's a Family Affair . Time . 27 May 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Marriage Law of the People 's Republic of China '' . Marriage Law of the People 's Republic of China . Consulate - General of the People 's Republic of China in New York . 14 November 2003 . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Marriage and Family Law '' . Ministry of Justice ( Vietnam ) . Retrieved 28 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Francis I. ; K. Hsu ( 28 October 2009 ) . `` OBSERVATIONS ON CROSS-COUSIN MARRIAGE IN CHINA '' . American Anthropologist . 47J ( 1 ) : 83 -- 103 . doi : 10.1525 / aa. 1945.47. 1.02 a00050 . Jump up ^ `` Global prevalence tables - ConsangWiki - Consang.net '' . www.consang.net . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Hammami , Abdelmajid ; Elgazzeh , Mohamed ; Chalbi , Noureddine ; Mansour , Ben Abdallah ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` ( Endogamy and consanguinity in Mauritania ) '' . La Tunisie Medicale. 83 ( 1 ) : 38 -- 42 . ISSN 0041 - 4131 . PMID 15881720 . ^ Jump up to : Srinivas , Mysore Narasimhachar ( 1980 ) . India : Social Structure . Delhi : Hindustan Publishing Corporation . p. 55 . Jump up ^ Bittles 1991 , p. 791 Jump up ^ http://lawcommissionofindia.nic.in/reports/report212.pdf Jump up ^ Dhavendra Kumar . Genetic Disorders of the Indian Subcontinent . Kluwer Academic Publishers : AA Dordrecht , Netherlands , 2000 . 127 . Jump up ^ W.H.R. Rivers . `` The Marriage of Cousins in India . '' Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland . 1907 . Jump up ^ Arthur P. Wolf , Inbreeding , Incest , and the Incest Taboo The State of Knowledge at the Turn of the Century , Stanford University Press ( 2005 ) , p. 46 Jump up ^ `` India - Marriage '' . countrystudies.us . ^ Jump up to : `` Global prevalence tables '' . www.consang.net . ^ Jump up to : Dr. Alan Bittles ; Dr. Michael Black . `` Global prevalence '' . consang.net . Jump up ^ Dr. Alan Bittles . `` Consanguineous Marriage in Asia '' ( PDF ) . consang.net . Jump up ^ Bener and Hussain 2006 , p. 377 Jump up ^ Dr. Ahmad Teebi . `` Marriages among cousins increasing in UAE '' . Khaleejtimes . Jump up ^ Holy p. 6 Jump up ^ Holy , p. 66 Jump up ^ Holý , Ladislav ( 1989 ) . Kinship , honour , and solidarity : cousin marriage in the Middle East . Manchester University Press . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 2890 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Can cousin marriages be banned ? '' . Jump up ^ Shaw 2001 , p. 322 ^ Jump up to : Shami , Schmitt & Bittles 1989 . Jump up ^ Ottenheimer 1996 , p. 90 Jump up ^ `` Facts About Cousin Marriage . '' Cousin Couples . Jump up ^ Wolfson , Evan ( 2004 ) . Why marriage matters : America , equality , and gay people 's right to marry . Simon & Schuster . p. 256 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 6458 - 7 . Jump up ^ U.S. Census . `` Race of Wife by Race of Husband : 1960 , 1970 , 1980 , 1991 , and 1992 . '' 5 July 1994 . Jump up ^ Paul and Spencer . Jump up ^ TPT St. Paul . `` Quotes for Inspiration . '' June 25 , 2009 . Archived 6 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Wake . Vol. 3 , Issue 8 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` BILL INFO - 2000 Regular Session - HB 459 '' . mlis.state.md.us . Jump up ^ `` Steve Chapman . `` Keeping Marriage in the Family . '' `` . Jump up ^ C.S.H.B. 3006 . Texas Legislature 79 ( R ) . Jump up ^ Plocek , Keith ( 27 April 2006 ) . `` Big Love , Texas - Style '' . Jump up ^ `` Bill takes aim at polygamists '' . www.dentonrc.com . Jump up ^ Writer , NATALIE GOTT Associated Press . `` Lawmaker files bill raising age of marriage consent '' . Jump up ^ `` Trish Choate . `` FLDS TRIAL : All eyes still on Jessop , for now '' . St. Angelo Standard - Times . Jump up ^ `` 85th Texas Legislature : News , issues , commentary & more '' . Jump up ^ `` PENAL CODE CHAPTER 25 . OFFENSES AGAINST THE FAMILY '' . www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Jump up ^ N.C. Gen. Stat. § 51 -- 3 ( West 2009 ) . Jump up ^ `` State Laws Regarding Marriages Between First Cousins '' . National Conference of State Legislatures . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ US State Laws , cousincouples.com . Jump up ^ `` No 10 steps back from cousins row . '' BBC News . 11 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` War in medical community over cousin marriage . '' inthenews.co.uk. 30 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Emma Wilkinson . `` Cousin marriage : Is it a health risk ? '' BBC News . 16 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Aamra Darr . `` Cousin marriage is a social choice : it need n't be a problem . '' The Guardian . 2 December 2005 . Jump up ^ `` National Society of Genetic Counselors : NSGC Home Page '' . www.nsgc.org . Jump up ^ Bittles 1994 , p. 570 Jump up ^ Bittles 1994 , p. 577 Jump up ^ Ottenheimer . p. 139 . Jump up ^ Elementary Structures of Kinship , Chapter 9 , pp. 119 -- 20 Jump up ^ Elementary Structures of Kinship , Chapter 9 , p. 122 Jump up ^ Spiro , Melford E ( 1968 ) . `` 10 '' . In Manners , Robert Alan ; Kaplan , David . Theory in anthropology : a source - book . Routledge & Kegan Paul Books . pp. 105 , 107 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7100 - 6172 - 0 . Jump up ^ Claude Lévi - Strauss , Les structures élémentaires de la parenté , Paris , Mouton , 1967 , 2ème édition . Jump up ^ Leach 1951 , pp. 51 -- 53 Jump up ^ Murphy and Kasdan , pp. 17 -- 18 Jump up ^ Murphy and Kasdan , pp. 19 -- 20 Jump up ^ Murphy and Kasdan , p. 22 Jump up ^ Murphy and Kasdan , pp. 27 -- 28 Jump up ^ Woodley , Michael A. ; Edward Bell ( 2013 ) . `` Consanguinity as a Major Predictor of Levels of Democracy : A Study of 70 Nations '' . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology . 44 ( 2 ) : 263 -- 280 . doi : 10.1177 / 0022022112443855 . Jump up ^ Sailer , Steve ( Jan 2003 ) . McConnell , Scott , ed . `` Cousin Marriage Conundrum '' . The American Conservative : 20 -- 22 . Jump up ^ `` Code of Canon Law - IntraText '' . www.vatican.va . ^ Jump up to : John P. Beal , James A. Coriden and Thomas J. Green . New Commentary on the Code of Canon Law . Mahwah , NJ : Paulist Press , 2000 . 1293 . Jump up ^ Howard , G.E. ( 1904 ) . A History of Matrimonial Institutions . 1 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . p. 291 . Jump up ^ Goody , Jack ( 1983 ) . The Development of the Family and Marriage in Europe . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 59 . Jump up ^ Gies , Joseph ; Gies , Frances ( 1983 ) . Marriage and the Family in the Middle Ages . New York : Harper and Row . Jump up ^ `` Can . 108 '' . The Holy See . Archived from the original on 15 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Amy Strickland . `` An Afternoon With Amy Strickland , JCL . '' Cousin Couples. 4 February 2001 . Accessed December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA : Heli ( Eli ) '' . Retrieved 6 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Goody 1983 , p. 53 ^ Jump up to : Andrey Korotayev . `` Parallel - Cousin ( FBD ) Marriage , Islamization , and Arabization . '' Ethnology , Vol. 39 , No. 4 , pp. 395 -- 407 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter ( 33 ) sūrat l - aḥzāb ( The Combined Forces ) '' . corpus.quran.com . Jump up ^ Watt , Muhammad at Medina , p. 330 Jump up ^ History of the Prophets and Kings 4 / 199 by Muhammad ibn Jarir al - Tabari Jump up ^ al - Bidayah wa al - Nihayah 6 / 352 by ibn Kathir Jump up ^ See : Fatimah bint Muhammad Archived 28 May 2009 at Archive.is . MSA West Compendium of Muslim Texts . `` Fatimah '' , Encyclopaedia of Islam . Brill Online . Jump up ^ Nasr , Seyyed Hossein . `` Ali '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Retrieved 12 October 2007 . Jump up ^ زواج الأقارب ... وما يثار حوله من شبهات وأخطار -- إسلام ويب -- مركز الفتوى ( in Arabic ) . Islamweb , Fatwa Center . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ موقع الإسلام سؤال وجواب -- زواج الأقارب وحديث : ( غربوا النكاح ) ( in Arabic ) . Islam Q&A . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hindu Marriage Act , 1955 '' . Government of Punjab : Department of Revenue , Rehabilitation and Disaster Management . Retrieved 27 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Vashisht , Dinker ( 20 July 2009 ) . `` Haryana panchayat takes on govt over same - gotra marriage '' . The Indian Express Limited . Jump up ^ Chowdhry 2004 Jump up ^ Christopher Bayly , Townsmen and Bazaars : North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion , 1770 -- 1870 , p. 49 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Do 2006 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Indrajit Bandyopadhyay ( 29 October 2008 ) . `` A Study In Folk `` Mahabharata '' : How Balarama Became Abhimanyu 's Father - in - law `` . Epic India : A New Arts & Culture Magazine Jump up ^ Higgins , W. `` Buddhist Sexual Ethics '' . BuddhaNet Magazine . Retrieved 15 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Zoroastrians - Marriage and Family '' . World Culture Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ `` Marriage and Family Encyclopedia '' . JRank . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Connor , Steve ( 24 December 2008 ) . `` There 's nothing wrong with cousins getting married , scientists say '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Bittles , A.H. ( May 2001 ) . `` A Background Background Summary of Consaguineous marriage '' ( PDF ) . consang.net consang.net . Retrieved 19 January 2010 . , citing Bittles , A.H. ; Neel , J.V. ( 1994 ) . `` The costs of human inbreeding and their implications for variation at the DNA level '' . Nature Genetics . 8 ( 2 ) : 117 -- 121 . doi : 10.1038 / ng1094 - 117 . PMID 7842008 . Jump up ^ Connor , Steve ( 24 December 2008 ) . `` There 's nothing with cousins getting married , scientists say '' . London : The Independent . Jump up ^ Bittles 1994 , p. 572 , 574 Jump up ^ Bittles 1994 , p. 572 Jump up ^ Hostetler 1963 , p. 330 Jump up ^ McKay 2005 Jump up ^ Dougherty 2005 Jump up ^ Reuters 2007 Jump up ^ Fareed , M ; Afzal M ( 2014 ) . `` Evidence of inbreeding depression on height , weight , and body mass index : a population - based child cohort '' . American Journal of Human Biology . 26 ( 6 ) : 784 -- 795 . doi : 10.1002 / ajhb. 22599 . PMID 25130378 . Jump up ^ Fareed , M ; Afzal M ( 2014 ) . `` Estimating the inbreeding depression on cognitive behavior : a population based study of child cohort '' . PLoS ONE . 9 ( 10 ) : e109585 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0109585 . PMC 4196914 . PMID 25313490 . Jump up ^ Fareed , M ; Afzal M ( 2016 ) . `` Increased cardiovascular risks associated with familial inbreeding : a population - based study of adolescent cohort '' . Annals of Epidemiology. 26 ( 4 ) : 283 -- 292 . doi : 10.1016 / j. annepidem. 2016.03. 001 . PMID 27084548 . ^ Jump up to : Bittles and Black , 2009 , Section 6 Jump up ^ Bittles 1994 , p. 575 Jump up ^ Rowlatt , J , ( 2005 ) `` The risks of cousin marriage '' , BBC Newsnight . Accessed 28 January 2007 Jump up ^ Bittles 1994 , p. 576 Jump up ^ Lefort , Rebecca ( 22 August 2010 ) . `` 700 children born with genetic disabilities due to cousin marriages every year '' -- via www.telegraph.co.uk . Jump up ^ Bittles and Black , 2009 , Section 5 Jump up ^ `` Statement on cousins who marry '' , Human Genetics Commission . Accessed 1 November 2009 Jump up ^ Bittles 1994 , p. 579 Jump up ^ Bittles and Black , 2009 , Section 4 Jump up ^ Bittles 1994 , p. 578 Jump up ^ Bittles 1994 , p. 793 Jump up ^ Bittles 1994 , p. 790 Jump up ^ Bittles 1994 , p. 571 Jump up ^ Hussein , R. ; Bittles , A.H. ( 1999 ) , Consanguineous marriage and differentials in age at marriage , contraceptive use and fertility in Pakistan , Journal of Biosocial Science , pp. 121 -- 138 Jump up ^ Third Cousins Have Greatest Number Of Offspring , Data From Iceland Shows , Science Daily , 7 February 2008 Jump up ^ Bittles 1994 , pp. 568 -- 569 Jump up ^ Elizabeth Price Foley ( 2006 ) . Liberty for all : reclaiming individual privacy in a new era of public morality . Yale University Press . p. 97 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 10983 - 2 ... Jump up ^ Williams , Raymond L. ( 2001 ) . Vargas Llosa : otra historia de un deicidio . Mexico : Taurus . p. 540 . ISBN 968 - 19 - 0814 - 7 ... Jump up ^ Marina Mora se casa con su primo hermano Archived 27 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . ( 31 July 2005 ) , terra.com.pe . Further reading ( edit ) Abbink , Jon ( Dec 1998 ) . `` An Historical - Anthropological Approach to Islam in Ethiopia : Issues of Identity and Politics '' . Journal of African Cultural Studies . Taylor & Francis , Ltd. 11 ( 2 ) : 109 -- 124 . doi : 10.1080 / 13696819808717830 . JSTOR 1771876 . Baba of Karo ; Smith , Mary Felice ( 1981 ) . Baba of Karo . Yale University . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 02741 - 9 . Bener , Abdulbari ; Hussain , Rafat ( 2006 ) . `` Consanguineous Unions and Child Health in the State of Qatar '' . Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology . Blackwell Publishing . 20 ( 5 ) : 372 -- 378 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3016.2006. 00750. x . PMID 16911015 . Bittles , Alan H. ; et al. ( 10 May 1991 ) . `` Reproductive Behavior and Health in Consanguineous Marriages '' . Science . AAAS. 252 ( 5007 ) : 789 -- 794 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 2028254 . PMID 2028254 . Bittles , Alan H. ( September 1994 ) . `` The Role and Significance of Consanguinity as a Demographic Variable '' . Population and Development Review . Population Council . 20 ( 3 ) : 561 -- 584 . doi : 10.2307 / 2137601 . JSTOR 2137601 . Bittles , Alan ; Hussain , Rafat ( 2000 ) . `` An analysis of consanguineous marriage in the Muslim population of India at regional and state levels '' . Annals of Human Biology . Population Council . 27 ( 2 ) : 163 -- 171 . doi : 10.1080 / 030144600282271 . PMID 10768421 . Bittles , Alan ( 2009 ) . `` Commentary : The background and outcomes of the first - cousin marriage controversy in Great Britain '' . International Journal of Epidemiology. 38 ( 6 ) : 1453 -- 1458 . doi : 10.1093 / ije / dyp313 . PMID 19926668 . Bittles , Alan ; Black , Michael ( Sep 2009 ) . `` Consanguinity , human evolution , and complex diseases '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 107 ( suppl 1 ) : 1779 -- 1786 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0906079106 . PMC 2868287 . PMID 19805052 . Retrieved 13 February 2010 . Bittles , Alan ( 2009 ) . `` Tables of the global prevalence of consanguinity '' . consang.net . Retrieved 8 February 2010 . `` Census of India , Population by Religious Communities '' . Census of India . Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner , India . 2001 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . Chen , T.S. ; Shryock , J.K. ( Oct -- Dec 1932 ) . `` Chinese Relationship Terms '' . American Anthropologist . Blackwell Publishing . 34 ( 4 ) : 623 -- 669 . doi : 10.1525 / aa. 1932.34. 4.02 a00080 . JSTOR 662675 . `` Nigeria '' . The CIA World Factbook . US Central Intelligence Agency . 15 January 2010 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . Crummey , Donald ( 1983 ) . `` Family and Property amongst the Amhara Nobility '' . The Journal of African History . Cambridge University Press . 24 ( 2 ) : 207 -- 220 . doi : 10.1017 / S0021853700021940 . JSTOR 181641 . Darwin , George H ( 1875 ) . `` Marriages between first cousins in England and their effects '' . Journal of the Statistical Society . XXXVIII Part II : 153 -- 184 . JSTOR 2338660 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Dawson , Miles Menander , ed. ( 1915 ) . `` The Family '' . The Ethics of Confucius . New York : Putnam . Đõ , Quý Toàn ; Iyer , Sriya ; Joshi , Shareen ( 2006 ) . The Economics of Consanguineous Marriages . World Bank , Development Research Group , Poverty Team . Dougherty , John ( 29 December 2005 ) . `` Forbidden Fruit '' . Phoenix New Times . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . Dyson , Tim ; Moore , Mick ( Mar 1983 ) . `` On Kinship Structure , Female Autonomy , and Demographic Behavior in India '' . Population and Development Review . Population Council . 9 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 60 . doi : 10.2307 / 1972894 . JSTOR 1972894 . `` 2007 Census '' ( PDF ) . Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 February 2012 . Feng , Han - yi ( 1967 ) . The Chinese Kinship System . Cambridge : Harvard . Freire - Maia , Newton ( Dec 1957 ) . `` Inbreeding in Brazil '' . Am. J. Hum . Genet . Rockefeller Foundation . 9 ( 4 ) : 284 -- 298 . PMC 1932014 . PMID 13497997 . Givens , Benjamin P. ; Hirschman , Charles ( November 1994 ) . `` Modernization and Consanguineous Marriage in Iran '' . Journal of Marriage and Family . National Council on Family Relations . 56 ( 4 ) : 820 -- 834 . doi : 10.2307 / 353595 . JSTOR 353595 . Goody , Jack ( 1983 ) . The development of the family and marriage in Europe . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Grubbs , Judith Evans ( 2002 ) . Women and the law in the Roman Empire . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 15240 - 2 . Retrieved 13 February 2010 . Hajnal , J. ; et al. ( 10 December 1963 ) . `` Concepts of Random Mating and the Frequency of Consanguineous Marriages '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences . The Royal Society . 159 ( 974 ) : 125 -- 177 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 1963.0071 . Holý , Ladislav ( 1989 ) . Kinship , honour , and solidarity : cousin marriage in the Middle East . Manchester University Press ND . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 2890 - 8 . Hostetler , John Andrew ( 1993 ) . Amish Society . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 4442 - 3 . Hsu , Francis L.K. ( Jan -- Mar 1945 ) . `` Observations on Cross-Cousin Marriage in China '' . American Anthropologist . Blackwell Publishing . 47 ( 1 ) : 83 -- 103 . doi : 10.1525 / aa. 1945.47. 1.02 a00050 . JSTOR 663208 . Leach , Edmund ( 2009 ) . `` The Structural Implications of Matrilateral Cross-Cousin Marriage '' . The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute . Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland . 1 / 2 ( 6 ) : 23 -- 55 . JSTOR 2844015 . `` Marriage Law of the People 's Republic of China '' . Marriage Law of the People 's Republic of China . Consulate - General of the People 's Republic of China in New York . 14 November 2003 . Retrieved 21 June 2010 . McKay , Mary Jayne ( 8 June 2005 ) . `` Genetic Disorders Hit Amish Hard '' . CBS . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . Meriwether , Margaret Lee ( 1999 ) . The kin who count : family and society in Ottoman Aleppo , 1770 -- 1840 . University of Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 75224 - 5 . Murphy , Robert F. ; Kasdan , Leonard ( Feb 1959 ) . `` The Structure of Parallel Cousin Marriage '' . American Anthropologist . Blackwell Publishing . 61 ( 1 ) : 17 -- 29 . doi : 10.1525 / aa. 1959.61. 1.02 a00040 . JSTOR 666210 . Ottenheimer , Martin ( 1996 ) . Forbidden Relatives : The American Myth of Cousin Marriage . Chicago : University of Illinois Press . Patterson , Cynthia B. ( 1998 ) . The Family in Greek History . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 29270 - 7 . Prem , Chowdhry ( 2004 ) . `` Consanguineous Unions and Child Health in the State of Qatar '' . Modern Asian Studies . Cambridge University Press . 38 ( 1 ) : 55 -- 84 . Qin , Zhaoxiong ( 22 September 2001 ) . `` Rethinking Cousin Marriage in Rural China '' . Ethnology . University of Pittsburgh . 40 ( 4 ) : 347 -- 360 . doi : 10.2307 / 3773881 . JSTOR 3773881 . `` Polygamist community faces genetic disorder '' . Reuters. 15 June 2007 . Archived from the original on 13 December 2010 . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . `` Learning from Children , Families , and Communities to Increase Girls ' Participation in Primary School ( Ethiopia ) '' ( PDF ) . Save the Children USA . 31 July 2007 . Retrieved 8 February 2010 . Schwimmer , Brian ( September 2003 ) . `` Census of India , Population by Religious Communities '' . Kinship and Social Organization . Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner , India . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . Scott - Emuakpori , Ajovi B. ( 1974 ) . `` The Mutation Load in an African Population '' . Am J Hum Genet. 26 ( 2 ) : 674 -- 682 . Shami , SA ; Schmitt , LH ; Bittles , AH ( 1989 ) . `` Consanguinity related prenatal and postnatal mortality of the populations of seven Pakistani Punjab cities '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Medical Genetics . 26 : 267 -- 271 . doi : 10.1136 / jmg. 26.4. 267 . PMC 1017301 . PMID 2716036 . Retrieved 26 Apr 2016 . Shaw , Brent ; Saller , Richard ( September 1984 ) . `` Close - Kin Marriage in Roman Society ? '' . Man , New Series . Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland . 19 ( 3 ) : 432 -- 444 . JSTOR 2802181 . Shaw , Alison ( 2009 ) . `` Kinship , Cultural Preference and Immigration : Consanguineous Marriage among British Pakistanis '' . The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute . Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland . 7 ( 2 ) : 315 -- 334 . doi : 10.1111 / 1467 - 9655.00065 . JSTOR 2661225 . Suberu , Rotimi T. ( 2001 ) . Federalism and ethnic conflict in Nigeria . Washington , DC : Endowment of the United States Institute of Peace . ISBN 978 - 1 - 929223 - 28 - 2 . Swanson , Eleanor C. ; Robert O. Lagace . `` Hausa '' . Ethnographic Atlas . Centre for Social Anthropology and Computing , University of Kent at Canterbury . Retrieved 8 February 2010 . `` Marriages between cousins has become more common in the UAE '' . khaleejtimes. 20 November 2009 . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . Westermarck , Edward ( 1922 ) . The History of Human Marriage . New York : Allerton Book Co . External links ( edit ) Look up cousincest in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Consanguinity / Endogamy Resource by Dr. Alan Bittles and Dr. Michael Black Shaking Off the Shame by Sarah Kershaw for the New York Times Forbidden Fruit by John Dougherty hide Incest Type Accidental incest Avunculate marriage Child incestuous abuse Consanguine marriage Cousin marriage notable cases in the Middle East Covert incest Inbreeding Incest between twins Motherfucker Parallel and cross cousins Snokhachestvo Sibling incest Laws regarding incest Article 809 of the Korean Civil Code Consanguinity Cousin marriage law in the United States by state Cousin marriage court cases in the United States Mahram Muth v. Frank Laws regarding incest in the United States Prohibited degree of kinship Ten Abominations Culture Incest in the Bible Incest in folklore Incest in popular culture Incest in film and television Incest in literature Incest pornography Incest taboo Jewish views on incest Theory Science Coefficient of relationship Genetic sexual attraction Inbreeding depression Pedigree collapse Psychology Electra complex Jocasta complex Oedipus complex Phaedra complex Westermarck effect Cases Alvarez case Armando Lucero Colt clan incest case Fritzl case Goler clan Maria Ersdotter Moe incest case Mongelli case Patrick Stübing Sheffield incest case GND : 4340881 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cousin_marriage&oldid=844912136 '' Categories : Marriage Incest Cousin couples Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template archiveis links CS1 uses Arabic - language script ( ar ) CS1 Arabic - language sources ( ar ) Use dmy dates from August 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2012 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2011 Articles to be expanded from March 2010 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Interlanguage link template link number Articles lacking reliable references from April 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from December 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Simple English తెలుగు اردو 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 June 2018 , at 01 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cousin%20marriage

who was ordered to guard the sword of kings

Swiss Guards

swiss guards

Swiss Guards ( French : Gardes Suisses ; German : Schweizergarde ) are the Swiss soldiers who have served as guards at foreign European courts since the late 15th century .

Foreign military service was outlawed by the revised Swiss Federal Constitution of 1874 , with the only exception being the Pontifical Swiss Guard ( Latin : Pontificia Cohors Helvetica , Cohors Pedestris Helvetiorum a Sacra Custodia Pontificis ; Italian : Guardia Svizzera Pontificia ) stationed in Vatican City . The modern Papal Swiss Guard serves as both a ceremonial unit and a bodyguard . Established in 1506 , it is one of the oldest military units in the world . The earliest Swiss guard unit to be established on a permanent basis was the Hundred Swiss ( Cent Suisses ) , which served at the French court from 1490 to 1817 . This small force was complemented in 1567 by a Swiss Guards regiment . In the 18th and early 19th centuries several other Swiss Guard units existed for periods in various European courts . In addition to small household and palace units , Swiss mercenary regiments have served as regular line troops in various armies ; notably those of France , Spain and Naples ( see Swiss mercenaries ) . They were considered the most effective mercenaries of the 15th century until their battle - drill was improved upon by the German Landsknechte . At the Battle of Marignano ( 1515 ) , the Landsknecht in French service defeated the Swiss pikemen . Contents ( hide ) 1 In France 1.1 Hundred Swiss ( Cent Suisses ) 1.2 Swiss Guards ( Gardes Suisses ) 1.3 During the Revolution 1.4 Following the Restoration 2 Pontifical Swiss Guard 3 In other European states 4 Swiss constitutional prohibition 5 In popular culture 6 See also 7 References 8 External links In France ( edit ) Grenadier of the Swiss Guard in France , 1779 There were two different corps of Swiss mercenaries performing guard duties for the Kings of France : the Hundred Swiss ( Cent Suisses ) , serving within the Palace as essentially bodyguards and ceremonial troops , and the Swiss Guards ( Gardes Suisses ) , guarding the entrances and outer perimeter . In addition the Gardes Suisses served in the field as a fighting regiment in times of war . Francis I of France used some 120,000 Swiss mercenaries in the Italian Wars . After the Perpetual Peace of 1516 , a separate Soldbündnis or service pact between the Swiss Confederacy and the kingdom of France was concluded in 1521 , allowing the service of Swiss mercenary regiments as regular parts of the French armed forces . This arrangement outlasted three centuries , with four Swiss regiments participating in the French invasion of Russia in 1812 , foreign military service of Swiss citizens being finally outlawed in 1848 with the formation of Switzerland as a federal state . Hundred Swiss ( Cent Suisses ) ( edit ) The Hundred Swiss were created in 1480 when Louis XI retained a Swiss company for his personal guard . By 1496 they comprised one hundred guardsmen plus about twenty - seven officers and sergeants . Their main role was the protection of the King within the palace as the garde du dedans du Louvre ( the Louvre indoor guard ) , but in the earlier part of their history they accompanied the King to war . In the Battle of Pavia ( 1525 ) the Hundred Swiss of Francis I of France were slain before Francis was captured by the Spanish . The Hundred Swiss shared the indoor guard with the King 's Bodyguards ( Garde du Corps ) , who were Frenchmen . The Hundred Swiss were armed with halberds , the blade of which carried the Royal arms in gold , as well as gold - hilted swords . Their ceremonial dress as worn until 1789 comprised an elaborate 16th century Swiss costume covered with braiding and livery lace . A less ornate dark blue and red uniform with bearskin headdress was worn for ordinary duties . The Cent Suisses company was disbanded after Louis XVI of France left the Palace of Versailles in October 1789 . It was , however , refounded on 15 July 1814 with an establishment of 136 guardsmen and eight officers . The Hundred Swiss accompanied Louis XVIII into exile in Belgium the following year and returned with him to Paris following the Battle of Waterloo . The unit then resumed its traditional role of palace guards at the Tuileries but in 1817 it was replaced by a new guard company drawn from the French regiments of the Royal Guard . Swiss Guards ( Gardes Suisses ) ( edit ) Regimental flag of the Swiss Guards Uniform of the Swiss Guards c. 1750 In 1616 , Louis XIII of France gave a regiment of Swiss infantry the name of Gardes suisses ( Swiss Guards ) . The new regiment had the primary role of protecting the doors , gates and outer perimeters of the various royal palaces . In its early years this unit was officially a regiment of the line , but it was generally regarded as part of the Maison militaire du roi de France . During the 17th and 18th centuries the Swiss Guards maintained a reputation for discipline and steadiness in both peacetime service and foreign campaigning . Their officers were all Swiss and their rate of pay substantially higher than that of the regular French soldiers . Internal discipline was maintained according to Swiss codes which were significantly harsher than those of the regular French Army . By the end of the 17th century the Swiss Guards were formally part of the Maison militaire du roi . As such they were brigaded with the Regiment of French Guards ( Gardes Françaises ) , with whom they shared the outer guard , and were in peace - time stationed in barracks on the outskirts of Paris . Like the eleven Swiss regiments of line infantry in French service , the Gardes suisses wore red coats . The line regiments had black , yellow or light blue facings but the Swiss Guards were distinguished by dark blue lapels and cuffs edged in white embroidery . Only the grenadier company wore bearskins while the other companies wore the standard tricorn headdress of the French infantry . The Guards were recruited from all the Swiss cantons . The nominal establishment was 1,600 men though actual numbers normally seem to have been below this . During the Revolution ( edit ) Massacre of the Swiss Guards Swiss Guards on the grand staircase of the palace during the storming of the Tuileries The most famous episode in the history of the Swiss Guards was their defence of the Tuileries Palace in central Paris during the French Revolution . Of the nine hundred Swiss Guards defending the Palace on 10 August 1792 , about six hundred were killed during the fighting or massacred after surrender . One group of sixty Swiss were taken as prisoners to the Paris City Hall before being killed by the crowd there . An estimated hundred and sixty more died in prison of their wounds , or were killed during the September Massacres that followed . Apart from less than a hundred Swiss who escaped from the Tuileries , some hidden by sympathetic Parisians , the only survivors of the regiment were a three - hundred - strong detachment that had been sent to Normandy to escort grain convoys a few days before 10 August . The Swiss officers were mostly amongst those massacred , although Major Karl Josef von Bachmann in command at the Tuileries was formally tried and guillotined in September , still wearing his red uniform coat . Two Swiss officers , the captains Henri de Salis and Joseph Zimmermann , did however survive and went on to reach senior rank under Napoleon and the Restoration . The Lion Monument in Lucerne . The incised Latin may be translated , To the loyalty and courage of the Swiss . There appears to be no truth in the charge that Louis XVI caused the defeat and destruction of the Guards by ordering them to lay down their arms when they could still have held the Tuileries . Rather , the Swiss ran low on ammunition and were overwhelmed by superior numbers when fighting broke out spontaneously after the Royal Family had been escorted from the Palace to take refuge with the National Assembly . A note has survived written by the King ordering the Swiss to retire from the Palace and return to their barracks but this was only acted on after their position had become untenable . The regimental standards had been secretly buried by the adjutant shortly before the regiment was summoned to the Tuileries on the night of 8 / 9 August , indicating that the likely end was foreseen . They were discovered by a gardener and ceremoniously burned by the new Republican authorities on 14 August . The barracks of the Guard at Courbevoie were stormed by the local National Guard and the few Swiss still on duty there also killed . The heroic but futile stand of the Swiss is commemorated by Bertel Thorvaldsen 's Lion Monument in Lucerne , dedicated in 1821 , which shows a dying lion collapsed upon broken symbols of the French monarchy . An inscription on the monument lists the twenty - six Swiss officers who died on 10 August and 2 -- 3 September 1792 , and records that approximately 760 Swiss Guardsmen were killed on those days . Swiss Guards during the July Revolution Following the Restoration ( edit ) The French Revolution abolished mercenary troops in its citizen army , but Napoleon and the Bourbon Restoration both made use of Swiss troops . Four Swiss infantry regiments were employed by Napoleon , serving in both Spain and Russia . Two of the eight infantry regiments included in the Garde Royale from 1815 to 1830 were Swiss and can be regarded as successors of the old Gardes suisses . When the Tuileries was stormed again , in the July Revolution ( 29 July 1830 ) , the Swiss regiments , fearful of another massacre , were withdrawn or melted into the crowd . They were not used again . In 1831 disbanded veterans of the Swiss regiments and another foreign unit , the Hohenlohe Regiment , were recruited into the newly raised French Foreign Legion for service in Algeria . Pontifical Swiss Guard ( edit ) Main article : Pontifical Swiss Guard The Pontifical Swiss Guard ( German : Päpstliche Schweizergarde ; French : Garde suisse pontificale ; Italian : Guardia Svizzera Pontificia ; Latin : Pontificia Cohors Helvetica or Cohors Pedestris Helvetiorum a Sacra Custodia Pontificis ) is an exception to the Swiss rulings of 1874 and 1927 . A small force maintained by the Holy See , it is responsible for the safety of the Pope , including the security of the Apostolic Palace . The Swiss Guard serves as the de facto military of Vatican City . In other European states ( edit ) Franz Rudolf Frisching , Colonel of the Swiss Guards in the Netherlands , painted by Jean Preudhomme in 1785 The famous red - black Swiss Gate ( Schweizertor ) at the Hofburg Palace , Vienna Swiss Guard units similar to those of France were in existence at several other Royal Courts at the dates indicated below : From 1579 on , a Swiss Guard served the House of Savoy , rulers of Savoy and later the Kingdom of Sardinia . The Guard was dissolved in 1798 . From 1696 to 1713 , a Swiss Guard served at the court of Frederick I of Prussia . a Swiss Guard also existed in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany during the 18th century . a Cent - Suisse unit was in existence from 1730 until 1757 and again from 1763 to 1814 in the Kingdom of Saxony . a similar unit existed from 1734 until 1789 in the Kingdom of Naples . Swiss line infantry regiments continued to serve in the Neapolitan Army until the 1860s . From 1748 until 1796 , a company of Swiss ( Cent - Suisses ) served as a personal guard for the Stadhouder of the Dutch Republic ; besides a Dutch Guard Regiment , there was also a Swiss Guard Regiment . William I , the King of the Netherlands , incorporated four regiments of Swiss infantry in the new Dutch Army between 1814 and 1829 , of which the 4th ( Regiment Swiss nr. 32 ) served as Guard Infantry , until the Swiss regiments were disbanded and new official Guard Regiments of Grenadiers and Jagers were raised . For a brief time ( 1748 -- 1767 ) during the reign of Empress Maria Theresa ( reigned 1740 -- 1780 ) , approximately 250 to 450 soldiers from Switzerland guarded the Hofburg , the winter palace in Vienna . They replaced previous military units that had performed that duty , and were later replaced by others . The oldest courtyard of the palace is still called the `` Swiss Court '' ( Schweizerhof ) in acknowledgement of their 20 - year presence . In Portugal , a Swiss regiment was raised by the Count of Lippe on 12 June 1762 . It comprised two battalions ( commanded by Colonel Gabriel Thorman and Colonel Marcus Saussure ) of 809 men each , consisting of four companies of Swiss troops plus four non-Swiss companies , for a total of 1618 men . Enlistment was for six years , and the soldiers could not be required to serve at sea . Half the soldiers had to be Swiss , while the other half could be made up of Germans and Hungarians . The Portuguese government paid the sum of 2,960,000 reis to raise , arm and equip these two battalions . Colonels paid for their officers . Each soldier earned 4,537 reis per month plus a daily ration of bread . On 22 June 1763 , Colonel Gabriel Thorman was sentenced to imprisonment until he returned funds and property embezzled from his regiment , while Colonel Marcus Saussure was sentenced to death for desertion . The regiment was disbanded on 17 September 1763 by a decree that also ordered the raising of a new Swiss regiment ( the `` Reais Estrangeiros '' or `` Royal Foreigners '' ) , which met a similar fate to its predecessor . Its eight companies comprised ninety soldiers each , plus the superior and inferior officers . It was ordered dissolved in 1765 , and its commander , Colonel Luiz Henrique Graveson , condemned by a council of war to death by hanging . This sentence was commuted to a firing - squad , and the execution was carried out on 15 November 1765 , in Campo de Ourique , on 2 January 1766 . Swiss constitutional prohibition ( edit ) The Swiss constitution , as amended in 1874 , forbade all military capitulations and recruitment of Swiss by foreign powers , although volunteering in foreign armies continued until prohibited outright in 1927 . The Papal Swiss Guard ( see above ) remains an exception to this prohibition , reflecting the unique political status of the Vatican and the bodyguard - like role of the unit . In popular culture ( edit ) When writing Hamlet , Shakespeare assumed ( perhaps relying on his sources ) that the royal house of Denmark employed a Swiss Guard : In Act IV , Scene v ( line 98 ) he has King Claudius exclaim `` Where are my Switzers ? Let them guard the door '' . However , it may also be due to the word `` Swiss '' having become a generic term for a royal guard in popular European usage . Coincidentally , the present - day gatekeepers of the royal palace of Copenhagen are known as schweizere , `` Swiss '' . See also ( edit ) Hohenlohe Regiment Captain D'Agoust Swiss mercenaries References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rene Chartrand : Louis XV 's Army -- Foreign Infantry p. 3 ; ISBN 1 - 85532 - 623 - X Jump up ^ Liliane et Fred Funcken : `` L'Uniforme et les Armes des Soldats de La Guerre en Dentelle '' ; ISBN 2 - 203 - 14315 - 0 Jump up ^ M.J Sydenham , page 111 , `` The French Revolution '' , B.T. Batsford Ltd , 1965 Jump up ^ Jerome Bodin , page 259 , `` Les Suisses au Service de la France '' , ISBN 2 - 226 - 03334 - 3 Jump up ^ Jerome Bodin , page 259 , `` Les Suisses au Service de la France '' , ISBN 2 - 226 - 03334 - 3 Jump up ^ Davin , Didier . Officers and Soldiers of Allied Swiss Troops in French Service 1785 - 1815 . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 35250 - 235 - 7 . Jump up ^ Jerome Bodin , page 259 , `` Les Suisses au Service de la France '' , ISBN 2 - 226 - 03334 - 3 Jump up ^ M.J Sydenham , page 111 , `` The French Revolution '' , B.T. Batsford Ltd , 1965 Jump up ^ `` Lion Monument Inscriptions '' . Glacier Garden , Lucerne . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Porch , Douglas . The French Foreign Legion . A complete History . pp. 3 , 4 , 14 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 58500 - 3 . Jump up ^ Bundesverfassung , Constitution fédérale , 29 May 1874 , AS 1 , RO 1 ( BV 1874 , Cst 1874 ) art . 11 ( Switz . ) . Jump up ^ Philip Haythornthwaite , page 85 `` The French Revolutionary Wars 1789 -- 1802 '' , ISBN 0 - 7137 - 0936 - 7 Jump up ^ `` Obituary of former `` Swiss '' Henry A. Ulstrup `` . Kristeligt Dagblad ( in Danish ) . 28 July 2009 . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . The Swiss ( Schweizeren ) were at that time doormen at the royal palaces and thus the first to receive the royal family 's private and official guests . Henry , P. : Gardes suisses in German , French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland , 2005 - 06 - 08 . Bodin , J. : Les Suisses au Service de la France ; Editions Albion Michael , 1988 . ISBN 2 - 226 - 03334 - 3 . Bertin , P. : Le Fantassin de France ; Service Historique de L'Armee de Terre , 1988 . Philip Mansel , Pillars of Monarchy : An Outline of the Political and Social History of Royal Guards 1400 -- 1984 , ISBN 0 - 7043 - 2424 - 5 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Swiss Guards . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Swiss soldiers in foreign service . Contemporary account of the attack on the Tuileries and the massacre of the Swiss Guards , 10 August 1792 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swiss_Guards&oldid=799191372 '' Categories : Swiss mercenaries Swiss military personnel Guards regiments Hidden categories : CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) Use dmy dates from August 2014 Use British English from August 2014 Articles containing French - language text Articles containing German - language text Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Italian - language text Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Latina Svenska Tagalog ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 6 September 2017 , at 05 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss%20Guards

community theater group to leave detroit home after 64 years

Pontiac Silverdome

pontiac silverdome

December 3 , 2017 ( partially , first attempt unsuccessful )

December 4 , 2017 ( partially , second attempt successful ) Construction cost US $55.7 million ( $253 million in 2017 dollars ) Architect O'Dell / Hewlett & Luckenbach , C. Don Davidson Structural engineer Geiger Berger Associates General contractor Barton Malow Tenants Detroit Lions ( NFL ) ( 1975 -- 2001 ) Detroit Pistons ( NBA ) ( 1978 -- 1988 ) Detroit Express ( NASL ) ( 1978 -- 1980 ) Michigan Panthers ( USFL ) ( 1983 -- 1984 ) Cherry Bowl ( NCAA ) ( 1984 -- 1985 ) Motor City Bowl ( NCAA ) ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Detroit Mechanix ( AUDL ) ( 2012 ) The Pontiac Silverdome , formerly known as the Silverdome , was a stadium in Pontiac , Michigan . It opened in 1975 and sat on 127 acres ( 51 ha ) of land . When the stadium opened , it featured a fiberglass fabric roof held up by air pressure , the first use of the technique in a major athletic facility . With a seating capacity of 82,000 + , it was the largest stadium in the National Football League ( NFL ) until FedExField ( 91,000 capacity ) in suburban Washington , D.C. , opened in 1997 . It was primarily the home of the Detroit Lions of the NFL from 1975 to 2001 and was also home to the Detroit Pistons of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) from 1978 to 1988 . In addition , the Silverdome also served as the home venue for the Detroit Express of the North American Soccer League and the Michigan Panthers of the United States Football League , as well as two college bowl games : the Cherry Bowl and the Motor City Bowl . In 2012 , the Silverdome served as the home venue of the Detroit Mechanix of the American Ultimate Disc League and hosted the league championship game that season . The stadium was a regular concert venue and hosted a number of athletic and non-athletic events , including the 1979 NBA All - Star Game , Super Bowl XVI , WrestleMania III , early round games of the 1994 FIFA World Cup , and regional games in the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament . After the opening of Ford Field in 2002 , the stadium was left without a permanent tenant . It first closed in 2006 , but after multiple attempts to solicit redevelopment plans , the city sold the stadium at auction in 2009 for only $550,000 ( less than 1 % of the cost to build the dome ) . It reopened in 2010 and hosted several events , but closed again , this time permanently , in 2013 . The roof was destroyed by a winter storm in 2013 . Owners auctioned the stadium 's contents in 2014 with no future development through June 2015 . In 2017 , the Silverdome was condemned and prepared for demolition ; the upper deck of the stadium was imploded on December 4 , 2017 , after a failed attempt the previous day . Contents ( hide ) 1 Former uses 2 History 2.1 Conception / development 2.2 Original silver - like roof 2.3 Notable audience attendance numbers 2.4 Marching band activities and events 2.5 Usage after Lions ' move to Ford Field 2.6 Sale 2.7 Reopening ( 2010 -- 2013 ) 2.8 Auctioning of contents and demolition 3 Significant events 3.1 NFL 3.2 Basketball 3.3 Soccer 3.4 Boxing & Pro Wrestling 3.5 Concerts 3.6 Other events 4 In popular culture 5 References 6 External links Former uses ( edit ) The Silverdome hosted the Detroit Lions of the NFL ( 1975 -- 2001 ) , the Detroit Pistons of the NBA ( 1978 -- 1988 ) , the Detroit Express ( for both outdoor and indoor soccer ) of the NASL ( 1978 -- 1980 ) , the Michigan Panthers of the USFL ( 1983 -- 1984 ) , college football 's Cherry Bowl ( 1984 -- 1985 ) , the Motor City Bowl ( 1997 -- 2001 ) , the MHSAA football state finals ( 1976 -- 2004 ) and four first - round games during soccer 's 1994 FIFA World Cup . For the World Cup matches , a natural grass surface capable of growing inside the dome was developed and installed by a team from Michigan State University . This grass surface was laid upon wooden pallets atop the artificial turf that is usually used . It was the first time that World Cup games were played indoors . The Silverdome also hosted the 1979 NBA All - Star Game , Super Bowl XVI on January 24 , 1982 , and the 1988 and 1991 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Midwest Regionals and NCAA Men 's Division I Indoor Track and Field Championships in 1982 and 1983 . On March 29 , 1987 , the World Wrestling Federation 's WrestleMania III established the record for attendance of 93,173 , the largest recorded attendance for a live indoor sporting event in North America . The record stood until February 14 , 2010 when the 2010 NBA All - Star Game broke the indoor sporting event record with an attendance of 108,713 at Cowboys Stadium . The Silverdome hosted an AMA Supercross Championship round from 1976 to 2005 . In 2012 , the Silverdome became the home stadium of the city 's professional Ultimate Frisbee team , the Detroit Mechanix , of the American Ultimate Disc League . That year , the Silverdome hosted the AUDL championship game , as on August 11 , the Philadelphia Spinners defeated the Indianapolis AlleyCats 29 - 22 . After the roof had been collapsed and the stadium abandoned , Red Bull produced a video of BMX rider Tyler Fernengel riding inside the Silverdome in 2015 . Some notable tricks in the video were Fernengel 's barspin to double peg to 180 ° spin on one of the handrails inside the stadium and an impressive `` truckdriver '' ( handlebars spinning 360 ° while the bike frame spins 360 ° ) out of the luxury boxes onto a ramp that led down to the field . That same year , a drag racing event at the former parking lot marked the beginning of Woodward Dream Cruise . HISTORY ( edit ) Conception / development ( edit ) The idea of a major sports complex was part of a dream of C. Don Davidson , a Pontiac , Michigan native and star high school athlete . Davidson , upon graduating from Pontiac Central High School in 1947 and completing active duty with the U.S. Marine Corps , attended North Carolina State University on a football scholarship . After earning a master 's degree in urban planning and architecture , Davidson began his career as an architect and was recognized for several government and city projects throughout the south including Florida 's Jacksonville International Airport . He returned to Pontiac in 1965 and was shocked to see the deterioration of the city of Pontiac and its lack of a future plan . Davidson embarked upon what would eventually become an obsession for him to see his beloved city succeed . In 1965 - 66 , he was hired as a professor of architecture and urban planning at the University of Detroit under the direction of Bruno Leon . As part of an ongoing , comprehensive study by his architecture class on urban renewal for the city of Pontiac , Davidson met with various city and state authorities including William Clay Ford , owner of the Detroit Lions , to discuss the possibility of a new stadium , made it a college class project to find a suitable site for a new stadium and even started his own weekly newspaper known as The Pontiac Times , to help promote his vision . After much controversy and sparring with Detroit city officials , Pontiac was chosen over several other sites including the Michigan Fairgrounds , Walled Lake and the Detroit Riverfront as the best place for construction of what would become known as the Pontiac Silverdome . Already having a stadium concept as part of his master plan for the city , Davidson was interviewed and ultimately hired as chief project designer for the stadium project by the architectural firm of O'Dell , Hewlett & Luckenbach . Initial designs included a dual stadium complex for both football and baseball ( potentially housing the Detroit Tigers ) that was later scrapped due to high costs . Davidson was pleased to see a part of his vision for the city of Pontiac accomplished in the building of the 80,000 - seat sports complex . Completed in 1975 as the Pontiac Metropolitan Stadium , at a cost of $55.7 million , the Silverdome seated 80,311 . It contained 102 luxury suites and 7,384 club seats . Original silver - like roof ( edit ) The original silver - like roof was built of Teflon - coated fiberglass panels , and supported by air pressure inside the stadium . Although the roof has always been white in color as viewed with the naked eye , the stadium obtained the name `` Silverdome '' due to a silver - like reflection caused by the Sun , mainly noticed from the sky . ( Initially , however , the stadium also went by its shortened nickname of PonMet , but that nickname was disliked by Pontiac city commissioners . ) The roof was replaced by a new canvas fabric , reinforced by steel girders after a strong snowstorm on March 4 , 1985 , caused structural damage to the old roof . Because of the damage , the Detroit Pistons played the remainder of the 1984 -- 85 season at the now - closed Joe Louis Arena . The accident , and the delay in repairs , partially prompted the Pistons moving three seasons later 4 miles ( 6 km ) north to their new , privately owned , 20,000 - seat sports arena , The Palace of Auburn Hills ( like Joe Louis Arena , it also has since closed down ) . The 1985 repairs were necessitated by a collapse of the original 1975 roof around noon EST on March 4 , 1985 . Heavy , wet snow accumulated on the southwest corner of the dome and depressed the fabric panels low enough so that the fabric came in contact with a steel lighting catwalk that was positioned just below the inner lip of the roof 's ring beam . The hole caused a loss of air pressure and the Dome deflated slowly -- there were no injuries . The shift from a `` dome '' to `` bowl '' caused all the heavy , wet snow to slide down into the bowl and rupture more roof panels , collapse some precast risers in the SW upper deck , and dislodge more plastic seats `` ... than a Rolling Stones concert '' according to Bob Haney , the Dome 's Operations Manager . Crews from Owens - Corning Fiberglas , the dome 's original roof installer , were on site by 1 : 30 pm on March 4 . Repair operations began immediately but were interrupted for over a week due to high winds . During the high winds event nearly all of the remaining panels in the deflated roof , 100 in all , were badly damaged . The decision was made to replace the entire roof and incorporate some improvements to prevent a similar event from occurring in the future . Repair cost of the roof was just under $8 million . The repairs were completed and the dome re-inflated at noon on May 28 , 1985 . A thunderstorm passed through the Pontiac area the morning the Dome was to be re-inflated and a partial inflation , or `` puff '' , was performed so that the scheduled inflation could occur in the presence of the many city and area politicians as well as number corporate executives . The original - style , Teflon - coated fiberglass material was used to make the repairs -- not canvas as described in the article . There were several snow - melting and waterproofing improvements that kept the dome inflated until January 2 , 2013 -- almost 28 years . Notable audience attendance numbers ( edit ) The largest crowd to ever gather at the Silverdome was on September 18 , 1987 for Mass with Pope John Paul II , with a reported attendance of 93,682 -- just shading the record of 93,173 set at the Silverdome on March 29 , 1987 for WrestleMania III . Another notable audience attendance record had earlier been broken on April 30 , 1977 , when the English rock band Led Zeppelin played in front of 76,229 fans at the Silverdome . This was , at the time , a new world record attendance for a solo indoor attraction , beating the 75,962 that The Who attracted there on December 6 , 1975 . The Detroit Pistons also set numerous NBA attendance records during their time at the Silverdome ; Regular Season , 61,983 vs. Boston , January 29 , 1988 ; Playoffs , 41,732 , vs. L.A. Lakers , June 16 , 1988 . Marching band activities and events ( edit ) The Silverdome was also the home to many marching band activities and events , including the Michigan Competing Band Association State Marching Band Championships until 2005 , the Bands of America Regional championships from 2003 to 2005 , and the Bands of America Grand National Championships in 1987 and 1988 . Following its reopening , the Silverdome was host to the 2010 , 2011 and 2012 Bands of America Pontiac Regional Championship . Usage after Lions ' move to Ford Field ( edit ) The Lions moved to Ford Field at the beginning of the 2002 NFL season . When the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) tried to re-introduce itself , the new WHA Detroit team was slated to play its home games at the Silverdome . Plans were also mooted for a Windsor - based Canadian Football League team which could have used the dome for possible playoff games , but that team also did not materialize . After the Lions relocated , activity in the Silverdome dropped drastically ; however , it still staged some events . Annually , Jehovah 's Witnesses used the Silverdome from the late 1970s to 2004 . Due to talk of renovation in 2004 , the Witnesses opted to travel to The Dow Event Center in Saginaw , and the SeaGate Convention Centre in Toledo , Ohio for their District Conventions . Between 2003 and 2006 , a three - screen drive - in theater operated in the parking lot ; this theater reopened in 2010 before closing again on July 13 , 2011 . The Silverdome hosted Monster Jam on January 7 , 2006 , and was used as a practice facility for the AFC Champions Pittsburgh Steelers for Super Bowl XL , with the NFL adding FieldTurf , which was later donated to a local high school . Sale ( edit ) After the Lions ' departure , the city of Pontiac began to experience several years of serious financial problems . Due to the continued high maintenance costs of the structure , it made several unsuccessful attempts to sell the stadium . In early 2008 , United Assurance Company Ltd. made the highest purchase offer to date , with a bid of $18 million to convert the Silverdome into a Hollywood - style entertainment complex , following an earlier bid of $12 million by an attorney . However , the city announced in October 2009 that the property would go to auction with no minimum bid , and that zoning regulations would be relaxed for any buyer in order to spark development . The city engaged the firm of Williams & Williams to conduct the auction in November 2009 . After reading about the auction in a newspaper , Greek - born Canadian real estate developer Andreas Apostolopoulos , CEO of Toronto - based Triple Properties Inc. , submitted a winning bid of US $550,000 . Real estate fees of 6 % raised the price to US $583,000 . The sale of the Silverdome , completed in 1975 at a cost of $55.7 million ( approx . $225 million in 2012 dollars ) and sold in 2009 for $583,000 , was viewed by many as a symbol of the collapse of real estate prices in the Detroit metropolitan area though many local leaders and residents claimed the sale was brought about due to the incompetence of city management and their not having a vision or future plans for the stadium and surrounding area . Reopening ( 2010 -- 2013 ) ( edit ) In the March 11 , 2010 , edition of the Detroit Free Press , Apostolopoulos vowed `` to revive the stadium as a big - event venue by investing millions of dollars '' . The Silverdome re-opened on April 17 , 2010 , with a monster truck event . A.C. Milan and Panathinaikos F.C. played an exhibition game on August 6 , 2010 . On January 29 , 2011 , professional boxer Timothy Bradley defended his WBO light welterweight title in a unification fight against WBC champion Devon Alexander . The fight aired live on HBO World Championship Boxing , with an attendance of about 7,000 . The owners indicated that they were pursuing a possible expansion team for Major League Soccer , and contemplated renovating the Silverdome for this purpose . Ultimately , the lack of events coming into the stadium , combined with the 2013 roof collapse , put any further development plans on indefinite hold . Auctioning of contents and demolition ( edit ) In March 2014 , the owners announced that they would be auctioning off the contents of the facility , including seats and fixtures . Afterwards , in October 2015 , it was announced that the Silverdome would be demolished in the Spring of 2016 , and the area would be part of an Oakland County , Michigan mixed - use development . Demolition was then scheduled for December 3 , 2017 . In June 2016 , fire caused by arson destroyed the former press box . The parking lot is being used as storage for hundreds of VW diesel cars . The dome owner and the city were in conflict over the condition of the dome . In 2017 , the Silverdome was condemned and cleared for demolition . Workers had been on the site for the past few months before main power feeds were disconnected preparing the Silverdome for demolition , including completing environmental remediation , universal waste removal and tearing out transite asbestos panels that were used in a majority of the suites around the perimeter of the dome ; though not without a few local trespasser visits to explore the place leading up to the demolition . On September 18 and 19 , 2017 , four power feeds were disconnected , officially starting the final preparation process for demolition . The firm contracted to handle the demolition , the Detroit based Adamo Group , also imploded the Georgia Dome in Atlanta on November 20 before moving on to the Silverdome . The demolition of the Silverdome was to commence on December 3 , 2017 with a partial implosion of the upper deck , followed by an excavation of the building from the inside out . Due to a wiring issue , eight of the explosive charges failed to detonate , preventing the stadium from imploding as planned . A second attempt was successful the next day . While Adamo could not pinpoint the exact cause of the issues , they did note that trespassers had been seen on the property a couple of days prior to the first attempt . It was noted that on the second attempt , Adamo doubled the amount of explosives used from 300 to 600 lb ( 136.08 to 272.16 kg ) of TNT . It was also noted that Richard Adamo pressed the detonation button on the second attempt . Significant events ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) NFL ( edit ) August 23 , 1975 -- Detroit Lions ' first game in Silverdome , a preseason contest against the Kansas City Chiefs . October 6 , 1975 -- Lions first regular season game , a 36 -- 10 defeat by the Dallas Cowboys on ABC Monday Night Football . October 12 , 1975 -- Lions first regular season Silverdome victory , a 27 -- 7 defeat of the Chicago Bears . November 27 , 1975 -- Lions first Thanksgiving Day game in the Silverdome , a 20 -- 0 loss to the Los Angeles Rams . January 24 , 1982 -- Super Bowl XVI . January 5 , 1992 -- Lions first home playoff game at the Silverdome -- a 38 -- 6 victory over the Dallas Cowboys . January 6 , 2002 -- Final Detroit Lions game played , a 15 -- 10 victory over the Dallas Cowboys . Basketball ( edit ) October 13 , 1978 -- Detroit Pistons ' first home game in Silverdome . February 4 , 1979 -- NBA All - Star Game . January 29 , 1988 -- Detroit Pistons single game attendance record ( 61,983 vs Boston Celtics ) 1988 -- NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament . June 12 , 14 and 16 , 1988 -- NBA Finals games 3 through 5 . 1991 -- NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament . Soccer ( edit ) Main article : Soccer matches at the Pontiac Silverdome Date Winning Team Result Losing Team Tournament Spectators June 19 , 1993 Germany 2 -- 1 England 1993 U.S. Cup Final 62,126 June 18 , 1994 United States 1 -- 1 Switzerland 1994 FIFA World Cup Group A 73,425 June 22 , 1994 Switzerland 4 -- 1 Romania 61,428 June 24 , 1994 Sweden 3 -- 1 Russia 1994 FIFA World Cup Group B 71,528 June 28 , 1994 Brazil 1 -- 1 Sweden 77,217 August 6 , 2010 A.C. Milan 0 -- 0 5 -- 3 ( pens . ) Panathinaikos F.C. Friendly -- Boxing & pro wrestling ( edit ) March 29 , 1987 -- WrestleMania III ( Pontiac Silverdome record attendance of 93,173 ) . January 29 , 2011 -- ( HBO Championship Boxing Match ) `` The Superfight '' . Concerts ( edit ) Date Artist ( s ) Supporting act ( s ) Tour Attendance Revenue Note ( s ) Reference ( s ) December 6 , 1975 The Who Toots & the Maytals The Who Tour 1975 75,962 -- The live versions of `` Join Together '' , `` Road Runner '' , and `` My Generation Blues '' were recorded for The Kids Are Alright soundtrack but were omitted from the first CD release of the soundtrack , but were included in the reissued edition . December 31 , 1975 Elvis Presley -- -- 62,500 $816,000 This is Elvis ' very first New Year 's Eve show . May 8 , 1976 Aerosmith Ted Nugent Outlaws Foghat Rocks Tour 76,900 -- July 11 , 1976 Elton John -- Louder Than Concorde Tour -- -- July 25 , 1976 Jethro Tull Rick Derringer Robin Trower Too Old To Rock ' N ' Roll Tour -- -- April 30 , 1977 Led Zeppelin -- 1977 North American Tour 76,229 $792,361.50 Set attendance record for a solo indoor attraction . March 5 , 1978 Kenny Rogers Dottie West Oak Ridge Boys -- 60,000 + -- This performance was billed as the `` World 's Largest Indoor Country Music Show '' . July 13 , 1979 Kiss Cheap Trick New England Dynasty Tour -- -- July 28 , 1979 Bee Gees Sweet Inspirations Spirits Having Flown Tour 36,270 / 36,270 $453,375 December 7 , 1979 The Who Blackfoot The Who Tour 1979 -- -- November 30 , 1981 The Rolling Stones Iggy Pop Santana American Tour 1981 152,696 / 152,696 $2,290,000 December 1 , 1981 September 30 , 1982 The Who Eddie Money The Clash The Who Tour 1982 75,000 / 75,000 $1,119,000 August 17 , 1984 The Jacksons -- Victory Tour 143,700 $4,350,030 August 18 , 1984 August 19 , 1984 September 4 , 1985 Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band -- Born in the U.S.A. Tour 69,844 / 69,844 $1,222,270 April 30 , 1987 U2 Lone Justice The Joshua Tree Tour 51,718 / 51,718 $853,347 August 7 , 1987 Madonna Level 42 Bhundu Boys Hue and Cry Who 's That Girl World Tour 41,017 / 44,556 $881,866 June 17 , 1988 Van Halen Scorpions Dokken Metallica Kingdom Come Monsters of Rock Tour 1988 -- -- June 18 , 1988 July 25 , 1989 The Who -- The Who Tour 1989 46,000 / 46,000 $1,058,000 December 9 , 1989 The Rolling Stones Living Colour Steel Wheels Tour 100,234 / 100,234 $2,956,834 December 10 , 1989 May 24 , 1992 Genesis -- We Ca n't Dance Tour -- -- July 21 , 1992 Metallica Guns N ' Roses Faith No More Guns N ' Roses / Metallica Stadium Tour 47,540 / 47,540 $1,378,660 After Guns N ' Roses performed their song `` You Could Be Mine '' , Axl Rose vomited onstage and left soon afterwards , but returned to the stage and apologized to the audience for the poor performance , so the band redid the song again . September 9 , 1992 U2 Primus The Disposable Heroes of Hiphoprisy Zoo TV Tour 36,740 / 40,680 $1,102,200 This show was on the Outside Broadcast leg of the tour . June 4 , 1993 Paul McCartney -- The New World Tour 49,378 / 49,378 $1,291,778 July 14 , 1994 Pink Floyd -- The Division Bell Tour 111,355 / 111,355 $3,772,950 The band performed their classic album The Dark Side of the Moon in its entirety for the first time since 1975 . July 15 , 1994 August 18 , 1994 Billy Joel Elton John -- Face to Face 1994 54,125 / 54,125 $2,444,334 December 1 , 1994 The Rolling Stones Spin Doctors Voodoo Lounge Tour 38,274 / 38,274 $1,815,325 October 31 , 1997 U2 Smash Mouth Popmart Tour 35,463 / 40,000 $1,781,621 This show took place on Larry Mullen 's 36th birthday July 31 , 1999 NSYNC Jordan Knight Sugarhill Gang 3rd Storee NSYNC in Concert 48,163 / 55,626 $1,528,735 December 31 , 1999 Metallica Ted Nugent Kid Rock Sevendust M2K Mini Tour 54,707 / 54,707 $3,049,117 This was a New Year 's Eve concert . At the show , Metallica broadcast the Times Square Ball Drop , ushering in the year 2000 , and played the classic Kiss track `` Detroit Rock City '' alongside the opening acts . July 18 , 2000 NSYNC P ! nk No Strings Attached Tour 48,708 / 48,708 $2,395,413 This concert was filmed for their concert movie `` * NSYNC : Bigger Than Live '' . February 15 , 2001 Backstreet Boys Destiny 's Child Black & Blue Tour -- -- July 4 , 2003 Metallica Limp Bizkit Linkin Park Deftones Mudvayne Summer Sanitarium Tour -- -- Other events ( edit ) September 18 , 1987 -- Pope John Paul II celebrated Mass ( Silverdome attendance record of 93,682 ) . April 17 , 2010 -- `` Domination In The Dome '' ( Monster Trucks ) Grand Re-Opening of the Silverdome . Sources In popular culture ( edit ) November 25 , 1997 : In a season 7 episode of Home Improvement , Tim ( Tim Allen ) manages to black out the entire stadium during the Detroit Lions ' annual Thanksgiving Day game . January 27 , 2016 : The Silverdome 's inception and demise , including Super Bowl XVI , are profiled by Sports Illustrated 's MMQB , `` Road to Super Bowl 50 '' . Throughout his career , wrestling legend Hulk Hogan made various references to being the first man to body - slam Andre the Giant at Wrestlemania III -- The Birth of a Dynasty and the Death of a Dome . The Silverdome appears in Transformers : The Last Knight , the fifth installment in the Paramount film franchise . Crews began filming on June 20 , 2016 and shot in the area for about 8 weeks . The movie was released in theaters on June 23 , 2017 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mark Guarino ( March 12 , 2010 ) . `` New life for Pontiac Silverdome : First up , monster trucks '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pontiac Silverdome finally implodes following Sunday 's failed blast '' . CBSSports.com . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Company History & Heritage '' . Barton Malow . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Silverdome Fun Facts '' . Silverdomeevents.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Silverdome plans unveiled '' . Daily Tribune . Royal Oak . March 12 , 2010 . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hall , Ron ( February 16 , 2006 ) . `` Silverdome , site of MSU turf triumph , closing '' . Athletic Turf News . Landscape Management . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McKee , Sandra ( March 24 , 1992 ) . `` Washington gets World Cup games Eight other cities will be hosts in ' 94 '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Powell , John ( March 29 , 1987 ) . `` Steamboat -- Savage rule WrestleMania 3 '' . SLAM ! Wrestling . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` WrestleMania III Facts and Stats '' . WWE . March 29 , 1987 . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2008 . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Loria , Keith ( April 2003 ) . `` Mania madness : The top 10 matches from the fabled history of WWE 's showcase event '' . Wrestling Digest . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 15 . Retrieved October 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` East wins in front of biggest crowd to watch hoops game '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . February 14 , 2010 . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 AMA Supercross media guide '' ( PDF ) . American Motorcyclist Association . 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Mechanix '' . Detroit Mechanix . June 6 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rothstein , Michael ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` Pro BMX rider Tyler Fernengel bikes through abandoned Silverdome '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Roadkill Nights draws thousands of fans , hundreds of cars to Silverdome Jump up ^ `` PONTIAC SILVERDOME ... INCEPTION - HISTORY - FACTS - PAST EVENTS : A Vision for a Stadium - The Visionary Who Conceived It and Helped Make It a Reality '' . Silverdome-architect.blogspot.com . May 24 , 1968 . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` C. Don Davidson 1929 - 1987 '' . blogspot.com . January 2012 . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Leon , Bruno - University Honors '' . Research.udmercy.edu . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kearns , Bruno ( February 11 , 1969 ) . `` Pontiac Best Site for Metro Stadium ? '' . The Owosso Argus - Press . Jump up ^ `` Pontiac Will Get Lion 's Stadium Backing -- Ford '' . The Owosso Argus - Press . February 1 , 1971 . Jump up ^ `` PONTIAC SILVERDOME ... INCEPTION - HISTORY - FACTS - PAST EVENTS : Notable People Who Advocated for a Stadium in Pontiac '' . Silverdome-architect.blogspot.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pontiac Silverdome '' . Structurae.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Herma Snider ( January 5 , 2006 ) . `` The Good Times and Bad Times '' . Hermaland. blogspot . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1988&dat=19761028&id=jk8iAAAAIBAJ&sjid=S6wFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1373,4798352&hl=en Jump up ^ http://detroiturbex.com/content/parksandrec/silverdome/index.html Jump up ^ `` The roof of the Pontiac Silverdome , home of the ... '' United Press International . March 4 , 1985 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Pistons 1980s '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pontiac Silverdome '' . GoTickets.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Attendance Records '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pontiac , MI - October 9 , 2010 '' . Music For All . September 16 , 2010 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Michael Wayland ( July 31 , 2009 ) . `` Third weekend of Jehovah 's Witnesses convention in Saginaw adds $1 million more to local economy , experts say '' . MLive.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Silverdome Drive - In '' . Cinema Treasures . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sandra Svoboda ( September 16 , 2009 ) . `` Dome Sweet Dome '' . Metro Times . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Duggan , Daniel ( November 18 , 2009 ) . `` Judge approves injunction to stop sale of Pontiac Silverdome '' . Crain 's Detroit Business . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Newest Silverdome Bidder Hopes To Bring Sports Back To Stadium '' . The Detroit News . Sports Business Daily . February 20 , 2008 . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith , Aaron ( October 7 , 2009 ) . `` Place Your Bids : Silverdome Goes on the Block '' . CNNMoney.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Steve Ladurantaye ( November 23 , 2009 ) . `` Toronto developer acquires Pontiac Silverdome '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Watson , Bruce ( November 17 , 2009 ) . `` Detroit Stadium or New York Studio ? The Silverdome sells for $583,000 '' . Daily Finance . Dailyfinance.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Tom ( March 11 , 2010 ) . `` New owner 's vision for Pontiac Silverdome : Big Events '' . Detroit Free Press . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lalas , Greg ( August 4 , 2010 ) . `` Commentary : Milan - Panathinaikos has real meaning in Detroit '' . Major League Soccer . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Silverdome Owners Submit Application To MLS In Hopes Of Landing Franchise '' . SportsBusiness Daily . June 8 , 2011 . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Blitchok , Dustin ( March 20 , 2014 ) . `` No word on future of Pontiac Silverdome after auction of seats , equipment '' . The Oakland Press . Retrieved May 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Silverdome to be demolished prior to redevelopment , Pontiac site to be featured in county showcase Jump up ^ `` Officials : Fire at Pontiac Silverdome was arson '' . Theoaklandpress.com . June 13 , 2016 . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Silverdome owner denies responsibility for parked Volkswagens '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VW Does n't Know What to Do With All its Emissions - Cheating Cars '' . April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 -- via www.bloomberg.com . Jump up ^ `` With power off , Silverdome demo can kick - off '' . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ Reindl , JC ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` Explosion to kick off Pontiac Silverdome demolition '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pontiac Silverdome To Be Demolished In December '' . CBS Detroit . November 3 , 2017 . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Max ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) . `` WATCH : Crews successfully implode the Pontiac Silverdome '' . WXYZ . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Demolition executive says wiring to blame in failed Pontiac Silverdome implosion '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Silverdome is n't going quietly after withstanding demolition charges '' . MLive.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Success ! Pontiac Silverdome implodes in a cloud of dust in 2nd attempt '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ White , Max ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) . `` WATCH : Crews successfully implode the Pontiac Silverdome '' . WXYZ TV . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ http://www.pao.gr/news/archive/7168-el_e6daac23-7282-4638-84df-df14f5f9732b?highlight=WyJwb250aWFjIiwic2lsdmVyZG9tZSIsInBvbnRpYWMgc2lsdmVyZG9tZSJd Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith '' . RateYourMusic.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dave Lewis ( 2003 ) , Led Zeppelin : Celebration II : The ' Tight But Loose ' Files , London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 1 - 84449 - 056 - 4 , pp. 44 - 53 , 62 . Jump up ^ Led Zeppelin official website : concert summary Jump up ^ Steven Rosen , `` Led Zeppelin 's 1977 Tour -- A Tragic Ending ! '' , Classic Rock Legends Jump up ^ `` U2 Concert Details - U2tours.com April 30 , 1987 '' . tours.atU2.com . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U2 Concert Details - U2tours.com September 9 , 1992 '' . tours.atU2.com . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) shio.org , Retrieved 29 August 2011 Jump up ^ `` U2 Concert Details - U2tours.com October 31 , 1997 '' . tours.atU2.com . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Jason ( 20 July 2000 ) . `` ' N Sync Makes Huge Film Deal '' . Yahoo ! Music . Yahoo ! Inc . Archived from the original on 25 August 2011 . Retrieved 25 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' N Sync : Bigger Than Live ( IMAX ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 25 August 2011 . Retrieved 25 August 2011 . Jump up ^ -- Ravaged Pontiac Silverdome Featured in New Tranformers Trailer External links ( edit ) Metro Detroit portal Association football portal American football portal Basketball portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pontiac Silverdome . Pontiac Silverdome official website , archived from the original on June 16 , 2013 , retrieved May 20 , 2014 Inside the abandoned Silverdome at Detroiturbex.com Demolition video ( show ) Events and tenants Preceded by Tiger Stadium Home of Detroit Lions 1975 -- 2001 Succeeded by Ford Field Preceded by Omni Coliseum Host of the NBA All - Star Game 1979 Succeeded by Capital Centre Preceded by Louisiana Superdome Host of Super Bowl XVI 1982 Succeeded by Rose Bowl Preceded by Cobo Arena Home of the Detroit Pistons 1978 -- 1988 Succeeded by The Palace of Auburn Hills Preceded by first venue Home of the Cherry Bowl 1984 -- 1985 Succeeded by last venue Preceded by Hoosier Dome Host of Bands of America Grand National Championship 1987 -- 1988 Succeeded by RCA Dome Preceded by first stadium Host of Motor City Bowl 1997 -- 2001 Succeeded by Ford Field Preceded by Nassau Coliseum Rosemont Horizon L.A. Sports Arena Host of WrestleMania III Succeeded by Trump Plaza Pontiac , Michigan Education : Primary and secondary schools School District of the City of Pontiac Pontiac High School Pontiac Central High School ( defunct ) Pontiac Northern High School ( defunct ) Notre Dame Preparatory Pontiac Academy for Excellence Landmarks Silverdome The Crofoot Gary Burnstein Community Health Clinic Transportation Pontiac Transportation Center Oakland County International Airport ( in Waterford Township ) Media The Oakland Press This list is incomplete . The airport was owned by the City of Pontiac until 1967 1994 FIFA World Cup stadiums Citrus Bowl ( Orlando ) Cotton Bowl ( Dallas ) Foxboro Stadium ( Foxborough ) Giants Stadium ( East Rutherford ) Pontiac Silverdome ( Detroit ) RFK Stadium ( Washington , D.C. ) Rose Bowl ( Pasadena ) Soldier Field ( Chicago ) Stanford Stadium ( Palo Alto ) WrestleMania venues Madison Square Garden X XX Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena VII Allstate Arena ( Rosemont , IL ) 13 22 Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum Pontiac Silverdome III Atlantic City Boardwalk Hall IV V Rogers Centre VI X8 Hoosier Dome VIII Caesars Palace IX XL Center ( Hartford , CT ) XI Honda Center ( Anaheim ) XII 2000 TD Garden XIV Wells Fargo Center ( Philadelphia ) XV Reliant Astrodome X-Seven Safeco Field XIX Staples Center 21 Ford Field 23 Camping World Stadium ( Orlando ) XXIV 33 NRG Stadium XXV University of Phoenix Stadium ( Glendale , AZ ) XXVI Georgia Dome XXVII Hard Rock Stadium XXVIII MetLife Stadium 29 Mercedes - Benz Superdome XXX 34 Levi 's Stadium 31 AT&T Stadium 32 AMA / FIM World Supercross venues Current ( 2017 ) Angel Stadium of Anaheim ( Anaheim ) AT&T Stadium ( Arlington ) CenturyLink Field ( Seattle ) Daytona International Speedway ( Daytona Beach ) Ford Field ( Detroit ) Lucas Oil Stadium ( Indianapolis ) MetLife Stadium ( East Rutherford ) Oakland Coliseum ( Oakland ) Petco Park ( San Diego ) Rice - Eccles Stadium ( Salt Lake City ) Rogers Centre ( Toronto ) Sam Boyd Stadium ( Las Vegas ) The Dome at America 's Center ( St. Louis ) University of Phoenix Stadium ( Glendale ) U.S. Bank Stadium ( Minneapolis ) Former Astrodome ( Houston ) AT&T Park ( San Francisco ) Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium ( Atlanta ) BC Place ( Vancouver ) Camping World Stadium ( Orlando ) CEFCU Stadium ( San Jose ) Charlotte Motor Speedway ( Charlotte ) Chase Field ( Phoenix ) Dodger Stadium ( Los Angeles ) EverBank Field ( Jacksonville ) Georgia Dome ( Atlanta ) Gillette Stadium ( Foxborough ) Houlihan 's Stadium ( Tampa ) Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome ( Minneapolis ) Kingdome ( Seattle ) Mercedes - Benz Superdome ( New Orleans ) Levi 's Stadium ( Santa Clara ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( Los Angeles ) Mile High Stadium ( Denver ) NRG Stadium ( Houston ) Pontiac Silverdome ( Pontiac ) Qualcomm Stadium ( San Diego ) Raymond James Stadium ( Tampa ) RCA Dome ( Indianapolis ) Route 66 Raceway ( Joliet ) Sun Devil Stadium ( Tempe ) Texas Stadium ( Irving ) Circuits of the ASA National Tour ( 1973 -- 2004 ) Ovals ( over 1 mile ) Atlanta Charlotte Chicago Dover Gateway Michigan Milwaukee Pikes Peak Sparta Ovals ( under 1 mile ) Anderson Auburn Berlin Birmingham Bradenton Bristol Calgary Cayuga Cedar Rapids Clio Coeburn Columbus Concord Dacono Dayton Elko Fort Wayne Hampton Hartford Hickory Houston Illiana Indianapolis Irwindale Jefferson Jennerstown Kalamazoo Kaukauna Kenly LaCrosse Lake Erie Lakeland Lancaster Lanier Lafayette Louisville Louisville Fairgrounds Madison Mansfield Memphis Montgomery Nashville Odessa Oswego Owosso Pensacola Pocola Radford Rougemont Salem Sanair Sandusky Slinger South Boston Springfield St. Augustine St. Paul Toledo West Chester Winchester Road Courses Brainerd Mosport Topeka Indoor ovals Pontiac Music venues of Michigan Outdoor venues Chene Park Clio Area Amphitheater Comerica Park DTE Energy Music Theatre Theaters and clubs DeVos Performance Hall Fillmore Detroit Fox Theater Heritage Theatre Hill Auditorium Detroit Masonic Temple Miller Auditorium Temple Theatre Wharton Center The Whiting Arenas Berry Events Center Birch Run Expo Center Breslin Center Convocation Center Crisler Center DeltaPlex Arena DeVos Fieldhouse Ford Field GVSU Fieldhouse Joe Louis Arena Kellogg Arena Little Caesars Arena McMorran Place O'Neill Arena The Palace of Auburn Hills Perani Arena and Event Center Pontiac Silverdome Van Andel Arena Van Noord Arena Wendler Arena Wings Event Center Detroit Lions Founded in 1930 Formerly the Portsmouth Spartans ( 1930 -- 33 ) Based in Detroit , Michigan Headquartered in Allen Park , Michigan Franchise Franchise Team history Seasons Players First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Coaches Stadiums Universal Stadium University of Detroit Stadium Tiger Stadium Pontiac Silverdome Ford Field Culture NFL on Thanksgiving Day Paper Lion ( film ) `` What 's Going On '' ( Marvin Gaye song ) Beverly Hills Cop Home Improvement Cheerleaders Lore 1932 Playoff Game Curse of Bobby Layne Mike Utley gives a thumbs up Marty Mornhinweg takes the wind `` Fire Millen '' 0 -- 16 `` Calvin Johnson rule '' Miracle in Motown Rivalries Chicago Bears Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Notable people William Clay & Martha Firestone Ford Barry Sanders Bobby Layne Glenn Presnell Calvin Johnson Wayne Fontes Division championships ( 4 ) 1935 1991 1993 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1952 1953 1954 1957 League championships ( 4 ) 1935 1952 1953 1957 Media Broadcasters Radio : Radio network Dan Miller Jim Brandstatter Tony Ortiz WJR TV : Television network Matt Shepard Chris Spielman Jennifer Hammond WJBK Fox Sports Detroit Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : North Division Seasons ( 88 ) 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1993 2017 Championship seasons in bold Detroit Pistons Founded in 1941 Formerly the Fort Wayne Zollner Pistons ( 1941 -- 1948 ) and the Fort Wayne Pistons ( 1948 -- 1957 ) Based in Detroit , Michigan Franchise Franchise All - time roster Seasons Draft history Head coaches Current season Arenas North Side High School Gym Allen County War Memorial Coliseum Olympia Stadium Memorial Building Grosse Pointe High School Cobo Arena Pontiac Silverdome Joe Louis Arena The Palace of Auburn Hills Little Caesars Arena G League affiliate Grand Rapids Drive Retired numbers Bill Davidson Jack McCloskey 10 11 15 16 21 32 40 Hall of Famers Walt Bellamy Dave Bing Larry Brown Chuck Daly Adrian Dantley Dave DeBusschere Joe Dumars Harry Gallatin Bob Houbregs Bailey Howell Allen Iverson Bob Lanier Earl Lloyd Bob McAdoo Bobby McDermott Dick McGuire Andy Phillip Dennis Rodman Isiah Thomas George Yardley Fred Zollner NBA Championships ( 3 ) 1989 1990 Conference Championships ( 7 ) 1955 1956 1988 1989 1990 2005 Culture and lore Hooper Jordan Rules John Mason Pacers -- Pistons brawl Rivals Chicago Bulls Boston Celtics Los Angeles Lakers Broadcasters TV Fox Sports Detroit Radio WXYT - FM Announcers George Blaha Greg Kelser Mark Champion Rick Mahorn Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pontiac_Silverdome&oldid=821804374 '' Categories : Covered stadiums in the United States Defunct National Football League venues Defunct indoor soccer venues in the United States Defunct soccer venues in the United States Detroit Lions stadiums Detroit Pistons venues Detroit Express 1994 FIFA World Cup stadiums Defunct NCAA bowl game venues Former National Basketball Association venues American football venues in Michigan United States Football League venues Defunct college football venues Sports in Pontiac , Michigan Sports venues in Oakland County , Michigan Indoor soccer venues in Michigan Indoor track and field venues in Michigan Air - supported structures North American Soccer League ( 1968 -- 84 ) indoor venues North American Soccer League ( 1968 -- 84 ) stadiums Michigan Panthers stadiums 1975 establishments in Michigan Sports venues completed in 1975 2017 disestablishments in Michigan Sports venues demolished in 2017 Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from December 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Articles needing additional references from July 2013 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from July 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 18 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac%20Silverdome

the girl can't help it movie songs

`` The Girl Ca n't Help It '' -- Little Richard `` Tempo 's Tempo '' -- Nino Tempo `` My Idea of Love '' -- Johnny Olenn `` I Ai n't Gonna Cry No More '' -- Johnny Olenn `` Ready Teddy '' -- Little Richard `` She 's Got It '' -- Little Richard `` Cool It Baby '' -- Eddie Fontaine `` Cinnamon Sinner '' -- Teddy Randazzo and the Three Chuckles `` Spread the Word '' -- Abbey Lincoln `` Cry Me a River '' -- Julie London `` Be-Bop - A-Lula '' -- Gene Vincent and His Blue Caps `` Twenty Flight Rock '' -- Eddie Cochran `` Rock Around the Rockpile '' -- Edmond O'Brien ; Ray Anthony and his Orchestra `` Rockin ' Is Our Business '' -- The Treniers `` Big Band Boogie '' -- Ray Anthony and his Orchestra `` Blue Monday '' -- Fats Domino `` You 'll Never , Never Know '' -- The Platters `` Ev'ry Time ( It Happens ) '' -- Jayne Mansfield ( dubbed by Eileen Wilson ) `` Giddy Up a Ding Dong '' -- Freddy Bell & The Bell - Boys

The Girl Ca n't Help It

the girl can't help it

The Girl Ca n't Help It is a 1956 musical comedy starring Jayne Mansfield in the titular role , Tom Ewell , Edmond O'Brien , Henry Jones , and Julie London . The picture was produced and directed by Frank Tashlin , with a screenplay adapted by Tashlin and Herbert Baker from an uncredited 1955 novel Do Re Mi by Garson Kanin . The movie was originally intended as a vehicle for the American sex symbol Jayne Mansfield , with a satirical subplot involving teenagers and rock ' n ' roll music . The unintended result has been called the `` most potent '' celebration of rock music ever captured on film .

The original music score , including a title song performed by Little Richard , was by Bobby Troup , with an additional credit to Ray Anthony for the tune `` Big Band Boogie '' . Tom Ewell had portrayed Marilyn Monroe 's leading man in The Seven Year Itch the previous year . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Accolades 5 Influence on rock music 6 Songs performed in the movie 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) A slot machine mobster , Marty `` Fats '' Murdock ( Edmond O'Brien ) , wants his blonde girlfriend , Jerri Jordan ( Jayne Mansfield ) , to be a singing star , despite her seeming lack of talent . He hires alcoholic press agent Tom Miller ( Tom Ewell ) to promote Jordan , both because of his past success with the career of singer Julie London ( a fiction of the script ) and because he never makes sexual advances towards his female clients . Miller sets to work by showing Jordan off around numerous night spots ; his machinations arouse interest in Jordan and soon offers of contracts follow . However , Miller realizes that Jordan really just wants to be a homemaker and tries to persuade Murdock not to push Jordan into a show - business career . He thinks he 's succeeded when he reveals to Murdock that Jordan 's singing is so bad it shatters light bulbs , but Murdock suggests that Jordan would be perfect for a song he composed while in prison , `` Rock Around the Rock Pile '' ( a parody of Rock Around the Clock ) . Miller reluctantly records Jordan performing the part of a prison siren in Murdock 's song and heads to Chicago to promote it to Wheeler ( John Emery ) , a former mob rival of Murdock who now has a monopoly over the jukebox industry . Suspicious of Miller 's reluctance to promote Jordan and of the obvious attraction between Miller and Jordan , Murdock has his associate Mousie ( Henry Jones ) wiretap a phone call between the pair . Feeling pity for them , Mousie edits out the romantic portions of their conversations and convinces Murdock that their relationship is strictly business . In Chicago , Wheeler is impressed by the song and Jordan 's voice and offers to sign both Jordan and the song writer . However , when Miller reveals that the song writer is Murdock , Wheeler throws him out of his office and vows never to play the song . A furious Murdock bullies bar owners into buying jukeboxes from him instead and successfully promotes his and Jordan 's song . To prevent Murdock from stealing his business , Wheeler arranges to have Murdock assassinated at the rock show where Jordan will be making her debut . On his way to the show , Murdock confesses to Mousie that he does n't want to marry Jordan . Mousie confesses that he altered the tape of Jordan and Miller 's phone call and encourages Murdock to let Jordan marry Miller . Backstage at the show , Jordan confesses her love to Miller and they kiss . Jordan also admits that she is a talented singer , who lied because she did not want a show business career ; she goes on stage and performs a song about her love for Miller . When Murdock arrives , Miller declares to him that he and Jordan are in love ; the delighted Murdock surprises Miller by shaking his hand and offering to be the best man . Before Miller and Murdock can tell Jordan the good news , Wheeler 's assassins shoot at Murdock . Miller fights them off and shoves Murdock on stage to perform his song , reasoning that the assassins wo n't shoot Murdock in front of so many witnesses . Wheeler arrives and , impressed by the audience 's response to Murdock , calls off the assassination and signs Murdock instead . The film ends with Miller and Jordan kissing on their honeymoon , as Murdock and Mousie perform on a TV show in the background . Cast ( edit ) Tom Ewell as Tom Miller Jayne Mansfield as Jerri Jordan Edmond O'Brien as Fats Murdock Julie London as Herself Ray Anthony as Himself Barry Gordon as Barry the paperboy Henry Jones as Mousie John Emery as Wheeler Juanita Moore as Hilda Fats Domino as Himself Little Richard as Himself Eddie Cochran as Himself The Platters as Themselves Gene Vincent as Himself The Treniers as Themselves Eddie Fontaine as Himself The Chuckles as Themselves Abbey Lincoln as Herself Johnny Olenn as Himself Nino Tempo as Himself Production ( edit ) Reception ( edit ) The film was not received well by critics . Bosley Crowther of the New York Times noted that Jayne Mansfield performance was underwhelming , stating , `` Her range , at this stage , appears restricted to a weak imitation of Marilyn Monroe '' . Accolades ( edit ) The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2006 : AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals -- Nominated Influence on rock music ( edit ) The movie 's influence on rock music is significant . The film reached Liverpool , England , in the early summer of 1957 . The cameo performances of early rock ' n ' roll stars such as Little Richard , Eddie Cochran , and Gene Vincent and His Bluecaps fascinated a 16 - year - old John Lennon by showing him , for the first time , his `` worshipped '' American rock ' n ' roll stars as living humans and thus further inspiring him to pursue his own rock and roll dream . On July 6 , 1957 , 15 - year - old Paul McCartney was introduced to Lennon after the latter had performed at a village church garden party with his skiffle group The Quarrymen . McCartney demonstrated his musical prowess to Lennon by performing `` Twenty Flight Rock '' in a manner similar to how he had seen it played by Eddie Cochran in The Girl Ca n't Help It . This led to Lennon inviting McCartney to join the group . McCartney talks about the movie in the documentary series The Beatles Anthology . On Wednesday September 18 , 1968 The Beatles interrupted recording `` Birthday '' at Abbey Road Studios so they could go back to Paul McCartney 's house to watch the British TV premiere of the film . Also , some film buffs have pointed to Elvis Presley 's famous performance of the song `` Jailhouse Rock '' in MGM 's the movie of the same name ( often cited as the first music video ) , released one year after The Girl Ca n't Help It , as bearing a remarkable resemblance to the theme and performance of a song called `` Rock Around the Rockpile '' from the earlier movie . In that performance , Edmond O'Brien , seeks to escape an assassination attempt by jumping on stage and singing the lyrics , `` rock , rock , rock around the rockpile , '' while backed up by The Ray Anthony Band wearing striped inmate uniforms . O'Brien , then 42 years old , even awkwardly attempts some of the hip - swiveling and leg motions for which Elvis had already became famous , as he had appeared already 10 times , to cumulative audiences in excess of 180 million viewers , and on national television , before and during the filming of `` The Girl Ca n't Help It '' , the production for which commencing in mid September 1956 . Moreover , other film buffs point to the fact that it was the famous acrobatic dancer and Elvis contemporary , as well as MGM star Russ Tamblyn , ( Seven Brides for Seven Brothers ) who visited Elvis at his suite at the Knickerboker Hotel on the night before the filming of the `` Jailhouse Rock '' scene . He had trouble , that same day at the rehearsals , in interpreting what the MGM choreographer Alex Romero demanded of him , so Tamblyn 's input at the suite that night helped Elvis deliver the first of that dancing sequence which , incidentally , was witnessed by none other than the then MGM megastar , Gene Kelly . In fact , the producers had wanted Elvis for The Girl Ca n't Help It , but Elvis 's manager Colonel Tom Parker had demanded too much money . Two uncredited composers on The Girl Ca n't Help It , Hugo Friedhofer and Lionel Newman , had also composed music for the Elvis classic movie , Love Me Tender , in the same year , 1956 . Songs performed in the movie ( edit ) `` The Girl Ca n't Help It '' -- Little Richard `` Tempo 's Tempo '' -- Nino Tempo `` My Idea of Love '' -- Johnny Olenn `` I Ai n't Gonna Cry No More '' -- Johnny Olenn `` Ready Teddy '' -- Little Richard `` She 's Got It '' -- Little Richard `` Cool It Baby '' -- Eddie Fontaine `` Cinnamon Sinner '' -- Teddy Randazzo and the Three Chuckles `` Spread the Word '' -- Abbey Lincoln `` Cry Me a River '' -- Julie London `` Be-Bop - A-Lula '' -- Gene Vincent and His Blue Caps `` Twenty Flight Rock '' -- Eddie Cochran `` Rock Around the Rockpile '' -- Edmond O'Brien ; Ray Anthony and his Orchestra `` Rockin ' Is Our Business '' -- The Treniers `` Big Band Boogie '' -- Ray Anthony and his Orchestra `` Blue Monday '' -- Fats Domino `` You 'll Never , Never Know '' -- The Platters `` Ev'ry Time ( It Happens ) '' -- Jayne Mansfield ( dubbed by Eileen Wilson ) `` Giddy Up a Ding Dong '' -- Freddy Bell & The Bell - Boys See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1956 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Aubrey Solomon , Twentieth Century Fox : A Corporate and Financial History , Scarecrow Press , 1989 p251 Jump up ^ Aubrey Solomon , Twentieth Century Fox : A Corporate and Financial History , Scarecrow Press , 1989 p227 Jump up ^ Norman , Philip ( 2008 ) . John Lennon : The Life . Doubleday Canada . p. 98 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 66100 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Norman ( 2008 ) , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Norman ( 2008 ) , p. 107 . Jump up ^ `` BBC2 Schedule Wednesday 18th September 1968 '' . Genome BETA Radio Times 1923 - 2009 . External links ( edit ) The Girl Ca n't Help It on IMDb The Girl Ca n't Help It at AllMovie The Girl Ca n't Help It at the TCM Movie Database The Girl Ca n't Help It at Rotten Tomatoes Films directed by Frank Tashlin The Way of Peace ( 1947 ) The First Time ( 1952 ) Son of Paleface ( 1952 ) Marry Me Again ( 1953 ) Susan Slept Here ( 1954 ) Artists and Models ( 1955 ) The Lieutenant Wore Skirts ( 1956 ) The Girl Ca n't Help It ( 1956 ) Hollywood or Bust ( 1956 ) Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter ? ( 1957 ) Rock - A-Bye Baby ( 1958 ) The Geisha Boy ( 1958 ) Say One for Me ( 1959 ) Cinderfella ( 1960 ) Bachelor Flat ( 1962 ) It 's Only Money ( 1962 ) The Man from the Diners ' Club ( 1963 ) Who 's Minding the Store ? ( 1963 ) The Disorderly Orderly ( 1964 ) The Alphabet Murders ( 1965 ) The Glass Bottom Boat ( 1966 ) Caprice ( 1967 ) The Private Navy of Sgt . O'Farrell ( 1968 ) Works by Garson Kanin Films as director A Man to Remember ( 1938 ) Next Time I Marry ( 1938 ) The Great Man Votes ( 1939 ) Bachelor Mother ( 1939 ) They Knew What They Wanted ( 1940 ) My Favorite Wife ( 1940 ) Tom , Dick and Harry ( 1941 ) The True Glory ( 1945 ) Some Kind of a Nut ( 1968 ) ( also wrote ) Where It 's At ( 1969 ) ( also wrote ) Films as writer The More the Merrier ( 1942 ) From This Day Forward ( 1946 ) A Double Life ( 1947 ) Adam 's Rib ( 1949 ) Born Yesterday ( 1950 ) Pat and Mike ( 1952 ) The Marrying Kind ( 1952 ) It Should Happen to You ( 1954 ) The Girl Ca n't Help It ( 1956 ) High Time ( 1960 ) The Rat Race ( 1960 ) Plays as writer Born Yesterday ( 1946 ) ( also direct ) The Smile of the World ( 1949 ) ( also direct ) The Rat Race ( 1949 ) ( also direct ) The Live Wire ( 1950 ) ( also direct ) Come on Strong Fledermaus The Good Soup ( 1960 ) ( also direct ) Do Re Mi ( 1960 - 62 ) ( also direct ) A Gift of Time ( 1962 ) Come on Strong ( 1962 ) Plays as director Hitch Your Wagon ( 1937 ) Too Many Heroes ( 1937 ) The Rugged Path ( 1945 ) Years Ago ( 1946 ) How I Wonder ( 1947 ) The Leading Lady ( 1948 ) The Diary of Anne Frank ( 1955 ) Small War on Murray Hill ( 1957 ) A Hole in the Head ( 1957 ) Sunday in New York ( 1962 ) Funny Girl ( 1964 ) I Was Dancing ( 1964 ) A Very Rich Woman ( 1965 ) We Have Always Lived in the Castle ( 1966 ) Dreyfus in Rehearsal ( 1974 ) Novels Blow Up a Storm Do Re Mi Moviola ( 1979 ) Smash ( 1980 ) The Rat Race Where It 's At Non-fiction Remembering Mr. Maugham ( 1966 ) Hollywood : Stars and Starlets , Tycoons , Moviemakers , Frauds , Hopefuls , Great Lovers ( 1967 ) Tracy and Hepburn : An Intimate Memoir ( 1971 ) TV as Writer Born Yesterday ( 1956 ) Mr Broadway ( 1964 ) Hardhat and Legs ( 1980 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Girl_Can%27t_Help_It&oldid=850398132 '' Categories : 1956 films English - language films 1950s criminal comedy films 1950s musical comedy films 20th Century Fox films American criminal comedy films American films American musical comedy films American rock music films American rock musicals Films about singers Films based on American novels Films directed by Frank Tashlin Screenplays by Frank Tashlin Talk Contents Help About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 16 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Girl%20Can%2527t%20Help%20It

list of the richest company in the world

List of largest companies by revenue

list of largest companies by revenue

This list comprises the world 's largest public , state - owned , and private businesses by consolidated revenue as of 2016 , according to the Fortune Global 500 tally . The list is limited to 35 companies , all of which have annual revenues exceeding $100 billion US dollars .

The availability and reliability of up - to - date information on prior state - owned companies is limited and varies from country to country ; thus , this list may be incomplete . This list is shown in U.S. dollars , but many of the companies on it prepare their accounts in other currencies . The dollar value of their revenue may change substantially in a short period of time due to exchange rate fluctuations . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of largest companies by revenue 2 See also 3 References 4 External links List of largest companies by revenue ( edit ) Rank Name Industry Revenue ( USD Million ) Revenue growth Employees Country Headquarters CEO Ref Walmart General merchandisers $485,873 6999800000000000000 ♠ 0.8 % 2,300,000 Bentonville , Arkansas Doug McMillon State Grid Utilities $315,199 2999560000000099999 ♠ 4.4 % 926,067 Beijing Shu Yinbiao Sinopec Group Petroleum refining $267,518 2999090000000000000 ♠ 9.1 % 713,288 Beijing Wang Yupu China National Petroleum Petroleum refining $262,573 2998877000000000000 ♠ 12.3 % 1,512,048 Beijing Wang Yilin Toyota Motor vehicles and parts $254,694 7000770000000000000 ♠ 7.7 % 364,445 Toyota , Aichi Akio Toyoda 6 Volkswagen Group Automotive $240,264 7000150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 % 626,715 Wolfsburg Matthias Müller 7 Royal Dutch Shell Petroleum refining $240,033 2998882000000000000 ♠ 11.8 % 89,000 The Hague Ben van Beurden 8 Berkshire Hathaway Conglomerate $223,604 7000610000000000000 ♠ 6.1 % 367,700 Omaha , Nebraska Warren Buffett 9 Apple Computers and office equipment $215,639 2999230000000099999 ♠ 7.7 % 116,000 Cupertino , California Tim Cook 10 Exxon Mobil Petroleum refining $205,004 2998833000000000000 ♠ 16.7 % 72,700 Irving , Texas Darren Woods 11 McKesson Healthcare $198,533 7000310000000000000 ♠ 3.1 % 64,500 San Francisco , California John Hammergren 12 BP Petroleum refining $186,606 2998826009999900000 ♠ 17.4 % 74,500 London Bob Dudley 13 United Health Healthcare $184,840 7001177000000000000 ♠ 17.7 % 230,000 Minnetonka , Minnesota Stephen Hemsley 14 CVS Health Healthcare $177,526 7001158000000000000 ♠ 15.8 % 204,000 Woonsocket , Rhode Island Larry Merlo 15 Samsung Electronics Electronics and electrical equipment $173,957 2999800000000000000 ♠ 2.0 % 325,000 Suwon Oh - Hyun Kwon 16 Glencore Mining and crude oil production $173,883 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2.0 % 93,123 Baar Ivan Glasenberg 17 Daimler Automotive $169,483 7000220000000000000 ♠ 2.2 % 282,488 Stuttgart Dieter Zetsche 18 General Motors Automotive $166,380 7000920000000099999 ♠ 9.2 % 225,000 Detroit , Michigan Mary Barra 19 AT&T Telecommunications $163,786 7001116000000000000 ♠ 11.6 % 268,540 Dallas , Texas Randall L. Stephenson 20 Exor Diversified financials $154,894 7000150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 % 302,562 Turin John Elkann 21 Ford Motor Automotive $151,800 7000150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 % 201,000 Dearborn , Michigan James Hackett 22 Industrial & Commercial Bank of China Financial services $147,675 7001117000000000000 ♠ 11.7 % 461,749 Beijing Yi Huiman 23 AmerisourceBergen Pharmaceuticals $146,850 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8.0 % 18,500 Chesterbrook , Pennsylvania Steven H. Collis 24 China Construction Engineering Construction $144,505 7000310000000000000 ♠ 3.1 % 263,915 Beijing Guan Qing 25 AXA Financial services $143,722 7001112000000000000 ♠ 11.2 % 97,707 Paris Thomas Buberl 26 Amazon Internet $135,987 7001271000000000000 ♠ 27.1 % 341,400 Seattle , Washington Jeff Bezos 27 Foxconn Electronics $135,129 2999570000000000000 ♠ 4.3 % 724,772 New Taipei Terry Gou 28 China Construction Bank Financial services $135,093 2999130000000000000 ♠ 8.7 % 362,482 Beijing Wang Zuji 29 Honda Automotive $129,198 7000620000000000000 ♠ 6.2 % 211,915 Tokyo Takahiro Hachigo 30 Total Oil and gas $127,925 2998892000000000000 ♠ 10.8 % 102,168 Courbevoie Patrick Pouyanné 31 General Electric Conglomerate $126,661 2999019999999999999 ♠ 9.8 % 295,000 Boston , Massachusetts Jeffrey Immelt 32 Verizon Telecommunications $125,980 2999570000000000000 ♠ 4.3 % 160,900 New York City Lowell McAdam 33 Japan Post Conglomerate $122,990 7000360000000000000 ♠ 3.6 % 248,384 Tokyo Masatsugu Nagato 34 Allianz Financial services $122,196 3000400000000000000 ♠ 0.6 % 140,253 Munich Oliver Bäte 35 Cardinal Health Pharmaceuticals $121,546 7001185000000000000 ♠ 18.5 % 37,300 Dublin , Ohio George S. Barrett See also ( edit ) Forbes Global 2000 Forbes 500 List of companies by employees List of corporations by market capitalization List of wealthiest organizations References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Walmart '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` State Grid Corporation of China '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sinopec Group '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` China National Petroleum '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Motor '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Volkswagen - Germany '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Dutch Shell '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Berkshire Hathaway '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Apple '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Exxon Mobil '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` McKesson '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BP '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UnitedHealth Group '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CVS Health '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung Electronics '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Glencore '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Daimler '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` General Motors '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AT&T '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EXOR Group '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ford Motor '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Industrial & Commercial Bank of China '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AmerisourceBergen '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` China State Construction Engineering '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AXA '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hon Hai Precision Industry '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` China Construction Bank '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Motor '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Total '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` General Electric '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Verizon '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Post Holdings '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Allianz '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cardinal Health '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Fortune Global 500 List ( hide ) Extreme wealth Concepts Capital accumulation Distribution of wealth Dynastic wealth Economic inequality Geography and wealth High - net - worth individual UHNWI National wealth Oligarchy Overaccumulation Paper wealth Plutocracy Plutonomy Wealth concentration Wealth effect Wealth management Wealth and religion Wealth tax Individuals Wealthiest historical figures Wealthiest Americans Female billionaires ‎ Wealthiest families Wealthiest animals Forbes list of billionaires Lists of organizations Wealthiest organizations Companies by profit and loss Largest companies by revenue Largest financial services companies by revenue Largest manufacturing companies by revenue Public corporations by market capitalization See also Business magnate Business oligarch Upper class Nouveau riche Vieux riche The rich get richer and the poor get poorer Philanthropy The Giving Pledge Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_largest_companies_by_revenue&oldid=806900257 '' Categories : Lists of companies by revenue Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Lietuvių Magyar Polski Português Română Türkçe اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 20 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20largest%20companies%20by%20revenue

what are slums why is it difficult to live in slums

Slum

slum

A slum is a highly populated urban residential area consisting mostly of closely packed , decrepit housing units in a situation of deteriorated or incomplete infrastructure , inhabited primarily by impoverished persons . While slums differ in size and other characteristics , most lack reliable sanitation services , supply of clean water , reliable electricity , law enforcement and other basic services . Slum residences vary from shanty houses to professionally built dwellings which , because of poor - quality construction or provision of basic maintenance , have deteriorated .

Due to increasing urbanization of the general populace , slums became common in the 18th to late 20th centuries in the United States and Europe . Slums are still predominantly found in urban regions of developing countries , but are also still found in developed economies . According to UN-Habitat , around 33 % of the urban population in the developing world in 2012 , or about 863 million people , lived in slums . The proportion of urban population living in slums was highest in Sub-Saharan Africa ( 61.7 % ) , followed by South Asia ( 35 % ) , Southeast Asia ( 31 % ) , East Asia ( 28.2 % ) , West Asia ( 24.6 % ) , Oceania ( 24.1 % ) , Latin America and the Caribbean ( 23.5 % ) , and North Africa ( 13.3 % ) . Among individual countries , the proportion of urban residents living in slum areas in 2009 was highest in the Central African Republic ( 95.9 % ) . Between 1990 and 2010 the percentage of people living in slums dropped , even as the total urban population increased . The world 's largest slum city is found in the Neza - Chalco - Ixtapaluca area , located in the State of Mexico . Slums form and grow in different parts of the world for many different reasons . Causes include rapid rural - to - urban migration , economic stagnation and depression , high unemployment , poverty , informal economy , forced or manipulated ghettoization , poor planning , politics , natural disasters and social conflicts . Strategies tried to reduce and transform slums in different countries , with varying degrees of success , include a combination of slum removal , slum relocation , slum upgrading , urban planning with citywide infrastructure development , and public housing . Contents 1 Etymology and nomenclature 2 History 3 Causes that create and expand slums 3.1 Rural -- urban migration 3.2 Urbanization 3.3 Poor house planning 3.4 Colonialism and segregation 3.5 Poor infrastructure , social exclusion and economic stagnation 3.6 Informal economy 3.7 Poverty 3.8 Politics 3.9 Social conflicts 3.10 Natural disasters 4 Characteristics of slums 4.1 Location and growth 4.2 Insecure tenure 4.3 Substandard housing and overcrowding 4.4 Inadequate or no infrastructure 5 Risks 5.1 Vulnerability to natural and unnatural hazards 5.2 Unemployment and informal economy 5.3 Violence 5.4 Disease 5.5 Child malnutrition 5.6 Epidemics 6 Countermeasures 6.1 Slum removal 6.2 Slum relocation 6.3 Slum upgrading 6.4 Urban infrastructure development and public housing 7 Prevalence 8 See also 8.1 Variations of impoverished settlements 8.2 Organizations and concepts 9 References 10 Further reading Etymology and nomenclature ( edit ) It is thought that slum is a British slang word from the East End of London meaning `` room '' , which evolved to `` back slum '' around 1845 meaning ' back alley , street of poor people . ' Numerous other non English terms are often used interchangeably with slum : shanty town , favela , rookery , gecekondu , skid row , barrio , ghetto , bidonville , taudis , bandas de miseria , barrio marginal , morro , loteamento , barraca , musseque , tugurio , solares , mudun safi , karyan , medina achouaia , brarek , ishash , galoos , tanake , baladi , trushebi , chalis , katras , zopadpattis , bustee , estero , looban , dagatan , umjondolo , watta , udukku , and chereka bete . The word slum has negative connotations , and using this label for an area can be seen as an attempt to delegitimize that land use when hoping to repurpose it . History ( edit ) One of the many New York City slum photographs of Jacob Riis ( ca 1890 ) . Squalor can be seen in the streets , wash clothes hanging between buildings . Inside of a slum house , from Jacob Riis photo collection of New York City ( ca 1890 ) . Part of Charles Booth 's poverty map showing the Old Nichol , a slum in the East End of London . Published 1889 in Life and Labour of the People in London . The red areas are `` middle class , well - to - do '' , light blue areas are `` poor , 18s to 21s a week for a moderate family '' , dark blue areas are `` very poor , casual , chronic want '' , and black areas are the `` lowest class ... occasional labourers , street sellers , loafers , criminals and semi-criminals '' . Slums were common in the United States and Europe before the early 20th century . London 's East End is generally considered the locale where the term originated in the 19th century , where massive and rapid urbanisation of the dockside and industrial areas led to intensive overcrowding in a warren of post-medieval streetscape . The suffering of the poor was described in popular fiction by moralist authors such as Charles Dickens -- most famously Oliver Twist ( 1837 - 9 ) and echoed the ' Christian Socialist ' values of the time , which soon found legal expression in the Public Health Act of 1848 . As the slum clearance movement gathered pace , deprived areas such as Old Nichol were fictionalised to raise awareness in the middle classes in the form of moralist novels such as A Child of the Jago ( 1896 ) resulting in slum clearance and reconstruction programmes such as the exemplary Boundary Estate ( 1893 - 1900 ) and the creation of charitable trusts such as the Peabody Trust founded in 1862 and Joseph Rowntree Foundation ( 1904 ) which still operate to provide decent housing today . Slums are often associated with Victorian Britain , particularly in industrial English towns , lowland Scottish towns and Dublin City in Ireland . Engels described these British neighborhoods as `` cattle - sheds for human beings '' . These were generally still inhabited until the 1940s , when the British government started slum clearance and built new council houses . There are still examples left of slum housing in the UK , but many have been removed by government initiative , redesigned and replaced with better public housing . In Europe , slums were common . By the 1920s it had become a common slang expression in England , meaning either various taverns and eating houses , `` loose talk '' or gypsy language , or a room with `` low going - ons '' . In Life in London Pierce Egan used the word in the context of the `` back slums '' of Holy Lane or St Giles . A footnote defined slum to mean `` low , unfrequent parts of the town '' . Charles Dickens used the word slum in a similar way in 1840 , writing `` I mean to take a great , London , back - slum kind walk tonight '' . Slum began to be used to describe bad housing soon after and was used as alternative expression for rookeries . In 1850 the Catholic Cardinal Wiseman described the area known as Devil 's Acre in Westminster , London as follows : Close under the Abbey of Westminster there lie concealed labyrinths of lanes and potty and alleys and slums , nests of ignorance , vice , depravity , and crime , as well as of squalor , wretchedness , and disease ; whose atmosphere is typhus , whose ventilation is cholera ; in which swarms of huge and almost countless population , nominally at least , Catholic ; haunts of filth , which no sewage committee can reach -- dark corners , which no lighting board can brighten . This passage was widely quoted in the national press , leading to the popularisation of the word slum to describe bad housing . A slum dwelling in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , about 1936 . In France as in most industrialised European capitals , slums were widespread in Paris and other urban areas in the 19th century , many of which continued through first half of the 20th century . The first cholera epidemic of 1832 triggered a political debate , and Louis René Villermé study of various arrondissements of Paris demonstrated the differences and connection between slums , poverty and poor health . Melun Law first passed in 1849 and revised in 1851 , followed by establishment of Paris Commission on Unhealthful Dwellings in 1852 began the social process of identifying the worst housing inside slums , but did not remove or replace slums . After World War II , French people started mass migration from rural to urban areas of France . This demographic and economic trend rapidly raised rents of existing housing as well as expanded slums . French government passed laws to block increase in the rent of housing , which inadvertently made many housing projects unprofitable and increased slums . In 1950 , France launched its Habitation à Loyer Modéré initiative to finance and build public housing and remove slums , managed by techniciens -- urban technocrats. , and financed by Livret A -- a tax free savings account for French public . New York City is believed to have created America 's first slum , named the Five Points in 1825 , as it evolved into a large urban settlement . Five Points was named for a lake named Collect. which , by the late 1700s , was surrounded by slaughterhouses and tanneries which emptied their waste directly into its waters . Trash piled up as well and by the early 1800s the lake was filled up and dry . On this foundation was built Five Points , the United States ' first slum . Five Points was occupied by successive waves of freed slaves , Irish , then Italian , then Chinese , immigrants . It housed the poor , rural people leaving farms for opportunity , and the persecuted people from Europe pouring into New York City . Bars , bordellos , squalid and lightless tenements lined its streets . Violence and crime were commonplace . Politicians and social elite discussed it with derision . Slums like Five Points triggered discussions of affordable housing and slum removal . As of the start of the 21st century , Five Points slum had been transformed into the Little Italy and Chinatown neighborhoods of New York City , through that city 's campaign of massive urban renewal . Five Points was not the only slum in America . Jacob Riis , Walker Evans , Lewis Hine and others photographed many before World War II . Slums were found in every major urban region of the United States throughout most of the 20th century , long after the Great Depression . Most of these slums had been ignored by the cities and states which encompassed them until the 1960s ' War on Poverty was undertaken by the Federal government of the United States . A type of slum housing , sometimes called poorhouses , crowded the Boston Commons , later at the fringes of the city . A 1913 slum dwelling midst squalor in Ivry - sur - Seine , a French commune about 5 kilometers from center of Paris . Slums were scattered around Paris through the 1950s . After Loi Vivien was passed in July 1970 , France demolished some of its last major bidonvilles ( slums ) and resettled resident Algerian , Portuguese and other migrant workers by the mid-1970s . Rio de Janeiro documented its first slum in 1920 census . By the 1960s , over 33 % of population of Rio lived in slums , 45 % of Mexico City and Ankara , 65 % of Algiers , 35 % of Caracas , 25 % of Lima and Santiago , 15 % of Singapore . By 1980 , in various cities and towns of Latin America alone , there were about 25,000 slums . Causes that create and expand slums ( edit ) Slums sprout and continue for a combination of demographic , social , economic , and political reasons . Common causes include rapid rural - to - urban migration , poor planning , economic stagnation and depression , poverty , high unemployment , informal economy , colonialism and segregation , politics , natural disasters and social conflicts . Rural -- urban migration ( edit ) Kibera slum in Nairobi , Kenya , the second largest slum in Africa and third largest in the world . Rural -- urban migration is one of the causes attributed to the formation and expansion of slums . Since 1950 , world population has increased at a far greater rate than the total amount of arable land , even as agriculture contributes a much smaller percentage of the total economy . For example , in India , agriculture accounted for 52 % of its GDP in 1954 and only 19 % in 2004 ; in Brazil , the 2005 GDP contribution of agriculture is one - fifth of its contribution in 1951 . Agriculture , meanwhile , has also become higher yielding , less disease prone , less physically harsh and more efficient with tractors and other equipment . The proportion of people working in agriculture has declined by 30 % over the last 50 years , while global population has increased by 250 % . Many people move to urban areas primarily because cities promise more jobs , better schools for poor 's children , and diverse income opportunities than subsistence farming in rural areas . For example , in 1995 , 95.8 % of migrants to Surabaya , Indonesia reported that jobs were their primary motivation for moving to the city . However , some rural migrants may not find jobs immediately because of their lack of skills and the increasingly competitive job markets , which leads to their financial shortage . Many cities , on the other hand , do not provide enough low - cost housing for a large number of rural - urban migrant workers . Some rural -- urban migrant workers can not afford housing in cities and eventually settle down in only affordable slums . Further , rural migrants , mainly lured by higher incomes , continue to flood into cities . They thus expand the existing urban slums . According to Ali and Toran , social networks might also explain rural -- urban migration and people 's ultimate settlement in slums . In addition to migration for jobs , a portion of people migrate to cities because of their connection with relatives or families . Once their family support in urban areas is in slums , those rural migrants intend to live with them in slums Urbanization ( edit ) A slum in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . Rocinha favela is next to skyscrapers and wealthier parts of the city , a location that provides jobs and easy commute to those who live in the slums . The formation of slums is closely linked to urbanization . In 2008 , more than 50 % of the world 's population lived in urban areas . In China , for example , it is estimated that the population living in urban areas will increase by 10 % within a decade according to its current rates of urbanization . The UN-Habitat reports that 43 % of urban population in developing countries and 78 % of those in the least developed countries are slum dwellers . Some scholars suggest that urbanization creates slums because local governments are unable to manage urbanization , and migrant workers without an affordable place to live in , dwell in slums . Rapid urbanization drives economic growth and causes people to seek working and investment opportunities in urban areas . However , as evidenced by poor urban infrastructure and insufficient housing , the local governments sometimes are unable to manage this transition . This incapacity can be attributed to insufficient funds and inexperience to handle and organize problems brought by migration and urbanization . In some cases , local governments ignore the flux of immigrants during the process of urbanization . Such examples can be found in many African countries . In the early 1950s , many African governments believed that slums would finally disappear with economic growth in urban areas . They neglected rapidly spreading slums due to increased rural - urban migration caused by urbanization . Some governments , moreover , mapped the land where slums occupied as undeveloped land . Another type of urbanization does not involve economic growth but economic stagnation or low growth , mainly contributing to slum growth in Sub-Saharan Africa and parts of Asia . This type of urbanization involves a high rate of unemployment , insufficient financial resources and inconsistent urban planning policy . In these areas , an increase of 1 % in urban population will result in an increase of 1.84 % in slum prevalence . Urbanization might also force some people to live in slums when it influences land use by transforming agricultural land into urban areas and increases land value . During the process of urbanization , some agricultural land is used for additional urban activities . More investment will come into these areas , which increases the land value . Before some land is completely urbanized , there is a period when the land can be used for neither urban activities nor agriculture . The income from the land will decline , which decreases the people 's incomes in that area . The gap between people 's low income and the high land price forces some people to look for and construct cheap informal settlements , which are known as slums in urban areas . The transformation of agricultural land also provides surplus labor , as peasants have to seek jobs in urban areas as rural - urban migrant workers . Many slums are part of economies of agglomeration in which there is an emergence of economies of scale at the firm level , transport costs and the mobility of the industrial labour force . The increase in returns of scale will mean that the production of each good will take place in a single location . And even though an agglomerated economy benefits these cities by bringing in specialization and multiple competing suppliers , the conditions of slums continue to lag behind in terms of quality and adequate housing . Alonso - Villar argues that the existence of transport costs implies that the best locations for a firm will be those with easy access to markets , and the best locations for workers , those with easy access to goods . The concentration is the result of a self - reinforcing process of agglomeration . Concentration is a common trend of the distribution of population . Urban growth is dramatically intense in the less developed countries , where a large number of huge cities have started to appear ; which means high poverty rates , crime , pollution and congestion . Poor house planning ( edit ) Lack of affordable low cost housing and poor planning encourages the supply side of slums . The Millennium Development Goals proposes that member nations should make a `` significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers '' by 2020 . If member nations succeed in achieving this goal , 90 % of the world total slum dwellers may remain in the poorly housed settlements by 2020 . Choguill claims that the large number of slum dwellers indicates a deficiency of practical housing policy . Whenever there is a significant gap in growing demand for housing and insufficient supply of affordable housing , this gap is typically met in part by slums . The Economist summarizes this as , `` good housing is obviously better than a slum , but a slum is better than none '' . Insufficient financial resources and lack of coordination in government bureaucracy are two main causes of poor house planning . Financial deficiency in some governments may explain the lack of affordable public housing for the poor since any improvement of the tenant in slums and expansion of public housing programs involve a great increase in the government expenditure . The problem can also lie on the failure in coordination among different departments in charge of economic development , urban planning , and land allocation . In some cities , governments assume that the housing market will adjust the supply of housing with a change in demand . However , with little economic incentive , the housing market is more likely to develop middle - income housing rather than low - cost housing . The urban poor gradually become marginalized in the housing market where few houses are built to sell to them . Colonialism and segregation ( edit ) An integrated slum dwelling and informal economy inside Dharavi of Mumbai . Dharavi slum started in 1887 with industrial and segregationist policies of the British colonial era . The slum housing , tanneries , pottery and other economy established inside and around Dharavi during the British rule of India . Some of the slums in today 's world are a product of urbanization brought by colonialism . For instance , the Europeans arrived in Kenya in the nineteenth century and created urban centers such as Nairobi mainly to serve their financial interests . They regarded the Africans as temporary migrants and needed them only for supply of labor . The housing policy aiming to accommodate these workers was not well enforced and the government built settlements in the form of single - occupancy bedspaces . Due to the cost of time and money in their movement back and forth between rural and urban areas , their families gradually migrated to the urban centre . As they could not afford to buy houses , slums were thus formed . Others were created because of segregation imposed by the colonialists . For example , Dharavi slum of Mumbai -- now one of the largest slums in India , used to be a village referred to as Koliwadas , and Mumbai used to be referred as Bombay . In 1887 , the British colonial government expelled all tanneries , other noxious industry and poor natives who worked in the peninsular part of the city and colonial housing area , to what was back then the northern fringe of the city -- a settlement now called Dharavi . This settlement attracted no colonial supervision or investment in terms of road infrastructure , sanitation , public services or housing . The poor moved into Dharavi , found work as servants in colonial offices and homes and in the foreign owned tanneries and other polluting industries near Dharavi . To live , the poor built shanty towns within easy commute to work . By 1947 , the year India became an independent nation of the commonwealth , Dharavi had blossomed into Bombay 's largest slum . Similarly , some of the slums of Lagos , Nigeria sprouted because of neglect and policies of the colonial era . During apartheid era of South Africa , under the pretext of sanitation and plague epidemic prevention , racial and ethnic group segregation was pursued , people of color were moved to the fringes of the city , policies that created Soweto and other slums -- officially called townships . Large slums started at the fringes of segregation - conscious colonial city centers of Latin America . Marcuse suggests ghettoes in the United States , and elsewhere , have been created and maintained by the segregationist policies of the state and regionally dominant group . Makoko -- One of the oldest slums in Nigeria , was originally a fishing village settlement , built on stilts on a lagoon . It developed into a slum and became home to about a hundred thousand people in Lagos . In 2012 , it was destroyed by the city government , amidst controversy , to accommodate infrastructure for the city 's growing population . Poor infrastructure , social exclusion and economic stagnation ( edit ) A large slum pictured behind skyscrapers in a more developed area in La Paz , Bolivia . Social exclusion and poor infrastructure forces the poor to adapt to conditions beyond his or her control . Poor families that can not afford transportation , or those who simply lack any form of affordable public transportation , generally end up in squat settlements within walking distance or close enough to the place of their formal or informal employment . Ben Arimah cites this social exclusion and poor infrastructure as a cause for numerous slums in African cities . Poor quality , unpaved streets encourage slums ; a 1 % increase in paved all - season roads , claims Arimah , reduces slum incidence rate by about 0.35 % . Affordable public transport and economic infrastructure empowers poor people to move and consider housing options other than their current slums . A growing economy that creates jobs at rate faster than population growth , offers people opportunities and incentive to relocate from poor slum to more developed neighborhoods . Economic stagnation , in contrast , creates uncertainties and risks for the poor , encouraging people to stay in the slums . Economic stagnation in a nation with a growing population reduces per capita disposal income in urban and rural areas , increasing urban and rural poverty . Rising rural poverty also encourages migration to urban areas . A poorly performing economy , in other words , increases poverty and rural - to - urban migration , thereby increasing slums . Informal economy ( edit ) Many slums grow because of growing informal economy which creates demand for workers . Informal economy is that part of an economy that is neither registered as a business nor licensed , one that does not pay taxes and is not monitored by local or state or federal government . Informal economy grows faster than formal economy when government laws and regulations are opaque and excessive , government bureaucracy is corrupt and abusive of entrepreneurs , labor laws are inflexible , or when law enforcement is poor . Urban informal sector is between 20 and 60 % of most developing economies ' GDP ; in Kenya , 78 per cent of non-agricultural employment is in the informal sector making up 42 per cent of GDP . In many cities the informal sector accounts for as much as 60 per cent of employment of the urban population . For example , in Benin , slum dwellers comprise 75 per cent of informal sector workers , while in Burkina Faso , the Central African Republic , Chad and Ethiopia , they make up 90 per cent of the informal labour force . Slums thus create an informal alternate economic ecosystem , that demands low paid flexible workers , something impoverished residents of slums deliver . In other words , countries where starting , registering and running a formal business is difficult , tend to encourage informal businesses and slums . Without a sustainable formal economy that raise incomes and create opportunities , squalid slums are likely to continue . A slum near Ramos Arizpe in Mexico . The World Bank and UN Habitat estimate , assuming no major economic reforms are undertaken , more than 80 % of additional jobs in urban areas of developing world may be low - paying jobs in the informal sector . Everything else remaining same , this explosive growth in the informal sector is likely to be accompanied by a rapid growth of slums . Poverty ( edit ) Urban poverty encourages the formation and demand for slums . With rapid shift from rural to urban life , poverty migrates to urban areas . The urban poor arrives with hope , and very little of anything else . He or she typically has no access to shelter , basic urban services and social amenities . Slums are often the only option for the urban poor . A woman from a slum is taking a bath in a river . Politics ( edit ) Many local and national governments have , for political interests , subverted efforts to remove , reduce or upgrade slums into better housing options for the poor . Throughout the second half of the 19th century , for example , French political parties relied on votes from slum population and had vested interests in maintaining that voting block . Removal and replacement of slum created a conflict of interest , and politics prevented efforts to remove , relocate or upgrade the slums into housing projects that are better than the slums . Similar dynamics are cited in favelas of Brazil , slums of India , and shanty towns of Kenya . The location of 30 largest `` contiguous '' mega-slums in the world . Numerous other regions have slums , but those slums are scattered . The numbers show population in millions per mega-slum , the initials are derived from city name . Some of the largest slums of the world are in areas of political or social conflicts . Scholars claim politics also drives rural - urban migration and subsequent settlement patterns . Pre-existing patronage networks , sometimes in the form of gangs and other times in the form of political parties or social activists , inside slums seek to maintain their economic , social and political power . These social and political groups have vested interests to encourage migration by ethnic groups that will help maintain the slums , and reject alternate housing options even if the alternate options are better in every aspect than the slums they seek to replace . Social conflicts ( edit ) Millions of Lebanese people formed slums during the civil war from 1975 to 1990 . Similarly , in recent years , numerous slums have sprung around Kabul to accommodate rural Afghans escaping Taliban violence . Natural disasters ( edit ) Major natural disasters in poor nations often lead to migration of disaster - affected families from areas crippled by the disaster to unaffected areas , the creation of temporary tent city and slums , or expansion of existing slums . These slums tend to become permanent because the residents do not want to leave , as in the case of slums near Port - au - Prince after the 2010 Haiti earthquake , and slums near Dhaka after 2007 Bangladesh Cyclone Sidr . Characteristics of slums ( edit ) Slum in Tai Hang , Hong Kong , in the 1990s Location and growth ( edit ) Slums typically begin at the outskirts of a city . Over time , the city may expand past the original slums , enclosing the slums inside the urban perimeter . New slums sprout at the new boundaries of the expanding city , usually on publicly owned lands , thereby creating an urban sprawl mix of formal settlements , industry , retail zones and slums . This makes the original slums valuable property , densely populated with many conveniences attractive to the poor . At their start , slums are typically located in least desirable lands near the town or city , that are state owned or philanthropic trust owned or religious entity owned or have no clear land title . In cities located over a mountainous terrain , slums begin on difficult to reach slopes or start at the bottom of flood prone valleys , often hidden from plain view of city center but close to some natural water source . In cities located near lagoons , marshlands and rivers , they start at banks or on stilts above water or the dry river bed ; in flat terrain , slums begin on lands unsuitable for agriculture , near city trash dumps , next to railway tracks , and other shunned undesirable locations . These strategies shield slums from the risk of being noticed and removed when they are small and most vulnerable to local government officials . Initial homes tend to be tents and shacks that are quick to install , but as slum grows , becomes established and newcomers pay the informal association or gang for the right to live in the slum , the construction materials for the slums switches to more lasting materials such as bricks and concrete , suitable for slum 's topography . The original slums , over time , get established next to centers of economic activity , schools , hospitals , sources of employment , which the poor rely on . Established old slums , surrounded by the formal city infrastructure , can not expand horizontally ; therefore , they grow vertically by stacking additional rooms , sometimes for a growing family and sometimes as a source of rent from new arrivals in slums . Some slums name themselves after founders of political parties , locally respected historical figures , current politicians or politician 's spouse to garner political backing against eviction . Insecure tenure ( edit ) Informality of land tenure is a key characteristic of urban slums . At their start , slums are typically located in least desirable lands near the town or city , that are state owned or philanthropic trust owned or religious entity owned or have no clear land title . Some immigrants regard unoccupied land as land without owners and therefore occupy it . In some cases the local community or the government allots lands to people , which will later develop into slums and over which the dwellers do n't have property rights . Informal land tenure also includes occupation of land belonging to someone else . According to Flood , 51 percent of slums are based on invasion to private land in sub-Saharan Africa , 39 percent in North Africa and West Asia , 10 percent in South Asia , 40 percent in East Asia , and 40 percent in Latin America and the Caribbean . In some cases , once the slum has many residents , the early residents form a social group , an informal association or a gang that controls newcomers , charges a fee for the right to live in the slums , and dictates where and how new homes get built within the slum . The newcomers , having paid for the right , feel they have commercial right to the home in that slum . The slum dwellings , built earlier or in later period as the slum grows , are constructed without checking land ownership rights or building codes , are not registered with the city , and often not recognized by the city or state governments . Secure land tenure is important for slum dwellers as an authentic recognition of their residential status in urban areas . It also encourages them to upgrade their housing facilities , which will give them protection against natural and unnatural hazards . Undocumented ownership with no legal title to the land also prevents slum settlers from applying for mortgage , which might worsen their financial situations . In addition , without registration of the land ownership , the government has difficulty in upgrading basic facilities and improving the living environment . Insecure tenure of the slum , as well as lack of socially and politically acceptable alternatives to slums , also creates difficulty in citywide infrastructure development such as rapid mass transit , electrical line and sewer pipe layout , highways and roads . Substandard housing and overcrowding ( edit ) Substandard housing in a slum near Jakarta , Indonesia in the 2000s . Slum areas are characterized by substandard housing structures . Shanty homes are often built hurriedly , on ad hoc basis , with materials unsuitable for housing . Often the construction quality is inadequate to withstand heavy rains , high winds , or other local climate and location . Paper , plastic , earthen floors , mud - and - wattle walls , wood held together by ropes , straw or torn metal pieces as roofs are some of the materials of construction . In some cases , brick and cement is used , but without attention to proper design and structural engineering requirements . Various space , dwelling placement bylaws and local building codes may also be extensively violated . Overcrowding is another characteristic of slums . Many dwellings are single room units , with high occupancy rates . Each dwelling may be cohabited by multiple families . Five and more persons may share a one - room unit ; the room is used for cooking , sleeping and living . Overcrowding is also seen near sources of drinking water , cleaning , and sanitation where one toilet may serve dozens of families . In a slum of Kolkata , India , over 10 people sometimes share a 45 m room . In Kibera slum of Nairobi , Kenya , population density is estimated at 2,000 people per hectare -- or about 500,000 people in one square mile . However , the density and neighbourhood effects of slum populations may also offer an opportunity to target health interventions . Inadequate or no infrastructure ( edit ) Slum with tiled roofs and railway , Jakarta railway slum resettlement 1975 , Indonesia . One of the identifying characteristics of slums is the lack of or inadequate public infrastructure . From safe drinking water to electricity , from basic health care to police services , from affordable public transport to fire / ambulance services , from sanitation sewer to paved roads , new slums usually lack all of these . Established , old slums sometimes garner official support and get some of these infrastructure such as paved roads and unreliable electricity or water supply . Slums often have very narrow alleys that do not allow vehicles ( including emergency vehicles ) to pass . The lack of services such as routine garbage collection allows rubbish to accumulate in huge quantities . The lack of infrastructure is caused by the informal nature of settlement and no planning for the poor by government officials . Fires are often a serious problem . In many countries , local and national government often refuse to recognize slums , because the slum are on disputed land , or because of the fear that quick official recognition will encourage more slum formation and seizure of land illegally . Recognizing and notifying slums often triggers a creation of property rights , and requires that the government provide public services and infrastructure to the slum residents . With poverty and informal economy , slums do not generate tax revenues for the government and therefore tend to get minimal or slow attention . In other cases , the narrow and haphazard layout of slum streets , houses and substandard shacks , along with persistent threat of crime and violence against infrastructure workers , makes it difficult to layout reliable , safe , cost effective and efficient infrastructure . In yet others , the demand far exceeds the government bureaucracy 's ability to deliver . Low socioeconomic status of its residents is another common characteristic attributed to slum residents . Risks ( edit ) Vulnerability to natural and unnatural hazards ( edit ) Slums in the city of Chau Doc , Vietnam over river Hậu ( Mekong branch ) . These slums are on stilts to withstand routine floods which last 3 to 4 months every year . Slums are often placed among the places vulnerable to natural disasters such as landslides and floods . In cities located over a mountainous terrain , slums begin on slopes difficult to reach or start at the bottom of flood prone valleys , often hidden from plain view of city center but close to some natural water source . In cities located near lagoons , marshlands and rivers , they start at banks or on stilts above water or the dry river bed ; in flat terrain , slums begin on lands unsuitable for agriculture , near city trash dumps , next to railway tracks , and other shunned , undesirable locations . These strategies shield slums from the risk of being noticed and removed when they are small and most vulnerable to local government officials . However , the ad hoc construction , lack of quality control on building materials used , poor maintenance , and uncoordinated spatial design make them prone to extensive damage during earthquakes as well from decay . These risks will be intensified by climate change . A slum in Haiti damaged by 2010 earthquake . Slums are vulnerable to extensive damage and human fatalities from landslides , floods , earthquakes , fire , high winds and other severe weather . Some slums risk man - made hazards such as toxic industries , traffic congestion and collapsing infrastructure . Fires are another major risk to slums and its inhabitants , with streets too narrow to allow proper and quick access to fire control trucks . Unemployment and informal economy ( edit ) Due to lack of skills and education as well as competitive job markets , many slum dwellers face high rates of unemployment . The limit of job opportunities causes many of them to employ themselves in the informal economy , inside the slum or in developed urban areas near the slum . This can sometimes be licit informal economy or illicit informal economy without working contract or any social security . Some of them are seeking jobs at the same time and some of those will eventually find jobs in formal economies after gaining some professional skills in informal sectors . Examples of licit informal economy include street vending , household enterprises , product assembly and packaging , making garlands and embroideries , domestic work , shoe polishing or repair , driving tuk - tuk or manual rickshaws , construction workers or manually driven logistics , and handicrafts production . In some slums , people sort and recycle trash of different kinds ( from household garbage to electronics ) for a living -- selling either the odd usable goods or stripping broken goods for parts or raw materials . Typically these licit informal economies require the poor to regularly pay a bribe to local police and government officials . A propaganda poster linking slum to violence , used by US Housing Authority in the 1940s . City governments in the USA created many such propaganda posters and launched a media campaign to gain citizen support for slum clearance and planned public housing . Examples of illicit informal economy include illegal substance and weapons trafficking , drug or moonshine / changaa production , prostitution and gambling -- all sources of risks to the individual , families and society . Recent reports reflecting illicit informal economies include drug trade and distribution in Brazil 's favelas , production of fake goods in the colonías of Tijuana , smuggling in katchi abadis and slums of Karachi , or production of synthetic drugs in the townships of Johannesburg . The slum - dwellers in informal economies run many risks . The informal sector , by its very nature , means income insecurity and lack of social mobility . There is also absence of legal contracts , protection of labor rights , regulations and bargaining power in informal employments . Violence ( edit ) Some scholars suggest that crime is one of the main concerns in slums . Empirical data suggest crime rates are higher in some slums than in non-slums , with slum homicides alone reducing life expectancy of a resident in a Brazil slum by 7 years than for a resident in nearby non-slum . In some countries like Venezuela , officials have sent in the military to control slum criminal violence involved with drugs and weapons . Rape is another serious issue related to crime in slums . In Nairobi slums , for example , one fourth of all teenage girls are raped each year . On the other hand , while UN-Habitat reports some slums are more exposed to crimes with higher crime rates ( for instance , the traditional inner - city slums ) , crime is not the direct resultant of block layout in many slums . Rather crime is one of the symptoms of slum dwelling ; thus slums consist of more victims than criminals . Consequently , slums in all do not have consistently high crime rates ; slums have the worst crime rates in sectors maintaining influence of illicit economy -- such as drug trafficking , brewing , prostitution and gambling -- . Often in such circumstance , multiple gangs fight for control over revenue . Slum crime rate correlates with insufficient law enforcement and inadequate public policing . In main cities of developing countries , law enforcement lags behind urban growth and slum expansion . Often police can not reduce crime because , due to ineffective city planning and governance , slums set inefficient crime prevention system . Such problems is not primarily due to community indifference . Leads and information intelligence from slums are rare , streets are narrow and a potential death traps to patrol , and many in the slum community have an inherent distrust of authorities from fear ranging from eviction to collection on unpaid utility bills to general law and order . Lack of formal recognition by the governments also leads to few formal policing and public justice institutions in slums . Women in slums are at greater risk of physical and sexual violence . Factors such as unemployment that lead to insufficient resources in the household can increase marital stress and therefore exacerbate domestic violence . Slums are often non-secured areas and women often risk sexual violence when they walk alone in slums late at night . Violence against women and women 's security in slums emerge as recurrent issues . Another prevalent form of violence in slums is armed violence ( gun violence ) , mostly existing in African and Latin American slums . It leads to homicide and the emergence of criminal gangs . Typical victims are male slum residents . Violence often leads to retaliatory and vigilante violence within the slum . Gang and drug wars are endemic in some slums , predominantly between male residents of slums . The police sometimes participate in gender - based violence against men as well by picking up some men , beating them and putting them in jail . Domestic violence against men also exists in slums , including verbal abuses and even physical violence from households . Cohen as well as Merton theorized that the cycle of slum violence does not mean slums are inevitably criminogenic , rather in some cases it is frustration against life in slum , and a consequence of denial of opportunity to slum residents to leave the slum . Further , crime rates are not uniformly high in world 's slums ; the highest crime rates in slums are seen where illicit economy -- such as drug trafficking , brewing , prostitution and gambling -- is strong and multiple gangs are fighting for control . A young boy sits over an open sewer in the Kibera slum , Nairobi . Disease ( edit ) Slum dwellers usually experience a high rate of disease . Diseases that have been reported in slums include cholera , HIV / AIDS , measles , malaria , dengue , typhoid , drug resistant tuberculosis , and other epidemics . Studies focus on children 's health in slums address that cholera and diarrhea are especially common among young children . In Haiti ( where a majority of the population live in poverty ) , after the 2010 earthquake , an outbreak of Cholera spread throughout the country , killing 8321 people . Besides children 's vulnerability to diseases , many scholars also focus on high HIV / AID prevalence in slums among women . In some slums , gender inequality increases women 's risk of HIV / AIDS . Mutual monogamy or using condoms are two main ways to prevent HIV / AIDS , but some women might not be able to modify their behaviors due to masculine authority or violence . Furthermore , diseases can sometimes lead to high mortality in slums . According to a study in Nairobi 's slums , HIV / AIDS and tuberculosis attributed to about 50 % of the mortality burden . High population densities , poor living conditions , low vaccination rates , insufficient health - related data and inadequate health service engender a higher rate of disease transmission in slums than that in non-slum areas . Overcrowding leads to faster and wider spread of diseases due to the limited space in slum housing . Poor living conditions also make slum dwellers more vulnerable to certain diseases . Poor water quality , a manifest example , is a cause of many major illnesses including malaria , diarrhea and trachoma . As Sur et al. suggest , improving living conditions such as introduction of better sanitation and access to basic facilities can ameliorate the effects of diseases . In addition to poor living conditions , low vaccination rates cause excess cases of disease in slums as well . Slum children are less likely to be vaccinated mainly because some slum dwellers refuse vaccinations without understanding its importance or no one at home is able to take the child to health sectors for vaccinations . Lack of reliable data also has a negative impact on slum dwellers ' health . A number of slum families do not report cases or seek professional medical care , which results in insufficient data . This might prevent appropriate allocation of health care resources in slum areas since many countries base their health care plans on data from clinic , hospital , or national mortality registry . Moreover , health service does not exist in most of the world 's slums . Emergency ambulance service and urgent care is typically unavailable in slums . Health service providers avoid servicing slums . A study shows that more than half of slum dwellers are prone to visit private practitioners or seek self - medication with medicines available in the home . Private practitioners in slums are usually those who are unlicensed or poorly trained and they run clinics and pharmacies mainly for the sake of money . A recent study has shown that there has been substantial improvement in the health awareness of the slum dwellers of Mumbai with regards to HIV / AIDS and diabetes . Child malnutrition ( edit ) Child malnutrition is more common in slums than in non-slum areas . In Mumbai and New Delhi , 47 % and 51 % of slum children under the age of five are stunted and 35 % and 36 % of them are underweighted . These children all suffer from third - degree malnutrition , the most severe level , according to WHO standards . A study conducted by Tada et al. in Bangkok slums illustrates that in terms of weight - forage , 25.4 % of the children who participated in the survey suffered from malnutrition , compared to around 8 % national malnutrition prevalence in Thailand . In Ethiopia and the Niger , rates of child malnutrition in urban slums are around 40 % . The major nutritional problems in slums are protein - energy malnutrition ( PEM ) , vitamin A deficiency ( VAD ) , iron deficiency anemia ( IDA ) and iodine deficiency disorders ( IDD ) . Malnutrition can sometimes lead to death among children . Dr. Abhay Bang 's report shows that malnutrition kills 56,000 children annually in urban slums in India . Widespread child malnutrition in slums is closely related to family income , mothers ' food practice , mothers ' educational level , and maternal employment or housewifery . Poverty may result in inadequate food intake when people can not afford to buy and store enough food , which leads to malnutrition . Another common cause is mothers ' faulty feeding practices , including inadequate breastfeeding and wrongly preparation of food for children . Tada et al. 's study in Bangkok slums shows that around 64 % of the mothers sometimes fed their children instant food instead of a normal meal . And about 70 % of the mothers did not provide their children three meals everyday . Mothers ' lack of education leads to their faulty feeding practices . Many mothers in slums do n't have knowledge on food nutrition for children . Maternal employment also influences children 's nutritional status . For the mothers who work outside , their children are prone to be malnourished . These children are likely to be neglected by their mothers or sometimes not carefully looked after by their female relatives . Recent study has shown improvements in health awareness in adolescent age group of a rural slum area . Epidemics ( edit ) Slums have been historically linked to epidemics . This trend has continued in modern times . For example , the slums of West African nations such as Liberia were crippled by as well as contributed to the outbreak and spread of Ebola in 2014 . Slums are considered a major public health concern and potential breeding grounds of drug resistant diseases for the entire city , the nation , as well as the global community . Countermeasures ( edit ) Villa 31 , one of the largest slums of Argentina , located near the center of Buenos Aires Recent years have seen a dramatic growth in the number of slums as urban populations have increased in developing countries . Nearly a billion people worldwide live in slums , and some project the figure may grow to 2 billion by 2030 , if governments and global community ignore slums and continue current urban policies . United Nations Habitat group believes change is possible . To achieve the goal of `` cities without slums '' , the UN claims that governments must undertake vigorous urban planning , city management , infrastructure development , slum upgrading and poverty reduction . Slum removal ( edit ) Main article : slum clearance Some city and state officials have simply sought to remove slums . This strategy for dealing with slums is rooted in the fact that slums typically start illegally on someone else 's land property , and they are not recognized by the state . As the slum started by violating another 's property rights , the residents have no legal claim to the land . Critics argue that slum removal by force tend to ignore the social problems that cause slums . The poor children as well as working adults of a city 's informal economy need a place to live . Slum clearance removes the slum , but it does not remove the causes that create and maintain the slum . Slum relocation ( edit ) Slum relocation strategies rely on removing the slums and relocating the slum poor to free semi-rural peripheries of cities , sometimes in free housing . This strategy ignores several dimensions of a slum life . The strategy sees slum as merely a place where the poor lives . In reality , slums are often integrated with every aspect of a slum resident 's life , including sources of employment , distance from work and social life . Slum relocation that displaces the poor from opportunities to earn a livelihood , generates economic insecurity in the poor . In some cases , the slum residents oppose relocation even if the replacement land and housing to the outskirts of cities is free and of better quality than their current house . Examples include Zone One Tondo Organization of Manila , Philippines and Abahlali baseMjondolo of Durban , South Africa . In other cases , such as Ennakhil slum relocation project in Morocco , systematic social mediation has worked . The slum residents have been convinced that their current location is a health hazard , prone to natural disaster , or that the alternative location is well connected to employment opportunities . Slum upgrading ( edit ) Main article : Slum upgrading Some governments have begun to approach slums as a possible opportunity to urban development by slum upgrading . This approach was inspired in part by the theoretical writings of John Turner in 1972 . The approach seeks to upgrade the slum with basic infrastructure such as sanitation , safe drinking water , safe electricity distribution , paved roads , rain water drainage system , and bus / metro stops . The assumption behind this approach is that if slums are given basic services and tenure security -- that is , the slum will not be destroyed and slum residents will not be evicted , then the residents will rebuild their own housing , engage their slum community to live better , and over time attract investment from government organizations and businesses . Turner argued to demolish the housing , but to improve the environment : if governments can clear existing slums of unsanitary human waste , polluted water and litter , and from muddy unlit lanes , they do not have to worry about the shanty housing . `` Squatters '' have shown great organizational skills in terms of land management , and they will maintain the infrastructure that is provided . Shibati slum in Chongqing , China . This slum is being demolished and residents relocated . In Mexico City for example , the government attempted to upgrade and urbanize settled slums in the periphery during the 1970s and 1980s by including basic amenities such as concrete roads , parks , illumination and sewage . Currently , most slums in Mexico City face basic characteristics of traditional slums , characterized to some extent in housing , population density , crime and poverty , however , the vast majority of its inhabitants have access to basic amenities and most areas are connected to major roads and completely urbanized . Nevertheless , smaller settlements lacking these can still be found in the periphery of the city and its inhabitants are known as `` paracaidistas '' . Another example of this approach is the slum upgrade in Tondo slum near Manila , Philippines . The project was anticipated to be complete in four years , but it took nine . There was a large increase in cost , numerous delays , re-engineering of details to address political disputes , and other complications after the project . Despite these failures , the project reaffirmed the core assumption and Tondo families did build their own houses of far better quality than originally assumed . Tondo residents became property owners with a stake in their neighborhood . A more recent example of slum - upgrading approach is PRIMED initiative in Medellin , Colombia , where streets , Metrocable transportation and other public infrastructure has been added . These slum infrastructure upgrades were combined with city infrastructure upgrade such as addition of metro , paved roads and highways to empower all city residents including the poor with reliable access throughout city . Most slum upgrading projects , however , have produced mixed results . While initial evaluations were promising and success stories widely reported by media , evaluations done 5 to 10 years after a project completion have been disappointing . Herbert Werlin notes that the initial benefits of slum upgrading efforts have been ephemeral . The slum upgrading projects in kampungs of Jakarta Indonesia , for example , looked promising in first few years after upgrade , but thereafter returned to a condition worse than before , particularly in terms of sanitation , environmental problems and safety of drinking water . Communal toilets provided under slum upgrading effort were poorly maintained , and abandoned by slum residents of Jakarta . Similarly slum upgrading efforts in Philippines , India and Brazil have proven to be excessively more expensive than initially estimated , and the condition of the slums 10 years after completion of slum upgrading has been slum like . The anticipated benefits of slum upgrading , claims Werlin , have proven to be a myth . A slum dwelling in Borgergade in central Copenhagen Denmark , about 1940 . The Danish government passed The Slum Clearance Act in 1939 , demolished many slums including Borgergade , replacing it with modern buildings by the early 1950s . Slum upgrading is largely a government controlled , funded and run process , rather than a competitive market driven process . Krueckeberg and Paulsen note conflicting politics , government corruption and street violence in slum regularization process is part of the reality . Slum upgrading and tenure regularization also upgrade and regularize the slum bosses and political agendas , while threatening the influence and power of municipal officials and ministries . Slum upgrading does not address poverty , low paying jobs from informal economy , and other characteristics of slums . It is unclear whether slum upgrading can lead to long term sustainable improvement to slums . Urban infrastructure development and public housing ( edit ) Housing projects in Chalco , Mexico Housing projects in Bahia , Brazil Urban infrastructure such as reliable high speed mass transit system , motorways / interstates , and public housing projects have been cited as responsible for the disappearance of major slums in the United States and Europe from the 1960s through 1970s . Charles Pearson argued in UK Parliament that mass transit would enable London to reduce slums and relocate slum dwellers . His proposal was initially rejected for lack of land and other reasons ; but Pearson and others persisted with creative proposals such as building the mass transit under the major roads already in use and owned by the city . London Underground was born , and its expansion has been credited to reducing slums in respective cities ( and to an extent , the New York City Subway 's smaller expansion ) . As cities expanded and business parks scattered due to cost ineffectiveness , people moved to live in the suburbs ; thus retail , logistics , house maintenance and other businesses followed demand patterns . City governments used infrastructure investments and urban planning to distribute work , housing , green areas , retail , schools and population densities . Affordable public mass transit in cities such as New York City , London and Paris allowed the poor to reach areas where they could earn a livelihood . Public and council housing projects cleared slums and provided more sanitary housing options than what existed before the 1950s . Slum clearance became a priority policy in Europe between 1950 -- 1970s , and one of the biggest state - led programs . In the UK , the slum clearance effort was bigger in scale than the formation of British Railways , the National Health Service and other state programs . UK Government data suggests the clearances that took place after 1955 demolished about 1.5 million slum properties , resettling about 15 % of UK 's population out of these properties . Similarly , after 1950 , Denmark and others pursued parallel initiatives to clear slums and resettle the slum residents . The US and European governments additionally created a procedure by which the poor could directly apply to the government for housing assistance , thus becoming a partner to identifying and meeting the housing needs of its citizens . One historically effective approach to reduce and prevent slums has been citywide infrastructure development combined with affordable , reliable public mass transport and public housing projects . In Brazil , in 2014 , the government built about 2 million houses around the country for lower income families . The public program was named `` Minha casa , minha vida '' which means `` My house , my life '' The project has built 2 million popular houses and it has 2 million more under construction . However , slum relocation in the name of urban development is criticized for uprooting communities without consultation or consideration of ongoing livelihood . For example , the Sabarmati Riverfront Project , a recreational development in Ahmedabad , India , forcefully relocated over 19,000 families from shacks along the river to 13 public housing complexes that were an average of 9 km away from the family 's original dwelling . Prevalence ( edit ) Percent urban population of a country living in slums . ( Source : UN Habitat 2005 ) 0 - 10 % 10 - 20 % 20 - 30 % 30 - 40 % 40 - 50 % 50 - 60 % 60 - 70 % 70 - 80 % 80 - 90 % 90 - 100 % No data Slums exist in many countries and have become a global phenomenon . A UN-Habitat report states that in 2006 there were nearly 1 billion people settling in slum settlements in most cities of Latin America , Asia , and Africa , and a smaller number in the cities of Europe and North America . In 2012 , according to UN-Habitat , about 863 million people in the developing world lived in slums . Of these , the urban slum population at mid-year was around 213 million in Sub-Saharan Africa , 207 million in East Asia , 201 million in South Asia , 113 million in Latin America and Caribbean , 80 million in Southeast Asia , 36 million in West Asia , and 13 million in North Africa . Among individual countries , the proportion of urban residents living in slum areas in 2009 was highest in the Central African Republic ( 95.9 % ) , Chad ( 89.3 % ) , Niger ( 81.7 % ) , and Mozambique ( 80.5 % ) . The distribution of slums within a city varies throughout the world . In most of the developed countries , it is easier to distinguish the slum - areas and non-slum areas . In the United States , slum dwellers are usually in city neighborhoods and inner suburbs , while in Europe , they are more common in high rise housing on the urban outskirts . In many developing countries , slums are prevalent as distributed pockets or as urban orbits of densely constructed informal settlements . In some cities , especially in countries in Southern Asia and sub-Saharan , slums are not just marginalized neighborhoods holding a small population ; slums are widespread , and are home to a large part of urban population . These are sometimes called slum cities . The percentage of developing world 's urban population living in slums has been dropping with economic development , even while total urban population has been increasing . In 1990 , 46 percent of the urban population lived in slums ; by 2000 , the percentage had dropped to 39 % ; which further dropped to 32 % by 2010 . See also ( edit ) List of slums Variations of impoverished settlements ( edit ) Favela ( slums in Brazil ) Campamento ( slums in Chile ) Villa ( slums in Argentina ) Komboni ( slums in Zambia ) Ghetto Hooverville ( slums in 1930s USA ) Refugee shelter Rookery ( slums in London , United Kingdom ) Shanty town Skid row Tent city Rooftop slum Organizations and concepts ( edit ) United Nations Human Settlements Programme Shelter The World Abahlali baseMjondolo Homeless Workers ' Movement Homeless International Ranjit Naik Slum Dwellers International Cities Alliance Slumlord Slum upgrading Slum tourism Squatting United Nations Human Settlements Programme ( UN-Habitat ) Urban decay References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : What are slums and why do they exist ? Archived 2011 - 02 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . UN-Habitat , Kenya ( April 2007 ) ^ Jump up to : UN-HABITAT 2007 Press Release Archived 2011 - 02 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . on its report , `` The Challenge of Slums : Global Report on Human Settlements 2003 '' . ^ Jump up to : Lawrence Vale ( 2007 ) , From the Puritans to the Projects : Public Housing and Public Neighbors , Harvard University Press , ISBN 978 - 0674025752 ^ Jump up to : Back to back housing , courts , and privies : the slums of 19th century England J.R. Ashton , Journal Epidemiol Community Health 2006 ; Volume 60 , Issue 8 , pages 654 Jump up ^ Slums : Past , Present and Future United Nations Habitat ( 2007 ) ^ Jump up to : The challenge of slums -- Global report on Human Settlements , United Nations Habitat ( 2003 ) ^ Jump up to : `` State of the World 's Cities Report 2012 / 2013 : Prosperity of Cities '' ( PDF ) . UNHABITAT . Retrieved 4 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Mike Davis , Planet of Slums ( `` Le pire des mondes possibles : de l'explosion urbaine au bidonville global '' ) , La Découverte , Paris , 2006 ( ISBN 978 - 2 - 7071 - 4915 - 2 ) Jump up ^ 5 Biggest Slums in the World , International Business Times , Daniel Tovrov , IB Times ( December 9 , 2011 ) Jump up ^ Craig Glenday ( Editor ) , Guinness World Records 2013 , Bantam , ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 54711 - 8 ; see page 277 Jump up ^ Patton , C. ( 1988 ) . Spontaneous shelter : International perspectives and prospects , Philadelphia : Temple University Press ^ Jump up to : Assessing Slums in the Development Context Archived 2014 - 01 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . United Nations Habitat Group ( 2011 ) ^ Jump up to : Slum Dwellers to double by 2030 Archived 2013 - 03 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . UN-HABITAT report , April 2007 . Jump up ^ Local Government Actions to Reduce Poverty and Achieve The Millennium Development Goals , Mona Serageldin , Elda Solloso , and Luis Valenzuela , Global Urban Development Magazine , Vol 2 , Issue 1 ( March 2006 ) Jump up ^ Slum Etymology Dictionary , Douglas Harper ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ SLUMS OF THE WORLD : THE FACE OF URBAN POVERTY IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM ? , ISBN 92 - 1 - 131683 - 9 , UN-Habitat ; page 30 Jump up ^ `` Beyond the stereotype of ' slums ' '' . Environment and Urbanization. 1 ( 2 ) : 2 -- 5 . 1989 - 10 . doi : 10.1177 / 095624788900100201 . ISSN 0956 - 2478 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Unearthing Manchester 's Victorian slums Mike Pitts , The Guardian ( August 27 , 2009 ) Jump up ^ The History of Council Housing University of the West of England , Bristol ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Eckstein , Susan . 1990 . Urbanization Revisited : Inner - City Slum of Hope and Squatter Settlement of Despair . World Development 18 : 165 -- 181 Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of the City ( 2005 ) , Editor : Roger W. Caves , ISBN 978 - 0415252256 , ( page 410 ) ; also see Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2001 ) , article on Slum ^ Jump up to : Dyos , H.J. ; Cannadine , David ; Reeder , David ( 1982 ) . 131 Exploring the urban past : essays in urban history . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 28848 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ward , Wilfrid Philip ( 2008 ) . The Life and Times of Cardinal Wiseman , Volume 1 . BiblioBazaar . p. 568 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 559 - 68852 - 2 . Jump up ^ Dyos , H.J. ; Cannadine , David ; Reeder , David ( 1982 ) . Exploring the urban past : essays in urban history . Cambridge University Press . p. 240 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 28848 - 4 . Jump up ^ Wohl , Anthony S. ( 2002 ) . The eternal slum : housing and social policy in Victorian London . Transaction Publishers . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0870 - 7 . Jump up ^ Toronto Culture -- Exploring Toronto 's past -- The First Half of the 20th Century , 1901 -- 51 City of Toronto , Ontario , Canada ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ `` Remembering St. John 's Ward : The Images of Toronto City Photographer , Arthur S. Goss '' . Retrieved 23 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Krieger , Historical roots of social epidemiology , Int . Journal Epidemiol. ( 2001 ) 30 ( 4 ) : 899 -- 900 Jump up ^ Ann - Louise Shapiro ( 1985 ) , Housing the Poor of Paris , 1850 -- 1902 , ISBN 978 - 0299098803 Jump up ^ 10 idées reçues sur les HLM Archived 2013 - 11 - 26 at the Wayback Machine. , Union sociale pour l'habitat , February 2012 Jump up ^ France -- public housing European Union Jump up ^ Ordering the Disorderly Slum -- Standardizing Quality of Life in Marseille Tenements and Bidonvilles Minayo Nasiali , Journal of Urban History November 2012 vol. 38 no . 6 , 1021 -- 1035 Jump up ^ Livret A rate falls to 1.25 % The Connexion ( July 18 , 2013 ) ^ Jump up to : The First Slum in America Kevin Baker , The New York Times ( September 30 , 2001 ) Jump up ^ Solis , Julia . New York Underground : The Anatomy of a City . p. 76 Jump up ^ Suttles , Gerald D. 1968 . The Social Order of the Slum . Chicago : University of Chicago Press Jump up ^ Gans , Herbert J. 1962 . The Urban Villagers . New York : The Free Press Jump up ^ HISTORY OF US PUBLIC HOUSING Affordable Housing Institute , United States ( 2008 ) ; See Part 1 , 2 and 3 Jump up ^ Rosemary Wakeman , The Heroic City : Paris , 1945 -- 1958 , University of Chicago Press , ISBN 978 - 0226870236 ; see pages 45 -- 61 Jump up ^ Courgey ( 1908 ) , Recherche et classement des anormaux : enquête sur les enfants des Écoles de la ville d'Ivry - sur - Seine , International Magazine of School Hygiene , Ed : Sir Lauder Brunton , 395 -- 418 Jump up ^ `` Cités de transit '' : the urban treatment of poverty during decolonisation Muriel Cohen & Cédric David , Metro Politiques ( March 28 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Le dernier bidonville de Nice Pierre Espagne , Reperes Mediterraneens ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ Janice Perlman ( 1980 ) , The Myth of Marginality : Urban Poverty and Politics in Rio de Janeiro ; University of California Press , ISBN 978 - 0520039520 ; pages 12 -- 16 ^ Jump up to : `` International Medical Corps -- International Medical Corps '' . Archived from the original on 28 July 2011 . Retrieved 23 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Participating countries Jump up ^ Machetes , Ethnic Conflict and Reductionism The Dominion Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Brazil : The Challenges in Becoming an Agricultural Superpower Archived 2013 - 10 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . Geraldo Barros , Brookings Institution ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Urban Poverty -- An Overview Judy Baker , The World Bank ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Tjiptoherijanto , Prinjono , and Eddy Hasmi . `` Urbanization and Urban Growth in Indonesia . '' Asian Urbanization in the New Millennium . Ed . Gayl D. Ness and Prem P. Talwar . Singapore : Marshall Cavendish Academic , 2005. , page 162 ^ Jump up to : Todaro , Michael P. ( 1969 ) . `` A Model of Labor Migration and Urban Unemployment in Less Developed Countries '' . The American Economic Review . 59 ( 1 ) : 138 -- 148 . Jump up ^ Craster , Charles V ( 1944 ) . `` American Journal of Public Health and the Nations Health '' . Slum Clearance . The Newark Plan . 34 ( 9 ) : 935 -- 940 . doi : 10.2105 / ajph. 34.9. 935 . PMC 1625197 . Jump up ^ Ali , Mohammed Akhter ; Kavita Toran ( 2004 ) . `` Migration , Slums and Urban Squalor -- A case study of Gandhinagar Slum '' . Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Environment and Health : 1 -- 10 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , Mike ( 2006 ) . Planet of Slums . Verso . Jump up ^ State of the world population 2007 : unleashing the potential of urban growth . New York : United Nations Population Fund . 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Hammel , Eugene A. ( 1964 ) . `` Some characteristics of rural village and urban slum populations on the coast of Peru '' . Southwestern Journal of Anthropology : 346 -- 358 . ^ Jump up to : Patel , Ronak B. ; Thomas F. Burke ( 2009 ) . `` Urbanization -- an emerging humanitarian disaster '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 361 ( 8 ) : 741 -- 743 . doi : 10.1056 / nejmp0810878 . PMID 19692687 . ^ Jump up to : Bolay , Jean - Claude ( 2006 ) . `` Slums and urban development : questions on society and globalisation '' . The European Journal of Development Research . 18 ( 2 ) : 284 -- 298 . doi : 10.1080 / 09578810600709492 . Jump up ^ Firdaus , Ghuncha ( 2012 ) . `` Urbanization , emerging slums and increasing health problems : a challenge before the nation : an empirical study with reference to state of uttar pradesh in India '' . Journal of Environmental Research and Management . 3 ( 9 ) : 146 -- 152 . ^ Jump up to : Clonts , Howard A. ( 1970 ) . `` Influence of urbanization on land values at the urban periphery '' . Land Economics . 46 ( 4 ) : 489 -- 497 . Jump up ^ UN-HABITAT ( 2003b ) The Challenge of Slums : Global Report on Human Settlements . Earthscan , London : UN-Habitat. 2003 . Jump up ^ Wekwete , K. H ( 2001 ) . `` Urban management : The recent experience , in Rakodi , C '' . The Urban Challenge in Africa . Jump up ^ Cheru , F ( 2005 ) . Globalization and uneven development in Africa : The limits to effective urban governance in the provision of basic services . UCLA Globalization Research Center - Africa . ^ Jump up to : Slums as Expressions of Social Exclusion : Explaining the Prevalence of Slums in African Countries Ben Arimah , United Nations Human Settlements Programme , Nairobi , Kenya Jump up ^ Rancich , Michael T. ( 1970 ) . `` Land value changes in an area undergoing urbanization '' . Land Economics . 46 ( 1 ) : 32 -- 40 . ^ Jump up to : Alonso - Villar , Olga ( 2001 ) . `` Large Metropolises in the Third World : An Explanation '' . Urban Studies . 38 ( 8 ) : 1368 . doi : 10.1080 / 00420980120061070 . ^ Jump up to : Istanbul 's Gecekondus Orhan Esen , London School of Economics and Political Science ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ United Nations ( 2000 ) . `` United Nations Millennium Declaration '' ( PDF ) . United nations millennium summit . ^ Jump up to : Choguill , Charles L. ( 2007 ) . `` The search for policies to support sustainable housing '' . Habitat International . 31 ( 1 ) : 143 -- 149 . doi : 10.1016 / j. habitatint. 2006.12. 001 . Jump up ^ Scourge of slums The Economist ( July 14 , 2012 ) ^ Jump up to : Walther , James V. ( 1965 ) . `` Cause or Effect of Slums ? '' . Challenge . 13 ( 14 ) : 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Ooi , Giok Ling ; Kai Hong Phua . `` Urbanization and slum formation '' . Journal of Urban Health ( 1 ) : 27 -- 34 . ^ Jump up to : Jan Nijman , A STUDY OF SPACE IN MUMBAI 'S SLUMS , Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie Volume 101 , Issue 1 , pages 4 -- 17 , February 2010 Jump up ^ Sharma , K. ( 2000 ) . Rediscovering Dharavi : stories from Asia 's largest slum . Penguin , ISBN 978 - 0141000237 , pages 3 -- 11 Jump up ^ Pacione , Michael ( 2006 ) , Mumbai , Cities , 23 ( 3 ) , pages 229 -- 238 Jump up ^ Obudho , R.A. ; G.O. Aduwo ( 1989 ) . `` Slum and squatter settlements in urban centres of Kenya : Towards a planning strategy '' . Journal of Housing and the Built Environment. 4 ( 1 ) : 17 -- 30 . doi : 10.1007 / bf02498028 . Jump up ^ Liora Bigon , Between Local and Colonial Perceptions : The History of Slum Clearances in Lagos ( Nigeria ) , 1924 -- 1960 , African and Asian Studies , Volume 7 , Number 1 , 2008 , pages 49 -- 76 ( 28 ) Jump up ^ Beinart , W. , & Dubow , S. ( Eds . ) , ( 2013 ) , Segregation and apartheid in twentieth century South Africa , Routledge , pages 25 -- 35 Jump up ^ Griffin , E. , and Ford , L. ( 1980 ) , A model of Latin American city structure , Geographical Review , pages 397 -- 422 Jump up ^ Marcuse , Peter ( 2001 ) , Enclaves yes , ghettoes , no : Segregation and the state , Lincoln Institute of Land Policy Conference Paper , Columbia University Jump up ^ Bauman , John F ( 1987 ) , Public Housing , Race , and Renewal : Urban Planning in Philadelphia , 1920 -- 1974 , Philadelphia , Temple University Press Jump up ^ Destroying Makoko The Economist ( August 18 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Africa : Improved infrastructure key to slum upgrading -- UN Official IRIN , United Nations News Service ( 11 June 2009 ) Jump up ^ LATIN AMERICAN SLUM UPGRADING EFFORTS Archived 2013 - 10 - 21 at the Wayback Machine . Elisa Silva , Arthur Wheelwright Traveling Fellowship 2011 , Harvard University Jump up ^ The Challenge of Slums : Global Report on Human Settlements ( 2003 ) , United Nations Human Settlements Programme ; ISBN 1 - 84407 - 037 - 9 Jump up ^ Growing out of poverty : Urban job Creation and the Millennium Development Goals Marja Kuiper and Kees van der Ree , Global Urban Development Magazine , Vol 2 , Issue 1 , March 2006 Jump up ^ `` The Informal Economy : Fact Finding Study '' ( PDF ) . Department for Infrastructure and Economic Cooperation . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 October 2011 . Retrieved 20 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Towards a better understanding of informal economy Dan Andrews , Aida Caldera Sánchez , and Åsa Johansson , OECD France ( 30 May 2011 ) Jump up ^ The state of world 's cities Archived 2009 - 07 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . UN Habitat ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ The Urban Informal Sector in Nigeria Geoffrey Nwaka , Global Urban Development Magazine , Vol 1 , No 1 ( May 2005 ) Jump up ^ In nairobi 's slums , problems and potential as big as Africa itself Sam Sturgis , Rockefeller Foundation , ( January 3 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ In one slum , misery , work , politics and hope Jim Yardley , New York Times ( December 28 , 2011 ) Jump up ^ Minnery et al. , Slum upgrading and urban governance : Case studies in three South East Asian cities , Habitat International , Volume 39 , July 2013 , Pages 162 -- 169 Jump up ^ SLUMS OF THE WORLD : THE FACE OF URBAN POVERTY IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM ? , ISBN 92 - 1 - 131683 - 9 , UN-Habitat Jump up ^ The case of São Paulo , Brazil -- Slums Mariana Fix , Pedro Arantes and Giselle Tanaka , Laboratorio de Assentamentos Humanos de FAU - USP , São Paulo , pages 15 -- 20 Jump up ^ Bid to develop Indian slum draws opposition Philip Reeves , National Public Radio ( Washington DC ) , May 9 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : Slum banged Joshi and Unnithan , India Today ( March 7 , 2005 ) Jump up ^ An Inventory of the Slums in Nairobi Irene Wangari Karanja and Jack Makau , IRIN , United Nations News Service ( 2010 ) ; page 10 - 14 Jump up ^ Gerald Suttles ( 1970 ) , The Social Order of the Slum : Ethnicity and Territory in the Inner City , ISBN 978 - 0226781921 , University of Chicago Press , see Chapter 1 Jump up ^ Bright City Lights and Slums of Dhaka city Ahsan Ullah , City University of Hong Kong ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Slums -- Summary of City Case Studies Archived 2013 - 09 - 21 at the Wayback Machine . UN Habitat , page 203 Jump up ^ Slums : The case of Beirut , Lebanon , Mona Fawaz and Isabelle Peillen , Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Fleeing war , finding misery The plight of the internally displaced in Afghanistan Archived 2014 - 08 - 25 at the Wayback Machine . Amnesty International ( February 2012 ) ; page 9 - 12 Jump up ^ Slum upgrading -- Why do slums develop Cities Alliance ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Three years after Haiti earthquake , loss of hope , desperation Archived 2013 - 10 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . Jacqueline Charles , Miami Herald ( January 8 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ Slum eviction plans in Haiti spark protests The Telegraph ( United Kingdom ) , July 25 , 2012 Jump up ^ Bangladesh cyclone : Rebuilding after Cyclone Sidr Habitat for Humanity International ( May 6 , 2009 ) ^ Jump up to : Rosa Flores Fernandez ( 2011 ) , Physical and Spatial Characteristics of Slum Territories Vulnerable to Natural Disasters , Les Cahiers d'Afrique de l'Est , n ° 44 , French Institute for Research in Africa ^ Jump up to : Banerji , M. ( 2009 ) , Provision of basic services in the slums and resettlement colonies of Delhi , Institute of Social Studies Trust Jump up ^ Lloyd , P. ( 1979 ) , Slums of Hope : shanty towns of the Third World , Manchester University Press , ISBN 978 - 0719007071 Jump up ^ McAuslan , Patrick . ( 1986 ) . Les mal logés du Tiers - Monde . Paris : Éditions L'Harmattan Jump up ^ Centre des Nations Unies pour les Etablissements Humains ( CNUEH ) . ( 1981 ) . Amélioration physique des taudis et des bidonvilles , Nairobi Jump up ^ Gilbert , Daniel ( 1990 ) , Barriada Haute - Espérance : Récit d'une coopération au Pérou . Paris : Éditions Karthala ^ Jump up to : Agbola , Tunde ; Elijah M. Agunbiade ( 2009 ) . `` Urbanization , Slum Development and Security of Tenure - The Challenges of Meeting Millennium Development Goal 7 in Metropolitan Lagos , Nigeria '' . Urban Population -- Development -- Environment Dynamics in the Developing World - Case Studies and Lessons Learned : 77 -- 106 . Jump up ^ Brueckner , Jan K. ; Harris Selod ( 2009 ) . `` A theory of urban squatting and land - tenure formalization in developing countries '' . American Economic Journal : Economic Policy : 28 -- 51 . Davy , Ben ; Sony Pellissery ( 2013 ) . `` The citizenship promise ( un ) fulfilled : The right to housing in informal settings '' . International Journal of Social Welfare. 22 ( S1 ) : 68 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Flood , Joe ( 2006 ) . `` Secure Tenure Survey Final Report '' . Urban Growth Management Initiative . Jump up ^ Taschner , Suzana ( 2001 ) , Desenhando os espaços da pobreza . Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo , Université de Sao Paulo Jump up ^ Field , E ( 2005 ) . `` Property rights and investment in urban slums '' . Journal of the European Economic Association . 3 ( 2 -- 3 ) : 279 -- 290 . doi : 10.1162 / jeea. 2005.3. 2 - 3.279 . Jump up ^ Davis , M ( 2006 ) . `` Planet of slums '' . New Perspectives Quarterly . 23 ( 2 ) : 6 -- 11 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 5842.2006. 00797. x . Jump up ^ Ravetz , A. ( 2013 ) . The government of space : town planning in modern society . Routledge Jump up ^ Ratcliff , R.U. ( 1945 ) . `` Filtering down and the Elimination of Substandard Housing '' . The Journal of Land & Public Utility Economics . 21 ( 4 ) : 322 -- 330 . doi : 10.2307 / 3159005 . Jump up ^ Kristof , F.S. ( 1965 ) . `` Housing policy goals and the turnover of housing '' . Journal of the American institute of planners . 31 ( 3 ) : 232 -- 245 . doi : 10.1080 / 01944366508978170 . Jump up ^ Mandelker , D.R. ( 1969 ) . Housing Codes , Building Demolition , and Just Compensation : A Rationale for the Exercise of Public Powers Over Slum Housing . Michigan Law Review , 67 ( 4 ) , 635 -- 678 Jump up ^ United Nations Human Settlements Programme , The challenge of slums : global report on human settlements 2003 , London and Sterling , Earthscan Publications Ltd ; 2003 ; ISBN 1 - 84407 - 037 - 9 Jump up ^ Kimani - Murage , E.W. ; Ngindu , A.M. ( 2007 ) . `` Quality of water the slum dwellers use : the case of a Kenyan slum '' . Journal of Urban Health . 84 ( 6 ) : 829 -- 838 . doi : 10.1007 / s11524 - 007 - 9199 - x . Jump up ^ Garside , P.L. ( 1988 ) . ' Unhealthy areas ' : Town planning , eugenics and the slums , 1890 -- 1945 . Planning Perspectives , 3 ( 1 ) , 24 -- 46 Jump up ^ Wohl , A.S. ( 1977 ) . The Eternal Slum : Housing and Social Policy in Victorian ( Vol. 5 ) . Transaction Books . Jump up ^ Kundu N ( 2003 ) Urban slum reports : The case of Kolkata , India . Nairobi : United Nations Jump up ^ Integrated Water Sanitation and Waste Management in Kibera Archived 2013 - 10 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . United Nations ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` The health of people who live in slums '' . www.thelancet.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Kenya Slum Upgrading Project United Nations Habitat ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Slums in Romania Cristina Iacoboaea ( 2009 ) , TERUM , No 1 , Vol 10 , pages 101 -- 113 Jump up ^ Growth of Slums , Availability of Infrastructure and Demographic Outcomes in Slums : Evidence from India S Chandrasekhar ( 2005 ) , Urbanization in Developing Countries at the Population Association of America , Philadelphia Jump up ^ Matt Birkinshaw , Abahlali baseMjondolo Movement SA . August 2008 . Big Devil in the Jondolos : The Politics of Shack Fires . Jump up ^ Subbaraman et al ( 2012 ) . Off the map : the health and social implications of being a non-notified slum in India . Environment and urbanization , 24 ( 2 ) , pages 643 -- 663 Jump up ^ Nuijten , M. ; Koster , M. ; de Vries , P. ( 2012 ) . `` Regimes of spatial ordering in Brazil : neoliberalism , leftist populism and modernist aesthetics in slum upgrading in Recife '' . Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography. 33 ( 2 ) : 157 -- 170 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 9493.2012. 00456. x . Jump up ^ Gulyani , S. , Talukdar , D. , & Jack , D. ( 2010 ) . Poverty , living conditions , and infrastructure access : a comparison of slums in Dakar , Johannesburg , and Nairobi . World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 5388 Jump up ^ Giok Ooi and Kai Phua , Urbanization and Slum Formation , Journal of Urban Health . 2007 May ; 84 ( Suppl 1 ) : pages 27 -- 34 Jump up ^ Slums of Urban Bangladesh : Mapping and Census , 2005 . Jump up ^ Rio slum landslide leaves hundreds dead The Guardian ( 8 April 2010 ) Jump up ^ Dilley , M. ( 2005 ) . Natural disaster hotspots : a global risk analysis ( Vol. 5 ) . World Bank Publications Jump up ^ Smith , Keith ( 2013 ) . Environmental hazards : assessing risk and reducing disaster , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0415681056 Jump up ^ Wisner , B. ( Ed . ) . ( 2004 ) . At risk : natural hazards , people 's vulnerability and disasters . Psychology Press , ISBN 978 - 0415252157 Jump up ^ Sanderson , D. ( 2000 ) , Cities , disasters and livelihoods , Environment and Urbanization , 12 ( 2 ) , pages 93 -- 102 Jump up ^ Sverdlik , Alice ( 2011 - 04 ) . `` Ill - health and poverty : a literature review on health in informal settlements '' . Environment and Urbanization. 23 ( 1 ) : 123 -- 155 . doi : 10.1177 / 0956247811398604 . ISSN 0956 - 2478 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Pelling , M. , & Wisner , B. ( Eds . ) . ( 2009 ) , Disaster risk reduction : Cases from urban Africa , Earthscan Publishers ( UK ) ; ISBN 978 - 1 - 84407 - 556 - 0 Jump up ^ `` 3 dead as massive fire breaks out at outer Delhi slum '' . Retrieved 23 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Photos : Manila slum fire leaves more than 1,000 homeless '' . Retrieved 23 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Hamza , M. , & Zetter , R. ( 1998 ) . Structural adjustment , urban systems , and disaster vulnerability in developing countries . Cities , 15 ( 4 ) , pages 291 -- 299 ^ Jump up to : Gupta , Indrani ; Arup Mitra ( 2002 ) . `` Rural migrants and labour segmentation : Micro-level evidence from Delhi slums '' . Economic and Political Weekly : 163 -- 168 . Jump up ^ Slum residence World Health Organization ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Taj Ganj Slum Housing , Cities Alliance ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ The hidden role of informal economy Archived 2013 - 09 - 21 at the Wayback Machine . Ulla Heinonen , Helsinki University of Technology , Finland ( 2008 ) ; ISBN 978 - 951 - 22 - 9102 - 1 Jump up ^ The case of Karachi , Pakistan Urban Slum Reports , A series on Slums of the World ( 2011 ) ; see page 13 Jump up ^ How New York City Sold Public Housing Mark Byrnes , The Atlantic ( November 2 , 2011 ) Jump up ^ Uganda : slum areas , posh pubs biggest drug hubs All Africa News ( January 7 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` African Moonshine : Kill Me Quickly '' . The Economist. 2010 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Larry Whiteaker ( 1997 ) , Seduction , Prostitution , and Moral Reform in New York , 1830 -- 1860 , ISBN 978 - 0815328735 , page 29 Jump up ^ Vanda Felbab - Brown , Bringing the State to the Slum : Confronting Organized Crime and Urban Violence in Latin America -- Lessons for Law Enforcement and Policymakers Archived 2014 - 03 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Brookings Institution ( December 2011 ) Jump up ^ Breman , J. ( 2003 ) . The labouring poor in India : Patterns of exploitation , subordination , and exclusion . New Delhi : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Kabiru , C.W. ; et al. ( 2012 ) . `` '' Making It `` : understanding adolescent resilience in two informal settlements ( Slums ) in Nairobi , Kenya '' . Child & Youth Services . 33 ( 1 ) : 12 -- 32 . doi : 10.1080 / 0145935x. 2012.665321 . PMC 3874576 . Jump up ^ In the Violent Favelas of Brazil S Mehta , The New York Review of Books ( August 2013 ) Jump up ^ Venezuela 's military enters high crime slums Karl Ritter , Associated Press ( May 17 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ Newar , Rachel ( 14 June 2013 ) . `` In Kenya , Where One in Four Women has Been Raped , Self Defense Training Makes a Difference '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Global : Urban conflict -- fighting for resources in the slums IRIN , United Nations News Service ( October 8 , 2007 ) Jump up ^ Josephine Slater ( 2009 ) , Naked C Jump up ^ Bringing the State to the Slum : Confronting Organized Crime and Urban Violence in Latin America Vanda Felbab - Brown ( 2011 ) , Brookings Institution Jump up ^ Go , Vivian F. ; et al. ( 2003 ) . `` When HIV - prevention messages and gender norms clash : the impact of domestic violence on women 's HIV risk in slums of Chennai , India '' . AIDS and Behavior . 7 ( 3 ) : 263 -- 272 . Jump up ^ Magar , Veronica ( November -- December 2003 ) . `` Empowerment approaches to gender - based violence : women 's courts in Delhi slums '' . Women 's Studies International Forum . Elsevier . 26 ( 6 ) : 509 -- 523 . doi : 10.1016 / j. wsif. 2003.09. 006 . Jump up ^ Women , Slums and Urbanisation : Examining the Causes and Consequences . Geneva : Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions ( COHRE ) . 2008 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 95004 - 42 - 9 . Jump up ^ Palus , Nancy . `` Humanitarian intervention in violence - hit slums -- from whether to how '' . IRIN . Retrieved 1 Nov 2013 . ^ Jump up to : More Slums Equals More Violence Robert Muggah and Anna Alvazzi del Frate , Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development & UNDP ( October 2007 ) Jump up ^ Outwater , A. ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Homicide Death in Sub-Saharan Africa : A Review 1970 -- 2004 '' . African Safety Promotion. 8 . Jump up ^ LeBas , A. ( 2013 ) , Violence and urban order in Nairobi , Kenya and Lagos , Nigeria , Studies in Comparative International Development , 48 ( 3 ) , pp 240 - 262 Jump up ^ Rashid , S.F. ( 2005 ) . `` Worried lives , poverty and reproductive health needs of married adolescent women in urban slums of Dhaka city , Bangladesh '' . Doctoral Dissertation , The Australian National University . ^ Jump up to : Ochako , Rhoune Adhiambo ; et al. ( 2011 ) . `` Gender - Based Violence in the Context of Urban Poverty : Experiences of Men from the Slums of Nairobi , Kenya '' . Population Association of America 2011 Annual Meeting Program . Jump up ^ R Merton ( 1938 ) , Social Structure and anomie , American Sociological Review , 3 , pages 672 - 682 Jump up ^ S Cohen ( 1971 ) , Images of deviance , Harmondsworth , UK , Penguin Jump up ^ Criminological Theory : Context and Consequences , J. Robert Lilly , Francis T. Cullen , Richard A. Ball ( 2010 ) , 5th Edition , SAGE , ISBN 978 - 1412981453 , pages 41 - 69 Jump up ^ Global : Urban conflict - fighting for resources in the slums IRIN , United Nations News Service ( October 8 , 2007 ) Jump up ^ Josephine Slater ( 2009 ) , Naked Cities -- Struggle in the Global Slums , Mute , Volume 2 , Issue 3 , ISBN 0 - 9550664 - 3 - 3 ^ Jump up to : Ezeh , A. , Oyebode , O. , Satterthwaite , D. , Chen , Y. , Ndugwa , R. , Sartori , J. , et al. ( 2017 ) , The history , geography , and sociology of slums and the health problems of people who live in slums The Lancet , 389 ( 10068 ) : 547 - 558 . DOI : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 16 ) 31650 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Lilford , R.J. , Oyebode , O. , Satterthwaite , D. , Melendez - Torres , G.J. , Chen , Y. , Mberu , B. , et al. ( 2017 ) , Improving the health and welfare of people who live in slums The Lancet , 389 ( 10068 ) : 559 - 70 . DOI : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 16 ) 31848 - 7 . Jump up ^ Nossiter , Adam . `` Cholera Epidemic Envelops Coastal Slums in West Africa '' . New York Times . Retrieved 20 Nov 2013 . Jump up ^ Cholera epidemic envelops coastal slums in West Africa , Africa Health , page 10 ( September 2012 ) Jump up ^ Madise , NJ ; Ziraba , AK ; Inungu , J ; Khamadi , SA ; Ezeh , A ; Zulu , EM ; Kebaso , J ; Okoth , V ; Mwau , M. `` Are slum dwellers at heightened risk of HIV infection than other urban residents ? Evidence from population - based HIV prevalence surveys in Kenya '' . Health Place . 18 : 1144 -- 52 . doi : 10.1016 / j. healthplace. 2012.04. 003 . PMC 3427858 . PMID 22591621 . Jump up ^ Burns , P.A. , & Snow , R.C. ( 2012 ) . The built environment & the impact of neighborhood characteristics on youth sexual risk behavior in Cape Town , South Africa . Health & Place , 18 ( 5 ) , 1088 -- 1100 Jump up ^ MEASLES OUTBREAK -- A STUDY IN MIGRANT POPULATION IN ALIGARH Najam Khalique et al , Indian J. Prev . Soc . Med . Vol. 39 No. 3& 4 2008 Jump up ^ Bhattacharya , S.K. , Sur , D. , Dutta , S. , Kanungo , S. , Ochiai , R.L. , Kim , D.R. , ... & Deen , J. ( 2013 ) . Vivax malaria and bacteraemia : a prospective study in Kolkata , India . Malaria journal , 12 ( 1 ) , 176 -- 178 Jump up ^ Alzahrani , A.G. et al. ( 2013 ) . Geographical distribution and spatio - temporal patterns of dengue cases in Jeddah Governorate from 2006 -- 2008 . Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene , 107 ( 1 ) , 23 -- 29 Jump up ^ Corner , R.J. , Dewan , A.M. , & Hashizume , M. ( 2013 ) . Modelling typhoid risk in Dhaka Metropolitan Area of Bangladesh : the role of socio - economic and environmental factors . International journal of health geographics , 12 ( 1 ) , 13 . Jump up ^ Socio - demographic determinants and prevalence of Tuberculosis knowledge in three slum populations of Uganda Ekwaro Obuku et al , BMC Public Health 2012 , 12 : 536 Jump up ^ India : Battling TB in India 's slums The World bank ( May 9 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ Victoriano , A. et al. ( 2009 ) . Leptospirosis in the Asia Pacific region . BMC Infectious Diseases , 9 ( 1 ) , 147 Jump up ^ Sampaio et al , ( 2010 ) , Risk factors for death in children with visceral leishmaniasis , PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases , 4 ( 11 ) , e877 ^ Jump up to : Sur , Dipika ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` The burden of cholera in the slums of Kolkata , India : data from a prospective , community based study '' . Archives of Disease in Childhood. 90 ( 11 ) : 1175 -- 1181 . doi : 10.1136 / adc. 2004.071316 . PMC 1720149 . Jump up ^ Deen , Jacqueline L. ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` The high burden of cholera in children : comparison of incidence from endemic areas in Asia and Africa '' . PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases . 2 ( 2 ) : 173 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pntd. 0000173 . Jump up ^ Ghosh , Jayati ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Vulnerability to HIV / AIDS among women of reproductive age in the slums of Delhi and Hyderabad , India '' . Social Science & Medicine . 68 ( 4 ) : 638 -- 642 . doi : 10.1016 / j. socscimed. 2008.11. 023 . Jump up ^ Odek , Willis Omondi ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Effects of micro-enterprise services on HIV risk behaviour among female sex workers in Kenya 's urban slums '' . AIDS and Behavior . 13 ( 3 ) : 449 -- 461 . doi : 10.1007 / s10461 - 008 - 9485 - y . Jump up ^ Piot , P. ( 2001 ) . `` A gendered epidemic : Women and the risks and burdens of HIV '' . Journal of the American Medical Women 's Association . 56 : 90 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Kyobutungi , Catherine ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` The burden of disease profile of residents of Nairobi 's slums : Results from a Demographic Surveillance System '' . Population Health Metrics. 6 ( 1 ) . doi : 10.1186 / 1478 - 7954 - 6 - 1 . Slums can also cause the disease of blackening of the body which is known as `` Black Bund '' Jump up ^ World Health Organization ( 2004 ) . Water , Sanitation and Hygiene Links to Health : Facts and Figures . ^ Jump up to : Desai , V.K. ; el al. ( 2003 ) . `` Study of measles incidence and vaccination coverage in slums of Surat city '' . Indian Journal of Community Medicine . 28 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Sharma , Rashmi ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Assessment of immunization status in the slums of surat by 15 clusters multi indicators cluster survey technique '' . Indian Journal of Community Medicine . 34 ( 2 ) : 152 . doi : 10.4103 / 0970 - 0218.51222 . ^ Jump up to : Riley , Lee W. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Slum health : diseases of neglected populations '' . BMC International Health and Human Rights . 7 ( 1 ) . doi : 10.1186 / 1472 - 698x - 7 - 2 . Jump up ^ Adult mortality in slums of Karachi , Pakistan David Marsh , JPMA ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Zaidi , S.S. ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Health care utilization for diarrhea and fever in 4 urban slums in Karachi '' . Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons -- Pakistan : JCPSP. 16 ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ Mehta , Varshil ; Mehta , Sonali ( 2016 ) . `` Assessment of HIV knowledge and awareness in adults of a slum area of Mumbai , India : a cross-sectional study '' . International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health : 314 -- 318 . doi : 10.18203 / 2394 - 6040. ijcmph20151583 . ^ Jump up to : Ghosh , S. ; Shah D. ( 2004 ) . `` Nutritional problems in urban slum children '' . Indian Pediatr. 41 ( 7 ) : 682 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Dasra . `` Nourishing our Future : Tackling Child Malnutrition in Urban Slums '' . ^ Jump up to : Tada , Yuko ; et al. ( 2002 ) . `` Nutritional status of the preschool children of the Klong Toey slum , Bangkok '' . Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health . 33 ( 3 ) : 628 -- 637 . Jump up ^ United Nations Human Settlements Programme ( 2006 ) . State of the world 's cities 2006 / 7 . London : Earthscan Publications . Jump up ^ Karim , Md Rezaul ( 11 Jan 2012 ) . `` Children suffering malnutrition in a slum '' . Wikinut - guides - activism . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Punwani , Jyoti ( Jan 10 , 2011 ) . `` Malnutrition kills 56,000 children annually in urban slums '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ Gomber , Sunil ; et al. ( 2003 ) . `` Prevalence & etiology of nutritional anaemia among school children of urban slums '' . Indian J Med Res. 118 : 167 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Mehta , Varshil ; Bhat , Anusha ( 2015 ) . `` Health awareness and behavior among adolescent students in a rural school : a cross sectional observational study '' . International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences : 3499 -- 3502 . doi : 10.18203 / 2320 - 6012. ijrms20151231 . Jump up ^ Reiter , P. , & Goh , K.T. ( 1998 ) , Dengue control in Singapore , Dengue in Singapore , pp. 213 - 242 , ISBN 981 - 04 - 0164 - 7 Jump up ^ Swaminathan , M. ( 1995 ) . Aspects of urban poverty in Bombay . Environment and Urbanization , 7 ( 1 ) , pp 133 - 144 Jump up ^ Sclar ED , Garau P , Carolini G ( 2005 ) , The 21st century health challenge of slums and cities , Lancet , 365 ( 9462 ) : 901 - 903 Jump up ^ In a Liberian slum swarming with Ebola , a race against time to save two little girls The Washington Post Jump up ^ Liberian Slum Takes Ebola Treatment Into Its Own Hands The Wall Street Journal Jump up ^ Thomas Quinn and John Bartlett , ( 2010 ) , Global infectious diseases and urbanization , Urban Health : Global Perspectives , 18 , 105 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 42206 - 9 Jump up ^ Alirol E. et al. ( 2011 ) . Urbanisation and infectious diseases in a globalised world , The Lancet Infectious Diseases , 11 ( 2 ) , 131 -- 141 Jump up ^ Adam Parsons ( 2010 ) , The Seven Myths of Slums : Challenging popular prejudices about the world 's urban poor Archived 2012 - 05 - 10 at the Wayback Machine. , ISBN 978 - 1 - 907121 - 02 - 9 ; page 14 Jump up ^ Slum dwellers refuse to vacate railway land , The Dawn , Rawalpindi , Pakistan ( August 24 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ Homeless labourers protest razing of slums Archived 2013 - 09 - 21 at the Wayback Machine . The Hindustan Times , Gurgaon , India ( April 21 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ Gardiner , B. ( 1997 ) , Squatters ' Rights and Adverse Possession : A Search for Equitable Application of Property Laws . Ind . Int'l & Comp . L. Rev. , 8 , 119 Jump up ^ Kross , E. ( 1992 ) . Spontaneous settlements in Lima : urbanization processes in a Latin American metropolis , Ferdinand Schoningh . ISBN 3 - 506 - 71265 - 9 Jump up ^ Stephen K. Mayo , Stephen Malpezzi and David J. Gross , Shelter Strategies for the Urban Poor in Developing Countries , The World Bank Research Observer , Vol. 1 , No. 2 ( Jul. , 1986 ) , pages 183 -- 203 Jump up ^ William Mangin , Latin American Squatter Settlements : A Problem and a Solution , Latin American Research Review , Vol. 2 , No. 3 ( Summer , 1967 ) , pages 65 -- 98 Jump up ^ Nyametso , J.K. ( 2012 , September ) . Resettlement of slum dwellers , land tenure security and improved housing , living and environmental conditions at Madina Estate , Accra , Ghana , In Urban Forum ( Vol. 23 , No. 3 , pages 343 -- 365 ) . Springer Netherlands Jump up ^ Upgrading Urban Communities , The World Bank , MIT ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Ton Van Naerssen , Squatter Access to Land in Metro Manila , Philippine Studies vol. 41 , no . 1 ( 1993 ) ; pages 3 -- 20 Jump up ^ Arandel , C. , & Wetterberg , A. ( 2013 ) . Between `` Authoritarian '' and `` Empowered '' slum relocation : Social mediation in the case of Ennakhil , Morocco . Cities , 30 , pages 140 -- 148 Jump up ^ TURNER , J.F.C. and FICHTER , R. ( Eds ) ( 1972 ) Freedom to Build . New York : Macmillan Jump up ^ TURNER , J.F.C. ( 1996 ) Tools for building community : an examination of 13 hypotheses , HABITAT International , 20 , see pages 339 -- 347 Jump up ^ What is Urban Upgrading The World Bank Group , MIT ( 2009 ) ^ Jump up to : Werlin , Herbert ( August 1999 ) . `` The Slum Upgrading Myth '' . Urban Studies . 36 ( 9 ) : 1523 -- 1534 . doi : 10.1080 / 0042098992908 . Jump up ^ Werlin , Herbert ( August 1999 ) . `` The Slum Upgrading Myth '' . Urban Studies . 36 ( 9 ) : 1524 . doi : 10.1080 / 0042098992908 . Jump up ^ Tondo Urban Development Project MIT ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Fernando Patino , Urban Safety through Slum Upgrading Archived 2013 - 09 - 21 at the Wayback Machine . United Nations Habitat ( 2011 ) ; ISBN 978 - 9211323931 ; see pages 7 -- 19 Jump up ^ World Bank Experience with the Provision of Infrastructure Services for the Urban Poor Christine Kessides ) The World Bank ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ LUNA , E.M. , FERRER , O.P. and IGNACIO , JR. , U. ( 1994 ) Participatory Action Planning for the Development of Two PSF Projects . Manila : University of Philippines Jump up ^ BARTONE , C. , BERNSTEIN , J. , LEITMANN , J. and Eigen , J. ( 1994 ) Toward Environmental Strategies for Cities . Washington , DC : World Bank Jump up ^ BANNERJEE , T. and CHAKROVORTY , S. ( 1994 ) Transfer of planning technology and local political economy : a retrospective analysis of Calcutta , Journal of the American Planning Association , 60 , pages 71 -- 82 Jump up ^ Martijn Koster , & Monique Nuijten ( 2012 ) , From Preamble to Post ‐ project Frustrations : The Shaping of a Slum Upgrading Project in Recife , Brazil . Antipode , 44 ( 1 ) , pages 175 -- 196 Jump up ^ Smolka , M ( 2003 ) , Informality , urban poverty , and land market prices . Land Lines 15 ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Kristian Buhl Thomsen ( 2012 ) , Modernism and Urban Renewal in Denmark 1939 -- 1983 , Aarhus University , 11th Conference on Urban History , EAUH , Prague Jump up ^ See ( in Danish ) : Lov om Boligtilsyn og Sanering af usunde Bydele , Rigsdagstidende , 1939 , pages 1250 -- 1260 Jump up ^ Urban Land Tenure Policies in Brazil , South Africa , and India : an Assessment of the Issues Archived 2013 - 09 - 21 at the Wayback Machine . Donald A. Krueckeberg and Kurt G. Paulsen ( 2000 ) , Lincoln Institute , Rutgers University Jump up ^ Marie Huchzermeyer and Aly Karam , Informal settlements : A perpetual challenge ? Cape Town , SA : University of Cape Town Press Jump up ^ Policy and Planning as Public Choice Mass Transit in the United States Archived 2013 - 05 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . Daniel Lewis and Fred Williams , Federal Transport Agency , DOT , US Government , 1999 ; Ashgate Jump up ^ Lessinger , J ( 1962 ) . `` The Case for scatteration : Some reflections on the national capital region plan for the year 2000 '' . Journal of the American Institute of Planners . 28 ( 3 ) : 159 -- 169 . doi : 10.1080 / 01944366208979438 . Jump up ^ Public transport in Victorian London : Part Two : Underground London Transport Museum ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ nycsubway.org -- Historic American Engineering Record : Clifton Hood , IRT and New York City , Subway Jump up ^ Before Public Housing , a City Life Cleared Away Sam Roberts , New York Times ( May 8 , 2005 ) Jump up ^ The impact of post-war slum clearance in the UK Becky Tunstall and Stuart Lowe , Social Policy and Social Work , The University of York ( November 2012 ) Jump up ^ Inter-war Slum Clearance The History of Council Housing ; UK Jump up ^ A New Urban Vision UK 's History of Council Housing ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Rogers , D. ( 2013 ) . Can infrastructure prevent a planet of slums ? . Construction Research and Innovation , 4 ( 2 ) , 30 -- 33 Jump up ^ Mathur , Navdeep ( December 1 , 2012 ) . `` On the Sabarmati Riverfront : Urban Planning as Totalitarian Governance in Ahmedabad '' ( PDF ) . Economic and Political Weekly . XLVII ( 47 & 48 ) . ^ Jump up to : Arimah , Ben C. ( 2010 ) . `` The face of urban poverty : Explaining the prevalence of slums in developing countries , Working paper '' . World Institute for Development Economics Research . 30 . Jump up ^ UN-HABITAT ( 2006b ) ( 2006 ) . State of the World 's Cities 2006 / 2007 : The Millennium Development Goals and Urban Sustainability . London : Earthscan . Jump up ^ Slum Cities and Cities with Slums '' States of the World 's Cities 2008 / 2009 . UN-Habitat . Jump up ^ `` State of the World 's Cities Report 2012 / 2013 : Prosperity of Cities '' ( PDF ) . UNHABITAT . p. 127 . Further reading ( edit ) Look up slum in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Slums . ( 2017 ) . Story of the Slum , Chicago West Side 1890 - 1930 Parenti , Michael ( Jan 2014 ) . What 's a Slum ? Various authors . The Challenge of Slums : Global Report on Human Settlements . UN-HABITAT . ISBN 978 - 1 - 1 - 36554 - 759 . Archived from the original on 2 June 2013 . Retrieved 15 August 2013 . ( original report 2003 , revised 2010 , reprint 2012 ) Moreno , Eduardo López ( 2003 ) . Slums of the World : The Face of Urban Poverty in the New Millennium ? . UN-HABITAT . ISBN 978 - 92 - 1 - 131683 - 4 . Retrieved 15 August 2013 . Robert Neuwirth : Shadow Cities , New York , 2006 , Routledge Davis , Mike : Planet of Slums London , New York 2006 ISBN 1 - 84467 - 022 - 8 Elisabeth Blum / Peter Neitzke : FavelaMetropolis . Berichte und Projekte aus Rio de Janeiro und São Paulo , Birkhäuser Basel , Boston , Berlin 2004 ISBN 3 - 7643 - 7063 - 7 Floris Fabrizio Puppets or people ? A sociological analysis of Korogocho slum , Pauline Publication Africa , Nairobi 2007 . Floris Fabrizio ECCESSI DI CITTÀ : Baraccopoli , campi profughi , città psichedeliche , Paoline , Milano , ISBN 88 - 315 - 3318 - 5 Matt Birkinshaw A Big Devil in the Jondolos : A report on shack fires by Matt Birkinshaw , 2008 Every third person will be a slum dweller within 30 years , UN agency warns ; John Vidal ; The Guardian ; October 4 , 2003 . Mute Magazine Vol 2 # 3 , Naked Cities -- Struggle in the Global Slums , 2006 Cities Alliance Marx , Benjamin ; Stoker , Thomas ; Suri , Tavneet ( 2013 ) . `` The Economics of Slums in the Developing World '' . Journal of Economic Perspectives. 27 ( 4 ) : 187 -- 210 . doi : 10.1257 / jep. 27.4. 187 . NARA : 10643575 NDL : 00571735 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slum&oldid=856884181 '' Categories : Slums Human habitats Urban decay Urban development Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : dates All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili ລາວ Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 04 : 44 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slum

german song du du liegst mir im herzen

Du , du liegst mir im Herzen

du, du liegst mir im herzen

`` Du , du liegst mir im Herzen '' ( `` You , you are in my heart '' ) is a German folk song , believed to have originated in northern Germany around 1820 . Bavarian flautist Theobald Boehm , inventor of the fingering system for the modern flute , composed a theme and variations for flute and piano on this tune .

Notable performances ( edit ) The song is heard in the 1961 film Judgment at Nuremberg during a key scene between Spencer Tracy and Marlene Dietrich . In 1974 's Blazing Saddles , Madeline Kahn , caricaturing Dietrich , sings it with a group of Prussian soldiers . It also features in Top Secret ! , The Winds of War , Le Silence de la mer , the Barbara Stanwyck film Ever in My Heart and in Alfred Hitchcock 's Lifeboat , sung by Walter Slezak . It was sung by the Kenneth Mars character , Franz Liebkind , in The Producers . In the 1991 movie , What About Bob ? , a gleeful Richard Dreyfuss whistles the melody of the chorus . German - American jazz keyboardist Clare Fischer recorded two dramatically contrasting versions in 1975 and 1980 , a solo piano performance on Alone Together and his arrangement for a Latin jazz ensemble supplemented by the vocal quartet 2 + 2 on the eponymous album 2 + 2 . In 2007 , German singer - songwriter Juergen Schmitt released both boogie - woogie and party disco versions of the song . Lyrics ( edit ) Lyrics in German : Du , du liegst mir im Herzen du , du liegst mir im Sinn . Du , du machst mir viel Schmerzen , weißt nicht wie gut ich dir bin . Ja , ja , ja , ja , weißt nicht wie gut ich dir bin . So , so wie ich dich liebe so , so liebe auch mich . Die , die zärtlichsten Triebe fühl ' ich allein nur für dich . Ja , ja , ja , ja , fühl ' ich allein nur für dich . Doch , doch darf ich dir trauen dir , dir mit leichtem Sinn ? Du , du kannst auf mich bauen weißt ja wie gut ich dir bin ! Ja , ja , ja , ja , weißt ja wie gut ich dir bin ! Und , und wenn in der Ferne , mir , mir dein Bild erscheint , dann , dann wünscht ich so gerne daß uns die Liebe vereint . Ja , ja , ja , ja , daß uns die Liebe vereint . Lyrics in English : You , you are in my heart . you , you are in my mind . You , you cause me much pain , You do n't know how good I am for you . Yes , yes , yes , yes you do n't know how good I am for you . So , as I love you so , so love me too . The most tender desires I alone feel only for you . Yes , yes , yes , yes , I alone feel only for you . But , but may I trust you you , you with a light heart ? You , you know you can rely on me You do know how good for you I am ! Yes , yes , yes , yes you do know how good for you I am ! And , and if in the distance , it seems to me like your picture , then , then I wish so much that we were united in love . Yes , yes , yes , yes , that we were united in love . External links ( edit ) Lyrics Schmitti Wikipedia Schmitti Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Du,_du_liegst_mir_im_Herzen&oldid=800560990 '' Categories : German folk songs 1820s songs Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 08 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%2C%20du%20liegst%20mir%20im%20Herzen

ectodermal and endodermal cells make the embryonic disc

Ectoderm

ectoderm

Ectoderm is one of the three primary germ layers in the very early embryo . The other two layers are the mesoderm ( middle layer ) and endoderm ( most proximal layer ) , with the ectoderm as the most exterior ( or distal ) layer . It emerges and originates from the outer layer of germ cells . The word ectoderm comes from the Greek ektos meaning `` outside '' , and derma , meaning `` skin . ''

Generally speaking , the ectoderm differentiates to form the nervous system ( spine , peripheral nerves and brain ) , tooth enamel and the epidermis ( the outer part of integument ) . It also forms the lining of mouth , anus , nostrils , sweat glands , hair and nails . In vertebrates , the ectoderm has three parts : external ectoderm ( also known as surface ectoderm ) , the neural crest , and neural tube . The latter two are known as neuroectoderm . Contents 1 History 2 Differentiation 2.1 Initial appearance 2.2 Early development 2.2. 1 Gastrulation 2.3 Later development 2.3. 1 Neurulation 2.3. 2 Organogenesis 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Ectodermal dysplasia 4 See also 5 References History ( edit ) Heinz Christian Pander , a Baltic German -- Russian biologist , has been credited for the discovery of the three germ layers that form during embryogenesis . Pander received his doctorate in zoology from the University of Wurzburg in 1817 . He began his studies in embryology using chicken eggs , which allowed for his discovery of the ectoderm , mesoderm and endoderm . Due to his findings , Pander is sometimes referred to as the `` founder of embryology '' . Pander 's work of the early embryo was continued by a Prussian -- Estonian biologist named Karl Ernst von Baer . Baer took Pander 's concept of the germ layers and through extensive research of many different types of species , he was able to extend this principle to all vertebrates . Baer also received credit for the discovery of the blastula . Baer published his findings , including his germ layer theory , in a textbook which translates to On the Development of Animals which he released in 1828 . Differentiation ( edit ) Initial appearance ( edit ) The ectoderm can first be observed in amphibians and fish during the later stages of a process called gastrulation . At the start of this process , the developing embryo has divided into many cells separating the embryo , which is now a hollow sphere of cells called the blastula , into two parts , the animal hemisphere and vegetal hemisphere . It is the animal hemisphere of the blastula that will eventually become the ectoderm . Early development ( edit ) Like the other two germ layers , mesoderm and endoderm , the ectoderm forms shortly after the egg is fertilized , and rapid cell division initiates . The epidermis of the skin originates from the less dorsal ectoderm which surrounds the neuroectoderm at the early gastrula stage of embryonic development . The position of the ectoderm relative to the other germ layers of the embryo is governed by `` selective affinity '' , meaning that the inner surface of the ectoderm has a strong ( positive ) affinity for the mesoderm , and a weak ( negative ) affinity for the endoderm layer . This selective affinity changes during different stages of development . The strength of the attraction between two surfaces of two germ layers is determined by the amount and type of cadherin molecules present on the cells ' surface . For example , the expression of N - cadherin is crucial to maintaining separation of precursor neural cells from precursor epithelial cells . The ectoderm is instructed to become the nervous system by the notochord , which is typically positioned above it . Gastrulation ( edit ) During the process of gastrulation , a special type of cells called bottle cells invaginates a hole on the surface of the blastula which is called the dorsal lip of the blastopore . Once this lip has been established , the bottle cells will extend inward and migrate along the inner wall of the blastula known as the roof of the blastocoel . The once superficial cells of the animal pole are destined to become the cells of the middle germ layer called the mesoderm . Through the process of radial extension , cells of the animal pole that were once several layers thick divide to form a thin layer . At the same time , when this thin layer of dividing cells reaches the dorsal lip of the blastopore , another process occurs termed convergent extension . During convergent extension , cells that approach the lip intercalate mediolaterally , in such a way that cells are pulled over the lip and inside the embryo . These two processes allow for the prospective mesoderm cells to be placed between the ectoderm and the endoderm . Once convergent extension and radial intercalation are underway , the rest of the vegetal pole , which will become endoderm cells , is completely engulfed by the prospective ectoderm , as these top cells undergo epiboly , where the ectoderm cells divide in a way to form one layer . This creates a uniform embryo composed of the three germ layers in their respective positions . Later development ( edit ) Once there is an embryo with three established germ layers , differentiation among these three layers proceeds . The next event that will take place within the ectoderm is the process of neurulation , which results in the formation of the neural tube , neural crest cells and the epidermis . It is these three components of the ectoderm that will each give rise to a particular set of cells . The neural tube cells will become the central nervous system , neural crest cells will become the peripheral and enteric nervous system , along with melanocytes , facial cartilage and the dentin of teeth , and the epidermal cell region will give rise to epidermis , hair , nails , sebaceous glands , olfactory and mouth epithelium , as well as eyes . Neurulation ( edit ) Neurulation proceeds by primary and secondary neurulation , both positioning neural crest cells between a superficial epidermal layer and a deep neural tube . During primary neurulation , the notochord cells of the mesoderm signal the adjacent , superficial ectoderm cells to reposition themselves in a columnar pattern to form cells of the ectodermal neural plate . As the cells continue to elongate , a group of cells immediately above the notochord change their shape , forming a wedge in the ectodermal region . These special cells are called medial hinge cells ( MHP ) . Now , as the ectoderm continues to elongate , the ectodermal cells of the neural plate fold inward . The inward folding of the ectoderm by virtue of mainly cell division continues until another group of cells form within the neural plate . These cells are termed dorsolateral hinge cells ( DLHP ) , and once formed , the inward folding of the ectoderm stops . The DLHP cells function in a similar fashion as MHP cells regarding their wedge like shape , however , the DLHP cells result in the ectoderm converging . This convergence is led by ectodermal cells above the DLHP cells known as the neural crest . The neural crest cells eventually pull the adjacent ectodermal cells together , which leaves neural crest cells between the prospective epidermis and hollow , neural tube . Organogenesis ( edit ) Ectodermal specification All of the organs that rise from the ectoderm such as the nervous system , teeth , hair and many exocrine glands , originate from two adjacent tissue layers : the epithelium and the mesenchyme . Several signals mediate the organogenesis of the ectoderm such as : FGF , TGFβ , Wnt , and regulators from the hedgehog family . The specific timing and manner that the ectodermal organs form is dependent on the invagination of the epithelial cells . FGF - 9 is an important factor during the initiation of tooth germ development . The rate of epithelial invagination in significantly increased by action of FGF - 9 , which is only expressed in the epithelium , and not in the mesenchyme . FGF - 10 helps to stimulate epithelial cell proliferation , in order make larger tooth germs . Mammalian teeth develop from ectoderm derived from the mesenchyme : oral ectoderm and neural crest . The epithelial components of the stem cells for continuously growing teeth form from tissue layers called the stellate reticulum and the suprabasal layer of the surface ectoderm . Clinical significance ( edit ) Ectodermal dysplasia ( edit ) Ectodermal dysplasia is a rare but severe condition where the tissue groups ( specifically teeth , skin , hair , nails and sweat glands ) derived from the ectoderm undergo abnormal development . Ectodermal dysplasia is a vague term , as there are over 170 subtypes of ectodermal dysplasia . It has been accepted that the disease is caused by a mutation or a combination of mutations in a number of genes . Research of the disease is ongoing , as only a fraction of the mutations involved with an ectodermal dysplasia subtype have been identified . Dental abnormalities in a 5 - year - old girl from north Sweden family who suffered from various symptoms of autosomal dominant hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia ( HED ) a ) Intraoral view . Note that the upper incisors have been restored with composite material to disguise their original conical shape . b ) Orthopantomogram showing absence of ten primary and eleven permanent teeth in the jaws of the same individual . Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia ( HED ) is the most common subtype of the disease . Clinical cases of patients with this condition displayed a range of symptoms . One of the common abnormalities of HED is hypohidrosis , or the inability to sweat , which can be attributed to dysfunctional sweat glands . This aspect can be especially dangerous in warm climates where the patient could potentially suffer from hyperthermia . Facial malformations are also related to HED such as disfigured or absent teeth , wrinkled skin around the eyes , misshaped nose along with scarce and thin hair . Skin problems , like eczema have also been observed in cases . It typically follows an X-linked recessive pattern of inheritance of the EDA genes . This disease typically affects males because they have only one X chromosome , meaning only one copy of the mutated gene is enough to cause abnormal development . For females to be affected , both X chromosomes would need to carry the gene mutation . If a female has a mutated version of the gene on one X chromosome , they are considered carrier of the disease . See also ( edit ) Ectoderm specification Coelom Embryology Endoderm Gastrulation Mesoderm Neural plate List of human cell types derived from the germ layers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Langman 's Medical Embryology , 11th edition . 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gilbert , Scott F. Developmental Biology . 9th ed . Sunderland , MA : Sinauer Associates , 2010 : 333 - 370 . Print . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Baer KE von ( 1986 ) In : Oppenheimer J ( ed . ) and Schneider H ( transl . ) , Autobiography of Dr. Karl Ernst von Baer . Canton , MA : Science History Publications . Jump up ^ O'Rahilly , R ; Müller , F ( 1994 ) . `` Neurulation in the normal human embryo '' . Ciba Found Symp. 181 : 70 -- 82 . PMID 8005032 . Jump up ^ Pispa , J ; Thesleff , I ( Oct 15 , 2003 ) . `` Mechanisms of ectodermal organogenesis '' . Developmental Biology . 262 ( 2 ) : 195 -- 205 . doi : 10.1016 / S0012 - 1606 ( 03 ) 00325 - 7 . PMID 14550785 . ^ Jump up to : Tai , Y.Y. ; Chen , R.S. ; Lin , Y. ; Ling , T.Y. ; Chen , M.H. ( 2012 ) . `` FGF - 9 accelerates epithelial invagination for ectodermal organogenesis in real time bioengineered organ manipulation '' . Cell Communication and Signaling. 10 ( 1 ) : 34 . doi : 10.1186 / 1478 - 811X - 10 - 34 . PMC 3515343 . PMID 23176204 . Jump up ^ Priolo , M. ; Laganà , C ( September 2001 ) . `` Ectodermal Dysplasias : A New Clinical - Genetic Classification '' . Journal of Medical Genetics . 38 ( 9 ) : 579 -- 585 . doi : 10.1136 / jmg. 38.9. 579 . PMC 1734928 . PMID 11546825 . Jump up ^ Clarke , A. ; Phillips , D.I. ; Brown , R. ; Harper , P.S. ( 1987 ) . `` Clinical Aspects of X-linked Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia '' . Archives of Disease in Childhood. 62 ( 10 ) : 989 -- 96 . doi : 10.1136 / adc. 62.10. 989 . PMC 1778691 . Jump up ^ Bayes , M. ; Hartung , A.J. ; Ezer , S. ; Pispa , J. ; Thesleff , I. ; Srivastava , A.K. ; Kere , J. ( 1998 ) . `` The Anhidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia Gene ( EDA ) Undergoes Alternative Splicing and Encodes Ectodysplasin - A with Deletion Mutations in Collagenous Repeats '' . Human Molecular Genetics . 7 ( 11 ) : 1661 -- 1669 . doi : 10.1093 / hmg / 7.11. 1661 . PMID 9736768 . Human embryogenesis in the first three weeks Week 1 Fertilization Oocyte activation Zygote Cleavage Blastomere Morula Blastocoele Blastocyst Blastula Inner cell mass Trophoblast Week 2 ( Bilaminar ) Hypoblast Epiblast Week 3 ( Trilaminar ) Germ layers Archenteron / Primitive streak Primitive pit Primitive knot / Blastopore Primitive groove Gastrula Gastrulation Regional specification Embryonic disc Ectoderm Surface ectoderm Neuroectoderm Somatopleuric mesenchyme Neurulation Neural crest Endoderm Splanchnopleuric mesenchyme Mesoderm Axial mesoderm Paraxial Somite Somitomere Intermediate Lateral plate Intraembryonic coelom Splanchnopleuric mesenchyme Somatopleuric mesenchyme Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ectoderm&oldid=841444284 '' Categories : Germ layers Animal developmental biology Embryology Gastrulation Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 21 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectoderm

what do you mean by the ide integrated development environment

Integrated development environment

integrated development environment

An integrated development environment ( IDE ) is a software application that provides comprehensive facilities to computer programmers for software development . An IDE normally consists of a source code editor , build automation tools , and a debugger . Most modern IDEs have intelligent code completion . Some IDEs , such as NetBeans and Eclipse , contain a compiler , interpreter , or both ; others , such as SharpDevelop and Lazarus , do not . The boundary between an integrated development environment and other parts of the broader software development environment is not well - defined . Sometimes a version control system , or various tools to simplify the construction of a graphical user interface ( GUI ) , are integrated . Many modern IDEs also have a class browser , an object browser , and a class hierarchy diagram , for use in object - oriented software development .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 History 3 Topics 3.1 Visual programming 3.2 Language support 3.3 Attitudes across different computing platforms 4 See also 5 References Overview ( edit ) Integrated development environments are designed to maximize programmer productivity by providing tight - knit components with similar user interfaces . IDEs present a single program in which all development is done . This program typically provides many features for authoring , modifying , compiling , deploying and debugging software . This contrasts with software development using unrelated tools , such as vi , GCC or make . One aim of the IDE is to reduce the configuration necessary to piece together multiple development utilities , instead providing the same set of capabilities as a cohesive unit . Reducing that setup time can increase developer productivity , in cases where learning to use the IDE is faster than manually integrating all of the individual tools . Tighter integration of all development tasks has the potential to improve overall productivity beyond just helping with setup tasks . For example , code can be continuously parsed while it is being edited , providing instant feedback when syntax errors are introduced . That can speed learning a new programming language and its associated libraries . Some IDEs are dedicated to a specific programming language , allowing a feature set that most closely matches the programming paradigms of the language . However , there are many multiple - language IDEs . While most modern IDEs are graphical , text - based IDEs such as Turbo Pascal were in popular use before the widespread availability of windowing systems like Microsoft Windows and the X Window System ( X11 ) . They commonly use function keys or hotkeys to execute frequently used commands or macros . History ( edit ) GNU Emacs , an extensible editor that is commonly used as an IDE on Unix - like systems IDEs initially became possible when developing via a console or terminal . Early systems could not support one , since programs were prepared using flowcharts , entering programs with punched cards ( or paper tape , etc . ) before submitting them to a compiler . Dartmouth BASIC was the first language to be created with an IDE ( and was also the first to be designed for use while sitting in front of a console or terminal ) . Its IDE ( part of the Dartmouth Time Sharing System ) was command - based , and therefore did not look much like the menu - driven , graphical IDEs popular after the advent of the Graphical User Interface . However it integrated editing , file management , compilation , debugging and execution in a manner consistent with a modern IDE . Maestro I is a product from Softlab Munich and was the world 's first integrated development environment for software . Maestro I was installed for 22,000 programmers worldwide . Until 1989 , 6,000 installations existed in the Federal Republic of Germany . Maestro was arguably the world leader in this field during the 1970s and 1980s . Today one of the last Maestro I can be found in the Museum of Information Technology at Arlington . One of the first IDEs with a plug - in concept was Softbench . In 1995 Computerwoche commented that the use of an IDE was not well received by developers since it would fence in their creativity . As of March 2015 , the most popular IDEs are Eclipse and Visual Studio . Topics ( edit ) Visual programming ( edit ) Visual programming is a usage scenario in which an IDE is generally required . Visual Basic allows users to create new applications by moving programming , building blocks , or code nodes to create flowcharts or structure diagrams that are then compiled or interpreted . These flowcharts often are based on the Unified Modeling Language . This interface has been popularized with the Lego Mindstorms system , and is being actively pursued by a number of companies wishing to capitalize on the power of custom browsers like those found at Mozilla . KTechlab supports flowcode and is a popular opensource IDE and Simulator for developing software for microcontrollers . Visual programming is also responsible for the power of distributed programming ( cf . LabVIEW and EICASLAB software ) . An early visual programming system , Max , was modelled after analog synthesizer design and has been used to develop real - time music performance software since the 1980s . Another early example was Prograph , a dataflow - based system originally developed for the Macintosh . The graphical programming environment `` Grape '' is used to program qfix robot kits . This approach is also used in specialist software such as Openlab , where the end users want the flexibility of a full programming language , without the traditional learning curve associated with one . Language support ( edit ) Some IDEs support multiple languages , such as GNU Emacs based on C and Emacs Lisp , and IntelliJ IDEA , Eclipse , MyEclipse or NetBeans , all based on Java , or MonoDevelop , based on C# . Support for alternative languages is often provided by plugins , allowing them to be installed on the same IDE at the same time . For example , Flycheck is a modern on - the - fly syntax checking extension for GNU Emacs 24 with support for 39 languages . Eclipse , and Netbeans have plugins for C / C++ , Ada , GNAT ( for example AdaGIDE ) , Perl , Python , Ruby , and PHP , which are selected between automatically based on file extension , environment or project settings . Attitudes across different computing platforms ( edit ) Unix programmers can combine command - line POSIX tools into a complete development environment , capable of developing large programs such as the Linux kernel and its environment . In this sense , the entire Unix system functions as an IDE . The free software GNU tools ( GNU Compiler Collection ( GCC ) , GNU Debugger ( gdb ) , and GNU make ) are available on many platforms , including Windows . The pervasive Unix philosophy of `` everything is a text stream '' enables developers who favor command - line oriented tools to use editors with support for many of the standard Unix and GNU build tools , building an IDE with programs like Emacs or Vim . Data Display Debugger is intended to be an advanced graphical front - end for many text - based debugger standard tools . Some programmers prefer managing makefiles and their derivatives to the similar code building tools included in a full IDE . For example , most contributors to the PostgreSQL database use make and gdb directly to develop new features . Even when building PostgreSQL for Microsoft Windows using Visual C++ , Perl scripts are used as a replacement for make rather than relying on any IDE features . Some Linux IDEs such as Geany attempt to provide a graphical front end to traditional build operations . On the various Microsoft Windows platforms , command - line tools for development are seldom used . Accordingly , there are many commercial and non-commercial products . However , each has a different design commonly creating incompatibilities . Most major compiler vendors for Windows still provide free copies of their command - line tools , including Microsoft ( Visual C++ , Platform SDK , . NET Framework SDK , nmake utility ) . IDEs have always been popular on the Apple Macintosh 's classic Mac OS and macOS , dating back to Macintosh Programmer 's Workshop , Turbo Pascal , THINK Pascal and THINK C environments of the mid-1980s . Currently macOS programmers can choose between native IDEs like Xcode and open - source tools such as Eclipse and Netbeans . ActiveState Komodo is a proprietary multilanguage IDE supported on macOS . With the advent of cloud computing , some IDEs are available online and run within web browsers . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Integrated development environments . Computer programming portal Comparison of integrated development environments Collaborative development environment ( CDE ) Computer - aided software engineering ( CASE ) Game integrated development environment Multiple document interface § IDE - style interface ( MDI ) Rapid application development ( RAD ) Read -- Eval -- Print Loop ( REPL ) Software development kit ( SDK ) Software engineering Web integrated development environment ( Web IDE or WIDE ) Requirements management Documentation generation tools Code analysis tools Source code refactoring tools Software building tools ( the compiler , linker , etc. , and the build automation tool used to control them ) Version control , also called source repository ( configuration management ) Problem reporting and bug tracking tools References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Interaktives Programmieren als Systems - Schlager '' from Computerwoche ( German ) Jump up ^ Top IDE index Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 10 March 2014 . Retrieved 10 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Rehman , Christopher Paul , Christopher R. Paul . `` The Linux Development Platform : Configuring , Using and Maintaining a Complete Programming Environment '' . 2002 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 009115 - 4 Jump up ^ `` UnixIsAnIde '' . Jump up ^ `` Use Emacs with Microsoft Visual C++ ... use Emacs as an IDE '' Archived 4 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Emacs : the Free Software IDE '' Jump up ^ `` Using Emacs as a Lisp IDE '' Jump up ^ `` Emacs as a Perl IDE '' Jump up ^ PostgreSQL Developer FAQ Jump up ^ PostgreSQL Installation from Source Code on Windows ( hide ) Integrated development environments C and C++ Open source Android Studio Anjuta Code : : Blocks CodeLite Dev - C++ Eclipse Geany GNAT Programming Studio GNOME Builder KDevelop Kuzya MonoDevelop NetBeans QDevelop Qt Creator SharpDevelop Ultimate++ OpenWatcom Freeware Pelles C Philasmicos Entwickler Studio Oracle Developer Studio Visual Studio Community Xcode Retail C + + Builder Eclipse - based CodeWarrior MyEclipse Visual Studio By JetBrains IntelliJ IDEA AppCode CLion LabWindows / CVI LccWin32 IBM Rational Software Architect Understand Discontinued IBM VisualAge Java Open source BlueJ DrJava Eclipse Geany Greenfoot IntelliJ IDEA Community Edition Android Studio NetBeans Servoy Community Edition Freeware jGRASP JDeveloper Xcode Retail JBuilder JCreator MyEclipse IBM Rational Application Developer WebSphere Integration Developer JetBrains IntelliJ IDEA Servoy Business Application Platform Edition Understand Discontinued Metrowerks CodeWarrior Pro for Java Sun Java Studio Creator ( superseded by NetBeans ) Visual Age ( superseded by Eclipse ) Visual Café ( aka Espresso , superseded by JBuilder ) Visual J++ Xelfi ( became NetBeans ) CLI MonoDevelop SharpDevelop Visual Studio Visual Studio Code PascalABC.NET Rider Flash Adobe Flash Builder FlashDevelop Powerflasher FDT PHP Aptana NetBeans PhpStorm KDevelop Python Eric IntelliJ IDEA Light Table Ninja - IDE PyCharm PyDev Spyder Wing IDE KDevelop Pascal Delphi Lazarus RStudio Comparison Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integrated_development_environment&oldid=834326950 '' Categories : Integrated development environments Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Use dmy dates from January 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша ລາວ Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 36 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 03 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated%20development%20environment

where did the name short pump come from

The original village of Short Pump is located at the intersection of Three Chopt Road ( formerly known as Three Notched Trail ) , Richmond Turnpike and Pouncey Tract Road . It was named for the short handled pump that was located beneath the porch of a tavern located there . The tavern was built by Robert Hyde Saunders , a Revolutionary War veteran in 1815 . This area was on the principal route between Richmond and Charlottesville , as well as other towns in the Blue Ridge Mountains . Thomas Jefferson , the Earl Cornwallis , the Marquis de Lafayette , General Peter Muhlenberg , Stonewall Jackson and Ulric Dahlgren all visited this area .

the short handled pump that was located beneath the porch of a tavern located there

Short Pump , Virginia

short pump, virginia

Short Pump is a census - designated place ( CDP ) in Henrico County , Virginia , United States . It is an affluent suburb of Richmond , Virginia . The population was 24,729 at the 2010 census .

The original village of Short Pump is located at the intersection of Three Chopt Road ( formerly known as Three Notched Trail ) , Richmond Turnpike and Pouncey Tract Road . It was named for the short handled pump that was located beneath the porch of a tavern located there . The tavern was built by Robert Hyde Saunders , a Revolutionary War veteran in 1815 . This area was on the principal route between Richmond and Charlottesville , as well as other towns in the Blue Ridge Mountains . Thomas Jefferson , the Earl Cornwallis , the Marquis de Lafayette , General Peter Muhlenberg , Stonewall Jackson and Ulric Dahlgren all visited this area . The crossroads was officially named Short Pump by 1853 , according to a Henrico County map found in the Virginia Historical Society . Short Pump 's population has greatly increased in recent years due to its proximity to Richmond . It has now become part of Richmond 's Far West End . In 2003 , developers opened Short Pump Town Center , a 1,200,000 - square - foot ( 110,000 m ) open air shopping mall . The mall has now been joined by other massive shopping and living spaces , most notably West Broad Village Short Pump has many shopping centers and upscale restaurants . There is also a skating rink , bowling alley and many neighborhoods under development . The area is an affluent edge city of Richmond . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 1.1 Climate 2 Demographics 3 Education 4 Attractions 5 Neighborhoods in Short Pump 6 References 7 External links Geography ( edit ) Short Pump is located at 37 ° 39 ′ 43 '' N 77 ° 37 ′ 36 '' W  /  37.66194 ° N 77.62667 ° W  / 37.66194 ; - 77.62667 ( 37.661809 , - 77.626635 ) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 9.1 square miles ( 23.5 km ) , of which 9.0 square miles ( 23.2 km ) is land and 0.12 square miles ( 0.3 km ) , or 1.33 % , is water . Short Pump is bordered to the west by Goochland County , to the north by the Wyndham CDP , to the east by the Innsbrook CDP , and to the south by non-CDP land and by Tuckahoe . Climate ( edit ) ( hide ) Climate data for Short Pump , Virginia ( 1980 - 2010 ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° F ( ° C ) 46.6 ( 8.1 ) 50.7 ( 10.4 ) 59.3 ( 15.2 ) 70 ( 21 ) 77.2 ( 25.1 ) 84.9 ( 29.4 ) 88.3 ( 31.3 ) 86.9 ( 30.5 ) 80.6 ( 27 ) 70.3 ( 21.3 ) 60.3 ( 15.7 ) 49.5 ( 9.7 ) 68.72 ( 20.39 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 24.8 ( − 4 ) 26.9 ( − 2.8 ) 33.1 ( 0.6 ) 42.3 ( 5.7 ) 51.2 ( 10.7 ) 60.7 ( 15.9 ) 65.1 ( 18.4 ) 63.9 ( 17.7 ) 56.2 ( 13.4 ) 44.5 ( 6.9 ) 35.4 ( 1.9 ) 27.6 ( − 2.4 ) 44.31 ( 6.83 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 3.1 ( 79 ) 2.9 ( 74 ) 3.8 ( 97 ) 3.3 ( 84 ) 3.9 ( 99 ) 3.5 ( 89 ) 4.4 ( 112 ) 4.0 ( 102 ) 3.7 ( 94 ) 3.3 ( 84 ) 3.7 ( 94 ) 3.3 ( 84 ) 42.9 ( 1,092 ) Source : USA.com Demographics ( edit ) At the 2010 census , there were 24,729 people , 9,217 households and 6,483 families residing in the CDP . The population density was 76.7 per square mile ( 29.6 / km2 ) . There were 77 housing units at an average density of 32.5 / sq mi ( 12.5 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the CDP was 75.0 % White , 5.70 % African - American , 15.9 % Asian , and 3.2 % Hispanic or Latino . There were 9,217 households of which 31.9 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 60.3 % were married couples living together , 10.1 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 36.2 % were non-families. 26.1 % of all households were made up of individuals and 8.7 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.30 . 26.9 % of the population were under the age of 18 , 6.0 % from 18 to 24 , 33.5 % from 25 to 44 , 18.1 % from 45 to 64 , and 15.4 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median household income was $105,300 and the median family income was $117,995 . The per capita income for the CDP was $46,047. 4.1 % of the population lived below the poverty line . Education ( edit ) Elementary schools Colonial Trail Elementary School Gayton Elementary School Nuckols Farm Elementary School Short Pump Elementary School Twin Hickory Elementary School Middle Holman Middle School Pocahontas Middle School Short Pump Middle School High Deep Run High School Mills E. Godwin High School Attractions ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Recently constructed West Broad Village contains several places to eat , shop and play . The new `` village '' contains stores such as REI , Home Goods , Whole Foods , Trader Joe 's , and many more . The restaurants include Keagan 's Irish Pub , The Halligan Bar & Grill , Kona Grill , Burger Bach , Jimmy Johns , Longhorn Steakhouse , Bonefish Grill , Carolina Ale House , Chuy 's , and The Wine Loft . Down Broad Street from West Broad Village is Bowl America , located off Pouncey Tract , Regal Cinemas Short Pump , a fourteen - screen movie theater , and SkateNation Plus . Located in Short Pump Town Center , The Funny Bone Comedy Club features a well - known comedian once a month along with local acts , improv nights , open mic nights , and other special events . Also in Short Pump Town Center are several upscale restaurants and stores including Firebirds , Maggiano 's , The Cheesecake Factory , Nordstrom , Pottery Barn , Crate and Barrel . A new 4 - Diamond , Hilton Hotel & Spa opened adjacent to Short Pump Town Center with a full - service spa and Shula 's America 's Steak House . Neighborhoods in Short Pump ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The boundaries of the Short Pump CDP start on the west at the Goochland County / Henrico County line , then proceed east on Kain Road to Pouncey Tract Road ( Virginia State Route 271 ) ; north on Pouncey Tract Road to Shady Grove Road ; east , then north , on Shady Grove Road to Nuckols Road ; southeast and south on Nuckols Road to Interstate 295 ; southwest on I - 295 to Interstate 64 ; southeast on I - 64 to Cox Road ; southwest on Cox Road to Three Chopt Road where Cox Road becomes Church Road ; southwest , then west , on Church Road to Lauderdale Drive ; southwest on Lauderdale Drive to Causeway Drive ; northwest on Causeway Drive to its crossing of Wilde Lake ; southwest through the center of Wilde Lake to its outlet , Harding Branch ; westward down Harding Branch to its outlet at Tuckahoe Creek , which is the Goochland / Henrico County line ; then north on the county line back to Kain Road . Short Pump has several individual neighborhoods : Barclay -- A quiet , out - of - the - way community with large 1 - 2 story homes . Barrington -- A wealthier community with larger homes along the Church Road Corridor ; community lake and dock . Barrington Valley -- Located within Barrington , along Three Chopt Road . Barrington West -- Barrington 's extension on the western side of Barrington Lake . Bell Tower -- A newer community adjacent to Lake Loreine and Bentley -- A master - planned community developed by Ryan Homes consisting of 50 homes , 15 of which overlook Pouncey Tract Road . Burgundy Parke -- A small neighborhood off North Gayton Road , adjacent to the Fox Hall and Colonies neighborhoods . Church Run -- A community with open , grassy yards , it connects Three Chopt Road to Church Road . Church Run Parkway is commonly used as a cut - through for residents south of Church Road . The Colonies -- A community with a clubhouse that is within walking distance of Wilde Lake and is next to Tuckahoe Creek . Fox Hall -- Upscale community - style neighborhood with landscaping and clubhouse amenities ; home prices vary from $450,000 to $950,000 . ( Also commonly spelled Foxhall . ) Gayton Station -- Luxurious homes in the meadows of the Tuckahoe Creek . Glen Gary -- Connected to Waterford , Wellesley , Sherbrooke . Graham Meadows -- In the meadows of Tuckahoe Creek . Grey Oaks -- One of the newest neighborhoods in the West End , it includes a private pool and tennis courts . Home prices range from $550,000 to well over $1 million . Hardings Trace -- Smaller sized neighborhood . Connects with Burgundy Park and is off North Gayton Road . Lake Loreine -- A smaller private community with east , west , and south sections that are waterfront or adjacent to water and wildlife , built in the 80 's by Hanky and Co . Loreines Landing -- Built in the 1990s and 2000s with modern and contemporary architecture Milhaven at the Colonies - a smaller neighborhood located off of Causeway Drive next to Fox Hall and the Colonies . Oak Run -- Away from the hectic traffic of the closer , concentrated area of Short Pump . Located off of Church Road and sits next to Barony Woods . Pine Run -- Larger , older homes . The main road is Fox Meadow Drive . With entrances on Gayton and Ridgfield , it is next to Gayton Elementary School . Retrievers Ridge -- smaller neighborhood ; one - and two - story homes ; located near Church and Pump roads . Shady Grove Estates -- A smaller neighborhood with large homes on multiple acres ; located off Pouncey Tracy Road . Sherbrooke -- Near the John Rolfe Parkway construction . Sterling -- Traditional homes , all brick , on the south side of Church Road . Twin Hickory -- A master - planned community developed by HHHunt consisting of approximately 1,300 homes as of July 2010 located between Nuckols Road and Pouncey Tract Road . Community amenities include pools , tennis courts , parks , and an extensive network of sidewalks and paths . Housing options include apartment rentals , low - maintenance homes , town homes , and large family homes . Adjacent to the Twin Hickory community are Twin Hickory Elementary School , Colonial Trail Elementary School , Short Pump Middle School , and Deep Run High School . Also adjacent is Henrico County 's Twin Hickory Library . Nearby amenities include the Short Pump Mall , a wide range of retail shopping along Broad Street , and convenience and grocery retail outlets on Nuckols road . Also adjacent are a retirement community and several office parks . Waterford -- A large neighborhood with large home sites . Wellesley -- A master - planned community consisting if 788 single family , town homes and condominium homes built by HHHunt homes . Wellesley was recognized by the Community Associations Institute by the Central Virginia Chapter in 1992 and in 1999 when it was awarded the national `` Community Association of the Year . '' In addition , in 2010 Wellesley was named the Central Virginia Community Association Institute 's Large Community of the Year Wyndham -- A large neighborhood featuring the Dominion Club and a neighborhood pool . Wythe Trace and Summerwood -- Homesites along the John Rolfe Parkway construction . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics : 2010 Demographic Profile Data ( DP - 1 ) : Short Pump CDP , Virginia '' . U.S. Census Bureau , American Factfinder . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dickerson , Trevor ( June 17 , 2009 ) . `` It Was Truly a Short Pump '' . Richmond Times Dispatch . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dickerson , Trevor ( June 17 , 2009 ) . `` It Truly Was a Short Pump '' . Richmond Times Dispatch . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dickerson , Trevor ( July 17 , 2009 ) . `` It Truly Was a Short Pump '' . Richmond Times Dispatch . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lappas , Tom ( February 2 , 2011 ) . `` Mall Helped Solidify Short Pump 's Status '' . Henrico Citizen . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Geographic Identifiers : 2010 Demographic Profile Data ( G001 ) : Short Pump CDP , Virginia '' . U.S. Census Bureau , American Factfinder . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Climatological Information for Short Pump , Virginia '' , USA.com , 2003 . Web : ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ `` Short Pump Town Center '' . Short Pump Town Center . 2011 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 23 . External links ( edit ) www.henricohistoricalsociety.org -- Short Pump Lost Architecture ( 2015 ) . Henrico County Historical Society Municipalities and communities of Henrico County , Virginia , United States CDPs Chamberlayne Dumbarton East Highland Park Glen Allen Highland Springs Innsbrook Lakeside Laurel Montrose Sandston Short Pump Tuckahoe Wyndham Unincorporated communities Fair Oaks Lower Rocketts Varina Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Short_Pump,_Virginia&oldid=814110157 '' Categories : Census - designated places in Henrico County , Virginia Census - designated places in Virginia Geography of Richmond , Virginia Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2012 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from October 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Cebuano Español Italiano Nederlands Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Português Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Volapük Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 23 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short%20Pump%2C%20Virginia

what is the problem in the one and only ivan

When Ruby , a baby elephant is brought to the Big Top Mall to live with Stella and learn new tricks , things begin to change . Stella 's old injury causes her to get sick . Just before Stella succumbs to her illness and passes away , she asks Ivan to take care of Ruby and find her a better place . Ivan promises he will take care of Ruby , even though he does not know how he will manage to do it . After Stella 's death , Ivan begins to remember his life before the Big Top Mall , and what it was like to have freedom , if only to have stories to tell to Ruby . While Mack , the owner of the Big Top Mall is trying to train Ruby to do tricks , Ivan witnesses first hand the abuse to which she is subjected and starts to decide how to keep his promise to Stella .

The One and Only Ivan

the one and only ivan

The One and Only Ivan is a children 's novel written by K.A. Applegate and illustrated by Patricia Castelao . The book is about a silverback gorilla named Ivan who lived in a cage at a mall . The novel is written in first person from the point of view of Ivan , a silverback gorilla . In 2013 it was named the winner of the Newbery Medal . It has won several other awards and is currently nominated to several reading lists .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 3 Inspiration 4 Reception 5 Adaptation 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) The story is placed at the Exit 8 Big Top Mall and Video Arcade . Ivan , the silverback gorilla , has lived in captivity at the Big Top Mall for 9,855 days by his own tally . He lives in his domain , and is generally content with his life . He watches television , eats bananas and makes artwork that is sold by the owner . Along with Ivan , Stella , an elephant and Bob , a stray dog live also at the mall . Stella is an older elephant who has a chronic injury in one leg and regularly performs in the daily shows . Unlike Ivan , Stella has a long memory , and can remember living other places , like the circus where she was taught many of her tricks . However , Stella would like to live at a zoo , because they have much wider spaces for their domains . Stella believes that zoos are how humans make amends . When Ruby , a baby elephant is brought to the Big Top Mall to live with Stella and learn new tricks , things begin to change . Stella 's old injury causes her to get sick . Just before Stella succumbs to her illness and passes away , she asks Ivan to take care of Ruby and find her a better place . Ivan promises he will take care of Ruby , even though he does not know how he will manage to do it . After Stella 's death , Ivan begins to remember his life before the Big Top Mall , and what it was like to have freedom , if only to have stories to tell to Ruby . While Mack , the owner of the Big Top Mall is trying to train Ruby to do tricks , Ivan witnesses first hand the abuse to which she is subjected and starts to decide how to keep his promise to Stella . When Julia , the custodian 's daughter gives Ivan some finger paints , he begins to get an idea of how to help Ruby . He also changes his opinion of the Big Top Mall . He no longer thinks of his area as his domain , but as a cage . Ivan uses his art to make a large picture of a zoo . George and Julia help him by putting it on the billboard outside of the Big Top Mall . When people see the new signs , they begin to protest the treatment of the animals . Investigators are sent to the Big Top Mall , and eventually it is closed down , and Ivan , Ruby and the other animals are taken away to a zoo . Ivan and Ruby are both adopted by the same zoo . Ivan was tested if he really was a silverback at the new zoo . The story ends with Ivan and Ruby adapting to their new habitats and the other animals they will live with . Characters ( edit ) Ivan : An easygoing silverback gorilla who has lived in the Big Top Mall and Video Arcade for 24 years and 3 years living with Mack ; the main character . Ivan has spent most of his life in captivity , either living in a human home or at the Exit 8 Big Top Mall and Video Arcade . He remembers little about his life before captivity and has grown content with his life at the mall . As the story progresses , Ivan determines that his life is not satisfactory and he works to save Ruby by having her removed to a zoo . Stella : a senior elephant who used to live in circuses before coming to the mall . Stella has a long memory , and would much prefer to live in a zoo . She extracts a promise from Ivan to take care of Ruby if she can not . Bob : a stray dog who lives with Ivan in his domain . Bob is satisfied to be a stray dog and has no desire to be adopted into a human home . Mack : the owner of the mall and part - time circus clown ; purchased Ivan from poachers who captured him in his home in Africa . Mack is not seen often on screen . He appears to be a generally good man . However , his business is failing and he can not afford to keep up the mall the way he used to . His actions regarding Stella and Ruby are what finally spur Ivan to try to have Ruby moved to a zoo . George : The mall custodian . George is a good man who cares for the animals and the mall . However , he is conflicted about helping them because he is afraid of losing his job . Julia : George 's daughter ; inspires Ivan to love drawing . Julia works to help Ivan in his quest to move Ruby and the other animals to a zoo . Ruby : a baby elephant who is new to the mall . Ruby has only recently lost her mother and has never previously been trained in circus tricks . Ruby 's treatment at the hands of Mack is what ultimately drives Ivan to try to find a way to save her . Inspiration ( edit ) Although The One and Only Ivan is an entirely fictional story , it is inspired by the true story of Ivan , who lived in a similar situation for 27 years . Eventually Ivan was adopted by Zoo Atlanta in 1994 . Reception ( edit ) According to Kirkus Reviews , `` Fittingly , Ivan narrates his tale in short , image - rich sentences and acute , sometimes humorous observations that are all the more heartbreaking for their simple delivery ... Utterly believable , this bittersweet story ... will inspire a new generation of advocates . '' Jonathan Hunt wrote in The Horn Book Magazine , `` The choice to tell this story in the first person and to personify the gorilla with an entire range of human thoughts , feelings , and emotions poses important questions to the reader , not only about what it means to be human but also about what it means to be a living creature , and what kind of kinship we all share . '' Carolyn Phelan wrote in Booklist that `` The text , written in first person from Ivan 's point of view , does a good job of vividly conveying his personality , emotions , and intelligence as well as creating a sense of otherness in his point of view . '' Writing for School Library Journal , Elizabeth Bird said , `` There 's nothing twee or precious about it . Just good crisp writing , complex characters , and a story that will make animal rights activists out of the most lethargic of readers . Applegate has penned a real doozy of a book that speaks to the best and worst in all of us . '' Adaptation ( edit ) Main article : The One and Only Ivan ( film ) On April 9 , 2014 , it was announced that Disney may adapt the book with Allison Shearmur to produce . On May 6 , 2016 , it was announced that Mike Newell would direct the film , but on March 1 , 2018 he was replaced by Thea Sharrock . The script will be written by Mike White . The cast for the film include Sam Rockwell as Ivan , Angelina Jolie as Stella , Bryan Cranston as Mack , Ariana Greenblatt as Julia , and Ramón Rodríguez as Mack 's assistant . With Brooklynn Prince , Helen Mirren , Danny DeVito , Indira Varma and Eleanor Matsuura in undisclosed roles . Shearmur , who died on January 19 , 2018 , will still have a producing credit along with Jolie and Brigham Taylor . The One and Only Ivan entered production on the week of May 1 , 2018 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ LSCHULTE ( 2014 - 01 - 27 ) . `` 2013 Newbery Medal and Honor Books '' . Association for Library Service to Children ( ALSC ) . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The One and Only Ivan '' . Children 's Literature Comprehensive Database . Retrieved 14 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Applegate , Katherine ; illustrations by Patricia Castelao ( 2012 ) . The one and only Ivan ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Harper . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 199225 - 4 . Jump up ^ Applegate , Katherine ; illustrations by Patricia Castelao ( 2012 ) . The one and only Ivan ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Harper . p. 64 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 199225 - 4 . Jump up ^ Applegate , Katherine ; illustrations by Patricia Castelao ( 2011 ) . The One and Only Ivan . New York , NY : HarperCollins Publishers Inc. p. 112 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 199225 - 4 . Jump up ^ Applegate , Katherine ; illustrations by Patricia Castelao ( 2011 ) . The One and Only Ivan . New York , NY : HarperCollins Publishers Inc. p. 164 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 199225 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Q & A with Katherine Applegate '' . PublishersWeekly.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Aged , beloved Ivan the gorilla from Tacoma dies at Atlanta zoo '' . The Seattle Times . 2012 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrating Ivan '' . Retrieved 11 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` THE ONE AND ONLY IVAN by Katherine Applegate , Patricia Castelao '' . Kirkus Reviews . September 28 , 2011 . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Jonathan ( January 25 , 2012 ) . `` Review of The One and Only Ivan '' . The Horn Book Magazine . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phelan , Carolyn ( February 15 , 2012 ) . `` One and Only Ivan , by Katherine Applegate '' . Booklist . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bird , Elizabeth ( March 7 , 2012 ) . `` Review of the Day : The One and Only Ivan by Katherine Applegate '' . School Library Journal . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney to Adapt Newbery Medal - Winning ' The One and Only Ivan ' '' . firstshowing.net. 9 April 2014 . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/harry-potter-director-mike-newell-891491 Jump up ^ https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/helen-mirren-danny-devito-join-angelina-jolie-disneys-one-ivan-1107471 External links ( edit ) The One and Only Ivan at Goodreads Obituary of Ivan on npr.org blog Awards Preceded by Dead End in Norvelt Newbery Medal recipient 2013 Succeeded by Flora & Ulysses Preceded by Hooper Finds a Family Christopher Award 2013 Succeeded by Flora & Ulysses Preceded by Won Ton - A Cat Tale Told in Haiku Crystal Kite Member Choice Award for California / Hawaii 2013 Succeeded by Better Nate Than Ever Preceded by The Pup Who Cried Wolf Flicker Tale Children 's Book Award for Intermediate Books 2013 Succeeded by I Survived the Battle of the Gettysburg , 1863 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_One_and_Only_Ivan&oldid=842389284 '' Categories : 2012 American novels Novels by K.A. Applegate Newbery Medal - winning works Children 's novels about animals Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 04 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20One%20and%20Only%20Ivan

where does the word moxie come from this

Moxie is a brand of carbonated beverage that was among the first mass - produced soft drinks in the United States . It continues to be regionally popular today . It is produced by the Moxie Beverage Company of Bedford , New Hampshire , which , through several levels of wholly owned subsidiaries , is part of the Kirin Holdings Company of Tokyo , Japan . As a result of widespread brand advertising , the brand name has become the word `` moxie '' in the English language , meaning `` courage , daring , or spirit '' .

the Moxie Beverage Company of Bedford , New Hampshire

Moxie

moxie

Moxie is a brand of carbonated beverage that was among the first mass - produced soft drinks in the United States . It continues to be regionally popular today . It is produced by the Moxie Beverage Company of Bedford , New Hampshire , which , through several levels of wholly owned subsidiaries , is part of the Kirin Holdings Company of Tokyo , Japan . As a result of widespread brand advertising , the brand name has become the word `` moxie '' in the English language , meaning `` courage , daring , or spirit '' .

Moxie 's flavor is unique , as it is not as sweet as most modern soft drinks and is described by some as bitter . Moxie is flavored with gentian root extract , an extremely bitter substance that was reputed to possess medicinal properties . It originated around 1876 as a patent medicine called `` Moxie Nerve Food '' . Moxie is closely associated with the state of Maine and was designated the official soft drink of Maine on May 10 , 2005 . Its creator , Dr. Augustin Thompson , was born in Union , Maine , but Moxie was created and first produced in Lowell , Massachusetts . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Since 1962 2 Advertising 3 Derivative products 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Moxie originated as a patent medicine called `` Moxie Nerve Food '' , which was created around 1876 by Dr. Augustin Thompson in Lowell , Massachusetts . Thompson claimed that it contained an extract from a rare , unnamed South American plant , which is now known to be gentian root . Moxie , he claimed , was especially effective against `` paralysis , softening of the brain , nervousness , and insomnia '' . Thompson claimed that he named the beverage after a Lieutenant Moxie , a purported friend of his , who he claimed had discovered the plant and used it as a panacea , and the company he created continued to promulgate legendary stories about the word 's origin . It likely derives from an Abenaki word that means `` dark water '' and that is found in lake and river names in Maine , where Thompson was born and raised . After a few years , Thompson added soda water to the formula and changed the product 's name to `` Beverage Moxie Nerve Food '' . By 1884 he was selling Moxie both in bottles and in bulk as a soda fountain syrup . In 1885 , he received a trade mark for the term . He marketed it as `` a delicious blend of bitter and sweet , a drink to satisfy everyone 's taste '' . Thompson died in 1903 . A group of friends from Allentown , Pennsylvania , celebrating the 4th of July holiday in 1913 with a case of Moxie at a grove . A lawsuit was filed in 1907 by the Moxie Nerve Food Company of New England against the Modox Company and others , alleging that they had copied the ingredients of Moxie and were using the name `` Modox '' , which closely resembled `` Moxie '' , and were infringing upon patents and trademarks . The suit was dismissed by the judge , who said the court could not protect the legitimate part of the plaintiff 's business in this case . In a later case in New York , the Moxie Nerve Food Company won a lawsuit against Modox , which subsequently went out of business . President Calvin Coolidge was known to favor the drink , and Boston Red Sox slugger Ted Williams endorsed it on radio and in print . The company also marketed a beverage called `` Ted 's Root Beer '' in the early sixties . Author E.B. White once claimed that `` Moxie contains gentian root , which is the path to the good life . '' Currently , one of the ingredients of Moxie is `` Gentian Root Extractives '' , which may contribute to the drink 's unique flavor . The brand suffered a significant decline in sales during the 1930s . The Catawissa Bottling Company in Catawissa , Pennsylvania , is one of six bottlers in the United States that produce Moxie . Catawissa has produced it since 1945 . Polar Beverages also bottles Moxie in Worcester , Massachusetts , as does Orca Beverage in Mukilteo , Washington . Since 1962 ( edit ) Sugar - free Diet Moxie was introduced in 1962 , about the same time that Mad magazine began placing the Moxie logo in the background of its articles to increase public awareness of it . As a result of Mad ' s efforts , sales of the soft drink increased 10 % ; this led to the `` Mad About Moxie '' campaign . The Moxie brand was purchased in 1966 by the Monarch Beverage Company of Atlanta . In 2007 Monarch sold it to its current owner , Cornucopia Beverages of Bedford , New Hampshire , which is owned by the Coca - Cola Bottling Company of Northern New England , a subsidiary of the Kirin Brewery Company , which is a subsidiary of Kirin Company , Limited , which is a subsidiary of Kirin Holdings Company , Limited , based in Tokyo , Japan ( a member of the Mitsubishi keiretsu ) . In its decision to step up efforts to distribute the product , Cornucopia cited increasing requests for Moxie from fans across the country . In 2007 it launched pilot sales in Florida and in 2010 granted distribution in Florida to Florida Micro Beverage Distributors . A Moxie Horsemobile . This one was built on a LaSalle sedan . It is on display at Clark 's Trading Post in Lincoln , New Hampshire . The original Moxie logo featuring the `` Moxie Man '' on the label of a derivative product . In 2011 , Cornucopia began doing business as the Moxie Beverage Company to market Moxie and Moxie - branded products . A website , DrinkMoxie.com , was created to promote Moxie . Drink recipes using Moxie were created . Demand for Moxie has waned in recent years , although the brand persists in New England and Pennsylvania . Advertising ( edit ) Through extensive advertising , the term `` moxie '' has become a widely known term in American English with the meaning `` courage , daring , or spirit '' , as in `` This guy 's got moxie ! '' In its advertising , Moxie used `` Make Mine Moxie ! '' advertising jingles , the slogan `` Just Make It Moxie for Mine '' , and a `` Moxie Man '' logo . The Moxie Man had appeared on Moxie labels since the beverage was first sold . But in 2010 the Moxie Man logo was removed from labels because it was thought to be too old - fashioned . In 2011 the company 's head of marketing , Ryan Savage , made the executive decision to bring the logo back in response to complaints from long - standing customers . A unique advertising tool was the Moxie Horsemobile , a modified automobile whose driver sat on a large model of a horse . The first Horsemobiles were deployed around 1918 . A 1935 Rolls - Royce Moxie Horsemobile was sold for $55,000 at the May 20 , 2011 , Mecum Auction in Indianapolis , Indiana . Moxie at one time maintained about two dozen of them , and they appeared in parades and other public functions . Derivative products ( edit ) There is also a Moxie Energy Drink and a variety of `` Olde New England Seltzers . '' The energy drink is citrus - based ; it lacks Moxie 's gentian root tang , caramel color , and ( as of 2008 ) its distinctive branding ; similarly , the waters are simply carbonated waters with fruit flavors marketed under the Moxie brand . Moxie ice cream is seasonally available in Maine in limited quantities and is mild in flavor as compared to the soft drink . In popular culture ( edit ) This article appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture , using references to reliable sources , rather than simply listing appearances . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) Derived from the brand advertising , `` moxie '' has become an English word meaning `` courage , daring , or spirit '' , although some believe the English word `` moxie '' is of Yiddish origin , from the German `` Macht 's Sie '' . In Mad magazine , in the 1950s , the Alfred E. Neuman character had a look - alike girlfriend named Moxie Cowznofski . Just as with the name `` Cowznofski '' , Moxie itself ( often in logotyped form ) became a running in - joke in Mad issues of the period . `` Moxie Gumption '' is a character in the cartoon Ink Pen , who has a crush on Ralston , who does not return her affections , and herself is the object of affection of Scrappy Lad , whom she clobbers whenever he gets too close . `` Moxie CrimeFighter '' is the name of Penn Jillette 's daughter . In the 1942 musical biopic about George M. Cohan , Yankee Doodle Dandy , James Cagney , as Cohan , has a friendly confrontation with Eddie Foy , Jr. , playing his father , Eddie Foy . At the end , Cohan asks what Foy likes to drink , and Foy answers `` Oh , Moxie . '' There is a Moxie Museum in Union , Maine , which houses a 30 - foot - tall wooden Moxie bottle , once used as a soda stand , and other historical Moxie artifacts . This is an annex to the Matthews Museum of Maine Heritage , which is located at the Union Fairgrounds . Every summer , `` all things Moxie '' are celebrated at the Moxie Festival in Lisbon Falls , Maine . Moxie is mentioned in the independent film Man with a Plan ( 1996 ) as the favorite beverage of the titular dairy farmer and congressional candidate . In the movie Small Apartments ( 2012 ) , the character Franklin Franklin drinks only Moxie and nothing else . In Stephen King 's novel 11 / 22 / 63 , Moxie and the Moxie Festival are mentioned in Chapter 2 , Part 4 . There is an ad for orange Moxie during a dream sequence in Joe Hill 's novel Heart - Shaped Box . In Stephen Sondheim 's musical Saturday Night , there is a lyric which goes , `` The moon 's like an overloaded Moxie sign . It shines at you , friendly and bright . '' John Hodgman frequently references Moxie Soda in his Judge John Hodgman podcast , in mock - serious insistence that the company sponsor the podcast . In the episode `` Return to Spider Skull Island '' of The Venture Bros. , Dr. Orpheus attempts to order Moxie , then Birch Beer and Mr. Pibb , at a diner , only to be told that the only sodas they offer are grape , orange , or cola . In the season 2 finale of Better Call Saul , Jimmy McGill releases a commercial in which an elderly woman says `` Gimme Jimmy ! Because Moxie is in such short supply these days ! '' In the Fallout 4 DLC Far Harbor , which is located on a fictional version of Bar Harbor , Maine there is a drink named Vim , based on Moxie . In Stephen King 's novel Salem 's Lot , Part 3 , chapter 16 , `` Carl Smith , a widower since 1957 , has one boiled potato and a bottle of Moxie . '' In John Connolly 's novel A Time of Torment , there is a lawyer nicknamed Moxie after his love of the drink . In the Bugs Bunny cartoon , `` Ballot Box Bunny '' , directed by Friz Freleng , Bugs is seen putting out bottles of Moxie at a picnic . In the Harvard Lampoon novel Bored of the Rings , Moxie and Pepsi are the satirical analogs of Merry and Pippin in The Lord of the Rings . In the episode `` Apartment Complex '' of The King of Queens , Doug offers Carrie a Moxie soda when she discovers his secret apartment above the Chinese restaurant . See also ( edit ) Drink portal List of brand name soft drinks products References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ `` Moxie - Official Site : Privacy Policy '' . Moxie Beverage Company . 23 Jun 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Pendergrast : For God , Country and Coca - Cola , Charles Scribner 's Sons , New York , 1993 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 05468 - 8 Jump up ^ Office of the Revisor of Statutes ( 2005 ) . `` Title 1 , Section 224 of General Provisions : Seal , Motto , Emblems and Flags '' . State House of Maine . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Moxie '' . Silver Internet Ventures , LLC . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Moxie . Distinctively Different '' . Drinkmoxie.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` moxie ( n . ) '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . 2014 . Douglas Harper . 3 September 2014 , http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=moxie . Jump up ^ Anne Cooper Funderburg ( 2001 ) , Sundae best : a history of soda fountains , Popular Press , pp. 67 -- 68 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 87972 - 854 - 0 Jump up ^ Doctor Augustin Thompson . Matthews Museum of Maine Heritage . Published 2008 . Retrieved May 8 , 2010 . Archived February 8 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Commercial Site : Modox '' . Jump up ^ `` Moxie Nerve Food Company of New England v. Modox Co. et al. : Circuit Court , District of Rhode Island , February 20 , 1907 '' , The Federal Reporter , v. 151 - 152 , 1907 , pp. 493 - 509 . Jump up ^ written at Harvard - Radcliffe , `` Make Mine Moxie '' , Perspective , Cambridge , Massachusetts , November 2001 , archived from the original on November 15 , 2004 , retrieved October 9 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` '' Moxie For Mine : More About Moxie the Drink `` '' . Bdragon.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Abelson , Jenn ( August 5 , 2007 ) , `` Can a bitter taste find sweet life again ? Unique N.E. soda Moxie thirsting for a revival '' , The Boston Globe , retrieved 2007 - 08 - 15 Jump up ^ Polar Bev Partner Products , retrieved 2011 - 08 - 18 Jump up ^ Moxie -- 12 Pack -- Orca Beverage Inc. , retrieved 2016 - 03 - 06 Jump up ^ `` History of Moxie : 1960 - 1969 '' . Moxie Beverage Company . n.d. Jump up ^ Dun 's Review . Dun and Bradstreet . January 1968 . p. 56 . Jump up ^ Paiste , Denis ( 2007 - 04 - 06 ) . `` Moxie , same taste , new owner '' ( reprint ) . New Hampshire Union Leader . Union Leader Corporation . p . B3 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Florida is getting some Moxie '' , AP via boston.com , December 8 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : The Chambers Dictionary , 1993 , ISBN 0 - 550 - 10255 - 8 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Defined in the Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` The Removal of The Moxie Man and his Return '' . History of Moxie . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagner , Debra . `` Moxie Ice Cream `` You ' Betcha ' It 's Wicked Good '' `` . The Lisbon Reporter . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ The Moxie Festival , Lisbon , Maine , official website . Further reading Bowers , Q. David , The Moxie Encyclopedia , Vestal Press , 1985 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 911572 - 43 - 8 Grace , Roger M. , `` Is Hires the Longest Marketed Soft Drink ? Or Moxie ? Or ... ? '' , Metropolitan News - Enterprise newspaper , Los Angeles , Thursday , November 17 , 2005 , p. 15 Potter , Frank N. , The Book Of Moxie , Paducah , KY : Collector Books , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 89145 - 348 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Look up moxie in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Moxie . Official Website Moxie facts `` Make Mine a Moxie ! '' -- Maine Farmhouse Journal , July 6 -- 10 , 2000 hide Monarch Beverages Current Brands Acute Fruit American Cola Bubble Up ( International markets only ) COMOTION Kickapoo Joy Juice Mason 's Root Beer Nesbitt 's ( International markets only ) NTrinsic Planet Cola Rush Energy Drink Reaktor Energy Sensa Sun Crest ( International markets only ) Former Brands All Sport Bubble Up Chocolate Soldier Dr. Wells Dad 's Root Beer ( and other flavors ) Frostie Root Beer ( and other flavors ) Grapette Moxie Nesbitt 's NuGrape Orangette Quench Sun Crest Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moxie&oldid=849882387 '' Categories : American soft drinks Maine culture 1876 introductions Kirin Group Mitsubishi companies Monarch brands Patent medicines Carbonated drinks Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from April 2015 Articles with hRecipes Articles with hProducts Articles with trivia sections from March 2018 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from February 2018 Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 12 July 2018 , at 01 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxie

what did tony dinozzo say to ziva david

Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David

tony dinozzo and ziva david

Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David are fictional characters from the American police procedural drama NCIS . Tony , an original character , is portrayed by Michael Weatherly , and Ziva , who first appeared in the third season , is portrayed by Cote de Pablo . Frequently referred to by the portmanteau `` Tiva '' ( for Tony and Ziva ) , the characters ' flirtation and the idea of them eventually beginning a relationship became a subject of interest among viewers , and by 2010 , TV Guide reported that `` many fans have become obsessed with the romantic tension between Weatherly 's character and co-worker Ziva '' . Focus and media coverage on the pair escalated over the years , particularly after NCIS became the most watched television series in America during its tenth season .

The characters were initially scripted as having a `` cat and mouse '' relationship , something that continues into the later seasons . The pairing develops at a slow pace throughout the series and is dealt a number of obstacles . This includes Tony 's `` commitment phobias '' , Ziva 's trust issues , a series of other love interests , and Ziva being taken captive and presumed dead between Seasons 6 and 7 . In the season 13 finale , Ziva is killed by a mortar attack arranged by former CIA Agent Trent Kort , and Tony learns that he and Ziva have a daughter , who she named after her sister , Tali . These events drive Tony to leave NCIS to care for their daughter . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting and concept 2 Development 2.1 Early seasons 2.2 Michael Rivkin and captivity in Somalia 2.3 Recovery and outcomes 2.4 Port to Port Killer , EJ Barrett , and Ray Cruz 2.5 Season X and the Year of Tiva and an emotional farewell 3 Reception 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Casting and concept ( edit ) Cote de Pablo 's screen test for NCIS took place at the CBS Television City studio in Los Angeles . Michael Weatherly was cast for the role of Anthony `` Tony '' DiNozzo in 2003 and appeared in every episode of the show 's first 13 seasons . The character is portrayed as `` complex '' : he is a former Baltimore homicide detective with a `` heroic spirit '' as well as a `` total dinosaur in terms of sexual politics '' . In the second season finale , NCIS series regular Caitlin Todd was killed off after Sasha Alexander , her portrayer , decided to permanently leave the show . Shortly afterwards , series creator Donald P. Bellisario voiced intentions to replace Todd with another female lead , whom he stated would be `` someone foreign who brings a whole new attitude '' . He expressed hopes that the new character would be drastically different from Todd , who was `` kind of uptight '' . One aspect Bellisario wanted to change was the way the character would interact with Tony . Though Tony and Kate had a `` wonderful dynamic '' , he ultimately thought that `` ( she ) treated ( him ) like a big brother '' and decided `` to bring in a character that causes Tony to have to sit back and not quite be able to handle her '' . Cote de Pablo , who was one of the last to audition , was set to perform opposite Michael Weatherly to test for chemistry . Weatherly improvised during the audition by brushing her hair back and commenting , `` You remind me of Salma Hayek . '' De Pablo , who was initially upset by the departure from the script , stayed in character and `` dismissed him completely '' . She later said in an interview , `` He totally did it with the other ( actresses ) . One other girl sort of flirted back with him , and she was sort of open . Which is what actors do ! They 're sort of open . But I got lucky and got the part because I responded the way they felt was right . '' According to Bellisario , CBS chief executive Leslie Moonves `` took one look at her and said , Wow ! '' Co-executive producer Charles Floyd Johnson commented , `` When you get actors who really listen and respond organically in the moment to what they 're hearing , sometimes magic happens . They really seemed to get that immediately , and that does n't always happen . '' Producers eventually decided to make de Pablo 's character , who was given `` the arresting name of Ziva David '' , an Israeli agent . Bellisario had previously discussed possibly scripting her as European or Australian . She is introduced as having a soldier mentality and as `` ( someone ) who was comfortable in her own sexuality and used to working with men on an equal footing '' . Development ( edit ) Early seasons ( edit ) Tony and Ziva first meet in the `` Kill Ari '' two - part story arc at the beginning of Season 3 during the manhunt for Ari Haswari , Kate 's killer and Ziva 's half - brother . Michael Weatherly and Cote de Pablo both point to `` Under Covers '' , the eighth episode of that season , as the catalyst for the flirtation between the characters . The episode involves Tony and Ziva being sent undercover as a married couple , an assignment that requires them to simulate sexual relations in order to solidify their cover . De Pablo commented , `` Michael and I talked about all of those scenes right before we did them . We had a totally different way of looking at it . In our minds , we thought the characters were n't faking anything . They just got carried away . Then all of the sudden after that , they saw each other in a different light . '' Weatherly discussed the creation of the `` Under Covers '' scenario : `` This episode was so much fun to shoot . Cote de Pablo , who plays Ziva , came to me right before we were shooting the first scene where we kissed , and said , ' I 've never kissed anyone on camera before . ' I was expecting this timid little bird kiss , like a little peck , but she was like a lioness -- she practically ate my head off ! This is where TIVA ( Tony + Ziva ) started . We were told to really have fun with it , they wanted a sexy thing happening , and Cote delivered . I was just sort of along for the ride . And let 's be honest , three out of the four letters in ' TIVA ' are from Ziva , so what is the ' T ' then ? The crucible , is it the cross ? I do n't think so . '' Tony and Ziva undercover as a married couple . At the time , Bellisario said that he `` kind of ( likes ) what 's going on now '' and that it was unlikely that the relationship would be taken further any time in the immediate future . De Pablo agreed , saying , `` I would think if the characters get together , the whole mystery would be done . I think it will be a lot more fun to play the tension . '' She elaborated in another interview , `` My character has sort of this understated flirtation with Michael 's character , Tony . She gets jealous , but I think she would never admit it or hook up with someone in the workplace . He scares her to death . He is the epitome of the American man and all of the things that come out of his mouth are brutally stupid . '' Tony is renowned for his juvenile sense of humor and `` commitment phobias '' while Ziva is characterized as `` a tease '' early on , a factor that de Pablo enjoyed playing `` because ( she 's ) so not that in real life '' . Some aspects of Ziva 's personality disturb him , such as the fact that she sleeps with a gun in her hand and snores very loudly . However , as co-workers , they respect each other despite their frequent exchange of sarcastic remarks . Both have had a string of failed romances . Team leader Gibbs ( Mark Harmon ) resigns in Hiatus ( Part II ) , the third season finale , and appoints Tony as his replacement . During the 2006 summer break , it was reported that Ziva would fall under suspicion of being a spy in the fall premiere , and in the opening episode , `` Shalom '' , she is framed by the Iranian government for the murder of a terrorist in FBI custody and the two agents guarding him . When she initially goes to the Israeli embassy to report their deaths , which she witnessed , Mossad Officer Michael Bashan asks her directly , `` Did you or did you not sleep with him ? '' In response to her confusion , Bashan tells her that he knows that Tony has been visiting her apartment at least once a week for the past three months and that Mossad officers have been spying on her , evidently on orders from her father , Mossad Director Eli David . `` I think they 're just having a lot of fun watching us fight our way through it . I do n't care either way and I have no idea . That 's the fun aspect of not knowing ... being bombarded by all this attraction and seeing them fight it or deal with it the best way possible . They 're both very funny . Tony 's always trying to hit on women and he does n't try to hit Ziva . Those moments they get too close they try to brush themselves off and say ' Oh , that did n't happen . ' '' -- Cote de Pablo Throughout the episode , Tony vigorously defends Ziva 's innocence to the FBI , as well as berating any agent who dares question her loyalty when her car is found at a bombing in downtown Georgetown . She is eventually cleared of all wrongdoing . Though Ziva never addresses Bashan 's accusation and her relationship with Tony is left undefined , there is no overt romantic connection in subsequent episodes . Shortly afterwards , Tony begins dating Jeanne Benoit ( Scottie Thompson ) and is shown to be on the verge of a serious commitment for the first time within the series . His romance with Jeanne continues to progress throughout the year , and he remains tight - lipped about it when his colleagues notice the change in his behavior . When questioned about the effects this would have on Tony and Ziva 's relationship , de Pablo commented , `` Am I just being jealous ? I do n't know . I still love him very much , but I 've sort of thrown away that possibility because I think he 's really struggling with some immense feelings for somebody else . '' In an interview with Chicago Tribune , she clarified that Ziva `` does have feelings for DiNozzo , '' but that she was uncertain that this would be addressed . In the Season 4 finale , `` Angel of Death '' , it is made apparent that Tony and Jeanne 's relationship was orchestrated by NCIS Director Jenny Shepard ( Lauren Holly ) in hopes of catching Jeanne 's father , an arms dealer , though Tony had fallen in love while on assignment . Jeanne breaks it off following this revelation , and their storyline is ultimately given closure in the fifth season episode `` Internal Affairs '' . Bellisario stepped down as executive producer in May 2007 after series star Mark Harmon threatened to walk due to alleged `` overly long production days '' , and co-executive producer Charles Floyd Johnson and head writer Shane Brennan took over afterwards . Following the fatal shooting of Director Shepard in the fifth season finale , the NCIS team is disbanded by the new Director Vance : McGee is sent to cyber crimes , Ziva is returned to Israel , and Tony is deployed on an aircraft carrier . Michael Rivkin and captivity in Somalia ( edit ) Main article : Ziva David captivity storyline Season 6 focuses more on Ziva and Tony , but leaves their relationship undefined . Gibbs manages to have Ziva and McGee transferred back to the team in the premiere , but Tony is still acting as agent afloat on the USS Seahawk . In the following episode , Ziva accompanies Gibbs onto the Seahawk as part of a murder investigation and notices that Tony has pictures of her in a bikini pinned up in his room . After the investigation is closed , his deployment is ended prematurely and he is allowed to return to the team in the conclusion of the episode . As the season progresses , Ziva seems to have become involved with someone while in Israel but refuses to discuss it . In `` Nine Lives '' , after she plans a visit to Israel , Tony looks through her desk and finds a picture of an unidentified man ( Merik Tadros ) . Before she leaves , he tells her to have a good trip ( `` Nisiya Tova '' ) in Hebrew , demonstrating that he had at least made some effort to learn that phrase . In `` Cloak '' , Ziva disobeys Gibbs ' orders to not engage during a war game , attacking the guards to defend Tony . Later they both say that they are `` tired of pretending '' : Tony about the politics in the hunt for the mole within the team , which required the team to withhold information from each other , and Ziva for reasons undisclosed . Producers and writers for NCIS were initially divided over how to proceed with Tadros ' character . In January 2009 , some were suggesting possibly making him a relative of Ziva , an idea Cote de Pablo opposed . It was also proposed that Ziva would `` stop toying with ( Tony ) completely '' which would `` drive him even more insane '' . De Pablo relayed , `` We 're going to play around with the idea that it could possibly be real love , and see how ( he ) deals with it . '' In March , executive producer Shane Brennan stated , `` You 've got what you might want to call a triangle . It 's a triangle with very , very pointy ends . Someone 's going to get hurt . '' He continued , `` Something tragic will happen to Tony . Something tragic will happen to Ziva as well . '' Filming of the `` Legend '' two - part story arc . This comes to a head when Tadros appeared again portraying Mossad Officer Michael Rivkin in the `` Legend '' two - part , which also served as a backdoor pilot for the show 's spin - off , NCIS : Los Angeles . He arrives in the United States during the NCIS team 's hunt for members of a terrorist sleeper cell . Working independently , he draws ire from the agency when he kills suspects rather than bringing them in for questioning . Tony begins to doubt Ziva 's loyalty to NCIS when she continues to defend Rivkin , and it becomes apparent by the end of Part II that she is involved in a relationship with him as the two are seen lying together in bed in the last few seconds of `` Legend Part 2 '' . More details were released in the days preceding the finale . Michael Weatherly disclosed , `` The way this season is ending , and what 's gon na happen with Ziva and Tony and Rivkin , it 's pretty massive and explosive , and it 's gon na span four episodes . '' De Pablo added , `` We could not be farther away from kissing . I 'm telling you , it 's not ' I hate you ' ( kissing sound ) anger ; it 's ' I want to kill you ' anger . Like , ' I want to shoot you in the head , but instead I 'm gon na put my gun on your knee ' anger .... He does something to her that is almost unforgivable . However , the reason he does it is because he truly believes it 's going to help her . Little does he know that he almost kills her . '' When asked how the storyline would affect Tony and Ziva 's interactions , Tadros replied , `` I think that love can hurt and heal . In this case , we 'll have opportunity to see both of those things take place . I do n't want to say too much , but ... I think it will only make their connection stronger , as they learn a lot more about each other . '' Viewers speculated that Ziva 's romance with Rivkin was `` arranged '' and something that she was `` trapped '' in . Tadros responded : `` Well , with the underworld of espionage , you would never really know . They could easily have been paired and had to be in love and then had to learn to love each other ... The way I 've always approached it is that Rivkin loves Ziva . They 've always wanted to add some suspense and mystery to all of it , but I would always say to the directors , ' How could I not love her ? ' But he also has a job to do . And so does she . ( Executive producer ) Shane ( Brennan ) is a genius , so it 's been a great pleasure to just go along for this ride . I 'm excited to watch the finale ( airing May 19 ) myself just to see how it all plays out ! '' Tony confronts a drunken Rivkin at Ziva 's apartment in the episode directly prior to the finale . When he attempts to arrest Rivkin for killing the leader of the terrorist cell in Los Angeles and also an ICE agent ( which Mossad leader Eli David later reveals was an accident ) , a fight breaks out between the two men which eventually results in Tony being forced to shoot Rivkin in self - defense due to the fact that Rivkin is about to stab Tony with a piece of glass . Though he had acted in self - defense , Rivkin later succumbs to his injuries and dies with his death having serious repercussions for Tony and Ziva 's relationship , culminating in Ziva leaving NCIS to resume working for Mossad in the finale , `` Aliyah '' . She is quickly assigned to take Rivkin 's place on a mission to take down a terrorist in Somalia . In the closing moments of the episode , she is shown to have been captured and tortured nearly beyond recognition by a terrorist demanding information on NCIS . The team tracks the sale of `` Caf - Pow ! '' to locate the camp where Ziva is held hostage in the Season 7 premiere . Brennan reportedly kept the cliffhanger ending a secret from most of the cast , saying that `` those pages were only in one copy of the script '' . Shortly after `` Aliyah '' aired , it was assured that Ziva `` will be back next season . But she 'll be a changed woman . '' During the summer hiatus , de Pablo admitted that she was to a point tired of the producers teasing the pairing and said , `` I wish the writers would just make it easy for us and just say , ' You know , go into the elevator and kiss passionately . ' Or , ( have us say ) say , ' I do n't like you . ' '' She added , `` But I 've always thought that , deep inside , Tony loves Ziva and Ziva loves Tony , but she 's almost ashamed of saying it because he 's so stupid . In the best of ways . That personal that he comes out with , that frat boy thing -- he 's hiding constantly from the truth . It 's just a big facade and she sees right through it . '' In Season 7 premiere `` Truth or Consequences '' , Tony initiates a mission of revenge against the terrorists believed to be responsible for Ziva 's ( presumed ) death , traveling to Somalia along with Gibbs and McGee to avenge her murder . After intentionally allowing himself to be captured and interrogated , he finds that Ziva is actually still alive , having been held hostage the entire time . Upon being brought into the room to talk to him , she is shown to have been severely beaten and very weak as well as unsure of how to react at Tony 's presence . Ziva asks why Tony is in Somalia , saying that he should not have come . Tony , under truth serum , first deflects . When Ziva asks again , he replies , `` I could n't live without you , I guess . '' Eventually , Gibbs kills their captor with a long range head shot , allowing them to return safely to the US . In the following episode , there seems to be a great degree of awkwardness between them , which is ultimately resolved when Ziva confronts Tony in the men 's room and thanks him , saying he would `` always have her back '' before kissing him on the cheek . Recovery and outcomes ( edit ) `` After all they 've both been through , Tony and Ziva are very emotionally cautious around each other and will continue to circle each other warily . They have to get past this trust issue , which is : did Tony kill Ziva 's boyfriend because he was jealous or because he actually was a threat ? He was a threat , but whether or not Tony was actually jealous , that 's up to the viewers to decide ! '' -- Michael Weatherly , 2009 Though Tony and Ziva 's `` will they / wo n't they '' tension appeared to progress during the first few episodes of the seventh season , Cote de Pablo had already stated that it would not be resolved in the immediate future . Michael Weatherly opined that putting the two characters together at the time would be `` Kryptonite '' due to Ziva 's assassin background . Ziva resigns from Mossad in the fourth episode of the season , `` Good Cop , Bad Cop '' , and applies to become a full - fledged NCIS agent , effectively becoming the `` probie '' on the team . In December 2009 , TV Fanatic announced that `` the January 26 episode finds Tony and Ziva hopping a plane to the most romantic city on earth . The city of light , and of love . That 's right , Ziva and Tony in Paris ! You would n't believe it , but as if that were n't enough , their French hotel totally screws up the reservation and the two bad - ass agents end up ... gulp ... sharing a room together . '' Executive producer Shane Brennan disclosed , `` There will be a realization that the spark is still there . It does n't mean that something is going to be resolved , but it does mean that the journey may have started again . It 's a long road back . When you think about what they went through , for them to resolve what happened and come to terms with that , it 's a long road back . '' During the episode , Ziva tells a witness that she and Tony shared a hotel room , and that she took the couch so she would n't have to hear Tony whine about his back . Tony in turn tells McGee that he took the couch . Ziva asks him why he lied and he returns the question . There was much speculation on the part of fans about whether the characters might have shared more than was divulged , but Weatherly said in response , `` The truth of what happened is probably something that can be discovered inside the episode itself . If you really listen to what they say , I think it is pretty clear what happened : Nothing . '' He clarified that Tony and Ziva had `` a tremendous amount of fun '' in Paris and that , `` Ziva had more fun with Tony than she thought she was going to have , which maybe shocked her a little bit , because she was so angry at him after he killed her boyfriend last year . '' Cote de Pablo added , `` Michael has his views of what happened in Paris . I have mine . We have n't discussed it . But all I can say is it was good . '' Shortly afterwards , Glenn Diaz from BuddyTV reported that the cast was divided on whether or not the characters should be allowed to progress beyond `` unfulfilled sexual tension '' . In the following episode `` Masquerade '' , Ziva mentions her time in Somalia , but refuses to give Tony much more than a few terse statements about it , though he was obviously willing to listen to her . In the final episode of Season 7 , `` Rule Fifty - One '' , Tony misses Ziva 's citizenship ceremony due to an unexpected assignment from Director Vance , despite his personal promises to her that he would be there . Port to Port killer , EJ Barrett , and Ray Cruz ( edit ) Executive producer Shane Brennan left NCIS to focus on the spinoff , NCIS : Los Angeles , and was replaced by Gary Glasberg in 2011 . The series introduced new love interests for both Tony and Ziva in the latter half of Season 8 , and in February 2011 , Michael Ausiello from TVLine announced that Ziva 's boyfriend `` Ray arrives in this season 's 20th episode and is described as a handsome , charming , intelligent federal agent of Mediterranean or Latin American descent . He has a strong , nice - guy demeanor but -- I 'm quoting from the casting notice here -- ' there 's a hint of a mystery behind his smile . ' '' A week later , Glasberg described the character as a `` fun , smart , exciting addition '' , and Michael Weatherly commented , `` I think it 's going to be interesting . Tony cares about Ziva and wants to make sure she 's not mixed up with the wrong kind of guy , so he 's going to be watchful and protective of her . '' After Enrique Murciano was cast for the role of Ray Cruz , Cote de Pablo said , `` You never know if you 're gon na have chemistry , and since I had no say in the casting , I was sort of waiting to meet this famous Enrique Murciano . '' She went on to describe his appearance in the show : `` There 's a lovely scene in which he basically brings his interpretation of ' fancy ' candlelight dinner , which takes place by the vending machines at NCIS . It 's really funny . There 's kissing involved . We kept it light and we kept it fun , and we kept it like two people who are genuinely in to each other and wanting to move things along . It 's about what 's going on between the lines . These two people are touchy - feely , and that 's different for Ziva . '' Enrique Murciano portrayed Ziva 's boyfriend Ray Cruz during the eight and ninth seasons . The character of Erica Jane `` EJ '' Barrett ( Sarah Jane Morris ) was set to be introduced in the episode `` One Last Score '' , which also marked Weatherly 's directing debut . Weatherly divulged , `` With the appearance of EJ , suddenly there 's a renewed spirit that Tony has always had in him -- it 's what made him to go Africa and rescue Ziva with McGee . ( Sometimes ) he acts like a goofball because that 's what people expect , but in this episode he comes away from that place . We 'll see what the audience thinks , but for me , he feels potential and possibility in a way that he has n't for years . EJ is a mirror , so he sees that hope for himself again . '' He added , `` She 's the diametric opposite of Ziva -- physically , and in her demeanor , her way of being . She has her eccentricities as well , which makes her adorable to Tony and highly irritating to Ziva . '' Around the same time , a `` major serial killer plot '' was launched that would center on `` a murdering psychopath '' called the Port to Port killer . TVLine reported , `` this menace will prove to be extremely formidable -- so much so that Gibbs will be forced to expand his team . '' At the end of EJ 's first episode , she begins a sexual relationship with Tony . She is a team leader , having accepted the assignment in Rota , Spain that Tony had turned down several years prior . Ray , a CIA agent , first appears in `` Two - Faced '' after having evidently dated Ziva for several months . Ziva abruptly ends their relationship after learning that he had lied to her directly about his reasoning for being in Washington , D.C. and by omission about his role in the Port to Port killer case . In the episode `` Swan Song '' , former NCIS agent Mike Franks is killed by the Port to Port killer , who is identified as Lieutenant Jonas Cobb , and Ziva turns to Tony for comfort while the team is grieving over his death . She is kidnapped by Cobb in the following episode , the Season 8 finale , and Tony shows great concern . When EJ assures him that they will find Ziva , he replies that `` it 's just different for some of us '' . EJ takes an extended leave of absence with the conclusion of the season , ending her affair with Tony . Ziva and Ray repair their relationship somewhat , and he gives her an empty ring box as a `` promise '' before leaving for a long - term assignment . Glasberg commented , `` Ziva and Ray are a little open - ended at the moment . There is n't any closure to it . We 'll have to see where it leads , but I think he was pretty clear that he has a job to do at the moment , and that 's gon na be the primary focus for him . '' The use of the ring box was criticized by viewers as an `` empty gesture '' . EJ returns for a guest appearance in the Season 9 episode `` Housekeeping '' . After a fallout with Tony , she tells him that Ziva respects him and cares about him . He at first deflects but then says , `` Surround yourself with people you would give your own life for . '' At the end of the show , he and Ziva have a brief discussion about their relationship but are interrupted when Ray calls her . Ray returns after spending several months on his overseas assignment in the following episode and proposes to Ziva , much to her shock . Glasberg said that Tony would not openly oppose the possibility of her getting engaged , explaining , `` Tony wants Ziva to be happy . He 's protective of her and cares about her and has feelings for her , and , at the end of the day , wants to make sure that she 's safe and happy with the direction of her life . '' Though Ziva accepts Ray 's proposal after some hesitation , she confronts him and breaks off the engagement after realizing that he had killed a woman on American soil while attempting to rectify a failure from overseas . Season X and the year of Tiva and an emotional farewell ( edit ) `` They 've been through extraordinary circumstances together , so it does n't necessarily require the explosion . There 's a real , plain - spoken , straight read between them , so they do n't have to jump through hoops . When she watches Tony does his stuff or he watches her hide behind that barricade of an Israeli assassin princess mentality , they both clock it , they know it and they can move around each other . It 's a great relationship . '' -- Michael Weatherly , 2013 In the ninth season finale , `` Till Death Do Us Part '' , a bomb is planted by domestic terrorist Harper Dearing . Tony and Ziva , feeling bad about missing Jimmy and Breena 's wedding , try to cheer each other up by joking about how awful weddings are -- an exchange that begins to take on meaning when they become wistful about `` the vow , the ring , the kiss , the ketubah ... '' and eloping instead of dealing with all the fuss . Later , when the Navy Yard is seconds from exploding , Ziva refuses to leave the building without Tony . The bomb goes off while they are still in the elevator ; Ziva and Tony fall to the ground , with Tony 's arm around her waist , and their free hands clasped tightly as the elevator appears to crash . Glasberg stated that the Season 10 premiere would `` pick up with them in that elevator '' and that there would be `` some conversations '' . When questioned about the framing of the situation , he replied that their time trapped in the elevator would be the `` trajectory '' for a more in depth look at the relationship later in the tenth season . He added , `` The consensus was to do that more of that this season , to peel back some layers and find little moments -- and ( ever since then ) we 're finding opportunities I think the Tony and Ziva fans will really enjoy . '' The tenth season was promoted as `` Season X '' , and Michael Weatherly dubbed it the `` Year of Tiva '' , saying , `` This is the year . Trust me . This is the year . '' Cote de Pablo was more apprehensive and said , `` I think that is maybe Michael and his wishful thinking . I 've had years in which I thought , ' Oh my God , this a Tiva year , ' and there have been years he thought were Tiva years ... . The truth is , we have yet to find out where that storyline is going to go . I think they 're toying around with us like they always do . '' However , shortly after the season began , TV Guide announced , `` In a November episode of CBS ' NCIS , the origins of Tony 's fascination with cinema will be explained -- and strengthen his bond with Ziva . '' This involved him finding an old camera with photographs of his mother and later showing them to Ziva . Weatherly stated , `` She was really the beginning of his love for movies and why that is such a deep , penetrating part of who he is . The last gift she gave him was to turn to the movies as a moral compass . '' De Pablo divulged , `` We end up going deeper with each other than ever before . It 's a profound , soft , vulnerable moment . '' This was followed by `` Ziva reminiscing with her partner about her dead sister ( Tali ) '' . In `` Shell Shock ( Part II ) '' , she attempts to purchase tickets to the opera but is unable due to it being sold out . Tony , believing her to be going on a date , badgers her until she admits that she goes to the opera every year on her deceased sister 's birthday , as Tali had wanted to be a singer . Unable to obtain tickets for her himself , he makes a CD of opera music and gives it to her to listen to . In the eleventh episode of Season 10 and the first of 2013 , `` Shabbat Shalom '' , Ziva 's estranged father Eli is killed in a house attack , along with Director Vance 's wife Jackie . Glasberg discussed the ramifications that would be shown in the following episode , `` Shiva '' , saying , `` There 's a part of Ziva that 's wounded , and broken , and Tony is there for her -- as a friend , and as a coworker ... We end up back in Tony 's apartment , and there 's some really lovely , emotional stuff that happens . '' He added , `` You 'll really see Tony be there for her and support her and emotionally be strong for her . It 's all the things I hope that people who enjoy the Tony - Ziva relationship will look for . '' Throughout the episode , Tony attempts to comfort Ziva , taking her to his apartment as a precaution against the possibility of her being the next target and bringing her long - time Israeli friend Shmeil Pinkhas to stay with them . Near the end of the episode , he comes to see her off as she prepares to fly to Israel for Eli 's funeral and assures her in Hebrew that she is not alone . When asked if the dynamic between the characters would continue to progress , de Pablo remarked , `` I have a feeling that they 're going to want to play with that ( relationship ) a little bit more and see where that goes . I think they 're always testing that relationship and they 're always throwing things at it to see how far they can take ( it ) . It 's already a very complex relationship . They 're very close ; they 're very good friends ; and they trust each other . So , I think the complexity of it all can go further and I think they 're going to explore more . '' Pauley Perrette , who portrays series regular Abby Sciuto , openly opposed it and said , `` I do n't want any of our cast members to be in relationships on screen at all . I like things the way they are , so I 'm not in ( to ) that . I 'm petitioning against it . '' `` Berlin '' , set later in the season , features Tony and Ziva departing for Germany to track down Ilan Bodnar , her father 's killer . Before the episode aired , Glasberg disclosed that they would share a slow dance while there , resulting in `` a very personal moment of vulnerability where her guard goes down and she lets herself melt into his arms '' . De Pablo added , `` You also see ( Tony ) as a man Teddy Bear -- like , a very sweet but manly man , a guy who 's really taking care of a situation and really wants to make it better , a guy who 's not looking for the joke or is uncomfortable staring at a woman or reaching out to hold her hand . '' This is highlighted in the closing scenes as the two of them drive home from the airport , and Ziva explains her animosity towards Orli Elbaz ( Marina Sirtis ) , the new director of Mossad : Elbaz was the reason her parents split up . She tells Tony , `` If it were not for Orli , things would be different . I would be a different person . '' Tony then takes her hand , and Ziva intertwines their fingers together . Tony replies , `` Then I should catch her before she leaves , you know , and thank her . '' The episode ends with a cliffhanger when an unknown vehicle crashes into them , leaving their fates unknown . De Pablo described the filming of the dancing scene : `` Michael and I crafted that scene . We felt the moment was very intimate , and we thought that just looking at each other was enough . And the director kept saying , ' No , I want the moment to be longer , ' and we had to sort of fight the director . Finally , I had to say , ' Listen , if there was any more time of staring into each other 's eyes , it would be like , cut to a hotel room . ' ... so finding the length of the moment became a topic . We certainly enjoyed it . I told ( Tony ) -- without really realizing what I was saying and then I realized it came out the wrong way -- I said , ' God , I felt a little drunk when I was staring at you . ' I 'm not sure if it was because by the end of the day we were both so tired or if it was because it was just such a magical moment . '' Tony and Ziva reconcile in the Season 10 finale . They both survive the crash , and despite being urged to back off by various other characters , Ziva ultimately kills Bodnar in the following episode . This leads to DOD investigator Richard Parsons ( Colin Hanks ) initiating a witch hunt against the team and Ziva being aggressively interrogated about her conduct in the aftermath of her father 's death . When he accuses her of sleeping with an old friend while in Israel , Tony , who had been viewing the interrogation from the observation room , abruptly ends it and forces Parsons out . When he approaches Ziva about the accusation , she admits that it was a `` moment of weakness '' because she felt alone . This obviously hurts Tony , and he says , `` My Hebrew must not be as good as I thought because I could 've sworn when I dropped you off at the airport , I told you you are not alone '' . Ziva recalls this , and Tony says that they must have different interpretations before walking away . Despite this , he later confronts Parsons , demanding that Ziva be left alone and calling her his best friend . `` I do n't think so . I think there 's a little more to it than that . I think they 're sort of dancing around each other and trying to get a sense of how to move forward and , based on everything that 's happened in the last year , where they are and what the next step is going to be . And , you know , we 're letting it slowly percolate and build and hopefully get it to a place that 's going to be satisfying for everybody . '' -- Gary Glasberg in an interview when asked if Ziva `` friend zoned '' Tony in the Season 10 finale In the following episode , the Season 10 finale , tension exists until Ziva privately tells Tony that she is sorry if she hurt him during the ordeal , that she cares too much about their friendship , and that she does not want things to be awkward between them . He kisses her forehead and assures her that `` nothing is awkward between friends '' . Despite concerns to the contrary , Glasberg denied that Ziva `` friend zoned '' Tony in the finale . He explained , `` It might not satisfy everyone out there , but I think we 're getting there -- she even reaches up with her hand and puts it very gently , and in a lovely way , on his shoulder before that kiss happens . I think there are gestures being made that have definitely advanced from where we were a year ago . '' In response to complaints about the pace of the development , he said , `` There are a lot of fans who would like to see that story advance much faster than we 're doing it , but I firmly believe a little goes a long way and there are ways to tease it and to flirt that are just as significant and just as meaningful . '' He maintained , `` We made huge strides . Their relationship has evolved , has changed . They 're a little more open with each other and a little more emotionally connected , certainly more than where we were at the beginning of the season . ( The couple 's closeness ) may not be the big leap that a lot of people would like it to be , but I also feel like we 're enjoying the pace at which this is happening . That 's not to say we 're not headed in the direction everyone would like to go , but I think we 're getting there . It 's very complicated when two agents who are working together get into a relationship , and that 's something that ( Tony and Ziva ) would be very conscious of . So I think they would tread lightly , which is why , in theory , we 're treading lightly and being very careful about the steps that we take . '' On July 10 , 2013 it was announced that Cote De Pablo would not be returning to her role as Ziva David for the upcoming 11th season . De Pablo stated `` I 've had 8 great years with NCIS and Ziva David . I have huge respect and affection for Mark , Gary , Michael , David , Rocky , Pauley , Brian , Sean , all of the team and CBS . I look forward to finishing Ziva 's story . '' However it was announced that Cote De Pablo would return for the beginning of season 11 to wrap up Ziva 's storyline . Show runner Gary Glasberg stated in an interview with EW that : `` The amazing resolution you 're going to see is pretty damn heart - wrenching and we 're incredibly proud of it , '' he writes . `` Prepare yourselves for a moment in television history . Images that will end up in the archives . I could n't be happier with how my NCIS family stepped up and did some of the most emotional work we 've ever done . '' On September 24 , 2013 the episode `` Whiskey Tango Foxtrot '' aired and on October 1 , 2013 `` Past , Present , and Future '' aired , opening with the introduction of a new threat : Benham Parsa and also the Brotherhood of Doubt . In the episode , `` Past , Present and Future '' , Tony heads to Israel to search for Ziva but eventually finds no sign of her , although a few months later he finds her in hiding at the very farmhouse where she was born , Ziva having gone to examine herself and her past . Tony and Ziva share their first on - screen kiss as themselves on the tarmac in Tel - Aviv . However , in 2013 , showrunner Gary Glasberg told TVLine the characters had shared another smooch in a previous season , but it did not make the cut . The couple previously kissed in season 3 , episode 8 Under Covers during a covert operation as married assassins . Despite Tony 's efforts to persuade Ziva to return to the United States and NCIS , Ziva instead chooses to stay in Israel , with Tony reluctantly returning to the United States although Tony manages to find Ziva 's Star of David necklace in his jacket pocket . In the season 13 finale `` Family First , '' after learning of Ziva 's death in the bombing of her Israel home caused by Trent Kort , the NCIS crew mourn her . Tony is then introduced to his almost two - year - old daughter , Tali . Conflicted , Tony asks Mossad Director Orli Elbaz about Ziva 's motivations for not telling him about Tali . Orli tells him that she wanted to , especially as Tali grew but that she feared he would not be pleased , to which Tony tells her `` Then she never knew me at all . '' Later in the episode , Tony finds a picture of him and Ziva in Paris , to which Tali points to each of them , saying `` Ima '' and `` Abba '' indicating that she knew who he was , her father . After killing Kort , Tony and Gibbs have a heart to heart , where DiNozzo informs him that he is moving on from NCIS , with his daughter , his family . Evidently we have a daughter , me and Ziva . She knew me better than I thought . When McGee called , something hit me . I got this feeling , something I 'd never felt before . In that moment , I did n't want Trent Kort dead . All I wanted to do was take care of Tali . Everything she had in her life was gone . Except me . I 'm it . I 'm everything to that little girl now . And I 've never been anybody 's everything before . But that 's it . I 'm done now . I 'm going to take Tali to Israel , look for some answers . Then I 'm going to take her to Paris . Ziva loves Paris . And you got ta believe what you got ta believe . ( holds out his right hand as if to offer Gibbs a handshake ) I 'd say thank you but it does n't quite cover it , boss . -- Tony DiNozzo , 13x24 Family First - NCIS Speaking of Ziva 's fate , Glasberg stated `` Tremendous thought was put into every element of what you saw last night ... down to the lines of dialogue , the specific wordage . At the end of the day , I leave it in the hands of our fantastic fans and audience '' . Reception ( edit ) Michael Weatherly and Cote de Pablo on the cover of TV Guide . Over the seasons , Tony and Ziva 's flirtation attracted much media attention , commentary , and praise . Maureen Ryan of the Chicago Tribune wrote that the characters ' `` love - hate banter gives the show extra zip '' during Cote de Pablo 's first year on the show . They have been called a `` power couple '' by Entertainment Weekly and `` one of TV 's hottest couples '' by TV Guide . In May 2009 , they were pictured on the cover of TV Guide Magazine and described as `` TV 's hottest love - hate relationship '' . Fondness for the pairing led to a dislike for some of Tony and Ziva 's other love interests on the show ; by contrast , EJ , Tony 's ex , became well - received after encouraging him to pursue a relationship with Ziva . The pairing 's slow progression was discussed by reviewers , and Ariane Lange from BuzzFeed referred to it as `` their sexual - tension - ridden not - quite - love affair '' . Some viewers became frustrated with the show 's seeming unwillingness to allow the characters to enter an actual relationship . Ryan expressed sentiment on the matter in 2009 : `` It 's hard not to enjoy the chemistry between investigators Ziva David ( Cote de Pablo ) and Tony DiNozzo ( Michael Weatherly ) ... It makes me grind my teeth with frustration that TV writers and producers are so averse to putting will - they - or - wo n't - they couples together . '' Executive producer Gary Glasberg admitted to feeling pressure from the audience to pair them officially . The couple was not universally accepted among viewers , and a portion of the audience felt that pairing the characters would disrupt the dynamics of the series . Matt Webb Mitovich from TVLine suggested that the dispute among fans over how far `` Tiva '' should be taken had left producers in a `` no win '' situation , saying , `` Quite honestly , I think NCIS and show boss Gary Glasberg face a tremendously difficult juggling act with this ( would - be ) couple because it is TV 's most watched program , and like a game of Jenga , you ca n't be quite sure which slight move could send things toppling . Is NCIS No. 1 because it metes out exactly 25 milligrams of romance every third episode , and never a bit more ? Is there a fear that going all - in with Tiva will soap up the show too much ? '' In 2010 , Kate Stroup listed Tony and Ziva among Entertainment Weekly 's `` 10 ' Will They / Wo n't They ' TV Couples '' , saying , `` The chemistry is undeniable . '' In 2012 , they appeared again in the magazine 's `` 30 Best ' Will They / Wo n't They ? ' TV Couples '' . Similarly , the pair was included in BuddyTV 's compile of `` The Top 12 Will - They - or - Wo n't - They Couples of 2012 '' and TV Guide 's top 15 `` TV Duos Who Should Do It '' . See also ( edit ) List of fictional supercouples Notes ( edit ) ^ Note A `` Probie '' is slang for `` probationary agent '' within the series . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Earle Marsh ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows ( 1946 -- Present ) : Ninth Edition . U.S.A. : Ballantine Books . p. 954 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Adam ( November 9 , 2010 ) . `` In Focus : NCIS ' Michael Weatherly Is Happy Being the Second Banana '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` NCIS _́ Cote de Pablo and Michael Weatherly TV Guide 2007 '' . TV Guide . 2007 . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lange , Ariane ( April 24 , 2013 ) . `` Wonderfully Weird Michael Weatherly Thinks His Onscreen Relationship Is Like A Cold Sore '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Owen , Rob . `` Prime Time -- Carnegie Mellon Today '' . carnegiemellontoday.com . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 1 , 2011 ) . `` Michael Weatherly Talks About Directing NCIS and How a New Woman Will Revive Tony 's Spirit '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : NCIS Cast Gathers for Roundtable Tell - All ! '' . TV Guide . November 6 , 2012 . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Carter , Bill ( October 27 , 2005 ) . `` Behind a Quiet Little Hit , a Reliable Hit Maker '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bobbin , Jay ( July 17 , 2005 ) . `` ' NCIS ' moves on '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Holland , Lila ( June 11 , 2005 ) . `` Fans react with anger at Sasha Alexander 's NCIS death '' . TV.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Maureen ( March 10 , 2006 ) . `` ' NCIS ' delivers without hype '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Tugend , Tom ( March 15 , 2007 ) . `` ' NCIS ' Mossad agent 's cover gets blown -- she 's Chilean '' . The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Marsi , Steve ( October 29 , 2009 ) . `` Cote de Pablo Dishes on NCIS ' Ziva and Tony '' . TV Fanatic . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2011 . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : DuBois , Stephanie . `` TV RISING STAR : Cote De Pablo '' . Netscape Celebrity . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' NCIS ' Season 10 Celebration : The 10 Best ' Tiva ' Episodes '' . BuddyTV . June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Weatherly , Michael ( Feb 7 , 2012 ) . `` NCIS 's 200th Episode : Michael Weatherly 's Top 10 Moments '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bierly , Mandi . `` ' NCIS '' s Cote de Pablo talks Tiva tension and takes the EW Pop Culture Personality Test `` . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' NCIS ' Season 10 Celebration : The 10 Best ' Tiva ' Episodes '' . BuddyTV . May 14 , 2013 . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Murphy , Mary ( August 28 , 2006 ) . `` TV 's sexiest special agent on fighting , flirting and what 's next on NCIS ( will Mark Harmon return ? ) '' . TV Guide . Jump up ^ `` NCIS Mossad Officer Ziva David is a Hit Thanks to Actress Cote De Pablo '' . Yahoo ! Inc . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Orlando , Christine ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Unlucky In Love : Our Advice for Tony DiNozzo '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jacobs , Meredith ( March 14 , 2011 ) . `` ' NCIS ' character profile : Special Agent Anthony DiNozzo '' . Examiner.com . ^ Jump up to : Gertel , Elliot B. ( July 16 , 2009 ) . `` One tough Jewess '' . Jewish World Review . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Daugherty , Kim ( February 2 , 2011 ) . `` '' NCIS `` : Enough Already , Tony and Ziva ! '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( May 22 , 2007 ) . `` ' Ziva David ' of ' NCIS ' finally visits Israel '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Scott , Collins ( November 17 , 2008 ) . `` CBS spells success ' NCIS ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , David ( February 13 , 2013 ) . `` With little fanfare , the steady procedural ' NCIS ' has become a massive hit for CBS '' . The Daily News ( New York ) . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Waldman , Allison ( June 11 , 2008 ) . `` NCIS makes Rocky Carroll a series regular '' . AOL TV . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Stein , Allison ( October 6 , 2008 ) . `` Review -- NCIS : Agent Afloat '' . Firefox News . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stein , Allison ( October 26 , 2008 ) . `` Review -- NCIS : Nine Lives '' . Firefox News . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nine Lives '' . NCIS . Season 5 . Episode 10 . October 5 , 2008 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Cloak '' . NCIS . Season 6 . Episode 8 . November 18 , 2008 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Cote de Pablo Interview in Australia 's TV Week '' . TV Week . January 29 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( March 5 , 2009 ) . `` ' NCIS ' shocker : A ' tragic ' fate for Tony and Ziva '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lafferty , Sarah ( April 29 , 2009 ) . `` ' NCIS ' Recap : Legend Part 1 '' . Starpulse.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt ( May 11 , 2009 ) . `` NCIS Preview : `` You Are Witnessing the Calm Before the Storm '' `` . TV Guide . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Willman , Chris ( May 3 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Weatherly Speaks ! '' . TV Guide Magazine . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi . `` ' NCIS ' season finale : Confused , but amused '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Richenthal , Matt ( May 5 , 2009 ) . `` NCIS Season Finale Spoiler : Secret Ending Filmed '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 21 , 2009 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on ' Gossip Girl , ' ' Dollhouse , ' ' Scrubs , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Grey 's , ' and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Maureen ( August 5 , 2009 ) . `` Why keep ' will they or wo n't they ' couples apart ? Thoughts from half of hot ' NCIS ' couple '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Berenstein , Ari ( September 25 , 2009 ) . `` NCIS Season 7 Episode 1 : `` Truth or Consequences '' Recap & Review `` . Yahoo !. Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Truth or Consequences '' . NCIS . Season 7 . Episode 1 . September 22 , 2009 . CBS . Jump up ^ Waldman , Allison ( September 30 , 2009 ) . `` NCIS : Reunion '' . AOL . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Berenstein , Ari ( September 30 , 2009 ) . `` NCIS Season 7 Episode 2 : `` Reunion '' Recap & Review `` . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on April 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Willman , Chris ( October 16 , 2009 ) . `` The Future for `` Tiva '' `` . TV Week October 10 -- 16 Issue ACP Magazines . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( October 15 , 2010 ) . `` Michael Weatherly on Tony and Ziva of ' NCIS ' : a relationship would be like ' Kryptonite ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Marsi , Steve ( December 17 , 2009 ) . `` NCIS Spoilers : Tony and Ziva in Paris ! '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( January 9 , 2010 ) . `` ' NCIS ' boss on Tony and Ziva : ' It 's a long road back ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( March 3 , 2010 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on ' Gossip Girl , ' ' House , ' ' Lost , ' ' 24 , ' and more ! Ausiello EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Diaz , Glenn ( March 11 , 2010 ) . `` NCIS : What Do Cote de Pablo and Michael Weatherly Think of Tiva ? '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jackman , Jacky ( February 3 , 2010 ) . `` ' NCIS ' Fan Columnist : Masquerade Review '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 5 Most Touching `` NCIS '' Moments `` . Yahoo ! Inc . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 20 , 2011 ) . `` ' NCIS ' MEN : CBS TV Studios Inks Deals With Showrunners Shane Brennan , Gary Glasberg '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( February 22 , 2011 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on Vampire Diaries , Greek , Parenthood , HIMYM , Glee and More ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( February 28 , 2011 ) . `` NCIS Exclusive : Ziva 's Boyfriend Is Without A Trace Hunk Enrique Murciano ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bierly , Mandi ( March 28 , 2011 ) . `` ' NCIS ' : Cote de Pablo on Ziva 's boyfriend and season - ending serial killer arc -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( March 4 , 2011 ) . `` Exclusive : NCIS Launches Major Serial Killer Plot '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Marsi , Steve ( April 6 , 2011 ) . `` NCIS Review : Do n't Mess With the Great White ! '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Marsi , Steve ( May 11 , 2011 ) . `` NCIS Review : Mike Franks ' Swan Song '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` ' NCIS ' EP Gary Glasberg talks season 8 finale ( and teases season 9 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Marsi , Steve ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` NCIS Season Finale Review : `` Pyramid '' `` . TV Fanatic . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra ( January 4 , 2012 ) . `` ' NCIS ' : What did you think of last night 's buzzy Tony - Ziva moment ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gonzalez , Sandra ( January 10 , 2012 ) . `` ' NCIS ' EP on last week 's ' Tiva ' moment , teases big 200th episode '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Webb Mitovich , Matt ( September 25 , 2012 ) . `` Fall TV Preview : NCIS Star Says ' This Is the Year ' for Tony / Ziva -- Plus : More Explosive Aftermath '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Marsi , Steve ( May 15 , 2012 ) . `` NCIS Season Finale Review : Until Death Do They Part '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Marsi , Steve ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` NCIS to Explore Love ... in an Elevator ? '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ( September 12 , 2012 ) . `` LOL ! Michael Weatherly Dishes on New NCIS Season -- and His Hilarious Fears for Britney Spears on X Factor '' . E ! Online . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Webb Mitovich , Matt ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Matt 's Inside Line : Scoop on NCIS , Castle , Psych , NCIS : LA , Covert Affairs , Suits , Beast and More ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Webb Mitovich , Matt ( November 26 , 2012 ) . `` Coté de Pablo Weighs In on NCIS ' New Dynamic Duo , ' The Year of Tiva ' and An ' Interesting ' Twist '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Keck , William ( September 24 , 2012 ) . `` Keck 's Exclusives : NCIS Reveals Tony 's Movie Magic '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Adam ( October 23 , 2012 ) . `` Mega Buzz : Major Family Matters on Castle and NCIS and a Fringe Death '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Powers , Mary ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` NCIS Review : Shell Shocked and Awed '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bryant , Adam ( January 15 , 2013 ) . `` NCIS Boss on Double - Death Twist : What 's Next for Ziva and Vance ? '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carter , Matt ( January 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' NCIS ' season 10 spoilers : Expect emotional Tony - Ziva scenes '' . Examiner.com . Jump up ^ Wolfe , Douglas ( January 15 , 2013 ) . `` NCIS Review : You Are Not Alone '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Pace , Robert ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Will Ziva & DiNozzo Form a Romance on ' NCIS ' ? '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Rice , Lynette ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` ' NCIS ' : See Tiva get up - close and personal -- EXCLUSIVE PHOTO '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2013 . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gonzalez , Sandra ( April 24 , 2013 ) . `` ' NCIS ' post-mortem : Cote de Pablo on making ' Berlin , ' what 's next '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NCIS Leaves Fans Guessing : Will Tony and Ziva Be Killed Off ? '' . Kpopstarz.com. April 24 , 2013 . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Double Blind '' . NCIS . Season 10 . Episode 23 . May 7 , 2013 . CBS . ^ Jump up to : Gonzalez , Sandra ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` ' NCIS ' season finale post-mortem : Gary Glasberg answers burning questions ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Damned If You Do '' . NCIS . Season 10 . Episode 24 . May 14 , 2013 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Executive producer says NCIS is ' comfort food ' for TV viewers '' . CTV News . June 10 , 2013 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NCIS Boss Spills Secrets Behind Ziva 's Exit : What Changed ? Was a Kiss Cut ? Could She Return ? '' . TVLine . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS ' Showrunner Gary Glasberg On A Future Without Michael Weatherly -- And Whether Ziva Is Really Dead '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Durham , Jessica ( June 3 , 2013 ) . `` ' NCIS ' Spoilers Ziva Tony : Will ' Tiva ' Take Next Step in Season 11 ? Season 10 Finale Hints Character Death While Fans Reveal They Love CBS Couple '' . Fashion & Style Magazine . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Durham , Jessica ( June 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' NCIS ' Spoilers : Ziva Tony Couple or Friends With Benefits , What Will Tiva Be in Season 11 ? Season 10 Finale Hints Gibbs vs Fornell , Who Shot Who ( VIDEO ) '' . Fashion & Style Magazine . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NCISexy ! '' . TV Guide Magazine . May 11 , 2009 . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Marsi , Steve ( January 3 , 2012 ) . `` NCIS Review : Never Bring a Knife to a Gun Fight '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lange , Ariane ( April 24 , 2013 ) . `` 12 Moments Of Romantic Ambiguity With Tony And Ziva '' . Buzzfeed . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Webb Mitovich , Matt ( June 6 , 2013 ) . `` Matt 's Inside Line : Scoop on NCIS , Psych , White Collar , Rizzoli , Covert Affairs , Scandal and More ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stroup , Kate ( January 25 , 2010 ) . `` 10 ' Will They / Wo n't They ? ' TV Couples '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ; Fog , Henning ( May 13 , 2012 ) . `` 30 Best ' Will They / Wo n't They ? ' TV Couples Photo 11 of 30 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brown , Laurel ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` Love ... Or Not : The Top 12 Will - They - or - Wo n't - They Couples of 2012 '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TV Duos Who Should Do It '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . ( hide ) NCIS franchise NCIS Characters Leroy Jethro Gibbs Caitlin `` Kate '' Todd Anthony `` Tony '' DiNozzo Abigail `` Abby '' Sciuto Timothy `` Tim '' McGee Ziva David Cast list Episodes Introductory `` Ice Queen '' Season 1 `` Yankee White '' Season 2 `` Twilight '' Season 3 `` Kill Ari ( Parts I & II ) '' `` Under Covers '' `` Hiatus ( Parts I & II ) '' Season 4 `` Grace Period '' `` Angel of Death '' Season 5 `` Requiem '' Season 6 `` Last Man Standing '' `` Aliyah '' Season 7 `` Truth or Consequences '' `` Good Cop , Bad Cop '' Season 8 `` Enemies Foreign '' `` Freedom '' `` A Man Walks Into a Bar ... '' `` One Last Score '' `` Baltimore '' Season 9 `` Nature of the Beast '' `` Enemy on the Hill '' `` Devil 's Triangle '' `` Newborn King '' `` Housekeeping '' `` A Desperate Man '' `` Life Before His Eyes '' `` Secrets '' `` Psych Out '' `` Need to Know '' `` The Tell '' `` The Good Son '' `` The Missionary Position '' `` Rekindled '' `` Playing with Fire '' `` Up in Smoke '' `` Till Death Do Us Part '' Season 10 `` Extreme Prejudice '' `` Recovery '' `` Phoenix '' `` Lost at Sea '' `` The Namesake '' `` Shell Shock ( Part I ) '' `` Shell Shock ( Part II ) '' `` Gone '' `` Devil 's Trifecta '' `` You Better Watch Out '' `` Shabbat Shalom '' `` Shiva '' `` Hit and Run '' `` Canary '' `` Hereafter '' `` Detour '' `` Prime Suspect '' `` Seek '' `` Squall '' `` Chasing Ghosts '' `` Berlin '' `` Revenge '' `` Double Blind '' `` Damned If You Do '' Season 11 `` Whiskey Tango Foxtrot '' `` Past , Present , and Future '' `` Under the Radar '' `` Anonymous Was a Woman '' `` Once a Crook '' `` Oil & Water '' `` Better Angels '' `` Alibi '' `` Gut Check '' `` Devil 's Triad '' Season 12 Season 13 Season 14 Season 15 Related Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David Ziva David captivity storyline Other media Home video releases Soundtrack NCIS : Los Angeles Characters G. Callen Kensi Blye Sam Hanna Episodes Introductory Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 Notable episodes `` Identity '' `` Blye , K. , Part 2 '' Other media Home video releases NCIS : New Orleans Characters Episodes Season 1 Related JAG Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tony_DiNozzo_and_Ziva_David&oldid=801002864 '' Categories : Fictional Naval Criminal Investigative Service personnel NCIS ( TV series ) characters Television duos Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2015 Articles lacking reliable references from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 02 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony%20DiNozzo%20and%20Ziva%20David

one reason for the increase in the numbers of working poor is due to the

Poverty in the United Kingdom

poverty in the united kingdom

Despite being a developed country , those who are living at the lower end of the income distribution in the United Kingdom have a relatively low standard of living . Data based on incomes published in 2016 by Department for Work and Pensions ( DWP ) show that , after housing costs have been taken into consideration , the number of people living in the UK in relative poverty to be 13.44 m ( 21 % of the population ) In 2015 , a report by Institute for Fiscal Studies reported that 21.6 % of Britons were now in relative poverty . The report showed that there had been a fall in poverty in the first few years of the twenty - first century , but the rate of poverty had remained broadly flat since 2004 / 5 .

It has been found by the Poverty and Social Exclusion project at Bristol University in 2014 , that the proportion of households lacking three items or activities deemed necessary for life in the UK at that time ( as defined by a survey of the wider population ) has increased from 14 % in 1983 to 33 % in 2012 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Before 1950s 1.2 1950s and 1960s 1.2. 1 Differences in health between the classes 1.3 1970s and 1980s 1.3. 1 Comparison with the rest of Europe 1.4 1990s to 2000s 2 Poverty in the UK in the 21st century 2.1 Reactions to poverty 2.1. 1 Wales 2.1. 2 London 3 How poverty in the United Kingdom is defined and measured 3.1 Historical statistics on poverty 3.2 Poverty as 60 percent of median income 3.3 The Consensual Method 3.4 Other forms of poverty 3.5 Causes of poverty 3.6 Current / recent figures 3.7 Historical measurements of poverty 4 Poverty reduction 4.1 Welfare overview 4.2 Persistent poverty and poverty statistics 4.3 Poverty reduction strategies 5 Viewpoints of major political parties 5.1 Poverty in 2015 General Election 5.2 Poverty and political parties in 2000s 5.2. 1 Labour Party 5.2. 2 Conservative Party 5.3 Beyond left and right : poverty as a major fault line in British society 6 Pressure / interest groups 7 See also 8 Footnotes 9 Key sources and external links 9.1 Government statistics 9.2 Other sources of reports and analysis 9.3 General news items History ( edit ) Before 1950s ( edit ) By the end of the 19th century more than 25 % of the population was living at or below the subsistence level due to low wages . Only 75 per cent of population had enough money to access to food , clothes , rent and fuel . In 1900 , millions of population lived in terrible conditions such as damp and badly built houses . At the same time , overcrowding led to the spread of disease . Things greatly improved after the First World War , and although poverty had not completely disappeared by the 1930s , it was much less than ever before . 1950s and 1960s ( edit ) In the early 1950s , it was believed by numerous people that poverty had been all but abolished from Britain , with only a few isolated pockets of deprivation still remaining . Much of this assumption was derived from a 1951 study which showed that in 1950 only 1.5 % of the survey population lived in poverty , compared with 18 % in 1936 when a previous study had been conducted in that town by Rowntree . A leader in The Times spoke positively of this ' remarkable improvement -- no less than the virtual abolition of the sheerest want . ' Over the course of the 1950s and 1960s , however , a `` rediscovery '' of poverty took place , with various surveys showing that a substantial proportion of Britons were impoverished , with between 4 % and 12 % of the population estimated to be living below the Supplementary Benefits ' scales . In 1969 , Professor A. Atkinson stated that `` it seems fair to conclude that the proportion of the population with incomes below the National Assistance / Supplementary Benefits scale lies towards the upper end of the 4 - 9 per cent . '' According to this definition , between 2 - 5 million Britons were trapped in poverty . In addition , some 2.6 million people were in receipt of Supplementary Benefits and therefore living on the poverty line . This meant that at least 10 % of the population were in poverty at his time . Bad housing conditions also constituted a major cause of poverty in the postwar era . In the early Sixties , it was estimated that three million families lived in `` slums , near slums on grossly overcrowded conditions , '' while a 1967 housing survey of England and Wales found that 11.7 % of all dwellings were unfit . In their 1965 study on poverty , `` The Poor and the Poorest , '' Professors Peter Townsend and Brian Abel - Smith decided to measure poverty on the basis of the National Assistance levels of living and estimated that some 14 % ( around 7.5 million ) of Britons lived in poverty . Townsend and Abel - Smith also estimated that since the mid-1950s the percentage of the population living in poverty had risen from 8 % to 14 % . Differences in health between the classes ( edit ) The continued existence of poverty in the 1960s was also characterised by differences in health between different social classes . In 1964 - 65 the incidence of infant deaths was more than half as much higher in the two lowest social classes than in the two highest social classes . In 1961 - 62 28 % of all men recorded at least one spell of sickness of four days or more . For the lowest social classes , however , 35 % of men had experienced this , compared with 18 % of men in the highest social classes . There is evidence that in large families the height of children was less than that for the average , while families with three or more children were more likely to be inadequately nourished . 1970s and 1980s ( edit ) In his 1979 work `` Poverty in the UK '' , Townsend suggested that 15 million people lived in or on the margins of poverty . He also argued that to get a proper measure of relative deprivation , there was a need to take into account other factors apart from income measures such as peoples ' environment , employment , and housing standards . According to one study , 365,000 families in Britain ( excluding Northern Ireland ) in 1966 were in poverty by an old assistance standard , and 450,000 families by a new standard . In another study on poverty , Wilfred Beckerman estimated that 9.9 % of the British population lived below a standardised poverty line in 1973 , compared with 6.1 % of the population of Belgium . Low pay was also a major cause of poverty , with a report by the TUC in 1968 finding that about 5 million females and about 2.5 million males earned less than £ 15 a week . According to one study , around 20 % to 23 % of employees in the late 1960s had low hourly wages . In 1974 , a quarter of adult employees in Britain earned less than £ 27 a week or less before tax , only slightly above the officially defined poverty line for an average family . Regional differences in pay also remained pronounced during the post-war period . Slum housing also remained a problem , with 12 % of British households living in houses or flats considered to be unfit for human habitation in 1972 . In 1975 , government statistics estimated that 1,800,000 children lived in poverty . Nevertheless , the number of people estimated to be living in poor housing conditions was lower at the start of the 1970s than at the start of the 1960s . In 1961 , 4,700,000 households lived in unfit or substandard homes , compared with 2,846,000 in 1971 . During the late 1960s and 1970s , progress was made in reducing the level of post-war poverty and inequality , with 3 million families in Britain in poverty in 1977 , compared with 5 million in 1961 . According to the 1971 Supplementary Benefits scale , the percentage of individuals living in poverty fell from 9.4 % in 1963 to 2.3 % in 1973 . Low pay continued to remain a major problem by the end of the 1970s , however , particularly amongst manual workers . Based on various measurements , however , the number of Britons living in poverty rose significantly from 1979 to 1985 . The number of Britons living in poverty ( when defined as living below the Supplementary Benefit level ) rose from 2,090,000 to 2,420,000 during that period , while the number of people living in poverty when defined as living on or below the Supplementary Benefit level rose from 6,070,000 to 9,380,000 . Using a poverty measurement of living at 140 % of the Supplementary Benefit level or below , the rise was from 11,570,000 to 15,420,000 . From 1979 to 1987 , the number of Britons living in poverty ( defined as living on less than half the national average income ) doubled , from roughly 10 % to 20 % of the whole population . In 1989 , almost 6 million full - time workers , representing 37 % of the total full - time workforce , earned less than the `` decency threshold '' defined by the Council of Europe as 68 % of average full - time earnings . In 1994 , 76.7 % of all part - time workers earned less than this threshold . Comparison with the rest of Europe ( edit ) Figures from the European Commission estimated that from 1975 to 1985 the number of people living in poverty had doubled in Britain , from just over 3 million to 6.5 million . In 1975 , the United Kingdom had fewer people living in poverty than Germany , Italy , Belgium , and Luxembourg . By 1989 , Britain had a higher poverty than each of these four countries . In 1989 , 12 % of the UK population was estimated to be living in poverty , compared with 11.7 % in Italy , 8.5 % in Germany , 7.9 % in Luxembourg , 7.4 % in the Netherlands , and 7.2 % in Belgium . 1990s to 2000s ( edit ) From the late 1990s onwards , however , poverty began to fall steadily , helped by policies such as big increases in National Insurance benefits and the National Minimum Wage Act 1998 . Using the 60 % of median income after housing costs poverty line , the percentage of the British population living in poverty rose to 25.3 % in 1996 / 97 , compared with 13.7 % in 1979 . From 1997 / 98 to 2004 / 05 ( using the same 60 % of median income after housing costs measurement ) , the percentage of the population living in poverty fell from 24.4 % to 20.5 % . A 2000 report by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation estimated that 4 million people lacked access to a healthy diet , while a review of EU food and health policies estimated that food poverty was far higher in the UK than any other EU member state . Poverty in the UK in the 21st century ( edit ) Absolute poverty rates ( After Housing Costs ) in the UK , 1997 - 2014 . Figures are for Great Britain until 2001 -- 02 and for the whole of the UK ( i.e. including Northern Ireland ) from 2002 -- 03 onwards . The absolute poverty line is defined as 60 % of median income in 2010 -- 11 . Rates of poverty fell just before the turn of the century and continued to do so until 2004 - 5 . The Institute of Fiscal Studies has counted the number of people in Absolute Poverty as falling from c. 37 % in 1996 / 7 ( 21.8 m people ) to c. 22 % in 2004 / 5 ( 13.2 m ) , a figure that remained the same in 2014 / 5 ( 14.1 m taking population growth into account ) . The trend for Relative Poverty is the same ( a fall in the number of poor from 1997 / 8 until 2004 / 5 and a relatively stable amount since then ) , although the earlier numbers are lower . Alternatively it is suggested poverty rose from about 2008 to 2012 but remained stable since then . Socially excluded people are ten times more likely to die early than the general population . Changes to the benefit system from April 2017 , such as not allowing some claimants to claim for more than two children , are predicted to increase the number of families in poverty and push a quarter of a million additional children into poverty . Policy in Practice estimates the two child limit will increase child poverty by 10 % during this parliament . The Child Poverty Action Group charity ( CPAG ) , claim it will reduce children 's life chances . Alison Thewliss said , `` When Theresa May stood on the steps of Downing Street last year , she said that her new government would strive to help the ' just about managing ' in society . It appears that this was just empty rhetoric . ( ... ) The reality is that two - thirds of those affected are already in work . '' A doctor claims it is not unusual for up to seven people to live in a one bedroom flat . Parents sometimes do without food themselves in order to care for children , and others can not afford clothes , toothbrushes , or toothpaste . Basic hygiene products like shampoo and sanitary towels are sometimes hard for poor people to afford , and some must choose between buying hygiene products and buying food . Just under one in five UK children under 15 suffers food insecurity . That means sufficient safe , nutritious food can not be guaranteed . The minimum wage is insufficient to cover basic living expenses . Children become sick because they can not keep warm at home ; overcrowding and damp worsens respiratory conditions . Alison Garnham of CPAG said , `` Day in , day out , doctors see the damage rising poverty does to children 's health . Low family incomes , inadequate housing and cuts to support services are jeopardising the health of our most vulnerable children . ( ... ) Re-instating the UK 's poverty - reduction targets would be an obvious place to start . '' Eurostat figures show that the numbers of Britons at risk of poverty fell to 15.9 % in 2014 , down from 17.1 % in 2010 and 19 % in 2005 ( after social transfers were taken into account ) . However , the Joseph Rowntree Foundation ( JRF ) fears that people who are `` just about managing '' could fall into poverty , as it forecast that the wages of people in low income and benefits might not keep pace with inflation . One third of UK households are living below what is considered an adequate income according to the JRF research . Campbell Robb of the JRF said , `` Millions of families across the country are teetering on a precipice , with 400,000 pensioners and over one million more children likely to fall into poverty and suffer the very real and awful consequences that brings if things do not change . One of the biggest drivers of the rise in child poverty is policy choices , which is why it is essential that the Prime Minister and Chancellor use the upcoming Budget to put in place measures to stop this happening . An excellent start would be to ensure families can keep more of their earnings under the Universal Credit . '' Poverty exists in rural communities as well as in urban areas . Rural poverty is frequently overlooked . The most common form of child poverty today is poverty in working families . Roughly 30 % of British children are now classed as poor and of those two - thirds are from working families . Analysts claim cuts to working - age benefits would likely increase poverty rates greatly during the three years following 2017 . Campbell Robb said , `` These troubling figures are warning signs we could be at the beginning of a sharp rise in poverty , with forecasts suggesting child poverty could rise further by 2021 . '' Food Standards Agency ( FSA ) research suggests some poor people miss meals or do without healthy food due to financial pressure . One third of unemployed people have cut out meals or reduced the quality of their diet due to lack of cash . 8 % of respondents to a survey have low or very low food security , implying just under four million adults regularly struggle to get enough to eat . Other studies showed benefit freezes together with rising food prices are major factors in food insecurity . Rachel Loopstra who lectures in nutrition at King 's College London , said : `` These robust survey data confirm how serious the scale of the problem of people not having enough money for food to eat is in the UK , and are consistent with reports of increasing food bank usage . Anna Taylor of the ' Food Foundation ' thinktank , said : `` To take so many British people off the breadline the government must drive uptake of the Healthy Start programme for young and low - income mothers , tackle gaps in food provision during school holidays , and review our welfare policies to protect the diets of society 's most vulnerable . '' Campaigners and MPs have urged the UK government to monitor food insecurity . Ministers so far refused but the Scottish government agreed to enact a food insecurity measure . Women and young people are more likely to live in food insecure households . The Institute for Fiscal Studies says the benefit rate freeze and child tax credit cuts , together with the rollout of universal credit , which is less generous due to changes in work allowances , means , `` large losses '' for low - income households . John McDonnell said the IFS analysis showed a `` clear threat '' to working people 's living standards , while the Liberal Democrats said that the `` savage cuts '' would make millions of households poorer . Projected benefit cuts will lead to the poorest working - age households losing between 4 % and 10 % of their income a year , according to the IFS . Fewer than one in ten British people believe all work is fair and decent , and 75 % think more should be done to make work fairer . Many British people suffer insecure work with zero hours contracts . Nearly half of workers are anxious over basic household expenses like food , transport and energy . One in six workers had left the heating off despite it being cold to save on fuel bills , and similar numbers had pawned possessions in the previous year because they were short of money . Rents are rising and housing benefit is not rising to match this . Families are forced into increasing poverty , some facing a daily struggle to pay their rent and put food on their table . Some risk homelessness . Families with children are most affected and two thirds of affected families are in work . Homelessness has risen over the last six years and the National Audit Office thinks welfare reforms and a freeze in housing benefit are a likely cause . An All Party Parliamentary Group on Hunger warned that too many poorer UK children are hungry or malnourished during school holidays . Some subsist on a diet of crisps or stodgy food . One million children who receive free school meals during term time are at risk , as are two million more from working poor families . For both types , school holidays add to financial pressure on families through the need to pay for childcare , food and fuel . These children return to school in bad physical shape , learn less well and get behind children who were better fed during school holidays . The life chances of underfed children are damaged . When housing benefit does not fully cover rent , people can struggle to pay rent and buy other necessities as well . This can lead to increasing debt . Anne Baxendale of Shelter , said : `` We are deeply concerned that the current freeze on housing benefit is piling a huge amount of pressure on to thousands of private renters who are already teetering on the brink of homelessness . '' People are forced out of their homes because they can not pay their rent and all their other bills . As of 2017 , 20 % of UK people live in poverty including 8 million working - age adults , 4 million children and 1.9 million pensioners . Research by the JRF found nearly 400,000 more UK children and 300,000 more UK pensioners were in poverty in 2016 - 17 compared with 2012 - 13 . From April 2018 , child benefit will be limited to the first two children , which will affect 150,000 families . Withdrawal of family element from new Universal Credit claims and tax credit claims for families with children will affect 400,000 families . In 2018 , Citizens Advice stated that up to 140,000 houselhods went without power as they could not afford to top up prepayment meters and most such households included children or someone with a long term health problem . The Living Wage Foundation stated many poorest parents went without meals , a third of parents on low incomes do this regularly through lack of money . Roughly half of those families are behind with household bills . TUC sponsored research indicates that 3.1 million children in working falilies will be below the official breadline in 2018 , this is a million more than in 2010 . About 600,000 children with working parents became poor due to the government 's benefit cuts and public sector pay limits , the report by the consultancy Landman Economics stated . The research found that the biggest increase in child poverty among working families will be in the East Midlands , followed by the West Midlands and Northern Ireland . Reactions to poverty ( edit ) The Office for National Statistics has estimated that in 2011 , 14 million people were at risk of poverty or social exclusion , and that one person in 20 ( 5.1 % ) was now experiencing `` severe material depression . '' Poverty among young people increased by 3.9 % from 2007 to 2010 . In assessing social inequality in Britain , Danny Dorling has noted that `` people in different parts of Britain and people living within different quarters of its cities are living in different worlds with different norms and expectations . This was not the case a few decades ago . This is not the case to the same extent in the majority of affluent nations in the world . '' A new term is appearing , ' Just About Managing ' or ' JAM ' . This applies to people who can put food on the table and pay rent or mortgage at least part of the time but have problems if their income falls or if there are unexpected bills . JAM 's are typically families where at least one person works . JAM 's may suffer social exclusion being unable to afford holidays or evenings out . The Resolution Foundation claims that the incomes of the poorest 10 % in the UK will fall by 3 % in real terms by 2020 due to government policies on tax and welfare . The lowest third of incomes will suffer falls in income over the coming years . Incomes will fall because many welfare benefits that poorer people receive have been frozen in cash terms and with inflation cash will be worth steadily less . Relative poverty rates ( After Housing Costs ) in the UK , 1996 - 2014 Figures are presented for GB up until 2001 -- 02 and for the whole of the UK from 2002 -- 03 onwards . The relative poverty line is defined as 60 % of the median income in each year The Institute for Fiscal Studies reported the numbers of poor United Kingdom children in wage - earning families increased from 2009 to 2014 and more poor children currently live in working families than live in families on benefits . The IFS reported `` Recent falls in inequality are likely to prove temporary . Stronger earnings growth and the Conservatives ' planned income tax cuts would do most for incomes towards the top of the distribution , while planned benefit cuts will hit low - income households ( both in and out of work ) hardest . '' Anne Longfield , Children 's Commissioner for England wrote : `` The majority of children living in poverty have at least one parent who is working . Employment is important but if wages do not rise substantially in relation to living costs it will not provide a route out of poverty alone . The Joseph Rowntree Foundation has today published a report stating that families with children working full - time on the National Minimum Wage are now 15 % short of the Minimum Income Standard that people believe offers an acceptable standard of living . Today 's announcement will effectively confine to history any figures on the millions of children being raised in families who experience in - work poverty denying them necessities such as adequate food , clothing and heating . '' Julia Unwin of the Joseph Rowntree Foundation said : `` A strong economy and rising employment have masked the growing problem of in - work poverty , as years of below - inflation wage rises have taken their toll on people 's incomes . The upcoming minimum wage rise will help , but many low - income working families will still find themselves worse off due to tax - credit changes . Boosting productivity and creating more jobs which offer progression at work is vital to make work a reliable route out of poverty . '' Campbell Robb of Shelter said : `` It 's heart - breaking to think that so many people are having to make a choice between paying the rent and putting food on the table , or living in fear that any drop in income would leave them unable to cover their housing costs . The sad truth is that far too many people in Britain right now are living in homes that just are n't up to scratch - from the thousands of families forced to cope with poor conditions , to a generation of renters forking out most of their income on housing each month and unable to save for the future . '' As of 2015 there is actual hunger in the United Kingdom and significant numbers of UK citizens are driven to use food banks . There is also significant malnutrition . Poorer people are frequently forced to buy and eat cheaper , less healthy food . The BMJ , a UK peer - reviewed medical journal published : For the poorest in our society , up to 35 % of disposable income will now be needed for food , compared to less than 9 % for the more wealthy . This will increase reliance on cheap , highly processed , high fat , high sugar , high salt , and calorie - dense , unhealthy foods . Re-emerging problems of poor public health nutrition such as rickets and malnutrition in the elderly are also causes for concern . -- ( John D Middleton Vice president John R Ashton , Simon Capewell Faculty of Public Health ) In 2016 , 10 % of UK households lived in fuel poverty . Fuel poverty is calculated by gauging if a household 's income would fall below the official poverty line after spending the actual amount needed to heat the home . The average fuel poverty gap of these households -- that is , the amount needed to escape fuel poverty -- is £ 371 a year , the latest figures indicate , with those in privately rented properties hit hardest . In a 2013 report commissioned by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation poverty and participation are analyzed as a social phenomenon characterizing UK society following the tradition initiated several decades ago by Peter Townsend . Participation in society is measured in terms of social relationships , membership of organisations , trust in other people , ownership of possessions and purchase of services . The study finds out that all these dimensions of participation are lower among people with low incomes . While participation generally drops as income declines , participation stops falling among the 30 percent or so of people with the lowest incomes , creating a participation ' floor ' . The 30 percent of people with the lowest incomes are forced to choose between the basic necessities of modern life ; they must decide which needs to neglect . For people affected by the floor , additional income may well be spent on upgrading the quality of necessary goods and services rather than adding to them . Averages mask important variation . The participation floor for benefit recipients is lower than for other groups on the same income . Most minority ethnic groups experience greater material deprivation than the white majority but social participation is , on average , higher . Children 's engagement in school life and friends is not directly affected by household income . However , parents on low incomes , on average , play less often with their children and spend less on activities . This is associated with poorer educational outcomes as judged by teachers . Low - income parents frequently spend more time than affluent ones assisting children with their school work because they have fallen behind their classmates . Poverty and economic insecurity increase the risk that a person will commit suicide . The Samaritans claim that the British economic condition -- including low incomes , job insecurity , zero - hours contracts , unmanageable debts and poor housing -- all add to suicide risk . A report titled Dying from Inequality describes `` overwhelming evidence of a link between socioeconomic disadvantage and suicidal behaviour '' . `` Men in the lowest social class , living in the most deprived areas , are up to 10 times more at risk of suicide than those in the highest social class living in the most affluent areas , '' the report says . Unemployed people are more at risk of suicide than people with work , people with low education and people living in deprived areas are also at increased risk . The persistence of high poverty rates in the UK is associated with the relatively low generosity of the welfare state . The UK social security system is characterised by a residual welfare state model based on the notion of market dominance and private provision . The state only intervenes to moderate extreme poverty and provide for basic needs , largely on a means - tested basis . In 2017 , inequality has been forecast to return to the levels of the Thatcher years . Torsten Bell of the Resolution Foundation , said : `` ( A ) boom is slowing rapidly as inflation rises , productivity flatlines and employment growth slows ... This time around it 's low - and middle - income families with kids who are set to be worst affected . This could leave Britain with the worst of both worlds on living standards -- the weak income growth of the last parliament and rising inequality from the time Margaret Thatcher was in Downing Street . The prime minister 's focus on supporting just managing families is absolutely right . '' Inflation has been rising while the level of many benefits has remained fixed in money terms . This is causing hardship to low - income families and there are calls for the level of benefits to be increased . Wales ( edit ) Poverty within the UK is particularly concentrated in Wales . While the relative income - poverty rate for the UK stood at 16.8 % in 2014 , the same poverty rate for Wales stood at 23 % in the same year . Poverty in Wales has remained in the 25 % range , with only small dips throughout the last decade . While the trends correlate with overall reductions in less impoverished areas of the UK , it does not correlate with Scotland , who in the 1990s , had a relative similar poverty trend as Wales . Conservative attitudes began to grow during the reign of the Labour party in the 2000s , culminating in an overall negative opinion towards public spending increases beginning in the 2010s . London ( edit ) Data published in 2017 by the New Policy Institute and the Trust for London found that 27 % of Londoners live in poverty , six percentage points higher than in the rest of England . This represents 2.3 million Londoners , 58 % of whom are in a working family . Further research published by Trust for London , carried out by Loughborough University , found that two in five Londoners can not afford what the public regard as a decent standard of living -- one that allows them to meet their basic needs and participate in society at a minimum level . This is significantly higher than the 30 % that fall below the standard in the UK as a whole , and represents 3.3 million Londoners . How poverty in the United Kingdom is defined and measured ( edit ) Historical Statistics on poverty ( edit ) The table below shows the percentage of the population in poverty derived by three different measures : relative poverty ( earning less than 60 % of the median ) , the National Assistance scale and the Supplementary Benefits scale . Estimates from the National Institute of Economic and Social Research . Percentage of population in poverty Relative poverty National assistance scale Supplementary benefits scale Year Households Individuals Households Individuals Households Individuals 1953 / 54 6.5 % 4.8 % 6.5 % 4.8 % 22.5 % 21.0 % 1963 6.8 % 5.5 % 2.5 % 1.4 % 10.5 % 9.4 % 1967 5.8 % 5.3 % 0.9 % 0.9 % 6.0 % 5.5 % 1971 4.9 % 4.2 % 0.5 % 0.5 % 4.9 % 4.2 % 1973 4.3 % 3.0 % 0.3 % 0.2 % 3.5 % 2.3 % Estimates of poverty in the United Kingdom from 1950 - 1975 ( percentage of population ) 1953 - 54 : 1.2 % ( Abel - Smith and Townsend , FES ) Unit : Household 1954 : 12.3 % ( Gough and Stark , IR ) Unit : Tax unit 1959 : 8.8 % ( Gough and Stark , IR ) Unit : Tax unit 1960 : 3.8 % ( Abel - Smith and Townsend , FES ) Unit : Household 1963 : 9.4 % ( Gough and Stark , IR ) Unit : Tax unit 1967 : 3.5 % ( Atkinson , FES ) Unit : Household 1969 : 3.4 % ( Atkinson , FES ) Unit : Household 1968 - 69 : 6.4 % ( Townsend , Survey ) Unit : Household 1971 : 4.9 % ( Fiegehen et al. , FES ) Unit : Household 1975 : 11.3 % ( Berthoud and Brown , GHS ) Unit : Household Poverty as 60 percent of median income ( edit ) The most common measure for poverty , as used in the Child Poverty Act 2010 , is ' household income below 60 percent of median income ' . The median is such an income that exactly a half of households earn more than that and the other half earns less . Income distribution ( before housing costs ) for the UK total population ( 2014 / 15 ) . In 2014 / 5 , the median income in the UK was £ 473 per week ( £ 24,596 a year ) . Those earning 60 % of this figure ( £ 284 a week / £ 14,758 a year ) were considered to be in the low income bracket . In 2014 / 5 , the median income in the UK was £ 473 per week ( £ 24,596 a year ) . Those earning 60 % of this figure ( £ 284 a week / £ 14,758 a year ) were considered to be in the low income bracket . This is the definition that is used by the UK government 's Department of Work and Pensions in its yearly survey Households below average income . However , their reports expressly avoid using the word poverty , using low income instead . Reports from others agencies , such as the Institute of Fiscal Studies Living Standards , Poverty and Inequality in the UK , use the same methodology , but specifically use the word poverty . This measure can be further divided . Those who live in absolute poverty have a ' household income below 60 percent of median income ' as compared to a rate fixed in 2010 / 11 and that only changes in line with inflation . Those who live in relative poverty have a ' household income below 60 percent of median income ' as compared to all other incomes in the same year . Absolute poverty is better at judging poverty in the short term , whereas relative poverty is better at seeing long - term trends . This is because general concepts of poverty change with time , and relative poverty reflects this better . Reports on poverty also tend to take housing costs in to account , distinguishing between before housing costs ( BHC , where housing costs such as rent and mortgage interest payments have not been deducted ) and after housing costs ( AHC ) . Different social groups in the UK tend to have vastly different costs for housing , affecting available income . Relative poverty was used before its formal adoption now . In the early 1980s , Tony Byrne and Colin F. Padfield defined relative poverty in Britain as a situation in which people are able to survive adequately , but they are either less well off than they used to be ( such as when they retire from paid employment ) or that they are at a serious disadvantage `` in their ability to experience or enjoy the standard of life of most other people -- for example , not being able to afford an annual holiday . '' In 2011 , there was some discussion of the measurement for poverty being changed ( from households earning less than 60 % of median income ) to a broader analysis of poverty . The Consensual method ( edit ) As opposed to measuring income , the Consensual Method examines which necessities ( e.g. food , clothing , access to healthcare , involvement in social and leisure activities ) are thought by the general public to be essential for living in contemporary UK society . Those families or individual who lack a number of these necessities are considered as poor . In the 2012 Poverty and Social Exclusion ( PSE ) survey on Living Standards , the three necessities deemed as being most often essential to a good standard of living were the ability ' to warm living areas of the home ' , a ' damp - free home ' and ' two meals a day . ' Six specific surveys of low standards of living in the UK have made use of this method . 1983 Breadline Britain Survey 1990 Breadline Britain Survey of Britain 1999 Poverty and Social Exclusion Survey 2002 Poverty and Social Exclusion in Northern Ireland The 2012 PSE UK ' Attitudes to Necessities of Life and Services ' survey The 2012 PSE UK ' Living Standards ' survey Other forms of poverty ( edit ) Further information : Fuel poverty in the United Kingdom Water poverty is defined by the government as spending more than 3 % of disposable income on water bills . Nationally , in 2006 , nearly 10 % of households were in water poverty . Fuel poverty . A fuel poor household is one that struggles to keep adequately warm at reasonable cost . The most widely accepted definition of a fuel poor household is one which needs to spend more than 10 % of its income on all fuel use and to heat the home to an adequate standard of warmth . This is generally defined as 21 ° C in the living room and 18 ° C in the other occupied rooms . Fuel poverty affects over a million British working households and over 2.3 million households in total and increases in energy prices affect poor people severely . Causes of poverty ( edit ) Disability - Disabled adults are twice as likely to live in low income households as non-disabled adults . Illness Mental illness Low intelligence - People with an IQ of 60 or below are speculated to be in danger of poverty and homelessness in the USA in 2006 . Unemployment - benefit sanctions for failing to search for jobs on a full - time basis plunges the already poor unemployed into destitution as a punishment . Underemployment - having a low - paid job with wages lower than the living wage , often the minimum wage , and working part - time . Being born to poor parents Lack of social capital Inadequate management of finances Being a lone parent - half of all lone parents are on a low income . Racial discrimination Inherent biases in the economic system , for example having to pay a higher rate of interest on a loan . Current / Recent figures ( edit ) Eurostat figures show that the numbers of Britons at risk of poverty has fallen to 15.9 % in 2014 , down from 17.1 % in 2010 and 19 % in 2005 ( after social transfers were taken into account ) . If the poverty line is defined as those individuals and households with incomes less than 60 % of their respective medians , then `` nearly 60 % '' of those in poverty are homeowners . Historical measurements of poverty ( edit ) Seebohm Rowntree chose a basic ' shopping basket ' of foods ( identical to the rations given in the local workhouse ) , clothing and housing needs -- anyone unable to afford them was deemed to be in poverty . By 1950 , with the founding of the modern welfare state , the ' shopping basket ' measurement had been abandoned . The vast and overwhelming majority of people that fill the government 's current criteria for poverty status ( see above ) have goods unimaginable to those in poverty in 1900 . Poverty in the developed world is often one of perception ; people compare their wealth with neighbours and wider society , not with their ancestors or those in foreign countries . Indeed , this is formalised in the government 's measure of poverty . A number of studies have shown that though prosperity in the UK has greatly increased , the level of happiness people report has remained the same or even decreased since the 1950s . Poverty reduction ( edit ) Welfare overview ( edit ) People enter the world of poverty due to : problems at the individual / family level and problems with the economy as a whole . Problems at the individual level include : race ( human categorization ) , gender , sexual orientation , drug use , and level of education . Problems with the economy can include : low labor participation and high levels of unemployment . Welfare is financial support given by the government to people in need . There are pressures on the welfare state because welfare must be justified in terms of its contribution to economic success . Welfare must contribute positively to the economy otherwise there is a risk of damaging currency values . Damage to currency values will damage trading positions and investment which will , in turn , hurt the economy overall . The Department of Health and Social Security ( DHSS ) is responsible for the welfare services in the United Kingdom . Income maintenance is centrally administered through DHSS offices ( regional and local level ) . Those who earn 39 pounds a week ( except some married women ) or more must contribute to the National Insurance Scheme . The National Health Service ( NHS ) provides virtually free healthcare for all residents -- this is also centrally administered . Persistent poverty and poverty Statistics ( edit ) Persistent poverty is the effects of experiencing low income for long periods of time . In 2014 , 6.5 % of the United Kingdom 's population was classified as being in persistent poverty ; that equates to approximately 3.9 million people . The UK 's poverty rate overall in 2014 was the 12th highest amongst all European nations at 16.8 % , however ; it has the third - lowest persistent poverty rate . Income tends to be measured before or after housing costs are accounted for ( BHC or AHC ) . Poverty levels tend to be higher after housing costs are accounted for because the poorer households need to spend a higher percentage of their income on housing . In 2014 - 2015 , 13.5 million people were in relative low income AHC ( an increase of 300,000 from the year before ) and 12.9 million people were in absolute low income AHC ( a decrease of 700,000 from the year before ) . Relative low income means that people live in households with income below 60 % of the median in a specified year . Absolute income means that people live in households with income below 60 % of the median income in some base year . In 2016 , the incomes of poor households are extremely sensitive to the activity in the labor market . When any downturn in the labor market occurs , the poorest people in the UK are increasingly more vulnerable and at greater risk . Median income ( overall ) has moved 2 % above pre-crisis ( 2007 - 2008 ) levels . During the recovery period , inequality in workers ' earnings has decreased . There has been strong employment growth along with weak earnings growth which have kept inequality low for several years . Poverty reduction Strategies ( edit ) In 1999 , Tony Blair , the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , pledged that child poverty in the United Kingdom will end within a generation . The goal was to completely eradicate child poverty by 2020 . Poverty is a result of several different factors , some of which include a lack of education and training , low participation in the labour market , poor working conditions and affordable housing . The key components of the UK 's strategy to fight poverty are : To increase labour market participation of those eligible to work . To make work more advantageous for those receiving benefit . To promote financial security for families . To improve access to public transportation . One of the most crucial ways to reduce poverty is to increase benefit take - up . In 2009 - 10 almost a third of those who were eligible for means - tested benefit did not claim . In 2011 - 2012 , 15 % of those eligible for Child Tax Credit did not claim , neither did 35 % of those eligible for Working Tax Credit. . Improving these numbers and getting those people to claim their entitlements would significantly help reduce poverty . Ways that would help to increase benefit take - up include : Simplifying the procedure so that claimants could better understand their entitlements . Improvements to mental health services and support . Improving child welfare , thus enabling children to benefit from a quality education . A decrease in poverty would mean a more active economy because more people would have the ability to purchase more consumer goods . Viewpoints of major political parties ( edit ) Poverty in 2015 general Election ( edit ) For the UK General Election of 2015 , research was undertaken to analyse the commitment of the UK 's political parties in addressing poverty . It demonstrated that `` poverty has been overlooked as an issue in the General Election campaign '' and that only the Green Party had an effective policy to deal with poverty . Analysis of other parties ' policies and how they are used to deal with poverty ended in negative conclusions : `` The Conservatives and UKIP both performed fairly badly '' . Labour performed better in some specific policy areas when compared to the Conservatives , but `` there is not very much difference between them . '' Overall , the audit noted that views towards poverty were affected by specific views for those receiving social security benefits : `` there was a general tendency to come down hard on welfare recipients , with a shift towards means - testing and victim - blaming across the board . This can be seen particularly in the context of Immigration and Housing . '' Poverty and political parties in 2000s ( edit ) Labour Party ( edit ) While leader of the Labour Government , Tony Blair vowed in 1999 to cut child poverty 25 % by 2005 , 50 % by 2010 and to eradicate child poverty completely by 2020 . The Labour Party website states : `` In 1997 Labour inherited one of the highest rates of child poverty in Europe -- with one in three children living in poverty . Our mission to abolish child poverty is grounded both in our determination to secure social justice , and to tackle the problems that the social exclusion of children builds up for the long - term . Work is the best route out of poverty and our successful welfare to work measures have lifted millions out of poverty including disabled people , who have too often previously been consigned to a life on benefits . At the same time , millions of families are benefiting from the Child tax credit , the Working tax credit , and record rises in Child benefit . '' Their 2005 manifesto states : `` ( Since the Labour government came to power in 1997 ) there are two million fewer children and nearly two million fewer pensioners living in absolute poverty . '' Conservative Party ( edit ) In late November 2006 , the Conservative Party garnered headlines across the press when a senior member spoke out on poverty , invoking the name of Polly Toynbee . The headlines began when David Cameron 's policy advisor and shadow minister Greg Clark wrote : `` The traditional Conservative vision of welfare as a safety net encompasses another outdated Tory nostrum -- that poverty is absolute , not relative . Churchill 's safety net is at the bottom : holding people at subsistence level , just above the abyss of hunger and homelessness . It is the social commentator Polly Toynbee who supplies imagery that is more appropriate for Conservative social policy in the twenty first century . '' This approach generated much comment and analysis . It was followed two days later by Cameron saying poverty should be seen in relative terms to the rest of society , where people lack those things which others in society take for granted , `` those who think otherwise are wrong ( ... ) I believe that poverty is an economic waste , a moral disgrace . ( ... ) We will only tackle the causes of poverty if we give a bigger role to society , tackling poverty is a social responsibility ( ... ) Labour rely too heavily on redistributing money , and on the large , clunking mechanisms of the state . '' Beyond left and right : poverty as a major fault line in British society ( edit ) Most people 's ability to sustain their lifestyle and to participate socially comes under threat at around the bottom 30 % of the income distribution , creating a sort of ' participation floor ' that seems to demarcate a major divide in British society . The floor begins around the point in the income distribution when the benefit system starts to contribute substantially to people 's incomes but is not entirely rigid or for example , it is lower for recipients of social security benefits mainly on account of the greater material deprivation that they experience . For those on the floor , participation is severely constrained with people negotiating a zero - sum world in which spending on one area means reduction in another . Whereas for those above the floor , additional income translates into more evident consumption , greater social participation and trust ; for those on the floor it means a slight easing of pressure , but no major change in lifestyle sufficient to be identified in survey evidence . The implications for policy and our understanding of society are profound . Much policy , notably the new Universal Credit that was the flagship policy of the past Coalition Government , seeks to maximise work incentives premised on the notion that additional income brings rewards for individuals in terms of higher living standards , and benefits society through greater consumption and a shared work ethic . Similarly , as emphasised by Lansley and Mack , New Labour during the period 1997 -- 2010 ( despite trying to tackle child poverty ) intervened mainly through more generous and wide - ranging tax - credits rather than fighting poverty and inequality at source . Pressure / interest groups ( edit ) The Joseph Rowntree Foundation is one of the largest social policy research and development charities in the UK and takes particular interest in the issue of poverty , with over 2,000 reports on poverty and disadvantage available on its website . The Child Poverty Action Group campaigns for the elimination of poverty amongst children . End Child Poverty coalition also seeks the eradication of child poverty . Oxfam UK Poverty Programme works with people and policy makers to tackle the causes of poverty . In July 2013 Freedom from Torture published its report `` The Poverty Barrier : The Right to Rehabilitation for Survivors of Torture in the UK which highlights the failings of the UK Asylum System in their handling of torture survivors arriving in the UK . The evidence included in the report comes from the testimony of over 100 survivors of torture and eighteen members of Freedom from Torture 's clinical department . The report highlights financial insecurity , social exclusion and hopelessness and how poverty prevents the rehabilitation process . One survivor stated : `` ... Our current living conditions keep our torture trauma still alive . We ca n't move on . '' See also ( edit ) Homelessness in the United Kingdom Poverty by country Income in the United Kingdom Hunger in the United Kingdom United Kingdom government austerity programme Universal Basic Income Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Households below average income : 1994 / 95 to 2014 / 15 '' . Department for Work and Pensions . Retrieved 21 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Living Standards , Poverty and Inequality in the UK : 2015 '' ( PDF ) . p. 43 . Jump up ^ `` Going backwards : 1983 - 2012 - Poverty and Social Exclusion '' . Jump up ^ Morris , Steven ( 18 June 2014 ) . `` Poverty hits twice as many British households as 30 years ago '' -- via The Guardian . Jump up ^ Green , Chris ( 19 June 2014 ) . `` Deprivation Britain : Poverty is getting worse - even among working families , according to major new study '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ Beattie , Jason ( 18 June 2014 ) . `` Breadline Britain : One in three now living in poverty as chasm between rich and poor widens '' . ^ Jump up to : `` A Brief History Of Poverty In Britain '' . A World History Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` History Poverty '' . Bitesize . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Social Services : Made Simple ( 1990 ) by Tony Byrne , BA , BSc ( Econ . ) , and Colin F. Padfield , LLB , DPA ( Lond ) ^ Jump up to : Poverty : The Forgotten Englishmen ( 1983 ) by Ken Coates and Richard Silburn ^ Jump up to : Labour and inequality : sixteen fabian essays ( 1966 ) edited by Peter Townsend and Nicholas Bosanquet Jump up ^ Speak for Britain ! A New History of the Labour Party by Martin Pugh ^ Jump up to : Socially Deprived Families in Britain edited by Robert Holman , reprinted edition 1971 , first published in 1970 Jump up ^ Responses to poverty : lessons from Europe by Robert Walker , Roger Lawson , and Peter Townsend Jump up ^ Townsend , Peter ( 1979 ) . `` 18 '' . Poverty in the United Kingdom ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Townsend , Peter ( 1979 ) . `` 12 '' . Poverty in the United Kingdom ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Millar , Jane ; Gardiner , Karen ( 2004 ) . `` Low pay , household resources and poverty '' ( PDF ) . Joseph Rowntree Foundation . Jump up ^ Industrial Relations : A Marxist Introduction by Richard Hyman ^ Jump up to : Poverty and Inequality in Common Market Countries edited by Victor George and Roger Lawson Jump up ^ Consensus and conflict : essays in political sociology by Seymour Martin Lipset Jump up ^ Social Welfare and the Failure of the State : Centralised Social Services and Participatory Alternatives by Roger Hadley and Stephen Hatch Jump up ^ Childhood poverty and social exclusion : from a child 's perspective by Tess Ridge Jump up ^ Irwin , John ( 1996 ) . Modern Britain : An Economic and Social History . Routledge . ISBN 9780203138199 . Jump up ^ British Economic And Social Policy : Lloyd George to Margaret Thatcher by GC Peden Jump up ^ http://lib-161.lse.ac.uk/archives/fabian_tracts/488.pdf ^ Jump up to : Where There 's Greed : Margaret Thatcher and the Betrayal of Britain 's Future by Gordon Brown Jump up ^ Britain in Close - Up by David McDowall Jump up ^ Lourie , Julia ( 17 January 1995 ) . `` A Minimum Wage '' ( PDF ) . House of Commons Library . Jump up ^ `` UK : State benefit levels - The Poverty Site '' . Poverty.org.uk . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ National Minimum Wage , Low Pay Commission Report 2006 ( PDF ) . HMSO . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` UK : numbers in low income - The Poverty Site '' . Poverty.org.uk . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ The Government 's Public Health White Paper ( Cm 6374 ) : Written Evidence - . Great Britain : Parliament : House of Commons : Health Committee . 16 November 2004 . ISBN 9780215025067 . Jump up ^ Lang , Tim ; Heasman , Michael ( 2004 ) . Food Wars : The Global Battle for Mouths , Minds and Markets . Earthscan . ISBN 9781853837012 . ^ Jump up to : Cribb , Jonathan ; Joyce , Robert ; Belfield , Chris ; Hood , Andrew ( 2015 ) . `` Living Standards , Poverty and Inequality in the UK : 2015 '' . Institute of Fiscal Studies . doi : 10.1920 / re. ifs. 2015.0107 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 909463 - 95 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Inflation could push 4m more Britons below poverty line , study finds The Guardian Jump up ^ Britain 's socially excluded ' 10 times more likely to die early ' The Observer Jump up ^ Welfare shakeup ' will push a quarter of a million children into poverty ' The Guardian Jump up ^ Benefit changes ' could push 200,000 children into poverty ' BBC Jump up ^ Levels of child hunger and deprivation in UK among highest of rich nations The Guardian Jump up ^ Poverty ' driving people to choose between eating or keeping clean ' The Guardian Jump up ^ National minimum wage rise still fails to cover living costs , study shows The Guardian Jump up ^ Poor children being ' fed diluted milk ' , report finds BBC ^ Jump up to : `` People at risk of poverty after social transfers '' . Eurostat . Jump up ^ A third of UK lives on inadequate income , says think tank BBC Jump up ^ IFS poverty forecasts : Budget needs to support families on a precipice Jump up ^ Rural deprivation and ill - health in England ' in danger of being overlooked ' The Guardian Jump up ^ Record levels of poverty in working families BBC Jump up ^ Child poverty in UK at highest level since 2010 , official figures show The Guardian Jump up ^ Poorest UK families struggle to put food on the table , survey finds The Guardian Jump up ^ Poor working families face big losses from benefit cuts , says IFS The Guardian Jump up ^ Is work `` fair and decent '' ? That 's not how the voters see it BBC Jump up ^ One in eight workers struggle to afford food , finds TUC survey The Guardian Jump up ^ Two million UK families face £ 50 - a-week cut in income The Guardian Jump up ^ Homelessness rise ' likely to have been driven by welfare reforms ' BBC Jump up ^ School holidays leave 3 million children at risk of hunger , report says The Guardian Jump up ^ Action urged on school holiday hunger BBC Jump up ^ Election 2017 : What if I ca n't afford to pay the rent ? BBC Jump up ^ 100 tenants a day lose homes as rising rents and benefit freeze hit The Guardian Jump up ^ UK government warned over sharp rise in child and pensioner poverty The Guardian Jump up ^ Millions of families on brink face deepest benefit cuts in years The Observer Jump up ^ Poorest families ' going without food or power ' BBC Jump up ^ A million more UK children in poverty than in 2010 -- study The Guardian Jump up ^ ( OECD ) Society at a Glance 2014 Jump up ^ The Verdict : Did Labour Change Britain ? By Polly Toynbee and David Walker Jump up ^ `` What is it like to be ' just about managing ' ? '' . BBC News . 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Autumn Statement : Workers ' pay growth prospects dreadful , says IFS BBC ^ Jump up to : editor , Patrick Butler Social policy ( 15 July 2015 ) . `` Majority of poor children live in working families , IFS study finds '' -- via The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` More poor children in UK working families , says IFS '' . 16 July 2015 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ Statement on the repeal the Child Poverty Act Jump up ^ Shelter : More than four in 10 people face homes which fail acceptable standards BBC Jump up ^ Loopstra , Rachel ; Reeves , Aaron ; Taylor - Robinson , David ; Barr , Ben ; McKee , Martin ; Stuckler , David ( 8 April 2015 ) . `` Austerity , sanctions , and the rise of food banks in the UK '' . BMJ. 350 : h1775 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. h1775 . PMID 25854525 -- via www.bmj.com . Jump up ^ More than 2.3 m families living in fuel poverty in England The Guardian Jump up ^ Ferragina et al. ( 2013 ) Poverty , Participation and Choice https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/poverty-participation-and-choice Jump up ^ Strong link between disadvantage and suicide says Samaritans The Guardian Jump up ^ Esping - Andersen , P. ( 1990 ) . The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism . Princeton : Princeton University Press . Jump up ^ Ferragina E. , Seeleib - Kaiser , M. ( October 2011 ) . `` Welfare regime debate : past , present , futures ? '' . Policy & Politics . 39 : 583 -- 611 http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tpp/pap/2011/00000039/00000004/art00010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ UK faces return to inequality of Thatcher years , says report The Guardian Jump up ^ Philip Hammond urged to use budget to help low - income families The Guardian ^ Jump up to : `` Persistent Poverty in the UK and EU - Office for National Statistics '' . www.ons.gov.uk . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Welsh Government Poverty & Wealth '' . gov. wales . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Defty , Andrew ( 1 January 2011 ) . The Conservative Party and social policy . Policy Press at the University of Bristol . pp. 61 -- 76 . ISBN 9781847424334 . Jump up ^ `` London 's Poverty Profile 2017 '' . Trust for London . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Income Standard London 2017 '' . Trust for London . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Poverty and Progress In Britain 1953 - 1973 , G.C. Fiegehen , P.S. Lansley , and A.D. Smith , with a contribution by N.C. Garganas . ( C.U.P. 1977 ) Jump up ^ The Welfare State in Britain since 1945 by Rodney Lowe Jump up ^ Townsend , Ian ; Kennedy , Steven ( 4 March 2004 ) . `` Poverty : Measures and Targets '' ( PDF ) . Research Report 04 / 23 . House of Commons Library . Jump up ^ `` How low income is measured in households below average income - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Households below average income : 1994 / 95 to 2014 / 15 - Publications - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Winnett , Robert ( 1 December 2011 ) . `` Feckless parents would only spend extra benefits on themselves , says Iain Duncan Smith '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` Consensual method Poverty and Social Exclusion '' . www.poverty.ac.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Mack , Joanna . `` Attitudes to necessities in the PSE 2012 survey : are minimum standards becoming less generous ? '' ( PDF ) . p. 8 . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Water and Sewerage Charges ( Limit on Household Expenditure ) '' . They Work For You . 15 March 2006 . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fuel Poverty '' . They Work For You . 18 October 2006 . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Raising awareness of fuel poverty '' . BBC website . 24 November 2006 . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Association , Press ( 8 January 2015 ) . `` More than a million working households are in fuel poverty '' -- via The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : `` Key Facts '' . Poverty.org.uk . Archived from the original on 12 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Earl ( July 1995 ) . `` The Role of Intelligence in Modern Society ( July - Aug , 1995 ) '' . American Scientist . pp. 4 ( Nonlinearities in Intelligence ) . Archived from the original on 21 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Heath , A. and Cheung , S.Y. ( 2006 ) Ethnic penalties in the labour market : Employers and discrimination . DWP Research Report No. 341 . Leeds : Corporate Document Services . Jump up ^ Tackey , Nii Djan ( 2006 ) . `` Barriers to employment for Pakistanis and Bangladeshis in Britain and constraints '' . et al. Archived from the original on 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Knight , Julian ( 1 August 2005 ) . `` First - time buyers on poverty ' knife - edge ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Easton , Mark ( 2 May 2006 ) . `` Britain 's happiness in decline '' . BBC News . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wealth warning '' . The Guardian . 5 June 2005 . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A history of milestones , information on historical measurements of poverty '' . BBC News . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Reducing Poverty in the UK : A Collection of Evidence Reviews . Joseph Rowntree Foundation . 2014 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 90958 - 630 - 7 . Jump up ^ Taylor - Goobey , Peter ; Larsen , Trine ; Kananen , Johannes . `` Market Means and Welfare Ends : The UK Welfare State Experiment '' ( PDF ) . www.cambridge.org . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Dixon , John ; Scheurell , Robert . P ( 1989 ) . Social Welfare in Developed Market Countries . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 138 - 94701 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Persistent Poverty in the UK and EU - Office for National Statistics '' . www.ons.gov.uk . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McGuinness , Feargal . `` Poverty in the UK : statistics '' . ^ Jump up to : Belfield , Chris ; Cribb , Jonathan ; Hood , Andrew ; Joyce , Robert ( 2016 ) . `` Living standards , poverty and inequality in the UK : 2016 '' . doi : 10.1920 / re. ifs. 2016.0117 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 911102 - 17 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Collin , Chantal ( 2007 ) . Poverty Reduction Strategies in the United Kingdom and Ireland . Library of Parliament . Jump up ^ `` 2010 to 2015 government policy : poverty and social justice - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 POLITICAL MANIFESTO POVERTY AUDIT '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What is Labour doing for ... families and children ? '' . Archived from the original on 26 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Labour Party manifesto '' ( PDF ) . 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Branigan , Tania ( 22 November 2006 ) . `` Cameron told : it 's time to ditch Churchill '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` Toynbee not Churchill , Tory says '' . BBC News . 22 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Assinder , Nick ( 22 November 2006 ) . `` From Churchill to Toynbee ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . , Toynbee , Polly ( 22 November 2006 ) . `` Leaves out of my book '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . , `` Rightwing Tories support Toynbee approach '' . The Guardian . 22 November 2006 . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . , `` Churchill out , Toynbee in '' . The Guardian . 22 November 2006 . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . , `` Times editorial '' . Jump up ^ Mulholland , Helene ( 24 November 2006 ) . `` Cameron : poverty is a ' moral disgrace ' '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Ferragina et al. ( 2016 ) Poverty and Participation in Twenty - First Century Multicultural Britain , Social Policy and Society https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/8E3357DC7C884BD4C137553D82FF3CA4/S1474746416000440a.pdf/poverty-and-participation-in-twenty-first-century-multicultural-britain.pdf Jump up ^ Lansley , S. and Mack , J. ( 2015 ) Breadline Britain : The Rise of Mass Poverty , London : Oneworld . Jump up ^ Ferragina , E. and Arrigoni , A. ( 2016 ) ' The rise and fall of social capital : requiem for a theory ? ' , Political Studies Review http://psw.sagepub.com/content/early/2016/04/06/1478929915623968.abstract . Jump up ^ http://www.oxfam.org.uk/what-we-do/issues-we-work-on/poverty-in-the-uk?cid=rdt_uk Jump up ^ http://www.freedomfromtorture.org/sites/default/files/documents/Poverty%20report%20FINAL%20a4%20web.pdf The Poverty Barrier Key sources and external links ( edit ) Government Statistics ( edit ) The UK Government 's Department of Work and Pensions makes a yearly collection of Households below average income ( HBAI ) statistics , and has been doing so since 1994 - 5 . The report for 2014 - 5 includes data and summary the overall income distribution , income equality , sources of income , low income indicators , and data on the relationship between poverty and children , age , pensioners and disability . The Department for Work and Pensions ( official site ) is responsible for policy relating to social welfare and tends to take the lead in addressing or contributing to poverty Government reports `` Measuring Child Poverty '' ( PDF ) . Department for Work and Pensions . December 2003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 June 2014 . `` Understanding older people 's experiences of poverty and material deprivation '' ( PDF ) . DWP . July 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 June 2009 . Other sources of reports and analysis ( edit ) UK Poverty 2017 , The Joseph Rowntree Foundation - This report examines poverty rates in the UK , and looks at how figures have changed over the past two decades . One hundred years of poverty and policy by Howard Glennerster , John Hills , and David Piachaud and Jo Webb - The Joseph Rowntree Foundation . Contains information on historical trends in poverty and anti-poverty legislation Government debates ( most recent first ) Child poverty debate - Westminster Hall , 4 July 2006 . Poverty debate - House of Lords , 6 February 2002 . Student poverty debate - House of Lords , 15 March 2001 . Child poverty Child poverty , The Joseph Rowntree Foundation Number and percentage of children living in poverty , in each year , 1979 - 2004 . Number and percentage of children living in poverty , in each year , 1979 - 2004 before and after housing costs . Percentage of children living in poverty in working or workless households , 2003 - 04 . Proportion of children in families with ( a ) a lone parent , ( b ) married parents or stepparents and ( c ) cohabiting parents or stepparents in poverty , 2004 - 05 . Number and percentage of children living in poverty , 1997 - 2004 . Northern Ireland : children living in the province estimated to be living in poverty , broken down by ( a ) Northern Ireland local government district and ( b ) parliamentary constituency , 2002 / 04 . Working - age poverty Working - age poverty , The Joseph Rowntree Foundation Pensioner poverty Pensioner poverty , Joseph Rowntree Foundation Number and percentage of pensioners living in poverty from 1979 - 2004 . Pensioners in poverty 1994 - 2003 , broken down by region . Rural poverty Rural poverty , 2002 . Mixed Percentage of children and adults living in poverty both before and after housing costs from 1995 - 2005 . Poverty among ( a ) pensioners , ( b ) the unemployed , ( c ) disabled and ( d ) others in 1996 / 97 and 2003 / 04 . Miscellaneous JRF 's What is poverty ? page The average weekly income for a ) the lowest earning 40 % and b ) the highest earning 40 % in England as a whole and the South West in particular for 1996 / 97 - 1998 / 99 and 2002 / 03 - 2004 / 05 . Contains estimates on trends in poverty and inequality in the United Kingdom from 1960 onwards Contains estimates on trends in poverty and inequality in the United Kingdom from 1961 onwards Contains estimates on the proportion of the population living in poverty from 1961 to 1995 General News items ( edit ) Breadline Britain - the welfare state 60 years on - BBC News , 2006 . Social Exclusion - The Guardian , updated regularly . United Kingdom articles History Chronology Formation Georgian era Victorian era Edwardian era First World War Interwar Second World War UK since 1945 ( social history ) By topic Economic Empire Maritime Military Geography Administrative Countries of the United Kingdom Crown dependencies Overseas territories City status Towns Former colonies Physical British Isles terminology Great Britain Coastline Geology Lakes and lochs Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Resources Energy / Renewable energy Biodiesel Coal Geothermal Hydraulic frac . Hydroelectricity Marine North Sea oil Solar Wind Food Agriculture Fishing English Scottish Hunting Materials Flora Forestry Mining Politics Constitution Courts Devolution Elections Foreign relations Human rights Judiciary Law Law enforcement Legislation Monarchy monarchs Nationality Parliament House of Commons House of Lords Political parties Government Cabinet list Civil service Departments Prime Minister list Military Royal Navy Army Royal Air Force Weapons of mass destruction Economy Banks Bank of England Budget Economic geography Manufacturing Pound ( currency ) Stock Exchanges ( London Exchange ) Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transport British Rail Society Affordability of housing Crime Demography Drug policy Education Ethnic groups Health Immigration Innovation Languages Poverty Prostitution Public holidays Social care Social structure Culture Art Cinema Cuisine Identity Literature Media Music Religion Sport Symbols Theatre Countries of the United Kingdom England History social timeline Geography Politics Law Economy tourism Education Health care Culture Religion Symbols Northern Ireland History Geography Politics Assembly Executive First Minister and deputy Law Economy tourism Education Health care Culture Religion Symbols Scotland History timeline Geography Politics Parliament Government First Minister Law Economy tourism Education Health care Culture Religion Symbols Wales History Geography Welsh Government Politics Assembly First Minister Law Economy tourism Education Health care Culture Religion Symbols Outline Index Book Category Portal Poverty in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Economy of the United Kingdom Companies Co-operatives Employee - owned companies FTSE 100 Index FTSE 250 Index FTSE Fledgling Index FTSE SmallCap Index Government - owned companies Currency , governance , regulation Bank of England Governor of the Bank of England Budget Company law Competition and Markets Authority Department for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy Financial Conduct Authority Gilts HM Revenue and Customs HM Treasury Chancellor of the Exchequer Debt Management Office Monetary Policy Committee Office for Budget Responsibility Pound sterling Banknotes Coinage Taxation UK Statistics Authority UK Trade & Investment History Chronological 1659 -- 1849 Navigation Acts Agricultural Revolution Industrial Revolution Financial Revolution Panic of 1796 -- 97 1815 -- 46 Corn Laws New Imperialism 1830s -- 1945 Second Industrial Revolution 1860s -- 1914 1873 -- 79 Long Depression 1926 general strike 1929 -- 39 Great Depression 1948 -- 52 Marshall Plan 1974 Three - Day Week 1979 Winter of Discontent 1986 Big Bang 1992 Black Wednesday Late - 2000s recession 2008 bank rescue package 2009 bank rescue package Recurrent Economic geography Free trade Gold standard Recessions and recoveries National champions policy Economic liberalism Privatisation Nationalisation Nations , regions , cities England Atlantic Gateway Birmingham Big City Plan Bristol Cornwall Croydon Croydon Vision 2020 Devon Expansion plans for Milton Keynes Fishing Leeds List of counties by GVA Liverpool London East London Tech City London Plan M4 corridor M11 Corridor Manchester Reading Sheffield Silicon Fen Thames Gateway Tourism Transport N. Ireland Belfast Transport Scotland Aberdeen Agriculture Edinburgh Industrialisation Fishing Oil and gas Renewable energy Silicon Glen Tourism Transport Whisky Wales Cardiff ( Cardiff Bay ) Swansea Tourism Transport People and labour Billionaires Businesspeople Demography Income Poverty Labour law Equal opportunities Minimum wage Working Time Directive Pensions Trades unions Trades Union Congress Unemployment Sectors Resource and production Energy / Renewable energy Biodiesel Coal Geothermal Fracking Hydroelectricity Marine North Sea oil Solar Wind Food Agriculture Cider Wine Beer Fishing English Scottish Materials Forestry Mining Financial services Baltic Exchange Banking List of banks List of UK building societies Canary Wharf The City Royal Albert Dock ( future ) Euronext. liffe Glasgow International Financial Services District Insurance Lloyd 's of London LCH London Interbank Offered Rate London Metal Exchange London Platinum and Palladium Market London Stock Exchange Alternative Investment Market Other Education Entertainment & Media Cinema Gambling Newspapers Radio Television Theatre Healthcare Legal services Manufacturing Aerospace Automotive Pharmaceuticals Exports Property Architecture Construction Housing Real estate Science and technology Internet Telecommunications Supermarkets Tourism Transport Aviation Rail Inter-city High - speed Trade and business organisations Business organisations British Bankers ' Association British Chambers of Commerce Confederation of British Industry Co-operatives UK EEF Federation of Small Businesses Industry trade groups Institute of Directors UK Payments Administration Category Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=843545387 '' Categories : Poverty in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles to be expanded from November 2017 Use dmy dates from January 2017 Use British English from January 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from November 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Add links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 20 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty%20in%20the%20United%20Kingdom

who plays blake in orange is the new black

Kimiko Glenn

kimiko glenn

Kimiko Elizabeth Glenn ( born June 27 , 1989 ) is an American actress and singer , known for portraying Brook Soso in the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black , Dawn Williams in the Broadway musical Waitress and Ezor in Voltron : Legendary Defender .

Contents 1 Personal life 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 3.3 Music videos 3.4 Stage 4 References 5 External links Personal life ( edit ) Glenn was born and raised in Phoenix , Arizona , with her sister Amanda . Her father , Mark , is of German , Scottish and Irish descent , and her mother , Sumiko , is Japanese . Glenn began acting at the Valley Youth Theatre in Phoenix , along with several other local theaters , when she was in the fifth grade . She was educated at Desert Vista High School , and the Interlochen Arts Academy boarding school in Interlochen , Michigan . Glenn attended the Boston Conservatory for a year as a musical theatre major , but dropped out after she was cast in the touring company of Spring Awakening . She is in a relationship with actor Sean Grandillo . Career ( edit ) During her freshman year of college in 2008 , Glenn was cast as Thea in the first U.S. National Tour of Steven Sater and Duncan Sheik 's rock musical Spring Awakening . In 2013 , Glenn booked her breakthrough role as Litchfield Penitentiary inmate Brook Soso in the Netflix comedy - drama series Orange Is the New Black . In 2014 , she appeared in the Lena Dunham - directed music video `` I Wanna Get Better '' for Jack Antonoff 's solo project Bleachers . Glenn portrayed the supporting role of Liv Kurosawa in the drama - thriller film Nerve ( 2016 ) , based on the young adult novel of the same name , directed by Henry Joost and Ariel Schulman . In 2016 , she was cast as Dawn Williams in the Broadway transfer production of Sara Bareilles and Jessie Nelson 's musical Waitress . Preview performances began on March 25 at the Brooks Atkinson Theatre , and the show officially opened on April 24 , 2016 . In 2018 , Glenn began starring as Harlow on Liza on Demand , as part of the main cast along with Travis Coles and creator Liza Koshy . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2012 Nous York Saleswoman 2012 Galaxy Comics Tina Short film 2012 HairBrained Perky Girl 2015 Construction Erin 2016 Nerve Liv Kurosawa 2018 Like Father Geena 2018 Spider - Man : Into the Spider - Verse Peni Parker / SP / / dr ( voice ) Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2013 Holding Patterns Daisy Berger Unsold NBC pilot 2014 Submissions Only Katie Summers Episode : `` Reason to Stay '' 2014 Law and Order : Special Victims Unit Lily Deng Episode : `` Thought Criminal '' 2014 Seriously Distracted Katie Episode : `` Nightmare Client '' 2014 -- 2017 Orange Is the New Black Brook Soso 44 episodes Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 2014 -- 2016 ) 2015 Married Miranda 4 episodes 2015 Broad City Cashier Episode : `` Kirk Steele '' 2016 -- 2017 BoJack Horseman Stefani Stilton ( voice ) 5 episodes 2016 We Bare Bears Samantha ( voice ) Episode : `` Fashion Bears '' 2016 High Maintenance Homeless Heidi Episode : `` Selfie '' 2017 Sofia the First Cinder ( voice ) Episode : `` The Royal Dragon '' 2017 Voltron : Legendary Defender General Ezor ( voice ) 3 episodes 2017 DuckTales Lena LeStrange ( voice ) 3 episodes 2018 Drunk History Maya Lin Episode : `` Underdogs '' 2018 Liza on Demand Harlow Series regular 2018 Ice Poseidon Show Herself 1 episode 2018 Elena of Avalor Tomiko ( voice ) Episode : `` Class Act '' Music videos ( edit ) Year Title Artist 2014 `` I Wanna Get Better '' Bleachers Stage ( edit ) Year Title Role Location ( s ) 2008 -- 2010 Spring Awakening Thea Various ( national tour ) 2010 -- 2011 Freckleface Strawberry Emily New World Stages 2012 Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots Yoshimi Yasukawa La Jolla Playhouse 2013 Love 's Labour 's Lost Lady Maria Delacorte Theater 2016 Waitress Dawn Williams Brooks Atkinson Theatre References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stern , Marlow ( June 18 , 2014 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black 's Kimiko Glenn on Hippie Brook Soso and Chapel Sex with Natasha Lyonne '' . The Daily Beast . ^ Jump up to : Langel , Kerry ( June 19 , 2014 ) . `` Arizona actor Kimiko Glenn in ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . The Arizona Republic . Jump up ^ Gales , Arselia ( April 11 , 2012 ) . `` Ahwatukee native kicks off premiere of Valley Youth Theatre musical '' . Ahwatukee Foothills News . Jump up ^ `` THE FRIDAY SIX : Q&As with Your Favorite Broadway Stars -- SPRING AWAKENING 's Sean Grandillo '' . Broadway World . January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 21 , 2013 ) . `` ' Sleepy Hollow ' , ' We Are Men ' , ' Tomorrow People ' & ' Orange ' Add Recurring '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Hope , Clover ( June 13 , 2014 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black 's Kimiko Glenn Talks Brook Soso '' . Cosmopolitan . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ; N'Duka , Amanda ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Married 's Kimiko Glenn Joins ' Nerve ' ; Kino Lorber Acquires ' Gueros ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Cox , Gordon ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Waitress ' Musical Adds Kimiko Glenn of ' Orange is the New Black ' '' . Variety . External links ( edit ) Official website Kimiko Glenn on IMDb Kimiko Glenn at the Internet Broadway Database Kimiko Glenn at the Internet Off - Broadway Database Kimiko Glenn on Twitter Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 2010 -- 2019 ) Modern Family , season 1 / season 2 ( 2010 ) : Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Modern Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 2011 ) : Anderson - Emmons , Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Modern Family , season 3 / season 4 ( 2012 ) : Anderson - Emmons , Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Modern Family , season 4 / season 5 ( 2013 ) : Anderson - Emmons , Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Orange Is the New Black , season 2 ( 2014 ) : Aduba , Biggs , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin , DeLaria , Fowler , Freeman , Gardner , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Lake , Lapkus , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , Marsh Garland , McGorry , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Pimentel , Polanco , Reiner , Roberts , Rodriguez , Rosenblat , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Toussaint , Tucci , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 3 ( 2015 ) : Aduba , Birbiglia , Blake , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin , DeLaria , Fowler , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Leyva , Manning , Marsh Garland , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters , Petty , Pimentel , Polanco , Prepon , Rodriguez , Rose , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 4 ( 2016 ) : Aduba , Aisenberg , Brooks , Brown , Cruz , DeLaria , Dover , Glenn , Golden , Gómez , Guerrero , Harney , Henke , Jeudy , Lake , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , McMenamin , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters , Petty , Pimentel , Polanco , Prepon , Purdy , Rodriguez , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Tucci , Wiley Veep , season 6 ( 2017 ) : Bakkedahl , Chlumsky , Cole , Colin , Dunn , DuVall , Franklin , Hale , Louis - Dreyfus , Richardson , Scheer , Scott , Simons , Sutherland , Walsh Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- 2019 ) LCCN : no2016134400 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kimiko_Glenn&oldid=855433890 '' Categories : 1989 births 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Phoenix , Arizona Actresses of Japanese descent American film actresses American people of German descent American people of Irish descent American women of Japanese descent American people of Scottish descent American stage actresses American television actresses Eurasian Americans Living people Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه فارسی Français 한국어 日本 語 Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2018 , at 07 : 57 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimiko%20Glenn

who is narrating the vietnam documentary on pbs

The Vietnam War is a 10 - part , 17 - and - a-quarter - hour American television documentary series about the Vietnam War written by Geoffrey C. Ward and directed by Ken Burns and Lynn Novick . The first episode premiered on PBS on September 17 , 2017 . The script is by Geoffrey Ward , and the series is narrated by Peter Coyote .

Peter Coyote

The Vietnam War ( TV series )

the vietnam war ( tv series )

The Vietnam War is a 10 - part , 17 - and - a-quarter - hour American television documentary series about the Vietnam War written by Geoffrey C. Ward and directed by Ken Burns and Lynn Novick . The first episode premiered on PBS on September 17 , 2017 . The script is by Geoffrey Ward , and the series is narrated by Peter Coyote .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Episodes 3 Interviewees 4 Home media 5 Book 6 Reception 6.1 Critical reception 7 Soundtrack 7.1 Episode overview 7.2 Original score album 7.3 Soundtrack album 8 References Production ( edit ) The series cost around $30 million and took more than 10 years to make . It was produced by Ken Burns and Lynn Novick , who had previously collaborated on The War ( 2007 ) , Baseball : The Tenth Inning ( 2010 ) , and Prohibition ( 2011 ) . The production companies were WETA - TV in Washington , D.C. , and Burns ' Florentine Films . The series features interviews with 79 witnesses , including many Americans who fought in the war or opposed it , as well as Vietnamese combatants and civilians from both the North and the South . Burns deliberately avoided `` historians or other expert talking heads '' and `` onscreen interviews with polarizing boldfaced names like John Kerry , John McCain , Henry Kissinger and Jane Fonda . '' Instead , interviews were intended to provide a ground - up view of the War from the perspective of everyday people who lived through it . The third episode features an interview with retired UPI reporter Joseph L. Galloway , who was awarded a Bronze Star with `` V '' device for assisting with the wounded in the Battle of Ia Drang . Others interviewed include Vincent Okamoto , and Tim O'Brien , author of The Things They Carried , a popular collection of linked short stories about the war . The researchers for the film also accessed more than 24,000 photographs and examined 1,500 hours of archival footage . Within the series ' 17 - and - a-quarter - hours , there are scenes covering 25 battles , ten of which are detailed scenes documenting and describing the action from multiple perspectives . Episodes ( edit ) No . Episode Original air date `` Déjà Vu '' ( 1858 -- 1961 ) September 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 17 ) After a century of French occupation , Vietnam emerges independent but divided into North and South . `` Riding the Tiger '' ( 1961 -- 1963 ) September 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 18 ) As a communist insurgency gains strength , President Kennedy wrestles with American involvement in South Vietnam . `` The River Styx '' ( January 1964 -- December 1965 ) September 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) With South Vietnam near collapse , President Johnson begins bombing the North and sends US troops to the South . `` Resolve '' ( January 1966 -- June 1967 ) September 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 20 ) US soldiers discover Vietnam is unlike their fathers ' war , while the antiwar movement grows . 5 `` This Is What We Do '' ( July 1967 -- December 1967 ) September 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 21 ) Johnson escalates the war while promising the American public that victory is in sight . 6 `` Things Fall Apart '' ( January 1968 -- July 1968 ) September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) Shaken by the Tet Offensive , assassinations and unrest , America seems to be coming apart . 7 `` The Veneer of Civilization '' ( June 1968 -- May 1969 ) September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) After chaos roils the Democratic Convention , Richard Nixon , promising peace , narrowly wins the presidency . 8 `` The History of the World '' ( April 1969 -- May 1970 ) September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) Nixon withdraws US troops but when he sends forces into Cambodia the antiwar movement reignites . 9 `` A Disrespectful Loyalty '' ( May 1970 -- March 1973 ) September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) South Vietnam fights on its own as Nixon and Kissinger find a way out for America . American POWs return . 10 `` The Weight of Memory '' ( March 1973 -- Onward ) September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Saigon falls and the war ends . Americans and Vietnamese from all sides search for reconciliation . Interviewees ( edit ) Everett Alvarez , American navy pilot and POW from 1964 to 1973 Nguyen Nguyet Anh , North Vietnamese Army Nancy Biberman , American anti-war activist Anne Harrison Bowman , American military family member Philip Brady , American military and NBC News correspondent Nguyen Thoi Bung , National Liberation Front officer Philip Caputo , Marine second leiutenant and journalist Rion Causey , 101st Airborne Division medic Tran Ngoc Chau , ARVN colonel and province chief of Kien Hoa , among other high - ranking roles Le Van Cho , North Vietnamese Army Max Cleland , First Cavalry officer Le Quan Cong , Veteran of anti-French guerilla campaigns and National Liberation Front Carol Crocker , Military family member Jean - Marie Crocker , Military family member Cao Xuan Dai , North Vietnamese Army Bui Diem , South Vietnamese ambassador to the U.S. , among other high - ranking roles Huy Duc , Journalist Bill Ehrhart , Marine Duong Van Mai Elliot , Viet Cong researcher Ron Ferrizzi , 1st Cavalry Division Helicopter Crew Chief Joan Furey , Staff nurse at the 71st Evacuation Hospital in Pleiku Joseph Galloway , Reporter for UPI Robert Gard , Military aide to Robert McNamara , retired four - star general Leslie Gelb , Defense Department analyst James Gillam , Army sergeant Phil Gioia , Army officer Donald Gregg , CIA Roger Harris , Marine in I Corps Matt Harrison , U.S. Military Victoria Harrison , Military family member Mike Heaney , Platoon leader in the 1st Cavalry ( Airmobile ) Division Stuart Herrington , Army intelligence officer Nguyen Thi Hoa , Nation Liberation Front Jan Howard , Country singer and military family member Le Cong Huan , Viet Minh and National Liberation Front officer Tran Ngoc `` Harry '' Hue , ARVN lieutenant colonel Samuel Hynes , WWII veteran , Swarthmore College and Northwestern University English professor during the war Le Ming Khue , Ho Chi Minh Trail repair worker , North Vietnamese Army journalist Hal Kushner , Army flight surgeon , POW Ho Huu Lan , North Vietnamese Army officer John Laurence , CBS News correspondent Pham Luc , Propaganda poster painter Karl Marlantes , Third Marine Division Craig McNamara , anti-war demonstrator , son of Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara Merrill McPeak , Fighter pilot , Air Force Chief of Staff John Musgrave , Third Marine Division John Negroponte , foreign service officer in Vietnam , aide to Henry Kissinger during peace talks Nguyen Ngoc , Viet Minh , military journalist , and political officer in the North Vietnamese Army Dong Si Nguyen , North Vietnamese Army commander charged with maintaining the Ho Chi Minh trail Bao Ninh , North Vietnamese Army , author Tim O'Brien , infantryman , author Vincent Okamoto , 25th Infantry Division officer Eva Jefferson Paterson , anti-war activist Rufus Phillips , Army officer , CIA officer , USAID official and State Department consultant Juan Ramirez , Marine Robert Rheault , Special Forces James Scanlon , South Vietnamese Army advisor Neil Sheehan , reporter Wayne Smith , combat medic Frank Snepp , CIA analyst and interrogator Nguyen Thanh Son , 174th NVA Regiment Lewis Sorley , Tank battalion executive officer Nguyen Tai , North Vietnamese spy , counterespionage officer in Saigon Lo Chac Tam , North Vietnamese Army leader Pham Duy Tat , ARVN army general Tran Cong Thang , North Vietnamese Army combat engineer Lam Quang Thi , ARVN lieutenant general Tran Ngoc Toan , South Vietnamese marines Jack Todd , Army deserter Nguyen Van Tong , National Liberation Front 9th Division officer Phan Quang Tue , Worker in the Office of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in Saigon Nguyen Thanh Tung , Viet Minh and National Liberation Front Nick Ut , Associated Press photographer Juan Valdez , Marine Thomas J. Vallely , Marine corporal , founder of the Vietnam Program at the Harvard Kennedy School George Wickes , Office of Strategic Services James Willbanks , ARVN advisor , career officer Samuel V. Wilson , General , headed of the USAID pacification program Bill Zimmerman , Anti-war activist Home media ( edit ) The Vietnam War was released on Blu - Ray and DVD on September 19 , 2017 . Extras include a 45 - minute preview program , two segments on the lives of two of the series ' participants , and deleted scenes . The series is also available for digital download . Book ( edit ) Accompanying the series is a 640 - page companion book , The Vietnam War : An Intimate History by Geoffrey Ward and Ken Burns . Containing an introduction by Burns and Novick , it was published by Burns ' long - time publisher , Alfred A. Knopf , and released on September 5 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the series an approval rating of 97 % based on 30 reviews and a weighted average score of 9.5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus states , `` The Vietnam War revisits a dark chapter in American history with patience , grace , and a refreshing -- and sobering -- perspective informed by those who fought . '' Metacritic , another aggregator , gave the series a normalized score of 90 out of 100 based on 18 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Washington Post opinion writer George Will noted that the series is `` an example of how to calmly assess episodes fraught with passion and sorrow . '' He continues : `` The combat films are extraordinary ; the recollections and reflections of combatants and others on both sides are even more so , featuring photos of them then and interviews with many of them now . '' Will concludes his column by declaring the series a `` masterpiece '' . On the other hand , the San Jose Mercury News writer Tatiana Sanchez reported that some American and South Vietnamese veterans were `` angry , ( and ) disappointed '' with the documentary . They characterized it as a `` betrayal '' . She writes : `` veterans of the South Vietnamese military say they were largely left out of the narrative , their voices drowned out by the film 's focus on North Vietnam and its communist leader , Ho Chi Minh . And many American veterans say that the series had several glaring omissions and focused too much on leftist anti-war protesters and soldiers who came to oppose the war . '' The right - wing historian Mackubin Thomas Owens published a two part criticism of the series entitled `` Mission Failure : The Burns & Novick `` The Vietnam War '' Misses its Target '' and `` A Failure to Discern : Burns & Novick 's `` The Vietnam War '' is Bad History `` . In his reviews , Owens wrote that he was `` struck by the absence of certain voices '' , echoing the complaints of South Vietnamese army veterans as well as US veterans who felt their voices were not heard . He also noted the absence of any so - called `` revisionist '' historians such as Mark Moyar and Bob Sorley . He pointed out that the series downplayed Ho Chi Minh 's extensive ties with international communism and the use of atrocities as a tool of war policy committed by the Viet Cong . Mark Moyar also published a review , titled `` A Warped Mirror , '' in which he criticized the series for `` ( promoting ) an agenda , in ways glaringly obvious to veterans though not readily apparent to those too young to have lived through the war . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article . ( Discuss ) ( October 2017 ) Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross , current members of the band Nine Inch Nails , were tasked to score the series , and provide both original music and a compilation soundtrack of popular songs . Episode overview ( edit ) Episode 1 includes Bob Dylan 's `` A Hard Rain 's Gonna Fall '' , T - Bone Walker 's `` Mean Old World '' , and Rosemary Clooney 's `` Come On - A In My House '' . The Dylan song is reprised over the closing credits . Episode 2 includes Miles Davis ' `` So What '' , Bill Doggett 's `` Honky Tonk ( Part 1 ) '' , Woody Guthrie 's `` Dirty Overalls '' , The Ventures ' `` Walk , Do n't Run '' , and Ben E. King 's `` Stand By Me '' . Sam Cooke 's recording of `` Mean Old World '' ( the same song performed by T - Bone Walker in the first episode ) plays over the end credits . Episode 3 includes Bob Dylan 's `` With God On Our Side '' , Buffy Saint - Marie 's `` Universal Soldier '' , Johnnie Wright 's `` Hello Vietnam '' , Phil Ochs ' `` I Ai n't Marchin ' Anymore '' , The Animals ' `` It 's My Life '' , The Rolling Stones ' `` Play With Fire '' , Donovan 's `` The War Drags On '' , Johnny Cash 's `` Big River '' , Barry McGuire 's `` Eve of Destruction '' , Burl Ives ' `` Little Drummer Boy '' , and over the closing credits , `` Turn ! Turn ! Turn ! by The Byrds . Episode 4 includes The Staple Singers ' `` Masters of War '' , Wilson Pickett 's `` Mustang Sally '' , Doub Wamble 's `` A Hard Rain 's A-Gonna Fall '' , Howlin ' Wolf 's `` Smokestack Lightning '' , Pete Seeger 's `` The Willing Conscript '' , Simon & Garfunkel 's `` The Sound of Silence '' , Donovan 's `` Sunshine Superman '' , Bob Dylan 's `` One Too Many Mornings '' , Simon & Garfunkel 's `` I Am A Rock '' , The Temptations ' `` Ai n't Too Proud To Beg '' , Wayne Shorter `` Footprints '' , Bob Dylan 's `` Talking World War III Blues '' , The Ventures ' `` Wild Child '' , Bob Dylan 's `` One Too Many Mornings '' and Genesis 's `` Ravine '' . Simon & Garfunkel 's `` The Sound of Silence '' played over the closing credits . Episode 5 includes Jimi Hendrix 's `` Are You Experienced ? '' , The Spencer Davis Group 's `` I 'm a Man '' , Cream 's `` Strange Brew '' , Pete Seeger 's `` Waist Deep In The Big Muddy '' , and , over the closing credits , the Rolling Stones ' `` Paint It Black '' . Episode 6 includes Big Brother and the Holding Company 's `` Summertime '' , Jimi Hendrix 's `` Voodoo Chile '' , Vanilla Fudge 's `` You Keep Me Hangin ' On '' , The Beatles ' `` Tomorrow Never Knows '' , Jefferson Airplane 's `` White Rabbit '' , Eddie Harris 's `` Live Right Now '' and , over the closing credits , Procol Harum 's `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' . Episode 7 includes Simon & Garfunkel 's `` Blues Run the Game '' , The Beatles ' `` Revolution 1 '' , Khanh Ly 's `` Uot Mi '' , Simon & Garfunkel 's `` Anji '' , The Rolling Stones ' `` Street Fighting Man '' , `` Buffalo Springfield 's `` For What It 's Worth '' , Simon & Garfunkel 's `` Bookends Theme '' , Bob Dylan 's `` Do n't Think Twice , It 's All Right '' , Big Brother & the Holding Company 's `` Piece of My Heart '' , The Velvet Underground 's `` The Gift - Instrumental '' , Steppenwolf 's `` Magic Carpet Ride '' , The Sandals ' `` Lonely Road '' , and , over the closing credits , Otis Redding 's `` Tell the Truth '' . Episode 8 includes Led Zeppelin 's `` Dazed and Confused '' , The Beatles ' `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' , The Box Tops ' `` The Letter '' , Three Dog Night 's `` Circle for a Landing '' , Creedence Clearwater Revival 's `` Bad Moon Rising '' , Country Joe McDonald 's `` I Feel Like I 'm Fixing to Die Rag '' , Santana 's `` Soul Sacrifice '' , the Zombies ' `` Time of the Season '' , Otis Redding 's `` Respect '' , Santana 's `` Waiting '' , Nina Simone 's `` Come Ye '' , Bob Dylan 's `` Subterranean Homesick Blues '' , The Beatles ' `` Blackbird '' , Merle Haggard & the Strangers ' `` Okie from Muskogee '' , The Plastic Ono Band 's `` Give Peace a Chance '' , Cream 's `` Born Under a Bad Sign '' , Eddie Harris w / `` Live Right Now '' , B.B. King 's `` The Thrill is Gone '' , Bob Dylan 's `` Farewell , Angelina '' , Booker T. & the M.G. 's '' w / `` Time is Tight '' , The Temptations ' `` Psychedelic Shack '' , Joni Mitchell 's `` Woodstock '' , and , over the closing credits , `` Ohio '' by Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young . Episode 9 includes The Youngbloods ' `` Get Together '' , The Animals ' `` We Gotta Get Out of this Place '' , The Rolling Stones ' `` Gimme Shelter '' , Jefferson Airplane 's `` Embryonic Journey '' , The Bob Crewe Generation Orchestra 's `` Barbarella '' , Joan Baez 's `` Where Have All the Flowers Gone ? '' , Link Wray 's `` Tail Dragger '' , Ray Charles ' `` America the Beautiful '' , The Fairport Convention 's `` The Lord is in this Place '' , and , over the closing credits , Marvin Gaye 's `` What 's Goin ' On ? '' . Episode 10 includes `` Kashmir '' by Led Zeppelin , `` All Along the Watchtower '' by Jimi Hendrix , `` Bridge Over Troubled Water '' by Simon & Garfunkel , and , at the very end of the series , `` Let It Be '' by the Beatles . Original score album ( edit ) The score includes original compositions and reworked pieces from Nine Inch Nails songs and their award - winning scores for The Social Network and The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo . In addition , supplemental new music was arranged and performed by cellist Yo - Yo Ma and The Silk Road Ensemble , and also by David Cieri and Doug Wamble . The CD was released on September 15 , 2017 . The Vietnam War : The Score ( Disc One ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Less Likely '' 6 : 20 2 . `` Four Enclosed Walls '' 5 : 34 3 . `` The Forever Rain '' 5 : 01 4 . `` Remnants '' 4 : 57 5 . `` Other Ways To Get To The Same Place '' 8 : 06 6 . `` Torn Polaroid '' 5 : 15 7 . `` Before Dawn '' 2 : 44 8 . `` What Comes Back '' 7 : 36 9 . `` Justified Response '' 3 : 49 10 . `` Counting Ticks '' 5 : 28 Total length : 54 : 50 The Vietnam War : The Score ( Disc Two ) No . Title Length 1 . `` A World Away '' 6 : 12 2 . `` The Right Things '' 8 : 52 3 . `` Passing The Point '' 4 : 25 4 . `` Strangers In Lockstep '' 4 : 57 5 . `` Before And After Faith '' 6 : 24 6 . `` The Same Dream '' 4 : 17 7 . `` Haunted '' 5 : 20 Total length : 40 : 27 Soundtrack album ( edit ) The PBS website describes the series as featuring `` more than 120 iconic popular songs that define the era '' , including songs by then contemporary artists . Of these , 38 songs were selected for the series ' soundtrack album , which was released on September 15 , 2017 . The Vietnam War : The Soundtrack ( Disc One ) No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` A Hard Rain 's Gonna Fall '' Bob Dylan 6 : 52 2 . `` Hello Vietnam '' Johnnie Wright 3 : 05 3 . `` It 's My Life '' The Animals 3 : 09 4 . `` Eve Of Destruction '' Barry McGuire 3 : 35 5 . `` Turn ! Turn ! Turn ! ( To Everything There Is a Season ) '' The Byrds 3 : 49 6 . `` Masters of War '' The Staple Singers 4 : 38 7 . `` Mustang Sally '' Wilson Pickett 3 : 01 8 . `` Smokestack Lightning '' Howlin ' Wolf 3 : 08 9 . `` Backlash Blues '' Nina Simone 2 : 28 10 . `` The Sound of Silence '' Simon & Garfunkel 3 : 05 11 . `` One Too Many Mornings '' Bob Dylan 2 : 37 12 . `` Ai n't Too Proud To Beg '' The Temptations 2 : 36 13 . `` Are You Experienced ? '' Jimi Hendrix 4 : 15 14 . `` I 'm A Man '' Spencer Davis Group 2 : 56 15 . `` Green Onions '' Booker T & The MG 's 2 : 56 16 . `` Strange Brew '' Cream 2 : 46 17 . `` Waist Deep In The Big Muddy '' Pete Seeger 2 : 55 18 . `` A Whiter Shade Of Pale '' Procol Harum 4 : 08 19 . `` The Lord Is In This Place '' Fairport Convention 1 : 58 20 . `` For What It 's Worth '' Buffalo Springfield 2 : 33 Total length : 66 : 30 The Vietnam War : The Soundtrack ( Disc Two ) No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Do n't Think Twice It 's Alright '' Bob Dylan 3 : 37 2 . `` Piece Of My Heart '' Janis Joplin 4 : 13 3 . `` Magic Carpet Ride '' Steppenwolf 4 : 31 4 . `` Tell The Truth '' Otis Redding 3 : 11 5 . `` The Letter '' The Box Tops 1 : 52 6 . `` Bad Moon Rising '' Creedence Clearwater Revival 2 : 21 7 . `` Soul Sacrifice '' Santana 6 : 37 8 . `` Okie From Muskogee '' Merle Haggard 2 : 42 9 . `` The Thrill Is Gone '' B.B. King 4 : 02 10 . `` Psychedelic Shack '' The Temptations 3 : 50 11 . `` Ohio '' Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young 3 : 03 12 . `` Get Together '' The Youngbloods 4 : 39 13 . `` Gimme Shelter '' The Rolling Stones 4 : 30 14 . `` Tail Dragger '' Link Wray 4 : 49 15 . `` America The Beautiful '' Ray Charles 3 : 35 16 . `` What 's Going On '' Marvin Gaye 3 : 52 17 . `` Bridge Over Troubled Water '' Simon & Garfunkel 4 : 53 18 . `` Let It Be '' The Beatles 3 : 50 Total length : 70 : 07 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE VIETNAM WAR , A New Film By Ken Burns and Lynn Novick , to Air Fall 2017 on PBS PBS About '' . THE VIETNAM WAR , A New Film By Ken Burns and Lynn Novick , to Air Fall 2017 on PBS PBS About . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Burns on the legacy of the Vietnam War '' . CBS News . August 23 , 2015 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Burns returns to PBS with ' Vietnam War ' '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Schuessler , Jennifer ( 2017 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Ken Burns and Lynn Novick Tackle the Vietnam War '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Watch Full Episodes Online of The Vietnam War Broadcast Version on PBS , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 Jump up ^ ' The Vietnam War Episode 3 ' preview , PBS Tuesday , PBS , Ken Burns , September 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schuessler , Jennifer ( 2017 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Shot by Shot : Building a Scene in Ken Burns and Lynn Novick 's Vietnam Epic '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Two Soundtracks Announced For Ken Burns ' The Vietnam War ' Doc '' . uDiscoverMusic. 2017 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Vietnam War : An Intimate History '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Vietnam War : Miniseries '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Vietnam War : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Will , George ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Vietnam War ' is a masterpiece -- and a model for assessing our history '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sanchez , Tatiana ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` Veterans angry , disappointed following PBS ' Vietnam War documentary '' . The Mercury News . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Owens , Mackubin Thomas . `` Mission Failure : The Burns & Novick `` The Vietnam War '' Misses its Target `` . Providence . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Owens , Mackubin Thomas . `` A Failure to Discern : Burns & Novick 's `` The Vietnam War '' is Bad History `` . Providence . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Moyar , Mark . `` A Warped Mirror '' . City Journal . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross detail their score to Ken Burns ' new Vietnam War documentary '' . Consequence of Sound . 2017 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` About The Music The Vietnam War '' . About The Music The Vietnam War . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 17 . ( hide ) Films and TV series of Ken Burns Films and TV series Films directed Brooklyn Bridge ( 1981 ) The Shakers : Hands to Work , Hearts to God ( 1984 ) The Statue of Liberty ( 1985 ) Huey Long ( 1985 ) The Congress ( 1988 ) Thomas Hart Benton ( 1988 ) Empire of the Air : The Men Who Made Radio ( 1991 ) Lewis & Clark : The Journey of the Corps of Discovery ( 1997 ) Not for Ourselves Alone ( 1999 ) Mark Twain ( 2001 ) Horatio 's Drive ( 2003 ) Unforgivable Blackness : The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson ( 2004 ) The Central Park Five ( 2012 , co-directed with Sarah Burns & David McMahon ) The Address ( 2014 ) Defying the Nazis : The Sharps ' War ( 2016 , co-directed with Artemis Joukowsky ) TV series directed The Civil War ( 1990 ) Baseball ( 1994 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1997 ) Jazz ( 2001 ) The War ( 2007 ) The National Parks : America 's Best Idea ( 2009 ) The Tenth Inning ( 2010 ) Prohibition ( 2011 , co-directed with Lynn Novick ) The Dust Bowl ( 2012 ) The Roosevelts ( 2014 ) Jackie Robinson ( 2016 , co-directed with Sarah Burns & David McMahon ) The Vietnam War ( 2017 , co-directed with Lynn Novick ) TV series produced The West ( 1996 ) Cancer : The Emperor of All Maladies ( 2015 ) See also Ken Burns effect ( hide ) Vietnam War Participants North Vietnam ( Viet Minh / PAVN , Viet Cong ) South Vietnam ( ARVN ) United States Related conflicts Laotian Civil War Cambodian Civil War Cold War ( 1962 -- 79 ) Background French Indochina Japanese occupation State of Vietnam ( 1949 -- 1955 ) Viet Minh Battle of Dien Bien Phu Geneva Conference ( 1954 ) 1955 referendum North Vietnamese invasion of Laos 1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt Events 1962 : Strategic Hamlet Program 1963 : Buddhist crisis Coup against Diem 1964 : Gulf of Tonkin Incident / Resolution December coup 1965 : U.S. escalation / `` Americanization '' 1965 South Vietnamese coup Bombing of North Vietnam 1968 : Tet Offensive ( Khe Sanh , Hue ) 1970 : Cambodian Campaign 1971 : Vietnamization policy , ARVN campaign in Laos 1972 : Easter Offensive Christmas bombings 1973 : Paris Peace Accords 1974 : Invasion and capture of the Central Highlands 1975 : 1975 Spring Offensive Fall of Saigon Aftermath Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Vietnamese boat people Vietnam Veterans Memorial Normalization of US -- Vietnam relations Other topics Agent Orange Australia in the Vietnam War Ho Chi Minh trail Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War Pentagon Papers SEATO Sihanouk Trail South Korea in the Vietnam War United States news media and Vietnam Vietnam War in film Vietnam War in games War crimes ( Hue , My Lai , Đắk Sơn ) Weapons of the Vietnam War Battles and operations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Vietnam_War_(TV_series)&oldid=809467668 '' Categories : 2017 American television series debuts Documentary films about the Vietnam War Documentary television series about war Films directed by Ken Burns Film scores by Trent Reznor Film scores by Atticus Ross Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Articles to be split from October 2017 All articles to be split Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 08 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Vietnam%20War%20%28TV%20series%29

where did the gang from that 70s show live

That ' 70s Show is an American television period sitcom that originally aired on Fox from August 23 , 1998 to May 18 , 2006 . The series focused on the lives of a group of six teenage friends living in fictional Point Place , Wisconsin from May 17 , 1976 to December 31 , 1979 .

Point Place , Wisconsin

That ' 70s show

that'70s show

That ' 70s Show Genre Period sitcom Created by Bonnie Turner Terry Turner Mark Brazill Directed by David Trainer Terry Hughes ( pilot ) Starring Topher Grace Mila Kunis Ashton Kutcher Danny Masterson Laura Prepon Wilmer Valderrama Debra Jo Rupp Kurtwood Smith Tanya Roberts Don Stark Lisa Robin Kelly Tommy Chong Josh Meyers Theme music composer Alex Chilton Chris Bell Opening theme `` In the Street '' by Big Star as performed by ; Todd Griffin ( season 1 ) Cheap Trick ( seasons 2 -- 8 ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 8 No. of episodes 200 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Caryn Mandabach Marcy Carsey Tom Werner Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Carsey - Werner Productions Distributor Carsey - Werner Distribution 20th Century Fox ( DVD ) Release Original network Fox Picture format 480i Audio format Stereo Original release August 23 , 1998 ( 1998 - 08 - 23 ) -- May 18 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 18 ) Chronology Related shows That ' 80s Show Days Like These External links http://www.carseywerner.com/shows_about.php?showid=1 Website That ' 70s Show is an American television period sitcom that originally aired on Fox from August 23 , 1998 to May 18 , 2006 . The series focused on the lives of a group of six teenage friends living in fictional Point Place , Wisconsin from May 17 , 1976 to December 31 , 1979 . The main teenage cast members were Topher Grace , Mila Kunis , Ashton Kutcher , Danny Masterson , Laura Prepon and Wilmer Valderrama . The main adult cast members were Debra Jo Rupp , Kurtwood Smith , Don Stark , Tommy Chong and Tanya Roberts . Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Teens 1.2 Adults 2 Episodes 2.1 Timeline 2.2 Eighth season and series finale 3 Production 3.1 Title 3.2 Opening 3.2. 1 Theme song 3.2. 2 Opening credits 3.3 Elements of the show 3.3. 1 The 1970s 3.3. 2 Split screens 3.3. 3 Dream sequences 3.3. 4 The circle 3.3. 5 The stupid helmet 3.3. 6 The water tower 3.3. 7 Scene transitions 3.3. 8 The Vista Cruiser 3.3. 9 Running gags and catchphrases 4 British remake 5 Merchandise 5.1 Home media 5.2 Soundtracks 6 Reception 6.1 American ratings 6.2 Awards 7 References 8 External links Cast ( edit ) See also : List of That ' 70s Show cast members and List of That ' 70s Show characters Teens ( edit ) Topher Grace as Eric Forman ( seasons 1 -- 7 ; uncredited special guest season 8 ) : Eric is a nice guy , geeky , physically slight and somewhat clumsy . He is a smart - aleck with a fast wit and a deadpan sense of humor . For seven seasons Eric is in a relationship with his longtime love and neighbor Donna Pinciotti . His father , Red , is always hard on him . He convinces his parents to let his best friend Steven Hyde move in with them , making Hyde like a brother . He decides to become a teacher after high school and he leaves the series at the end of the seventh season to teach in Africa . Although mentioned in every episode , he does not appear during the final season until the end of the series finale . Mila Kunis as Jackie Burkhart : The youngest member of the group , Jackie starts the series as the pretty , spoiled rich , selfish , often times annoying immature girl . She likes to give thoughtless and superficial advice , which occasionally turns out to be correct . As the series progresses she becomes more genuine , after her father , a crooked politician , goes to jail and her fortunes take a reversal . Partly as a result of these changes , Donna and she become better friends . By the end of the series , Jackie had dated three of the four males of the group : Kelso , Hyde and Fez . Ashton Kutcher as Michael Kelso ( seasons 1 -- 7 ; special guest season 8 ) : The dumb pretty boy of the group wants to coast through life on his good looks . Often referred to as `` The King '' in many episodes , he spends the first half of the series in a relationship with the equally vapid Jackie , but their relationship comes to an end when Laurie ( Eric 's older sister ) reveals their affairs to Jackie . He fathers a baby girl named Betsy from a librarian named Brooke during the seventh season . He becomes a police officer but gets kicked off the force because he does just about everything wrong . He gets a job as a security guard at a Playboy Club in Chicago and leaves the series during the eighth and final season . Kelso , along with Eric , returns for the series finale . Danny Masterson as Steven Hyde : Eric 's best friend and the anti-establishment member of the group . By the end of season one , the Formans allow Hyde to move in after he was abandoned by his mother , making him a foster brother to Eric . Hyde has a witty , blunt and sarcastic sense of humor and a rebellious personality . He is also smart and the other group members often ask for his advice . Although Hyde dates Jackie for three seasons , in the final season he marries an exotic dancer named Samantha . Hyde later discovers Samantha was married to another man when she married him . As Donna points out in `` My Fairy King '' , that means Hyde and Samantha are not legally married . In the seventh season , Hyde meets his biological father ( William Barnett , played by Tim Reid ) , a wealthy black businessman ( making Hyde , who was presumed white , biracial ) . Barnett , who owns a chain of record stores , makes Hyde first an office worker , then a manager and later the owner of the Point Place record store . He also previously worked for Leo in a Photo Hut earlier in the series . Laura Prepon as Donna Pinciotti : Eric 's longtime girlfriend ( and briefly fiancée ) who is literally and figuratively `` the girl next door '' . Donna is tall , intelligent , good - looking and athletic . Although she does not agree with what Jackie represents in the beginning of the series , they become friends . Donna is in a relationship with Eric for seven seasons ( despite their break - up during season 4 ) . She has brief romances with Casey , Michael 's brother and Randy during the final season and quickly ends it . She rekindles her relationship with Eric at the end of the show 's finale . Wilmer Valderrama as Fez : The horny foreign exchange student of the group whose hormones are usually out of control . His country of origin is never named . He enjoys eating candy , drinking beer and looking at pornography . He constantly flirts with Jackie and Donna and often makes romantic advances toward them . Initially , he has trouble getting attention from girls , but during the eighth season he becomes a ladies ' man . He is in love with Jackie throughout the series but his love is not reciprocated until the eighth season when they become a couple . Josh Meyers as Randy Pearson ( season 8 ) : Hyde 's employee at the record store . He is introduced in the final season . Randy appears laid back , gentle , polite and a ladies ' man , although many of his flaws surface later , encompassing parts of the departed Kelso and Eric 's personalities and other attributes . Tall ( like Kelso ) , he tends to spout witty one - liners ( like Eric ) , and makes silly voices . He forms a friendship with Red after showing Red how good he is at fixing things . While Hyde , Jackie , Donna and Kelso embrace him as a new member of their group , Fez initially does not , but soon warms up to him . Randy dates Donna for the majority of season eight , but she later breaks up with him . The two end on good terms and remain friends . He makes a brief appearance in the series finale . Adults ( edit ) Debra Jo Rupp as Kitty Forman : Red 's wife and mother of Eric and Laurie , and Hyde 's informally adoptive mother , Kitty is a cheerful , doting mother , but can also be assertive when pushed . A nurse by profession , she drinks heavily and is a former smoker . Her major mood swings are usually attributed to menopause , although the lack of affection and attention from her daughter ( Laurie ) and her mother ( Bea ) is also partly to blame . She is also a nurturing mother figure to Eric 's rather dysfunctional friends , especially Fez . Kurtwood Smith as Red Forman : Kitty 's husband , father of Eric and Laurie , and Hyde 's adoptive father . A conservative Navy combat veteran , he served in World War II and the Korean War . Despite his mean exterior , Red also displays a soft side . His hobbies include working with his power tools , drinking beer , watching television , reading the newspaper , hunting and fishing . Lisa Robin Kelly ( seasons 2 -- 3 ; recurring season 1 ; special appearance season 5 ) and Christina Moore ( recurring season 6 ) as Laurie Forman : Eric 's attractive but promiscuous , manipulative and dishonest older sister . She flunked out of college during the first season and moves back home with her parents . Laurie enjoys tormenting Eric and manipulating her parents . She is promiscuous , often seen with various men , mainly Eric 's friend Kelso , who cheats on his girlfriend Jackie . Eric , Hyde and Donna often mock her promiscuity . She also has a strained relationship with her mother who thinks of her as a freeloader . She leaves the series during the third season , but returns in a recurring role during the fifth . In season five , she marries Fez to prevent him from getting deported . She leaves the series again during season 6 and is never seen again . During the seventh season , she is mentioned as having moved to Canada , where , as Eric puts it drolly , `` bottomless dancing is legal '' . Tanya Roberts as Midge Pinciotti ( seasons 1 -- 3 ; special guest appearance seasons 6 -- 7 ) : Bob 's wife , Donna 's mother , and Kitty 's best friend , Midge is the sexy neighborhood mom about whom Eric and his male friends fantasized when coming of age . Although often dim - witted , she later adopts some feminist ideals . She is written out of the series in 2001 after the third season after leaving Bob and moving to California . She returns during the sixth and seventh seasons in a limited recurring role . She is temporarily replaced in Bob 's heart by the aggressive , assertive Joanne ( played by Mo Gaffney ) , tall like Midge but not as pretty . She and Bob meet in a supermarket . Red and Joanne almost immediately take a mutual dislike to each other . Don Stark as Bob Pinciotti : Midge 's husband and Donna 's father . Bob often brags about his service in the National Guard , which invariably irritates Red , a veteran of foreign wars . Bob is known for walking around his house with his robe wide open and no underwear . He eats constantly , even in bed . Bob is almost always in a good mood and is a ladies ' man . His best friend is Red , who usually considers him to be a nuisance . He usually takes the brunt of Red 's abuse in a jolly manner . Tommy Chong as Leo ( seasons 4 & 8 ; special guest seasons 2 -- 3 & 7 ) : A hippie , and the owner of a Foto Hut at which Hyde once worked , Leo is an Army veteran who served in World War II , where he was awarded a Purple Heart . Leo often puts play before work and maintains an easy - going attitude in most things , business included . He disappears from the series after season four , but is later referenced in season five 's `` The Battle of Evermore '' when the gang goes on a mission to find him , but with no luck . He returns in season seven and remains on the series until the show 's end . In Season 8 , he gets a new job working for Hyde at Grooves . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of That ' 70s Show episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 25 August 23 , 1998 ( 1998 - 08 - 23 ) July 26 , 1999 ( 1999 - 07 - 26 ) 26 September 28 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 28 ) May 22 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 22 ) 25 October 3 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 03 ) May 22 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 22 ) 27 September 25 , 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 25 ) May 21 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 21 ) 5 25 September 17 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 17 ) May 14 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 14 ) 6 25 October 29 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 29 ) May 19 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 19 ) 7 25 September 8 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 08 ) May 18 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 18 ) 8 22 November 2 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 02 ) May 18 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 18 ) Timeline ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The creators had wanted the show to have a 1970s `` feel '' from the beginning , so opted to set the series later in the decade , when trends and political ideologies had become firmly established and disseminated . The idea that the duration of the series would carry sociopolitical undertones also necessitated a chain of social events which could influence the characters . Thus , 1976 was chosen , which allowed episodes set within a short time frame to address streaking , the sexual revolution , the Equal Rights Amendment , the 1973 oil crisis , and the presidencies of Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford , all of which were culturally influential events that occurred in the earlier years of the 1970s . The shift to 1977 during the last half of the first season also allowed the inclusion of the first Star Wars movie , which premiered in May 1977 . Throughout the first two seasons , episodes opened with title cards showing the season / month and year ( example : Late Spring , 1977 or June 1977 ) . These , however , were largely abandoned after season 2 , with few subsequent episodes using them . However , they were used again in the final episode , showing `` December 31 , 1979 10 : 45 a.m. '' From the premiere onward , the episode 's year could be determined by the registration tags on Eric 's Vista Cruiser at the end of the opening and closing credits . The final episode 's closing credits showed an `` 80 '' year tag . The show was set in May 1976 in the August 23 , 1998 premiere . After 12 episodes , the series transitioned to 1977 . The 23rd episode , `` Grandma 's Dead '' , was also set in 1976 , because it was supposed to be the season finale of season 1 . The show remained in 1977 for the next two seasons . Near the end of the third season , the series transitioned to 1978 until early in the sixth season . The remaining episodes took place in 1979 , and the series finale abruptly ends during a New Year 's Eve party as the characters reach `` one '' during a countdown to January 1 , 1980 . The show 's unexpected longevity ( it was the only series to debut on Fox in 1998 to survive cancellation ) combined with the first season jump to 1977 necessitated a slow - down of the series ' timeline . Over time , this proved problematic from a narrative standpoint , as nearly every year featured a Thanksgiving and / or Christmas episode , and the teen - aged actors playing high - school student characters all aged into their mid-20s by the time their characters graduated from high school after five seasons ( except Mila Kunis , who was not quite 20 ) . As the series timeline sped up and slowed down with more rapidity near the series ' climax , the timeline necessitated that several major events depicted as having occurred months apart would have in fact happened within weeks or even days of one another . The timeline issues experienced on the show were not unprecedented , as other period - specific TV series have had similar issues . Most notably , M * A * S * H aired for 11 seasons despite the Korean War only lasting three years . Additionally , many TV series over the years that take place in the present time have characters age faster than normal while other characters age naturally . Eighth season and series finale ( edit ) The character of Eric Forman was written out of the series at the end of the seventh season , as Topher Grace wanted to move on with his career . Ashton Kutcher switched to a recurring guest role when he also chose to depart following the seventh season . However , Kelso had not been written out yet , so to give better closure to the character , Kutcher appeared in the first four episodes of the eighth season ( credited as a special guest star ) and later returned for the finale . Tommy Chong ( who began reappearing by late season 7 after a long absence ) became a regular again to help fill Kelso 's role as the dimwit of the group . Eric was originally supposed to be replaced by his new friend Charlie , played by Bret Harrison , as an `` innocent character '' , who proved fairly popular with audiences , but the character was killed off after Harrison was offered a lead role in the series The Loop . Another new character named Randy Pearson , played by Josh Meyers , was introduced to take the place of both Eric and , to a lesser extent , Charlie . Another new character , Samantha , a stripper played by Jud Tylor , was added as Hyde 's wife for nine episodes . The location of the show 's introductory theme song was changed from the Vista Cruiser to the circle . Both Eric and Kelso returned for the series ' final episode , although Topher Grace was uncredited . The eighth season was announced as the final season of the show on January 17 , 2006 , and `` That ' 70s Finale '' was filmed a month later on February 17 , 2006 , first airing on May 18 , 2006 . Production ( edit ) Title ( edit ) The working titles for the show were Teenage Wasteland ( named after the lyric from `` Baba O'Riley '' by The Who ) , The Kids Are Alright ( named after another song by The Who ) , Feelin ' All Right , and Reeling in the Years ( named after the song by Steely Dan ) . However , due to the denials of these three songs from the 1970s ( including The Who 's Pete Townshend 's denial of using his two songs for each of the two titles ) , and Fox Network 's decision that Feelin ' All Right was not too memorable , co-creator Bonnie Turner suggested that the show should be titled That ' 70s Show , which ultimately became the official title for the show . Opening ( edit ) Theme song ( edit ) The show usually opens with the theme song , `` In the Street '' , written by Alex Chilton and Chris Bell of the band Big Star . The original version of the song appeared on Big Star 's 1972 debut album # 1 Record . In 2000 , Chilton confirmed that he was paid $70 in royalties each time the show aired , an amount he thought ironic , given the show 's title . Big Star 's original version of the song was not used on the show . Instead , a cover version sung by Todd Griffin was used as the theme song for the show 's first season . Beginning in the second season , the theme song was performed by the band Cheap Trick . Unlike previous versions of the song , Cheap Trick ended the song with the repeated phrase `` We 're all alright ! '' quoting the ending of their 1978 hit song `` Surrender '' . Both versions of the song ( Todd Griffin and Cheap Trick ) used on the show end with somebody yelling `` Hello , Wisconsin ! '' In Griffin 's version , Danny Masterson is the one yelling `` Hello , Wisconsin ! '' while it is unknown who yells it in Cheap Trick 's version during the opening . On the soundtrack , That ' 70s Album ( Rockin ' ) , Cheap Trick 's lead singer Robin Zander yells `` Hello , Wisconsin ! '' Alternate holiday versions of the theme song were arranged for Halloween and Christmas specials , using organ music and bells , respectively . Opening credits ( edit ) Opening credits for seasons 1 -- 7 showed members of the cast driving in Eric 's car singing the theme song together . At the conclusion of the opening , a shot of a 1970s - style Wisconsin license plate ( black letters / numbers on a yellow background ) is seen , showing the year in which the episode was taking place in the bottom right corner . During the first season 's opening , a single shot of the group is used ; beginning with season 2 , numerous alternating shots were used of the cast in various groupings ( including the adult cast members , who had not appeared in the first season 's opening ) . After Topher Grace and Ashton Kutcher left the series , the opening credits were reworked for season 8 to feature close - up shots of each of the actors singing ( or mouthing ) a line of the theme song in the Circle ( for example , Mila Kunis `` Hanging Out ... ; '' Danny Masterson `` Down the Street '' ) . The only actors to not say or do anything in the new opening credits were Kurtwood Smith and Tommy Chong , with the exception of the first episode of season 8 , when Chong sings the last `` We 're all alright '' . Smith looks at the camera frowning and rolls his eyes . Chong looks around the room , confused as he hears `` Hello , Wisconsin ! '' The final episode omits most of the opening sequence and instead only shows the license plate shot . Elements of the show ( edit ) The 1970s ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The show addressed social issues of the 1970s such as sexism , sexual attitudes , generational conflict , the economic hardships of the 1970s recession , mistrust of the American government by blue - collar workers , and underage drinking , including teenage drug use . The series also highlighted developments in the entertainment industry , including the television remote ( `` the clicker '' ) , reruns , VCR , and cable TV ; the video games Pong and Space Invaders ; the cassette tape and Disco ; MAD magazine ; and Eric 's obsession with Star Wars . The show has been compared to Happy Days , which was similarly set 20 years before the time in which it aired . Beginning with the second season , the show focused less on the sociopolitical aspects of the story . For example , the dynamic of the relationship between Eric and Donna was altered in later seasons to more closely resemble the relationships of other `` power couples '' on teen dramas . Likewise , the first season of the show featured a recurring , more dramatic storyline in which the Formans were in danger of losing their home due to Red 's hours being cut back at the auto parts plant where he worked . Storylines in later seasons were generally presented more comically and less dramatically . The show also featured guest - starring actors from 1970s TV shows , such as Mary Tyler Moore , Valerie Harper and Betty White ( The Mary Tyler Moore Show ) , Tom Poston and Jack Riley ( The Bob Newhart Show ) , Pamela Sue Martin ( The Hardy Boys / Nancy Drew Mysteries ) , Tim Reid and Howard Hesseman ( WKRP in Cincinnati ) , Eve Plumb , Barry Williams and Christopher Knight ( The Brady Bunch ) , Tom Bosley and Marion Ross ( Happy Days ) , Monty Hall ( Let 's Make A Deal ) , Gavin MacLeod ( The Love Boat and The Mary Tyler Moore Show ) , Don Knotts , Richard Kline and Jenilee Harrison ( Three 's Company ) , and Danny Bonaduce and Shirley Jones ( The Partridge Family ) . Series recurring cast member Tanya Roberts also starred in a popular show in the 1970s ( Charlie 's Angels ) . Beginning with season 5 , each episode in the series is named after a song by a rock band that was famous in the 1970s : Led Zeppelin ( season 5 ) , The Who ( Season 6 ) , The Rolling Stones ( season 7 ) , and Queen ( season 8 , except for the finale , titled `` That ' 70s Finale '' ) . Split screens ( edit ) One device in the show is to present a split screen in which two pairs of characters speak . One character is usually seeking advice on a problem with a character in the second pairing and the other character advises them . Although the conversations appear to mirror each other , notable differences often occur . It is most often used by the couples of the show , with each member of the couple being advised on the relationship . For example , in the episode `` Who Wants It More ? '' , Donna and Eric tell Jackie and Hyde that they have been holding out on each other sexually for three days and that maybe they should cave . Both Jackie and Hyde tell Donna and Eric not to cave or the `` caver '' will be owned by the other . Dream sequences ( edit ) The show includes character daydream sequences , some of which refer to or parody fads and films of the time , such as Star Wars , Rocky , and Grease . The character picturing the dream sometimes also narrates it , but regardless , the other characters present see the same dream . In the episode `` Stone Cold Crazy '' , Jackie mentioned she liked the song playing in Fez 's dream sequence . The sequences are usually introduced by a wobbling screen transition . Sometimes , the transition is absent when the characters who imagine the scene believe they are real ( for example , Eric 's dream about Donna in `` Eric 's Birthday '' or Jackie 's dream about Hyde proposing in `` It 's All Over Now '' ) . In the 100th episode , `` That ' 70s Musical '' , all singing scenes were Fez 's dream sequences . The circle ( edit ) The circle illustrated the teens ' marijuana use , usually in Eric 's basement . The picture is of the final scene of the series . In the circle , a group of characters , usually the teenagers , sit in a circle ( generally in Eric 's basement , though occasionally elsewhere ) , as the camera pans , stopping at each character as he or she speaks . It was usually apparent that the characters are under the influence of marijuana . Thick clouds of smoke , frequent coughing and an extreme wide - angle lens added to the `` drug - induced '' feel , although the audience never saw anyone actually smoking the drug . Also , no visible drug - related paraphernalia were seen , such as bongs or joint papers . Characters never spoke the word `` marijuana '' while in the circle ( except in one episode `` Reefer Madness '' ) , often referring to it as `` stuff '' or a `` stash '' . In the episode `` Bye - Bye Basement '' , Theo ( Leo 's cousin ) refers to `` weed '' ; in `` The Relapse '' , Kelso tells Fez that the concrete wall behind the gym is used mostly for `` smoking weed and beating up freshmen ; '' in `` Ski Trip '' Kitty asks Eric why he is taking so much oregano to Jackie 's ski lodge ; in `` Eric 's Burger Job '' , Kelso blames his `` roach clip '' when the water bed pops on which he is sitting at a party ; in two episodes ( `` That Wrestling Show '' and `` Hyde Moves In '' ) Eric and Hyde can be seen wearing shirts with the words `` Cannabis Sativa '' written on a Campbell 's soup can ; and in `` The Pill '' Red , referring to Kelso , exclaims , `` That kid 's on dope ! '' A gimmick related to the circle and the marijuana smoking was Eric watching the kitchen wall moving erratically , although this technique was also used to show that Eric was drunk . As the series progressed , the circle became one of the series ' recurring features . The only four episodes where the whole gang is in the circle are `` Class Picture '' , `` I 'm A Boy '' , `` Substitute '' , and in the series finale . During the eighth and final season , the circle sans smoke replaced the Vista Cruiser as the setting of the opening credits . The stupid helmet ( edit ) The stupid helmet refers to a replica of a Green Bay Packers helmet that a character is forced to wear after having done or said something deemed stupid by the rest of the gang . Eric had to wear it when he said he wanted to propose to Donna and Fez wore it when he started banging his head on the table after trying to help Kelso keep Jackie . The helmet can be seen in the Forman basement on a shelf behind the cast . When the series concluded in 2006 , the last one up the staircase had to call Red a `` dumbass '' , something he always called the kids . Since Kelso was the last one up , he grabbed the helmet . The water tower ( edit ) In many episodes , the teenaged characters often hang out on a local water tower . At the end of several water tower segments , at least one character falls off ( usually Kelso ) . When Charlie Richardson ( played by Bret Harrison ) fell off and died in season 8 , the water tower was renamed in his honor . After Charlie 's death , Kelso fell off again , but survived , leading him to believe he was `` invincible '' . In the `` Water Tower episode '' , the gang painted a marijuana leaf on the tower , but it looked more like a green hand giving the finger . In the episode `` The Immigrant Song ( a.k.a. Fez Gets Busted ) '' Kelso paints Jackie and his names on the tower to annoy Hyde just before falling and ending up in the hospital . During this episode , Fez paints his manhood on the tower but only gets as far as drawing a circle when the police arrive to arrest him . Kelso was known to fall off the water tower once in every grade since middle school . Jackie and Fez share their first official kiss on the tower in the show 's finale . Scene transitions ( edit ) In the first season , scene transitions ( also known as bumpers ) consisted of animated smiley buttons or still images of faces from the 1970s with only the mouth moving using Syncro - Vox , usually yelling , in a rock form , `` Yeahhh ! '' or something similar ( ex . Farrah Fawcett saying `` Yeah ! '' or Richard Nixon saying `` Are you ready to rock and roll ? '' ) The smiley buttons were removed for re-runs and home video , replaced with flowers likewise exploding , replicating , deflating or bouncing around . Sometimes they would be visuals of lava lamps with the show 's logo plummeting to the bottom of the screen in front of it . Beginning in season 2 , transitions featured the characters doing something in front of a colorful , psychedelic , lava lamp - like background . These transitions featured the most prominent characters of the scene usually dancing , falling or making facial expressions . The music accompanying these colorful sequences would match the tone of the episode and characters . By the show 's final season , new transitions were created to accommodate cast changes ( e.g. Donna 's hair color , Leo continuing as a series regular and the insertion of Randy ) . `` Nobody 's Fault But Mine ( 2 ) '' is the only episode where Laurie Forman is featured in a transition . Tanya Roberts is the only regular actor not to be featured in a transition . The Vista Cruiser ( edit ) Many of the show 's episodes featured Eric and the rest of the kids in or around Eric 's `` Aztec Gold '' 1969 Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser , handed down to Eric by Red . For the first seven seasons of the show , the show 's introduction showed the cast inside the Vista Cruiser . The show 's pronunciation of `` Vista Cruiser '' , with emphasis on `` Cruiser '' conflicted with the pronunciation of author George Plimpton in the Oldsmobile television advertisement for the 1969 Vista Cruiser , where he pronounced the two words with the emphasis on `` Vista '' . That particular station wagon was bought by Wilmer Valderrama at the show 's conclusion from Carsey - Werner for US $ 500 . In August 2009 , the show 's Vista Cruiser was named third - greatest television car ever by MSN Autos . Running gags and catchphrases ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In one of the show 's major running gags , Red often threatens to punish Eric with many variations of catchphrase , `` kicking your ass '' . For example , in `` Kitty and Eric 's Night Out '' , Red mistakenly thinks Eric offended Kitty , so Red says , `` I swear I 'll kick his ass ! '' In `` Eric 's Hot Cousin '' , Eric tries to get out of something by claiming he 's sleepwalking and Red says , `` And I 'm about to be sleep - kicking your ass '' , and , in `` Prank Day '' , when Red gets covered in oatmeal , Eric tries to explain that it was just a prank that had gone `` horribly , horribly wrong '' Red says , `` Well , I have a prank , too . One where my foot does n't plow through your ass . Let 's hope it does n't go horribly , horribly wrong ! '' Several of the running gags were shown in edited clips for the series finale . Some other notable running gags and catchphrases are : Red 's favorite insult is `` dumbass '' , the origin of which is revealed in `` Halloween '' . Ironically , Eric is the first character to say `` dumbass '' in `` Eric 's Burger Job '' ( season 1 episode 5 ) . The insult is adopted by the whole gang and even occasionally by Kitty . Red regularly comes up with new choice insults such as `` kettlehead '' ( which refers to Kelso ) . Fez 's country of origin is never revealed . Sometimes , Fez is about to disclose where he is from , or at least hint at it , but something happens to prevent him from doing so , like someone entering the room as seen in `` Stolen Car '' , or Fez rambling in `` Love of My Life '' . Fez 's real name was also never revealed . Even Fez stood for FES , Foreign Exchange Student . Red often calls Fez by some exotic foreign name when he is speaking directly to him . Someone , usually Kelso , falls off the Water Tower . The word `` burn '' , a term used by a character after something bad or offensive happens at another character 's expense , although it is more often used by Kelso . According to Kelso in `` Dine and Dash '' , a good burn consists of two elements : `` You did n't see it coming ; parts of it really hurt . '' Hyde would usually give Kelso a punch in the arm for either his stupidity or bad behavior . Kelso yells `` Ow , my eye ! '' when Hyde rough - houses with him . For example , in the episode `` Class Picture '' , a series of flashbacks feature Hyde beating up Kelso . While the two are out of the immediate sight of the audience , Kelso yells , `` Ow , my eye ! '' and the scene cuts to the next flashback . This gag is repeated several times throughout the series , although the only time Kelso appears with an injured eye is in `` Jackie 's Cheese Squeeze '' after he was punched by Todd , Jackie 's manager . On that occasion , Kelso did not yell , `` Ow , my eye ! '' Fez uses the phrase `` Good day '' , followed by another cast member saying , `` But Fez ... '' and Fez immediately interrupts with an exclamatory , `` I said good day ! '' In some instances , the words vary , but the interaction is the same . Eric has a never - ending streak of quoting Star Wars . In several episodes , he relates things to Star Wars , or quotes the film . In times of trouble , he brings a toy light saber and his going - away present from Donna was her dressing up as Princess Leia . Everyone who calls Eric 's action figures `` dolls '' is always loudly corrected by Eric : `` They 're action figures ! '' Kitty often uses alcohol or her use is mentioned , particularly after she starts menopause during the fifth season . Fez 's sex life or usually lack thereof . Often Fez accidentally reveals some perverse behavior he performed , like hiding in Donna 's room . The best thing to do or the best solution can be found by `` The Circle '' . Eric 's attempted `` secret '' money stash locations are known by everyone . Guest stars from 1970s sitcoms would often have an inside joke referring to their earlier series . Kitty will often laugh in situations she finds awkward . British remake ( edit ) In 1999 , the show was remade by the ITV network in the United Kingdom as Days Like These using almost verbatim scripts with minor changes to cultural references . Merchandise ( edit ) Home Media ( edit ) Main article : List of That ' 70s Show home video releases That ' 70s Show was released on DVD in Regions 1 , 2 and 4 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment at an increment of two seasons per year between 2004 and 2008 and a complete series release on October 14 , 2008 . Mill Creek Entertainment released all eight seasons between 2011 and ' 13 and released a complete series set on May 14 , 2013 . On March 6 , 2012 , Mill Creek released the first season on Blu - ray and season two on October 16 , 2012 . On November 3 , 2015 , Mill Creek Entertainment released That ' 70s Show The Complete Series on Blu - ray 1080p , featuring all 200 episodes from the series , presented digitally remastered in High Definition from the original film negatives for optimum sound and video quality and for superior home entertainment Blu - ray presentation with remastered 5.1 DTS - HD Master Audio surround sound and 1.78 : 1 widescreen aspect ratio . Soundtracks ( edit ) Several prominent songs from the decade can be heard on the series , and two soundtracks were released in 1999 . The first is a collection of funk , soul , and disco , called That ' 70s Album ( Jammin ' ) . The second is a collection of album - oriented rock songs , called That ' 70s Album ( Rockin ' ) . AllMusic gave both albums 3 out of 5 stars in their reviews . Reception ( edit ) American ratings ( edit ) Over the course of its run , the series was a consistent performer for Fox , becoming one of their flagship shows . Its eight seasons , consisting of 200 episodes , made it Fox 's second - longest - running live - action sitcom ever behind Married ... with Children , though That ' 70s Show did not have the same ratings success . Season Episodes Timeslot Premiere Season finale Rank Viewers ( in millions ) 1998 -- 99 25 Sunday 8 : 30 August 23 , 1998 July 26 , 1999 49 11.7 1999 -- 2000 26 Tuesday 8 : 30 September 28 , 1999 May 22 , 2000 86 9.0 2000 -- 01 25 Tuesday 8 : 00 October 3 , 2000 May 22 , 2001 65 10.8 2001 -- 02 27 September 25 , 2001 May 21 , 2002 67 9.1 5 2002 -- 03 25 Tuesday 8 : 00 ( 2002 ) Wednesday 8 : 00 ( 2003 ) September 17 , 2002 May 14 , 2003 52 10.4 6 2003 -- 04 25 Wednesday 8 : 00 October 29 , 2003 May 19 , 2004 49 10.0 7 2004 -- 05 25 September 8 , 2004 May 18 , 2005 85 7.0 8 2005 -- 06 22 Wednesday 8 : 00 ( 2005 ) Thursday 8 : 00 ( 2006 ) November 2 , 2005 May 18 , 2006 103 5.8 Awards ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by That ' 70s Show Over the course of its run , the series was nominated for a substantial number of awards , including 16 Primetime Emmy Awards . The only win for the series at this event came in 1999 , when Melina Root was awarded the Emmy for Outstanding Costume Design for a Series for `` That Disco Episode '' . Additionally , the show was nominated for a large number of Teen Choice Awards , with both Ashton Kutcher and Wilmer Valderrama winning on three occasions . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` That ' 70s Finale '' . That ' 70s Show . Season 8 . Episode 22 . May 18 , 2006 . 21 : 20 minutes in . FOX . ^ Jump up to : Barash , Susan Shapiro ( 2007 - 03 - 06 ) . Tripping the Prom Queen : The Truth About Women and Rivalry . Macmillan . ISBN 9780312334321 . Jump up ^ Smith , Laura ( 2014 - 03 - 28 ) . `` Tomboy Chic : That 70s Show 's Donna Pinciotti '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Callaway , Kutter ; Batali , Dean ( 2016 - 11 - 15 ) . Watching TV Religiously ( Engaging Culture ) : Television and Theology in Dialogue . Baker Academic . ISBN 9781493405855 . ^ Jump up to : Bernhard , Lisa ( May 18 , 2008 ) . `` Ashton , Topher Departing ' That ' 70s Show ' '' . Fox News . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ DVD commentary of episode 25 of season 7 by director Trainer . Jump up ^ Tribune Media Service ( November 30 , 2005 ) . `` Celebrity Spotlight '' . Observer - Reporter . Washington , PA : Observer Publishing Company . p . C6 . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' That ' 70s Show '' says goodbye to an era with the 200th episode and series finale this may on FOX `` . TheFutonCritic . Retrieved January 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` That ' 70s Show Episode Guide '' . That'70sCentral . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2006 . Retrieved February 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/picking-tv-titles-friends-lost-examples-297288 Jump up ^ John D. Luerssen ( February 28 , 2000 ) . `` Alex Chilton Set to Go '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Readers Poll : The Best Television Theme Songs -- 7 . That ' 70s Show -- ' In the Street ' '' . Rolling Stone . September 21 , 2011 . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ EW Staff ( June 13 , 2006 ) . `` HeadScratcher No. 44 : It 's time to play the music '' . Entertainment Weekly . Entertainment Weekly Inc . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . And yes , it 's true that the theme song of That ' 70s Show , ' In the Street ' , was sung by Cheap Trick ( after Todd Griffin sang the original version ) , but the cast members sing along with them . You can even hear Hyde ( Danny Masterson ) yell out ' Hello , Wisconsin ! ' at the end of the Griffin version of the song . Jump up ^ `` In the Street '' by Cheap Trick . That ' 70s Album ( Rockin ' ) . 1999 . Track 1 . Compact disc . Various Artists . Volcano Entertainment . Jump up ^ `` 13 Times That ' 70s Show Tackled History '' . IFC . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Even Those 70 's Kids Should Have Seen It Coming '' . Like ' Happy Days ' , ' That 70 's Show ' blends smart comedy with light social commentary . Jump up ^ Egan , James ( 2016 ) . 3000 Facts about TV Shows . Lulu . p. 328 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken . `` That ' 70s Show '' . EW.com . Jump up ^ `` 1969 Vista Cruiser commercial on YouTube '' . Youtube.com . December 7 , 2007 . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ That 70s Show wrap party Access Hollywood official on YouTube Jump up ^ Tate , James . `` MSN Autos list of ' Ten Greatest Cars On Television -- Ever ! ' '' . Editorial.autos.msn.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Carter , Brooke ( 2017 - 02 - 13 ) . `` What Happened to Wilmer Valderrama - 2017 Update - The Gazette Review '' . The Gazette Review . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . That70sShow.com . Carsey - Werner LLC. 2004 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Barlow , Helen ( 2007 - 01 - 03 ) . `` Charmer out of the ' 70s '' . Herald Sun . Melbourne . Retrieved 17 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Running Gags From Your Favorite 90s TV Shows '' . EMGN . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 15 Weirdest Running Jokes You Did n't Notice In Favorite TV Shows '' . Screen Rant. 2016 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Erickson , Emily ; Sloan , William David ( 2004 - 02 - 01 ) . Contemporary Media Issues . Vision Press . ISBN 9781885219237 . Jump up ^ `` 10 of TV 's Most Memorable Weed - Based Episodes '' . Splitsider. 2011 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` That ' 70s Show Episode Synopses '' . www.carseywerner.net . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` That ' 70s Show S2E12 - English Transcript '' . Readable . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` From Tube to Telly , the Exchange Is Pop Culture '' . LA Times . April 5 , 1999 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mill Creek Entertainment : News - THAT ' 70s SHOW COMPLETE SERIES ON BLU - RAY NOVEMBER 3 ! '' . Mill Creek Entertainment . August 17 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boldman , Gina . `` That ' 70s Show Presents That ' 70s Album : Jammin ' '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 13 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Boldman , Gina . `` That ' 70s Show Presents That ' 70s Album : Rockin ' '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 13 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 -- 99 TV Ratings . Retrieved July 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/NIELSEN-RATINGS-FOR-1999-2000-2776698.php Jump up ^ http://fbibler.chez.com/tvstats/recent_data/2000-01.html Jump up ^ `` How did your favorite show rate ? '' . USA Today . May 28 , 2002 . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.sitcomsonline.com/boards/showthread.php?t=69861 Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155240/http://www.abcmedianet.com/Web/progcal/dispDNR.aspx?id=060204_11 Jump up ^ http://forums.bigsoccer.com/threads/final-2004-05-tv-ratings-now-out.201802/ Jump up ^ http://www.tv.com/shows/alias/forums/nielsen-ratings-for-2005-06-season-90-2534-252664/ External links ( edit ) That ' 70s Show @ Carsey - Werner Carsey - Werner - The ' 70s Show Television in the United States portal Comedy portal 1990s portal 2000s portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : That ' 70s Show Media related to That ' 70s Show at Wikimedia Commons Official website That ' 70s Show on IMDb That ' 70s Show at TV.com That ' 70s Show Characters Teenagers Eric Forman Donna Pinciotti Steven Hyde Michael Kelso Jackie Burkhart Fez Adults Kitty Forman Red Forman Seasons 5 6 7 8 Related articles Awards and nominations Home video Point Place That ' 80s Show Days Like These Green Bay Packers Founded in 1919 Based and headquartered in Green Bay , Wisconsin Franchise Founders : Curly Lambeau & George Whitney Calhoun Franchise overview Green Bay Packers , Inc . Charitable Foundation Team history Records Coaches Draft history First - round draft picks Players A -- D E -- K L -- R S -- Z Pro Bowlers Pro Football Hall of Famers Records Retired numbers Seasons Stadiums Starting quarterbacks Stadiums Hagemeister Park Bellevue Park City Stadium Borchert Field Wisconsin State Fair Park Marquette Stadium Milwaukee County Stadium Lambeau Field Training facilities Clarke Hinkle Field Don Hutson Center Ray Nitschke Field Rockwood Lodge ( former ) St. Norbert College ( training camp ) Culture `` Bang the Drum All Day '' Bart Starr Award Cheerleaders Cheesehead Fight song Hall of Fame Fan Hall of Fame The Hungry Five Indian Packing Company Lambeau Leap Lombardi Lumberjack Band Packers Heritage Trail Packers Pro Shop Packers sweep Pigskin Champions Pitch Perfect 2 Receiver ( statue ) Ron Wolf That ' 70s Show Titletown District Vernon Biever Vince Lombardi Lore 4th and 26 Dolly Gray impostor Fail Mary Miracle in Motown The Ice Bowl The Mud Bowl The Snow Bowl Rivalries Chicago Bears Dallas Cowboys Detroit Lions Minnesota Vikings Division championships ( 18 ) 1936 1938 1939 1944 1967 1972 1995 1997 2002 2003 2007 2011 2012 2013 2014 2016 Conference championships ( 9 ) 1960 1961 1962 1965 1966 1967 1997 League championships ( 13 ) 1929 1930 1931 1936 1939 1944 1961 1962 1965 1966 ( I ) 1967 ( II ) 1996 ( XXXI ) 2010 ( XLV ) Retired numbers 14 15 66 92 Media Broadcasters Radio : Packers Radio Network WIXX WKTI - HD2 WTAQ WTMJ Television : WGBA - TV WTMJ - TV Personnel : Wayne Larrivee ( play - by - play ) Larry McCarren ( color / analysis ) Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1921 -- present ) Conference : National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) Division : North Division ( 2002 -- present ) Seasons ( 100 ) Championship seasons in bold 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1997 1998 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 does not include 1966 or 1967 NFL championships Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=That_%2770s_Show&oldid=864900631 '' Categories : 1998 American television series debuts 2006 American television series endings 1990s American teen sitcoms 2000s American teen sitcoms 1990s American sitcoms 2000s American sitcoms Cannabis culture English - language television programs Fox network shows Green Bay Packers Television series by Carsey - Werner Productions Television series created by Bonnie and Terry Turner Television series set in 1976 Television series set in 1977 Television series set in 1978 Television series set in 1979 Television series set in the 1970s Television shows filmed in Los Angeles Television series set in fictional populated places Television shows set in Wisconsin Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2014 Articles needing additional references from September 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from November 2015 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from August 2017 TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Lietuvių Limburgs La . lojban . Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2018 , at 08 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%20%252770s%20Show

why did i get married marcus and angela

Why Did I get Married ?

why did i get married?

Tyler Perry 's Why Did I Get Married ? is a 2007 American comedy - drama film adaptation written , produced , directed , and starring Tyler Perry , which was inspired by his play of the same name . The film also stars Janet Jackson , Jill Scott , Malik Yoba , Sharon Leal , Tasha Smith , Michael Jai White , Richard T. Jones , Denise Boutte , and Keesha Sharp . The film was released in the United States by Lionsgate on October 12 , 2007 .

The film is about the difficulty of maintaining a solid relationship in modern times . Eight married college friends plus one other non-friend ( all of whom have achieved middle to upper class economic status ) go to Colorado for their annual week - long reunion , but the mood shifts when one couple 's infidelity comes to light . Secrets are revealed and each couple begins to question their own marriage . Over the course of the week , the couples battle with issues of commitment , betrayal and forgiveness and examine their lives as individuals and as committed couples . This film explores the resultant emotional impact that infidelity and love have upon the constitution of marriage . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot synopsis 2 Locations 3 Couples cast 4 Single cast 5 Production and development 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Box office 7 Soundtrack 8 Home media 9 Awards and nominations 10 Sequel 11 References 12 External links Plot synopsis ( edit ) The four couples , who are also best friends , converge in a house in the mountains for a week - long retreat that has become their ritual of sorts to help work out their marital problems and ask the question `` Why did I get married ? '' . Though the couples have committed to being physically present for the week , some of them have not been emotionally present in their respective marriages for quite some time . The week is not planned out in a well - programmed sequence , so the events unfold somewhat spontaneously , beginning with their `` adventures '' in getting up to the mountain retreat . The first couple , over-worked Diane and ignored Terry , drive up together and argue most of the way because Dianne ( a lawyer ) refuses to stop working . She takes calls on her phone instead of talking to her husband Terry . The second couple , over-the - top Angela and annoyed Marcus , take the train . Angela constantly argues with Marcus and anyone who dares to interrupt them . The third couple is overweight Sheila and conceited Mike . Sheila has to get off the plane because of her weight and the requirement to purchase two seats so she drives the long distance in the snow , while her husband Mike continues flirting on the flight with Sheila 's single friend , Trina . The fourth couple is overly - perfect Patricia and depressed Gavin who arrive by limo cab . Their journey is not documented . However , right before they leave to go to the retreat , Gavin shows up to pick up Patricia at a lecture she was giving ( she is the author of a book called `` Why Did I Get Married ? '' ) and artlessly dodges a question about their own marriage . Dianne falls asleep not long after arriving with her BlackBerry close at hand and when her secretary calls while she is asleep , Terry tells the woman not to call them while they are on their vacation . When Patricia arrives , she goes up to wake Dianne while the men bond over the wine that Terry has poured for his wife . The sound of arguing signals the arrival of Angela and Marcus . When Mike arrives without Sheila , the other wives berate him and Trina for having left Shelia to drive alone . Sheila 's husband shows clearly that he does not care for his wife at all . Her friends try to reach Sheila by phone but get her voice mail only . Sheila is persistent to get to the retreat because she wants to make her marriage work . Providence leads her to Sheriff Troy Jackson 's office . Due to the weather , the roads have been closed for the night and she has no choice but to spend the night in the office . That same night , Mike tiptoes , not unseen by Angela , to Trina 's bedroom . Sheila arrives at the retreat house the following morning with Troy in tow . She introduces Troy to the others and tells them she has invited him to breakfast . Troy fast becomes a threat to Sheila 's husband Mike , not because of Sheila , but because of Trina , with whom he is having an affair . Breakfast is a noisy affair with the arguing couples and Angela insulting Trina , the only single woman on the retreat , whom she instantly disliked . Throughout the few days spent on retreat , there are spontaneous revelations . The infidelity of two of the husbands leads to a discussion by the men of the 80 / 20 rule . This rule states that most men get 80 % of what they need from a marriage yet they tend to go after the 20 % that someone outside can provide for them because it appears to be more to them when it really is n't . During a heated argument with Angela , Mike reveals several secrets the couples have been hiding from one another : Marcus had contracted an STD after he cheated on Angela with another woman , Dianne had her tubes tied after her daughter was born and did n't want a son and kept it a secret from Terry , and Gavin had criticized Patricia for not protecting their young son in a tragic car accident that killed him a year prior . Mike , whose secret was revealed that he cheated on Sheila with Trina , makes it clear he is n't attracted to his wife any longer . After all this , Angela reveals that she 's the one who gave Marcus the STD after she slept with someone , then Marcus tries to choke Angela out of anger yelling how she 's so evil . Mike then tells Sheila he wants a divorce , and she smashes a wine bottle over his head knocking him out . All the couples suddenly decide they ca n't stay in the house any longer after all the secrets . Sheila checks into a local hotel to recover from the shock of her divorce and the realization that Mike has drained her bank account . She is in a depressed state when Troy goes to visit her . He takes her up to a mountain where she cries and mourns the loss of her love and the only life she knew . The other couples head back home . Patricia and Gavin are barely speaking to each other because she was deemed `` stupid '' for not protecting their son in a tragic accident by Gavin ; Patricia breaks down emotionally in his arms and eventually confesses that she was only trying to be perfect . They both agree to face the situation and soon reconcile . Angela and Marcus are still fighting , especially when Marcus ' ex-girlfriend and baby mama , Keisha , shows up at Angela 's salon , and disrespects her . Marcus finally stands up to both women , and manages to frighten Angela into realizing she is wrecking their life with her constant arguing by not showing up for a couple of days . Dianne and Terry fight again right before they leave the mountains because he had a paternity test done on their daughter , and later on Terry 's birthday at their home ; Terry moves out because Dianne forgot about his birthday and did not tell him about getting her tubes tied . Patricia meets up with Dianne and Angela , moping over their husbands , and gives them good counseling about the need to get back on track : making a list of both the good and bad things their husbands have done . The men drown all their sorrows in bottles . In the mountains , Sheila settles into a new life at her new job at the general store owned by Troy 's father and , while she realizes her own self - worth , the two bond . Angela cooks dinner for Marcus after finishing with her list , but he suspects she is trying to poison him . Eventually , they make up and set new conditions . Dianne goes to see Terry and begs him to come back after crying over her list . He plays with her head a little to get back at her , but they eventually reconcile as well . Later , all the couples converge at a gala celebration for an award recently received by Patricia . Dianne , Patricia and Angela are shocked when Sheila arrives and introduces Troy as her husband and has successfully lost weight thanks to his help . Her very jealous ex-husband , Mike , although still with Trina , tries to weasel his way back into her good graces , but she tells him to go enjoy Trina as his `` 20 '' , referring to the 80 / 20 rule . Patricia includes a confession of her love for Gavin , as well as a message of loving , respecting and trusting God in her acceptance speech . Locations ( edit ) Agnes Scott College , Decatur , Georgia , USA ; Atlanta , Georgia , USA ; Pemberton , British Columbia , Canada ; Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada ; Whistler , British Columbia , Canada Couples cast ( edit ) First Couple , The Brocks Tyler Perry as Terry , a pediatrician & Sharon Leal as Dianne , an attorney . Second Couple , The Agnews Malik Yoba as Gavin , an architect & Janet Jackson as Patricia , a psychologist . Third Couple , The Williams Michael Jai White as Marcus , a former football player & Tasha Smith as Angela , owner of a hair salon . Fourth Couple , last name unknown Richard T. Jones as Mike , an entrepreneur & Jill Scott as Sheila , a housewife . Single cast ( edit ) Lamman Rucker as Troy Jackson Denise Boutte as Trina aka Tricka Keesha Sharp as Pam Kaira Whitehead as Keisha Sheri Mann Stewart Production and development ( edit ) Perry decided to take out many of the church and message scenes because he wanted the film to be `` on a whole ' nother spiritual level -- there 's a whole ' nother connection to it . '' He said his writing has improved since the play . Perry invited experienced and neophyte African - American actors to a reading of an early script in order to field reactions , including Danny ! and Tracee Ellis Ross . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 45 % based on 42 reviews . The consensus was `` Despite some poignant observations on modern marriages , Why Did I Get Married ? is too preachy and melodramatic . '' On Metacritic , the film had an average score of 54 / 100 based on reviews from 12 critics . Paul Grenada said that while `` there are times where the script seems stiff , ... ( the film ) teaches without hammering , and you leave the movie feeling good about what you saw . '' Giving the movie a B - , Entertainment Weekly said that Perry is of the `` spell - everything - in - capital - letters and act - it - out - loudly schools , '' but added that `` one performance glistens -- Jill Scott 's as the sad , heavyset Sheila , who locates the faith that 's the source of love . '' Time magazine gave the film a B and called it the `` usual artless mix of broad comedy , teary confessions and spiritual uplift . '' Box office ( edit ) In its opening weekend , the film grossed $21.4 million in 3,105 theaters in the United States and Canada , ranking # 1 at the box office . In its second weekend , the film slipped to # 2 in the box office charts , with a gross of $12.1 million , bringing the 10 - day total to over $38 million . In total , the film domestically grossed $55,862,886 . Soundtrack ( edit ) The soundtrack was released by Atlantic Records on October 2 , 2007 . Neither Janet Jackson nor Jill Scott are featured on the soundtrack . The soundtrack debuted at number 51 on Billboard 200 , number seven on R&B / Hip - Hop Albums and number six on Soundtracks with 58,000 copies sold in first week . Keith Sweat feat . Keyshia Cole - `` Love U Better '' Babyface - `` Sorry for the Stupid Things '' Anita Baker - `` You Belong to Me '' Kelly Price - `` Why '' Gerald Levert feat . Jaheim - `` DJ Do n't Remix '' Musiq Soulchild - `` Betterman '' Tyrese Gibson - `` One '' Hope - `` Who Am I To Say '' Beyoncé - `` Flaws And All '' Laura Izibor - `` Mmm ... '' Amel Larrieux - `` No One Else '' Tamika Scott - `` Why Did I Get Married '' Michael Bublé - `` L-O-V-E '' Jennifer Holliday - `` Givin ' Up '' Home media ( edit ) The film was released on DVD on February 12 , 2008 . The DVD includes subtitles in English and Spanish , as well as bloopers . A Blu - ray was released on November 23 , 2010 . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Image Awards Outstanding Motion Picture ( Nominated ) Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture : Jill Scott ( Nominated ) Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture : Tyler Perry ( Nominated ) Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture : Janet Jackson ( Winner ) Sequel ( edit ) A sequel , titled Why Did I Get Married Too ? starring Perry and Tasha Smith , was released on April 2 , 2010 . Subsequently , Perry created a comedy - drama television series based upon the two films titled Tyler Perry 's For Better or Worse . The series , which stars White and Smith as Marcus and Angela , premiered on TBS on November 25 , 2011 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Why Did I Get Married ? ( 2007 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved 10 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Village of Pemberton . `` Filming In The Village of Pemberton '' . Retrieved 10 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Millner , Denene ( November 2007 ) , `` Friends & Lovers '' . Essence. 38 ( 7 ) : 98 Jump up ^ Hira , Nadira A. ( February 19 , 2007 ) , `` DIARY OF A MAD BUSINESSMAN '' . Fortune . 155 ( 3 ) : 76 Jump up ^ http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/why_did_i_get_married/ Rotten Tomatoes Flixster Jump up ^ `` Tyler Perry 's Why Did I Get Married ? ( 2007 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Grenada , Paul ( October 11 , 2007 ) , `` Tyler Perry 's at it again '' . New York Amsterdam News . 98 ( 42 ) : 24 Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( October 26 , 2007 ) , `` Tyler Perry 's Why Did I Get Married ? '' , Entertainment Weekly ( 961 ) : 51 Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard , Keegan , Rebecca Winters , Poniewozik , James ( February 18 , 2008 ) , `` 5 Things You Should Know About '' . Time . 171 ( 7 ) : 63 Jump up ^ Bowles , Scott ( OCTober 15 , 2007 ) , `` Why did they get buried ? Tyler Perry '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Perry 's Why Did I Get Married ( 2007 ) - Weekend Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard '' . Billboard . Retrieved 10 January 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.webcitation.org/5mDk7SaFd Jump up ^ Why Did I Get Married Too ? at IMDB Accessed May 16th , 2009 External links ( edit ) Why Did I Get Married ? Why Did I Get Married ? on IMDb Why Did I Get Married ? at AllMovie Why Did I Get Married ? at Box Office Mojo Why Did I Get Married ? at Rotten Tomatoes Why Did I Get Married ? at Metacritic ( hide ) Tyler Perry Stage I Know I 've Been Changed I Can Do Bad All by Myself Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea 's Class Reunion Why Did I Get Married ? Meet the Browns Madea Goes to Jail What 's Done in the Dark The Marriage Counselor Laugh to Keep from Crying Madea 's Big Happy Family A Madea Christmas Aunt Bam 's Place I Do n't Want to Do Wrong ! The Haves and the Have Nots Madea Gets a Job Hell Hath No Fury Like a Woman Scorned Madea 's Neighbors from Hell Madea on the Run Films Daddy 's Little Girls Why Did I Get Married ? Meet the Browns The Family That Preys Why Did I Get Married Too ? For Colored Girls Good Deeds Peeples Temptation : Confessions of a Marriage Counselor The Single Moms Club Acrimony The List Madea series Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea Goes to Jail I Can Do Bad All by Myself Madea 's Big Happy Family Madea 's Witness Protection A Madea Christmas Madea 's Tough Love Boo ! A Madea Halloween Boo 2 ! A Madea Halloween A Madea Family Funeral Television House of Payne Meet the Browns For Better or Worse The Haves and the Have Nots Love Thy Neighbor If Loving You Is Wrong Too Close to Home The Paynes Books Do n't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings See also Madea Tyler Perry Studios Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Why_Did_I_Get_Married%3F&oldid=830541792 '' Categories : 2007 films English - language films 2000s comedy - drama films American films American comedy - drama films American LGBT - related films Films directed by Tyler Perry African - American films African - American LGBT - related films Films about race and ethnicity Films set in Colorado Films shot in British Columbia Lions Gate Entertainment films Screenplays by Tyler Perry Hidden categories : Film articles using image size parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français Italiano Português Русский Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 15 March 2018 , at 13 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why%20Did%20I%20Get%20Married%253F

who sings the national anthem for the red wings

Karen Newman is a professional singer based in Detroit , Michigan and the anthem singer of the Detroit Red Wings .

Karen Newman

Karen Newman

karen newman

Karen Newman is a professional singer based in Detroit , Michigan and the anthem singer of the Detroit Red Wings .

Biography ( edit ) Newman was raised in the Michigan towns of Rochester and Grand Blanc , and studied music at Oakland University . She is best known for being `` the voice '' of the National Hockey League 's Detroit Red Wings , regularly performing the national anthem before the team 's home games , dating back to when they played at Joe Louis Arena . She has been uniquely known as The Red Wings ' Own . She has toured with Bob Seger and Kid Rock . Newman has five previously released CDs including the patriotic EP , How Far We 've Come , which is available through CDBABY.com and electronically through iTunes . This CD includes both the U.S. National anthem as well as the Canadian anthem . The single `` Christmas Eve on Woodward Avenue '' has become a traditional favorite for many Detroit radio stations , and has been included for many years as part of the Detroit Thanksgiving Parade . This hometown favorite can be found on her first Christmas CD , What Christmas Means to Me and NOW ... On her newly released full length holiday CD , Christmas Eve on Woodward Avenue , a collection of traditional favorites with a contemporary flair . Karen is also very well known for her annual Christmas concerts which began with the regional hit `` Christmas Eve on Woodward Avenue '' , a tribute to her hometown Detroit . Karen will perform her Christmas show for the fifth year at the fabulous Fox Theater in downtown Detroit on December 15 , 2015 . Karen has done numerous television commercials for local and national companies and has served as celebrity spokesperson for John Bowman Chevrolet , Evola Music , Discount Tire Company , Sargent Appliance , Hanson Windows , Diabetes Care Education Association , St , John Providence Health Systems `` Because We Care '' campaign and many other others . She works with and supports numerous local children 's and animal charities in and around Michigan . Karen and her family live in a suburb of Detroit . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` OU alumna joins Kid Rock 's national tour - News at OU - Oakland University '' . www.oakland.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . External links ( edit ) Karen Newman 's official website Karen Newman 's Twitter site Karen Newman 's Facebook site Detroit Red Wings Founded in 1926 Based in Detroit , Michigan Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks Seasons Current season History History ( Original Six ) Records Award winners Retired numbers Personnel Owner Ilitch Holdings ( Christopher Ilitch , chairman ) General manager Ken Holland Head coach Jeff Blashill Team captain Henrik Zetterberg Current roster Arenas Windsor Arena Detroit Olympia Joe Louis Arena Little Caesars Arena Rivalries Chicago Blackhawks Toronto Maple Leafs Affiliates AHL Grand Rapids Griffins ECHL Toledo Walleye Media TV Fox Sports Detroit Ken Daniels Mickey Redmond Radio WXYT WXYT - FM Ken Kal Paul Woods Culture and lore Victoria Cougars Al the Octopus Grind Line Hockeytown Legend of the Octopus Production Line Red Wings -- Avalanche brawl Hakan Andersson `` Stanley 's Cup '' ( South Park ) Russian Five Karen Newman Budd Lynch Al Sobotka London Lions Do n't Stop Believin ' 1938 European tour 1954 prison game 2009 NHL Winter Classic 2014 NHL Winter Classic 2016 NHL Stadium Series NHL Centennial Classic MusicBrainz : ce728676 - 1b17 - 4e03 - a3fb - 02e244fc5d02 This article about a United States singer is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karen_Newman&oldid=816060713 '' Categories : Detroit Red Wings personnel Oakland University alumni People from Rochester , Michigan Living people People from Grand Blanc , Michigan American singer stubs Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from June 2012 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Pages using infobox artist with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2008 Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 00 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen%20Newman

which political party won in the 1896 presidential and congressional election

United states presidential election , 1896

united states presidential election, 1896

Grover Cleveland Democratic

Elected President William McKinley Republican The United States presidential election of 1896 was the 28th quadrennial presidential election , held on Tuesday , November 3 , 1896 . Former Governor William McKinley , the Republican candidate , defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan . The 1896 campaign , which took place during an economic depression known as the Panic of 1893 , was a realigning election that ended the old Third Party System and began the Fourth Party System . Incumbent Democratic President Grover Cleveland did not seek reelection for a second ( or third non-consecutive ) term , leaving the Democratic nomination open . Bryan , an attorney and former Congressman , galvanized support with his Cross of Gold speech , which called for a reform of the monetary system and attacked business leaders as the cause of ongoing economic depression . The 1896 Democratic National Convention repudiated the Cleveland administration and nominated Bryan on the fifth presidential ballot . Bryan then won the nomination of the Populist Party , which had won several states in 1892 and shared many of Bryan 's policies . In opposition to Bryan , some conservative Bourbon Democrats formed the National Democratic Party and nominated Senator John M. Palmer . McKinley prevailed by a wide margin on the first ballot of the 1896 Republican National Convention . Since the onset of the Panic of 1893 , the nation had been mired in a deep economic depression , marked by low prices , low profits , high unemployment , and violent strikes . Economic issues , especially tariff policy and the question of whether the gold standard should be preserved for the money supply , were central issues . McKinley forged a conservative coalition in which businessmen , professionals , and prosperous farmers , and skilled factory workers turned off by Bryan 's agrarian policies were heavily represented . McKinley was strongest in cities and in the Northeast , Upper Midwest , and Pacific Coast . Republican campaign manager Mark Hanna pioneered many modern campaign techniques , facilitated by a $3.5 million budget . Bryan presented his campaign as a crusade of the working man against the rich , who impoverished America by limiting the money supply . Silver , he said , was in ample supply and if coined into money would restore prosperity while undermining the illicit power of the money trust . Bryan was strongest in the South , rural Midwest , and Rocky Mountain states . Bryan 's moralistic rhetoric and crusade for inflation ( to be generated by the institution of bimetallism ) alienated conservatives . Bryan campaigned vigorously throughout the swing states of the Midwest , while McKinley conducted a `` front porch '' campaign . At the end of an intensely heated contest , McKinley won a majority of the popular and electoral vote . Bryan won 46.7 % of the popular vote , while Palmer won just under 1 % of the vote . Turnout was very high , passing 90 % of the eligible voters in many places . The Democratic Party 's repudiation of its Bourbon faction largely gave Bryan and his supporters control of the Democratic Party until the 1920s , and set the stage for Republican domination of the Fourth Party System . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nominations 1.1 Republican Party nomination 1.1. 1 Republican Candidates gallery 1.2 Democratic Party nomination 1.2. 1 Democratic Candidates gallery 1.3 National Democratic Party nomination 1.3. 1 Gold Democrat Candidates gallery 1.3. 2 Populist Party nomination 1.3. 2.1 Candidates gallery 1.3. 3 Silver Party 1.3. 3.1 Candidates gallery 1.3. 4 Socialist Labor nomination 1.3. 5 Prohibition Party 1.3. 5.1 `` Narrow Gauge '' Prohibition nomination 1.3. 5.2 `` Broad Gauge '' Prohibition nomination 2 Campaign strategies 2.1 Financing 2.2 Republican attacks on Bryan 2.3 Ethnic responses 2.4 Labor unions and skilled workers 3 The fall campaign 4 Results 4.1 General results 4.2 Geography of results 4.3 Southern votes 4.4 Geography of results 4.4. 1 Cartographic gallery 4.5 Results by state 4.6 Close states 4.6. 1 Statistics 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 7.1 Primary sources 8 External links Nominations ( edit ) Republican Party nomination ( edit ) Main article : 1896 Republican National Convention McKinley / Hobart campaign poster Republican Party Ticket , 1896 William McKinley Garret Hobart for President for Vice President 39th Governor of Ohio ( 1892 -- 1896 ) President of the New Jersey Senate ( 1881 -- 1882 ) Campaign Republican candidates gallery ( edit ) Former Governor William McKinley of Ohio Speaker Thomas Brackett Reed from Maine Senator Matthew S. Quay from Pennsylvania Governor Levi P. Morton of New York , former Vice President Senator William B. Allison from Iowa At their convention in St. Louis , Missouri , held between June 16 and 18 , 1896 , the Republicans nominated William McKinley for president and New Jersey 's Garret Hobart for vice-president . McKinley had just vacated the office of Governor of Ohio . Both candidates were easily nominated on first ballots . McKinley 's campaign manager , a wealthy and talented Ohio businessman named Mark Hanna , visited the leaders of large corporations and major , influential banks after the Republican Convention to raise funds for the campaign . Given that many businessmen and bankers were terrified of Bryan 's populist rhetoric and demand for the end of the gold standard , Hanna had few problems in raising record amounts of money . As a result , Hanna raised a staggering $3.5 million for the campaign and outspent the Democrats by an estimated 5 - to - 1 margin . This sum would be equivalent to approximately $85 million , according to the inflation calculator of the Bureau of Labor Statistics . Major McKinley was the last veteran of the American Civil War to be nominated for president by either major party . Presidential Ballot William McKinley 661.5 Thomas Brackett Reed 84.5 Matthew S. Quay 61.5 Levi P. Morton 58 William B. Allison 35.5 James D. Cameron Vice Presidential Ballot Garret A. Hobart 523.5 H. Clay Evans 287.5 Morgan Bulkeley 39 James A. Walker 24 Charles W. Lippitt 8 Thomas Brackett Reed Chauncey Depew John Mellen Thurston Frederick Dent Grant Levi P. Morton Democratic Party nomination ( edit ) Main article : 1896 Democratic National Convention Bryan 's famous `` cross of gold '' speech gave him the presidential nomination and swung the party to the silver cause Democratic Party Ticket , 1896 William Jennings Bryan Arthur Sewall for President for Vice President Former U.S. Representative for Nebraska 's 1st ( 1891 -- 1895 ) Director of the Maine Central Railroad Campaign Democratic candidates gallery ( edit ) Representative William Jennings Bryan from Nebraska Representative Richard P. Bland from Missouri Governor Robert E. Pattison of Pennsylvania Senator Joseph Blackburn from Kentucky Governor Horace Boies of Iowa John R. McLean from Ohio Governor Claude Matthews of Indiana Governor Sylvester Pennoyer of Oregon One month after McKinley 's nomination , supporters of silver - backed currency took control of the Democratic convention held in Chicago on July 7 -- 11 . Most of the Southern and Western delegates were committed to implementing the `` free silver '' ideas of the Populist Party . The convention repudiated President Cleveland 's gold standard policies and then repudiated Cleveland himself . This , however , left the convention wide open : there was no obvious successor to Cleveland . A two - thirds vote was required for the nomination and the silverites had it in spite of the extreme regional polarization of the delegates . In a test vote on an anti-silver measure , the Eastern states ( from Maryland to Maine ) , with 28 % of the delegates , voted 96 % in favor . The other delegates voted 91 % against , so the silverites could count on a majority of 67 % of the delegates . An attorney , former congressman , and unsuccessful Senate candidate named William Jennings Bryan filled the void . A superb orator , Bryan hailed from Nebraska and spoke for the farmers who were suffering from the economic depression following the Panic of 1893 . At the convention , Bryan delivered one of the greatest political speeches in American history , the `` Cross of Gold '' Speech . Bryan presented a passionate defense of farmers and factory workers struggling to survive the economic depression , and he attacked big - city business owners and leaders as the cause of much of their suffering . He called for reform of the monetary system , an end to the gold standard , and government relief efforts for farmers and others hurt by the economic depression . Bryan 's speech was so dramatic that after he had finished many delegates carried him on their shoulders around the convention hall . The following day , eight names were placed in nomination : Richard `` Silver Dick '' Bland , William J. Bryan , Claude Matthews , Horace Boies , Joseph Blackburn , John R. McLean , Robert E. Pattison , and Sylvester Pennoyer . Bryan 's electrifying speech proved decisive as the party 's presidential nomination was bestowed on him by the convention delegates . Bryan defeated his closest competitor , former Congressman Bland , by a 3 - to - 1 margin . Arthur Sewall , a wealthy shipbuilder from Maine , was chosen as the vice-presidential nominee . It was felt that Sewall 's wealth might encourage him to help pay some campaign expenses . At just 36 years of age , Bryan was only a year older than the minimum age required by the Constitution to be president . Bryan remains the youngest person ever nominated by a major party for president . ( show ) ( 1 - 5 ) Presidential Ballot 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Unanimous William J. Bryan 137 197 219 280 652 930 Richard P. Bland 235 281 291 241 11 Robert E. Pattison 97 100 97 97 95 Joseph Blackburn 82 41 27 27 0 Horace Boies 67 37 36 33 0 John R. McLean 54 53 54 46 0 Claude Matthews 37 34 34 36 0 Benjamin Tillman 17 0 0 0 0 Adlai E. Stevenson 6 10 9 8 8 Sylvester Pennoyer 8 8 0 0 0 Henry M. Teller 8 8 0 0 0 William E. Russell 0 0 0 0 David B. Hill James E. Campbell 0 0 0 0 David Turpie 0 0 0 0 Blank 178 160 162 161 162 ( show ) ( 1 - 5 ) Vice Presidential Ballot 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Unanimous Arthur Sewall 100 37 97 261 568 930 John R. McLean 111 158 210 298 32 Richard P. Bland 62 294 255 0 0 Joseph C. Sibley 163 113 50 0 0 George F. Williams 76 16 15 9 9 John W. Daniel 11 0 6 54 36 Walter Clark 50 22 22 46 22 James R. Williams 22 13 0 0 0 William F. Harrity 19 21 19 11 11 Joseph Blackburn 20 0 0 0 0 Horace Boies 20 0 0 0 0 J. Hamilton Lewis 11 0 0 0 0 Robert E. Pattison George W. Fithian 0 0 0 0 Henry M. Teller 0 0 0 0 Stephen M. White 0 0 0 0 Blank 260 255 255 250 251 National Democratic Party nomination ( edit ) National Democratic candidates Gold Democrat candidates gallery ( edit ) Senator John M. Palmer from Illinois Ambassador Edward S. Bragg Senator William Freeman Vilas from Wisconsin President Grover Cleveland Treasury Secretary John G. Carlisle Agriculture Secretary Julius Sterling Morton Postmaster General William Lyne Wilson Representative Henry Watterson from Kentucky The National `` Gold '' Democratic Convention The pro-gold Democrats reacted to Bryan 's nomination with a mixture of anger , desperation , and confusion . A number of pro-gold Bourbon Democrats urged a `` bolt '' and the formation of a third party . In response , a hastily arranged assembly on July 24 organized the National Democratic Party . A follow - up meeting in August scheduled a nominating convention for September in Indianapolis and issued an appeal to fellow Democrats . In this document , the National Democratic Party portrayed itself as the legitimate heir to Presidents Jefferson , Jackson , and Cleveland . Delegates from forty - one states gathered at the National Democratic Party 's national nominating convention in Indianapolis on September 2 . Some delegates planned to nominate Cleveland , but they relented after a telegram arrived stating that he would not accept . Senator William Freeman Vilas from Wisconsin , the main drafter of the National Democratic Party 's platform , was a favorite of the delegates . However , Vilas refused to run as the party 's sacrificial lamb . The choice instead was John M. Palmer , a 79 - year - old former Senator from Illinois . Simon Bolivar Buckner , a 73 - year - old former governor of Kentucky , was nominated by acclamation for vice-president . The ticket , symbolic of post-Civil War reconciliation , featured the oldest combined age of the candidates in American history . Palmer / Buckner campaign button Despite their advanced ages , Palmer and Buckner embarked on a busy speaking tour , including visits to most major cities in the East . This won them considerable respect from the party faithful , although some found it hard to take the geriatric campaigning seriously . `` You would laugh yourself sick could you see old Palmer , '' wrote lawyer Kenesaw Mountain Landis . `` He has actually gotten it into his head he is running for office . '' The Palmer ticket was considered to be a vehicle to elect McKinley for some Gold Democrats , such as William Collins Whitney and Abram Hewitt , the treasurer of the National Democratic Party , and they received quiet financial support from Mark Hanna . Palmer himself said at a campaign stop that if `` this vast crowd casts its vote for William McKinley next Tuesday , I shall charge them with no sin . '' There was even some cooperation with the Republican Party , especially in finances . The Republicans hoped that Palmer could draw enough Democratic votes from Bryan to tip marginal Midwestern and border states into McKinley 's column . In a private letter , Hewitt underscored the `` entire harmony of action '' between both parties in standing against Bryan . However , the National Democratic Party was not merely an adjunct to the McKinley campaign . An important goal was to nurture a loyal remnant for future victory . Repeatedly they depicted Bryan 's prospective defeat , and a credible showing for Palmer , as paving the way for ultimate recapture of the Democratic Party , and this did indeed happen in 1904 . Presidential Ballot Ballot 1st Before Shifts 1st After Shifts John M. Palmer 757.5 769.5 Edward S. Bragg 130.5 118.5 Populist Party nomination ( edit ) Populist candidates : William Jennings Bryan , former U.S. representative ( Nebraska ) Seymour F. Norton from Illinois , writer Candidates gallery ( edit ) Representative William Jennings Bryan from Nebraska Several third parties were active in 1896 . By far the most prominent was the Populist Party . Formed in 1892 , the Populists represented the philosophy of agrarianism ( derived from Jeffersonian democracy ) , which held that farming was a superior way of life that was being exploited by bankers and middlemen . The Populists attracted cotton farmers in the South and wheat farmers in the West , but very few farmers in the Northeast , South , West , and rural Midwest . In the presidential election of 1892 , Populist candidate James B. Weaver carried four states , and in 1894 , the Populists scored victories in congressional and state legislature races in a number of Southern and Western states . In the Southern states , including Alabama , North Carolina , Tennessee , and Texas , the wins were obtained by electoral fusion with the Republicans against the dominant Bourbon Democrats , whereas in the rest of the country , fusion , if practiced , was typically undertaken with the Democrats , as in the state of Washington . By 1896 , some Populists believed that they could replace the Democrats as the main opposition party to the Republicans . However , the Democrats ' nomination of Bryan , who supported many Populist goals and ideas , placed the party in a dilemma . Torn between choosing their own presidential candidate or supporting Bryan , the party leadership decided that nominating their own candidate would simply divide the forces of reform and hand the election to the more conservative Republicans . At their national convention in 1896 , the Populists chose Bryan as their presidential nominee . However , to demonstrate that they were still independent from the Democrats , the Populists also chose former Georgia Representative Thomas E. Watson as their vice-presidential candidate instead of Arthur Sewall . Bryan eagerly accepted the Populist nomination , but was vague as to whether , if elected , he would choose Watson as his vice-president instead of Sewall . With this election , the Populists began to be absorbed into the Democratic Party ; within a few elections the party would disappear completely . The 1896 election was particularly detrimental to the Populist Party in the South ; the party divided itself between members who favored cooperation with the Democrats to achieve reform at the national level and members who favored cooperation with the Republicans to achieve reform at a state level . As a result of the double nomination , both the Bryan - Sewall Democratic ticket and the Bryan - Watson Populist ticket appeared on the ballot in many states . Although the Populist ticket did not win the popular vote in any state , 27 electors for Bryan cast their vice-presidential vote for Watson instead of Sewall . ( The votes came from the following states : Arkansas 3 , Louisiana 4 , Missouri 4 , Montana 1 , Nebraska 4 , North Carolina 5 , South Dakota 2 , Utah 1 , Washington 2 , Wyoming 1 . ) Presidential Ballot Vice Presidential Ballot William Jennings Bryan 1,042 Thomas E. Watson 469.5 Seymour F. Norton 321 Arthur Sewall 257.5 Scattering 12 Silver Party ( edit ) Silver candidates : William Jennings Bryan , former U.S. representative ( Nebraska ) Henry M. Teller , U.S. Senator from Colorado Candidates gallery ( edit ) William Jennings Bryan from Nebraska Senator Henry M. Teller from Colorado ( declined ) With the Republican Party platform calling for strong support for the gold standard , many western Republicans walked out of the Republican Convention and formed the National Silver Party . Many began to push for the nomination of Colorado Senator Henry Moore Teller , the leader of the party , but with the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in Chicago and the adoption of his pro-silver platform , it was decided that they should unite behind the Democratic ticket . The Bryan campaign swept to victory across the Mountain states because the dominant issue in those thinly - populated mining areas was silver . Socialist Labor nomination ( edit ) The Socialist Labor Convention was held in New York City on July 9 , 1896 . The convention nominated Charles Matchett of New York and Matthew Maguire of New Jersey . Its platform favored reduction in hours of labor ; possession by the federal government of mines , railroads , canals , telegraphs , and telephones ; possession by municipalities of water - works , gas - works , and electric plants ; the issue of money by the federal government alone ; the employment of the unemployed by the public authorities ; abolition of the veto power ; abolition of the United States Senate ; women 's suffrage ; and uniform criminal law throughout the Union . Prohibition Party ( edit ) The Prohibition Party split into a `` narrow gauge , '' or single - issue anti-liquor party and a `` broad gauge '' group ( later known as the National Prohibition Party ) that supported many reforms , including free silver . The split occurred when a motion for the party to endorse free silver , put forward by Charles Bentley , was defeated by an overwhelming margin of 650 - 160 . Although Bryan himself later became a champion of prohibition , his position was unknown in 1896 . `` Narrow gauge '' Prohibition nomination ( edit ) `` Narrow Gauge '' Prohibition ticket : Joshua Levering , Baptist leader from Maryland Lawyer and Former Mayor Hale Johnson from Illinois `` Broad gauge '' Prohibition nomination ( edit ) `` Broad Gauge '' Prohibition ticket : Charles E. Bentley , Baptist minister from Nebraska James H. Southgate , State Party Chair from North Carolina Campaign strategies ( edit ) While the Republican Party entered 1896 assuming that the Democrats were in shambles and victory would be easy , especially after the unprecedented Republican landslide in the congressional elections of 1894 , the nationwide emotional response to the Bryan candidacy changed everything . By summer , it appeared that Bryan was ahead in the South and West and probably also in the Midwest . An entirely new strategy was called for by the McKinley campaign . It was designed to educate voters in the money issues , to demonstrate silverite fallacies , and to portray Bryan himself as a dangerous crusader . McKinley would be portrayed as the safe and sound champion of jobs and sound money , with his high tariff proposals guaranteed to return prosperity for everyone . The McKinley campaign would be national and centralized , using the Republican National Committee as the tool of the candidate , instead of the state parties ' tool . Furthermore , the McKinley campaign stressed his pluralistic commitment to prosperity for all groups ( including minorities ) . Financing ( edit ) The McKinley campaign invented a new form of campaign financing that has dominated American politics ever since . Instead of asking office holders to return a cut of their pay , Hanna went to financiers and industrialists and made a business proposition . He explained that Bryan would win if nothing happened , and that the McKinley team had a winning counterattack that would be very expensive . He then would ask them how much it was worth to the business not to have Bryan as president . He suggested an amount and was happy to take a check . Hanna had moved beyond partisanship and campaign rhetoric to a businessman 's thinking about how to achieve a desired result . He raised $3.5 million . Hanna brought in banker Charles G. Dawes to run his Chicago office and spend about $2 million in the critical region . Meanwhile , traditional funders of the Democratic Party ( mostly financiers from the Northeast ) rejected Bryan , although he did manage to raise about $500,000 . Some of it came from businessmen with interests in silver mining . The financial disparity grew larger and larger as the Republicans funded more and more rallies , speeches , and torchlight parades , as well as hundreds of millions of pamphlets attacking Bryan and praising McKinley . Lacking a systematic fund - raising system , Bryan was unable to tap his potential supporters , and he had to rely on passing the hat at rallies . National Chairman Jones pleaded , `` No matter in how small sums , no matter by what humble contributions , let the friends of liberty and national honor contribute all they can . '' Republican attacks on Bryan ( edit ) Increasingly , the Republicans personalized their attacks on Bryan as a dangerous religious fanatic . The counter-crusading rhetoric focused on Bryan as a reckless revolutionary whose policies would destroy the economic system . Illinois Governor John Peter Altgeld was running for re-election after having pardoned several of the anarchists convicted in the Haymarket bombings . Republican posters and speeches linked Altgeld and Bryan as two dangerous anarchists . The Republican Party tried any number of tactics to ridicule Bryan 's economic policies . In one case they printed fake dollar bills which had Bryan 's face and read `` IN GOD WE TRUST ... FOR THE OTHER 53 CENTS , '' thus illustrating their claim that a dollar bill would be worth only 47 cents if it was backed by silver instead of gold . Ethnic responses ( edit ) The Democratic Party in Eastern and Midwestern cities had a strong German Catholic base that was alienated by free silver and inflationist panaceas . They showed little enthusiasm for Bryan , although many were worried that a Republican victory would bring prohibition into play . The Irish Catholics disliked Bryan 's revivalistic rhetoric and worried about prohibition as well . However their leaders decided to stick with Bryan , since the departure of so many Bourbon businessmen from the party left the Irish increasingly in control . Labor unions and skilled workers ( edit ) The Bryan campaign appealed first of all to farmers . It told urban workers that their return to prosperity was possible only if the farmers prospered first . Bryan made the point bluntly in the `` Cross of Gold '' speech , delivered in Chicago just 25 years after that city had indeed burned down : `` Burn down your cities and leave our farms , and your cities will spring up again ; but destroy our farms , and the grass will grow in the streets of every city in the country . '' Juxtaposing `` our farms '' and `` your cities '' did not go over well in cities ; they voted 59 % for McKinley . Among the industrial cities Bryan carried only two ( Troy , New York , and Fort Wayne , Indiana ) . The main labor unions were reluctant to endorse Bryan because their members feared inflation . Railroad workers especially worried that Bryan 's silver programs would bankrupt the railroads , which were in a shaky financial condition in the depression and whose bonds were payable in gold . Factory workers saw no advantage in inflation to help miners and farmers , because their urban cost of living would shoot up and they would be hurt . The McKinley campaign gave special attention to skilled workers , especially in the Midwest and adjacent states . Secret polls show that large majorities of railroad and factory workers voted for McKinley . The fall campaign ( edit ) Bryan 's imposing voice and height made a deep impression on many who thronged to hear him . Throughout the campaign the South and Mountain states appeared certain to vote for Bryan , whereas the East was certain for McKinley . In play were the Midwest and the Border States . Bryan traveled 18,000 miles in 3 months , concentrating on the critical states of the Midwest . The Republican Party amassed an unprecedented war chest at all levels : national , state and local . Outspent and shut out of the party 's traditional newspapers , Bryan decided his best chance to win the election was to conduct a vigorous national speaking tour by train . His fiery crusading rhetoric to huge audiences would make his campaign a newsworthy story that the hostile press would have to cover , and he could speak to the voters directly instead of through editorials . He was the first presidential candidate since Stephen Douglas in 1860 to canvass directly , and the first ever to criss - cross the nation and meet voters in person . The novelty of seeing a visiting presidential candidate , combined with Bryan 's spellbinding oratory and the passion of his believers , generated huge crowds . Silverites welcomed their hero with all - day celebrations of parades , band music , picnic meals , endless speeches , and undying demonstrations of support . Bryan focused his efforts on the Midwest , which everyone agreed would be the decisive battleground in the election . In just 100 days , Bryan gave over 500 speeches to several million people . His record was 36 speeches in one day in St. Louis . Relying on just a few hours of sleep a night , he traveled 18,000 miles by rail to address five million people , often in a hoarse voice ; he would explain that he left his real voice at the previous stops where it was still rallying the people . The National `` Gold '' Democratic Party undercut Bryan by dividing the Democratic vote and denouncing his platform . In contrast to Bryan 's dramatic efforts , McKinley conducted a novel `` front porch '' campaign from his home in Canton , Ohio . Instead of having McKinley travel to see the voters , Mark Hanna brought 500,000 voters by train to McKinley 's home . Once there , McKinley would greet the men from his porch . His well - organized staff prepared both the remarks of the visiting delegations and the candidate 's responses , focusing the comments on the assigned topic of the day . The remarks were issued to the newsmen and telegraphed nationwide to appear in the next day 's papers . Bryan , with practically no staff , gave much the same talk over and over again . McKinley labeled Bryan 's proposed social and economic reforms as a serious threat to the national economy . With the depression following the Panic of 1893 coming to an end , support for McKinley 's more conservative economic policies increased , while Bryan 's more radical policies began to lose support among Midwestern farmers and factory workers . To ensure victory , Hanna paid large numbers of Republican orators ( including Theodore Roosevelt ) to travel around the nation denouncing Bryan as a dangerous radical . There were also reports that some potentially Democratic voters were intimidated into voting for McKinley . For example , some factory owners posted signs the day before the election announcing that , if Bryan won the election , the factory would be closed and the workers would lose their jobs . Bryan 's midsummer surge in the Midwest played out as the intense Republican counter-crusade proved effective . Bryan spent most of October in the Midwest , making 160 of his final 250 speeches there . Morgan noted , `` full organization , Republican party harmony , a campaign of education with the printed and spoken word would more than counteract '' Bryan 's speechmaking . Several of Bryan 's advisors recommended additional campaigning in the Upper South States of Kentucky , West Virginia , Maryland and Delaware . Another plan called for a coastal tour from Washington State to Southern California . Bryan however , opted to concentrate in the Mid-West and to launch a unity tour into the heavily Republican Northeast . Bryan saw no chance of winning in New England , but felt that he needed to make a truly national appeal . On election day the results from the Pacific Coast and Upper South would be the closest of the election . Results ( edit ) McKinley secured a solid victory by carrying the core of the East and Northeast , while Bryan did well among the farmers of the South , West , and rural Midwest . The large German - American voting bloc supported McKinley , who gained large majorities among the middle class , skilled factory workers , railroad workers , and large - scale farmers . The national popular vote was rather close , as McKinley took 51 % to Bryan 's 47 % . In the electoral college McKinley won in a landslide , receiving 271 electoral votes ( 61 % ) to Bryan 's 176 ( 224 were needed to win ) . The National Democrats did not carry any states , but they did divide the Democratic vote in some states and helped the Republicans to carry the state of Kentucky . Gold Democrats made much of the fact that Palmer 's small vote in Kentucky was higher than McKinley 's thin margin in that state . This was the first time a Republican presidential candidate had ever carried Kentucky , and they were not to do so again until Calvin Coolidge in 1924 . From this , they concluded that Palmer had siphoned off needed Democratic votes and hence thrown the state to McKinley . However , McKinley would have won the overall election even if he had lost Kentucky to Bryan . Mayor Tom L. Johnson of Cleveland , Ohio , summed up the campaign as the `` first great protest of the American people against monopoly -- the first great struggle of the masses in our country against the privileged classes . '' According to a 2017 National Bureau of Economic Research paper , `` Bryan did well where mortgage interest rates were high , railroad penetration was low , and crop prices had declined by most over the previous decade . Using our estimates , we show that further declines in crop prices or increases in interest rates would have been enough to tip the Electoral College in Bryan 's favor . But to change the outcome , the additional fall in crop prices would have had to be large . '' General results ( edit ) McKinley received a little more than seven million votes , Bryan a little less than six and a half million , about 800,000 in excess of the Democratic vote in 1892 . It was larger than the Democratic Party was to poll in 1900 , 1904 , or 1912 . It was somewhat less , however , than the combined vote for the Democratic and Populist nominees had been in 1892 . In contrast , McKinley received nearly 2,000,000 more votes than had been cast for Benjamin Harrison , the Republican nominee , in 1892 . The Republican vote was to be but slightly increased during the next decade . Geography of results ( edit ) Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage for the winning candidate . Shades of red are for McKinley ( Republican ) , shades of blue are for Bryan ( Democratic ) , and shades of green are for `` Other ( s ) '' ( Non-Democratic / Non-Republican ) . One - half of the total vote of the nation was polled in eight states carried by McKinley ( New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , Ohio , Indiana , Illinois , Michigan , Wisconsin ) . In these states , Bryan not only ran far behind the Republican candidate , but also polled considerably less than half of his total vote . In only one other section , in the six states of New England , was the Republican lead great ; the Republican vote ( 614,972 ) was more than twice the Democratic vote ( 242,938 ) , and every county was carried by the Republicans . The West North Central section gave a slight lead to McKinley , as did the Pacific section . Nevertheless , within these sections , the states of Missouri , South Dakota , Nebraska , Kansas , and Washington were carried by Bryan . In the South Atlantic section and in the East South Central section , the Democratic lead was pronounced , and in the West South Central section and in the Mountain section , the vote for Bryan was overwhelming . In these four sections , comprising 21 states , McKinley carried only 322 counties and four states -- Delaware , Maryland , West Virginia , and Kentucky . A striking feature of this examination of the state returns is found in the overwhelming lead for one or the other party in 22 of the 45 states . It was true of the McKinley vote in every New England state and in New York , Pennsylvania , and Illinois . It was also true of the Bryan vote in eight states of the lower South and five states of the Mountain West . Sectionalism was thus marked in this first election of the Fourth Party System . This was the last election in which the Democrats won South Dakota until 1932 , the last in which the Democrats won Utah and Washington until 1916 , the last in which the Democrats won Kansas and Wyoming until 1912 , and the last in which the Democrats won Nebraska until 1908 . It was also the last time that South Dakota and Washington voted against the Republicans until they voted for the Progressive Party in 1912 . This also constitutes the only election since their statehoods when a Republican won the presidency without winning Kansas , South Dakota , Utah , or Wyoming . Today these are solidly Republican states and have not backed a Democratic nominee since Lyndon Johnson 's 1964 landslide over Barry Goldwater . Southern votes ( edit ) In the South , there were numerous Republican counties , notably in Texas , Tennessee , North Carolina , Kentucky , and Virginia . Even in Georgia , a state in the Deep South , there were counties returning Republican majorities . This was the result of an attempt by Republican politicians to heal sectional resentment and make the South competitive . While traveling the South in 1895 , McKinley realized that many conservative Southern whites were angry at the populist radicals who controlled the Democratic Party in their states . White businessmen of Georgia wanted the support of a party that would oppose regulation and taxation as long as it would allow them to preserve white supremacy . The possibility of preserving white supremacy without offending loyal black Republicans seemed like a possibility after black leader Booker T. Washington gave a speech in 1895 that proposed the `` Atlanta Compromise '' , which held that whites should support blacks in their struggle for economic independence as they learned trade and industry , and in return blacks would not challenge the political or social order of Jim Crow . The policy was somewhat of a success because McKinley won 37 % of Georgia 's vote ( the closest a Republican would come to winning the state until 1928 ) . Presidential candidate Party Home state Popular vote Electoral vote Running mate Count Percentage Vice-presidential candidate Home state Electoral vote William McKinley Republican Ohio 7,111,607 51.03 % 271 Garret A. Hobart New Jersey 271 William Jennings Bryan Democratic -- People 's Nebraska 6,509,052 46.70 % 176 Arthur Sewall Maine 149 Thomas E. Watson Georgia 27 John M. Palmer National Democratic Illinois 134,645 0.97 % 0 Simon Bolivar Buckner Kentucky 0 Joshua Levering Prohibition Maryland 131,312 0.94 % 0 Hale Johnson Illinois 0 Charles Matchett Socialist Labor New York 36,373 0.26 % 0 Matthew Maguire New Jersey 0 Charles Eugene Bentley National Prohibition Nebraska 13,968 0.10 % 0 James H. Southgate North Carolina 0 Other 1,570 0.01 % -- Other -- Total 13,936,957 100 % 447 447 Needed to win 224 224 Includes 222,583 votes as the People 's nominee Sewall was Bryan 's Democratic running mate . Watson was Bryan 's People 's running mate . Source ( Popular Vote ) : Source ( Electoral Vote ) : `` Electoral College Box Scores 1789 -- 1996 '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 31 , 2005 . Popular vote McKinley 51.02 % Bryan 46.71 % Palmer 0.96 % Levering 0.90 % Matchett 0.26 % Others 0.15 % Electoral vote McKinley 60.63 % Bryan 39.37 % Geography of results ( edit ) Results by county , shaded according to winning candidate 's percentage of the vote Cartographic gallery ( edit ) Map of presidential election results by county Map of Republican presidential election results by county Map of Democratic presidential election results by county Map of `` other '' presidential election results by county Cartogram of presidential election results by county Cartogram of Republican presidential election results by county Cartogram of Democratic presidential election results by county Cartogram of `` other '' presidential election results by county Results by state ( edit ) States won by McKinley / Hobart States won by Bryan / Sewall or Bryan / Watson William McKinley Republican William Jennings Bryan Democratic / Populist John Palmer National Democrat Joshua Levering Prohibition Charles Matchett Socialist Labor Charles Bentley National Prohibition Margin State Total State electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % # Alabama 11 55,673 28.61 - 130,298 66.96 11 6,375 3.28 - 2,234 1.15 - - - - - - - - 74,625 - 38.35 194,580 AL Arkansas 8 37,512 25.12 - 110,103 73.72 8 - - - 839 0.56 - - - - 893 0.60 - - 72,591 - 48.61 149,347 AR California 9 146,688 49.16 8 144,766 48.51 1,730 0.58 - 2,573 0.86 - 1,611 0.54 - 1,047 0.35 - 1,922 0.64 298,419 CA Colorado 26,271 13.86 - 161,005 84.95 0.00 - 1,717 0.91 - 159 0.08 - 386 0.20 - - 134,734 - 71.09 189,539 CO Connecticut 6 110,285 63.24 6 56,740 32.54 - 4,336 2.49 - 1,806 1.04 - 1,223 0.70 - - - - 53,545 30.70 174,390 CT Delaware 20,450 53.18 16,574 43.10 - 966 2.51 - 466 1.21 - - - - - - - 3,876 10.08 38,456 DE Florida 11,298 24.30 - 32,756 70.46 1,778 3.82 - 656 1.41 - - - - - - - - 21,458 - 46.16 46,488 FL Georgia 13 59,395 36.56 - 93,885 57.78 13 3,670 2.26 - 5,483 3.37 - - - - - - - - 34,490 - 21.23 162,480 GA Idaho 6,314 21.32 - 23,135 78.10 - - - 172 0.58 - - - - - - - - 16,821 - 56.79 29,621 ID Illinois 24 607,130 55.66 24 465,613 42.68 - 6,390 0.59 - 9,796 0.90 - 1,147 0.11 - 793 0.07 - 141,517 12.97 1,090,869 IL Indiana 15 323,754 50.82 15 305,573 47.96 - 2,145 0.34 - 3,056 0.48 - 324 0.05 - 2,267 0.36 - 18,181 2.85 637,119 IN Iowa 13 289,293 55.47 13 223,741 42.90 - 4,516 0.87 - 3,192 0.61 - 453 0.09 - 352 0.07 - 65,552 12.57 521,547 IA Kansas 10 159,345 47.63 - 171,675 51.32 10 1,209 0.36 - 1,698 0.51 - - - - 620 0.19 - - 12,330 - 3.69 334,547 KS Kentucky 13 218,171 48.93 12 217,894 48.86 5,084 1.14 - 4,779 1.07 - - - - - - - 277 0.06 445,928 KY Louisiana 8 22,037 21.81 - 77,175 76.38 8 1,834 1.82 - - - - - - - - - - - 55,138 - 54.57 101,046 LA Maine 6 80,403 67.90 6 34,587 29.21 - 1,867 1.58 - 1,562 1.32 - - - - - - - 45,816 38.69 118,419 ME Maryland 8 136,959 54.73 8 104,150 41.62 - 2,499 1.00 - 5,918 2.36 - 587 0.23 - 136 0.05 - 32,809 13.11 250,249 MD Massachusetts 15 278,976 69.47 15 105,711 26.32 - 11,749 2.93 - 2,998 0.75 - 2,114 0.53 - - - - 173,265 43.15 401,568 MA Michigan 14 293,336 53.77 14 237,166 43.47 - 6,923 1.27 - 4,978 0.91 - 293 0.05 - 1,816 0.33 - 56,170 10.30 545,585 MI Minnesota 9 193,503 56.62 9 139,735 40.89 - 3,222 0.94 - 4,348 1.27 - 954 0.28 - - - - 53,768 15.73 341,762 MN Mississippi 9 4,819 6.92 - 63,355 91.04 9 1,021 1.47 - 396 0.57 - - - - - - - - 58,536 - 84.11 69,591 MS Missouri 17 304,940 45.25 - 363,667 53.96 17 2,365 0.35 - 2,043 0.30 - 599 0.09 - 292 0.04 - - 58,727 - 8.71 673,906 MO Montana 10,509 19.71 - 42,628 79.93 - - - 193 0.36 - - - - - - - - 32,119 - 60.23 53,330 MT Nebraska 8 103,064 46.18 - 115,007 51.53 8 2,885 1.29 - 1,243 0.56 - 186 0.08 - 797 0.36 - - 11,943 - 5.35 223,182 NE Nevada 1,938 18.79 - 8,376 81.21 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6,438 - 62.42 10,314 NV New Hampshire 57,444 68.66 21,650 25.88 - 3,520 4.21 - 779 0.93 - 228 0.27 - 49 0.06 - 35,794 42.78 83,670 NH New Jersey 10 221,535 59.68 10 133,695 36.02 - 6,378 1.72 - - - - 3,986 1.07 - 5,617 1.51 - 87,840 23.66 371,211 NJ New York 36 819,838 57.58 36 551,369 38.72 - 18,950 1.33 - 16,052 1.13 - 17,667 1.24 - - - - 268,469 18.85 1,423,876 NY North Carolina 11 155,122 46.82 - 174,408 52.64 11 578 0.17 - 635 0.19 - - - - 222 0.07 - - 19,286 - 5.82 331,337 NC North Dakota 26,335 55.57 20,686 43.65 - - - - 358 0.76 - - - - - - - 5,649 11.92 47,391 ND Ohio 23 525,991 51.86 23 477,497 47.08 - 1,858 0.18 - 5,068 0.50 - 1,165 0.11 - 2,716 0.27 - 48,494 4.78 1,014,295 OH Oregon 48,779 50.07 46,739 47.98 - 977 1.00 - 919 0.94 - - - - - - - 2,040 2.09 97,414 OR Pennsylvania 32 728,300 60.98 32 433,228 36.27 - 11,000 0.92 - 19,274 1.61 - 1,683 0.14 - 870 0.07 - 295,072 24.71 1,194,355 PA Rhode Island 37,437 68.33 14,459 26.39 - 1,166 2.13 - 1,160 2.12 - 558 1.02 - - - - 22,978 41.94 54,785 RI South Carolina 9 9,313 13.51 - 58,801 85.30 9 824 1.20 - - - - - - - - - - - 49,488 - 71.79 68,938 SC South Dakota 41,042 49.48 - 41,225 49.70 - - - 683 0.82 - - - - - - - - 183 - 0.22 82,950 SD Tennessee 12 148,683 46.33 - 167,168 52.09 12 1,953 0.61 - 3,099 0.97 - - - - - - - - 18,485 - 5.76 320,903 TN Texas 15 167,520 30.75 - 370,434 68.00 15 5,046 0.93 - 1,786 0.33 - - - - - - - - 202,914 - 37.25 544,786 TX Utah 13,491 17.27 - 64,607 82.70 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 51,116 - 65.43 78,119 UT Vermont 51,127 80.08 10,640 16.66 - 1,331 2.08 - 733 1.15 - - - - - - - 40,487 63.41 63,847 VT Virginia 12 135,379 45.94 - 154,708 52.50 12 2,129 0.72 - 2,350 0.80 - 108 0.04 - - - - - 19,329 - 6.56 294,674 VA Washington 39,153 41.84 - 53,314 56.97 - - - 968 1.03 - - - - 148 0.16 - - 14,161 - 15.13 93,583 WA West Virginia 6 105,379 52.23 6 94,480 46.83 - 678 0.34 - 1,220 0.60 - - - - - - - 10,899 5.40 201,757 WV Wisconsin 12 268,135 59.93 12 165,523 37.00 - 4,584 1.02 - 7,507 1.68 - 1,314 0.29 - 346 0.08 - 102,612 22.93 447,409 WI Wyoming 10,072 47.75 - 10,861 51.49 - - - 159 0.75 - - - - - - - - 789 - 3.74 21,092 WY TOTALS : 447 7,112,138 51.02 271 6,510,807 46.71 176 133,537 0.96 - 124,896 0.90 - 36,359 0.26 - 19,367 0.14 - 601,331 4.31 13,938,674 US Close states ( edit ) Margin of victory less than 1 % ( 26 electoral votes ) : Kentucky , 0.06 % South Dakota , 0.22 % California , 0.64 % Margin of victory less than 5 % ( 55 electoral votes ) : Oregon , 2.09 % Indiana , 2.85 % Kansas , 3.69 % Wyoming , 3.74 % Ohio , 4.78 % Margin of victory between 5 % and 10 % ( 66 electoral votes ) : Nebraska , 5.35 % West Virginia , 5.40 % Tennessee , 5.76 % North Carolina , 5.82 % Virginia , 6.56 % Missouri , 8.71 % Statistics ( edit ) Counties with Highest Percent of Vote ( Republican ) Zapata County , Texas 94.34 % Leslie County , Kentucky 91.39 % Addison County , Vermont 89.17 % Unicoi County , Tennessee 89.04 % Keweenaw County , Michigan 88.96 % Counties with Highest Percent of Vote ( Democratic ) West Carroll Parish , Louisiana 99.84 % Leflore County , Mississippi 99.68 % Smith County , Mississippi 99.26 % Pitkin County , Colorado 99.21 % Neshoba County , Mississippi 99.15 % Counties with Highest Percent of Vote ( Populist ) Madera County , California 62.80 % Lake County , California 61.95 % Stanislaus County , California 59.00 % San Benito County , California 57.59 % San Luis Obispo County , California 56.37 % See also ( edit ) American election campaigns in the 19th century History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) First inauguration of William McKinley Political interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Third Party System United States House election , 1896 United States Senate elections , 1896 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Voter Turnout in Presidential Elections '' . The American Presidency Project . UC Santa Barbara . Jump up ^ Williams ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Walter Dean Burnham , `` The System of 1896 : An Analysis , '' in Paul Kleppner et al. , The Evolution of American Electoral Systems ( Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Press , 1981 ) , 147 -- 202 at pp. 158 -- 60 Jump up ^ `` THE DEMOCRATIC TICKET ; Palmer and Buckner Nominated at Indianapolis '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . September 4 , 1896 . p. 1 . Retrieved June 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Paul W. Glad ( 1964 ) . McKinley , Bryan , and the people . Lippincott . p. 187 . Jump up ^ Jones , 1896 p. 273 Jump up ^ Allan Nevins ( 1935 ) . Abram S. Hewitt : with some account of Peter Cooper . Harper & Brothers . p. 564 . Jump up ^ James A. Barnes ( 1931 ) . John G. Carlisle , financial statesman . Dodd , Mead . p. 470 . Jump up ^ `` African '' . History.missouristate.edu . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2010 . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Senate and House Secured ; Republican control in the next Conress assured . The House of Representatives Repub - lican by More than Two -- thirds Ma - jority -- Possible Loss of a Repub - lican Senator from the State of Washington -- Republicans and Pop - ulists Will Organize the Senate and Divide the Patronage '' . The New York Times . November 9 , 1894 . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jones , pp. 262 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Elmer Ellis ( 1941 ) . `` Chapter 18 '' . Henry Moore Teller : defender of the West . Caxton . Jump up ^ Davis , William Thomas ( February 22 , 2008 ) . The New England States . Retrieved December 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jack S. Blocker ; David M. Fahey ; Ian R. Tyrrell ( 2003 ) . Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History : An International Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 495 ( vol 1 ) . ISBN 9781576078334 . Jump up ^ Jones , 1896 p. 277 Jump up ^ Phillips , McKinley pp. 74 -- 75 Jump up ^ Daniel Klinghard ( 2010 ) . The Nationalization of American Political Parties , 1880 - 1896 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 221 -- 28 . ISBN 9780521192811 . Jump up ^ William C. Spragens ( 1988 ) . Popular Images of American Presidents . Greenwood . pp. 158 -- 59 . ISBN 9780313228995 . Jump up ^ William T. Horner ( 2010 ) . Ohio 's Kingmaker : Mark Hanna , Man & Myth . Ohio University Press . pp. 195 -- 99 . ISBN 9780821418949 . Jump up ^ Pixton , John E. , Jr. ( 1955 ) . `` Charles G. Dawes and the McKinley Campaign '' . Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society . 48 ( 3 ) : 283 -- 306 . JSTOR 40189448 . Jump up ^ William Jennings Bryan ( 1896 ) . The First Battle : A Story of the Campaign of 1896 . W.B. Conkey . p. 292 . Jump up ^ Ellis Paxson Oberholtzer ( 1937 ) . A History of the United States Since the Civil War : 1888 - 1901 . Macmillian . p. 437 . Jump up ^ William C. Spragens ( 1988 ) . Popular Images of American Presidents . Greenwood . p. 159 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 22899 - 5 . Jump up ^ Alice Fahs ; Joan Waugh ( 2004 ) . The Memory of the Civil War in American Culture . U. of North Carolina Press . p. 193 . ISBN 9780807855720 . Jump up ^ Jackson Lears ( 2010 ) . Rebirth of a Nation : The Making of Modern America , 1877 - 1920 . Harper Collins . p. 188 . ISBN 9780060747503 . Jump up ^ Robert Booth Fowler ( 2008 ) . Wisconsin Votes : An Electoral History . Univ of Wisconsin Press . p. 80 . ISBN 9780299227401 . Jump up ^ Paul Kleppner ( 1970 ) . The cross of culture : a social analysis of midwestern politics , 1850 - 1900 . Free Press . pp. 323 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Richard Franklin Bensel ( 2000 ) . The Political Economy of American Industrialization , 1877 - 1900 . Cambridge University Press . p. 237 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 77604 - 2 . Jump up ^ The politics of depression : political behavior in the Northeast , 1893 -- 1896 . Oxford University Press . 1972 . p. 218 . Jump up ^ Paul Kleppner ( 1970 ) . The cross of culture : a social analysis of midwestern politics , 1850 - 1900 . Free Press . p. 304 . Jump up ^ William Diamond , American Historical Review ( 1941 ) 46 # 2 pp. 281 -- 305 at pp. 285 , 297 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Elizabeth Sanders ( 1999 ) . Roots of Reform : Farmers , Workers , and the American State , 1877 - 1917 . U. of Chicago Press . p. 434 . ISBN 9780226734774 . Jump up ^ Matthew Hild ( 2007 ) . Greenbackers , Knights of Labor , and Populists : Farmer - Labor Insurgency in the Late - Nineteenth - Century South . U. of Georgia Press . pp. 191 -- 92 . ISBN 9780820328973 . Jump up ^ William D. Harpine ( 2006 ) . From the Front Porch to the Front Page : McKinley and Bryan in the 1896 Presidential Campaign . Texas A&M University Press . p. 117 . ISBN 9781585445592 . Jump up ^ Richard J. Jensen ( 1971 ) . The Winning of the Midwest : Social and Political Conflict , 1888 -- 1896 . U. of Chicago Press . pp. 55 -- 56 . ISBN 9780226398259 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey G. Mora , `` William Jennings Bryan and the 1896 Campaign , '' Railroad History , ( Fall / Winter 2008 ) , Issue 199 , pp. 72 -- 80 , Jump up ^ H. Wayne Morgan ( 1969 ) . From Hayes to McKinley ; national party politics , 1877 -- 1896 . Syracuse University Press . Jump up ^ Counting the Votes ; Kentucky Jump up ^ Eichengreen , Barry ; Haines , Michael R. ; Jaremski , Matthew S. ; Leblang , David ( October 2017 ) . `` Populists at the Polls : Economic Factors in the 1896 Presidential Election '' . NBER Working Paper No. 23932 . doi : 10.3386 / w23932 . Jump up ^ The Presidential Vote , 1896 -- 1932 -- Google Books . Stanford University Press . 1934 . ISBN 9780804716963 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : The Presidential Vote , 1896 -- 1932 , Edgar E. Robinson , p. 4 Jump up ^ History of American Presidential Elections 1789 -- 1968 , Volume II , Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr . Jump up ^ `` 1896 Presidential General Election Data - National '' . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Barnes , James A. ( 1947 ) . `` Myths of the Bryan Campaign '' . Mississippi Valley Historical Review . 34 ( 3 ) : 367 -- 404 . doi : 10.2307 / 1898096 . JSTOR 1898096 . Beito , David T. ; Beito , Linda Royster ( 2000 ) . `` Gold Democrats and the Decline of Classical Liberalism , 1896 - 1900 '' . Independent Review . 4 : 555 -- 75 . Bensel , Richard Franklin ( 2008 ) . Passion and Preferences : William Jennings Bryan and the 1896 Democratic National Convention . Cambridge U.P. ISBN 9780521717625 . Coletta , Paolo E. ( 1964 ) . William Jennings Bryan , Political Evangelist . vol. 1 . University of Nebraska Press . Diamond , William , `` Urban and Rural Voting in 1896 , '' American Historical Review , ( 1941 ) 46 # 2 pp. 281 -- 305 in JSTOR Durden , Robert F. `` The ' Cow - bird ' Grounded : The Populist Nomination of Bryan and Tom Watson in 1896 , '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review ( 1963 ) 50 # 3 pp. 397 -- 423 in JSTOR Fite , Gilbert C. ( 2001 ) . `` The Election of 1896 '' . In Arthur Schlesinger . History of American Presidential Elections . vol. 2 . Fite , Gilbert C. ( 1960 ) . `` Republican Strategy and the Farm Vote in the Presidential Campaign of 1896 '' . American Historical Review . 65 ( 4 ) : 787 -- 806 . doi : 10.2307 / 1849404 . JSTOR 1849404 . Glad , Paul W. ( 1964 ) . McKinley , Bryan , and the People . ISBN 0 - 397 - 47048 - 7 . Graff , Henry F. ( 2002 ) . Grover Cleveland . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 6923 - 2 . Harpine , William D. From the Front Porch to the Front Page : McKinley and Bryan in the 1896 Presidential Campaign ( 2006 ) focus on the speeches and rhetoric Jeansonne , Glen ( 1988 ) . `` Goldbugs , Silverites , and Satirists : Caricature and Humor in the Presidential Election of 1896 '' . Journal of American Culture . 11 ( 2 ) : 1 -- 8 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1542 - 734X. 1988.1102 _1. x . Jensen , Richard J. ( 1971 ) . The Winning of the Midwest : Social and Political Conflict 1888 -- 1896 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 39825 - 0 . Jones , Stanley L. ( 1964 ) . The Presidential Election of 1896 . ISBN 0 - 299 - 03094 - 6 . Kazin , Michael . A Godly Hero : The Life of William Jennings Bryan ( 2006 ) . Kelly , Patrick J. ( 2003 ) . `` The Election of 1896 and the Restructuring of Civil War Memory '' . Civil War History . 49 ( 3 ) : 254 . doi : 10.1353 / cwh. 2003.0058 . Mahan , Russell L. ( 2003 ) . `` William Jennings Bryan and the Presidential Campaign of 1896 '' . White House Studies . 3 ( 1 ) : 41 . Morgan , H. Wayne ( 2004 ) . `` chapter 10 -- 11 '' . William McKinley and His America . Kent State U.P. ISBN 9780873387651 . Rove , Karl ( 2015 ) . The Triumph of William McKinley : Why the Election of 1896 Still Matters . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 9781476752952 . detailed narrative of the entire campaign by Karl Rove a prominent 21st - century Republican campaign advisor . Stonecash , Jeffrey M. ; Silina , Everita . `` The 1896 Realignment , '' American Politics Research , ( Jan 2005 ) 33 # 1 pp. 3 -- 32 Wanat , John and Karen Burke , `` Estimating the Degree of Mobilization and Conversion in the 1890s : An Inquiry into the Nature of Electoral Change , '' American Political Science Review , ( 1982 ) 76 # 2 pp. 360 -- 70 in JSTOR Wells , Wyatt . Rhetoric of the standards : The debate over gold and silver in the 1890s , '' Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era ( 2015 ) . 14 # 1 pp. 49 -- 68 . Williams , R. Hal ( 1978 ) . Years of Decision : American Politics in the 1890s . Williams , R. Hal . ( 2010 ) Realigning America : McKinley , Bryan , and the Remarkable Election of 1896 ( University Press of Kansas ) 250 pp Primary sources ( edit ) Bryan , William Jennings . The First Battle : A Story of the Campaign of 1896 ( 1897 ) , speeches from 1896 campaign . National Democratic Committee ( 1896 ) . Campaign Text - book of the National Democratic Party . National Democratic committee . This is the handbook of the Gold Democrats and strongly opposed Bryan . Chandler , William E. ( August 1896 ) . `` Issues and Prospects of the Campaign '' . North American Review . 163 ( 2 ) : 171 -- 82 . Quincy , Josiah ( August 1896 ) . `` Issues and Prospects of the Campaign '' . North American Review . 163 ( 2 ) : 182 -- 95 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States presidential election , 1896 . United States presidential election of 1896 at Encyclopædia Britannica Presidential Election of 1896 : A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress 1896 popular vote by counties How close was the 1896 election ? -- Michael Sheppard , Massachusetts Institute of Technology McKinley & Hobart campaign handkerchief in the Staten Island Historical Society Online Collections Database Election of 1896 in Counting the Votes ( 1892 ← ) United States presidential election , 1896 ( 1900 → ) Democratic Party Convention Nominee William Jennings Bryan VP nominee Arthur Sewall Candidates Richard P. Bland Robert E. Pattison Horace Boies Joseph Clay Stiles Blackburn Claude Matthews Republican Party Convention Nominee William McKinley VP nominee Garret Hobart Candidates Thomas Brackett Reed Matthew Quay Levi P. Morton William B. Allison Third party and independent candidates National Democratic Party Nominee John M. Palmer VP nominee Simon Bolivar Buckner Candidates Edward S. Bragg William Freeman Vilas Grover Cleveland John G. Carlisle Julius Sterling Morton William Lyne Wilson Henry Watterson Prohibition Party Nominee Joshua Levering VP nominee Hale Johnson Socialist Labor Party Nominee Charles H. Matchett VP nominee Matthew Maguire National Prohibition Party Nominee Charles E. Bentley VP nominee James H. Southgate Other 1896 elections : House Senate United States presidential elections Elections by year 1788 -- 89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Elections by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Washington , D.C. West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Primaries and caucuses Iowa caucuses New Hampshire primary South Carolina primary Super Tuesday Nominating conventions Brokered convention Convention bounce Superdelegate Electoral College and Popular vote Results Summary Elections in which the winner lost the popular vote Electoral College margins Electoral College results by state Electoral vote changes between elections Electoral vote recipients Popular vote margins Contingent election Faithless elector Unpledged elector Voter turnout Related topics Campaign slogans Historical election polling Election Day Major party tickets Major party losers Presidential debates October surprise Red states and blue states Swing state Election recount House elections Senate elections Gubernatorial elections Notable third party performances in United States elections Presidential ( since 1832 ) 1832 1848 1856 1860 1892 1912 1924 1948 1968 1980 1992 Senatorial ( since 1990 ) Virginia 1990 Alaska 1992 Arizona 1992 Hawaii 1992 Louisiana 1992 Ohio 1992 Arizona 1994 Minnesota 1994 Ohio 1994 Vermont 1994 Virginia 1994 Alaska 1996 Minnesota 1996 Arizona 2000 Massachusetts 2000 Minnesota 2000 Alaska 2002 Kansas 2002 Massachusetts 2002 Mississippi 2002 Oklahoma 2002 Virginia 2002 Oklahoma 2004 Connecticut 2006 Indiana 2006 Maine 2006 Vermont 2006 Arkansas 2008 Idaho 2008 Minnesota 2008 Oregon 2008 Alaska 2010 ( Republican Write - In ) Florida 2010 Indiana 2010 South Carolina 2010 Utah 2010 Indiana 2012 Maine 2012 Maryland 2012 Missouri 2012 Montana 2012 Vermont 2012 Kansas 2014 South Dakota 2014 Wyoming 2014 Alaska 2016 Arizona 2016 Idaho 2016 Indiana 2016 Kansas 2016 Gubernatorial ( since 1990 ) Alaska 1990 Connecticut 1990 Kansas 1990 Maine 1990 New York 1990 Oklahoma 1990 Oregon 1990 Utah 1992 West Virginia 1992 Alaska 1994 Connecticut 1994 Hawaii 1994 Maine 1994 New Mexico 1994 Oklahoma 1994 Pennsylvania 1994 Rhode Island 1994 Vermont 1994 Alaska 1998 Maine 1998 Minnesota 1998 New York 1998 Pennsylvania 1998 Rhode Island 1998 Kentucky 1999 New Hampshire 2000 Vermont 2000 Arizona 2002 California 2002 Maine 2002 Minnesota 2002 New Mexico 2002 New York 2002 Oklahoma 2002 Vermont 2002 Wisconsin 2002 Alaska 2006 Illinois 2006 Maine 2006 Massachusetts 2006 Minnesota 2006 Texas 2006 Louisiana 2007 Vermont 2008 New Jersey 2009 Colorado 2010 Idaho 2010 Maine 2010 Massachusetts 2010 Minnesota 2010 Rhode Island 2010 Wyoming 2010 Kentucky 2011 Virginia 2013 Alaska 2014 Hawaii 2014 Maine 2014 Rhode Island 2014 Wyoming 2014 West Virginia 2016 Portal : Politics Third party ( United States ) Third party officeholders in the United States Third party United States House of Representatives Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election,_1896&oldid=843141958 '' Categories : United States presidential election , 1896 History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) People 's Party ( United States ) Presidency of William McKinley November 1896 events 1896 in American politics Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use mdy dates from November 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Elections using electoral votes Pages using bar box without float left or float right Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 04 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20presidential%20election%2C%201896

who started the saying who's your daddy

Who 's Your Daddy ? ( Phrase )

who's your daddy? ( phrase )

Who 's your daddy ? is a slang expression that , in one use , takes the form of a rhetorical question . It is commonly used as a boastful claim of dominance over the intended listener . It is also sometimes used as a derogatory claim of sexual dominance of a man over a woman or another man . The phrase itself stands out as a noteworthy lyric from the 1968 song `` Time of the Season '' by The Zombies : `` What 's your name ? Who 's your daddy ? Is he rich like me ? ''

Contents ( hide ) 1 Usage 1.1 Media 1.2 Sports 1.3 Music 1.4 Video games 2 References 3 External links Usage ( edit ) Media ( edit ) An early use of the phrase occurs in Gene Wilder 's 1975 comedy The Adventure of Sherlock Holmes ' Smarter Brother . Sigerson Holmes ( Gene Wilder ) grills Jenny Hill ( Madeline Kahn ) , the supposed daughter of the British Minister of External Affairs , in a rather unusual interrogation process . While sitting over her almost naked and rather responsive body lying on a couch , he massages her breasts and repeatedly asks her Who 's Your Father ? . In the 1979 film Scum , where the ' Daddy ' refers to the inmate who runs the borstal . The character Carlin , played by Ray Winstone , brutally bludgeons Banks , the current Daddy , thus becoming the new Daddy . Widespread provocative use of the phrase began as early as the late 1980s , largely due to its frequent use in sexually suggestive skits broadcast by a popular syndicated radio shock jock known as `` The Greaseman '' . The expression was further popularized in a well known 1991 comedy routine by Dennis Miller . On an early episode of The Daily Show host Craig Kilborn used the line `` Who 's your daddy ? Is he rich like me ? '' , quoting from `` Time of the Season '' . Denzel Washington playing Coach Boone in Remember the Titans ( 2000 ) uses the line to initiate dominance over two student athletes . In the film Mr. & Mrs. Smith ( 2005 ) , Angelina Jolie speaks the phrase after taking down adversary Brad Pitt . In an episode of Stargate SG - 1 Jack O'Neill ( Richard Dean Anderson ) calls out `` Who 's your daddy ? ! '' after finishing off a horde of Replicators , using a new form of weapon . In the movie `` Master of Disguise '' ( 2002 ) , Pistachio Disguisey continually says the phrase as he is sparring with a wooden robot . The phrase was used as the title for a quickly cancelled reality television show , Who 's Your Daddy In an episode of Will & Grace , Jack , trying to transfer his rapport with Karen to Grace , asks her `` Who 's Your Daddy ? '' Grace , taken aback , says `` His name is Martin Adler ... ? '' Sports ( edit ) It was also greatly popularized when the Duke basketball team of the late 1990s had T - shirts and hats printed bearing the phrase as they moved towards a possible NCAA basketball championship coached by Coach K. . One variant commonly targeted at residents of Indiana is `` Hoosier Daddy ? '' The term `` Hoosier Daddy '' was used during the tenure of Coach Bobby Knight at Indiana University throughout the Midwest as a means of fan excitation . In October 2017 , two Indiana University alumni debuted a dope audio show titled `` Hoosier Daddy podcast '' . Now considered a 4.5 - star production based on iTunes reviews and the claim the hosts are `` classless '' , the weekly show covers all topics concerning the IU Men 's Varsity basketball program . Also used in the long - standing one sided wrestling rivalry between David Campbell and Logan Stieber . The former being on the winning end of it . The carrier dome would chant it at Stieber during matches . In the 2004 American League Championship Series it was used as a chant by New York Yankees fans against Boston Red Sox pitcher Pedro Martínez ( prompted by his previous statement , `` They beat me . They 're that good right now . They 're that hot . I just tip my hat and call the Yankees my daddy . '' ) . In the 2009 World Series , Pedro Martinez once again found himself hearing the `` Who 's your daddy '' chants from the Yankees fans , this time as a starting pitcher for the Philadelphia Phillies in Games 2 and 6 of the series vs the AL Champion Yankees . The Yankees would come through against him this time , as they were victorious in both games , including the Game 6 series clinching game . Note : Before Pedro walked off the mound on the final game , the chant was raised once more , but morphed a bit ... changing from `` Who 's Your Daddy ? '' to `` Still Your Daddy ! '' . Music ( edit ) In June 2007 , Daddy Yankee released a track called `` Who 's Your Daddy ? '' on his El Cartel : The Big Boss album . Video games ( edit ) In the computer game Warcraft III by Blizzard Entertainment , players may enter the cheat code `` WhosYourDaddy '' to cause their army to become invulnerable and instantly kill enemies . Who 's Your Daddy ? is also the title of an online multiplayer game currently gaining traction in the indie gaming community . Players take either the role of a father rapidly baby - proofing his house until his wife gets home , or the role of a baby vehemently trying to kill itself . The game reached full funding on its Kickstarter Page on October 14 , 2015 , and was released December 23 , 2015 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Template : Cite it news Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0079871/ Jump up ^ Paul Farhi ( January 4 , 2005 ) . `` Conception of a Question : Who 's Your Daddy ? '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ http://imdb.com/title/tt0356910/ Jump up ^ Hoosier Daddy ? Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/hoosierdaddypodcast/id1301866595 Jump up ^ https://hoosierdaddy.blog/ Jump up ^ `` SI.com '' . CNN . September 28 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Warcraft III cheat codes on battle.net Jump up ^ The Kickstarter Page for Who 's Your Daddy External links ( edit ) Paul Farhi ( January 4 , 2005 ) . `` Conception of a Question : Who 's Your Daddy ? '' . The Washington Post : Page C01 . phrases.org.uk Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who%27s_your_daddy%3F_(phrase)&oldid=824479257 '' Categories : English phrases Sexual slang BDSM terminology Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 February 2018 , at 16 : 29 . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%2527s%20your%20daddy%253F%20%28phrase%29

where does the columbia river gorge start and end

Columbia River Gorge

columbia river gorge

The Columbia River Gorge is a canyon of the Columbia River in the Pacific Northwest of the United States . Up to 4,000 feet ( 1,200 m ) deep , the canyon stretches for over 80 miles ( 130 km ) as the river winds westward through the Cascade Range forming the boundary between the State of Washington to the north and Oregon to the south . Extending roughly from the confluence of the Columbia with the Deschutes River ( and the towns of Roosevelt , Washington , and Arlington , Oregon ) in the east down to the eastern reaches of the Portland metropolitan area , the water gap furnishes the only navigable route through the Cascades and the only water connection between the Columbia River Plateau and the Pacific Ocean . It is thus the route of Washington State Route 14 , Interstate 84 , U.S. Route 30 , and a railroad .

The gorge holds federally protected status as a National Scenic Area called the Columbia Gorge National Scenic Area and is managed by the Columbia River Gorge Commission and the US Forest Service . The gorge is a popular recreational destination . Contents 1 Description 2 Geology 3 History 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Description ( edit ) The Columbia River , Klamath River in Northern California , Pit River in Northern California , and Fraser River in Southern British Columbia are the only four rivers connecting the east - side watersheds of the Cascade Mountain Range to the Pacific Ocean . Each river has created a gorge through the Cascade Mountain Range . The Columbia River Gorge marks the state line between Oregon and Washington . The wide range of elevation and precipitation makes the Columbia River Gorge an extremely diverse and dynamic place . Ranging from 4,000 feet ( 1,200 m ) to sea level , and transitioning from 100 inches ( 2,500 mm ) of precipitation to only 10 inches ( 250 mm ) in 80 miles ( 130 km ) , the Gorge creates a diverse collection of ecosystems from the temperate rain forest on the western end -- with an average annual precipitation of 75 to 100 inches ( 1,900 to 2,500 mm ) -- to the eastern grasslands with average annual precipitation between 10 and 15 inches ( 250 and 380 mm ) , to a transitional dry woodland between Hood River and The Dalles . Isolated micro-habitats have allowed for many species of endemic plants and animals to prosper , including at least 13 endemic wildflowers . The Gorge transitions between temperate rainforest to dry grasslands in only 80 miles , hosting a dramatic change in scenery while driving down Interstate 84 . In the western , temperate rainforest areas , forests are marked by bigleaf maples , Douglas fir , and Western hemlock , all covered in epiphytes . In the transition zone ( between Hood River and The Dalles ) , vegetation turns to Oregon white oak , Ponderosa pine , and cottonwood . At the eastern end , the forests make way for expansive grasslands , with occasional pockets of lodgepole and Ponderosa pine . Atmospheric pressure differentials east and west of the Cascades create a wind tunnel effect in the deep cut of the gorge , generating 35 mph ( 56 km / h ) winds that make it a popular windsurfing and kitesurfing location . It also creates the right conditions for snow and ice storms during the winter months which also draws very cold east winds at the mouth of the gorge on the west end . The Gorge is a popular destination for hiking , biking , sight - seeing , fishing , and watersports . The area is known for its high concentration of waterfalls , with over 90 on the Oregon side of the Gorge alone . Many are along the Historic Columbia River Highway , including the notable 620 - foot ( 190 m ) - high Multnomah Falls . Trails and day use sites are maintained by the Forest Service and many Oregon and Washington state parks . Geology ( edit ) The Columbia River Gorge began forming as far back as the Miocene ( roughly 17 to 12 million years ago ) , and continued to take shape through the Pleistocene ( 2 million to 700,000 years ago ) . During this period the Cascades Range was forming , which slowly moved the Columbia River 's delta about 100 miles ( 160 km ) north to its current location . Although the river slowly eroded the land over this period of time , the most drastic changes took place at the end of the last Ice Age when the Missoula Floods cut the steep , dramatic walls that exist today , flooding the river as high up as Crown Point . This quick erosion left many layers of volcanic rock exposed . A view of the Columbia River Gorge from near the top of Mt. Hamilton , looking south from the Washington state side of the gorge . On the far left side of the image , the Bonneville Dam is visible . On the left - center is the small town of North Bonneville . Behind the hills in the center of the image , the peak of Mt . Hood is just barely visible . The large rock at the river 's edge on the right side is Beacon Rock , which is 848 feet ( 258 m ) tall . History ( edit ) The gorge has supported human habitation for over 13,000 years . Evidence of the Folsom and Marmes people , who crossed the Bering land bridge from Asia , were found in archaeological digs . Excavations near Celilo Falls , a few miles east of The Dalles , show humans have occupied this salmon - fishing site for more than 10,000 years . Prior to the construction of the Barlow Road , the only practical option for many immigrants to the Willamette Valley along the Oregon Trail was to convert their wagons into rafts at the Dalles . Many died or lost their possessions in the attempt to convey their wagons via rafts through the Cascade Rapids . The gorge has provided a transportation corridor for thousands of years . Native Americans would travel through the Gorge to trade at Celilo Falls , both along the river and over Lolo Pass on the north side of Mount Hood . In 1805 , the route was used by the Lewis and Clark Expedition to reach the Pacific . Early European and American settlers subsequently established steamboat lines and railroads through the gorge . Today , the BNSF Railway runs freights along the Washington side of the river , while its rival , the Union Pacific Railroad , runs freights along the Oregon shore . Until 1997 , Amtrak 's Pioneer also used the Union Pacific tracks . The Portland segment of the Empire Builder uses the BNSF tracks that pass through the gorge . The Columbia River Highway , built in the early 20th century , was the first major paved highway in the Pacific Northwest . Shipping was greatly simplified after Bonneville Dam and The Dalles Dam submerged the gorge 's major rapids such as Celilo Falls , a major salmon fishing site for local Native Americans until the site 's submergence in 1957 . In November 1986 , Congress made it the second U.S. National Scenic Area and established the Columbia River Gorge Commission as part of an interstate compact . The experimental designation came in lieu of being recognized as a national park , which would require the existing industries in towns along the river to relocate . The designation was initially opposed by residents fearing government encroachment , due to restrictions from the plan like building paint colors , and conservationists who feared additional development in the region . In 2004 , the gorge became the namesake of the Columbia Gorge American Viticultural Area , a 4,432 - acre ( 1,794 ha ) area located on both sides of the river . In fall 2017 , the Eagle Creek Fire burned in the gorge for three months , consuming almost 50,000 acres ( 20,000 ha ) . It reached 100 % containment on November 30 , 2017 , but was not yet completely out . Gallery ( edit ) Crown Point in the Columbia River Gorge , looking upstream from Chanticleer Point . Columbia River Gorge , photographed from the southern edge of the Gifford Pinchot National Forest . The view east towards The Dalles from Dog Mountain . Native Indian petroglyphs in the Columbia River Gorge near The Dalles Dam . Kitesurfing on the Columbia River . View of Columbia River Gorge from Cape Horn Trail , looking east toward Beacon Rock . Columbia River Gorge , photographed from Crown Point . Triple Falls Oneonta Creek Horsethief Butte , near The Dalles . See also ( edit ) Barlow Road , the first wagon - compatible pioneer road to provide a safer alternative to traveling through the gorge Cascades Rapids Columbia Gorge casino , a proposed off - reservation casino in Cascade Locks Wahclella Falls References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Columbia River Gorge of Oregon '' . Northwest Waterfall Survey . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Columbia River Gorge '' . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ The Seattle Times ' Pacific NW magazine - `` Trailing an Apocalypse '' - 30 September 2007 Jump up ^ O'Connor , Jim E. ( Fall 2004 ) . `` The Evolving Landscape of the Columbia River Gorge : Lewis and Clark and Cataclysms on the Columbia '' . Oregon Historical Quarterly . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area Act from GorgeFriends.org Jump up ^ Geranios , Nicholas K. ( June 3 , 1990 ) . `` Columbia Gorge controversy smolders '' . The Seattle Times . Associated Press . p . B3 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Jim ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` Columbia Gorge fire declared 100 percent contained ; hot spots still possible '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 05 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Columbia River Gorge . U.S. Forest Service - Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area Columbia River Gorge Commission Columbia Gorge Magazine Abbott , Carl . `` Columbia Gorge National Scenic Area '' . The Oregon Encyclopedia . Portland State University Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area Collection -- contains research material used to write the book Planning a New West : The Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area The River They Saw Documentary produced by Oregon Public Broadcasting Columbia River Provinces and states traversed British Columbia Washington Oregon Lists Cities Crossings Dams Rapids Tributaries Geology and geography Geology of the Pacific Northwest Columbia River Basalt Group Columbia River Gorge Missoula Floods Bonneville Slide / Bridge of the Gods land bridge Columbia Mountains Falls and rapids Cascades Rapids Celilo Falls Kettle Falls Dalles des Morts History Robert Gray exploration Lewis and Clark Expedition David Thompson Pacific Fur Company Fort Vancouver Steamboats of the Columbia River Big Bend Gold Rush Steamboats of the Arrow Lakes Steamboats of the upper Columbia and Kootenay Rivers Columbia River Treaty Historic Columbia River Highway Columbia Basin Project Bonneville Power Administration Hanford Site Sohappy v. Smith Boldt Decision Vanport flood of 1948 Ecology and culture Pacific salmon Roll On , Columbia , Roll On Confluence Project The Columbia River Collection Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail in the Pacific Northwest Ice Age Glacial Floods Missoula Floods Glacial Lakes Glacial Lake Missoula Glacial Lake Columbia Temporary Lakes Lake Lewis Lake Condon Lake Allison Ice Age Floods Glacial Residue Withrow Moraine Boulder Park Sims Corner Eskers and Kames Ice Age Floods Erosion & Deposition Features Foster Coulee Grand Coulee Moses Coulee Channeled Scablands Dry Falls Drumheller Channels Crab Creek Corfu Slide Palouse Falls Touchet Formation Wallula Gap Columbia River Gorge Alameda Ridge Related contemporaneous events Bonneville Flood State of Oregon Salem ( capital ) Topics History Geography Fauna Climate Pioneers People Governors Government Delegations Constitution Congress Ballot measures Elections Parks Fair Symbols Oregon Trail Beaches Lakes Rivers Misc . Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Gambling Politics Regions Western Northwest Oregon Oregon Coast Portland Metro Tualatin Valley Willamette Valley Eastern Harney Basin High Desert Palouse Treasure Valley Central Oregon Southern Rogue Valley Shared The Cascades Columbia Gorge Columbia River Columbia Plateau Great Basin Mount Hood Corridor Trout Creek Mountains Metro areas Albany -- Corvallis Bend -- Redmond Eugene -- Springfield Medford -- Ashland Portland Salem -- Keizer Largest cities Portland Salem Eugene Gresham Hillsboro Beaverton Bend Medford Springfield Corvallis Albany Tigard Lake Oswego Keizer Grants Pass Oregon City McMinnville Redmond Tualatin West Linn Woodburn Forest Grove Newberg Wilsonville Roseburg Klamath Falls Ashland Milwaukie Sherwood Happy Valley Central Point Canby Hermiston Pendleton Counties Baker Benton Clackamas Clatsop Columbia Coos Crook Curry Deschutes Douglas Gilliam Grant Harney Hood River Jackson Jefferson Josephine Klamath Lake Lane Lincoln Linn Malheur Marion Morrow Multnomah Polk Sherman Tillamook Umatilla Union Wallowa Wasco Washington Wheeler Yamhill State of Washington Olympia ( capital ) Topics Cities Towns Census - designated places Federal lands Indian reservations History Geography Earthquakes People Music Parks Highways Symbols Tourist attractions Society Cannabis Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Politics Government Law Governors Legislature Legislative districts Senate House Legislative initiatives Popular initiatives Congressional delegation Congressional districts City governments State agencies Agriculture Archaeology and Historic Preservation Commerce Corrections Early Learning Ecology Employment Security Enterprise Services Financial Institutions Fish and Wildlife Health Information Services Labor and Industries Licensing Liquor and Cannabis Board Military Natural Resources Parks Institute for Public Policy Public Stadium Authority Public Disclosure Commission Retirement Systems Revenue Services for the Blind Social and Health Services Student Achievement Council Transportation Utilities and Transportation Regions Western Kitsap Peninsula Long Beach Peninsula Olympic Peninsula Puget Sound San Juan Islands Skagit Valley Eastern / Inland Central Washington Columbia Plateau Methow Valley Okanogan Country Palouse Yakima Valley Shared Cascade Range Columbia Gorge Columbia River Largest cities Seattle Spokane Tacoma Vancouver Bellevue Kent Everett Renton Yakima Federal Way Spokane Valley Kirkland Bellingham Kennewick Auburn Pasco Marysville Lakewood Redmond Shoreline Richland Metropolitan areas Greater Seattle Greater Spokane Tri-Cities metropolitan area Wenatchee metropolitan area Greater Portland and Vancouver Counties Adams Asotin Benton Chelan Clallam Clark Columbia Cowlitz Douglas Ferry Franklin Garfield Grant Grays Harbor Island Jefferson King Kitsap Kittitas Klickitat Lewis Lincoln Mason Okanogan Pacific Pend Oreille Pierce San Juan Skagit Skamania Snohomish Spokane Stevens Thurston Wahkiakum Walla Walla Whatcom Whitman Yakima Protected areas of Oregon Federal NPS National Parks Crater Lake National Historic Parks and Sites Fort Vancouver NHS Lewis and Clark NHP Nez Perce NHP National Monuments John Day Fossil Beds Newberry National Volcanic Monument ( USFS ) Oregon Caves USFS National Forests Deschutes Fremont -- Winema Malheur Mount Hood Ochoco Rogue River -- Siskiyou Siuslaw Umatilla Umpqua Wallowa -- Whitman Willamette National Grasslands Crooked River National Recreation Areas Hells Canyon Mount Hood Oregon Dunes Row River National Recreation Trail Scenic Areas Cape Perpetua Scenic Area Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area National Wildlife Refuge System Ankeny Bandon Marsh Baskett Slough Bear Valley Cape Meares Cold Springs Deer Flat Hart Mountain Julia Butler Hansen Refuge for the Columbian White - Tailed Deer Klamath Marsh Lewis and Clark Lower Klamath Malheur McKay Creek Nestucca Bay Oregon Islands Siletz Bay Three Arch Rocks Tualatin River Umatilla Upper Klamath Wapato Lake William L. Finley Wildernesses Badger Creek Black Canyon Boulder Creek Bridge Creek Bull of the Woods Clackamas Copper Salmon Cummins Creek Diamond Peak Drift Creek Eagle Cap Gearhart Mountain Grassy Knob Hells Canyon Kalmiopsis Lower White River Mark O. Hatfield Menagerie Middle Santiam Mill Creek Monument Rock Mount Hood Mount Jefferson Mount Thielsen Mount Washington Mountain Lakes North Fork John Day North Fork Umatilla Opal Creek Oregon Badlands Oregon Islands Red Buttes Roaring River Rock Creek Rogue -- Umpqua Divide Salmon -- Huckleberry Sky Lakes Soda Mountain Spring Basin Steens Mountain Strawberry Mountain Table Rock Three Arch Rocks Three Sisters Waldo Lake Wenaha -- Tucannon Wild Rogue National Conservation Lands Cascade -- Siskiyou National Monument Steens Mountain Cooperative Management and Protection Area Yaquina Head Outstanding Natural Area National Wild and Scenic Rivers List of Oregon 's National Wild and Scenic Rivers Other Protected Areas Cascade Head Preserve Christmas Valley Sand Dunes Fossil Lake Area of Critical Environmental Concern Lost Forest Research Natural Area South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve Upper and Lower Table Rock Wildwood Recreation Site State Parks List of Oregon 's State Parks Forests Clatsop Elliott Gilchrist Santiam Sun Pass Tillamook Wildlife Areas Bridge Creek Dean Creek Denman E.E. Wilson Elkhorn Fern Ridge Irrigon Jewell Meadows Klamath Ladd Marsh Lower Deschutes Phillip W. Schneider Prineville Riverside Sauvie Island Snake River Islands Summer Lake Wenaha White River Willow Creek Local Metro Blue Lake Cooper Mountain Glendoveer Graham Oaks Howell Oregon Zoo Oxbow Smith and Bybee Mount Talbert Portland Audubon Society of Portland Butterfly Park Crystal Springs Rhododendron Garden Forest Park Hoyt Arboretum Oaks Bottom Wildlife Refuge Powell Butte Nature Park Tideman Johnson Natural Area Washington Park Tualatin Hills Park and Recreation District Tualatin Hills Nature Park Heritage registers National Register of Historic Places National Historic Landmarks National Natural Landmarks World Network of Biosphere Reserves Coordinates : 45 ° 42 ′ 17 '' N 121 ° 47 ′ 30 '' W  /  45.70472 ° N 121.79167 ° W  / 45.70472 ; - 121.79167 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia_River_Gorge&oldid=852613455 '' Categories : Archaeological sites in Oregon Archaeological sites in Washington ( state ) Valleys of Oregon Valleys of Washington ( state ) Protected areas of Clark County , Washington Columbia River Gorge Columbia River Protected areas of Hood River County , Oregon Protected areas of Klickitat County , Washington Protected areas of Multnomah County , Oregon National Scenic Areas Protected areas of Sherman County , Oregon Protected areas of Skamania County , Washington Protected areas of Wasco County , Oregon Mount Hood National Forest Landforms of Clark County , Washington Landforms of Hood River County , Oregon Landforms of Klickitat County , Washington Landforms of Multnomah County , Oregon Landforms of Sherman County , Oregon Landforms of Skamania County , Washington Landforms of Wasco County , Oregon United States Forest Service protected areas Water gaps of the United States Hidden categories : Geobox usage tracking for protected area type All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2008 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Lietuvių Română Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 July 2018 , at 05 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia%20River%20Gorge

who sings the song you don t own me

You Do n't Own Me

you don't own me

`` You Do n't Own Me '' is a popular song written by Philadelphia songwriters John Madara and David White and recorded by Lesley Gore in 1963 , when Gore was 17 years old . The song was Gore 's second most successful recording and her last top - ten single . On November 27 , 2016 , the Grammy Hall of Fame announced its induction , along with that of another 24 songs .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Lyrics 2 Chart performance 3 Covers 3.1 Grace version 3.1. 1 Charts and certifications 3.1. 1.1 Weekly charts 3.1. 1.2 Year - end charts 3.1. 1.3 Certifications 3.2 Other versions 4 In culture 5 References 6 External links Lyrics ( edit ) The song expresses a threatened emancipation , as the singer tells a lover that he does not own her , that he is not to tell her what to do or what to say , and that he is not to put her on display . The song 's lyrics became an inspiration for younger women and are sometimes cited as a factor in the second wave feminist movement . Gore said , `` My take on the song was : I 'm 17 , what a wonderful thing , to stand up on a stage and shake your finger at people and sing you do n't own me . '' In Gore 's obituary , The New York Times referred to `` You Do n't Own Me '' as `` indelibly defiant '' . Chart performance ( edit ) The song reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States . The song remained at number two for three consecutive weeks on February 1 , 1964 , unable to overcome the Beatles ' hit , `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' and it became Gore 's second most successful hit , next to `` It 's My Party '' . The song was Gore 's last top - ten single . Covers ( edit ) Grace version ( edit ) `` You Do n't Own Me '' Single by Grace featuring G - Eazy from the album FMA Released March 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 17 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2015 Genre Hip hop soul R&B Length 3 : 19 Label RCA SME Songwriter ( s ) John Madara David White Gerald Gillum Producer ( s ) Quincy Jones Parker Ighile Grace singles chronology `` You Do n't Own Me '' ( 2015 ) `` Dirty Harry '' ( 2015 ) `` You Do n't Own Me '' ( 2015 ) `` Dirty Harry '' ( 2015 ) G - Eazy singles chronology `` Fuck with U '' ( 2014 ) Fuck with U2014 `` You Do n't Own Me '' ( 2015 ) You Do n't Own Me2015 `` You Got Me '' ( 2015 ) You Got Me2015 The song was covered by Australian singer and songwriter Grace and was released as her debut single . It features American rapper G - Eazy. Grace 's version was produced by Quincy Jones , who also produced the original recording by Lesley Gore , and Parker Ighile . It was released on March 17 , 2015 one month after Lesley Gore died , and peaked at number one on the ARIA Charts , later being certified 3 × Platinum by the ARIA . The song was also a success in New Zealand , peaking at number five for two consecutive weeks , and in the United Kingdom , peaking at number four . In an interview with House of Fraser , Grace said `` ( Quincy Jones ) told me how the song came out during the feminist movement and how it was such a strong statement . I loved the song , started researching Lesley Gore and fell in love with her as an artist . ( You Do n't Own Me ) really inspired me . '' The song was released worldwide on March 17 , 2015 . It grew to prominence in the UK when it was used in the 2015 House of Fraser Christmas advert . It was also performed by The X Factor contestant Lauren Murray on November 28 , 2015 and Matt Terry on October 8 , 2016 . The increased exposure for the song helped it rise to a peak of number four on the UK Singles Chart . The song was featured in the third trailer for the 2016 film Suicide Squad and appeared on the film 's soundtrack album . The song was featured in the opening of Riverdale 's eighth episode in March 2017 . A music video directed by Taylor Cohen was released on June 1 , 2015 . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 -- 16 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 55 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 42 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 45 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 52 France ( SNEP ) 182 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 32 Ireland ( IRMA ) 13 Italy ( FIMI ) 89 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 Portugal ( AFP ) 62 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 50 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 38 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 19 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 60 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 57 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 22 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 26 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 43 Chart ( 2016 ) Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 87 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 80,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 15,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) 2 × Platinum 40,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Other versions ( edit ) The song has been covered by The Tremeloes , Dusty Springfield on her debut album , A Girl Called Dusty , cello rock group Rasputina on their album How We Quit the Forest , Elaine Paige on her album Love Can Do That , Joan Jett on her debut album Bad Reputation , The Blow Monkeys on the Dirty Dancing soundtrack , Jack Killed Jill on their album Hello Neighbor , by Poliça on their Raw Exit EP , and by Quintron on The Unmasked Organ Light - Year of Inifinity Man . At the time the song was originally released , versions were recorded in several other languages , both by Lesley Gore herself , and by other artists . The German version was `` Goodbye Tony '' , recorded by Lesley Gore . The Italian version was `` Va ... Tu Sei Libero '' , recorded by Lesley Gore , Isabella Iannetti , and Dalida . The French version was `` Je Ne Sais Plus '' , recorded by Lesley Gore , Dalida , and Jacqueline Boyer . An alternate French version , `` Je Suis Libre '' , was performed by the Canadian singer Michèle Richard . It was also recorded in Swedish , as `` Jag Vill Ha Dig '' by Marianne Kock , and in Dutch , as `` Ik Wil Vrij Zijn '' , by Liliane Saint - Pierre , as the B - side to her first hit record , `` We Gotta Stop '' , as well as having been recorded in Japanese by Mieko Hirota . André Hazes recorded a Dutch - language version of the song in 1981 for his album Gewoon André ; `` Zeg Maar Niets Meer '' was popular in Europe , and reached number 2 in the Dutch charts in early 1982 . In 1998 , Eva Pilarová sung a Czech version under the name `` Cesta končí '' on the album Requiem . German countertenor Klaus Nomi included the song on his self - titled debut album in English , emphasizing the song 's original gender and , with a few minor lyric adjustments , gave the song a gay theme . American rapper Eminem sampled this song for his song `` Untitled '' as a hidden bonus final track from his 2010 album , Recovery . Selena Gomez covered the song during her 2015 Revival World tour . The X Factor UK finalist Matt Terry performed the song on the first week of the show . The American The Voice contestant Darby Walker performed it on Week 10 of season 11 of the show on November 21 , 2016 . In culture ( edit ) Bette Midler , Goldie Hawn , and Diane Keaton covered the song in the movie The First Wives Club in 1996 . Klaus Nomi version , like most of Nomi 's recordings , was fairly obscure in Nomi 's lifetime , but it later gained exposure through posthumous airplay on The Rush Limbaugh Show as the theme to Limbaugh 's `` Gay Updates . '' In the second season of American Horror Story Asylum ( 2012 - 13 ) , the song is used in a scene where Lily Rabe 's character Sister Mary Eunice , who was possessed by the devil , danced around in red lingerie . In 2012 , Tavi Gevinson and Petra Collins , along with many other celebrities , starred in a music video lipsynching to the song . These videos were later made into a public service announcement ( PSA ) addressing Mitt Romney 's 2012 presidential campaign and his intentions regarding abortion and Planned Parenthood . The PSA was directed by musician Sarah Sophie Flicker of The Citizens Band and filmmaker Maximilla Lukacs , and produced by Rebecca Fernandez . Other celebrities in the video include Carrie Brownstein , Alexa Chung , Karen Elson , Zoe Kravitz , Natasha Lyonne , Tracee Ellis Ross , Lena Dunham , Sia , Becky Stark , and Miranda July . The online video included spoken commentary by Gore . Filipina singer Lani Misalucha covered the song as the theme song for the movie Etiquette for Mistresses in 2015 . It was also covered by Arielle Dombasle on the album French Kiss , released in 2015 with The Hillbilly Moon Explosion . The song was featured in the 2016 film Suicide Squad , on Harley Quinn ( Margot Robbie ) 's debut scene . The song was featured in a Toyota television ad campaign in the United States in 2016 - 2017 . The song is featured during the credits of the pilot episode of The Handmaid 's Tale . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/nirvana-bowie-rem-songs-added-to-grammy-hall-of-fame-w452651 Jump up ^ Will Stos ( 2012 ) . `` Bouffants , Beehives , and Breaking Gender Norms : Rethinking ' Girl Group ' Music of the 1950s and 1960s '' . Journal of Popular Music Studies . 24 ( 2 ) : 117 -- 154 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1533 - 1598.2012. 01322. x . Jump up ^ `` Biography - Lesley Gore '' . Biography.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Lesley Gore Teenage Voice of Heartbreak Dies at 68 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Richie Unterberger . `` You Do n't Own Me - Lesley Gore Song Info '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` You Do n't Own Me Song Facts '' . Songfacts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Harr , Dan ( 18 March 2015 ) . `` Grace Teams Up With G - Eazy and Quincy Jones to Recreate Lesley Gore 's ' You Do n't Own Me ' '' . Music News Nashville . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes Store ( AU ) - Music - Grace - You Do n't Own Me ( feat . G - Eazy ) - Single '' . iTunes Store ( AU ) . 17 March 2015 . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grace - The Voice Behind our Christmas Avert '' . House of Fraser . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` This is who covers Lesley Gore 's You Do n't Own Me in the Suicide Squad trailer '' . Metro . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad ' Soundtrack : Skrillex & Rick Ross , Panic ! at the Disco Cover ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' & More '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grace - You Do n't Own Me ft . G - Eazy '' . YouTube . 1 June 2015 . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Grace feat . G - Eazy -- You Do n't Own Me '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 23 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Grace feat . G - Eazy -- You Do n't Own Me '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Grace feat . G - Eazy -- You Do n't Own Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved 17 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grace -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Grace . Retrieved 8 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201634 into search . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés - SNEP ( Week 32 , 2016 ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 3 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 2 , 2016 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Classifica settimanale WK 34 '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 27 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Grace feat . G - Eazy -- You Do n't Own Me '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Grace feat . G - Eazy -- You Do n't Own Me '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 5 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201539 into search . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201633 into search . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Grace feat . G - Eazy -- You Do n't Own Me '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Grace feat . G - Eazy -- You Do n't Own Me '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 18 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grace -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Grace . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grace -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for Grace . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2015 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2015 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 -- 2016 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2016 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Grace -- You Do n't Own Me ( Feat . G - Eazy ) '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 29 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Grace -- You Do n't Own Me ( Feat . G - Eazy ) '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 29 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Grace feat . G - Eazy -- You Do n't Own Me '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Polish single certifications -- Grace feat . G - Eazy -- You Do n't Own Me '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Grace feat . G - Eazy -- You Do n't Own Me '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . Enter You Do n't Own Me in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Grace feat . G - Eazy -- You Do n't Own Me '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Franke - Ruta , Garance ( October 23 , 2012 ) . `` The Best Lady GOTV Video of 2012 , Starring Lena Dunham and Lesley Gore '' . The Atlantic . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Lesley Gore Studio albums I 'll Cry If I Want To Lesley Gore Sings of Mixed - Up Hearts Boys , Boys , Boys Girl Talk My Town , My Guy , and Me Lesley Gore Sings All About Love California Nights Someplace Else Now Love Me by Name The Canvas Can Do Miracles Ever Since Compilations Lesley Gore : It 's My Party Singles `` It 's My Party '' `` Judy 's Turn to Cry '' `` She 's a Fool '' `` You Do n't Own Me '' `` That 's the Way Boys Are '' `` I Do n't Wanna Be a Loser '' `` Maybe I Know '' `` Look of Love '' `` Sunshine , Lollipops and Rainbows '' `` California Nights '' Related articles Discography Michael Gore Bette Midler singles discography Discography Filmography The Divine Miss M `` Do You Want to Dance '' ( 1972 ) `` Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy '' ( 1973 ) `` Friends '' ( 1973 ) Bette Midler `` In the Mood '' ( 1974 ) Songs for the New Depression `` Strangers in the Night '' ( 1976 ) The Best of Bette `` Buckets of Rain '' featuring Bob Dylan ( 1978 ) Thighs and Whispers `` Hang On in There Baby '' ( 1979 ) The Rose `` When a Man Loves a Woman '' ( 1980 ) `` The Rose '' ( 1980 ) Divine Madness `` Chapel of Love '' ( Live ) ( 1980 ) No Frills `` All I Need to Know '' ( 1983 ) `` Favorite Waste of Time '' ( 1983 ) `` Beast of Burden '' ( 1984 ) Beaches `` Under the Boardwalk '' ( 1988 ) `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' ( 1989 ) Some People 's Lives `` From a Distance '' ( 1990 ) `` Night and Day '' ( 1991 ) For the Boys `` In My Life '' ( 1992 ) Bette of Roses `` In This Life '' ( 1995 ) The First Wives Club `` You Do n't Own Me '' with Goldie Hawn and Diane Keaton ( 1997 ) Bathhouse Betty `` I 'm Beautiful '' ( 1999 ) Sings the Rosemary Clooney Songbook `` White Christmas '' ( 2004 ) Sings the Peggy Lee Songbook `` Fever '' ( 2006 ) Cool Yule `` From a Distance ( Christmas version ) '' ( 2006 ) ( Jackpot ! ) The Best Bette `` Wind Beneath My Wings ( re-issue ) '' ( 2008 ) It 's the Girls ! `` Be My Baby '' ( 2014 ) Other releases Promotional singles : `` Old Cape Cod '' ( 1976 ) `` Big Noise from Winnetka '' ( 1979 ) `` Small World '' ( 1993 ) `` Love T.K.O. '' ( 2001 ) Other songs : `` We Are the World '' ( 1985 ) `` I Put a Spell on You '' ( 1993 ) `` It 's Gonna Take a Miracle '' ( 1995 ) `` Somewhere Along the Way '' ( 1997 ) `` Manhattan '' ( 2004 ) `` The Greatest Ears in Town '' ( 2010 ) Book Template Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You_Don%27t_Own_Me&oldid=807487762 '' Categories : 1963 singles 1963 songs 1964 singles Bette Midler songs Lesley Gore songs Mercury Records singles Song recordings produced by Quincy Jones Songs with feminist themes Songs written by David White ( musician ) Songs written by John Medora Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Nederlands Русский Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2017 , at 08 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%20Don%2527t%20Own%20Me

when did ariana grandes new album come out

Sweetener is the fourth studio album by American singer Ariana Grande . It was released on August 17 , 2018 , through Republic Records . The album is the follow - up to her 2016 studio album , Dangerous Woman , and features guest appearances from Pharrell Williams , Nicki Minaj and Missy Elliott .

August 17 , 2018

Sweetener ( album )

sweetener ( album )

2018 studio album by Ariana Grande Sweetener Studio album by Ariana Grande Released August 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 17 ) Studio Various ( show ) Glenwood Place ( Burbank , California ) Jungle City and Germano ( New York City ) Chalice , Conway and East West ( Hollywood , California ) MXM and The Lunchtable ( Los Angeles , California ) Midnight Blue and South Beach ( Miami , Florida ) MXM and Wolf Cousins ( Stockholm , Sweden ) District 4 - 12 ( Northridge , California ) Genre Pop R&B trap Length 47 : 25 Label Republic Producer Ariana Grande ( exec. ) Scooter Braun ( exec . ) Charles Anderson Brian Malik Baptiste Tommy Brown Michael Foster Hit - Boy Ilya Max Martin Pharrell Williams Ariana Grande chronology The Best ( 2017 ) Sweetener ( 2018 ) Singles from Sweetener `` No Tears Left to Cry '' Released : April 20 , 2018 `` God Is a Woman '' Released : July 13 , 2018 `` Breathin '' Released : September 18 , 2018 Sweetener is the fourth studio album by American singer Ariana Grande . It was released on August 17 , 2018 , through Republic Records . The album is the follow - up to her 2016 studio album , Dangerous Woman , and features guest appearances from Pharrell Williams , Nicki Minaj and Missy Elliott . The lead single , `` No Tears Left to Cry '' , was released on April 20 , 2018 , and debuted at number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 . `` The Light Is Coming '' , featuring Minaj , was released as a promotional single on June 20 , 2018 , along with the pre-order of the album . `` God Is a Woman '' was released as the second single on July 13 , 2018 , and peaked at number 8 . The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 , becoming her third to reach the top position in the country . It also topped several international album charts , including in Australia , Belgium , Canada , Ireland , Italy , New Zealand , Norway , Portugal , Spain , Sweden , Switzerland and the United Kingdom . Contents 1 Background 2 Composition 2.1 Music and lyrics 2.2 Songs and lyrical content 3 Promotion 4 Singles 4.1 Promotional singles 5 Critical reception 6 Commercial performance 7 Track listing 8 Personnel 9 Charts 10 Certifications 11 Release history 12 References Background On November 13 , 2016 , Grande stated on Snapchat that she had finished her fourth album . She later clarified by saying , `` I did n't mean to make an album , and I do n't know if it 's done at all , but I just have a bunch of songs that I really really like . I 've been working a lot and have been creating and feeling inspired . '' In December 2017 , she confirmed that she was still working on the album . Grande 's manager Scooter Braun told Variety that the album has a more mature sound : `` It 's time for ( Ariana ) to sing the songs that define her ... Whitney , Mariah , Adele -- when they sing , that 's their song . Ariana has big vocal moments ; it 's time for her song . '' Pharrell Williams told Los Angeles Times : `` The things that ( Ariana ) has to say on this album , it 's pretty next - level . '' Producers Max Martin and Savan Kotecha were later confirmed to have collaborated with Grande in the album . On December 28 , 2017 , Grande shared several pictures of her in the studio throughout the year . The following week , Grande shared a snippet from the album on her Instagram , which was later revealed to be a track titled `` Get Well Soon '' . On April 16 , 2018 , it was reported that Grande may move up the lead single release to April 20 , 2018 , due to labelmate Post Malone 's album being released on April 27 . On April 17 , 2018 , Grande announced that the album 's lead single , `` No Tears Left to Cry '' , would be released on April 20 , 2018 . On The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon , Grande announced that her album would be called Sweetener . She said the meaning behind the title is `` It 's kind of about like bringing light to a situation , or to someone 's life , or somebody else who brings light to your life , or sweetening the situation . '' A May 2018 cover article in Time magazine by Sam Lansky notes that , for the first time with this album , Grande `` took the lead on writing '' . In late May 2018 , she announced that the album would feature 15 tracks and three collaborations , which are Missy Elliott , Nicki Minaj and Pharrell Williams . In early June 2018 , Grande announced at Wango Tango that the album would be available for pre-order on June 20 , and `` The Light Is Coming '' would be released along with it . The second single , `` God Is a Woman '' , was initially scheduled to be released on July 20 , 2018 , however , she later moved the release forward a week to July 13 . Prior to the album 's release , Spencer Kornhaber of The Atlantic commented that the first three singles from the album `` sparked with a sense of defiance and rattled mortality ... ( a ) trifecta of pseudo-spiritualism and sneaky innovation ... Grande 's music and videos radiate ( intoxicating , unworried confidence ) '' . Composition Music and lyrics `` It 's definitely more personal . You know , I feel like ' Dangerous Woman ' was a grown - up ' My Everything , ' and this is a grown - up ' Yours Truly . ' '' -- Ariana Grande on the album 's sound . Sweetener consists mostly of pop , R&B , and trap songs that include elements of house , funk , neo soul and hip hop music on its beats and productions . The melodies and harmonies on the album are diverse and include uptempo songs and many different down tempo sentimental ballads . It explores a diversity of other music genres , including tropical house , EDM , synthpop and minimalist urban influences . Stephen Thomas Erlewine from Allmusic stated that the album `` deepens the R&B inclinations of 2016 's Dangerous Woman . '' In an interview with Zach Sang she said : `` Listen , the thing that I love most about this project sonically , is that all I really did was sing in my sweet lower register '' . Songs and lyrical content The album begins with 38 - second a cappella intro , `` Raindrops ( An Angel Cried ) '' , written by Bob Gaudio and performed by The Four Seasons . The song is known to completely show Grande 's vocals . `` Blazed '' is a high tempo funk - influenced song . It features vocals and background vocals by Pharrell Williams , who also produced the track . She first admitted the name of the song on her Twitter account . Lyrically , it is about `` loving someone and being with them . '' `` The Light Is Coming '' merges hip hop and R&B elements . Grande sings the lyrics `` The light is coming / to give back everything the darkness stole '' . Which is sung over a `` jittery beat '' that is used with quick drums and synths . It samples a CNN archive clip of a man who is shouting at former senator Arlen Specter at a town hall meeting in Pennsylvania in 2009 concerning healthcare ( `` You would n't let anybody speak for this and instead ! '' ) . Israel Daramola described the song as a `` glitchy , thumping '' dance record with a sample that highlights Grande 's `` nursery rhyme - style melody '' `` R.E.M '' is an R&B song that is built over a smooth doo - wop beat . The song 's title stands for `` rapid eye movement '' , which is where memorable and vivid dreams occur . In an interview with Jimmy Fallon for the Tonight Show , she admitted that `` R.E.M '' was her favourite song . She later confirmed on Twitter that `` R.E.M. '' is a song based on Beyoncé 's demo titled `` Wake Up '' , a leftover from the singer 's 2013 self - titled album . Missy Elliott ( left ) , Nicki Minaj ( middle ) and Pharrell Williams ( right ) all perform , and Williams is a producer , on the album . The track `` God Is a Woman '' contains lyrics about female sexual empowerment and spirituality ; Time described the song as `` an anthemic , sultry banger '' . a trap - pop song , `` God Is a Woman '' contains influences of reggae. and is performed in the key of E ♭ minor with a tempo of 72 -- 76 beats per minute . `` Sweetener '' ( which is the title track ) was the first song that Grande recorded for the album , and it features Williams vocals in the background similar to `` R.E.M '' . Being a trap - inspired song , the chorus contains the lyrics `` When life deals us cards / Make everything taste like it is salt / Then you come through like the sweetener you are . '' which symbolises empowerment . `` Successful '' is a 90s - inspired neo soul song , that has elements of gospel and trap . Lyrically , it 's about `` girls feeling good about their own individual success . '' `` Everytime '' is a `` trap - pop '' song that contains a pop - rap chorus . `` Breathin '' is a dance - pop song that contains influences of synthpop . It was written by songwriter Peter Svensson . The Independent called the song an `` emotional highlight '' and that it is a `` mental health bop over a good , solid pop beat . '' Lyrically , it is about Grande 's overcoming growth from anxiety . `` No Tears Left To Cry '' is a dance - pop and disco song with a UK garage beat. and was served as the first official single for the album . Lyrically , it is about the Manchester Arena bombing . `` Borderline '' is a 90s contemporary R&B song features American rapper Missy Elliott . It 's one of Grande 's favourites on the album . `` Better Off '' is a power ballad that discusses a toxic relationship that Grande was in with former - boyfriend Mac Miller . `` Goodnight n Go '' is an EDM song with deep house and tropical influences . It contains a sample of `` Goodnight and Go '' , written and performed by Grande 's inspiration Imogen Heap . In an interview with Billboard Heap said that `` it feels like a gift '' . She went on saying : `` When somebody that famous picks up on a song that has had its day and gives it a second life , it 's a real gift . I think she 's done a lovely version of it . '' `` Pete Davidson '' is an interlude of the album and has a trap and hip hop production . Lyrically , it is about her then - fiancé , Pete Davidson . `` Get Well Soon '' is a soul - ballad that has a laid back R&B melody . At the end of the song , 40 seconds of silence are played as a tribute to the twenty - two victims of the Manchester Arena bombing , which took place after her concert on May 22 , 2017 . Promotion See also : The Sweetener Sessions and Sweetener World Tour Grande went silent on all social media after sharing a snippet of a song from the album on December 31 , 2017 . On April 17 , 2018 , Grande broke her silence by sharing a teaser of the album 's lead single , `` No Tears Left to Cry '' , which was released on April 20 , 2018 , alongside its music video . She first performed the song at Coachella later that night , as a guest during the performance of DJ Kygo . Grande announced the title of the album and several song titles on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon on May 1 , 2018 , shortly before performing `` No Tears Left to Cry '' . She also opened the 2018 Billboard Music Awards with a performance of the song on May 20 , 2018 . On June 2 , 2018 , Grande performed at Wango Tango in California , closing her set with a performance of `` No Tears Left to Cry '' and also sharing a snippet of `` The Light Is Coming '' . On August 8 , 2018 , three dates were announced for a series of promotional concerts in the United States , titled The Sweetener Sessions , in partnership with American Express . Grande also announced a world tour in support of the album . The tour , titled Sweetener World Tour is scheduled to begin on March 18 , 2019 . Singles The album 's lead single , `` No Tears Left to Cry '' , was released on April 20 , 2018 alongside its music video . The track debuted at number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 , becoming Grande 's ninth Hot 100 top 10 and sixth to debut in the top 10 , tying Grande with Lady Gaga and Rihanna in sixth among acts with the most top 10 debuts on the chart . The single made Grande the first artist in the chart 's 60 - year history to debut in the top 10 with lead single from each of her first four albums . The second single , `` God Is a Woman '' , was released on July 13 , 2018 , with its music video premiering 12 hours after the song 's release . The single debuted at number eleven on the Hot 100 and peaked at number eight , making it Grande 's tenth top ten song on the chart and placing her as the twelfth overall artist and seventh female artist with the most Hot 100 top 10s in the 2010s decade . `` Breathin '' was released to US contemporary hit radio as the third single from the album on September 18 , 2018 . The song has reached number 22 on the Hot 100 . Promotional Singles A promotional single , `` The Light Is Coming '' , featuring Nicki Minaj , was released on June 20 , 2018 , along with the pre-order of the album . The song debuted at number 95 on the Billboard Hot 100 and later peaked at number 89 , after the release of the album . Critical reception Professional ratings Aggregate scores Source Rating AnyDecentMusic ? 7.5 / 10 Metacritic 81 / 100 Review scores Source Rating AllMusic The Daily Telegraph Entertainment Weekly A -- The Guardian The Independent The Irish Times NME Pitchfork 8.1 / 10 Rolling Stone The Times At Metacritic , which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , Sweetener has an average score of 81 based on 20 reviews . In The New York Times , Jon Pareles wrote that Grande 's voice `` can be silky , breathy or cutting , swooping through long melismas or jabbing out short R&B phrases ; it 's always supple and airborne , never forced. ... Ms. Grande sails above any fray , past or present . Her aplomb is her triumph . '' Brittany Spanos of Rolling Stone called the album `` a refreshing , cohesive package. ... ( The producers ' approach lets ) Grande 's easy way with trap phrasing find a home next to her flair for Broadway-esque dramatic runs '' ; it combines `` the sensual romance of the album 's plentiful love songs and the aching heartbreak of the others . '' Spanos concludes that it is Grande 's `` best album yet , and one of 2018 's strongest pop releases to date . Kate Solomon of The Independent commented that with music that is `` often unexpected , sometimes in a good way , it is an album by an artist in flux -- trying to move forward while reluctant to fully relinquish old ideas . '' Writing for NME , Douglas Greenwood deemed the album `` ( a ) confident , accomplished , sometimes left - field collection of pop bangers , proving that she 's not shy of experimentation . '' He also commented that `` there are a couple of songs on Sweetener that you 'd happily leave on the shelf . '' Similarly , in The Guardian , Alexis Petridis said that `` her collaborations with Pharrell really push the boundaries . But they make the rest of this album seem formulaic . '' He considered the album `` uneven '' , with its attempts to balance out what Grande called a `` weird '' record . Petridis felt that `` the world could use more pop music as imaginative as Sweetener 's highlights . '' Neil McCormick in The Daily Telegraph felt that `` the quality of the songs is high , although there are moments when they might be trying too hard to demonstrate that the teen queen is all grown up now , '' and argued , `` as modern , branded , blockbuster pop albums go , Sweetener is a delightful confection . '' He commented less favorably about guest rappers Nicki Minaj and Missy Elliott , who `` sound like they dialled in clichéd verses for a pay cheque . '' Commercial performance In the United States , Sweetener opened at number one on the US Billboard 200 with 231,000 album - equivalent units , of which 127,000 were from traditional album sales , thus becoming Grande 's third number - one album in the United States . It also logged the largest streaming week for a non-hip hop album by a female artist ; the songs were streamed 126.7 million times in the album 's first week . On the US Billboard Hot 100 chart issue dated September 1 , ten songs ( nine of which are from Sweetener ) appeared simultaneously , placing Grande as the fourth female artist with the most simultaneous entries on the chart by a solo female artist behind Taylor Swift , Beyoncé , and Cardi B. Grande also topped the Artist 100 chart the same week due to album sales and song streams . In its second week , Sweetener dropped to number four moving 75,000 equivalent album units , while in its third week , it fell one position to number five moving an additional 56,000 equivalent album units . In the United Kingdom , Sweetener debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart , moving 45,000 album - equivalent units . It became her second number - one album in the UK , and her fastest selling album to date . Following its release , two album tracks entered the UK Singles Chart as `` Breathin '' debuted at number 8 , and `` Sweetener '' landed at number 22 , while the single `` God Is a Woman '' ascended six places to number 6 . In Australia , the album became Grande 's third number one on the ARIA Albums Chart , with all 15 of its tracks placing on the ARIA Singles Chart in the same week . Track listing Sweetener No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Raindrops ( An Angel Cried ) '' Bob Gaudio Ilya Max Martin 0 : 37 2 . `` Blazed '' ( featuring Pharrell Williams ) Pharrell Williams Williams 3 : 16 3 . `` The Light Is Coming '' ( featuring Nicki Minaj ) Williams Onika Maraj Ariana Grande Williams 3 : 48 4 . `` R.E.M '' Williams Williams 4 : 05 5 . `` God Is a Woman '' Grande Ilya Salmanzadeh Savan Kotecha Martin Rickard Göransson Ilya 3 : 17 6 . `` Sweetener '' Williams Grande Williams 3 : 28 7 . `` Successful '' Williams Williams 3 : 47 8 . `` Everytime '' Grande Salmanzadeh Kotecha Martin Martin Ilya 2 : 52 9 . `` Breathin '' Grande Salmanzadeh Kotecha Peter Svensson Ilya 3 : 18 10 . `` No Tears Left to Cry '' Grande Martin Kotecha Salmanzadeh Martin Ilya 3 : 25 11 . `` Borderline '' ( featuring Missy Elliott ) Williams Melissa Elliott Williams 2 : 57 12 . `` Better Off '' Tommy Brown Chauncey Hollis Brian Malik Baptiste Kim `` Kaydence '' Krysiuk Grande Hit - Boy Brown Baptiste 2 : 51 13 . `` Goodnight n Go '' Imogen Heap Brown Charles Anderson Michael Foster Grande Victoria McCants Brown Anderson Foster 3 : 09 14 . `` Pete Davidson '' Grande Brown Anderson McCants Brown Anderson 1 : 13 15 . `` Get Well Soon '' Williams Grande Williams 5 : 22 Total length : 47 : 25 show Japan bonus tracks No . Title Length 16 . `` No Tears Left to Cry '' ( instrumental ) 3 : 25 17 . `` God Is a Woman '' ( instrumental ) 3 : 17 show Japan deluxe edition ( bonus DVD ) No . Title Length 1 . `` No Tears Left to Cry '' ( music video ) 3 : 59 2 . `` The Light Is Coming '' ( featuring Nicki Minaj ; music video ) 3 : 53 Notes All track titles are stylized in all lowercase , except `` R.E.M '' and the proper noun `` God '' in tracks 4 and 5 respectively . `` Raindrops ( An Angel Cried ) '' is a cover of `` An Angel Cried '' , written by Bob Gaudio and performed by The Four Seasons . `` R.E.M '' contains a sample elements of Beyoncé 's unreleased demo entitled `` Wake Up '' . `` Goodnight n Go '' contains a sample of and incorporates lyrics from `` Goodnight and Go '' , written and performed by Imogen Heap . Personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Sweetener . Performers and musicians Ariana Grande -- vocals Pharrell Williams -- featured artist ( 2 ) , additional vocals ( 4 , 6 ) Nicki Minaj -- featured artist ( 3 ) Missy Elliott -- featured artist ( 11 ) Rickard Göransson -- guitar ( 5 ) Peter Lee Johnson -- strings ( 12 , 14 ) Max Martin -- bass ( 8 , 10 ) , drums ( 8 , 10 ) , keyboards ( 8 -- 10 ) , percussion ( 10 ) Ilya Salmanzadeh -- background vocals ( 5 , 9 ) , drums ( 5 , 8 -- 10 ) , guitar ( 5 , 9 ) , keyboard ( 5 , 8 -- 10 ) , bass ( 8 -- 9 ) , percussion ( 10 ) Production Charles Anderson -- production ( 13 -- 14 ) Brian Malik Baptiste -- production ( 12 ) Cory Bice -- recording engineer assistance ( 1 , 8 -- 10 ) Scooter Braun -- executive production Tommy Brown -- production ( 12 -- 14 ) Andrew Coleman -- recording ( 2 , 4 , 6 -- 7 , 11 ) , digital editing ( 2 , 4 , 6 -- 7 , 11 ) , arrangement ( 2 , 4 , 6 -- 7 , 11 ) Kris Crawford -- recording assistance ( 3 ) Thomas Cullison -- recording assistance ( 2 , 6 -- 7 , 11 , 15 ) Aubrey `` Big Juice '' Delaine -- vocals recording ( 3 ) Jacob Dennis -- recording engineer assistance ( 3 , 6 ) Scott Desmarais -- mix assistance ( 3 ) Corte Ellis -- recording ( 11 ) Missy Elliott -- recording ( 11 ) Iain Findlay -- recording assistance ( 6 ) Robin Florent -- mix assistance ( 3 ) Michael Foster -- production ( 13 ) Chris Galland -- mix assistance ( 3 ) Serban Ghenea -- mixing ( 5 , 8 -- 14 ) Ariana Grande -- executive production Hart Gunther -- recording assistance ( 7 ) John Hanes -- mix assistance ( 5 , 8 -- 14 ) Hit - Boy -- production ( 12 ) Sam Holland -- recording ( 1 , 8 -- 10 ) Chris Khan -- recording assistance ( 6 ) David Kim -- recording assistance ( 6 ) Mike Larson -- recording ( 2 -- 4 , 6 -- 7 , 11 , 15 ) , digital editing ( 2 -- 4 , 6 -- 7 , 11 , 15 ) , arrangement ( 2 -- 4 , 6 -- 7 , 11 , 15 ) , additional programming ( 3 -- 4 ) Guillermo Lefeld -- recording assistance ( 4 ) Jeremy Lertola -- recording engineer assistance ( 1 , 8 -- 10 ) Manny Marroquin -- mixing ( 3 ) Max Martin -- production ( 1 , 8 , 10 ) , programming ( 8 , 10 ) Randy Merrill -- mastering Brendan Morawski -- recording engineer assistance ( 3 ) Manny Park -- recording assistance ( 3 ) Noah Passovoy -- recording ( 9 ) Ramon Rivas -- recording engineer assistance ( 3 ) Ilya Salmanzadeh -- production ( 1 , 5 , 8 -- 10 ) , mixing ( 1 ) , programming ( 5 , 8 -- 10 ) Ben `` Bengineer '' Sedano -- recording assistance ( 2 -- 3 , 6 , 11 ) Jon Sher -- recording assistance ( 4 ) Phil Tan -- mixing ( 2 , 4 , 6 -- 7 , 11 , 15 ) Pharrell Williams -- production ( 2 -- 4 , 6 -- 7 , 11 , 15 ) Bill Zimmerman -- additional engineering ( 2 , 4 , 6 -- 7 , 11 , 15 ) Artwork Dave Meyers -- photography Jessica Severn -- art direction , design Charts Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) Czech Albums ( ČNS IFPI ) Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) French Albums ( SNEP ) German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) Hungarian Albums ( MAHASZ ) 6 Irish Albums ( IRMA ) Italian Albums ( FIMI ) Japanese Albums ( Oricon ) 5 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) Polish Albums ( ZPAV ) Portuguese Albums ( AFP ) Scottish Albums ( OCC ) South Korean Albums ( Gaon ) 24 Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Albums ( OCC ) US Billboard 200 Certifications Region Certification Certified units / Sales New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 7,500 Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 20,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 100,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Release history Region Date Format Label Ref . Various August 17 , 2018 CD digital download streaming Republic Island United Kingdom August 21 , 2018 Cassette Island Various October 15 , 2018 Republic November , 2018 LP References ^ Jump up to : Mapes , Jillian . `` Ariana Grande : Sweetener Review '' . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McCormick , Neil ( August 17 , 2018 ) . `` Ariana Grande , Sweetener review : Out of the darkness came sweetness '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Leight , Elias ( August 17 , 2018 ) . `` Ariana Grande 's Sweetener Proves That Trap Is the New Pop '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved August 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande Taps Nicki Minaj for New Song `` The Light Is Coming '' : Listen `` . Pitchfork. 2018 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande Is Already Working On Her Fourth Album '' . Idolator. 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande 's Been So ' Inspired ' That She Already Made Her Next Album '' . MTV . Jump up ^ Rice , Nicholas ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` Ariana Grande Confirms She 's Working On Her Fourth Studio Album '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` From Ariana to Watt : Catching Up With Scooter Braun 's 20 Clients as SB Projects Turns 10 '' . November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Diderich , Joelle ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` Pharrell Williams ' latest Adidas Originals collaboration is a super-exclusive pair of co-branded Chanel kicks '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Aswad , Jem ( 9 April 2018 ) . `` Ariana Grande to Drop First Single From New Album on April 27 '' . Jump up ^ `` Is Ariana Grande Collaborating With Aretha Franklin ? - MTV UK '' . MTV . ^ Jump up to : Grande , Ariana ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` See you next year '' -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande 's New Single `` No Tears Left to Cry '' Arrives On April 20 ( Update ) `` . Headline Planet . 16 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ariana Grande Announces New Song ' No Tears Left to Cry ' Out Friday '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande Dishes On New Album ' Sweetener ' as She Takes Over ' The Tonight Show ' '' . Billboard . May 2 , 2018 . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lansky , Sam ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` Ariana Grande Is Ready to Be Happy '' . Time . Jump up ^ `` fifteen ☁ ️ '' . May 29 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Criswell , Josh ( June 2 , 2018 ) . `` Ariana Grande Reveals ' Sweetener ' Album Pre-Order Date '' . iHeartRadio . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ariana Grande on Twitter '' . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Tornow , Sam ( July 12 , 2018 ) . `` Ariana Grande Pushes ' God Is A Woman ' Release Date Up : ' Surprise ' '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Kornhaber , Spencer . `` What Is Ariana Grande Doing ? '' , The Atlantic , July 18 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande Talks New Album ' Sweetener , ' Says ' It 's Definitely More Perseonal '' . Tigerbeat . August 24 , 2018 . Retrieved September 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Spanos , Brittany ( August 20 , 2018 ) . `` Review : Ariana Grande Finds Serenity and Has Some Fun on Sweetener '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved August 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sweetener - Ariana Grande '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Can Ariana Grande Save Pop Music from Itself ? '' . Cosmopolotion . August 18 , 2018 . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande Talks Sweetener , Pete Davidson & Nicki Minaj '' . Zach Sang . August 17 , 2018 . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sweetener by Ariana Grande on Spotify '' . Spotify . August 17 , 2018 . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Farley , Rebecca ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` Everything We Know About Ariana Grande 's New Album Sweetener '' . Refinery29 . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Taylor ( August 17 , 2018 ) . `` Ariana Grande 's Sweetener : A Track - by - Track Review '' . Pride . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Aniftos , Rania ( August 17 , 2018 ) . `` Pharrell on Working With Ariana Grande on ' Sweetener ' : ' She Really Unzipped ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Grande , Ariana ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` the one with P isss called Blazed '' . Twitter . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande Links With Nicki Minaj On ' The Light Is Coming ' '' . Clash Music . June 20 , 2018 . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande Taps Nicki Minaj for New Song `` The Light Is Coming '' : Listen `` . Pitchfork . June 20 , 2018 . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hear Ariana Grande Tap Nicki Minaj for Snappy ' The Light Is Coming ' '' . Rolling Stone . June 20 , 2018 . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Who Is The Man Sampled On Ariana Grande 's ' The Light Is Coming ' ? '' . PopBuzz . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande 's ' The Light Is Coming ' Contains a Prominent Voice Sample With a Political Message '' . Billboard . June 21 , 2018 . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Daramola , Israel . `` Ariana Grande 's ' The Light Is Coming ' Is Hypnotic and Wonderfully Bizarre '' , Spin , June 22 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` REM SLEEP -- TYPES AND STAGES OF SLEEP '' . How Sleep Occurs . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande Predicted She Would Marry Pete Davidson Three Years Ago '' . YouTube . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande 's `` REM '' is a flip of a leaked Beyoncé song `` . Fader . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Spanos , Britanny . `` Watch Ariana Grande 's Cosmic New Lyric Video for ' God Is a Woman ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Neid , Mike . `` Ariana Grande 's `` God Is A Woman '' Is A Sexually Liberated Bop `` . Idolator . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lansky , Sam ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` Ariana Grande Is Ready to Be Happy '' . Time . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hugh , McIntyre . `` Ariana Grande Raps And Sings On Cool New Hip - Hop / Pop Hybrid Single ' God Is A Woman ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rolli , Bryan . `` Review : Ariana Grande 's ' God Is A Woman ' Might Just Be The Song Of The Summer '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande Reminds Us That ' God Is a Woman ' '' . Paper Magazine . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande `` God Is a Woman '' Sheet Music in Eb Minor `` . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande `` Sweetener '' `` . Genius . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ariana Grande -- ' Sweetener ' review '' . NME . Jump up ^ `` '' girls feeling good about their own individual success. `` '' . Twitter . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Premature Evaluation : Ariana Grande Sweetener '' . Stereogum . August 17 , 2018 . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sweetener ( CD ) . Ariana Grande . Republic Records . 2018 . p. 5 . B0028815 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande , Sweetener review : A portrait of an artist in flux '' . The Independent . August 17 , 2018 . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande Predicted She Would Marry Pete Davidson Three Years Ago '' . YouTube . August 16 , 2018 . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caramanica , Jon ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` The Playlist : Prince 's Own ' Nothing Compares 2 U , ' and 12 More New Songs '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ He , Richard S. ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Every Ariana Grande Song , Ranked '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Savage , Mark ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` No Tears Left To Cry : Ariana Grande 's uplifting new single alludes to Manchester '' . BBC Music . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Briones , Issis ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` 48 Hours in Hong Kong With Ariana Grande '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Replying to @ sweetaner @ bedwithgrande '' . Twitter . June 17 , 2017 . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sweetener by Ariana Grande on iTunes '' . Apple Music . August 17 , 2018 . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Taylor ( September 17 , 2018 ) . `` Ariana Grande 's Sweetener : A Track - by - Track Review '' . Pride . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Grande , Ariana ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` issa remix & a cover wa few new parts '' . Twitter . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Ilana ( August 24 , 2018 ) . `` Imogen Heap Talks Ariana Grande 's Version of ' Goodnight and Go ' : ' It 's a Real Gift ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Petridis , Alexis . `` Ariana Grande : Sweetener review -- pop 's ponytailed paragon gets weird '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Hinzman , Denis ( August 17 , 2018 ) . `` Track - by - Track Review : Ariana Grande 's Sweetener Does Not Disappoint '' . OUT . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Barbour , Shannon ( August 17 , 2018 ) . `` Fans Think Ariana Grande 's New Song `` Get Well Soon '' Is a Tribute to the Manchester Bombing Victims `` . Cosmopolitan . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rincón , Alessandra ( August 17 , 2018 ) . `` Fans Speculate Ariana Grande 's Sweetener Track `` Get Well Soon '' Is 5 : 22 Long to Honor Manchester Attack `` . Billboard . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Blais - Billie , Braudie ; Minsker , Evan ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` Watch Ariana Grande Cover Kendrick in the Style of Evanescence on `` Fallon '' `` . Pitchfork . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( May 20 , 2018 ) . `` Ariana Grande Opens the Billboard Music Awards With Fiery Performance of ' No Tears Left to Cry ' '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande Performs ' The Light is Coming ' for the First Time Live : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Rita ( August 8 , 2018 ) . `` Ariana Grande Announces Intimate ' Sweetener Sessions ' in New York City , Los Angeles & Chicago '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande Announces ' Sweetener ' World Tour : See the Dates '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Zellner , Xander ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` Ariana Grande Scores 9th Billboard Hot 100 Top 10 With ' No Tears Left to Cry ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` Drake Leads Billboard Hot 100 , Ariana Grande Arrives at No. 3 & J. Cole Collects Record Three Debuts in Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( July 16 , 2018 ) . `` Drake 's ' In My Feelings ' Tops Billboard Hot 100 for Second Week With Record - Breaking 116.2 Million U.S. Streams '' . billboard . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Just outside the Hot 100 's top 10 , Ariana Grande launches at No. 11 with `` God Is a Woman , '' the official follow - up single to `` Tears '' from her album Sweetener , due Aug. 17 . Following the July 13 premiere of its official video , `` God '' starts at No. 4 on Digital Song Sales ( 42,000 ) and No. 8 on Streaming Songs ( 26.5 million ) . Jump up ^ Anderson , Trevor ( August 27 , 2018 ) . `` Drake 's ' In My Feelings ' Leads Billboard Hot 100 for Seventh Week , Ariana Grande 's ' God Is A Woman ' Hits Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases - Mainstream Hit Songs Being Released and Their Release Dates '' . All Access . September 18 , 2018 . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2018 . Retrieved September 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sweetener by Ariana Grande reviews '' . Any Decent Music . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reviews for Sweetener by Ariana Grande '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande 's Sweetner is a sneakily complex pop album '' . Entertainment Weekly . ^ Jump up to : `` Ariana Grande , Sweetener review : A portrait of an artist in flux '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande : Sweetener -- celebrating the art of being okay '' . The Irish Times . Jump up ^ Hodgkinson , Will . `` Pop review : Ariana Grande : Sweetener '' . The Times . Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( August 29 , 2018 ) . `` Ariana Grande Sails Above Sorrow on Sweetener '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith ( August 26 , 2018 ) . `` Ariana Grande Earns Third No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart With ' Sweetener ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zellner , Xander ( August 27 , 2018 ) . `` Ariana Grande Earns 10th Top 10 Hit , Lands 10 Songs on Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zellner , Xander ( August 28 , 2018 ) . `` Ariana Grande Returns to No. 1 On the Artist 100 Chart , Aretha Franklin Reaches No. 2 '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( September 2 , 2018 ) . `` BTS Scores Second No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart With ' Love Yourself : Answer ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( September 9 , 2018 ) . `` Eminem Earns Ninth No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart With ' Kamikaze ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/ariana-grandes-sweetener-earns-her-a-second-number-1-on-the-official-albums-chart-im-so-grateful-__23727/ Jump up ^ http://www.mtv.co.uk/ariana-grande/news/ariana-grande-sweetener-uk-album-chart-number-1 Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 : 24 August 2018 -- 30 August 2018 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved August 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sweetener lands Ariana Grande third # 1 album '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . August 25 , 2018 . Retrieved August 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Chart Watch # 487 '' . auspOp . August 25 , 2018 . Retrieved August 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sweetener ( booklet ) . Ariana Grande . New York City : Republic Records . 2018 . B002881502 . Jump up ^ `` Sweetener by Ariana Grande '' . Tidal . Canada . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` アリアナ ・ グランデ 『 Sweetener 』 特設 サイト '' . Universal Music Japan . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Farley , Rebecca ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` Everything We Know About Ariana Grande 's New Album Sweetener '' . Refinery29 . Retrieved August 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hussein , Wandera ( July 30 , 2018 ) . `` Ariana Grande 's `` REM '' is a flip of a leaked Beyoncé song `` . Fader ( thefader.com ) . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sweetener ( Media notes ) . Ariana Grande . Republic Records . 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande Chart History ( Canadian Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Czech Albums -- Top 100 '' . ČNS IFPI . Note : On the chart page , select 201834 on the field besides the word `` Zobrazit '' , and then click over the word to retrieve the correct chart data . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande : Sweetener '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved August 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Albums -- SNEP ( Week 34 , 2018 ) '' . SNEP . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved August 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 album DVD és válogatáslemez - lista -- 2018 . 34 . hét '' ( in Hungarian ) . MAHASZ . Retrieved August 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Irish-charts.com -- Discography Ariana Grande '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oricon Top 50 Albums : 2018 - 08 - 27 '' ( in Japanese ) . Oricon . Retrieved August 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oficjalna lista sprzedaży : : OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart '' . OLiS . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved August 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved August 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gaon Album Chart -- Week 36 , 2018 '' ( in Korean ) . Gaon . Retrieved September 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved August 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand album certifications -- Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved October 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' ( in Swedish ) . Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening . Retrieved October 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select albums in the Format field . Select Gold in the Certification field . Type Sweetener in the `` Search BPI Awards '' field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande - Sweetener '' . Universal Music Group . Jump up ^ `` Sweetener Cassette + Album -- Ariana Grande Official Store '' . Universal Music Group . Jump up ^ `` Sweetener Vinyl + Album -- Ariana Grande Official Store '' . Universal Music Group . Ariana Grande Discography Awards and nominations Songs Live performances Studio albums Yours Truly My Everything Dangerous Woman Sweetener EPs and compilations Christmas Kisses The Remix Christmas & Chill The Best Singles `` Put Your Hearts Up '' `` The Way '' `` Baby I '' `` Right There '' `` Problem '' `` Break Free '' `` Bang Bang '' `` Love Me Harder '' `` Santa Tell Me '' `` One Last Time '' `` E Più Ti Penso '' `` Focus '' `` Dangerous Woman '' `` Into You '' `` Side to Side '' `` Everyday '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow '' `` No Tears Left to Cry '' `` God Is a Woman '' `` Breathin '' Promotional singles `` Almost Is Never Enough '' `` Best Mistake '' `` Be Alright '' `` Let Me Love You '' `` The Light Is Coming '' Featured singles `` Popular Song '' `` All My Love '' `` Adore '' `` Boys Like You '' `` Over and Over Again '' `` Research '' `` My Favorite Part '' `` Faith '' `` Heatstroke '' `` Dance to This '' `` Bed '' Other songs `` Greedy '' `` Goodnight n Go '' `` Get Well Soon '' Concert tours The Listening Sessions The Honeymoon Tour Dangerous Woman Tour The Sweetener Sessions Sweetener World Tour Related articles Frankie Grande One Love Manchester Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweetener_(album)&oldid=866469512 '' Categories : 2018 albums Albums produced by Ilya Salmanzadeh Albums produced by Max Martin Albums produced by Pharrell Williams Ariana Grande albums Republic Records albums Hidden categories : CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles with short description Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018 Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 14 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetener%20%28album%29