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the pilot that landed on the hudson river

Chesley Burnett `` Sully '' Sullenberger III ( born 1951 ) is a retired American airline captain who , on January 15 , 2009 , landed US Airways Flight 1549 in the Hudson River off Manhattan after both engines were disabled by a bird strike ; all 155 persons aboard survived . Sullenberger is a speaker on airline safety and has helped develop new protocols for airline safety . He served as the co-chairman , along with First Officer Jeffrey Skiles , of the EAA 's Young Eagles youth introduction - to - aviation program from 2009 to 2013 .

Chesley Burnett `` Sully '' Sullenberger III

Chesley Sullenberger

chesley sullenberger

Chesley Burnett `` Sully '' Sullenberger III ( born 1951 ) is a retired American airline captain who , on January 15 , 2009 , landed US Airways Flight 1549 in the Hudson River off Manhattan after both engines were disabled by a bird strike ; all 155 persons aboard survived . Sullenberger is a speaker on airline safety and has helped develop new protocols for airline safety . He served as the co-chairman , along with First Officer Jeffrey Skiles , of the EAA 's Young Eagles youth introduction - to - aviation program from 2009 to 2013 .

Sullenberger retired from US Airways after 30 years as a commercial pilot on March 3 , 2010 . In May of the following year , Sullenberger was hired by CBS News as an Aviation and Safety Expert . He is the co-author , with Jeffrey Zaslow , of the New York Times bestseller Highest Duty : My Search for What Really Matters , a memoir of his life and of the events surrounding Flight 1549 , published in 2009 by HarperCollins . His second book , Making a Difference : Stories of Vision and Courage from America 's Leaders , was published in May 2012 . He was ranked second in Time 's `` Top 100 Most Influential Heroes and Icons of 2009 '' , after Michelle Obama . Contents 1 Early life 1.1 Education 2 Military service 3 Civil aviation career 3.1 Flight 1549 3.2 Post-flight accolades and publicity 4 Retirement and subsequent career 5 Personal life 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Chesley Sullenberger was born in Denison , Texas . His father was a descendant of Swiss - German immigrants named Sollenberger . He has one sister , Mary . The street on which he grew up in Denison was named after his mother 's family . According to his sister , Sullenberger built model planes and aircraft carriers during his childhood , and says he became interested in flying after seeing military jets from an Air Force base near his house . He went to school in Denison , and was consistently on the 99th percentile in every academic category . At the age of 12 , his IQ was deemed high enough to join Mensa International . In high school , he was the president of the Latin club , a first chair flutist , and an honor student . He was an active member of the Waples Memorial United Methodist Church in Denison , and graduated from Denison High School in 1969 , near the top of his class of about 350 . At 16 , Sullenberger learned to fly in an Aeronca 7DC from a private airstrip near his home . He said the training he received from a local flight instructor influenced his aviation career for the rest of his life . Education ( edit ) Sullenberger holds a Bachelor of Science from the United States Air Force Academy . He also holds a master 's degree in Industrial Psychology from Purdue University and a master 's degree in Public Administration from the University of Northern Colorado . Military Service ( edit ) Sullenberger 's 1973 Air Force Academy senior class photo Sullenberger was appointed to the United States Air Force Academy , entering with the Class of 1973 in June 1969 . He was selected along with around a dozen other freshmen for a cadet glider program , and by the end of that year , he was an instructor pilot . In the year of his graduation , 1973 , he received the Outstanding Cadet in Airmanship award , as the class `` top flyer '' . Following graduation with a Bachelor of Science and his commissioning as an officer , the Air Force immediately sent Sullenberger to Purdue University to pursue a master 's degree prior to entering Undergraduate Pilot Training ( UPT ) . Following completion of his graduate degree at Purdue , he was assigned to UPT at Columbus AFB , Mississippi , flying the T - 37 Tweet and T - 38 Talon . After earning his wings in 1975 as a USAF Pilot , he completed replacement training in the F - 4 Phantom II at Luke AFB , Arizona . This was followed by his assignment to the 493d Tactical Fighter Squadron of 48th Tactical Fighter Wing at RAF Lakenheath , United Kingdom , where he flew as a United States Air Force fighter pilot in the F - 4D Phantom II . Following his assignment at RAF Lakenheath , he was reassigned to the 428th Tactical Fighter Squadron of the 474th Tactical Fighter Wing at Nellis AFB , Nevada , again flying the F - 4D . He advanced to become a flight leader and a training officer , and attained the rank of captain , with experience in Europe , the Pacific , and at Nellis Air Force Base , as well as operating as Blue Force Mission Commander in Red Flag Exercises . While in the Air Force , he was a member of an aircraft accident investigation board . Civil aviation career ( edit ) Sullenberger was employed by US Airways and its predecessor airlines from 1980 until 2010 . ( Pacific Southwest Airlines was acquired by US Air , later US Airways , in 1988 . ) He holds an Airline Transport Pilot Certificate for single and multi-engine airplanes , and a Commercial Pilot Certificate rating in gliders , as well as a flight instructor certificate for airplanes ( single , multi-engine , and instrument ) , and gliders . In total , he has more than 40 years and 20,000 hours of flying experience . In 2007 , he became the founder and CEO of Safety Reliability Methods , Inc . ( SRM ) , a firm providing strategic and tactical guidance to enhance organizational safety , performance , and reliability . He has also been involved in a number of accident investigations conducted by the USAF and the National Transportation Safety Board ( NTSB ) , such as Pacific Southwest Airlines Flight 1771 and USAir Flight 1493 . He served as an instructor , Air Line Pilots Association Local Air Safety Chairman , accident investigator , and national technical committee member . His safety work for ALPA led to the development of a Federal Aviation Administration Advisory Circular . He was instrumental in developing and implementing the Crew Resource Management course that is used by US Airways , and he has taught the course to hundreds of airline crew members . Working with NASA scientists , he coauthored a paper on error - inducing contexts in aviation . He was an air accident investigator for an NTSB inquiry into a major accident at Los Angeles International Airport , which `` led to improved airline procedures and training for emergency evacuations of aircraft '' . Sullenberger has also been studying the psychology behind keeping an airline crew functioning during a crisis . Sullenberger was active with his union , serving as chairman of a safety committee within the Air Line Pilots Association . He was a featured speaker for two panels : one on aviation and one on patient safety in medicine , at the High Reliability Organizations ( HRO ) 2007 International Conference in Deauville , France , from May 29 to 31 , 2007 . Flight 1549 ( edit ) Main article : US Airways Flight 1549 US Airways Flight 1549 afloat in the Hudson River On January 15 , 2009 , Sullenberger was the captain of US Airways Flight 1549 , an Airbus A320 taking off from LaGuardia Airport in New York City . Shortly after takeoff , the plane struck a large flock of birds ( Canada geese ) and lost power in both engines . Quickly determining he would be unable to reach any airport , Sullenberger piloted the plane to a water landing on the Hudson River . All 155 people on board survived and were rescued by nearby boats . Sullenberger said later : `` It was very quiet as we worked , my copilot Jeff Skiles and I . We were a team . But to have zero thrust coming out of those engines was shocking -- the silence . '' Sullenberger was the last to leave the aircraft , after making sure all passengers and crew had evacuated . Sullenberger , described by friends as `` shy and reticent , '' was noted for his poise and calm during the crisis ; New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg dubbed him `` Captain Cool . '' Nonetheless , Sullenberger suffered symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in subsequent weeks , including sleeplessness and flashbacks . He said that the moments before the ditching were `` the worst sickening , pit - of - your - stomach , falling - through - the - floor feeling '' that he had ever experienced . He also said : `` One way of looking at this might be that for 42 years , I 've been making small , regular deposits in this bank of experience , education and training . And on January 15 , the balance was sufficient so that I could make a very large withdrawal . '' The National Transportation Safety Board ruled that Sullenberger made the correct decision in landing on the river instead of attempting a return to LaGuardia because the normal procedures for engine loss are designed for cruising altitudes , not immediately after takeoff . Simulations showed that Flight 1549 could have barely made it back to LaGuardia had that maneuver begun immediately after the bird strike , but this scenario completely neglects the time needed to understand what had happened and assess the situation . Post-flight accolades and publicity ( edit ) U.S. President George W. Bush called Sullenberger to thank him for saving the lives of the passengers , as did President - elect Barack Obama , who also invited him and the crew to join the presidential inauguration ceremony . On January 16 , 2009 , the United States Senate passed a resolution recognizing and honoring Sullenberger , Skiles , the cabin crew , the passengers , and the first responders involved in Flight 1549 's emergency landing . The United States House of Representatives passed a similar resolution on January 26 , 2009 . Sullenberger attended the presidential inauguration on January 20 , 2009 , where he and his wife met President Obama . On January 22 , 2009 , he and the rest of the crew of Flight 1549 were awarded a Masters Medal by the Guild of Air Pilots and Air Navigators . A ceremony for Sullenberger was held on January 24 , 2009 in Sullenberger 's hometown of Danville , California , where he was presented with awards including Danville 's `` Key to the Town '' , and was named an honorary Danville police officer . San Ramon Valley Fire Protection District Chief Richard Price presented Captain Sullenberger with his district 's highest award , the Medal of Valor , which has been given only a few times in the district 's history . Sullenberger , Skiles , and Flight 1549 's cabin crew , Doreen Welsh , Sheila Dail and Donna Dent , were honored with a standing ovation during the Super Bowl XLIII pre-game ceremony on February 1 , 2009 . Sullenberger was awarded with honorary lifetime membership in The Seaplane Pilot 's Association . In 2009 , Sullenberger was awarded the Founders ' Medal by The Air League . Admirers of Sullenberger also started a Facebook fan site that , as of late February 2009 , had half a million members . A library book , Just Culture : Balancing Safety and Accountability was in Sullenberger 's luggage left behind in the cockpit . When Sullenberger notified the library that the water - damaged book had been recovered , it made a point of waiving any late fees . Bloomberg presented Sullenberger with a new copy along with the Key to the City of New York . Sullenberger threw out the first pitch of the 2009 Major League Baseball season for the San Francisco Giants . His Giants ' jersey was inscribed with the name `` Sully '' and the number 155 -- a reference to the 155 people aboard the plane . On June 6 , 2009 , Sullenberger returned to his childhood hometown of Denison , Texas , to participate in the town 's D - Day celebration , and to give the commencement address for his alma mater , Denison High School , marking the 40th anniversary of his own graduation from the school . Sullenberger also made an appearance in St. Louis , Missouri on July 14 , 2009 , to participate in the Red Carpet All - Star Parade before the 2009 Major League Baseball All - Star Game . Wikinews has related news : US Airways jet recovered from Hudson River `` Miracle on the Hudson '' pilot retires On February 24 , 2009 , Sullenberger testified before the U.S. House of Representatives 's Subcommittee on Aviation of the Committee on Transportation & Infrastructure that his salary had been cut by 40 percent , and that his pension , like most airline pensions , was terminated and replaced by a PBGC guarantee worth only pennies on the dollar . He cautioned that airlines were `` under pressure to hire people with less experience . Their salaries are so low that people with greater experience will not take those jobs . We have some carriers that have hired some pilots with only a few hundred hours of experience ... There 's simply no substitute for experience in terms of aviation safety . '' Sullenberger also mentioned his pay cut in an October 13 , 2009 appearance on The Daily Show . In 2009 , and again in 2015 , Sullenberger filmed a TV commercial as a spokesman for St. Jude Children 's Research Hospital . Retirement and subsequent career ( edit ) Sullenberger at the LIONS World Convention 2010 in Sydney After 30 years with US Airways and its predecessor , Sullenberger retired in 2010 . His final flight was US Airways Flight 1167 from Fort Lauderdale , Florida to Charlotte , North Carolina , where he was reunited with his copilot Jeff Skiles and a half dozen of the passengers on Flight 1549 . He was also the 2010 Tournament of Roses Parade 's Grand Marshal . On November 18 , 2011 , as part of a fundraising effort , Sullenberger flew to the Carolinas Aviation Museum in Charlotte , North Carolina , where the aircraft he landed on the Hudson River is on exhibit . In December 2010 , Sullenberger was appointed an Officer of France 's Legion of Honour . With coauthor Jeffrey Zaslow , Sullenberger wrote the 2009 bestselling memoir Highest Duty : My Search for What Really Matters . In the book , Sullenberger also discusses personal matters including his father 's suicide in 1995 , the Sullenbergers ' struggle with infertility , and their decision to adopt . Sullenberger 's second book , Making a Difference : Stories of Vision and Courage from America 's Leaders , was released on May 15 , 2012 . In May 2011 , CBS News hired Sullenberger as an aviation and safety expert . Personal life ( edit ) Sullenberger is married to fitness instructor Lorraine `` Lorrie '' Sullenberger , with whom he adopted two daughters , Kate and Kelly . The Sullenbergers reside in the San Francisco Bay Area . On December 7 , 1995 , Sullenberger 's father died by suicide by gunshot shortly after being released from the hospital for major surgery . He had been suffering from depression in the face of a long and difficult convalescence ahead of him . He left no note . As a result of this , Sullenberger became a suicide prevention activist , having promoted National Suicide Prevention Week and National Suicide Prevention Lifeline . In October 2009 , it was reported that the Republican Party had approached Sullenberger about running against Democratic U.S. Representative Jerry McNerney of California 's 11th congressional district in the 2010 elections . Sullenberger 's publicist said that Sullenberger had no desire to run for any public office . In popular Culture ( edit ) The 2010 song `` A Real Hero '' , by French electronica artist College and the band Electric Youth , is about Captain Sullenberger and the Flight 1549 water landing . Frontman Austin Garrick was inspired to write the song by his grandfather , whose reference to Sullenberger as `` a real human being and a real hero '' became the song 's refrain . Humorist and radio personality Garrison Keillor wrote `` Pilot Song : The Ballad of Chesley Sullenberger III '' for the January 17 , 2009 edition of his radio variety show A Prairie Home Companion . Sullenberger appeared as himself in a cameo role in the 2017 film Daddy 's Home 2 . Sullenberger 's speech in Congress concerning U.S. civil aviation is featured in Michael Moore 's 2009 documentary Capitalism : A Love Story . Sullenberger is also referred to in the 2011 romantic comedy film Friends with Benefits . Throughout the film , Justin Timberlake 's character repeatedly suggests to people he meets aboard planes that modern airplanes practically fly themselves , and that Sullenberger 's feat was less impressive than it was portrayed , an idea for which he encounters incredulity and hostility . Mila Kunis ' character is also seen reading Sullenberger 's English Wikipedia article . `` Hudson River Runway '' , the March 14 , 2011 episode of the TV series Mayday , documents the events around Flight 1549 's emergency landing , and contains interviews with several of its real - life participants . Captain Sullenberger is not interviewed in the show , but is portrayed in reenactments by actor Christopher Britton . An animated version of Sullenberger appeared in `` The Unbrave One '' , the January 8 , 2012 episode of the animated TV show American Dad ! Matt Damon portrays an airline pilot in the February 10 , 2011 episode of the NBC TV comedy 30 Rock , in which he brags that a great pilot like him does not land on the Hudson River but avoids hitting birds altogether . The 2016 dramatic feature film Sully was adapted from Sullenberger 's memoir Highest Duty : My Search for What Really Matters . Directed by Clint Eastwood and starring Tom Hanks as Chesley Sullenberger , it recreates the events around the Hudson River landing . See also ( edit ) Tammie Jo Shults -- airline captain who landed Southwest Airlines Flight 1380 after an engine failure References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` US Airways captain the ' consummate pilot ' '' . CNN . January 16 , 2009 . Retrieved January 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sullenberger , Skiles tapped for Young Eagles '' . General Aviation News . September 30 , 2009 . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Weiss , Mitch ; Bomkamp , Samantha ( March 3 , 2010 ) . `` ' Miracle on the Hudson ' pilot Sullenberger retires '' . The Seattle Times . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Sully ' Sullenberger named CBS News Aviation and Safety Expert '' . TV Newser , May 19 , 2011 Jump up ^ General Chuck Yeager ( April 30 , 2009 ) . `` The 2009 TIME 100 '' . Time Inc . Retrieved December 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chesley Sullenberger '' . Biography.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Held vom Hudson '' stammt aus Wynigen `` . Berner Zeitung . January 20 , 2009 . Retrieved January 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Rivera , Ray ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` In a Split Second , a Pilot Becomes a Hero Years in the Making '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 17 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hero Pilot 's Records , IQ Scores Released by School District in ' Accident ' '' . Fox News . January 16 , 2009 . Retrieved January 16 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Longish , Dawn ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` ' Hero on the Hudson ' Pilot grew up in North Texas '' . The 33 News . Dallas / Fort Worth , TX . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2009 . Retrieved January 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lovelace , John A. ( February 17 , 2009 ) . `` United Methodist church nurtured hero pilot '' . gcah.org . United Methodist News Service . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hero Pilot ' Sully ' Sullenberger Tries To Stay Grounded '' . NPR . December 11 , 2009 . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Altman , Alex ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` Two - Minute Bio : Chesley Burnett Sullenberger III '' . Time . Retrieved January 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Safety Reliability Methods , Inc. : About us '' . Safety Reliability Methods , Inc. 2007 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2009 . Retrieved January 16 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Profile : Captain Chesley Sullenberger '' . BBC News . January 16 , 2009 . Retrieved January 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chesley B. Sullenberger III '' . AccessInterviews . January 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2009 . Retrieved January 16 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Matthew ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` New York plane crash pilot Chesley B. Sullenberger III : Committed to air safety '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved January 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Baker , Debbi ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` US Airways pilot a mix of modesty and professionalism , says Coronado friend '' . Union - Tribune . San Diego , CA . Retrieved January 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` US Airways flight 1549 : Airline releases crew information '' ( Press release ) . US Airways . January 16 , 2009 . Retrieved January 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Federal Aviation Administration . `` FAA Airman record for Chesley Burnett Sullenberger III '' . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . Safety Reliability Methods , Inc . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sully 's Tale '' . Air & Space magazine . Retrieved February 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Captain 's skill saved lives of everyone '' . The Herald ( Glasgow ) . January 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2009 . Retrieved January 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Reid ( October 1 , 2009 ) . `` GOP tried to recruit hero pilot ' Sully ' for 2010 Congress bid '' . The Hill Jump up ^ Martin L , Davison J , Orasanu O , et al. Identifying error - inducing contexts in aviation . Paper presented at : SAE World Aviation Conference ; October 19 -- 21 , 1999 ; San Francisco , CA Jump up ^ `` Profile : Chesley Sullenberger , ' hero of the Hudson ' `` . BBC News . January 16 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` High Reliability Organizations Deauville Conference 2007 Archive '' . HRO2007 . May 31 , 2007 . Retrieved February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Flight Status For US 1549 '' . Jump up ^ Burke , Kerry ; Pete Donohue & Corky Siemaszko ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` US Airways airplane crashes on Hudson River - Hero pilot Chesley Sullenberger III saves all aboard '' . Daily News ( New York ) . Jump up ^ Wald , Matthew L. ; Al Baker ( January 18 , 2009 ) . `` Dramatic details released on plane crash onto the Hudson '' . International Herald Tribune . Retrieved January 18 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` N.Y. jet crash called ' miracle on the Hudson ' '' . MSNBC . January 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hero pilot tells of ' shocking ' moment engines cut out '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . February 4 , 2009 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 60 Minutes , February 8 , 2009 . CBS News . ^ Jump up to : MacAskill , Ewen ( January 26 , 2009 ) . `` Hero pilot 's homecoming '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Goldenberg , Sally ( February 10 , 2009 ) . `` Key for Captain Marvel '' . New York Post . ^ Jump up to : Hewitt , Bill , Nicole Weisenssee Egan , Diane Herbst , Tiffany McGee and Shermakaye Bass ( February 23 , 2009 ) . `` Flight 1549 : The Right Stuff '' . People magazine : 60 -- 66 . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Worst moments of my life : pilot tells of ditching in Hudson '' . Sydney Morning Herald . AP . February 6 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Newcott , Bill ( May -- June 2009 ) . `` Wisdom of the Elders '' . AARP Magazine . 347 : 52 . Bibcode : 2015Sci ... 347.1110 V . Jump up ^ Dodd , Johnny ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` After the Miracle '' , People , pp 87 - 88 . Jump up ^ Paur , Jason ( May 5 , 2010 ) . `` Sullenberger Made the Right Move , Landing in the Hudson '' . Wired . Jump up ^ Yang , Carter ( May 4 , 2010 ) . `` NTSB : Sully Could Have Made it Back to LaGuardia '' . CBS News . Jump up ^ `` Bush salutes Hudson River pilot who landed plane '' . Associated Press . January 16 , 2009 . Retrieved January 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Obama , Sullenberger speak by phone '' . CNN . January 16 , 2009 . Retrieved January 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Booth , Robert ( January 19 , 2009 ) . `` Obama , Sullenberger invitation to inauguration '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Text of S. Res. 17 Recognizing and honoring Captain Chesley ` Sully ' Sullenberger III , his copilot Jeffrey Skiles , the crewmembers of U.S. Airways Flight 1549 , and the first responders , ferry operators '' . Library of Congress . January 16 , 2009 . Retrieved January 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Text of H. Res. 84 Honoring the heroic actions of the pilot , crew , and rescuers of US Airways Flight 1549 '' . Library of Congress . January 26 , 2009 . Retrieved January 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` US Airways Flight 1549 Crew receive prestigious Guild of Air Pilots and Air Navigators Award '' ( PDF ) . GAPAN . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 26 , 2009 . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Naughton , Philippe ( January 25 , 2009 ) . `` '' Just doing my job '' says hero pilot Chesley Sullenberger `` . London : The Times . Retrieved January 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pilot ' Sully ' Sullenberger gets hero 's welcome '' . Oakland Tribune . January 24 , 2009 . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Calif . Fire Dept . Awards Sullenberger Medal of Valor '' . Fire Chief News . January 28 , 2009 . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super ovation for ' Sully ' , US Airways crew '' . NBC Sports . Associated Press . February 1 , 2009 . Retrieved February 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1549 's Sullenberger Becomes Honorary Policeman And Seaplane Society Member '' . AVweb . January 24 , 2009 . Retrieved January 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` SPA and Jack Brown 's Seaplane Base Honor Heroic Water Landing '' . Seaplane Pilot 's Association . January 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved January 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Founders ' Medal '' . The Air League . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2004 . Retrieved February 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fresno library lets Danville pilot 's late fees fly '' . San Jose Mercury News . February 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Library lets late fees fly for Hudson pilot ; A book checked out to Chesley Sullenberger was left in the cargo hold '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . February 2 , 2009 . Retrieved July 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NY mayor hails ' hero ' crash pilot '' . BBC News . January 16 , 2009 . Retrieved January 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Reid , John ( April 7 , 2009 ) . `` Mountain View school reunion at Giants ' opener '' . Mercury News . Retrieved April 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sullenberger in Denison to mark D - Day , commencement '' . The Herald Democrat . June 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ US Airways Flight 1549 Accident , Hearing . February 24 , 2009 . U.S. House , Subcommittee on Aviation , Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure . Washington : Government Printing Office , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Miracle on the Hudson ' pilot Chesley Sullenberger retires '' . syracuse.com . Jump up ^ `` A hero among heroes '' , St. Jude Children 's Research Hospital , accessed December 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Splashdown pilot Sullenberger to lead Rose Parade , Associated Press , November 5 , 2009 Jump up ^ Washburn , Mark ( November 19 , 2011 ) . `` Sully reunited with ' miracle ' plane '' . The Charlotte Observer . Retrieved November 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The French Legion Of Honor Presents Chesley Sullenberger With The Officier Award '' . Getty Images . December 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The French Legion of Honor Presents Chesley Sullenberger With The Officer Award '' Archived 2013 - 06 - 02 at the Wayback Machine ... Speed . December 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Capt . `` Sully '' Sullenberger Gets Personal `` . CBS News . October 14 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Sullenberger , Chesley ( August 2014 ) . `` The Devastating Impact of Suicide : My Personal Reflection '' . sullysullenberger.com . Jump up ^ Sullenberger , Chesley ( 2009 ) . `` Chapter 5 The gift of girls '' . Highest Duty : my search for what really matters . Jump up ^ Kazmi , Sophia ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` Wife of Danville pilot says ' This is the Sully I know ' '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Reid ( October 1 , 2009 ) . `` GOP tried to recruit hero pilot ' Sully ' for 2010 Congress bid '' . The Hill . Retrieved October 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Drive ' Song Inspired by Captain Sully Sullenberger and ' Mad Max ' ( Video ) '' http://hollywoodreporter.com Retrieved August 22 , 2016 Jump up ^ Soergel , Matt ( July 22 , 2011 ) . `` Movie Review : Mila Kunis , Justin Timberlake make ' Friends with Benefits ' work '' . The Florida Times - Union . Jump up ^ Urbancich , John M. ( July 27 , 2011 ) . `` Obvious ' Benefits ' to these spicy friends '' . Cleveland.com . Jump up ^ Orndorf , Brian ( July 22 , 2011 ) . `` Friends with Benefits '' . Dark Horizons . Jump up ^ `` Hudson River Runway '' . Air Crash Investigation . Season 10 . Episode 5 . March 14 , 2011 . Discovery Channel . Jump up ^ `` The Unbrave One '' . American Dad ! . Season 7 . January 8 , 2012 . Fox Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ `` Double - Edged Sword '' . 30 Rock . Season 5 . Episode 14 . February 10 , 2011 . National Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela . `` Clint Eastwood 's Next Movie Revealed : Capt . `` Sully '' Sullenberger Tale ( Exclusive ) `` . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` Aaron Eckhart Joins Tom Hanks in Sully Sullenberger Movie ( Exclusive ) '' . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chesley Sullenberger . San Francisco Bay Area portal Biography portal United States Air Force portal Sullenberger 's official website US Airways Flight 1549 NTSB report Safety Reliability Methods , Sullenberger 's consulting firm Harry Walker Agency ; Sullenberger 's speaker agency Captain Chesley B. Sullenberger , III . HarperCollins Sully Sullenberger 's channel on YouTube Appearances on C - SPAN 60 Minutes interview with Captain Sullenberger ( requires subscription ) Riley , Duncan ( January 15 , 2009 ) . `` A320 Pilot Chesley Sullenberger 's Other Jobs : Accident Investigator and Safety Lecturer '' . TheInquisitr . Retrieved January 16 , 2009 . GND : 139753818 ISNI : 0000 0000 7266 0033 LCCN : n2009057556 NDL : 01221868 VIAF : 100669334 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chesley_Sullenberger&oldid=856529266 '' Categories : 1951 births Living people American people of Swiss - German descent Aviators from Texas US Airways Group People from Denison , Texas Purdue University alumni Survivors of aviation accidents or incidents United States Air Force Academy alumni University of Northern Colorado alumni People from Danville , California Recipients of the Jabara Award Officiers of the Légion d'honneur American United Methodists American aviation record holders Commercial aviators Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles having different image on Wikidata and Wikipedia Aviator articles using full name parameter Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 21 : 44 ( UTC ) . 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Mattress size ( width × length ) US and Canada Australia Ireland and UK New Zealand Continental Europe Scandinavia Japan China Thailand Singapore Brazil Small single or Cot 30 in × 75 in 76 cm × 191 cm 60 cm × 190 cm 24 in × 75 in 80 cm × 190 cm 31 in × 75 in 85 cm × 195 cm 33 in × 77 in 91 cm × 188 cm 36 in × 74 in Single , Twin , or Bunk 38 in × 75 in 97 cm × 191 cm 92 cm × 188 cm 36 in × 74 in 90 cm × 190 cm 35 in × 75 in 91 cm × 188 cm 36 in × 74 in 90 cm × 200 cm 35 in × 79 in 90 cm × 200 cm 35 in × 79 in 97 cm × 195 cm 38 in × 77 in 106 cm × 188 cm 42 in × 74 in 107 cm × 198 cm 42 in × 78 in 91 cm × 191 cm 36 in × 75 in 88 cm x 188 cm 35 in x 74 in Twin extra long 38 in × 80 in 97 cm × 203 cm 91 cm × 203 cm 36 in × 80 in 90 cm × 210 cm 35 in × 83 in 97 cm × 205 cm 38 in × 81 in King single or Super single 107 cm × 203 cm 42 in × 80 in 107 cm × 203 cm 42 in × 80 in 120 cm × 200 cm 47 in × 79 in 110 cm × 195 cm 43 in × 77 in 107 cm × 191 cm 42 in × 75 in 96 cm x 203 cm 38 in x 80 in Small double or Three - quarter 48 in × 75 in 122 cm × 191 cm 120 cm × 190 cm 47 in × 75 in 140 cm × 200 cm 55 in × 79 in 122 cm × 195 cm 48 in × 77 in Full or Double 54 in × 75 in 137 cm × 191 cm 138 cm × 188 cm 54 in × 74 in 135 cm × 190 cm 53 in × 75 in 137 cm × 188 cm 54 in × 74 in 140 cm × 200 cm 55 in × 79 in 180 cm × 200 cm 71 in × 79 in 140 cm × 195 cm 55 in × 77 in 152 cm × 188 cm 60 in × 74 in 122 cm × 198 cm 48 in × 78 in 138 cm x 188 cm 54 in x 74 in Double extra long 54 in × 80 in 137 cm × 203 cm 140 cm × 205 cm 55 in × 81 in Queen 60 in × 80 in 152 cm × 203 cm 153 cm × 203 cm 60 in × 80 in 153 cm × 203 cm 60 in × 80 in 154 cm × 195 cm 61 in × 77 in 182 cm × 188 cm 72 in × 74 in 152 cm × 198 cm 60 in × 78 in 152 cm × 191 cm 60 in × 75 in 158 cm x 198 cm 62 in x 78 in Expanded , Super , or Olympic queen 66 in × 80 in 168 cm × 203 cm King 76 in × 80 in 193 cm × 203 cm or 78 in 198 cm square 183 cm × 203 cm 72 in × 80 in 152 cm × 198 cm 60 in × 78 in 167 cm × 203 cm 66 in × 80 in 160 cm × 200 cm 63 in × 79 in 170 cm × 195 cm 67 in × 77 in 182 cm × 212 cm 72 in × 83 in 183 cm × 198 cm 72 in × 78 in 183 cm × 191 cm 72 in × 75 in 193 cm x 203 cm 76 in x 80 in California king or King long 72 in × 84 in 183 cm × 213 cm 72 in × 84 in 183 cm × 213 cm 80 in × 80 in 203 cm × 203 cm 170 cm × 205 cm 67 in × 81 in Grand king , Super king , Athletic King or Texas king 80 in × 98 in 203 cm × 249 cm 203 cm × 203 cm 80 in × 80 in 180 cm × 200 cm 71 in × 79 in 183 cm × 203 cm 72 in × 80 in 180 cm × 200 cm 71 in × 79 in 194 cm × 205 cm 76 in × 81 in

Bed size

bed size

Standard bed sizes are based on standard mattress sizes , which vary from country to country . Bed sizes also vary according to the size and degree of ornamentation of the bed frame . Dimensions and names vary considerably around the world , with most countries having their own standards and terminology . In addition , two mattresses with the same nominal size may still have slightly different dimensions , due to manufacturing tolerances , amount of padding , and support type . In almost all territories , standard beds are rectangular but other shapes , notably circular , may be obtained by special order .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Table of common sizes 2 Canada and United States 2.1 Standard sizes 2.2 Other sizes 3 Europe 3.1 UK and Ireland 3.2 France 3.3 Italy 3.4 Northern Europe 3.5 Portugal 3.6 Spain 3.7 Switzerland 4 Oceania 4.1 Australia 4.2 New Zealand 5 Africa 5.1 South Africa 6 Asia 6.1 China 6.2 Indonesia , Singapore , and Malaysia 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Table of common sizes ( edit ) See also : Bedding § Bedding sizes Modern manufacturing conventions have produced many standard mattress and box spring sizes . Beds vary by country of origin as per the table below . These dimensions are for the mattress -- actual bed frames are a little larger to accommodate the mattress . Mattress thickness varies considerably . Mattress size ( width × length ) US and Canada Australia Ireland and UK New Zealand Continental Europe Scandinavia Japan China Thailand Singapore Brazil Small single or Cot 30 in × 75 in 76 cm × 191 cm 60 cm × 190 cm 24 in × 75 in 80 cm × 190 cm 31 in × 75 in 85 cm × 195 cm 33 in × 77 in 91 cm × 188 cm 36 in × 74 in Single , Twin , or Bunk 38 in × 75 in 97 cm × 191 cm 92 cm × 188 cm 36 in × 74 in 90 cm × 190 cm 35 in × 75 in 91 cm × 188 cm 36 in × 74 in 90 cm × 200 cm 35 in × 79 in 90 cm × 200 cm 35 in × 79 in 97 cm × 195 cm 38 in × 77 in 106 cm × 188 cm 42 in × 74 in 107 cm × 198 cm 42 in × 78 in 91 cm × 191 cm 36 in × 75 in 88 cm x 188 cm 35 in x 74 in Twin extra long 38 in × 80 in 97 cm × 203 cm 91 cm × 203 cm 36 in × 80 in 90 cm × 210 cm 35 in × 83 in 97 cm × 205 cm 38 in × 81 in King single or Super single 107 cm × 203 cm 42 in × 80 in 107 cm × 203 cm 42 in × 80 in 120 cm × 200 cm 47 in × 79 in 110 cm × 195 cm 43 in × 77 in 107 cm × 191 cm 42 in × 75 in 96 cm x 203 cm 38 in x 80 in Small double or Three - quarter 48 in × 75 in 122 cm × 191 cm 120 cm × 190 cm 47 in × 75 in 140 cm × 200 cm 55 in × 79 in 122 cm × 195 cm 48 in × 77 in Full or Double 54 in × 75 in 137 cm × 191 cm 138 cm × 188 cm 54 in × 74 in 135 cm × 190 cm 53 in × 75 in 137 cm × 188 cm 54 in × 74 in 140 cm × 200 cm 55 in × 79 in 180 cm × 200 cm 71 in × 79 in 140 cm × 195 cm 55 in × 77 in 152 cm × 188 cm 60 in × 74 in 122 cm × 198 cm 48 in × 78 in 138 cm x 188 cm 54 in x 74 in Double extra long 54 in × 80 in 137 cm × 203 cm 140 cm × 205 cm 55 in × 81 in Queen 60 in × 80 in 152 cm × 203 cm 153 cm × 203 cm 60 in × 80 in 153 cm × 203 cm 60 in × 80 in 154 cm × 195 cm 61 in × 77 in 182 cm × 188 cm 72 in × 74 in 152 cm × 198 cm 60 in × 78 in 152 cm × 191 cm 60 in × 75 in 158 cm x 198 cm 62 in x 78 in Expanded , Super , or Olympic queen 66 in × 80 in 168 cm × 203 cm King 76 in × 80 in 193 cm × 203 cm or 78 in 198 cm square 183 cm × 203 cm 72 in × 80 in 152 cm × 198 cm 60 in × 78 in 167 cm × 203 cm 66 in × 80 in 160 cm × 200 cm 63 in × 79 in 170 cm × 195 cm 67 in × 77 in 182 cm × 212 cm 72 in × 83 in 183 cm × 198 cm 72 in × 78 in 183 cm × 191 cm 72 in × 75 in 193 cm x 203 cm 76 in x 80 in California king or King long 72 in × 84 in 183 cm × 213 cm 72 in × 84 in 183 cm × 213 cm 80 in × 80 in 203 cm × 203 cm 170 cm × 205 cm 67 in × 81 in Grand king , Super king , Athletic King or Texas king 80 in × 98 in 203 cm × 249 cm 203 cm × 203 cm 80 in × 80 in 180 cm × 200 cm 71 in × 79 in 183 cm × 203 cm 72 in × 80 in 180 cm × 200 cm 71 in × 79 in 194 cm × 205 cm 76 in × 81 in Canada and united states ( edit ) Standard North American sizes A pillowtop queen - size mattress . Standard sizes ( edit ) Standard bed sizes in the US and Canada are : Twin or single 38 in × 75 in ( 97 cm × 191 cm ) It is common misconception that a single bed is sometimes smaller than a twin . Full / Double 54 in × 75 in ( 137 cm × 191 cm ) Queen 60 in × 80 in ( 152 cm × 203 cm ) King 76 in × 80 in ( 193 cm × 203 cm ) Foundation or box spring size can be of two single L or twin XL . California king 72 in × 84 in ( 183 cm × 213 cm ) Other sizes ( edit ) Single L or twin XL 39 in × 80 in ( 99 cm × 203 cm ) Three - quarters 48 in × 75 in ( 122 cm × 191 cm ) Full XL 54 in × 80 in ( 137 cm × 203 cm ) Texas ( or athletic ) king 80 in × 98 in ( 203 cm × 249 cm ) California queen waterbed insert Used for conventional mattresses inside a waterbed frame . Subtract 2.0 inches from California queen waterbed size . 58 in × 82 in ( 147 cm × 208 cm ) California king waterbed insert Used for conventional mattresses inside a waterbed frame . Subtract 2.0 inches from California king waterbed size . 70 in × 82 in ( 178 cm × 208 cm ) Europe ( edit ) UK and Ireland ( edit ) Most modern beds / mattresses available in the UK and Ireland are sold using metric dimensions , as required by law . The names of standard mattress sizes were , however , originally attributed to specific imperial dimensions which remain in common use as a point of reference . Size Notes Small Single 75 cm × 190 cm ( 30 in × 75 in ) Common UK size for hospitality ( zip & link ) twin beds as beds can be combined to make a short king bed . Equivalent to previous 2'6 '' x 6'3 '' Single 90 cm × 190 cm ( 35 in × 75 in ) Also a standard hospitality sized twin bed in Ireland , two mattresses can be zip linked to make a short Superking bed . Equivalent to previous 3 ' x 6'3 '' European single 90 cm × 200 cm ( 35 in × 79 in ) Small Double 120 cm × 190 cm ( 47 in × 75 in ) Equivalent to previous 4 ' x 6'3 '' Double 135 cm × 190 cm ( 53 in × 75 in ) Equivalent to previous 4'6 '' x 6'3 '' European Double 140 cm × 200 cm ( 55 in × 79 in ) King 150 cm × 200 cm ( 59 in × 79 in ) Equivalent to previous 5 ' x 6'6 '' European King 160 cm × 200 cm ( 63 in × 79 in ) Superking 180 cm × 200 cm ( 71 in × 79 in ) Equivalent to previous 6 ' x 6'6 '' Emperor 200 cm × 202 cm ( 79 in × 80 in ) Equivalent to previous 6'6 x 6'8 '' Large Emperor 215 cm × 217 cm ( 85 in × 85 in ) Equivalent to previous 7 ' x 7 ' It is worth noting that `` bed size '' in the UK generally refers to mattress size . This is because mattresses have a standard size grading , whereas bed frames do not . While many companies in the UK do offer bespoke bed making services , most mass - produced bed linens , bed frames and mattresses fit only the standard bed sizes above . A Queen size mattress in the UK is often misunderstood to be one of the larger sizes as is the case in many other parts of the world . At 120cm in width , however , it is smaller than a UK double . Another common mistake is to use a mattress size as the required space for the full dimensions of the bed and mattress . France ( edit ) Single size beds are usually 90 centimetres ( 35 in ) wide by 190 centimetres ( 75 in ) long . Most common sizes for double beds are : 140 centimetres ( 55 in ) wide by 190 centimetres ( 75 in ) long 160 centimetres ( 63 in ) wide by 200 centimetres ( 79 in ) long 180 centimetres ( 71 in ) wide by 200 centimetres ( 79 in ) long ( less common , but increasing popularity ) . Due to the popularity of imported beds ( especially from IKEA ) , the 200 centimetres ( 79 in ) length is becoming more common . Italy ( edit ) In Italy , beds are classified by name and use the term Piazza as in `` one place '' Standard sizes are : Una piazza or singolo ( `` single '' ) 80 centimetres ( 31 in ) wide by 190 centimetres ( 75 in ) long . Una piazza e mezza ( 11⁄2 ) 120 centimetres ( 47 in ) wide by 190 centimetres ( 75 in ) long . Due piazze or letto matrimoniale 160 centimetres ( 63 in ) wide by 190 centimetres ( 75 in ) long long Less common : Piazza francese or `` Piazza e Mezza francese '' 140 centimetres ( 55 in ) wide by 190 centimetres ( 75 in ) long Due to the popularity of imported beds ( especially from IKEA ) , the 200 centimetres ( 79 in ) length is becoming more common . Northern europe ( edit ) These sizes are for Germany , Poland , Netherlands , Belgium , Norway , Sweden , Denmark , Iceland , Finland , Estonia , Latvia , and Lithuania . There are some variations between the Nordic countries and the Baltic nations , but these are the most common sizes : Single : 80 cm × 190 cm ( 31 in × 75 in ) , traditional standard for bunk beds in Germany 90 cm × 190 cm ( 35 in × 75 in ) , traditional standard in Germany 75 cm × 200 cm ( 30 in × 79 in ) , standard in Norway 80 cm × 200 cm ( 31 in × 79 in ) , common variant in Finland 90 cm × 200 cm ( 35 in × 79 in ) , standard single bed in Denmark , Norway , Sweden and Germany . 90 cm × 210 cm ( 35 in × 83 in ) 90 cm × 200 cm ( 35 in × 79 in ) , common variant in The Netherlands 90 cm × 220 cm ( 35 in × 87 in ) , extra large variant in The Netherlands 100 cm × 200 cm ( 39 in × 79 in ) , now very common in Germany 105 cm × 200 cm ( 41 in × 79 in ) 120 cm × 200 cm ( 47 in × 79 in ) Three - Quarter : 120 cm × 200 cm ( 47 in × 79 in ) , less common in Scandinavia 140 cm × 200 cm ( 55 in × 79 in ) , very common three - quarters in Scandinavia Double : 120 cm × 200 cm ( 47 in × 79 in ) , referred to as a `` doubter '' in the Netherlands , somewhat common for younger people 140 cm × 200 cm ( 55 in × 79 in ) 150 cm × 200 cm ( 59 in × 79 in ) , common 160 cm × 200 cm ( 63 in × 79 in ) , very common , common variant in Finland 180 cm × 200 cm ( 71 in × 79 in ) , very common double bed in current Danish , Swedish and Norwegian standards 180 cm × 210 cm ( 71 in × 83 in ) 200 cm × 200 cm ( 79 in × 79 in ) ( very wide ) Most beds are 200 cm ( 79 in ) cm long . Extra long beds are usually 220 cm ( 87 in ) , but they are rare . Portugal ( edit ) In Portugal the most common sizes for beds are : Solteiro ( single ) 80 centimetres ( 31 in ) wide by 190 centimetres ( 75 in ) long ( can go up to 105 cm wide by 200 cm long ) Casal ( double ) 140 centimetres ( 55 in ) wide by 190 centimetres ( 75 in ) , 195 or 200 cm long Queen Size 160 centimetres ( 63 in ) or 180 centimetres ( 71 in ) wide by 190 , 195 or 200 cm long King Size 180 centimetres ( 71 in ) wide by 190 , 195 or 200 cm long Super King Size 200 centimetres ( 79 in ) wide by 200 cm long Spain ( edit ) In Spain the most common sizes are : 180 / 190 / 200 cm long 80 / 90 / 105 / 120 / 135 / 150 cm wide , the most common : `` Individual '' ( single ) = 90 cm wide `` Matrimonio '' ( marital ) = 135 / 150 cm wide Switzerland ( edit ) Single : 70 cm × 200 cm ( 28 in × 79 in ) , only used for double beds with two separate mattresses 80 cm × 200 cm ( 31 in × 79 in ) , only used for double beds with two separate mattresses 90 cm × 200 cm ( 35 in × 79 in ) , common single bed 120 cm × 200 cm ( 47 in × 79 in ) , uncommon , mainly available as European - style futon beds that are sold with mattress , slats and frame 140 cm × 200 cm ( 55 in × 79 in ) , common , especially among young people Double : 160 cm × 200 cm ( 63 in × 79 in ) , common 180 cm × 200 cm ( 71 in × 79 in ) , common 200 cm × 200 cm ( 79 in × 79 in ) , proposed when enough space is available Oceania ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) The following bed sizes are available in Australia Single 92cm x 188cm ( 36in x 74in ) Long Single 92cm x 204cm ( 36in x 80in ) Three - quarter ( obsolete , but still present ) 120 cm × 188 cm ( 47in x 74in ) King Single 107cm x 203cm ( 42in x 80in ) Double 138cm x 188cm ( 54in x 74in ) Queen 153cm x 203cm ( 60in x 80in - Same as American Queen ) King 183cm x 203cm ( 72in x 80in ) California King 183cm x 213cm ( 72in x 82in ) Super King 204 cm x 204cm ( 80in x 80in ) New Zealand ( edit ) The following bed sizes are available in New Zealand Single 91cm x 188cm Single XL 91cm x 203cm Three - quarter ( uncommon ) 120 cm × 188 cm King Single 107cm x 203cm Double 137cm x 188cm Queen 153cm x 203cm King 167cm x 203cm Super King 183cm x 203cm Californian King 203cm x 203cm Water Bed King 213cm x 203cm Africa ( edit ) South Africa ( edit ) The following bed sizes are available in South Africa : Single 92 cm × 188 cm Three - quarter 107 cm × 188 cm Double 137 cm × 188 cm Queen 152 cm × 188 cm King 183 cm × 188 cm ( equals two single mattresses ) Beds are also available in extra length , which is 200 cm . Asia ( edit ) China ( edit ) In China , the regulation standard has following sizes available : Length : 1900 mm , 1950 mm , 2000 mm , 2100 mm ; Width : Single : 800 mm , 900 mm , 1000 mm , 1100 mm , 1200 mm ; Width : Double : 1350 mm , 1400 mm , 1500 mm , 1800 mm . In practice , bed sizes are usually categorized by the width . The length is typically two metres , but may vary . The most common sizes are : 1.2 m 120 cm × 200 cm ( 47 in × 79 in ) 1.5 m 150 cm × 200 cm ( 59 in × 79 in ) 1.8 m 180 cm × 200 cm ( 71 in × 79 in ) There are also extra size beds available , but they are less common . Indonesia , Singapore , and Malaysia ( edit ) The following bed sizes are available in Indonesia , Singapore , and Malaysia : Single 36 in × 75 in ( 91 cm x 191 cm ) Twin size 39 in × 75 in ( 99 cm × 191 cm ) Super single 42 in × 75 in ( 106 cm x 191 cm ) Queen ( double ) 60 in × 75 in ( 152 cm × 191 cm ) King ( double ) 72 in × 75 in ( 183 cm × 191 cm ) See also ( edit ) Design portal Infant bed Bed sheet References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Mattress Sizes '' . Better Sleep . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Apodaca , Frank ( 25 March 2017 ) . `` Single vs Twin Bed Size '' . The Sleep Judge . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Auer , Joe ( 22 December 2016 ) . `` Mattress Sizes And Dimensions - A Comprehensive Overview '' . Mattress Clarity . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What size is a three - quarter bed ? '' . Reference . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Buying guide : Choosing a mattress John Lewis Partnership Jump up ^ Buying guide : Choosing a small baby mattress ^ Jump up to : Bed buyer 's guide IKEA UK Jump up ^ `` Single Bed Size & Mattress Dimensions -- Standard '' . www.standardbedsizes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` 中华 人民 共和国 轻工业 标准 QB / T1952. 2 -- 99 -- 弹 簧 软 床 垫 '' . 国家 轻工业 局. 1999 - 07 - 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Beds at Wikimedia Commons Media related to Mattresses at Wikimedia Commons ( hide ) Bedding Bed types ( Bed sizes ) Banig Bassinet Box - bed Bunk bed Cage bed Camp bed Canopy bed Couch bed Cradle ( bed ) Daybed Four - poster bed Futon Hammock Hospital bed Infant bed Kang bed - stove Lit a la turque Loft bed Charpai Murphy bed Petate Platform bed Sleigh bed Sofa bed Toddler bed Trundle bed Bed components Bed frame Bed sheet Bed skirt Cot side Footboard Headboard Mattresses Air mattress Featherbed Mattress pad Mattress protector Memory foam Orthopedic mattress Waterbed Bed bases Box - spring Bunkie board Blankets Afghan Comforter Duvet Duvet cover Electric blanket Hudson 's Bay point blanket Patchwork quilt Photo blanket Quilt Razai Security blanket Silk comforter Sleeping bag Pillows Acupressure pillow Bamboo wife Bolster Contour leg pillow Cushion Dakimakura Eye pillow Orthopedic pillow Phonetic pillow Sex pillow Speaker pillow Throw pillow Related items Bed warmer Couch Nightstand Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bed_size&oldid=843636361 '' Categories : Beds Mattresses Mechanical standards Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2015 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing style editing from April 2017 All articles needing style editing Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from April 2017 All articles that are excessively detailed Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 12 : 49 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%20size

who plays peter rabbit in the new movie

Peter Rabbit ( film )

peter rabbit ( film )

Peter Rabbit is a 2018 live - action / computer - animated comedy film directed by Will Gluck and written by Rob Lieber and Gluck , based on the stories of Peter Rabbit created by Beatrix Potter . The film stars the voice of James Corden as the title character , with Rose Byrne , Domhnall Gleeson , Sam Neill , Daisy Ridley , Elizabeth Debicki , and Margot Robbie also starring . The film was released on February 9 , 2018 , and grossed $347 million worldwide and received mixed reviews from critics . A sequel is set to be released on February 7 , 2020 .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Voice cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Trailer criticism 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 `` Allergy bullying '' controversy 6 Sequel 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In England 's Lake District Peter Rabbit , his cousin Benjamin Bunny , and Peter 's triplet sisters ( who can be distinguished by the colour of jackets they each wear ) Flopsy ( red ) , Mopsy ( yellow ) , and Cottontail ( teal ) , spend most of their days picking on Mr. Joe McGregor and stealing vegetables from his garden . They are friends with a local woman named Bea who spends her time painting pictures of the rabbits as well as the surrounding nature . Bea takes on a mother - like relationship with the rabbits due to the death of their parents . One day Peter is forced to leave his jacket in McGregor 's garden and goes back to retrieve it . McGregor spots and catches him , but suddenly dies of a heart attack , due to decades of unhealthy eating habits . Enthralled , Peter invites all of the woodland critters , and then takes over McGregor 's manor . Meanwhile in London , McGregor 's grandnephew Thomas McGregor , an uptight , controlling workaholic , works at the toy department of Harrods department store where he waits for a promotion to associate general manager . He indifferently accepts the news about his great - uncle 's death , someone he was completely unaware of , but is infuriated over losing the promotion to a lazy nephew of the managing director and is fired for losing his temper . His now former manager encourages him to get a hobby and spend some time in the country . When Thomas learns that his great - uncle 's manor is valuable and that he 's inherited it , he decides to appraise and prepare it for resale in order to start his own toy store to get even with his former employers . He kicks out Peter and his friends and begins to upgrade the security of the garden wall and gates , despite Bea 's objections . When Peter and Benjamin sneak back into the garden , Thomas catches the latter and attempts to drown Benjamin . His cousins rescue him ; Thomas instead accidentally drops the binoculars that Bea had given him earlier , forcing him into the river to retrieve it . Thomas and Peter start a war with each other by setting up traps and other offensive nuisances . Thomas and Bea end up falling in love with each other , which causes Peter to become jealous and wanting to separate them more . Thomas framed Peter for ruining Bea 's paintings and she sent Peter outside along with the other rabbits . Soon , Bea turns on Thomas when his violent tendencies begin to show . This all culminates when Thomas throws dynamite at Peter 's burrow , and uses it to attack Peter in the garden , before telling him that his antics caused him to become aggressive . When Peter detonates the dynamite to prove to Bea that Thomas was using it , he ends up knocking down the tree on top of the burrow , which crushes Bea 's art studio . So the police arrives , Peter is thinking that Thomas was responsible for the detonation , Bea breaks up with him , and he goes back to London to work at Harrods again . Peter feels bad for what he has done , and upon learning that Bea intends to leave the neighborhood , he and Benjamin head to London to find Thomas at Harrods . Revealing they can talk , Peter apologizes for his part of the conflict and convinces Thomas to follow his heart . They rush back to the country where Peter reveals that he had activated the detonator , and he and Thomas apologize to Bea for their fighting . Thomas discovers that he can not go home because a snobbish couple , whom Thomas had an ugly encounter with prior , had just bought the house . Peter and his friends use their tricks to force the couple out of the house , allowing Thomas to move back in . In a mid-credits scene , Thomas sets up his own toy shop in the village , and Bea begins to write and illustrate books based on Peter and his friends . Cast ( edit ) Domhnall Gleeson as Thomas McGregor / Mr. Jeremy Fisher ( voice ) Rose Byrne as Bea / Jemima Puddle - Duck ( voice ) Sam Neill as Mr. Joe McGregor / Tommy Brock ( voice ) Marianne Jean - Baptiste as Harrods General Manager Felix Williamson as Derek Voice cast ( edit ) James Corden as Peter Rabbit Daisy Ridley as Cottontail Rabbit Margot Robbie as Flopsy Rabbit and the Narrator Elizabeth Debicki as Mopsy Rabbit Colin Moody as Benjamin Bunny Sia as Mrs. Tiggy - Winkle Fayssal Bazzi as Mr. Tod Ewen Leslie as Pigling Bland Christian Gazal as Felix D'eer Rachel Ward as Josephine Rabbit Bryan Brown as Mr. Rabbit David Wenham as Johnny Town - Mouse Will Reichelt as JW Rooster II The Singing Sparrows were voiced by Jessica Freedman , Shana Halligan , Katharine Hoye , Chris Mann , Chad Reisser , and Fletcher Sheridan Production ( edit ) The film was first revealed in April 2015 through email leaks as a result of the Sony Pictures hack . The official announcement of the film came that December . In August 2016 , Will Gluck was reported to direct from a script by Gluck and Rob Lieber . James Corden was cast to voice Peter Rabbit , and Rose Byrne was selected to play one of the live - action roles . Gluck produced the film along with Zareh Nalbandian of Animal Logic , which will be providing the visual effects and animation for the film . Daisy Ridley and Elizabeth Debicki joined the cast on September 2016 , and the live action production was scheduled to commence in Sydney , Australia , in January 2017 . The next month , Domhnall Gleeson was cast as Thomas McGregor , the descendent of the original Mr. McGregor , and Margot Robbie joined the cast , expected to voice a bunny . In November , Sia was cast as Mrs Tiggy - Winkle . Filming ( edit ) On December 18 , 2016 , a first image of the title character , along with the film 's logo , was revealed . Production began in December 2016 . Live action scenes were filmed at Centennial Park in Sydney . In March 2017 , filming took place at Central railway station , Sydney , which was depicted as London Paddington station . Release ( edit ) Peter Rabbit was originally scheduled to be released on March 23 , 2018 , but it was moved up to February 9 , 2018 . Trailer criticism ( edit ) The first trailer received negative feedback from critics and fans of the character , many of whom labelled the film as being too modern and insulting to Beatrix Potter 's works . Collider called trailer as `` garbage '' and a `` low brow ' comedy ' cringe fest '' . Stuart Heritage from The Guardian stated that `` the Peter Rabbit film looks like the result of some blisteringly inept manhandling ( ... ) there 's something genuinely harrowing about the sight of Peter Rabbit -- gentle , Edwardian Peter Rabbit -- thoughtlessly injuring some birds , or grabbing a pile of lettuce leaves and making it rain like a banker in a strip club , or literally twerking '' and argued `` there is no way on Earth that ( Beatrix Potter would ) have ever given the green light to a slow motion car crash like this . '' Metro writer James Baldock found that the trailer was `` so gut wrenchingly bad '' and that `` if the movie lives up to its two minute preview -- ( it ) is set to be the greatest abomination to grace the big screen since The Emoji Movie . '' He finished by writing `` Listen carefully , and you can just about hear the sound of Beatrix Potter , turning furiously in her grave . '' On November 7 , a new trailer for the United Kingdom was released . Home Media ( edit ) The film was released on digital platforms on April 20 , 2018 . A Blu - ray and DVD and 4K followed on May 1 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of June 14 , 2018 , Peter Rabbit has grossed $347.8 million worldwide , $115.3 million of that in the United States and Canada , against a production budget of $50 million . In the United States and Canada , the film was released alongside Fifty Shades Freed and The 15 : 17 to Paris , and was projected to gross around $16 million from 3,725 theaters in its opening weekend , with some estimates as high as $25 million . It ended up making $25 million over the weekend , finishing second at the box office behind Fifty Shades ( $38.8 million ) . The film dropped 30 % in its second weekend to $17.5 million ( $23.4 million over the four - day Martin Luther King Jr. weekend ) , finishing second behind newcomer Black Panther . In the UK , Peter Rabbit became the biggest family film of 2018 , overtaking Pixar 's Coco with $56.3 million . Totals from other markets include China ( $26.5 million ) , Australia ( $20.2 million ) , France ( $12.3 million ) and Germany ( $12.1 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 62 % based on 125 reviews and an average rating of 5.8 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Peter Rabbit updates Beatrix Potter 's classic characters with colorfully agreeable results that should entertain younger viewers while admittedly risking the wrath of purists . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 51 out of 100 based on 26 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A − '' on an A+ to F scale . `` Allergy bullying '' controversy ( edit ) In the first week after the film 's release , groups in multiple countries criticized it for `` allergy bullying '' and called for an apology from Sony . The accusations focused on a scene where Thomas McGregor -- whose character has a known severe allergy to blackberries -- is pelted with the berries until one enters his mouth , causing him to enter anaphylactic shock and grab for his Epipen . In response , Sony published a statement saying `` We sincerely regret not being more aware and sensitive to this issue , and we truly apologise '' . Sequel ( edit ) Columbia Pictures is developing a sequel set to be released on February 7 , 2020 . Gluck will return to write and direct the film . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ filmmusicreporter ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Dominic Lewis to Score ' Peter Rabbit ' '' . Film Music Reporter . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Film Releases '' . Variety Insight . Variety Media . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PETER RABBIT ( PG ) '' . BBFC . February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Rabbit ( 2018 ) '' . AllMovie . RhythmOne . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ CENtRAL ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` Peter Rabbit film set takes shape in Sydney '' . The Daily Telegraph . News Corp Australia . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pressburg , Matt ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Why Sony , LStar Movie Finance Deal Fell Apart : Flops , ' Ghostbusters ' and Feet on Desk ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Peter Rabbit ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tweedie , Steven ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` Leaked Sony emails reveal ' Peter Rabbit ' feature film is in the works '' . Business Insider . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Spencer ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` Emoji Movie , Animated Spider - Man and Peter Rabbit Get Release Dates '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline Media . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ; Siegel , Tatiana ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` James Corden , Rose Byrne in Talks to Star in Sony 's ' Peter Rabbit ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Daisy Ridley , Elizabeth Debicki Join ' Peter Rabbit ' Live - Action / Animated Pic ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gaul , Lou ( October 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Wish ' list : Bruce Willis to fill Charles Bronson 's shoes '' . Burlington County Times . GateHouse Media . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Peter Rabbit Movie Coming from Columbia Pictures '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline Media . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Domhnall Gleeson to Play Mr McGregor in Live - Action ' Peter Rabbit ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Ford , Rebecca ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` Margot Robbie in Talks to Join ' Peter Rabbit ' Film ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sia ( @ Sia ) ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` The new UK trailer for # PeterRabbitMovie has arrived ! Catch Sia as Mrs. Tiggy - Winkle in 2018 - Team Siapic.twitter.com/2fNIdnJwX5 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Chipman , Bob ( December 18 , 2016 ) . `` Peter Rabbit Images Offers First Look at New Beatrix Potter Adaptation '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PETER RABBIT '' . Movie Insider . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( December 17 , 2016 ) . `` Peter Rabbit First Look Photo Shows Off The Bunny Voice by James Corden '' . / Film . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rose Byrne , look alike body double , Domhnall Gleeson begin filming for Peter Rabbit in Centennial Park '' . The Daily Telegraph . News Corp Australia . January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Crofts , Cassie ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` These new signs at Central station are freaking Sydneysiders out '' . Smoothfm . NOVA Entertainment . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Rabbit '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline Media . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Trombore , Dave ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` First ' Peter Rabbit ' Trailer Gives Us Another Reason to Be Mad at James Corden '' . Collider . Complex Media . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Heritage , Stuart ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` James Corden 's Peter Rabbit : another kids ' classic wrecked forever '' . The Guardian . London , England : Guardian Media Group . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baldock , James ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's the trailer for the new Peter Rabbit movie -- and it 's a total disaster '' . Metro . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cowdrey , Katharine ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Sony launches trailer for upcoming Peter Rabbit film '' . The Bookseller . London , England : Bookseller Media . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Rabbit ( 2018 ) '' . DVDs Release Dates . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Worldwide Opening Weekend Will Steam Franchise Past $1 Billion -- B.O. Preview '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Builds E.L. James Trilogy To $1 Billion Climax ; ' Peter Rabbit ' Bounces To $25 M Opening '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Rips Apart Box Office Records : 3 - Day Opening Rises To $194 M+ ; 4 - Day At $223 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gant , Charles ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` Peter Rabbit outruns Ready Player One at UK box office '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Sets Fox Record With $176 M Overseas Bow ; ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Tops $1.81 B WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Rabbit ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Jump up ^ `` Peter Rabbit Reviews '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ `` Cinemascore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Guardian staff ( February 11 , 2018 ) . `` Peter Rabbit film criticised for depicting allergy bullying '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Seselja , Edwina ; Dawes , Samantha ( February 11 , 2018 ) . `` Peter Rabbit : Calls for Sony Pictures to apologise after food allergy bullying scene in new movie '' . ABC News . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ward , Victoria ( February 11 , 2018 ) . `` Peter Rabbit film accused of food bullying as rabbits pelt allergic man with blackberries '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Rabbit film producers apologise over allergy scene '' . BBC News . BBC . February 12 , 2018 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Peter Rabbit 2 ' in the Works From Sony Pictures '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Peter Rabbit ( film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peter Rabbit movie set , Centennial Park . Official website Peter Rabbit on IMDb Beatrix Potter The Tales The Tale of Peter Rabbit The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin The Tailor of Gloucester The Tale of Benjamin Bunny The Tale of Two Bad Mice The Tale of Mrs. Tiggy - Winkle The Tale of the Pie and the Patty - Pan The Tale of Mr. Jeremy Fisher The Story of a Fierce Bad Rabbit The Story of Miss Moppet The Tale of Tom Kitten The Tale of Jemima Puddle - Duck The Tale of Samuel Whiskers or The Roly - Poly Pudding The Tale of the Flopsy Bunnies The Tale of Ginger and Pickles The Tale of Mrs. Tittlemouse The Tale of Timmy Tiptoes The Tale of Mr. Tod The Tale of Pigling Bland Appley Dapply 's Nursery Rhymes The Tale of Johnny Town - Mouse Cecily Parsley 's Nursery Rhymes The Tale of Little Pig Robinson Other books Tom Kitten 's Painting Book Jemima Puddle - Duck 's Painting Book Peter Rabbit 's Almanac for 1929 The Fairy Caravan Sister Anne Wag - by - Wall The Tale of the Faithful Dove The Sly Old Cat The Tale of Kitty - in - Boots Other media The Tales of Beatrix Potter The Tailor of Gloucester The World of Peter Rabbit and Friends Miss Potter Beswick Pottery The Game of Peter Rabbit Peter Rabbit ( television series ) Beatrix Potter 's The Tales of Peter Rabbit and Friends Peter Rabbit ( film ) People Annie Moore Norman Warne Hardwicke Rawnsley Charlie McIntosh Leslie Linder Judy Taylor Locations Hill Top , Cumbria Beatrix Potter Gallery Near and Far Sawrey Dalguise Lake District Derwentwater St Herbert 's Island Little Town , Cumbria Newlands Church Newlands Valley Hawkshead Keswick , Cumbria Carleton Crematorium and Cemetery Armitt Library Esthwaite Water Sawrey Near Sawrey Melford Hall Moss Eccles Tarn Characters Peter Rabbit Mr. McGregor Tabitha Twitchit Publishers Frederick Warne & Co David McKay The Horn Book Magazine Sony Pictures Animation Feature films Computer - animated Open Season ( 2006 ) Surf 's Up ( 2007 ) Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs ( 2009 ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 ( 2013 ) Hotel Transylvania 2 ( 2015 ) Smurfs : The Lost Village ( 2017 ) The Emoji Movie ( 2017 ) The Star ( 2017 ) Live - action / animated The Smurfs ( 2011 ) The Smurfs 2 ( 2013 ) Goosebumps ( 2015 ) Peter Rabbit ( 2018 ) Produced with Aardman Animations Arthur Christmas ( 2011 ) The Pirates ! In an Adventure with Scientists ! ( 2012 ) Upcoming films Hotel Transylvania 3 : Summer Vacation ( 2018 ) Goosebumps : Haunted Halloween ( 2018 ) Spider - Man : Into the Spider - Verse ( 2018 ) Direct - to - video Open Season 2 ( 2008 ) Open Season 3 ( 2010 ) Open Season : Scared Silly ( 2015 ) Surf 's Up 2 : WaveMania ( 2017 ) Television series Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs ( 2017 -- ) Hotel Transylvania : The Series ( 2017 -- ) Ghostbusters : Ecto Force ( TBA ) Online series Go ! Cartoons ( 2017 -- 18 ) Short films The ChubbChubbs ! ( 2002 ) Early Bloomer ( 2003 ) Boog and Elliot 's Midnight Bun Run ( 2007 ) The ChubbChubbs Save Xmas ( 2007 ) The Smurfs : A Christmas Carol ( 2011 ) So You Want to Be a Pirate ! ( 2012 ) Goodnight Mr. Foot ( 2012 ) The Smurfs : The Legend of Smurfy Hollow ( 2013 ) Super Manny ( 2013 ) Earl Scouts ( 2013 ) Steve 's First Bath ( 2014 ) Attack of the 50 - Foot Gummi Bear ( 2014 ) Puppy ! ( 2017 ) Franchises Open Season ( 2006 -- present ) Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs ( 2009 -- present ) The Smurfs ( 2011 -- present ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 -- present ) See also Sony Pictures Imageworks Cartoon Hangover Screen Gems Cartoons Films directed by Will Gluck Fired Up ! ( 2009 ) Easy A ( 2010 ) Friends with Benefits ( 2011 ) Annie ( 2014 ) Peter Rabbit ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Rabbit_(film)&oldid=846494448 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2018 3D films 2018 computer - animated films American films American adventure comedy films American children 's animated adventure films American children 's animated fantasy films American fantasy adventure films Australian films Australian animated films Australian animated fantasy films Peter Rabbit Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films about animals Films about rabbits and hares Films about death Films set in London Films shot in Sydney Films with live action and animation Columbia Pictures animated films Columbia Pictures films Sony Pictures Animation films Films directed by Will Gluck Films scored by Dominic Lewis Hidden categories : Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Русский Simple English Тоҷикӣ Українська 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 03 : 22 ( UTC ) . 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the national honour award was established by nigerian government in the year

Nigerian National Honours are a set of orders and decorations conferred upon Nigerians and friends of Nigeria every year . They were instituted by the National Honors Act No. 5 of 1964 , during the First Nigerian Republic , to honour Nigerians who have rendered service to the benefit of the nation .

1964

Orders , decorations , and medals of Nigeria

orders, decorations, and medals of nigeria

Nigerian National Honours are a set of orders and decorations conferred upon Nigerians and friends of Nigeria every year . They were instituted by the National Honors Act No. 5 of 1964 , during the First Nigerian Republic , to honour Nigerians who have rendered service to the benefit of the nation .

Honours ( edit ) The Nigerian National Honours , in descending order of importance , are : Grand Commander of the Order of the Federal Republic ( GCFR ) Grand Commander of the Order of the Niger ( GCON ) Commander of the Order of the Federal Republic ( CFR ) Commander of the Order of the Niger ( CON ) Officer of the Order of the Federal Republic ( OFR ) Officer of the Order of the Niger ( OON ) Member of the Order of the Federal Republic ( MFR ) Member of the Order of the Niger ( MON ) The GCFR and GCON are customarily respectively bestowed on former occupants of the office of President of Nigeria and Vice President of Nigeria including former military heads of state of Nigeria and Chiefs of General Staff . The GCON is also customarily bestowed on the Chief Justice of Nigeria and the President of the Nigerian Senate during their first year in office , while the CON is customarily bestowed on Justices of the Supreme Court of Nigeria External links ( edit ) Nigeria National Merit Award - Presidency of Nigeria . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . Worlds awards `` Ni : National Honours Awards 2010 and 2011 , '' Economic Confidential . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . Orders , decorations , and medals by country Africa Botswana Burundi Ethiopia Egypt Kenya Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Senegal South Africa Swaziland Tanzania Uganda Zimbabwe Former Rhodesia Americas Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Barbados Bolivia Brazil Canada Provinces Chile Colombia Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Jamaica Mexico Peru Trinidad and Tobago United States Civil Military Police Uruguay Venezuela Asia Bangladesh Burma Cambodia China Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Israel Japan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Macau Malaysia North Korea Pakistan Civil Military Palestine Philippines Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Civil Military Police Taiwan ( Republic of China ) Thailand Vietnam Former South Vietnam British Raj Europe Albania Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Civil Military Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Military Greece Holy See Hungary Ireland Military Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sovereign Military Order of Malta Sweden Switzerland Military Turkey Military Ukraine Military United Kingdom Military Former Austria - Hungary Czechoslovakia Germany Empire Nazi East Independent State of Croatia Yugoslavia Kingdom SFR FR Soviet Union Republics Oceania Australia Kiribati Fiji New Zealand Papua New Guinea Samoa Tonga Former Hawaii This Nigeria - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Nigeria&oldid=805945697 '' Categories : Orders , decorations , and medals of Nigeria Nigerian awards National symbols of Nigeria Nigeria stubs Talk About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2017 , at 17 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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who is the bad guy in i know what you did last summer

Julie finds an article mentioning Susie 's father , Ben Willis , and realizes that Ben was the man they ran over , moments after he had killed David to avenge his daughter . She then goes to the docks to tell Ray , but he refuses to believe her . Julie notices Ray 's boat is called Billy Blue and runs away . Ben appears , knocking Ray unconscious , and invites Julie to hide on his boat . On the boat , she finds photos and articles about her friends and her , and pictures of Susie . Ben 's boat leaves the docks , and he begins tormenting Julie , chasing her below deck ; there , she uncovers the bodies of Helen and Barry in the boat 's ice box . Ray regains consciousness and steals a motorboat to rescue Julie . He ultimately uses the rigging to sever Ben 's hand and send him overboard . When the police question them , they deny knowing why Ben attempted to kill them , but they are relieved not to have actually killed anybody the previous summer , and reconcile .

Ben Willis

I Know What You Did Last Summer

i know what you did last summer

I Know What You Did Last Summer is a 1997 American slasher film directed by Jim Gillespie , written by Kevin Williamson , and starring Jennifer Love Hewitt , Sarah Michelle Gellar , Ryan Phillippe , and Freddie Prinze Jr. , with Anne Heche , Bridgette Wilson , and Johnny Galecki appearing in supporting roles . Loosely based on the 1973 novel of the same name by Lois Duncan , the film centers on four young friends who are stalked by a hook - wielding killer one year after covering up a car accident in which they were involved . The film also draws inspiration from the urban legend known as the Hook .

After having written Scream ( released in 1996 ) , Williamson was approached to adapt Duncan 's source novel by producer Erik Feig . Where Williamson 's screenplay for Scream contained prominent elements of satire and self - referentiality , his adaptation of I Know What You Did Last Summer reworked the novel 's central plot to resemble a straightforward 1980s - era slasher film . Shot on location in both California and North Carolina in the spring of 1997 , I Know What You Did Last Summer was released theatrically in the North America on October 17 , 1997 . It received varied reviews from critics but was commercially successful , grossing $72 million domestically , and remaining at number 1 on the U.S. box office for three consecutive weeks . It would go on to gross an additional $53 million in foreign markets , making for a total of over $125 million in international box office returns . It also was nominated for and won multiple awards . The film was followed by two sequels , I Still Know What You Did Last Summer ( 1998 ) and the straight - to - DVD release I 'll Always Know What You Did Last Summer ( 2006 ) . Though the former film has a continuation of the plotline established in its predecessor , the latter film establishes a new plotline and does not star any cast members from the previous two installments . I Know What You Did Last Summer has also been parodied and referenced in popular culture , and credited alongside Scream with revitalizing the contemporary slasher film in the late - 1990s . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Screenplay 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 4 Release 4.1 Promotion 4.2 Box office 4.3 Critical reception 4.4 Awards and nominations 5 Music 5.1 Soundtrack 6 Home media 7 Related works 8 In popular culture 9 Notes 10 References 11 Works cited 12 External links Plot ( edit ) On the Fourth of July 1996 in Southport , North Carolina , high school graduates Julie James , Ray Bronson , Helen Shivers , and Barry Cox drive to the beach after a night of partying . While driving along a coastal byway , they accidentally hit a pedestrian . Julie 's friend Max passes by them on the road . Julie reassures Max that everything is all right , and he leaves . After some arguing , the group decides to dispose of the body , dumping it in the water . They agree to never again discuss what had happened . A year later , Julie returns home from her college in Boston for the summer . Since the incident , the friends have gone their separate ways . Julie receives a letter with no return address , stating , `` I know what you did last summer ! '' Disturbed , Julie tracks down Helen , who has returned to Southport to work at her family 's department store after a failed attempt at an acting career in New York City . The girls take the note to Barry , who immediately suspects Max . They confront Max on the docks , and Barry threatens him with a hook . Julie meets Ray , who is now working as a fisherman ; he unsuccessfully tries to reconcile with her . Later , Max is killed by a figure in a rain slicker wielding a hook . Barry discovers a note in his gym locker saying , `` I know . '' He is then ambushed by the same assailant driving Barry 's car . Meanwhile , Julie researches newspaper articles which lead her to believe the man they ran over was a local named David Egan . Helen and Julie go to visit with David 's sister Missy at her home . Missy explains to them that their family was devastated by David 's death ; she also mentions that a friend of David 's named Billy Blue also visited her to pay his last respects . Later that night , the killer sneaks into Helen 's house , cuts off her hair while she sleeps , and writes `` Soon '' in lipstick on her vanity mirror . The following morning , Julie finds Max 's corpse wearing Barry 's stolen jacket in the trunk of her car . When she calls the others , the body is missing . Julie , Helen , and Barry confront Ray about the recent events . Ray claims to have received a threatening letter as well . Julie goes back to visit Missy , while Barry and Helen go to participate in the Fourth of July parade . Missy reveals David allegedly committed suicide out of guilt for the death of his girlfriend Susie in a car accident and shows David 's suicide note to Julie . As the writing matches that of the note she received , Julie realizes it was not a suicide note , but a death threat . At the Croaker Beauty Pageant , Helen witnesses Barry being murdered on the balcony . She rushes upstairs with a police officer but finds no sign of the killer or Barry . A police officer escorts Helen home , but the killer lures him into an alley and murders him . Helen flees to her nearby family store , where her sister Elsa is closing for the night . The killer enters the store and murders Elsa . Helen is chased to the third floor of the building and escapes through a window , falling to a long alleyway . She manages to run toward the street , but the killer stops her and slashes her to death , her screams being drowned out by the sound of the oncoming parade . Julie finds an article mentioning Susie 's father , Ben Willis , and realizes that Ben was the man they ran over , moments after he had killed David to avenge his daughter . She then goes to the docks to tell Ray , but he refuses to believe her . Julie notices Ray 's boat is called Billy Blue and runs away . Ben appears , knocking Ray unconscious , and invites Julie to hide on his boat . On the boat , she finds photos and articles about her friends and her , and pictures of Susie . Ben 's boat leaves the docks , and he begins tormenting Julie , chasing her below deck ; there , she uncovers the bodies of Helen and Barry in the boat 's ice box . Ray regains consciousness and steals a motorboat to rescue Julie . He ultimately uses the rigging to sever Ben 's hand and send him overboard . When the police question them , they deny knowing why Ben attempted to kill them , but they are relieved not to have actually killed anybody the previous summer , and reconcile . A year later , Julie is in college in Boston . As she enters the shower , she notices the words `` I still know '' on the mirror . Moments later , a dark figure crashes through it . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of I Know What You Did Last Summer characters Jennifer Love Hewitt as Julie James Sarah Michelle Gellar as Helen Shivers Ryan Phillippe as Barry Cox Freddie Prinze Jr. as Ray Bronson Bridgette Wilson as Elsa Shivers Anne Heche as Missy Egan Muse Watson as Ben Willis Johnny Galecki as Max Neurick Stuart Greer as Officer Caporizo Production ( edit ) Screenplay ( edit ) I Know What You Did Last Summer was a screenplay penned by Kevin Williamson several years beforehand , which was then rushed into production by Columbia Pictures upon the success of the Williamson - written Scream ( 1996 ) . It was based on the 1973 novel of the same name by Lois Duncan , a youth - oriented suspense novel about four young people who are involved in a hit - and - run accident involving a young boy . Producer Erik Feig pitched the idea of a screen adaptation to Mandalay Entertainment , and subsequently appointed Williamson to retool the core elements of Duncan 's novel , rendering a screenplay more akin to a 1980s slasher film . Inspired by his father , who had been a commercial fisherman , Williamson changed the setting of the novel to a small fishing village , and made the villain a hook - wielding fisherman . The killer 's arming of himself with a hook is a reference to the urban legend `` The Hook , '' which the four main characters recount at the beginning of the film around a campfire . According to Williamson , he wrote the scene as a way of indicating what was to come : `` Basically what I was doing was I was setting the framework to say , ' Alright , audience : That 's that legend . Now here 's a new one . ' '' Unlike Williamson 's screenplay for the film 's contemporary , Scream ( 1996 ) , which incorporated satire of the slasher film , I Know What You Did Last Summer was written more as a straightforward slasher film . Gillespie commented in 2008 : `` The joy of this film for me as a filmmaker was in taking ( the ) elements that we 've seen before , and saying to the audience : ' Here 's something you 've seen before ' -- knowing that they 're saying ' We 've seen this before ' -- and still getting them to jump . '' Gillespie also claimed that he felt Williamson 's screenplay did not resemble a `` slasher horror movie , '' and that he saw it rather as simply `` a really good story '' with a morality tale embedded within it . Casting ( edit ) According to producer Stokely Chaffin , the producers sought out actors who were `` beautiful , but likable . '' Director Gillespie recalled that , though he had been unfamiliar with the screenplay 's source material , that `` roughly 60 to 65 % '' of the young women auditioning had read the novel as children . Jennifer Love Hewitt , who at the time was mainly known for her role on the television series Party of Five , was cast in the lead of Julie James based on her `` ability to project vulnerability , '' which the producers , director Gillespie , and writer Williamson unanimously agreed upon . Initially , Hewitt was considered for the role of Helen . For the role of Barry , the crew had envisioned an actor with a `` 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) quarterback '' appearance , as the character had been written as an intimidating figure . Ryan Phillipe was ultimately cast in the part based on his audition , despite the fact that he was not as physically tall as the script had called for . Director Gillespie chose Freddie Prinze , Jr. for the role of Ray , because he felt Prinze himself had an `` everyman '' quality much like the character . Sarah Michelle Gellar was the last of the lead performers to be cast in the role of Helen . Like Hewitt , Gellar was also known to American audiences at the time for her roles in television , primarily as the titular Buffy Summers on Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Gillespie commented on casting Gellar : `` I wanted an actress that had a warmth to her , but could still come off as being a bitch . '' For the supporting role of Missy , Gillespie sought an actress with significant screen presence , as the character , despite appearing in only two scenes , is central to several major plot points . Anne Heche was cast in the role , which she recalled as being two days ' worth of work that required her to `` be scary . '' Filming ( edit ) The cliff and rock shown at the beginning of the film , shot at Kolmer Gulch near Jenner , California Southport , North Carolina served as the film 's primary setting and filming location Scottish director Jim Gillespie was hired to direct the film after being suggested by writer Williamson . Star Hewitt would later state in 2008 that Gillespie was to date her `` favorite director ( she 's ) ever worked with . '' Principal photography began on March 31 , 1997 and took place over a period of ten weeks throughout the late spring - early summer of 1997 . Approximately seven weeks of the ten - week shoot took place at night , which Gillespie says was difficult for the cast and crew , and also created commotion in primary small - town locations in which they shot . Gillespie devised a color scheme with cinematographer Denis Crossan which was marked by heavy blues throughout , and a notable lack of bright colors . For the beginning of the film , coastal areas of Sonoma County , California stood in for North Carolina , where the film is set . The opening shots of the sun setting on a rugged coast were filmed at Kolmer Gulch , just north of the town of Jenner , on Highway 1 . The car crash scene was also filmed on Highway 1 in the same area . The scene in which the four friends are seated around a campfire on the beach next to a wrecked boat was inspired by a painting Gillespie had seen in a reference book ; to achieve the image , the art department purchased an old boat in Bodega Bay , cut it in half , and placed it at the beach location . The remaining scenes were filmed primarily around the town of Southport , North Carolina . Specific sites included the Amuzu Theater , where the beauty pageant is held , the Old Yacht Basin and Southport Fish Company . Julie 's house is on Short Street just north of Southport Marina . The daytime sequences shot on the marina show multiple vessels traversing the water ; though real vessels , the boat traffic was orchestrated by a marine traffic coordinator to make the waterway appear lively . The Shivers Department Store setting in the film was discovered on location in Southport by director Gillespie , who was so impressed by the location that he reworked elements of the script in order to incorporate it into the film ; it eventually became the primary setting for Helen 's extended chase sequence with the killer . The exterior sequences of Julie 's Boston college campus were in fact shot at Duke University , while the hospital sequence was filmed at Southport 's Dosher Memorial Hospital in an unused wing of the hospital . The final sequence on the boat was shot on an actual water - bound vessel on the Cape Fear River , which proved difficult for the actors and crew . According to Gillespie , the filmmakers nearly lost the boat while attempting to dock it due to the volatile waters , after which they were forced to leave and shoot other footage until the following day . Post-production ( edit ) Gillespie chose to film virtually no onscreen blood as he did not want the film to be overly gratuitous in terms of violence . The scene in which Elsa has her throat slashed while standing against a glass door had originally been shot from behind without any blood appearing on the glass ; however , producer Feig worried that the scene appeared `` medically impossible , '' after which Gillespie re-shot it ( post-principal photography ) with a visual effect of blood spattering across the glass . Upon test screenings of the film , Gillespie and the producers decided that a death sequence needed to occur earlier in the film to establish a sense of legitimate danger for the main characters . The scene in which Max is murdered in the crab factory was subsequently filmed and implemented into the final cut to achieve this ( in the original script , his character was not killed ) . The original ending of the film featured a sequence in which Julie receives an email reading : `` I Still Know . '' This ending was scrapped for the more dramatic ending featured in the final cut of the film , in which Julie finds the same message scrawled on a shower stall just before the killer comes crashing through the glass . This footage was also shot after principal photography , on a soundstage next - door to where Hewitt was filming Party of Five . Release ( edit ) Promotion ( edit ) In anticipation of the film 's release , distributor Columbia Pictures began a summer marketing campaign that presented the film as being `` From the creator of Scream . '' Miramax Pictures subsequently filed a lawsuit against Columbia , arguing the claim was inaccurate as the director of Scream was Wes Craven , not Williamson . The week following the film 's theatrical release , a federal judge awarded Miramax an injunction requiring that Columbia remove the claim from their advertising campaign . Williamson had requested its removal prior after seeing it on a theater poster . Miramax won a subsequent lawsuit against Columbia during a March 1998 hearing ; in a press release , executive Bob Weinstein noted plans to `` vigorously pursue '' damage claims against Columbia Pictures for their use of the claim . Box office ( edit ) I Know What You Did Last Summer opened theatrically in North America on October 17 , 1997 . In its opening weekend , it grossed $15,818,645 in 2,524 theaters in the United States and Canada , ranking number one ; it remained in the number one position for an additional two weekends . By the end of its theatrical run in December 1997 , it had grossed $72,586,134 domestically and $53 million internationally for a worldwide total of $126 million . According to data compiled by Box Office Mojo , I Know What You Did Last Summer is the sixth highest - grossing horror slasher film as of 2018 . Release date ( United States ) Budget ( estimated ) Box office revenue Box office ranking United States Foreign Worldwide Release year All time U.S. Worldwide ( 1997 ) October 17 , 1997 $17 million $72,586,134 $53,000,000 $125,586,134 # 20 # 1,043 # 33 Note ( s ) : Box office ranking as of April 2018 . Critical reception ( edit ) The film received mixed reviews upon release , inevitably drawing both positive and negative comparisons to Scream , also written by Williamson . Mick LaSalle thought it inferior to Scream , but Richard Harrington compared it favorably , stating that it was `` ... a smart , sharply drawn genre film with a moral center and a solid cast of young actors to hold it . '' Variety was also enthusiastic , calling it a `` polished genre piece with superior fright elements that should perform at better than average theatrical levels . '' Critic Roger Ebert gave the film one of four stars and wrote in his review , `` The best shot in this film is the first one . Not a good sign . '' An Entertainment Weekly columnist praised Hewitt 's performance , noting that Hewitt knows how to `` scream with soul . '' Lawrence Van Gelder of The New York Times wrote of the film : `` This is n't real life . It 's the Grand Guignol of I Know What You Did Last Summer , laying its claim to succeed Scream as a high - grossing , blood - drenched date - night crowd - pleaser . And why should n't it ? '' James Kendrick of the Q Network wrote that ' Williamson 's characters are all generic types , but they 're still believable as people and they react realistically according to the situations , '' adding that the film was `` head and shoulders above earlier `` dead teenager movies . '' '' TV Guide 's Maitland McDonagh awarded the film two out of five stars , noting : `` Scream screenwriter Kevin Williamson takes a step back and writes the kind of movie Scream mocks . You can see him now , soaking up videos of Friday the 13th and Halloween -- not to mention the lesser likes of He Knows You 're Alone , Terror Train , and My Bloody Valentine -- and saying , `` I can do that ! '' And he can . '' Critic James Berardinelli credited the film ( along with Scream ) as igniting a new boom of slasher films , adding : `` There is one minor aspect of the plot that elevates I Know What You Did Last Summer above the level of a typical ' 80s slasher flick -- it has an interesting subtext . I 'm referring to the way the lives and friendships of these four individuals crumble in the wake of their accident . Guilt , confusion , and doubt build in them until they can no longer stand to be with each other or look at themselves in the mirror . Sadly , this potentially - fascinating element of the movie is dismissed quickly to facilitate a higher body count . And , as I said before , a few extra deaths can only make a slasher movie better , right ? '' Film scholar Adam Rockoff notes in his book Going to Pieces : The Rise and Fall of the Slasher Film , 1978 -- 1986 that at the time of its release , many critics branded I Know What You Did Last Summer as an imitation of Scream ; however , he contends that it is a `` much different film , '' even in spite of the fact that their respective screenplays were penned by the same writer : Whereas Scream relied heavily on self - conscious references and its pop culture veneer , Last Summer was a throwback to the slasher films of the early ' 80s . While , like Scream , it employed the services of a group of young , sexy and almost impossibly good - looking actors , Last Summer played its horror straight . Those looking for a good old - fashioned slasher film were pleasantly surprised . On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a 35 % approval rating . Metacritic reported an aggregate score of 52 out of 100 based on 17 reviews . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B - '' on an A+ to F scale . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Ceremony Nominee Result ASCAP Award Top Box Office Films John Debney Won 1998 Saturn Award Best Horror Film I Know What You Did Last Summer Nominated Blockbuster Entertainment Award Favorite Female Newcomer Jennifer Love Hewitt Won Favorite Actress Favorite Supporting Actress -- Horror Sarah Michelle Gellar Favorite Actor -- Horror Freddie Prinze Jr . Nominated Favorite Actress -- Horror Jennifer Love Hewitt Favorite Supporting Actor Ryan Phillippe International Horror Guild Award Best Movie I Know What You Did Last Summer MTV Movie Awards Best Breakthrough Performance Sarah Michelle Gellar Young Artist Award Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Leading Young Actress Jennifer Love Hewitt Music ( edit ) The film produced two soundtracks . One of them featured the score composed by John Debney , while the other contained various rock songs found in the film . I Know What You Did Last Summer ( Original Motion Picture Score ) Film score ( Digital download ) / Audio CD by John Debney Released October 7 , 1997 Genre Film score Length 50 : 44 Label Super Tracks Music Group Soundtrack ( edit ) I Know What You Did Last Summer ( The Album ) Soundtrack album ( Digital download ) / Audio CD by Various Released October 7 , 1997 Genre Alternative rock , alternative metal Length 51 : 14 Label Columbia Records No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Hush '' Kula Shaker 2 : 55 2 . `` Summer Breeze '' Type O Negative 4 : 57 3 . `` D.U.I. '' The Offspring 2 : 26 4 . `` Kid '' Green Apple Quick Step 3 : 17 5 . `` This Ai n't the Summer of Love '' '' L7 3 : 09 6 . `` Losin ' It '' Soul Asylum 3 : 01 7 . `` Hey Bulldog '' Toad the Wet Sprocket 2 : 31 8 . `` My Baby 's Got the Strangest Ways '' Southern Culture on the Skids 3 : 59 9 . `` Waterfall '' The Din Pedals 3 : 47 10 . `` Clumsy '' Our Lady Peace 4 : 27 11 . `` One Hundred Days '' Flick 3 : 40 12 . `` Great Life '' Goatboy 3 : 50 13 . `` 2Wicky '' Hooverphonic 4 : 44 14 . `` Do n't Mean Anything '' Adam Cohen 3 : 43 15 . `` Proud '' Korn 3 : 17 Additional songs featured in the film ( but not on a soundtrack ) : `` Forgotten Too '' by Ugly Beauty `` Wake Up Call '' by The Mighty Mighty Bosstones `` Where Did You Sleep Last Night '' by Lead Belly `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' by George M. Cohan `` Beautiful Girl '' by Bing Crosby `` Free '' by Ultra Naté Home media ( edit ) The film was released on DVD by Columbia TriStar Home Video in the US on June 16 , 1998 . Special features included a theatrical trailer and filmmaker 's commentary . Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the film on Blu - ray for the first time on July 22 , 2008 , with additional special features including the director 's short film , Joyride . On September 30 , 2014 , Mill Creek Entertainment re-released the film on Blu - ray as a budget disc , featuring the film alone with no bonus materials . Related works ( edit ) Main article : I Know What You Did Last Summer ( film series ) The film was followed by two sequels : I Still Know What You Did Last Summer ( 1998 ) and I 'll Always Know What You Did Last Summer ( 2006 ) , which went direct - to - video . Both were critically panned . In the first sequel , Jennifer Love Hewitt , Freddie Prinze Jr. , and Muse Watson reprise their roles . The second sequel has very little relation to the first two , other than the premise , the villain , and the producers . It featured new characters and a different setting . On September 14 , 2014 , Sony reported that they have plans to remake the film ; Mike Flanagan and Jeff Howard are writing a script . In a June 1 , 2016 , Blumhouse.com `` Shockwaves '' podcast , writer Mike Flanagan revealed and further confirmed this new iteration and reimagination of the franchise would not have any inventions of the Lois Duncan novel ( the antagonist being a central character ) nor the 1997 feature ( the fisherman Ben Willis and four primary protagonists Julie James , Helen Shivers , Barry Cox , and Ray Bronson ) . Further , the new direction and scope of the film necessitates an estimated budget of $15 -- 20 million . Sony also states that the film is a high priority and is set for a release somewhere between 2017 and 2020 . In popular culture ( edit ) I Know What You Did Last Summer has been referenced in various films and television series , and its central plot was parodied at length in the spoof film Scary Movie ( 2000 ) . It was also spoofed in The Simpsons ' `` Treehouse of Horror X . '' Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gillespie notes in his 1998 audio commentary for the film that the California - shot scenes were filmed in June 1997 . In the same commentary , he states that the shoot lasted ten weeks . According to Adam Rockoff , principal photography commenced on March 31 , 1997 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rockoff 2016 , p. 182 . ^ Jump up to : `` I Know What You Did Last Summer - Box Office Data '' . The Numbers . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Harper 2004 , p. 26 . ^ Jump up to : Rockoff 2016 , p. 183 . Jump up ^ `` I Know What You Did Last Summer - Awards '' . Internet Movie Database . Jump up ^ `` Wayans Brothers ' Comedy Style A Hit In ' Scary Movie ' '' . Jet. 98 : 58 . August 14 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Shary 2012 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Susman , Gary ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` 14 Things You Never Know About ' I Know What You Did Last Summer ' '' . MovieFone . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fahy 2010 , p. 248 . ^ Jump up to : Gillis , Michael ( prod. , dir . ) ( 2008 ) . Now I Know What You Did Last Summer . I Know What You Did Last Summer ( Blu - ray ) format = requires url = ( help ) ( Documentary short ) . Sony Pictures Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Gillespie & Mirkovich 1998 ( 0 : 08 : 46 ) ^ Jump up to : Rockoff 2016 , p. 184 . ^ Jump up to : Gillespie & Mirkovich 1998 ( 0 : 08 : 12 ) Jump up ^ Gillespie & Mirkovich 1998 ( 0 : 10 : 28 ) Jump up ^ Gillespie & Mirkovich 1998 ( 0 : 24 : 27 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Filming Locations for ' I Know What You Did Last Summer ' '' . Movie-Locations.com . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gillespie & Mirkovich 1998 ( 0 : 09 : 58 ) Jump up ^ `` I Know What You Did Last Summer ( 1997 ) '' . Southport-OakIsland.com . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Movies Filmed in Southport , North Carolina '' . Southport Times . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gillespie & Mirkovich 1998 ( 0 : 36 : 57 ) Jump up ^ Gillespie & Mirkovich 1998 ( 0 : 24 : 51 ) Jump up ^ Gillespie & Mirkovich 1998 ( 0 : 43 : 00 ) Jump up ^ Gillespie & Mirkovich 1998 ( 1 : 35 : 29 ) Jump up ^ Karon , Paul ( October 20 , 1997 ) . `` Miramax reigns in court '' . Variety . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bates , James ( March 7 , 1998 ) . `` Miramax Wins ' Scream ' Claim Against Sony '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` I Know What You Did Last Summer ( 1997 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Weekend and weekly data Jump up ^ Lasalle , Mick ( October 17 , 1997 ) . `` FILM REVIEW -- ` Last Summer ' Offers Thrills But No ` Scream ' / Story starts strong , but turns formulaic '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harrington , Richard ( October 17 , 1997 ) . `` ' Summer ' Time : The Living is Deadly '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Elley , Derek ( October 13 , 1997 ) . `` Review : ' I Know What You Did Last Summer ' '' . Variety . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Review : ' I Know What You Did Last Summer ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . October 24 , 1997 . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Van Gelder , Lawrence ( October 17 , 1997 ) . `` '' I Know What You Did Last Summer `` : Creepy Guy , Ghost Stories , Teen - age Sex . Uh - Oh '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kendrick , James ( 1998 ) . `` Review : I Know What You Did Last Summer '' . Q Network . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2001 . Jump up ^ McDonagh , Maitland . `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' . TV Guide . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( 1997 ) . `` Review : I Know What You Did Last Summer '' . Reel Views . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` I Know What You Did Last Summer Movie Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` I Know What You Did Last Summer , Reviews , Ratings , Credits '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' . Cinema Score . ( Requires manual search ) . Jump up ^ `` I Know What You Did Last Summer - Original Soundtrack '' . AllMusic . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Jim ( dir . ) ( 1997 ) . I Know What You Did Last Summer . ( End credits ) . Columbia Pictures . Jump up ^ I Know What You Did Last Summer ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Columbia TriStar Home Video . 1998 ( 1997 ) . ASIN 6305017115 . CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN ( link ) Jump up ^ I Know What You Did Last Summer ( Blu - ray ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Sony Pictures Home Entertainment . 2008 ( 1997 ) . ASIN B0018CWWAU . Jump up ^ I Know What You Did Last Summer ( Blu - ray ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Mill Creek Entertainment . 2014 ( 1997 ) . ASIN B00LU4URLC . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( September 15 , 2014 ) . `` ' I Know What You Did Last Summer ' In Season Again At Sony '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Harper 2004 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Murphy 2009 , p. 172 . Works cited ( edit ) Fahy , Thomas , ed. ( 2010 ) . The Philosophy of Horror . University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 978 - 0 - 813 - 13954 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Gillespie , Jim ; Mirkovich , Steve ( 1998 ) . I Know What You Did Last Summer : Audio commentary ( DVD ) . Columbia TriStar Home Video . Harper , Jim ( 2004 ) . Legacy of Blood : A Comprehensive Guide to Slasher Movies . Critical Vision . ISBN 978 - 1 - 900 - 48639 - 2 . Murphy , Bernice ( 2009 ) . The Suburban Gothic in American Popular Culture . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 21810 - 9 . Rockoff , Adam ( 2016 ) . Going to Pieces : The Rise and Fall of the Slasher Film , 1978 -- 1986 . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 786 - 49192 - 6 . Shary , Timothy ( 2012 ) . Teen Movies : American Youth on Screen . Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 50160 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : I Know What You Did Last Summer I Know What You Did Last Summer on IMDb I Know What You Did Last Summer at AllMovie I Know What You Did Last Summer at Box Office Mojo I Know What You Did Last Summer at Rotten Tomatoes Transcript of 1998 court hearing involving the film 's marketing campaign hide I Know What You Did Last Summer by Lois Duncan Films I Know What You Did Last Summer I Still Know What You Did Last Summer I 'll Always Know What You Did Last Summer Other `` How Do I Deal '' Novel Characters hide Films directed by Jim Gillespie I Know What You Did Last Summer ( 1997 ) D - Tox ( 2002 ) Venom ( 2005 ) Billionaire Ransom ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Know_What_You_Did_Last_Summer&oldid=846456574 '' Categories : 1997 films English - language films 1997 horror films 1990s horror thriller films 1990s serial killer films 1990s teen horror films American films American horror thriller films American slasher films American teen horror films Directorial debut films Films about revenge Films about stalking Films based on American novels Films based on thriller novels Films based on urban legends Films set in 1996 Films set in 1997 Films set in 1998 Films set in North Carolina Films shot in North Carolina Independence Day ( United States ) films Columbia Pictures films Films scored by John Debney I Know What You Did Last Summer Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 22 : 03 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Know%20What%20You%20Did%20Last%20Summer

who sings on avicii i could be the one

`` I Could Be the One '' is a song by Swedish DJ Avicii and Dutch DJ Nicky Romero , which features uncredited vocals from Swedish singer Noonie Bao . The song was released as a digital download in Sweden and the Netherlands on 26 December 2012 . It peaked at number three on the Swedish Singles Chart . Internationally , the single topped the charts in Hungary and the United Kingdom , peaked within the top 10 in Australia , Belgium , the Czech Republic , Denmark , Finland , the Netherlands , Norway and the Republic of Ireland and the top 20 of the charts in Austria and New Zealand .

Swedish singer Noonie Bao

I Could Be the One ( Avicii and Nicky Romero song )

i could be the one ( avicii and nicky romero song )

`` I Could Be the One '' is a song by Swedish DJ Avicii and Dutch DJ Nicky Romero , which features uncredited vocals from Swedish singer Noonie Bao . The song was released as a digital download in Sweden and the Netherlands on 26 December 2012 . It peaked at number three on the Swedish Singles Chart . Internationally , the single topped the charts in Hungary and the United Kingdom , peaked within the top 10 in Australia , Belgium , the Czech Republic , Denmark , Finland , the Netherlands , Norway and the Republic of Ireland and the top 20 of the charts in Austria and New Zealand .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and release 2 Critical reception 3 Commercial performance 4 Music video 5 Track listings 6 Credits and personnel 7 Charts and certifications 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 7.3 Certifications 8 Release history 9 See also 10 References Background and release ( Edit ) Before its official release , the track had been undergoing various name changes . Initially without a title , it was first played by Avicii at the Super Glow event in DC Armory , Washington , USA on 18 November 2011 . It was later given the working title `` Nicktim '' , which is a combination of both producers ' first names ( Nick Rotteveel and Tim Bergling ) . The instrumental track contained a sample from `` D.A.N.C.E. '' by Justice , which was later removed in the final version . A year later , a vocal version of the track was premiered on 4 November 2012 through Avicii 's `` LEVELS '' podcast , as well as on Nicky Romero 's podcast `` Protocol Radio '' a week later . After fully mastering the track , they settled on using the track name `` I Could Be the One ( Nicktim ) '' while the artists are stated as Avicii vs Nicky Romero . Curiously , in 2017 , the track 's vocalist and songwriter Noonie Bao revealed to Spotify , that despite working on the track , as well as another one on his 2013 album True , she had never actually met Avicii until a number of years later . Critical reception ( Edit ) Robert Copsey of Digital Spy gave the song a positive review stating : The person in question is Dutch house producer Nicky Romero , a man who is slightly better acquainted with the current crop of mainstream club poppers , including Calvin Harris , David Guetta and Bingo Players . As such , ' I Could Be the One ' is a battle between Balearic - style EDM and squiggly , chart - friendly breakdowns that hit all the right places . The result , predictably , is a peaceful truce ... Commercial performance ( Edit ) `` I Could Be the One '' peaked at number three on the Swedish Singles Chart . The single has also seen massive success worldwide , particularly in the United Kingdom , where the single entered at number one on the UK Singles Chart on 17 February 2013 ― for the week ending dated 23 February 2013 ― becoming both Avicii and Nicky Romero 's first chart - topping single in Britain . On the UK Dance Chart , `` I Could Be the One '' debuted at number one ahead of Baauer 's `` Harlem Shake '' , which entered the chart at number three . Music video ( Edit ) A music video to accompany the release of `` I Could Be the One '' was first released onto YouTube on 24 December 2012 at a total length of four minutes and 46 seconds . It was directed by Peter Huang and won first prize for non-European music video at the Young Director Award 2013 in Cannes . The video stars Inessa Frantowski as a woman who works in an office . She clearly hates her job , her morning routine and her colleagues attitudes . Next , she is seen waking up in a room next to a used condom and a man in bed with her . When she opens the doors in her room , it reveals a balcony with a view of a beautiful beach . She finds a `` To - Do List '' in the room , with the only ' job ' being to `` not give a fuck '' . Then there are several shots of her enjoying herself : walking down a beach destroying a little girl 's sandcastle ( while giving her the finger ) , eating a selection of foods in a restaurant before kissing the waiter and dancing in a club with a man before having sex with him on a yacht . She then wakes up in her own apartment , and all is revealed to be a dream . She sees a therapist , who does nothing but prescribes her `` more pills '' . Back in her office , she sits at her desk listening to her colleagues ' mundane conversations . Finally , she loses it and begins to wreck the office , throwing her paperwork around , destroying a fax machine , insulting and assaulting some of her colleagues before fleeing the office . Bursting out the office door , the final scene shows her on her phone , booking a one - way ticket to Barbados . As she runs across the road to her car , she is hit by a delivery van which is labelled 2Late . It is unknown whether she survived . Track listings ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` I Could Be the One '' ( Nicktim ) ( Radio Edit ) 3 : 28 2 . `` I Could Be the One '' ( Nicktim ) ( Instrumental Mix ) 7 : 35 3 . `` I Could Be the One '' ( Nicktim ) ( Original Mix ) 7 : 35 4 . `` I Could Be the One '' ( Nicktim ) ( Audrio Remix ) 7 : 16 5 . `` I Could Be the One '' ( Nicktim ) ( Didrick Remix ) 5 : 40 Digital download - Remixes No . Title Length 1 . `` I Could Be the One '' ( John Christian Remix ) 5 : 28 2 . `` I Could Be the One '' ( Dank Remix ) 5 : 02 3 . `` I Could Be the One '' ( Bent Collective Remix ) 7 : 32 4 . `` I Could Be the One '' ( DubVision Remix ) 6 : 48 Digital download - Noonie Bao Acoustic Mix No . Title Length 1 . `` I Could Be the One '' ( Noonie Bao Acoustic Mix ) 3 : 51 2 . `` I Could Be the One '' ( Noonie Bao Acoustic Instrumental Mix ) 3 : 57 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Producers -- Avicii , Nicky Romero , Ash Pournouri Lyrics -- Linus Wiklund , Noonie Bao , Måns Wredenberg Vocals -- Noonie Bao Label -- Universal Music Group Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 15 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 9 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 65 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 6 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 9 Europe ( Euro Digital Songs ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) 22 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 37 Hungary ( Dance Top 40 ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Iceland ( Tonlist ) 26 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 7 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 15 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 12 Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Poland ( Dance Top 50 ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 6 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 36 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 26 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK Dance ( Official Charts Company ) US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) US Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) 10 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 34 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 36 Hungarian Airplay Chart 41 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 27 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 15,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 30,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 7,500 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 Venezuela ( APFV ) Platinum 10,000 Streaming Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 2 × Platinum 3,600,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Italy 14 December 2012 Contemporary hit radio Universal Music Sweden 26 December 2012 Digital download Avicii Music Netherlands United Kingdom 10 February 2013 Universal Music United States 12 March 2013 Contemporary hit radio LE7ELS Casablanca Records Republic Records Sweden 15 March 2013 Digital download ( remixes ) Avicii Music Netherlands United Kingdom 17 March 2013 Universal Music United States 15 April 2013 Digital download Avicii Music See also ( Edit ) List of number - one dance singles of 2013 ( U.S. ) References ( Edit ) Jump up ^ `` NUNSTEDT : Därför är Avicii årets nöjesetta '' . Expressen . Jump up ^ Singhal , Sarthak ( November 5 , 2012 ) . `` Avicii Le7els Podcast -- Episode 008 '' . The Bangin Beats . Jump up ^ `` Nicky Romero 's post on Sunday , November 11 , 2012 at 2 : 46pm - Protocol Radio # 013 is now available on Youtube ! ! ... '' . Facebook . djnickyromero . November 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ https://open.spotify.com/track/2Wbjet8xCxf0oML7SAoOm4 Jump up ^ `` Avicii vs Nicky Romero : ' I Could Be the One ' - Single review '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ Avicii vs Nicky Romero - I Could Be The One ( Nicktim ) on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Winners 2013 '' . Young Director Award . Jump up ^ Avicii vs Nicky Romero -- I Could Be The One ( Music Video Review ) : BlissEnt.com Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Avicii vs Nicky Romero -- I Could Be the One '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Avicii vs Nicky Romero -- I Could Be the One '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Avicii vs Nicky Romero -- I Could Be the One '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Avicii vs Nicky Romero -- I Could Be the One '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Avicii -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Avicii . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201313 into search . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Avicii vs Nicky Romero -- I Could Be the One '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Avicii -- Chart history '' Billboard Euro Digital Songs for Avicii . Jump up ^ `` Nicky Romero , Avicii : I Could Be The One '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Avicii vs Nicky Romero -- I Could Be the One '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Avicii vs Nicky Romero -- I Could Be the One '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Dance Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Icelandic Singles Chart '' . Tonlist.is . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 05 , 2013 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 9 , 2013 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Avicii vs Nicky Romero -- I Could Be the One '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Avicii vs Nicky Romero -- I Could Be the One '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Avicii vs Nicky Romero -- I Could Be the One '' . VG - lista . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Dance Top 50 . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2013 - 02 - 23 '' . Scottish Singles Top 40 . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201320 into search . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Avicii vs Nicky Romero -- I Could Be the One '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Avicii vs Nicky Romero -- I Could Be the One '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Avicii vs Nicky Romero -- I Could Be the One '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2013 - 02 - 23 '' UK Singles Chart . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2013 - 02 - 23 '' UK Dance Chart . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Avicii -- Chart history '' Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 for Avicii . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Avicii -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Dance / Electronic Songs for Avicii . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Avicii -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs for Avicii . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Avicii -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for Avicii . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End Of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 2013 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on 7 January 2014 . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 - radios 2013 '' ( in Hungarian ) . MAHASZ . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 - 2013 '' . Official Charts Company . 2013 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2013 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2013 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Avicii vs. Nicky Romero -- I Could Be the One '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Avicii vs. Nicky Romero -- I Could Be the One '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 4 September 2013 . Enter I Could Be the One in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Avicii vs. Nicky Romero -- I Could Be the One '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ APFV ( November 30 , 2013 ) . `` Certificaciones De Venezuela Del 2013 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . APFV . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer - Avicii vs. Nicky Romero - I Could Be the One '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 17 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Naccari , Claudio . `` Avicii vs. Nicky Romero -- I Could Be The One ( Universal ) '' ( in Italian ) . Radio Airplay SRL . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` I Could Be the One ( Avicii vs Nicky Romero ) ( Remixes ) av Avicii & Nicky Romero '' . iTunes Store ( SE ) . Apple . December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' I Could Be the One ( Avicii vs Nicky Romero ) ( Remixes ) ' van Avicii & Nicky Romero '' . iTunes Store ( NL ) . Apple . December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` I Could Be the One ( Avicii vs. Nicky Romero ) by Avicii & Nicky Romero '' . iTunes Store ( GB ) . Apple . February 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases '' . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2013 . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` I Could Be the One ( Avicii vs Nicky Romero ) ( Remixes ) - EP av Avicii & Nicky Romero '' . iTunes Store ( SE ) . Apple . March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' I Could Be the One ( Avicii vs Nicky Romero ) ( Remixes ) - EP ' van Avicii & Nicky Romero '' . iTunes Store ( NL ) . Apple . March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` I Could Be the One ( Avicii vs. Nicky Romero ) ( Remixes ) -- EP by Avicii & Nicky Romero '' . iTunes Store ( GB ) . Apple . March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` I Could Be the One ( Avicii vs Nicky Romero ) ( Nicktim - Radio Edit ) -- Single by Avicii & Nicky Romero '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Apple . April 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` I Could Be the One ( Avicii vs Nicky Romero ) ( Remixes ) by Avicii & Nicky Romero '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Apple . Apr 15 , 2013 . Avicii Discography Studio albums True `` Wake Me Up '' `` You Make Me '' `` Hey Brother '' `` Addicted to You '' `` Lay Me Down '' Stories `` Waiting for Love '' `` For a Better Day '' `` Broken Arrows '' `` Pure Grinding '' Extended plays Muja EP The Days / Nights EP `` The Days '' `` The Nights '' Pure Grinding / For a Better Day AVĪCI ( 01 ) Singles `` My Feelings for You '' `` Street Dancer '' `` Blessed '' `` Fade into Darkness '' `` Levels '' `` Collide '' `` Silhouettes '' `` Superlove '' `` Dancing in My Head '' `` I Could Be the One '' `` X You '' `` We Write the Story '' `` Feeling Good '' `` Taste the Feeling '' `` Without You '' Concert tours True Tour Stories World Tour Film Avicii : True Stories Nicky Romero Singles `` Toulouse '' `` Iron '' `` Like Home '' `` I Could Be the One '' `` Legacy '' Related Discography Protocol Recordings Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Could_Be_the_One_(Avicii_and_Nicky_Romero_song)&oldid=795793660 '' Categories : 2012 singles 2012 songs Avicii songs Universal Music Group singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Number - one singles in Poland UK Dance Singles Chart number - one singles Song recordings produced by Avicii Songs written by Nicky Romero Songs written by Arash Pournouri Songs written by Noonie Bao Hidden categories : CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Billboardeurodigital Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarydance Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Irish Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Polishdance Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKdance Singlechart usages for Billboardbubbling100 Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceelectronic Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Cebuano Español Français Italiano Português Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 16 August 2017 , at 14 : 26 . 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where is the statue of the sailor kissing the nurse

In September 2014 , the statue was removed from Civitavecchia and installed at the Caen Memorial in Normandy . In Civitavecchia , hundreds of demonstrators protesting against the dismantling . It was precisely this installation in Caen , which was conversely also controversial . In October 2014 , French feminist group Osez La Feminisme ( fr ) petitioned to have the statue removed and sent back to the United States , stating , `` the sailor could have laughed with these women , embraced them , asked if he could kiss them with joy . No , he chose to grab them , with clenched fists , to kiss them . It was an assault . '' Following this incident , the Caen memorial placed a plaque under the sculpture to explain the nurse 's identity .

Unconditional Surrender ( sculpture )

unconditional surrender ( sculpture )

Unconditional Surrender is a series of sculptures by Seward Johnson resembling a photograph by Alfred Eisenstaedt , V -- J day in Times Square , but said by Johnson to be based on a similar , less well known , photograph by Victor Jorgensen . The original statue was first installed in Sarasota , Florida , then was moved to San Diego , California and New York City . Other versions have been installed in Hamilton , New Jersey ; Pearl Harbor , Hawaii ; and Normandy , France .

Contents ( hide ) 1 2005 - original Sarasota installation 2 2007 - San Diego original installation 3 2009 - return to Sarasota 4 2010 - Hamilton , New Jersey 5 2011 - Pearl Harbor 6 2012 - Civitavecchia , Italy 7 2013 - San Diego re-installation 8 2014 - Caen , France 9 2015 - New York City 10 Other locations 10.1 Civitavecchia ( Rome ) Italy 10.2 Sarasota , Florida 10.3 Royal Oak , Michigan 10.4 Key West , Florida 10.5 Mémorial du Mardasson , Bastenaken , Belgium 11 See also 12 References 13 External links 2005 - original Sarasota installation ( edit ) Seward Johnson first built a life - size bronze precursor to the huge statues of Unconditional Surrender using computer technology . A 25 - foot ( 7.6 m ) - tall styrofoam version of the work was part of a temporary exhibition in Sarasota , Florida in 2005 , at its bay front . Johnson proceeded with the manufacture of aluminum versions of the 25 - feet - tall statue , marketing them through a foundation he had created . He offered copies ranging from $542,500 for styrofoam , $980,000 for aluminum , and $1,140,000 for bronze . Johnson established the Sculpture Foundation to disseminate his work . 2007 - San Diego original installation ( edit ) After being exhibited in Florida , the statue was moved to San Diego , California , on a flatbed truck . The second place to exhibit Unconditional Surrender was in Tuna Harbor Park ( formerly G Street Mole Park ) where the Port of San Diego installed one temporarily in 2007 . The statue , made of a foam core with a urethane outer layer , was scheduled to be on loan through August 2010 ; however , it remained installed until May 2012 , when it was dismantled and shipped to New Jersey for restoration . The statue 's placement was criticized by multiple people . Robert L. Pincus , art critic of The San Diego Union Tribune , said that according to `` theme - park logic '' the statue suited the site , in front of the Midway Aircraft Museum , and that it pleased couples who mimicked the pose , but that it was kitsch and `` The figures look like something from a cheap souvenir factory , blown up beyond any reason . '' Other critics stated that the statue `` was not artistically or ( a ) esthetically pleasing . '' 2009 - Return to Sarasota ( edit ) Interest in a revisit to Sarasota in 2009 was cultivated by a director of a bayfront biannual show and an aluminum copy was placed at the bayfront , again temporarily . An `` 88 - year - old donor , who served in the U.S. Navy during World War II '' offered to pay half a million dollars for it against an initial asking price of $680,000 . While some members of the community supported the statue , others felt the statue was not good enough to be displayed on the bay front . The Chairwoman of the Public Art Committee at the time said that `` it does n't even qualify as kitsch ... It is like a giant cartoon image drafted by a computer emulating a famous photograph . It 's not the creation of an artist . It 's an artist copying a famous image . '' The statue was immediately controversial , with some people calling for its removal for various reasons , including the fact that it may constistute copyright infringement . Joel May , a Sarasota architect and a member of the city 's public art committee , raised an issue of possible copyright infringement , because of the similarity of the sculpture to V -- J day in Times Square , published in Life in 1945 and still protected by copyright . Johnson said he was aware of this issue , and had used another photograph of the kissing couple taken by Victor Jorgensen , which is in the public domain . The attorney for the municipal government said that the attorneys for Johnson and the donor had fulfilled the requirements set by the city commission , making way for exhibition of the statue for at least ten years . An automobile crash occurred on April 26 , 2012 during which the Sarasota copy of the statue was struck by a vehicle and was damaged . The impact knocked about a 3 - foot - wide hole out of the sailor 's foot and added more hairline cracks to its frame . This led to the statue being taken down by the city , which laid the statue onto its side , close to the site , while insurance companies negotiate over liability and repair issues . The minimum distance for a road hazard established by the state of Florida is fourteen feet , but barely met that standard because it was erected near one of the busiest and most complex intersections in the city . The statue attracted visitors who gathered around the base and often backed up to the curb to take photographs . No one was present when the automobile jumped the curb and careened into the statue . Debate about returning the statue to that location has begun , with an editorial calling for moving the statue to a safer location , as had been advocated by critics before the statue was placed for the controversial ten - year display . The statue was re-erected near the Sarasota shoreline in December 2012 . In March 2012 , the San Diego Unified Port District voted to purchase a permanent bronze replacement for the loaner . This controversial move resulted in the resignation of three board members . Despite the controversy , construction of the new weather - resistant bronze statue proceeded , in part due to a fundraising campaign by the Midway Museum that raised US $1 million . 2010 - Hamilton , New Jersey ( edit ) A 25 ' styrofoam Unconditional Surrender sculpture , built in 2005 and on loan from Seward Johnson 's Sculpture Foundation was installed at the 42 - acre Grounds for Sculpture ( GFS ) in Hamilton , New Jersey as part of a retrospective honoring Johnson which ran from May 4 , 2014 through July 1 , 2015 . Writing up this event , a staff writer for The Trentonian described Unconditional Surrender as a `` masterpiece '' . 2011 - Pearl Harbor ( edit ) In August 2011 , a life - size version of the statue was unveiled in Waikiki , Hawaii , and later taken to the USS Missouri in Pearl Harbor , where it was to stay to commemorate the 66th anniversary of the end of World War II . 2012 - Civitavecchia , Italy ( edit ) In 2012 , a monumental statue of Unconditional Surrender could be seen in Civitavecchia Marina . 2013 - San Diego re-installation ( edit ) The bronze replacement Unconditional Surrender statue arrived to its new home on February 11 , 2013 . On February 14 , 2013 , the replacement was bolted into place near its original location . 2014 - Caen , France ( edit ) In September 2014 , the statue was removed from Civitavecchia and installed at the Caen Memorial in Normandy . In Civitavecchia , hundreds of demonstrators protesting against the dismantling . It was precisely this installation in Caen , which was conversely also controversial . In October 2014 , French feminist group Osez La Feminisme ( fr ) petitioned to have the statue removed and sent back to the United States , stating , `` the sailor could have laughed with these women , embraced them , asked if he could kiss them with joy . No , he chose to grab them , with clenched fists , to kiss them . It was an assault . '' Following this incident , the Caen memorial placed a plaque under the sculpture to explain the nurse 's identity . 2015 - New York city ( edit ) On August 12 , 2015 , the original sculpture was temporarily installed in Times Square , New York City , near where the original photo was taken . It was to be displayed through August 16 for a `` Times Square Kiss - In '' event . Other locations ( edit ) Civitavecchia ( Rome ) Italy ( edit ) The statue can be found in other places around the world . The popular Roman cruise terminal of Civitavecchia in Italy has one that 's very tall and overlooks the sea . It 's a short walk from the cruise ships on the way to the train to Rome . Sarasota , Florida ( edit ) A copy of the statue is a popular photo spot in Sarasota Florida according to photos on Trip Advisor as of March 2016 . It is located at the corner of Bayfront and Gulf Stream and was donated by Jack Curran , a World War II veteran who had brought it there . Through the help of several Sarasota County veteran 's organizations , it was finally donated to the county , according to a plaque on display at the base of the statue . Royal Oak , Michigan ( edit ) The statue arrived in Royal Oak , Michigan on June 18 , 2016 , and was installed in the city 's Memorial Park on June 20 . The city manager expected that the sculpture would increase tourism , and help raise money for The Michigan WWII Legacy Memorial , a permanent World War II memorial in the park . It was removed six months later , on December 20 . Key West , Florida ( edit ) A copy of the statue was placed in Key West , Florida on January 10 , 2017 . it is located in Downtown Key West , in the Mallory Square area . In front of the Custom House Museum and across from the Mel Fisher Museum . Memorial du mardasson , bastenaken , belgium ( edit ) Located outside the museum on the grounds between the museum and the pentastar Memorial . See also ( edit ) List of public art in San Diego References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Sarasotaseasonofsculpture.org '' . Web.archive.org . March 24 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2009 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : A. Pawlowski ( February 21 , 2013 ) . `` Love it or hate it ? ' Kissing Statue ' returns to San Diego , ignites debate '' . today.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Robert L. Pincus , `` Port surrenders in the battle against kitsch '' , San Diego Union - Tribune , March 11 , 2007 . Accessed June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Robert L. Pincus , `` Public enemy '' , Sign On San Diego , November 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Unconditional surrender by Seward J Johnson '' , Port of San Diego . ^ Jump up to : Roger Showley ( March 15 , 2012 ) . `` Two art board members resign over ' Kiss ' '' . San Diego Tribune . Retrieved August 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Drouin , Roger ( June 20 , 2009 ) . `` Veteran Puts up Big Money to Keep Statue Put '' . The Ledger . Lakeland , FL . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ SNN : Unconditional Surrender sparks debate , Sarasota Herald - Tribune . Video ; requires plug - in . Jump up ^ Ralph Graves , `` Reject ' copycat ' sailor statue '' , Sarasota Herald - Tribune , August 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mike Saewitz , `` Sculptor at center of copyright infringement case '' , Sarasota Herald - Tribune , May 9 , 2006 . Accessed June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jacob Ogles , `` Unconditional Surrender Deal to Be Finalized Today '' , SRQ Daily , June 11 , 2010 Jump up ^ Smoak , Brenda & Schelle , Charles ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` Unconditional Surrender Removed For Repairs ( with video ) '' . Sarasota Patch . Jump up ^ Eckhart , Robert ( April 28 , 2012 ) . `` Unconditional Surrender statue comes down after crash '' . Sarasota Herald Tribune . Jump up ^ `` Surrender some ground for statue ( Editorial ) '' . Sarasota Herald Tribune . April 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` PHOTOS : Unconditional Surrender Statue Returns To Sarasota '' . Sarasota Patch . Open Post . December 5 , 2012 . Retrieved August 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Menken , Walter , Schmart , San Diego Reader , March 19 , 2012 '' . Sandiegoreader.com . March 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ R. Stickney ( February 11 , 2013 ) . `` Unconditional Surrender Statue to Return NBC 7 San Diego '' . Nbcsandiego.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Unconditional Surrender ' Will Become Permanent Artwork On San Diego 's Waterfront '' . Port of San Diego . May 19 , 2012 . Retrieved August 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SAN DIEGO `` SAVES THE KISS '' BY DONATING $1 MILLION `` . USS Midway Museum . Retrieved August 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seward Johnson : The Retrospective '' . web.archive.org . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Retrospective Site Map ( See : Icons Revisited Series ) '' ( PDF ) . Groundsforsculpture.org . Grounds for Sculpture . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sulaiman Abdur - Rahman , `` Seward Johnson 's towering sculpture of iconic kiss installed in Hamilton '' , Trentonian , April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` http://ulocal.kitv.com/_Vanita-Rae-Smith-After-Unveiling-Kiss-Statue/photo/14729759/62911.html?as=62911 Vanita Rae Smith After Unveiling Kiss Statue '' Jump up ^ `` Replica ' kissing statue ' bolted into place Wednesday '' . CBS8 . February 13 , 2015 . Retrieved August 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of the famous moment a sailor kissed a stranger in Times Square at the end of World War II to be installed '' . The Daily Mail . February 10 , 2013 . Retrieved August 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ASSOCIATED PRESS . `` WWII kissing statue lands in Normandy '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Jump up ^ `` Iconic ' kiss ' sculpture depicts sexual assault says French feminist group '' . Telegraph.co.uk . October 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Alanna Martinez ( August 12 , 2015 ) . `` Monumental -- and Controversial -- ' Kissing Sailor ' Sculpture Comes to Times Square '' . The Observer . Retrieved August 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.aswesawit.com/civitavecchia-attractions/ Jump up ^ http://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g34618-d6401028-Reviews-Unconditional_Surrender_Sculpture-Sarasota_Florida.html#photos;geo=34618&detail=6401028&ff=175880796&albumViewMode=hero&albumid=103&baseMediaId=175880796&thumbnailMinWidth=50&cnt=3&offset=-1&filter=7 Jump up ^ Proxmire , Crystal A. ( June 18 , 2016 ) `` Royal Oaka ; s 25 ft . ' Unconditional Surrender ' statue has arrived '' Oakland County One - Fifteen News Jump up ^ `` Giant 25 - foot WWII ' kissing ' statue removed from Royal Oak '' . ClickOnDetroit.com . Graham Media Group . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ CBS Miami , Statue Of Iconic Kiss On Display In Key West , CBS Miami , January 10 , 2017 External links ( edit ) Media related to Unconditional Surrender ( sculpture ) at Wikimedia Commons ( hide ) John Seward Johnson II Sculptures The Awakening ( 1980 ) Double Check ( 1982 ) Allow Me ( Portland , Oregon , 1983 ) Unconditional Surrender ( 2005 ) Forever Marilyn ( 2011 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unconditional_Surrender_(sculpture)&oldid=834126864 '' Categories : 2005 sculptures Colossal statues Outdoor sculptures in Florida Outdoor sculptures in San Diego Outdoor sculptures in New Jersey Colossal statues in the United States Sculpture series Polystyrene sculptures Sculptures by John Seward Johnson II Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 02 : 18 . 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who has a baby in pitch perfect 3

The Bellas are left in disgrace after the incident with no hopes of winning the competition until Stacie calls the girls to inform she has given birth to a baby girl and named her Bella . This motivates the Bellas to just perform their hearts out without trying to win . Back at the USO competition , the Bellas perform tremendously to adoring crowds through different performances , repairing their reputation and chances to win in the process . Fergus is accepted by Amy , who believes he came to one of their performances to see her . He accidentally reveals that he has not seen her perform at all , while confessing that he is only trying to acquire an offshore account Amy 's mother set up which contains US $ 180 million . After Amy shuts out Fergus again , Chicago and Zeke escort her away from her father , who swears revenge on her . Meanwhile , only Beca is asked personally by DJ Khaled to open for him , disregarding the other Bellas . Beca politely declines the offer and leaves to her room . Later , the Bellas are taken away by a Frenchman in a dark grey van out onto a yacht in a nearby harbor . The yacht belongs to Fergus , who is using the Bellas as a means to get Amy to come for him . Amy and Beca hear of the kidnapping and decide to rescue the Bellas . Beca distracts Fergus by having the Bellas perform `` Toxic '' for him and two of his men , just as Amy sets the yacht to explode . The Bellas escape the yacht just before it blows . Fergus survives the explosion and is arrested for his crimes .

Stacie

Pitch Perfect 3

pitch perfect 3

Pitch Perfect 3 is a 2017 American musical comedy film directed by Trish Sie and written by Kay Cannon and Mike White . A sequel to Pitch Perfect 2 ( 2015 ) , and the third and final installment in the Pitch Perfect series , the film stars Anna Kendrick , Anna Camp , Rebel Wilson , Brittany Snow , Hailee Steinfeld , Hana Mae Lee , Ester Dean , Chrissie Fit , Alexis Knapp , John Lithgow , Matt Lanter , Ruby Rose , Kelley Jakle , Shelley Regner , Elizabeth Banks , and John Michael Higgins . The film follows the Bellas , now graduated from college , reuniting for one final performance together during an overseas USO tour .

Principal photography on the film began in January 2017 in Atlanta , Georgia and ended in April 2017 . The film was released in the United States on December 22 , 2017 , received mixed reviews from critics , and has grossed $183 million worldwide . It became the second highest - grossing musical comedy film of all time , behind only its predecessor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 The Bellas 2.2 Additional characters 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 5 Music 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Three years after the events of the second movie , the Bellas have graduated college , but have jobs which they all hate . Desperate to see each other again to sing once more , Beca ( Anna Kendrick ) , Fat Amy ( Rebel Wilson ) , Chloe ( Brittany Snow ) , Aubrey ( Anna Camp ) , Lilly ( Hana Mae Lee ) , Stacie ( Alexis Knapp ) , Cynthia - Rose ( Ester Dean ) , Florencia ( Chrissie Fit ) , Jessica ( Kelley Jakle ) , and Ashley ( Shelley Regner ) are all thrilled to learn that Emily ( Hailee Steinfeld ) , now a senior at Barden and leader of the Barden Bellas , has seemingly asked for the Bellas to reunite at an event in New York Aquarium to sing with each other once more . Upon arriving at the reunion they are told that the reunion was not for the Bellas to sing together , but to watch Emily sing with the new Bellas . They later gather at a bar in disappointment and Emily apologizes as she thought it would be the only way for them to see each other again . They all express how much they miss each other . Suddenly , Aubrey convinces them to join a USO performance accessed by her Army officer father . If they win the competition , they get to open for DJ Khaled . The Bellas gladly accept , all except for Stacie who is eight months pregnant at the moment and is unable to go with them . The Bellas later arrive at a hangar where two soldiers , Chicago ( Matt Lanter ) and Zeke ( Troy Ian Hall ) introduce them to their competition , revealed to be three other groups who use instruments , unlike the Bellas . When the band Evermoist , led by their leader Calamity ( Ruby Rose ) begin to mock and belittle the Bellas , the competitors are challenged to a riff - off by the Bellas , who leave defeated when the other groups compete using their musical instruments . The Bellas are taken to a fancy hotel in Spain , where Chloe begins to catch an eye for Chicago . Fat Amy finds an old stuffed bunny sitting in her bed , which she recognizes as an old toy she used to hold when she was very little as her father Fergus ( John Lithgow ) sang her to sleep every night . Amy then realizes that her father is staying in the same hotel she is in and is shocked upon the discovery , seeing as how Fergus is an international criminal . Later that night , the Bellas are invited to a party at DJ Khaled 's suite at the hotel , where Fat Amy splits with the group when she is called to be at a poker tournament . The tournament was set up by Fergus , who promptly begs for Amy to be back in his life . A hesitant Amy finally agrees to do so after seeing how much he has changed . Beca , after having her breasts grabbed by Chloe , who develops a friendship with DJ Khaled 's music producer Theo ( Guy Burnet ) , is taken to DJ Khaled 's music editing room . Beca produces a mix which impresses Theo who is prompted to send the mix to DJ Khaled . Moments later , the party is thrown into chaos when Aubrey accidentally sets the suite on fire . The Bellas are left in disgrace after the incident with no hopes of winning the competition until Stacie calls the girls to inform she has given birth to a baby girl and named her Bella . This motivates the Bellas to just perform their hearts out without trying to win . Back at the USO competition , the Bellas perform tremendously to adoring crowds through different performances , repairing their reputation and chances to win in the process . Fergus is accepted by Amy , who believes he came to one of their performances to see her . He accidentally reveals that he has not seen her perform at all , while confessing that he is only trying to acquire an offshore account Amy 's mother set up which contains US $ 180 million . After Amy shuts out Fergus again , Chicago and Zeke escort her away from her father , who swears revenge on her . Meanwhile , only Beca is asked personally by DJ Khaled to open for him , disregarding the other Bellas . Beca politely declines the offer and leaves to her room . Later , the Bellas are taken away by a Frenchman in a dark grey van out onto a yacht in a nearby harbor . The yacht belongs to Fergus , who is using the Bellas as a means to get Amy to come for him . Amy and Beca hear of the kidnapping and decide to rescue the Bellas . Beca distracts Fergus by having the Bellas perform `` Toxic '' for him and two of his men , just as Amy sets the yacht to explode . The Bellas escape the yacht just before it blows . Fergus survives the explosion and is arrested for his crimes . After the Bellas are rescued by the military , Fat Amy reveals DJ Khaled 's proposition to Beca to the others . They encourage her to take the chance , and they all agree that now it 's time to move on with their lives , with Amy using her bank account for multiple tributes to singers named Amy , Aubrey trying to be a birthing coach , Flo 's juice cart becoming part of an international brand , Chloe getting accepted into vet school , Cynthia - Rose staying at the base to get into flight school , Emily going back to Barden to prepare for her upcoming abnormal psychology test while continuing her songwriting , and Lilly revealing that the reason she was quiet was because she was possessed by Satan and the yacht incident snapped her out of it , and that her real name is Ester . They know very well they 'll be separated , but still be connected to each other as a family . Later at the USO 's final performance , Beca opens for DJ Khaled and sings on stage , and afterwards brings up the Bellas onstage for the girls to sing their final performance with the other competitors gladly watching the Bellas sing `` Freedom ! ' 90 '' to their hearts content . Gail ( Elizabeth Banks ) and John ( John Michael Higgins ) ( who were the Bellas ' public announcers in the previous installments ) finish filming the Bellas as part of a documentary they have been making about the girls throughout the whole film , only to be appalled when John realizes they did n't record the Bellas ' final performance , which was supposed to be the documentary 's big ending . A series of mid credit scenes reveal the Bellas ' separate story arcs closed out to their mostly happy endings , with Lilly hanging around with DJ Dragon Nutz , whom she flirted with earlier , Aubrey recconects with her father and Chloe and Chicago share a passionate kiss , much to the amusment of Beca , who is now the boss of Theo . Cast ( edit ) The Bellas ( edit ) Anna Kendrick as Beca Mitchell , an alumna and the former leader of The Barden Bellas , who works as a producer but quits due to creative differences , before joining the tour . She has been sharing an apartment in New York City with her best friends Chloe and Fat Amy for the last three years . Rebel Wilson as Patricia `` Fat Amy '' Hobart , a comedic alumna of The Barden Bellas , from Australia . She held a one - woman show , `` Fat Amy Winehouse '' , before joining the tour . Brittany Snow as Chloe Beale , a Barden Bellas alumna and former co-leader , who longs for glory days with the Bellas . She applied to attend a vet school before joining the tour . Anna Camp as Aubrey Posen , a Barden Bellas alumna and former leader , before Beca , who worked at the Lodge of Fallen Leaves . Through her father , The Bellas were invited to the USO tour . Hailee Steinfeld as Emily Junk , a senior student at Barden University and the current leader of the new Barden Bellas , who joins her former seniors for the tour . Ester Dean as Cynthia Rose Adams , a lesbian Barden Bellas alumna , who failed the Flight School simulation before joining the tour . Hana Mae Lee as Lilly Onakuramara / Esther , a Barden Bellas alumna known for her quiet speaking voice and odd remarks . She worked as a tailor before joining the tour . Kelley Jakle as Jessica Smith , a Barden Bellas alumna . Shelley Regner as Ashley Jones , a Barden Bellas alumna . Chrissie Fit as Florencia `` Flo '' Fuentes , a Barden Bellas alumna , from Guatemala . She worked at a juice truck before joining the tour . Alexis Knapp as Stacie Conrad , a Barden Bellas alumna , known for being overly sexual . She works as a pilates instructor and despite wanting to , could not join the tour due to her pregnancy Additional characters ( edit ) Elizabeth Banks as Gail Abernathy - McKadden - Feinberger , an a cappella commentator making an insulting documentary about The Bellas John Michael Higgins as John Smith , an a cappella commentator making an insulting documentary about The Bellas John Lithgow as Fergus Hobart , Fat Amy 's estranged criminal father Matt Lanter as Chicago Walp , a U.S. soldier guiding the Bellas during the tour , and Chloe 's love interest . Guy Burnet as Theo , DJ Khaled 's music producer , who takes a liking to Beca DJ Khaled as himself Troy Ian Hall as Zeke , a U.S. soldier , partners with Chicago Michael Rose as Aubrey 's father Jessica Chaffin as Evan Moises Arias as Pimp - Lo Ruby Rose , Andy Allo , Venzella Joy Williams , and Hannah Fairlight as Calamity , Serenity , Charity , and Veracity , respectively , members of the band Evermoist Whiskey Shivers as Saddle Up , a country - bluegrass - based band competing against the Bellas Trinidad James and D.J. Looney as Young Sparrow and DJ Dragon Nutz , respectively Production ( edit ) On April 11 , 2015 , a month before the release of the second film , it was announced that Rebel Wilson would return for a third film , although she stated that she did not know if Anna Kendrick or other cast members would also reprise their roles . She added that she would be `` up for a Fat Amy spin - off . '' Director , star , and producer of the second film Elizabeth Banks acknowledged the possibility of a third film during promotion of Pitch Perfect 2 , saying , `` I will say , it would be disingenuous to say that no one 's talking about a Pitch Perfect 3 ; the possibility of it . '' On June 10 , 2015 , a third film was officially confirmed , and Kay Cannon was set to return to write the script . On June 15 , 2015 , it was announced that Kendrick and Wilson would both reprise their roles , and on July 28 , 2015 , Brittany Snow signed on to return . Paul Brooks again produced for Gold Circle Films , along with Max Handelman and Banks for Brownstone Productions . On October 27 , 2015 , Banks was officially announced to return as director for the film , though she exited in that capacity on June 3 , 2016 . On September 1 , 2016 , Trish Sie was confirmed to direct the film . On December 13 , 2016 , it was reported that Ruby Rose was in talks to join the film , while Anna Camp also signed on to return for the sequel . Cannon wrote the script with later drafts by Mike White and Dana Fox ; White would eventually receive screenwriting credits alongside Cannon . On January 5 , 2017 , a table read occurred , with Ester Dean , Hana Mae Lee , Chrissie Fit , Kelley Jakle , and Shelley Regner also being confirmed to reprise their roles , and singer Andy Allo joining as Charity , a rival in a group opposing the Bellas . While it was revealed by vocal director Deke Sharon that Alexis Knapp is returning , she was n't spotted during the first month of filming , leading fans to show concerns that she might not be returning at all . However , on February 6 , she posted a photo on Instagram , confirming her return , and was on set the following day . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began on January 5 , 2017 , and took place in Atlanta , Georgia , and Cádiz , Spain and wrapped on April 3 , 2017 . Release ( edit ) Pitch Perfect 3 was initially scheduled for July 21 , and August 4 , 2017 . It had its world premiere in Sydney , Australia , on November 29 , 2017 , and was released in the United States on December 22 , 2017 . Box Office ( edit ) As of March 3 , 2018 , Pitch Perfect 3 has grossed $104.9 million in the United States and Canada and $79 million in other territories , for a total of $183.9 million , against a production budget of $45 million . In the United States and Canada , Pitch Perfect 3 was released alongside the openings of Downsizing and Father Figures , and the wide expansions of The Shape of Water and Darkest Hour , and was projected to gross $27 -- 35 million from 3,447 theaters in its opening weekend . The film took in $2.1 million from Thursday night previews , about half of the $4.6 million earned by its predecessor . Over the three - day weekend , which included Christmas Eve , it grossed $19.9 million ( down nearly 70 % from the second film 's $69.2 million debut ) , finishing third at the box office , behind Star Wars : The Last Jedi and Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle . It grossed an additional $6.5 million on Christmas Day , for a four - day total of $26.4 million . It dropped 15 % the following weekend , grossing $16.8 million , and a total of $21.7 million over the four - day New Year 's frame . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 31 % based on 118 reviews and an average rating of 4.7 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Pitch Perfect 3 strains to recapture the magic that helped the original spawn a franchise , but ends up sending this increasingly unnecessary trilogy out on a low note . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 40 out of 100 based on 35 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale , the same score earned by its predecessor . Owen Gleiberman of Variety praised the cast and said , `` The new film does n't add anything revolutionary to the Pitch Perfect formula . It still sounds like we 're in middle - period Glee written by someone who finds Ryan Murphy too solemn . But as directed by Trish Sie , the movie is bubbly , it 's fast , it 's hella synthetic - clever , and it 's an avid showcase for the personalities of its stars . '' In a review for The Hollywood Reporter , Frank Scheck wrote `` ... what started out as a charmingly offbeat comic premise has inevitably degenerated into the sort of crass commercialism that probably would make the Bellas themselves turn up their noses . '' Music ( edit ) The official soundtrack was released on December 15 , 2017 . No . Title Music Length 1 . `` Universal Fanfare '' The Bellas 0 : 38 2 . `` Toxic '' The Bellas 3 : 21 3 . `` Sit Still , Look Pretty '' The New Bellas 3 : 06 4 . `` Riff Off ( Get the Party Started / Shut Up and Dance / Ignition / Swing Down Sweet Chariot ) / Fly Away / One More Night / Call Me / Love Me Harder / If I Were a Boy / Zombie / Stronger ( What Does n't Kill You ) / Human / Wake Me Up / Grenade ) '' The Bellas , Evermoist , Saddle Up , Young Sparrow and DJ Dragon Nutz & Soldiers 4 : 48 5 . `` You Got It '' Young Sparrow and DJ Dragon Nutz 3 : 16 6 . `` Ex 's & Oh 's '' Saddle Up 2 : 49 7 . `` How a Heart Unbreaks '' Evermoist 3 : 44 8 . `` Cheap Thrills '' The Bellas 3 : 40 9 . `` I Do n't Like It , I Love It '' The Bellas 3 : 59 10 . `` Cake by the Ocean '' The Bellas 3 : 14 11 . `` Freedom ! ' 90 '' The Bellas 5 : 16 12 . `` Soy Yo '' Bomba Estéreo 2 : 41 13 . `` Boom Boom ( feat . Zedd ) '' Iggy Azalea 3 : 08 14 . `` Tribe '' Kim Viera 3 : 09 15 . `` Score Suite From Pitch Perfect 3 '' Christopher Lennertz 3 : 46 16 . `` Silent Night ( feat . 80fitz ) '' Hana Mae Lee 1 : 50 17 . `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Kelley Jakle & Shelley Regner 2 : 52 18 . `` Feliz Navidad '' Chrissie Fit 2 : 37 19 . `` Freedom ! ' 90 x Cups '' The Bellas & The Voice Season 13 Top 12 Contestants 2 : 27 Total length : 60 : 30 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Pitch Perfect 3 '' . AMC Theatres . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pitch Perfect 3 ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pitch Perfect 3 ' is ... fine , and you ca n't have expected more than that '' . Mashable . December 19 , 2017 . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jeff Giles ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle is Certified Fresh '' . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` List of Top Grossing Music Comedy Films , 1984 - Present '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' in the Works ; Rebel Wilson to Return '' . Collider.com . Complex Media . April 11 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Elizabeth Banks Talks PITCH PERFECT 2 ( and 3 ) , WET HOT AMERICAN SUMMER and THE LEGO MOVIE Sequel '' . Collider.com . May 16 , 2015 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( June 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' Moving Forward at Universal With Writer Kay Cannon ( Exclusive ) '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Pitch Perfect 3 ′ Chimes In With Summer 2017 Date ; Anna Kendrick , Rebel Wilson Back '' . deadline.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Brittany Snow Set to Return for ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . variety.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` Elizabeth Banks to Direct ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` Elizabeth Banks Exits as Director of ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' Finds New Director in Trish Sie '' . Variety . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Ruby Rose in Talks to Join ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( December 18 , 2016 ) . `` Anna Camp Returning for ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram photo by @ kelleyjakle Jan 5 , 2017 '' . Instagram.com . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Protege Andy Allo Joins ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' '' . Ew.com . January 5 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deke Sharon - Music rehearsal , day one ! # PitchPerfect3 '' . Facebook.com . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram photo by @ alexisknapp Feb 6 , 2017 '' . Instagram.com . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Rebel . `` And that 's a wrap on @ PitchPerfect 3 ! All day today I 'm sleeping and eating chocolate xpic.twitter.com/KhW9nkvKCB '' . Twitter . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Pitch Perfect 3 Filming Begins ! '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' is now casting extras in Atlanta '' . On Location Vacations . December 9 , 2016 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pitch Perfect 3 Australian Premiere '' . Facebook.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' Moves Up To Middle Of Summer 2017 '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Does 2017 's Domestic Box Office Stand A Chance To Eclipse Last Year 's All - Time $11.4 B Record ? '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jumanji , ' ' Greatest Showman , ' ' Pitch Perfect ' to Challenge the ' Star Wars ' Box Office Force '' . Variety . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( December 24 , 2017 ) . `` Last Jedi ' Lords Over Christmas Weekend B.O. With $100 M+ As ' Jumanji ' Roars $65 M+ & ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' Sings $27 M '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Jedi ' Has Upper Hand Over ' Jumanji ' In New Year 's Weekend Duel As 2017 B.O. Closes With $11.1 B -- Monday Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pitch Perfect 3 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pitch Perfect 3 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media , LLC . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Last Call Pitches -- Pitch Perfect 3 Soundtrack Available Today Jump up ^ `` Spotify '' . spotify.com . Jump up ^ Pitch Perfect 3 ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack - Original Soundtrack _ Songs , Reviews , Credits _ AllMusic ) External links ( edit ) Official website Pitch Perfect 3 on IMDb Pitch Perfect Films Pitch Perfect ( 2012 ) Pitch Perfect 2 ( 2015 ) Pitch Perfect 3 ( 2017 ) Soundtrack albums Pitch Perfect More from Pitch Perfect Ultimate Pitch Perfect Pitch Perfect 2 Pitch Perfect 3 Songs `` Cups '' `` Flashlight '' Films directed by Trish Sie Step Up : All In ( 2014 ) Pitch Perfect 3 ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pitch_Perfect_3&oldid=834474693 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2010s sequel films American films American sequel films Films set in New York City Films set in Paris Films set in Spain Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Track listings with input errors Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 22 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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south park season 2 episode 14 – chef aid

Chef Aid

chef aid

`` Chef Aid '' is the fourteenth episode in the second season of the American animated television series South Park . The 27th episode of the series overall , it originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on October 7 , 1998 . The episode was written by series co-creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone , and directed by Parker . Guest stars in this episode include Joe Strummer , Rancid , Ozzy Osbourne , Ween , Primus , Elton John , Meat Loaf , Rick James , and DMX .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Album release 3 Chewbacca defense 4 Home release 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Chef discovers that Alanis Morissette 's hit song `` Stinky Britches '' is a song that he wrote many years ago , before abandoning his musical aspirations . He contacts a record company executive , seeking only to have his name credited as the composer of `` Stinky Britches '' . The record company refuses , and furthermore , hires Johnnie Cochran , who files a lawsuit against him for harassment . Cochran employs the `` Chewbacca defense '' , resulting in a win for the record company and damages to be paid by the defense . Chef now has 24 hours to come up with the money or face four years of incarceration . Chef money by becoming a prostitute ; instead of paying the executive , he intends to hire Cochran so he can sue the record company . Unfortunately , Chef 's money is seized and he is sent to jail the next day . Meanwhile , Mr. Garrison witnesses many strange attempts on Mr. Twig 's life ; he finds him boiling in a pot of water , and later snapped in half . The evidence begins to point to Mr. Hat as the culprit , culminating in a showdown between Mr. Garrison and Mr. Hat which lands the former in jail . Mr. Hat breaks Mr. Garrison and Chef out of their cell . Mr. Garrison and Mr. Hat eventually make up their differences and get back together . The boys try to help Chef by rounding up various musicians , whose careers have been boosted by Chef 's advice , to hold a benefit concert . The record company executive sabotages the concert , but the outpouring of support for Chef touches Cochran , who agrees to defend Chef . He uses the Chewbacca Defense again , ending with Chef finally getting his name on the album . Album release ( edit ) Main article : Chef Aid : The South Park Album An album was released based on the episode . It featured 21 songs , some being extended and unaired songs from this episode and previous episodes in the series , others being completely original to the album . Many notable artists from several different genres made cameo appearances on the album . Chewbacca defense ( edit ) Main article : Chewbacca defense The Chewbacca defense is a fictional legal strategy used in Chef Aid . It is a form of Red Herring argument , used to deliberately confuse the jury . The concept satirized attorney Johnnie Cochran 's closing argument defending O.J. Simpson in his murder trial ; he stated to the jury , `` If it does n't fit , you must acquit '' , in reference to an earlier point in the trial when prosecutor Christopher Darden asked Simpson to try on a bloody glove found at the murder scene , and Simpson could not put it on because it did not fit his hand . The Associated Press obituary for Cochran mentioned the Chewbacca defense parody as one of the ways in which the attorney had entered pop culture . Criminologist Dr. Thomas O'Connor says that when DNA evidence shows `` inclusion '' , that is , does not exonerate a client by exclusion from the DNA sample provided , `` About the only thing you can do is attack the lab for its ( lack of ) quality assurance and proficiency testing , or use a ' Chewbacca defense ' ( ... ) and try to razzle - dazzle the jury about how complex and complicated the other side 's evidence or probability estimates are . '' Forensic scientist Erin Kenneally has argued that court challenges to digital evidence frequently use the Chewbacca defense per se , in that they present multiple alternative explanations of forensic evidence obtained from computers and internet providers to raise the reasonable doubt understood by a jury . Kenneally also presents methods that can be used to rebut a Chewbacca defense . Kenneally and colleague Anjali Swienton have presented this topic before the Florida State Court System and at the 2005 American Academy of Forensic Sciences annual meeting . The term has also seen use in political commentary ; Ellis Weiner wrote in The Huffington Post that Dinesh D'Souza was using the Chewbacca defense in criticism of new Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi , defining it as when `` someone asserts his claim by saying something so patently nonsensical that the listener 's brain shuts down completely . '' Home release ( edit ) All 18 episodes of the second season , including `` Chef Aid '' , were released on a DVD box set on June 3 , 2003 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CNN Interactive : Video Almanac - 1995 '' . Jump up ^ `` Cochran was rare attorney turned pop culture figure '' . Associated Press . March 30 , 2005 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Thomas O'Connor , Ph. D. , Austin Peay State University Center at Ft. Campbell and North Carolina Wesleyan College . `` DNA Typing and Identification '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 27 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Erin Kenneally , M.F.S. , J.D. `` Applying Admissibility , Reliability to Technology '' ( PDF ) . Florida State Courts . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 27 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Anjali R. Swienton , M.F.S. , J.D. Erin Kenneally , M.F.S. , J.D. `` Poking the Wookie : the Chewbacca Defense in Digital Evidence Cases '' ( PDF ) . SciLaw Forensics , Ltd . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 27 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Upcoming AAFS Annual Meeting '' . CERIAS , Purdue University . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 16 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Ellis Weiner ( January 24 , 2007 ) . `` D is for Diabolical '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Blevins , Tal ( June 30 , 2003 ) . `` South Park : The Complete Second Season : A collection you 'll buy for the show , not for the video , audio or extras '' . IGN . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Arp , Robert ( December 2006 ) . `` The Chewbacca Defense : A South Park Logic Lesson '' . In Arp , Robert . South Park and Philosophy : You Know , I Learned Something Today . Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 6160 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Chef Aid `` Chef Aid '' Full Episode at South Park Studios `` Chef Aid '' Episode Guide at South Park Studios `` Chef Aid '' on IMDb `` Chef Aid '' at TV.com ( hide ) South Park episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Season 2 `` Terrance and Phillip in Not Without My Anus '' `` Cartman 's Mom Is Still a Dirty Slut '' `` Ike 's Wee Wee '' `` Chickenlover '' `` Conjoined Fetus Lady '' `` The Mexican Staring Frog of Southern Sri Lanka '' `` City on the Edge of Forever '' `` Summer Sucks '' `` Chef 's Chocolate Salty Balls '' `` Chickenpox '' `` Roger Ebert Should Lay Off the Fatty Foods '' `` Clubhouses '' `` Cow Days '' `` Chef Aid '' `` Spookyfish '' `` Merry Christmas , Charlie Manson ! '' `` Gnomes '' `` Prehistoric Ice Man '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chef_Aid&oldid=807893366 '' Categories : 1998 American television episodes Elton John Meat Loaf Ozzy Osbourne Prostitution in television South Park ( season 2 ) episodes Works about chefs Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 18 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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title given to the eldest son of the king of france

The Dauphin of France ( UK : / ˈdoʊfæ̃ , ˈdɔː - , - fɪn / , US : / ˈdɔːfən , dɔːˈfɪn , doʊˈfæn / ; French : Dauphin de France ( dofɛ̃ də fʁɑ̃s ) ) -- strictly The Dauphin of Viennois ( Dauphin de Viennois ) -- was the dynastic title given to the heir apparent to the throne of France from 1350 to 1791 and 1824 to 1830 . The word is French for dolphin , as a reference to the depiction of the animal on their coat of arms .

Dauphin of France|The Dauphin of Viennois

Dauphin of France

dauphin of france

This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Coat of arms of the Dauphin of France . Arms of the Dauphin of France , depicting the fleur - de-lis and the dolphin . The Dauphin of France ( UK : / ˈdoʊfæ̃ , ˈdɔː - , - fɪn / , US : / ˈdɔːfən , dɔːˈfɪn , doʊˈfæn / ; French : Dauphin de France ( dofɛ̃ də fʁɑ̃s ) ) -- strictly The Dauphin of Viennois ( Dauphin de Viennois ) -- was the dynastic title given to the heir apparent to the throne of France from 1350 to 1791 and 1824 to 1830 . The word is French for dolphin , as a reference to the depiction of the animal on their coat of arms . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Gallery of Arms 3 List of Dauphins 4 In literature 5 See also 6 References History ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Guigues IV , Count of Vienne , had a dolphin on his coat of arms and was nicknamed le Dauphin . The title of Dauphin de Viennois descended in his family until 1349 , when Humbert II sold his seigneury , called the Dauphiné , to King Philippe VI on condition that the heir of France assume the title of le Dauphin . The wife of the Dauphin was known as la Dauphine . The first French prince called le Dauphin was Charles the Wise , later to become Charles V of France . The title was roughly equivalent to the English ( thence British ) Prince of Wales , the Scottish Duke of Rothesay , the Portuguese Prince of Brazil , the Brazilian Prince of Grão - Pará and the Spanish Prince of Asturias . The official style of a Dauphin of France , prior to 1461 , was par la grâce de Dieu , dauphin de Viennois , comte de Valentinois et de Diois ( `` By the Grace of God , Dauphin of Viennois , Count of Valentinois and of Diois '' ) . A Dauphin of France united the coat of arms of the Dauphiné , which featured Dolphins , with the French fleurs - de-lis , and might , where appropriate , further unite that with other arms ( e.g. Francis , son of Francis I , was ruling Duke of Brittany , so united the arms of that province with the typical arms of a Dauphin ; Francis II , while Dauphin , was also King of Scots by marriage to Mary I , and added the arms of the Kingdom of Scotland to those of the Dauphin ) . Originally the Dauphin was personally responsible for the rule of the Dauphiné , which was legally part of the Holy Roman Empire , and which the Emperors , in giving the rule of the province to the French heirs , had stipulated must never be united with France . Because of this , the Dauphiné suffered from anarchy in the 14th and 15th centuries , since the Dauphins were frequently minors or concerned with other matters . During his period as Dauphin , Louis , son of Charles VII , defied his father by remaining in the province longer than the King permitted and by engaging in personal politics more beneficial to the Dauphiné than to France . For example , he married Charlotte of Savoy against his father 's wishes . Savoy was a traditional ally of the Dauphiné , and Louis wished to reaffirm that alliance to stamp out rebels and robbers in the province . Louis was driven out of the Dauphiné by Charles VII 's soldiers in 1456 , leaving the region to fall back into disorder . After his succession as Louis XI of France in 1461 , Louis united the Dauphiné with France , bringing it under royal control . The title was automatically conferred upon the next heir apparent to the throne in the direct line upon birth , accession of the parent to the throne or death of the previous Dauphin , unlike the British title Prince of Wales , which has always been in the gift of the monarch . The sons of the King of France hold the style and rank of fils de France ( son of France ) , while male - line grandsons hold the style and rank of petits - enfants de France ( Grandson of France ) . The sons and grandsons of the Dauphin ranked higher than their cousins , being treated as the king 's children and grandchildren respectively . The sons of the Dauphin , though grandsons of the king , are ranked as Sons of France , and the grandsons of the Dauphin ranked as Grandsons of France ; other great - grandsons of the king ranked merely as Princes of the Blood . The title was abolished by the Constitution of 1791 , which made France a constitutional monarchy . Under the constitution the heir - apparent to the throne ( Dauphin Louis - Charles at that time ) was restyled Prince Royal ( a Prince of the Blood retitled prince français ) , taking effect from the inception of the Legislative Assembly on 1 October 1791 . The title was restored in potentia under the Bourbon Restoration of Louis XVIII , but there would not be another Dauphin until after his death . With the accession of his brother Charles X , Charles ' son and heir Louis - Antoine , Duke of Angoulême automatically became Dauphin . With the removal of the Bourbons the title fell into disuse , the heirs of Louis - Philippe being titled Prince Royal . After the death of Henri , comte de Chambord , Carlos , Duke of Madrid , the heir of the legitimist claimant , Juan , Count of Montizón , made use of the title in pretense , as have the Spanish legitimist claimants since . Gallery of arms ( edit ) Arms of the Dauphiné Arms of Dauphin François , Duke of Brittany . Arms of Dauphin Francis , King - consort of Scots . Heraldic Crown of the Dauphin of France . List of Dauphins ( edit ) See also : List of Counts of Albon and Dauphins of Viennois Picture Name Heir of Birth Became Dauphin Ceased to be Dauphin Death Other Titles before / while Dauphin Regnal Name Dauphine Charles , 1st Dauphin of France John II 21 January 1338 22 August 1350 8 April 1364 became King 16 September 1380 Duke of Normandy Charles V Joanna of Bourbon Charles , 2nd Dauphin of France Charles V 3 December 1368 16 September 1380 became King 21 October 1422 Charles VI -- Charles , 3rd Dauphin of France Charles VI 26 September 1386 28 December 1386 -- -- Charles , 4th Dauphin of France 6 February 1392 13 January 1401 Duke of Guyenne -- -- Louis , 5th Dauphin of France 22 January 1397 13 January 1401 18 December 1415 Duke of Guyenne -- Margaret of Burgundy John , 6th Dauphin of France 31 August 1398 18 December 1415 5 April 1417 Duke of Touraine -- Jacqueline of Hainaut Charles , 7th Dauphin of France 22 February 1403 5 April 1417 21 October 1422 became King 22 July 1461 Count of Ponthieu Charles VII -- Louis , 8th Dauphin of France Charles VII 3 July 1423 22 July 1461 became King 30 August 1483 Louis XI Margaret of Scotland ; Charlotte of Savoy François , 9th Dauphin of France Louis XI 4 December 1466 -- -- Charles , 10th Dauphin of France 30 June 1470 30 August 1483 became King 7 April 1498 Charles VIII -- Charles - Orland , 11th Dauphin of France Charles VIII 11 October 1492 16 December 1495 -- -- Charles , 12th Dauphin of France 8 September 1496 2 October 1496 -- -- François , 13th Dauphin of France July 1497 -- -- François , 14th Dauphin of France Francis I 28 February 1518 10 August 1536 Duke of Brittany -- -- Henry , 15th Dauphin of France 31 March 1519 10 August 1536 31 March 1547 became King 10 July 1559 Duke of Orléans , Duke of Brittany Henry II Catherine de ' Medici Francis , 16th Dauphin of France Henry II 19 January 1544 31 March 1547 10 July 1559 became King 5 December 1560 King - consort of Scotland Francis II Mary , Queen of Scots Louis , 17th Dauphin of France Henry IV 27 September 1601 14 May 1610 became King 14 May 1643 Louis XIII -- Louis - Dieudonné , 18th Dauphin of France Louis XIII 5 September 1638 14 May 1643 became King 1 September 1715 Louis XIV -- Louis , le Grand Dauphin , 19th Dauphin of France Louis XIV 1 November 1661 14 April 1711 -- Duchess Maria Anna of Bavaria Louis , le Petit Dauphin , 20th Dauphin of France 16 August 1682 14 April 1711 18 February 1712 Duke of Burgundy -- Princess Maria Adelaide of Savoy Louis , 21st Dauphin of France 8 January 1707 18 February 1712 8 March 1712 Duke of Brittany -- -- Louis , 22nd Dauphin of France 15 February 1710 8 March 1712 1 September 1715 became King 10 May 1774 Duke of Anjou Louis XV -- Louis , 23rd Dauphin of France Louis XV 4 September 1729 20 December 1765 -- Infanta Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain ; Duchess Maria Josepha of Saxony Louis - Auguste , 24th Dauphin of France 23 August 1754 20 December 1765 10 May 1774 became King guillotined / executed 21 January 1793 French Revolution Duke of Berry Louis XVI Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria Louis - Joseph , 25th Dauphin of France Louis XVI 22 October 1781 4 June 1789 -- -- Louis - Charles , 26th Dauphin of France 27 March 1785 4 June 1789 1 October 1791 retitled as Prince - royal 8 June 1795 Duke of Normandy Louis XVII -- Louis - Antoine , 27th Dauphin of France Charles X 6 August 1775 16 September 1824 2 August 1830 became King / deposed Revolution of 1830 3 June 1844 Duke of Angoulême Louis XIX Marie - Thérèse - Charlotte of France In literature ( edit ) A lineographic representation of the arms of the Dauphin . Designed by Jean de Beaugrand in 1604 . In Mark Twain 's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn , Huck encounters two odd characters who turn out to be professional con men . One of them claims that he should be treated with deference , since he is `` really '' an impoverished English duke , and the other , not to be outdone , reveals that he is `` really '' the Dauphin ( `` Looy the Seventeen , son of Looy the Sixteen and Marie Antoinette '' ) . Is a character in Shakespeare 's Henry V . In Baronness Emma Orczy 's Eldorado , the Scarlet Pimpernel rescues the Dauphin from prison and helps spirit him from France . Alphonse Daudet wrote a short story called `` The Death of the Dauphin '' , about a young Dauphin who wants to stop Death from approaching him . It is also mentioned in Cormac McCarthy 's Blood Meridian . See also ( edit ) Kingdom of France portal Dauphine of France List of heirs to the French throne Prince of Wales Prince of Asturias Prince of Beira Duke of Braganza Crown Prince Tsarevich Dauphins of Viennois Dauphins of Auvergne King of Rome Madame Royale Monsieur Madame Fils de France Petit - Fils de France Prince du Sang References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` dauphin French political history '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Louis , Dauphin of France Biography '' . The Biography.com website . A&E Television Networks . April 2 , 2014 . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dauphin_of_France&oldid=846557416 '' Categories : Dauphins of Viennois Dauphins of France Heirs to the throne Royal titles French monarchy French coats of arms Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2013 Articles needing additional references from January 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles containing French - language text Articles needing additional references from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 14 : 00 ( UTC ) . 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above the west entrance to the u.s. supreme court building is the phrase

The west façade of the building ( essentially , the `` front '' of the court , being the side which faces the Capitol ) bears the motto `` Equal Justice Under Law , '' while the east façade bears the motto `` Justice , the Guardian of Liberty . '' On November 28 , 2005 , a basketball - sized chunk of marble weighing approximately 172 lb ( 78 kg ) fell four stories from the west façade onto the steps of the Court ; it had previously been part of the parapet above the word `` under '' in the `` equal justice under law '' engraving immediately above the figure of a Roman centurion carrying fasces . After the incident , planning was initiated to repair the west façade which includes cleaning , removal of debris and restoration . In 2012 scaffolding encased the west façade printed with a full - size photograph of the façade . The project was completed in 2013 .

`` Equal Justice Under Law , ''

United States Supreme Court building

united states supreme court building

1 First Street , Northeast

Washington , D.C. Coordinates 38 ° 53 ′ 25.8 '' N 77 ° 0 ′ 16.2 '' W  /  38.890500 ° N 77.004500 ° W  / 38.890500 ; - 77.004500 Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 25.8 '' N 77 ° 0 ′ 16.2 '' W  /  38.890500 ° N 77.004500 ° W  / 38.890500 ; - 77.004500 Built 1932 - 1935 Architect Cass Gilbert , Cass Gilbert Jr . NRHP reference # 87001294 Designated NHL May 4 , 1987 This article is part of the series on the United States Supreme Court The Court Decisions Procedure History Court Building Current membership Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter All members List of all members by court by seat by time in office by education Succession Timeline List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices Specialty lists All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations late in presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings of justices Court functionaries Clerks Reporter of Decisions Supreme Court Police Other countries Law Portal The Supreme Court Building is the seat of the Supreme Court of the United States and the Judicial Branch thereof . Completed in 1935 , it is situated in Washington , D.C. at 1 First Street , NE , on the block immediately east of the United States Capitol . The building is under the jurisdiction of the Architect of the Capitol . On May 4 , 1987 , the Supreme Court Building was designated a National Historic Landmark . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Temple of Justice 3 Sculptural program 4 Public access to the building 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Prior to the establishment of the Federal City , the United States government resided briefly in New York City . As such , the Supreme Court met there during this time in the Merchants Exchange Building . When the capital moved to Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , the Court moved with it and began meeting in Independence Hall , before settling in Old City Hall at 5th and Chestnut Streets from 1791 until 1800 . View of the Supreme Court Building in 1935 Modern view of the Supreme Court Building After the federal government moved to Washington , D.C. , the court had no permanent meeting location until 1810 . When the architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe built the second U.S. Senate chamber directly on top of the first US Senate chamber , the Supreme Court took up residence in what is now referred to as the Old Supreme Court Chamber from 1810 through 1860 . It remained in the Capitol until 1935 , with the exception of a period from 1812 to 1819 , during which the Court was absent from Washington because of the British invasion and the destruction of the Capitol during the War of 1812 . In 1810 , the Supreme Court first occupied the Old Supreme Court Chamber in the Capitol . As the Senate expanded , it progressively outgrew its quarters . In 1860 , after the new wings of the Capitol for the Senate and the House of Representatives had been completed , the Supreme Court moved to the Old Senate Chamber ( as it is now known ) where it remained until its move to the current Supreme Court building . In 1929 , Chief Justice William Howard Taft argued successfully for the Court to have its own headquarters to distance itself from Congress as an independent branch of government , but he did not live to see it built . The court was finally designed by Cass Gilbert , who created many other structures in the United States . Temple of Justice ( edit ) The Supreme Court Building is located at 1 First Street , NE ( former site of the Old Brick Capitol , across the street from the United States Capitol ) and was designed by architect Cass Gilbert ( as Gilbert 's last major project ; he died before it was completed ) . It rises four stories ( 92 ft ( 28 m ) ) above ground . The cornerstone was laid on October 13 , 1932 , and construction completed in 1935 , having cost $94,000 under the $9,740,000 budget authorized by Congress . `` The building was designed on a scale in keeping with the importance and dignity of the Court and the Judiciary as a coequal , independent branch of the United States Government , and as a symbol of ' the national ideal of justice in the highest sphere of activity . ' '' The Supreme Court Building is built in the Neoclassical style . The public façade is made of marble quarried from Vermont , and that of the non-public - facing courtyards , Georgia marble . Most of the interior spaces are lined with Alabama marble , except for the Courtroom itself , which is lined with Spanish ivory vein marble . For the Courtroom 's 24 columns , `` Gilbert felt that only the ivory buff and golden marble from the Montarrenti quarries near Siena , Italy '' would suffice . To this end , in May 1933 , he petitioned the Italian Premier , Benito Mussolini , `` to ask his assistance in guaranteeing that the Siena quarries sent nothing inferior to the official sample marble . '' Not all the justices were thrilled by the new arrangements , the courtroom in particular . Harlan Fiske Stone complained it was `` almost bombastically pretentious ... Wholly inappropriate for a quiet group of old boys such as the Supreme Court . '' Another justice observed that he felt the court would be `` nine black beetles in the Temple of Karnak , '' while still another complained that such pomp and ceremony suggested the justices ought to enter the courtroom riding on elephants . The New Yorker columnist Howard Brubaker noted at the time of its opening that it had `` fine big windows to throw the New Deal out of . '' The west façade of the building ( essentially , the `` front '' of the court , being the side which faces the Capitol ) bears the motto `` Equal Justice Under Law , '' while the east façade bears the motto `` Justice , the Guardian of Liberty . '' On November 28 , 2005 , a basketball - sized chunk of marble weighing approximately 172 lb ( 78 kg ) fell four stories from the west façade onto the steps of the Court ; it had previously been part of the parapet above the word `` under '' in the `` equal justice under law '' engraving immediately above the figure of a Roman centurion carrying fasces . After the incident , planning was initiated to repair the west façade which includes cleaning , removal of debris and restoration . In 2012 scaffolding encased the west façade printed with a full - size photograph of the façade . The project was completed in 2013 . The Supreme Court Building 's facilities include : In the basement : maintenance facilities , garage , on - site mailroom . On the first ( or ground ) floor : Public information office , the clerk 's office , the publications unit , exhibit halls , cafeteria , gift shop and administrative offices . On the second floor : the Great Hall , the courtroom , the conference room , and all of the justices ' chambers except Justice Sotomayor ( she swapped with Justice Ginsburg for a roomier office on the third floor ) . On the third floor : The office of Justice Sotomayor , the office of the Reporter of Decisions , the legal office , and the offices of the law clerks . Also , the justices ' dining and reading rooms are on this floor . On the fourth floor : The court library On the fifth floor : The Supreme Court gym , including a basketball court ( named the `` Highest Court in the Land '' ) In addition , the Supreme Court Building maintains its own police force , the Supreme Court Police . Separate from the Capitol Police , the force was created in 1935 to look after the building and its personnel . Sculptural program ( edit ) Cass Gilbert 's design for the building and its environs included an ambitious Beaux - Arts - styled sculptural program that included a large number and variety of both real and allegorical figures . Supreme Court flagpole bases , and bronze doors in the east and west façades by John Donnelly . East pediment : Justice , the Guardian of Liberty by Hermon Atkins MacNeil West pediment : Equal Justice Under the Law by Robert Ingersoll Aitken . This work includes a portrait of Cass Gilbert , third from the left in the pediment . It also contains a self - portrait of Robert Ingersoll Aitken third from the right . Seated figures : The Authority of Law ( south side ) and The Contemplation of Justice ( north side ) by James Earle Fraser Great Hall : Busts of each of the Chief Justices of the United States in alcoves on either side of the Hall . These marble works are periodically appropriated by the Congress . The most recent addition was Chief Justice Rehnquist 's bust in December 2009 to the far end of the north side of the Hall , just to the left of the Courtroom doors . Courtroom friezes : The South Wall Frieze includes figures of lawgivers from the ancient world and includes Menes , Hammurabi , Moses , Solomon , Lycurgus , Solon , Draco , Confucius , and Augustus . The North Wall Frieze shows lawgivers from the Middle Ages on and includes representations of Justinian , Muhammad , Charlemagne , John , King of England , Louis IX of France , Hugo Grotius , Sir William Blackstone , John Marshall , and Napoleon . The Moses frieze depicts him holding the Ten Commandments , although only commandments six through ten , usually considered the more secular commands , are visible . In 1997 , the Council on American - Islamic Relations ( CAIR ) asked for the image of Muhammad to be removed from the marble frieze of the façade . While appreciating that Muhammad was included in the court 's pantheon of 18 prominent lawgivers of history , CAIR noted that Islam discourages depictions of Muhammad in any artistic representation . CAIR also objected that Muhammad was shown with a sword , which they claimed reinforced stereotypes of Muslims as intolerant conquerors . Chief Justice William Rehnquist rejected the request to sandblast Muhammad , saying the artwork `` was intended only to recognize him , among many other lawgivers , as an important figure in the history of law ; it is not intended as a form of idol worship '' . The court later added a footnote to tourist materials , calling it `` a well - intentioned attempt by the sculptor to honor Muhammad '' . United States Supreme Court bronze doors . The Supreme Court courtroom interior with its Siena marble . View of the Alabama marble in the hallway . One of two self - supporting spiral staircases in Alabama marble . `` Equal Justice Under Law '' over the western façade . `` Justice the Guardian of Liberty '' over the eastern façade . Flagpole base . The Contemplation of Justice statue . The Authority of Law statue . Aerial view of Washington D.C. , showing position of the courthouse ( lower left ) in relation to the Capitol building . Public access to the building ( edit ) On May 3 , 2010 , citing security concerns and as part of the building 's modernization project , the Supreme Court announced that the public ( including parties to the cases being argued , the attorneys who represent them , and visitors to Oral arguments or the building ) would no longer be allowed to enter the building through the main door on top of the steps on the west side . Visitors must now enter through ground - level doors located at the plaza , leading to a reinforced area for security screening . The main doors at the top of the steps may still be used to exit the building . Justice Breyer released a statement , joined by Justice Ginsburg , expressing his opinion that although he recognizes the security concerns that led to the decision , he does not believe on balance that the closure is justified . Calling the decision `` dispiriting '' , he said he was not aware of any Supreme Court in the world that had closed its main entrance to the public . All visitors to the Court must pass through metal - detectors and have their belongings X-rayed . Cameras are permitted in the building , but no recording devices of any kind , audio , or visual , are ever permitted in the Courtroom . When the Court is not in session , visitors can walk through the Great Hall and public areas on the ground floor , including the cafeteria and a small movie theater presenting a documentary of the Court , and guided lectures are periodically given in the Courtroom , which is not otherwise accessible . The schedule for the lectures can be confirmed on the Court 's website the day before a visit . The line for these tours forms in a designated area to the side of the Courtroom doors . When the Court is in session , the Great Hall is not open to the public , except for those attending Court . The arguments are typically held in two - week cycles of a 10 A.M. and 11 A.M. argument on Mondays , Tuesdays , and Wednesdays . Depending on the significance of the case and the time of year ( winter arguments are less popular ) , visitors should arrive at the Court anywhere from two hours in advance to , in extremely controversial cases , the night before . At some point in the morning , which is not predetermined , the Supreme Court Police Officers distribute numbered tickets . These serve as place - holders only and not a guarantee of admission . Visitors who have tickets may leave the area and return at the appointed time to line up in numerical order , usually one hour before the argument . At this time , there usually are several hundred persons waiting outside the Court , most of whom are not able to observe either argument . While the Courtroom does have seating for some 250 public visitors , in practice there are almost always large groups of students or officials that reduce that number , and visitors who are admitted to observe the first argument generally stay for the second argument , making the total seats available for the second argument generally very small . Just before the first argument , the officers divide the crowd into two lines : one is for those waiting with tickets to observe the entire argument , while the other is to observe a five - minute span of the argument while standing in the back of the Courtroom . Both lines remain in place during the first argument . Visitors must stand when the Justices enter and leave , and remain absolutely silent . Drowsy , noisy , or otherwise disruptive visitors are promptly removed by plainclothes officers . Since recording devices have been banned inside the courtroom , the fastest way for decisions of landmark cases to reach the press is through the Running of the Interns . On Sunday , January 13 , 2002 , a wild fox wandered into the building . Although spotted by a police officer and observed on video cameras , the fox eluded capture for more than a day . See also ( edit ) District of Columbia portal Government of the United States portal Architecture portal List of National Historic Landmarks in the District of Columbia References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Supreme Court Building '' . National Historic Landmarks Program . National Park Service . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Photos , exterior and interior , of the U.S. Supreme Court Building '' ( PDF ) . Note that photos but not National Historic Landmark nomination text , if any exists , are available on - line . National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : `` Overview of the Supreme Court Building '' . United States Supreme Court . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Rehnquist , William H. ( 2001 ) ( 1987 ) . The Supreme Court ( 2nd ed . ) . Vintage Books ( Random House , Inc ) . p. 24 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 70861 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Study for Woolworth Building , New York '' . World Digital Library . 1910 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Court : Homes of the Court '' . supremecourthistory.org . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tomlins , Christopher ( 2005 ) . The United States Supreme Court : The Pursuit of Justice ( 1st ed . ) . Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 618 - 32969 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court West Façade Restoration '' . Architect of the Capitol . June 5 , 2013 . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ; Purdum , Todd S. ( July 31 , 2005 ) . `` As Clerk for Rehnquist , Nominee Stood Out for Conservative Rigor '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mauro , Tony ( 2005 - 03 - 02 ) . `` The Supreme Court 's Own Commandments '' . law.com . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Press release on new visitor entrance '' ( WORD ) . 2010 - 05 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statement Concerning the Supreme Court 's Front Entrance ; memorandum by Justice Breyer '' ( PDF ) . 2010 - 05 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Plan Your Visit -- Supreme Court of the United States '' . Supremecourt.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Visitor 's Guide to Oral Argument '' . Supremecourt.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Court Building -- Supreme Court of the United States '' . Supremecourt.gov. 1932 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Kessler , Robert . `` Why Are n't Cameras Allowed at the Supreme Court Again ? '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Biskupic , Joan ( 2002 - 01 - 15 ) . `` Sly intruder infiltrates Supreme Court '' . USA Today . pp. A3 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Media related to United States Supreme Court Building at Wikimedia Commons Geographic data related to United States Supreme Court Building at OpenStreetMap Supreme Court of the United States Virtual tour Outdoor sculpture at the Supreme Court Building Supreme Court Building `` Architectural Information Sheets '' . Supreme Court of the United States . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 19 . A Permanent Home -- Supreme Court Historical Society Supreme Court Visitors Guide Supreme Court Visitors Guide for Oral Arguments National Register of Historic Places listing for the United States Supreme Court Building C - SPAN 's Building the Court Supreme Court of the United States The Court Decisions Procedures History Supreme Court Building Old City Hall , Philadelphia 1791 -- 1800 U.S. Capitol Chamber 1819 -- 1860 U.S. Capitol Chamber 1860 -- 1935 Current members Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter Current nominations No Vacancies All members List of all members by court by seat by time in office by education succession timeline List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations near end of presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings Court functionaries Clerk Reporter of Decisions Supreme Court Police Law clerks Chief Justice Seat 1 Seat 2 Seat 3 Seat 4 Seat 6 Seat 8 Seat 9 Seat 10 All Related United States Solicitor General United States Reports Lawyers ' Edition Amicus curiae Other countries Law Portal Landmarks of Washington , D.C. 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Buildings of the United States government in Washington , D.C. Cass Gilbert buildings Neoclassical architecture in Washington , D.C. Courthouses in Washington , D.C. Federal courthouses of the United States Government buildings completed in 1935 National Historic Landmarks in Washington , D.C. Supreme Court of the United States Capitol Hill National supreme court buildings Hidden categories : Wikipedia page with obscure country or subdivision Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Norsk پنجابی Português Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 23 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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who developed the theory of high context and low context cultures

High - context culture and low - context culture are terms used to describe cultures based on how explicit the messages exchanged are , and how important the context is in communication . These concepts were first introduced by the anthropologist Edward T. Hall in his 1976 book Beyond Culture . According to Hall , in a low - context culture , the message will be interpreted through just the words ( whether written or spoken ) and their explicit meaning . The responsibility to be understood is with the sender of the message , who must work to be clear and comprehensive . In a high - context culture , messages are also interpreted using tone of voice , gesture , silence or implied meaning , as well as context or situation . There , the receiver is expected to use the situation , messages and cultural norms to understand the message .

Edward T. Hall

High - context and low - context cultures

high - context and low - context cultures

High - context culture and low - context culture are terms used to describe cultures based on how explicit the messages exchanged are , and how important the context is in communication . These concepts were first introduced by the anthropologist Edward T. Hall in his 1976 book Beyond Culture . According to Hall , in a low - context culture , the message will be interpreted through just the words ( whether written or spoken ) and their explicit meaning . The responsibility to be understood is with the sender of the message , who must work to be clear and comprehensive . In a high - context culture , messages are also interpreted using tone of voice , gesture , silence or implied meaning , as well as context or situation . There , the receiver is expected to use the situation , messages and cultural norms to understand the message .

`` High '' and `` low '' context cultures are typically defined by language group , nationality , or regional community . However , they have also been applied to corporations , professions and other cultural groups , as well as settings such as online vs. offline communication . Contents 1 Examples of Higher and Lower Context Cultures 1.1 How higher context relates to other cultural metrics 1.1. 1 Diversity 1.1. 2 Language 1.1. 2.1 Elaborated and restricted codes 1.1. 3 Collectivism and individualism 1.1. 4 Stability and durability of tradition 1.1. 5 Facial expression and gesture 1.1. 6 Marketing and advertising perspective 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links Examples of higher and lower context cultures ( edit ) Cultural contexts are not absolutely `` high '' or `` low '' . Instead , a comparison between cultures may find communication differences to a greater or lesser degree . Typically a high - context culture will be relational , collectivist , intuitive , and contemplative . They place a high value on interpersonal relationships and group members are a very close - knit community . Typically a low - context culture will be less close - knit , and so individuals communicating will have fewer relational cues when interpreting messages . Therefore , it is necessary for more explicit information to be included in the message so it is not misinterpreted . Not all individuals in a culture can be defined by cultural stereotypes , and there will be variations within a national culture in different settings . For example , Hall describes how Japanese culture has both low - and high - context situations . However , understanding the broad tendencies of predominant cultures can help inform and educate individuals on how to better facilitate communication between individuals of differing cultures . Although the concept of high - and low - context cultures is usually applied in the field of analyzing national cultures , it can also be used to describe scientific or corporate cultures , or specific settings such as airports or law courts . A simplified example mentioned by Hall is that scientists working in `` hard science '' fields ( like chemistry and physics ) tend to have lower - context cultures : because their knowledge that has fewer variables , they will typically include less context for each event they describe . In contrast , scientists working with living systems need to include more context because there can be significant variables which impact the research outcomes . Cultures and languages are defined as higher or lower context on a spectrum . For example , it could be argued that French Canadian language is higher context than English Canadian , but lower context than Spanish or French . An individual from Texas ( a higher - context culture ) may communicate with a few words or use of a prolonged silence , where a New Yorker would be very explicit , although both speak the same language ( English ) and are part of a nation ( United States ) which is lower - context relative to other nations . Hall notes a similar difference between Navajo speakers and English speakers in a United States school . Hall and Hall proposed a `` spectrum '' of national cultures from `` High - Context cultures '' to `` Low - Context Cultures . This has been expanded to further countries by Copeland & Griggs ( 1985 ) . Higher - context culture : Afghans , African , Arabic , Brazilian , Chinese , Filipinos , French Canadian , French , Greek , Hawaiian , Hungarian , Indian , Indonesian , Italian , Irish , Japanese , Korean , Latin Americans , Nepali , Pakistani , Persian , Portuguese , Russian , Southern United States , Spanish , Thai , Turkish , Vietnamese , South Slavic , West Slavic . Lower - context culture : Australian , Dutch , English Canadian , English , Finnish , German , Israeli , New Zealand , Scandinavia , Switzerland , United States . Cultural context can also shift and evolve . For instance , a study has argued that both Japan and Finland ( high - context cultures ) are becoming lower - context with the increased influence of Western European and US culture . How higher context relates to other cultural metrics ( edit ) Diversity ( edit ) Families , subcultures and in - groups typically favour higher - context communication . Groups who are able to rely on their common background , may not need to use explicit words to understand each other . Settings and cultures where people come together from a wider diversity of backgrounds such as international airports , large cities , or multi-national firms , tend user lower - context communication forms , . Language ( edit ) Hall links language to culture through the work of Sapir - Worfe . A trade language will typically need to explicitly explain more of the context than a dialect which can assume a high level of shared context . Because a low - context setting can not rely on shared understanding of potentially ambiguous messages , low - context cultures tend to give more information , or to be precise in their language . In contrast , a high - context language like Japanese can use a high number of homophones but still be understood by a listener who knows the context . Elaborated and restricted codes ( edit ) The concept of elaborated and restricted codes is introduced by sociologist Basil Bernstein in his book Class , Codes and Control . An elaborated code indicates that the speaker is expressing his / her idea by phrasing from an abundant selection of alternatives without assuming the listener shares lots of common knowledge , which allows the speaker to explain their idea explicitly . While restricted codes are phrased from more limited alternatives , usually with collapsed and shortened sentences , therefore it requires the listeners to share a great deal of common perspectives to understand the implicit meaning of the conversation . Restricted codes are commonly used in high - context culture groups , where people share same cultural background and can easily understand the implicit meanings between lines without further elaboration . Conversely , in cultural groups with low context , where people share little common knowledge or ' value individuality above group identification ' , detailed elaboration becomes essential to avoid misunderstanding . Collectivism and individualism ( edit ) The concepts of collectivism and individualism have been applied to high - and low - context cultures by Hofstede in his Cultural Dimensions Theory . Collectivist societies prioritise the group over the individual , and vice versa . In high - context cultures , language may be used to assist and maintain relationship building and to focus on process . India and Japan are typically high - context , highly collectivistic cultures , where business is done by building relationships and maintaining respectful communication . Individualistic cultures promote the development of individual values and independent social groups . Individualism may lead to communicating to all people in a group in the same way , rather than offering hierarchical respect to certain members . Because individualistic cultures may value cultural difference , a more explicit way of communicating is required to avoid misunderstanding . Language may be used to achieve goals or exchange information . The USA and Australia are typically low - context , highly individualistic cultures , where transparency and competition in business are prized . Individualism and collectivism have been criticised for being too unidimensional . Stability and durability of tradition ( edit ) High - context cultures tend to be more stable , as their communication is more economical , fast , efficient and satisfying , but it is gained at a price of devoting time into preprogramming cultural background , and its high stability might come with a price of a high barrier for development . Whereas low - context cultures tend to change rapidly and drastically , they allow extension to happen at an incredibly fast rate . But it also means that low - context communication may fail due to the overload of information , which makes culture lose its screening function . Therefore , higher - context cultures tend to correlate with cultures that also have a strong sense of tradition and history , and change little over time . For example , Native Americans in the United States have higher - context cultures with a strong sense of tradition and history . The focus on tradition creates opportunities for higher context messages between individuals of each new generation , and the high - context culture feeds back to the stability hence allows the tradition to be maintained . This is in contrast to lower - context cultures in which the shared experiences upon which communication is built can change drastically from one generation to the next , creating communication gaps between parents and children , as in the United States . Facial expression and gesture ( edit ) Culture also affects how individuals interpret other people 's facial expression . Experiment done by the University of Glasgow shows that different cultures have different understanding of the facial expression signals of the six basic emotions , which are the so - called `` universal language of emotion '' -- happy , surprise , fear , disgust , anger and sadness . In high - context cultures , facial expression and gesture take on greater importance in understanding the message , and the receiver may require more cultural context to understand `` basic '' displays of emotions . Marketing and advertising perspective ( edit ) Cultural differences in advertising and marketing may also be explained through high - and low - context cultures . One study on McDonald 's online advertising compared Japan , China , Korea , Hong Kong , Pakistan , Germany , Denmark , Sweden , Norway , Finland , and the United States , and found that in high - context countries , the advertising used more colors , movements , and sounds to give context , while in low - context cultures the advertising focused more on verbal information and linear processes . See also ( edit ) Collectivism / individualism Hofstede 's Cultural Dimensions Theory Edward T. Hall Intercultural Communication References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 1.4. 6 - Context of Cultures : High and Low '' . www2.pacific.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Wurtz , Elizabeth ( 2005 ) . `` Intercultural Communication on Web sites : A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Web sites from High - Context Cultures and Low - Context Cultures '' . Journal of Computer - Mediated Communication . 11 ( 1 ) : 274 -- 299 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1083 - 6101.2006. tb00313. x . ISSN 1083 - 6101 . Jump up ^ Guffey , Mary Ellen ( 2009 ) . Essentials of Business Communication . South - Western / Cengage Learning . Jump up ^ `` High and Low Context '' . www.culture-at-work.com . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Edward T. ( 1976 ) . Beyond culture . New York : Doubleday . pp. 68 -- 69 . ISBN 9780385124744 . Jump up ^ Hall , Edward T. ( 1989 ) . Beyond culture . New York : Doubleday . pp. 87 -- 88 . ISBN 0385124740 . OCLC 20595709 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Edward T. ( 1989 ) . Beyond culture . New York : Doubleday . pp. 15 -- 16 . ISBN 9780385124744 . Jump up ^ Hall , Edward T. ; Hall , Mildred Reed ( 1990 ) . Understanding cultural differences . Yarmouth , Me. : Intercultural Press . ISBN 093366284X . OCLC 20259415 . CS1 maint : Date and year ( link ) Jump up ^ Deborah Barrett ( 2006 ) . Leadership Communication . McGraw - Hill . p. 197 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 291849 - 6 . Jump up ^ Copeland , , Lennie ; Griggs , Lewis ( 1985 ) . Going international : how to make friends and deal effectively in the global marketplace . New York : New American Library . ISBN 0452258642 . OCLC 13560290 . CS1 maint : Date and year ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Nishimura , Shoji ; Nevgi , Anne ; Tella , Seppo . `` Communication Style and Cultural Features in High / Low Context Communication Cultures : A Case Study of Finland , Japan and India '' ( PDF ) . Helsinki.fi . Retrieved December 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Basil ( 2003 ) . Theoretical studies towards a sociology of language ( Digital printing . ed . ) . London ( u.a. ) : Routledge . p. 58 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 30287 - 0 . Jump up ^ Foss , Stephen W. Littlejohn , Karen A. ( 2011 ) . Theories of human communication ( 10th ed . ) . Long Grove , Ill. : Waveland Press . pp. 375 -- 376 . ISBN 9781577667063 . ^ Jump up to : D. , Lewis , Richard ( 2006 ) . When cultures collide : leading across cultures : a major new edition of the global guide ( 3rd ed . ) . Boston : Nicholas Brealey International . pp. 436 -- 437 . ISBN 1423774582 . OCLC 69872214 . Jump up ^ `` Individualism , Collectivism , High And Low Context '' . SlideShare . University of Montana , Undergraduate Advising Center . 12 January 2010 . Retrieved 31 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Discovering cultural differences ( and similarities ) in facial expressions of emotion '' . Current Opinion in Psychology . 17 : 61 -- 66 . 2017 - 10 - 01 . doi : 10.1016 / j. copsyc. 2017.06. 010 . ISSN 2352 - 250X . Jump up ^ Jack , Rachael E. ; Schyns , Philippe G. ( 2015 ) . `` The Human Face as a Dynamic Tool for Social Communication '' . Current Biology . 25 ( 14 ) : R621 -- R634 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2015.05. 052 . ISSN 0960 - 9822 . Jump up ^ Solomon , Michael ; Russell - Bennett , Rebekah ; Previte , Josephine ( 2012 - 10 - 24 ) . Consumer Behaviour . Pearson Higher Education AU . ISBN 9781442564992 . Further reading ( edit ) Hall , Edward , T. Beyond Culture . Anchor Books ( December 7 , 1976 ) . ISBN 978 - 0385124744 Samovar , Larry A. and Richard E. Porter . Communication Between Cultures . 5th Ed . Thompson and Wadsworth , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 534 - 56929 - 3 External links ( edit ) High and low context cultures Culture Outline Sciences Cultural anthropology Cultural astronomy Cultural ecology Cultural geography Cultural neuroscience Cultural studies Culturology Culture theory Neuroculture Subfields Bioculture Cross-cultural studies Cross-cultural communication Cross-cultural leadership Cross-cultural psychiatry Cross-cultural psychology Cultural analytics Cultural economics Cultural entomology Cultural history Cultural mapping Cultural mediation Cultural psychology Cultural values Culturomics Intercultural learning Intercultural relations Internet culture Philosophy of culture Popular culture studies Semiotics of culture Sociology of culture Sound culture Theology of culture Transcultural nursing Types Constructed culture Dominant culture Folk culture High culture Individualistic culture Legal culture Low culture Microculture Official culture Political culture Civic Popular culture Urban Primitive culture Subculture Alternative culture list Super culture Vernacular culture Culture by location Aspects Acculturation Cultural appropriation Cultural area Cultural artifact Cultural baggage Cultural behavior Cultural bias Cultural capital Cross-cultural Cultural communication Cultural conflict Cultural cringe Cultural dissonance Cultural emphasis Cultural framework Cultural heritage Cultural icon Cultural identity Cultural industry Cultural invention Cultural landscape Cultural learning Cultural leveling Cultural memory Cultural pluralism Cultural practice Cultural property Cultural reproduction Cultural system Cultural technology Cultural universal Cultureme Enculturation High - and low - context cultures Interculturality Manuscript culture Material culture Non-material culture Organizational culture Print culture Protoculture Safety culture Technoculture Trans - cultural diffusion Transculturation Visual culture Politics Colonial mentality Consumer capitalism Cross cultural sensitivity Cultural assimilation Cultural attaché Cultural backwardness Cultural Bolshevism Cultural conservatism Cultural contracts Cultural deprivation Cultural diplomacy Cultural environmentalism Cultural exception Cultural feminism Cultural genocide Cultural globalization Cultural hegemony Cultural imperialism Cultural intelligence Cultural liberalism Cultural nationalism Cultural pessimism Cultural policy Cultural racism Cultural radicalism Cultural retention Cultural Revolution Cultural rights Cultural safety Cultural silence Cultural subsidy Cultural Zionism Culture change Culture minister Culture of fear Culture war Deculturalization Dominator culture Interculturalism Intraculturalism Monoculturalism Multiculturalism Biculturalism Pluriculturalism Polyculturalism Security culture Transculturism Related Animal culture Archaeological culture Bennett scale Bullying culture Cannabis culture Circuit of culture Coffee culture Cross-cultural Cultural center Cultural Christian Cultural Mormon Cultural competence Cultural critic Cultural Detective Cultural determinism Cultural diversity Cultural encoding Cultural evolutionism Cultural Hindu Cultural homogenization Cultural institution Cultural jet lag Cultural Judaism Cultural lag Cultural literacy Cultural mosaic Cultural movement Cultural mulatto Cultural Muslim Cultural probe Cultural relativism Culture speculation Cultural tourism Pop - culture Cultural translation Cultural turn Cultural sensibility Culture and menstruation Culture and positive psychology Culture and social cognition Culture gap Culture hero Culture industry Culture shock Culturgen Children 's culture Culturalism Cyberculture Death and culture Disability culture Deaf culture Emotions and culture Intercultural communication Intercultural competence Languaculture Living things in culture Media culture Oppositional culture Participatory culture Permission culture Rape culture Remix culture Tea culture Transformation of culture Urban culture Welfare culture Western culture Portal Commons WikiProject changes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-context_and_low-context_cultures&oldid=864584481 '' Categories : Social anthropology Culture Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Date and year Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2018 , at 05 : 25 ( UTC ) . 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what type of english do we speak today

Modern English grammar is the result of a gradual change from a typical Indo - European dependent marking pattern with a rich inflectional morphology and relatively free word order to a mostly analytic pattern with little inflection , a fairly fixed SVO word order and a complex syntax . Modern English relies more on auxiliary verbs and word order for the expression of complex tenses , aspect and mood , as well as passive constructions , interrogatives and some negation . Despite noticeable variation among the accents and dialects of English used in different countries and regions -- in terms of phonetics and phonology , and sometimes also vocabulary , grammar and spelling -- English - speakers from around the world are able to communicate with one another with relative ease .

Modern English

English language

english language

English is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now a global lingua franca . Named after the Angles , one of the Germanic tribes that migrated to England , it ultimately derives its name from the Anglia ( Angeln ) peninsula in the Baltic Sea . It is closely related to the Frisian languages , but its vocabulary has been significantly influenced by other Germanic languages , particularly Norse ( a North Germanic language ) , as well as by Latin and French .

English has developed over the course of more than 1,400 years . The earliest forms of English , a set of Anglo - Frisian dialects brought to Great Britain by Anglo - Saxon settlers in the 5th century , are called Old English . Middle English began in the late 11th century with the Norman conquest of England and was a period in which the language was influenced by French . Early Modern English began in the late 15th century with the introduction of the printing press to London , the printing of the King James Bible and the start of the Great Vowel Shift . Through the worldwide influence of the British Empire , modern English spread around the world from the 17th to mid-20th centuries . Through all types of printed and electronic media , and spurred by the emergence of the United States as a global superpower , English has become the leading language of international discourse and the lingua franca in many regions and professional contexts such as science , navigation and law . English is the third most spoken native language in the world , after Standard Chinese and Spanish . It is the most widely learned second language and is either the official language or one of the official languages in almost 60 sovereign states . There are more people who have learned it as a second language than there are native speakers . English is the most commonly spoken language in the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada , Australia , Ireland and New Zealand , and it is widely spoken in some areas of the Caribbean , Africa and South Asia . It is a co-official language of the United Nations , the European Union and many other world and regional international organisations . It is the most widely spoken Germanic language , accounting for at least 70 % of speakers of this Indo - European branch . English has a vast vocabulary , though counting how many words any language has is impossible . English speakers are called `` Anglophones '' . Modern English grammar is the result of a gradual change from a typical Indo - European dependent marking pattern with a rich inflectional morphology and relatively free word order to a mostly analytic pattern with little inflection , a fairly fixed SVO word order and a complex syntax . Modern English relies more on auxiliary verbs and word order for the expression of complex tenses , aspect and mood , as well as passive constructions , interrogatives and some negation . Despite noticeable variation among the accents and dialects of English used in different countries and regions -- in terms of phonetics and phonology , and sometimes also vocabulary , grammar and spelling -- English - speakers from around the world are able to communicate with one another with relative ease . Contents ( hide ) 1 Classification 2 History 2.1 Proto - Germanic to Old English 2.2 Middle English 2.3 Early Modern English 2.4 Spread of Modern English 3 Geographical distribution 3.1 Three circles of English - speaking countries 3.2 Pluricentric English 3.3 English as a global language 4 Phonology 4.1 Consonants 4.2 Vowels 4.3 Phonotactics 4.4 Stress , rhythm and intonation 4.5 Regional variation 5 Grammar 5.1 Nouns and noun phrases 5.1. 1 Adjectives 5.1. 2 Pronouns , case , and person 5.1. 3 Prepositions 5.2 Verbs and verb phrases 5.2. 1 Tense , aspect and mood 5.2. 2 Phrasal verbs 5.2. 3 Adverbs 5.3 Syntax 5.3. 1 Basic constituent order 5.3. 2 Clause syntax 5.3. 3 Auxiliary verb constructions 5.3. 4 Questions 5.3. 5 Discourse level syntax 6 Vocabulary 6.1 Word formation processes 6.2 Word origins 6.3 English loanwords and calques in other languages 7 Writing system 8 Dialects , accents , and varieties 8.1 United Kingdom and Ireland 8.2 North America 8.3 Australia and New Zealand 8.4 Africa , the Caribbean , and South Asia 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Classification Anglic languages English Scots Anglo - Frisian languages Anglic and Frisian North Sea Germanic languages Anglo - Frisian and Low German / Low Saxon West Germanic languages North Sea Germanic and Dutch German Phylogenetic tree showing the historical relations between the languages of the West Germanic branch of the Germanic languages English is an Indo - European language and belongs to the West Germanic group of the Germanic languages . Old English originated from a Germanic tribal and linguistic continuum along the coast of the North Sea , whose languages are now known as the Anglo - Frisian subgroup within West Germanic . As such , the modern Frisian languages are the closest living relatives of Modern English . Low German / Low Saxon is also closely related , and sometimes English , the Frisian languages , and Low German are grouped together as the Ingvaeonic ( North Sea Germanic ) languages , though this grouping remains debated . Old English evolved into Middle English , which in turn evolved into Modern English . Particular dialects of Old and Middle English also developed into a number of other Anglic languages , including Scots and the extinct Fingallian and Forth and Bargy ( Yola ) dialects of Ireland . Like Icelandic and Faroese , the development of English on the British Isles isolated it from the continental Germanic languages and influences , and has since undergone substantial evolution . English is thus not mutually intelligible with any continental Germanic language , differing in vocabulary , syntax , and phonology , although some , such as Dutch or Frisian , do show strong affinities with English , especially with its earlier stages . Unlike Icelandic or Faroese , the long history of invasions of the British Isles by other peoples and languages , particularly Old Norse and Norman French , left a profound mark of their own on the language , such that English shares substantial vocabulary and grammar similarities with many languages outside its linguistic clades , while also being unintelligible with any of those languages . Some scholars have even argued that English can be considered a mixed language or a creole -- a theory called the Middle English creole hypothesis . Although the high degree of influence from these languages on the vocabulary and grammar of Modern English is widely acknowledged , most specialists in language contact do not consider English to be a true mixed language . English is classified as a Germanic language because it shares innovations with other Germanic languages such as Dutch , German , and Swedish . These shared innovations show that the languages have descended from a single common ancestor called Proto - Germanic . Some shared features of Germanic languages include the use of modal verbs , the division of verbs into strong and weak classes , and the sound changes affecting Proto - Indo - European consonants , known as Grimm 's and Verner 's laws . English is classified as an Anglo - Frisian language because Frisian and English share other features , such as the palatalisation of consonants that were velar consonants in Proto - Germanic ( see Phonological history of Old English § Palatalization ) . English sing , sang , sung ; Dutch zingen , zong , gezongen ; German singen , sang , gesungen ( strong verb ) English laugh , laughed ; Dutch and German lachen , lachte ( weak verb ) English foot , Dutch voet , German Fuß , Norwegian and Swedish fot ( initial / f / derived from Proto - Indo - European * p through Grimm 's law ) ( Compare Latin pes , stem ped - ; Modern Greek πόδι pódi ; Russian под pod ; Sanskrit पद् pád ) English cheese , Frisian tsiis ( ch and ts from palatalisation ) ; German Käse and Dutch kaas ( k without palatalisation ) History Main article : History of English Proto - Germanic to Old English Main article : Old English The opening to the Old English epic poem Beowulf , handwritten in half - uncial script : Hƿæt ƿē Gārde / na ingēar dagum þēod cyninga / þrym ge frunon ... `` Listen ! We of the Spear - Danes from days of yore have heard of the glory of the folk - kings ... '' The earliest form of English is called Old English or Anglo - Saxon ( c. 550 -- 1066 CE ) . Old English developed from a set of North Sea Germanic dialects originally spoken along the coasts of Frisia , Lower Saxony , Jutland , and Southern Sweden by Germanic tribes known as the Angles , Saxons , and Jutes . In the fifth century , the Anglo - Saxons settled Britain as the Roman economy and administration collapsed . By the seventh century , the Germanic language of the Anglo - Saxons became dominant in Britain , replacing the languages of Roman Britain ( 43 -- 409 CE ) : Common Brittonic , a Celtic language , and Latin , brought to Britain by the Roman occupation . England and English ( originally Ænglaland and Ænglisc ) are named after the Angles . Old English was divided into four dialects : the Anglian dialects , Mercian and Northumbrian , and the Saxon dialects , Kentish and West Saxon . Through the educational reforms of King Alfred in the ninth century and the influence of the kingdom of Wessex , the West Saxon dialect became the standard written variety . The epic poem Beowulf is written in West Saxon , and the earliest English poem , Cædmon 's Hymn , is written in Northumbrian . Modern English developed mainly from Mercian , but the Scots language developed from Northumbrian . A few short inscriptions from the early period of Old English were written using a runic script . By the sixth century , a Latin alphabet was adopted , written with half - uncial letterforms . It included the runic letters wynn ⟨ ƿ ⟩ and thorn ⟨ þ ⟩ , and the modified Latin letters eth ⟨ ð ⟩ , and ash ⟨ æ ⟩ . Old English is very different from Modern English and difficult for 21st - century English speakers to understand . Its grammar was similar to that of modern German , and its closest relative is Old Frisian . Nouns , adjectives , pronouns , and verbs had many more inflectional endings and forms , and word order was much freer than in Modern English . Modern English has case forms in pronouns ( he , him , his ) and a few verb endings ( I have , he has ) , but Old English had case endings in nouns as well , and verbs had more person and number endings . The translation of Matthew 8 : 20 from 1000 CE shows examples of case endings ( nominative plural , accusative plural , genitive singular ) and a verb ending ( present plural ) : Foxas habbað holu and heofonan fuglas nest Fox - as habb - að hol - u and heofon - an fugl - as nest - ∅ fox-NOM.PL have-PRS.PL hole-ACC.PL and heaven-GEN.SG bird-NOM.PL nest-ACC.PL `` Foxes have holes and the birds of heaven nests '' Middle English Main article : Middle English Englischmen þeyz hy hadde fram þe bygynnyng þre manner speche , Souþeron , Northeron , and Myddel speche in þe myddel of þe lond , ... Noþeles by comyxstion and mellyng , furst wiþ Danes , and afterward wiþ Normans , in menye þe contray longage ys asperyed , and som vseþ strange wlaffyng , chyteryng , harryng , and garryng grisbytting . Although , from the beginning , Englishmen had three manners of speaking , southern , northern and midlands speech in the middle of the country , ... Nevertheless , through intermingling and mixing , first with Danes and then with Normans , amongst many the country language has arisen , and some use strange stammering , chattering , snarling , and grating gnashing . `` '' John of Trevisa , ca . 1385 In the period from the 8th to the 12th century , Old English gradually transformed through language contact into Middle English . Middle English is often arbitrarily defined as beginning with the conquest of England by William the Conqueror in 1066 , but it developed further in the period from 1200 -- 1450 . First , the waves of Norse colonisation of northern parts of the British Isles in the 8th and 9th centuries put Old English into intense contact with Old Norse , a North Germanic language . Norse influence was strongest in the Northeastern varieties of Old English spoken in the Danelaw area around York , which was the centre of Norse colonisation ; today these features are still particularly present in Scots and Northern English . However the centre of norsified English seems to have been in the Midlands around Lindsey , and after 920 CE when Lindsey was reincorporated into the Anglo - Saxon polity , Norse features spread from there into English varieties that had not been in intense contact with Norse speakers . Some elements of Norse influence that persist in all English varieties today are the pronouns beginning with th - ( they , them , their ) which replaced the Anglo - Saxon pronouns with h - ( hie , him , hera ) . With the Norman conquest of England in 1066 , the now norsified Old English language was subject to contact with the Old Norman language , a Romance language closely related to Modern French . The Norman language in England eventually developed into Anglo - Norman . Because Norman was spoken primarily by the elites and nobles , while the lower classes continued speaking Anglo - Saxon , the influence of Norman consisted of introducing a wide range of loanwords related to politics , legislation and prestigious social domains . Middle English also greatly simplified the inflectional system , probably in order to reconcile Old Norse and Old English , which were inflectionally different but morphologically similar . The distinction between nominative and accusative case was lost except in personal pronouns , the instrumental case was dropped , and the use of the genitive case was limited to describing possession . The inflectional system regularised many irregular inflectional forms , and gradually simplified the system of agreement , making word order less flexible . By the Wycliffe Bible of the 1380s , the passage Matthew 8 : 20 was written Foxis han dennes , and briddis of heuene han nestis Here the plural suffix - n on the verb have is still retained , but none of the case endings on the nouns are present . By the 12th century Middle English was fully developed , integrating both Norse and Norman features ; it continued to be spoken until the transition to early Modern English around 1500 . Middle English literature includes Geoffrey Chaucer 's The Canterbury Tales , and Malory 's Le Morte d'Arthur . In the Middle English period , the use of regional dialects in writing proliferated , and dialect traits were even used for effect by authors such as Chaucer . Early Modern English Main article : Early Modern English Graphic representation of the Great Vowel Shift , showing how the pronunciation of the long vowels gradually shifted , with the high vowels i : and u : breaking into diphthongs and the lower vowels each shifting their pronunciation up one level The next period in the history of English was Early Modern English ( 1500 -- 1700 ) . Early Modern English was characterised by the Great Vowel Shift ( 1350 -- 1700 ) , inflectional simplification , and linguistic standardisation . The Great Vowel Shift affected the stressed long vowels of Middle English . It was a chain shift , meaning that each shift triggered a subsequent shift in the vowel system . Mid and open vowels were raised , and close vowels were broken into diphthongs . For example , the word bite was originally pronounced as the word beet is today , and the second vowel in the word about was pronounced as the word boot is today . The Great Vowel Shift explains many irregularities in spelling since English retains many spellings from Middle English , and it also explains why English vowel letters have very different pronunciations from the same letters in other languages . English began to rise in prestige , relative to Norman French , during the reign of Henry V. Around 1430 , the Court of Chancery in Westminster began using English in its official documents , and a new standard form of Middle English , known as Chancery Standard , developed from the dialects of London and the East Midlands . In 1476 , William Caxton introduced the printing press to England and began publishing the first printed books in London , expanding the influence of this form of English . Literature from the Early Modern period includes the works of William Shakespeare and the translation of the Bible commissioned by King James I. Even after the vowel shift the language still sounded different from Modern English : for example , the consonant clusters / kn ɡn sw / in knight , gnat , and sword were still pronounced . Many of the grammatical features that a modern reader of Shakespeare might find quaint or archaic represent the distinct characteristics of Early Modern English . In the 1611 King James Version of the Bible , written in Early Modern English , Matthew 8 : 20 says : The Foxes haue holes and the birds of the ayre haue nests This exemplifies the loss of case and its effects on sentence structure ( replacement with Subject - Verb - Object word order , and the use of of instead of the non-possessive genitive ) , and the introduction of loanwords from French ( ayre ) and word replacements ( bird originally meaning `` nestling '' had replaced OE fugol ) . Spread of Modern English By the late 18th century , the British Empire had facilitated the spread of English through its colonies and geopolitical dominance . Commerce , science and technology , diplomacy , art , and formal education all contributed to English becoming the first truly global language . English also facilitated worldwide international communication . As England continued to form new colonies , these , in turn , became independent and developed their own norms for how to speak and write the language . English was adopted in North America , India , parts of Africa , Australasia , and many other regions . In the post-colonial period , some of the newly created nations that had multiple indigenous languages opted to continue using English as the official language to avoid the political difficulties inherent in promoting any one indigenous language above the others . In the 20th century the growing economic and cultural influence of the United States and its status as a superpower following the Second World War has , along with worldwide broadcasting in English by the BBC and other broadcasters , significantly accelerated the spread of the language across the planet . By the 21st century , English was more widely spoken and written than any language has ever been . A major feature in the early development of Modern English was the codification of explicit norms for standard usage , and their dissemination through official media such as public education and state - sponsored publications . In 1755 Samuel Johnson published his A Dictionary of the English Language which introduced a standard set of spelling conventions and usage norms . In 1828 , Noah Webster published the American Dictionary of the English language in an effort to establish a norm for speaking and writing American English that was independent from the British standard . Within Britain , non-standard or lower class dialect features were increasingly stigmatised , leading to the quick spread of the prestige varieties among the middle classes . In terms of grammatical evolution , Modern English has now reached a stage where the loss of case is almost complete ( case is now only found in pronouns , such as he and him , she and her , who and whom ) , and where SVO word - order is mostly fixed . Some changes , such as the use of do - support have become universalised . ( Earlier English did not use the word `` do '' as a general auxiliary as Modern English does ; at first it was only used in question constructions where it was not obligatory . Now , do - support with the verb have is becoming increasingly standardised . ) The use of progressive forms in - ing , appears to be spreading to new constructions , and forms such as had been being built are becoming more common . Regularisation of irregular forms also slowly continues ( e.g. dreamed instead of dreamt ) , and analytical alternatives to inflectional forms are becoming more common ( e.g. more polite instead of politer ) . British English is also undergoing change under the influence of American English , fuelled by the strong presence of American English in the media and the prestige associated with the US as a world power . Geographical distribution See also : List of territorial entities where English is an official language , List of countries by English - speaking population , and English - speaking world Percentage of English native speakers . Percentage of English speakers by country . 80 -- 100 % 60 -- 80 % 40 -- 60 % 20 -- 40 % 0 -- 20 % Not available As of 2016 , 400 million people spoke English as their first language , and 1.1 billion spoke it as a secondary language . English is probably the third largest language by number of native speakers , after Mandarin and Spanish . However , when combining native and non-native speakers it may depending on the estimate used , be the most commonly spoken language in the world . English is spoken by communities on every continent and on oceanic islands in all the major oceans . The countries in which English is spoken can be grouped into different categories by how English is used in each country . The `` inner circle '' countries with many native speakers of English share an international standard of written English and jointly influence speech norms of English around the world . English does not belong to just one country , and it does not belong solely to descendants of English settlers . English is an official language of countries populated by few descendants of native speakers of English . It has also become by far the most important language of international communication when people who share no native language meet anywhere in the world . Three circles of English - speaking countries Braj Kachru distinguishes countries where English is spoken with a three circles model . In his model , the `` inner circle '' countries are countries with large communities of native speakers of English , `` outer circle '' countries have small communities of native speakers of English but widespread use of English as a second language in education or broadcasting or for local official purposes , and `` expanding circle '' countries are countries where many learners learn English as a foreign language . Kachru bases his model on the history of how English spread in different countries , how users acquire English , and the range of uses English has in each country . The three circles change membership over time . Braj Kachru 's Three Circles of English . Countries with large communities of native speakers of English ( the inner circle ) include Britain , the United States , Australia , Canada , Ireland , and New Zealand , where the majority speaks English , and South Africa , where a significant minority speaks English . The countries with the most native English speakers are , in descending order , the United States ( at least 231 million ) , the United Kingdom ( 60 million ) , Canada ( 19 million ) , Australia ( at least 17 million ) , South Africa ( 4.8 million ) , Ireland ( 4.2 million ) , and New Zealand ( 3.7 million ) . In these countries , children of native speakers learn English from their parents , and local people who speak other languages or new immigrants learn English to communicate in their neighbourhoods and workplaces . The inner - circle countries provide the base from which English spreads to other countries in the world . Estimates of the number of English speakers who are second language and foreign - language speakers vary greatly from 470 million to more than 1,000 million depending on how proficiency is defined . Linguist David Crystal estimates that non-native speakers now outnumber native speakers by a ratio of 3 to 1 . In Kachru 's three - circles model , the `` outer circle '' countries are countries such as the Philippines , Jamaica , India , Pakistan , Singapore , and Nigeria with a much smaller proportion of native speakers of English but much use of English as a second language for education , government , or domestic business , and where English is routinely used for school instruction and official interactions with the government . Those countries have millions of native speakers of dialect continua ranging from an English - based creole to a more standard version of English . They have many more speakers of English who acquire English in the process of growing up through day by day use and listening to broadcasting , especially if they attend schools where English is the medium of instruction . Varieties of English learned by speakers who are not native speakers born to English - speaking parents may be influenced , especially in their grammar , by the other languages spoken by those learners . Most of those varieties of English include words little used by native speakers of English in the inner - circle countries , and they may have grammatical and phonological differences from inner - circle varieties as well . The standard English of the inner - circle countries is often taken as a norm for use of English in the outer - circle countries . In the three - circles model , countries such as Poland , China , Brazil , Germany , Japan , Indonesia , Egypt , and other countries where English is taught as a foreign language make up the `` expanding circle '' . The distinctions between English as a first language , as a second language , and as a foreign language are often debatable and may change in particular countries over time . For example , in the Netherlands and some other countries of Europe , knowledge of English as a second language is nearly universal , with over 80 percent of the population able to use it , and thus English is routinely used to communicate with foreigners and often in higher education . In these countries , although English is not used for government business , its widespread use puts them at the boundary between the `` outer circle '' and `` expanding circle '' . English is unusual among world languages in how many of its users are not native speakers but speakers of English as a second or foreign language . Many users of English in the expanding circle use it to communicate with other people from the expanding circle , so that interaction with native speakers of English plays no part in their decision to use English . Non-native varieties of English are widely used for international communication , and speakers of one such variety often encounter features of other varieties . Very often today a conversation in English anywhere in the world may include no native speakers of English at all , even while including speakers from several different countries . Pie chart showing the percentage of native English speakers living in `` inner circle '' English - speaking countries . Native speakers are now substantially outnumbered worldwide by second - language speakers of English ( not counted in this chart ) . US ( 64.3 % ) UK ( 16.7 % ) Canada ( 5.3 % ) Australia ( 4.7 % ) South Africa ( 1.3 % ) Ireland ( 1.1 % ) New Zealand ( 1 % ) Other ( 5.6 % ) Pluricentric English English is a pluricentric language , which means that no one national authority sets the standard for use of the language . But English is not a divided language , despite a long - standing joke originally attributed to George Bernard Shaw that the United Kingdom and the United States are `` two countries separated by a common language '' . Spoken English , for example English used in broadcasting , generally follows national pronunciation standards that are also established by custom rather than by regulation . International broadcasters are usually identifiable as coming from one country rather than another through their accents , but newsreader scripts are also composed largely in international standard written English . The norms of standard written English are maintained purely by the consensus of educated English - speakers around the world , without any oversight by any government or international organisation . American listeners generally readily understand most British broadcasting , and British listeners readily understand most American broadcasting . Most English speakers around the world can understand radio programmes , television programmes , and films from many parts of the English - speaking world . Both standard and non-standard varieties of English can include both formal or informal styles , distinguished by word choice and syntax and use both technical and non-technical registers . The settlement history of the English - speaking inner circle countries outside Britain helped level dialect distinctions and produce koineised forms of English in South Africa , Australia , and New Zealand . The majority of immigrants to the United States without British ancestry rapidly adopted English after arrival . Now the majority of the United States population are monolingual English speakers , although English has been given official status by only 30 of the 50 state governments of the US . English as a global language See also : Foreign language influences in English and Study of global communication English has ceased to be an `` English language '' in the sense of belonging only to people who are ethnically English . Use of English is growing country - by - country internally and for international communication . Most people learn English for practical rather than ideological reasons . Many speakers of English in Africa have become part of an `` Afro - Saxon '' language community that unites Africans from different countries . As decolonisation proceeded throughout the British Empire in the 1950s and 1960s , former colonies often did not reject English but rather continued to use it as independent countries setting their own language policies . For example , the view of the English language among many Indians has gone from associating it with colonialism to associating it with economic progress , and English continues to be an official language of India . English is also widely used in media and literature , and the number of English language books published annually in India is the third largest in the world after the US and UK . However English is rarely spoken as a first language , numbering only around a couple hundred thousand people , and less than 5 % of the population speak fluent English in India . David Crystal claimed in 2004 that , combining native and non-native speakers , India now has more people who speak or understand English than any other country in the world , but the number of English speakers in India is very uncertain , with most scholars concluding that the United States still has more speakers of English than India . Modern English , sometimes described as the first global lingua franca , is also regarded as the first world language . English is the world 's most widely used language in newspaper publishing , book publishing , international telecommunications , scientific publishing , international trade , mass entertainment , and diplomacy . English is , by international treaty , the basis for the required controlled natural languages Seaspeak and Airspeak , used as international languages of seafaring and aviation . English used to have parity with French and German in scientific research , but now it dominates that field . It achieved parity with French as a language of diplomacy at the Treaty of Versailles negotiations in 1919 . By the time of the foundation of the United Nations at the end of World War II , English had become pre-eminent and is now the main worldwide language of diplomacy and international relations . It is one of six official languages of the United Nations . Many other worldwide international organisations , including the International Olympic Committee , specify English as a working language or official language of the organisation . Many regional international organisations such as the European Free Trade Association , Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) , and Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) set English as their organisation 's sole working language even though most members are not countries with a majority of native English speakers . While the European Union ( EU ) allows member states to designate any of the national languages as an official language of the Union , in practice English is the main working language of EU organisations . Although in most countries English is not an official language , it is currently the language most often taught as a foreign language . In the countries of the EU , English is the most widely spoken foreign language in nineteen of the twenty - five member states where it is not an official language ( that is , the countries other than the UK , Ireland and Malta ) . In a 2012 official Eurobarometer poll , 38 percent of the EU respondents outside the countries where English is an official language said they could speak English well enough to have a conversation in that language . The next most commonly mentioned foreign language , French ( which is the most widely known foreign language in the UK and Ireland ) , could be used in conversation by 12 percent of respondents . A working knowledge of English has become a requirement in a number of occupations and professions such as medicine and computing . English has become so important in scientific publishing that more than 80 percent of all scientific journal articles indexed by Chemical Abstracts in 1998 were written in English , as were 90 percent of all articles in natural science publications by 1996 and 82 percent of articles in humanities publications by 1995 . Specialised subsets of English arise spontaneously in international communities , for example , among international business people , as an auxiliary language . This has led some scholars to develop the study of English as an auxiliary languages . Globish uses a relatively small subset of English vocabulary ( about 1500 words with highest use in international business English ) in combination with the standard English grammar . Other examples include Simple English . The increased use of the English language globally has had an effect on other languages , leading to some English words being assimilated into the vocabularies of other languages . This influence of English has led to concerns about language death , and to claims of linguistic imperialism , and has provoked resistance to the spread of English ; however the number of speakers continues to increase because many people around the world think that English provides them with opportunities for better employment and improved lives . Although some scholars mention a possibility of future divergence of English dialects into mutually unintelligible languages , most think a more likely outcome is that English will continue to function as a koineised language in which the standard form unifies speakers from around the world . English is used as the language for wider communication in countries around the world . Thus English has grown in worldwide use much more than any constructed language proposed as an international auxiliary language , including Esperanto . Phonology Main article : English phonology The phonetics and phonology of the English language differ from one dialect to another , usually without interfering with mutual communication . Phonological variation affects the inventory of phonemes ( i.e. speech sounds that distinguish meaning ) , and phonetic variation is differences in pronunciation of the phonemes . This overview mainly describes the standard pronunciations of the United Kingdom and the United States : Received Pronunciation ( RP ) and General American ( GA ) ( See Section below on `` Dialects , accents and varieties '' ) . The phonetic symbols used below are from the International Phonetic Alphabet ( IPA ) . Consonants Main article : English phonology § Consonants Most English dialects share the same 24 consonant phonemes . The consonant inventory shown below is valid for Californian American English , and for RP . Consonant phonemes Labial Dental Alveolar Post - alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Nasal m n ŋ Stop p d k ɡ Affricate tʃ dʒ Fricative f θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h Approximant l ɹ * j w * Conventionally transcribed / r / . In the table , when obstruents ( stops , affricates , and fricatives ) appear in pairs , such as / pb / , / tʃ dʒ / , and / sz / , the first is fortis ( strong ) and the second is lenis ( weak ) . Fortis obstruents , such as / p tʃ s / are pronounced with more muscular tension and breath force than lenis consonants , such as / b dʒ z / , and are always voiceless . Lenis consonants are partly voiced at the beginning and end of utterances , and fully voiced between vowels . Fortis stops such as / p / have additional articulatory or acoustic features in most dialects : they are aspirated ( ph ) when they occur alone at the beginning of a stressed syllable , often unaspirated in other cases , and often unreleased ( p̚ ) or pre-glottalised ( ˀp ) at the end of a syllable . In a single - syllable word , a vowel before a fortis stop is shortened : thus nip has a noticeably shorter vowel ( phonetically , but not phonemically ) than nib ( nɪˑp̬ ) ( see below ) . lenis stops : bin ( b̥ɪˑn ) , about ( əˈbaʊt ) , nib ( nɪˑb̥ ) fortis stops : pin ( ˈphɪn ) , spin ( spɪn ) , happy ( ˈhæpi ) , nip ( ˈnɪp̚ ) or ( ˈnɪˀp ) In RP , the lateral approximant / l / , has two main allophones ( pronunciation variants ) : the clear or plain ( l ) , as in light , and the dark or velarised ( ɫ ) , as in full . GA has dark l in most cases . clear l : RP light ( laɪt ) dark l : RP and GA full ( fʊɫ ) , GA light ( ɫaɪt ) All sonorants ( liquids / l , r / and nasals / m , n , ŋ / ) devoice when following a voiceless obstruent , and they are syllabic when following a consonant at the end of a word . voiceless sonorants : clay ( ˈkl̥ɛɪ̯ ) and snow ( ˈsn̥oʊ ) syllabic sonorants : paddle ( pad. l̩ ) , and button ( bʌt. n̩ ) Vowels Main article : English phonology § Vowels The pronunciation of vowels varies a great deal between dialects and is one of the most detectable aspects of a speaker 's accent . The table below lists the vowel phonemes in Received Pronunciation ( RP ) and General American ( GA ) , with examples of words in which they occur from lexical sets compiled by linguists . The vowels are represented with symbols from the International Phonetic Alphabet ; those given for RP are standard in British dictionaries and other publications . monophthongs RP GA word iː i need ɪ bid ɛ bed æ back monophthongs RP GA word ( ɪ ) ɨ roses ə comma ɜː ɜr bird ʌ but monophthongs RP GA word uː u food ʊ good ɔː ɔ paw ɒ cloth ɑ box ɑː bra diphthongs RP GA word eɪ bay əʊ oʊ road aɪ cry aʊ cow ɔɪ boy In RP , vowel length is phonemic ; long vowels are marked with a triangular colon ⟨ ː ⟩ in the table above , such as the vowel of need ( niːd ) as opposed to bid ( bɪd ) . GA does not have long vowels . In both RP and GA , vowels are phonetically shortened before fortis consonants in the same syllable , like / t tʃ f / , but not before lenis consonants like / d dʒ v / or in open syllables : thus , the vowels of rich ( rɪ̆tʃ ) , neat ( niˑt ) , and safe ( sĕɪ̆f ) are noticeably shorter than the vowels of ridge ( rɪdʒ ) , need ( niːd ) , and save ( seɪv ) , and the vowel of light ( lăɪ̆t ) is shorter than that of lie ( laɪ ) . Because lenis consonants are frequently voiceless at the end of a syllable , vowel length is an important cue as to whether the following consonant is lenis or fortis . The vowels / ɨ ə / only occur in unstressed syllables and are a result of vowel reduction . Some dialects do not distinguish them , so that roses and comma end in the same vowel , a dialect feature called weak - vowel merger . GA has an unstressed r - coloured schwa / ɚ / , as in butter ( ˈbʌtɚ ) , which in RP has the same vowel as the word - final vowel in comma . Phonotactics An English syllable includes a syllable nucleus consisting of a vowel sound . Syllable onset and coda ( start and end ) are optional . A syllable can start with up to three consonant sounds , as in sprint / sprɪnt / , and end with up to four , as in texts / teksts / . This gives an English syllable the following structure , ( CCC ) V ( CCCC ) where C represents a consonant and V a vowel ; the word strengths / strɛŋkθs / is thus an example of the most complex syllable possible in English . The consonants that may appear together in onsets or codas are restricted , as is the order in which they may appear . Onsets can only have four types of consonant clusters : a stop and approximant , as in play ; a voiceless fricative and approximant , as in fly or sly ; s and a voiceless stop , as in stay ; and s , a voiceless stop , and an approximant , as in string . Clusters of nasal and stop are only allowed in codas . Clusters of obstruents always agree invoicing , and clusters of sibilants and of plosives with the same point of articulation are prohibited . Furthermore , several consonants have limited distributions : / h / can only occur in syllable - initial position , and / ŋ / only in syllable - final position . Stress , rhythm and intonation See also : Stress and vowel reduction in English and Intonation in English Stress plays an important role in English . Certain syllables are stressed , while others are unstressed . Stress is a combination of duration , intensity , vowel quality , and sometimes changes in pitch . Stressed syllables are pronounced longer and louder than unstressed syllables , and vowels in unstressed syllables are frequently reduced while vowels in stressed syllables are not . Some words , primarily short function words but also some modal verbs such as can , have weak and strong forms depending on whether they occur in stressed or non-stressed position within a sentence . Stress in English is phonemic , and some pairs of words are distinguished by stress . For instance , the word contract is stressed on the first syllable ( / ˈkɒntrækt / KON - trakt ) when used as a noun , but on the last syllable ( / kənˈtrækt / kən - TRAKT ) for most meanings ( for example , `` reduce in size '' ) when used as a verb . Here stress is connected to vowel reduction : in the noun `` contract '' the first syllable is stressed and has the unreduced vowel / ɒ / , but in the verb `` contract '' the first syllable is unstressed and its vowel is reduced to / ə / . Stress is also used to distinguish between words and phrases , so that a compound word receives a single stress unit , but the corresponding phrase has two : e.g. to búrn óut versus a búrnout , and a hótdog versus a hót dóg . In terms of rhythm , English is generally described as a stress - timed language , meaning that the amount of time between stressed syllables tends to be equal . Stressed syllables are pronounced longer , but unstressed syllables ( syllables between stresses ) are shortened . Vowels in unstressed syllables are shortened as well , and vowel shortening causes changes in vowel quality : vowel reduction . Regional variation ( show ) Varieties of Standard English and their features Phonological features United States Canada Republic of Ireland Northern Ireland Scotland England Wales South Africa Australia New Zealand father -- bother merger yes yes / ɒ / is unrounded yes yes yes / ɜːr / is pronounced ( ɚ ) yes yes yes yes cot -- caught merger possibly yes possibly yes yes fool -- full merger yes yes / t , d / flapping ( latter - ladder merger ) yes yes possibly often rarely rarely rarely rarely yes often trap -- bath split possibly possibly yes yes yes often yes non-rhotic ( / r / - dropping after vowels ) yes yes yes yes yes close vowels for / æ , ɛ / yes yes yes / l / can always be pronounced ( ɫ ) yes yes yes yes yes yes / ɑːr / is fronted possibly yes yes Dialects and low vowels word RP GA Can sound change THOUGHT / ɔ / / ɔ / or / ɑ / / ɑ / cot -- caught merger CLOTH / ɒ / lot -- cloth split LOT / ɑ / father -- bother merger PALM / ɑː / PLANT / æ / / æ / trap -- bath split BATH TRAP / æ / Varieties of English vary the most in pronunciation of vowels . The best known national varieties used as standards for education in non English - speaking countries are British ( BrE ) and American ( AmE ) . Countries such as Canada , Australia , Ireland , New Zealand and South Africa have their own standard varieties which are less often used as standards for education internationally . Some differences between the various dialects are shown in the table `` Varieties of Standard English and their features '' . English has undergone many historical sound changes , some of them affecting all varieties , and others affecting only a few . Most standard varieties are affected by the Great Vowel Shift , which changed the pronunciation of long vowels , but a few dialects have slightly different results . In North America , a number of chain shifts such as the Northern Cities Vowel Shift and Canadian Shift have produced very different vowel landscapes in some regional accents . Some dialects have fewer or more consonant phonemes and phones than the standard varieties . Some conservative varieties like Scottish English have a voiceless ( ʍ ) sound in whine that contrasts with the voiced ( w ) in wine , but most other dialects pronounce both words with voiced ( w ) , a dialect feature called wine -- whine merger . The unvoiced velar fricative sound / x / is found in Scottish English , which distinguishes loch / lɔx / from lock / lɔk / . Accents like Cockney with `` h - dropping '' lack the glottal fricative / h / , and dialects with th - stopping and th - fronting like African American Vernacular and Estuary English do not have the dental fricatives / θ , ð / , but replace them with dental or alveolar stops / t , d / or labiodental fricatives / f , v / . Other changes affecting the phonology of local varieties are processes such as yod - dropping , yod - coalescence , and reduction of consonant clusters . General American and Received Pronunciation vary in their pronunciation of historical / r / after a vowel at the end of a syllable ( in the syllable coda ) . GA is a rhotic dialect , meaning that it pronounces / r / at the end of a syllable , but RP is non-rhotic , meaning that it loses / r / in that position . English dialects are classified as rhotic or non-rhotic depending on whether they elide / r / like RP or keep it like GA . There is complex dialectal variation in words with the open front and open back vowels / æ ɑː ɒ ɔː / . These four vowels are only distinguished in RP , Australia , New Zealand and South Africa . In GA , these vowels merge to three / æ ɑ ɔ / , and in Canadian English , they merge to two / æ ɑ / . In addition , the words that have each vowel vary by dialect . The table `` Dialects and open vowels '' shows this variation with lexical sets in which these sounds occur . Grammar Main article : English grammar As is typical of an Indo - European language , English follows accusative morphosyntactic alignment . Unlike other Indo - European languages though , English has largely abandoned the inflectional case system in favor of analytic constructions . Only the personal pronouns retain morphological case more strongly than any other word class . English distinguishes at least seven major word classes : verbs , nouns , adjectives , adverbs , determiners ( including articles ) , prepositions , and conjunctions . Some analyses add pronouns as a class separate from nouns , and subdivide conjunctions into subordinators and coordinators , and add the class of interjections . English also has a rich set of auxiliary verbs , such as have and do , expressing the categories of mood and aspect . Questions are marked by do - support , wh - movement ( fronting of question words beginning with wh - ) and word order inversion with some verbs . Some traits typical of Germanic languages persist in English , such as the distinction between irregularly inflected strong stems inflected through ablaut ( i.e. changing the vowel of the stem , as in the pairs speak / spoke and foot / feet ) and weak stems inflected through affixation ( such as love / loved , hand / hands ) . Vestiges of the case and gender system are found in the pronoun system ( he / him , who / whom ) and in the inflection of the copula verb to be . The seven word classes are exemplified in this sample sentence : The chairman of the committee and the loquacious politician clashed violently when the meeting started . Det . Noun Prep . Det . Noun Conj . Det . Adj . Noun Verb Advb . Conj . Det . Noun Verb Nouns and noun phrases English nouns are only inflected for number and possession . New nouns can be formed through derivation or compounding . They are semantically divided into proper nouns ( names ) and common nouns . Common nouns are in turn divided into concrete and abstract nouns , and grammatically into count nouns and mass nouns . Most count nouns are inflected for plural number through the use of the plural suffix - s , but a few nouns have irregular plural forms . Mass nouns can only be pluralised through the use of a count noun classifier , e.g. one loaf of bread , two loaves of bread . Regular plural formation : Singular : cat , dog Plural : cats , dogs Irregular plural formation : Singular : man , woman , foot , fish , ox , knife , mouse Plural : men , women , feet , fish , oxen , knives , mice Possession can be expressed either by the possessive enclitic - s ( also traditionally called a genitive suffix ) , or by the preposition of . Historically the - s possessive has been used for animate nouns , whereas the of possessive has been reserved for inanimate nouns . Today this distinction is less clear , and many speakers use - s also with inanimates . Orthographically the possessive - s is separated from the noun root with an apostrophe . Possessive constructions : With - s : The woman 's husband 's child With of : The child of the husband of the woman Nouns can form noun phrases ( NPs ) where they are the syntactic head of the words that depend on them such as determiners , quantifiers , conjunctions or adjectives . Noun phrases can be short , such as the man , composed only of a determiner and a noun . They can also include modifiers such as adjectives ( e.g. red , tall , all ) and specifiers such as determiners ( e.g. the , that ) . But they can also tie together several nouns into a single long NP , using conjunctions such as and , or prepositions such as with , e.g. the tall man with the long red trousers and his skinny wife with the spectacles ( this NP uses conjunctions , prepositions , specifiers , and modifiers ) . Regardless of length , an NP functions as a syntactic unit . For example , the possessive enclitic can , in cases which do not lead to ambiguity , follow the entire noun phrase , as in The President of India 's wife , where the enclitic follows India and not President . The class of determiners is used to specify the noun they precede in terms of definiteness , where the marks a definite noun and a or an an indefinite one . A definite noun is assumed by the speaker to be already known by the interlocutor , whereas an indefinite noun is not specified as being previously known . Quantifiers , which include one , many , some and all , are used to specify the noun in terms of quantity or number . The noun must agree with the number of the determiner , e.g. one man ( sg . ) but all men ( pl . ) . Determiners are the first constituents in a noun phrase . Adjectives Adjectives modify a noun by providing additional information about their referents . In English , adjectives come before the nouns they modify and after determiners . In Modern English , adjectives are not inflected , and they do not agree in form with the noun they modify , as adjectives in most other Indo - European languages do . For example , in the phrases the slender boy , and many slender girls , the adjective slender does not change form to agree with either the number or gender of the noun . Some adjectives are inflected for degree of comparison , with the positive degree unmarked , the suffix - er marking the comparative , and - est marking the superlative : a small boy , the boy is smaller than the girl , that boy is the smallest . Some adjectives have irregular comparative and superlative forms , such as good , better , and best . Other adjectives have comparatives formed by periphrastic constructions , with the adverb more marking the comparative , and most marking the superlative : happier or more happy , the happiest or most happy . There is some variation among speakers regarding which adjectives use inflected or periphrastic comparison , and some studies have shown a tendency for the periphrastic forms to become more common at the expense of the inflected form . Pronouns , case , and person English pronouns conserve many traits of case and gender inflection . The personal pronouns retain a difference between subjective and objective case in most persons ( I / me , he / him , she / her , we / us , they / them ) as well as a gender and animateness distinction in the third person singular ( distinguishing he / she / it ) . The subjective case corresponds to the Old English nominative case , and the objective case is used both in the sense of the previous accusative case ( in the role of patient , or direct object of a transitive verb ) , and in the sense of the Old English dative case ( in the role of a recipient or indirect object of a transitive verb ) . Subjective case is used when the pronoun is the subject of a finite clause , and otherwise , the objective case is used . While grammarians such as Henry Sweet and Otto Jespersen noted that the English cases did not correspond to the traditional Latin based system , some contemporary grammars , for example Huddleston & Pullum ( 2002 ) , retain traditional labels for the cases , calling them nominative and accusative cases respectively . Possessive pronouns exist in dependent and independent forms ; the dependent form functions as a determiner specifying a noun ( as in my chair ) , while the independent form can stand alone as if it were a noun ( e.g. the chair is mine ) . The English system of grammatical person no longer has a distinction between formal and informal pronouns of address ( the old 2nd person singular familiar pronoun thou acquired a pejorative or inferior tinge of meaning and was abandoned ) , and the forms for 2nd person plural and singular are identical except in the reflexive form . Some dialects have introduced innovative 2nd person plural pronouns such as y'all found in Southern American English and African American ( Vernacular ) English or youse and ye found in Irish English . English personal pronouns Person Subjective case Objective case Dependent possessive Independent possessive Reflexive 1st p. sg . me my mine myself 2nd p. sg . you you your yours yourself 3rd p. sg . he / she / it him / her / it his / her / its his / hers / its himself / herself / itself 1st p. pl . we us our ours ourselves 2nd p. pl . you you your yours yourselves 3rd p. pl they them their theirs themselves Pronouns are used to refer to entities deictically or anaphorically . A deictic pronoun points to some person or object by identifying it relative to the speech situation -- for example , the pronoun I identifies the speaker , and the pronoun you , the addressee . Anaphorical pronouns such as that refer back to an entity already mentioned or assumed by the speaker to be known by the audience , for example in the sentence I already told you that . The reflexive pronouns are used when the oblique argument is identical to the subject of a phrase ( e.g. `` he sent it to himself '' or `` she braced herself for impact '' ) . Prepositions Prepositional phrases ( PP ) are phrases composed of a preposition and one or more nouns , e.g. with the dog , for my friend , to school , in England . Prepositions have a wide range of uses in English . They are used to describe movement , place , and other relations between different entities , but they also have many syntactic uses such as introducing complement clauses and oblique arguments of verbs . For example , in the phrase I gave it to him , the preposition to marks the recipient , or Indirect Object of the verb to give . Traditionally words were only considered prepositions if they governed the case of the noun they preceded , for example causing the pronouns to use the objective rather than subjective form , `` with her '' , `` to me '' , `` for us '' . But some contemporary grammars such as that of Huddleston & Pullum ( 2002 : 598 -- 600 ) no longer consider government of case to be the defining feature of the class of prepositions , rather defining prepositions as words that can function as the heads of prepositional phrases . Verbs and verb phrases English verbs are inflected for tense and aspect and marked for agreement with third person singular subject . Only the copula verb to be is still inflected for agreement with the plural and first and second person subjects . Auxiliary verbs such as have and be are paired with verbs in the infinitive , past , or progressive forms . They form complex tenses , aspects , and moods . Auxiliary verbs differ from other verbs in that they can be followed by the negation , and in that they can occur as the first constituent in a question sentence . Most verbs have six inflectional forms . The primary forms are a plain present , a third person singular present , and a preterite ( past ) form . The secondary forms are a plain form used for the infinitive , a gerund - participle and a past participle . The copula verb to be is the only verb to retain some of its original conjugation , and takes different inflectional forms depending on the subject . The first person present tense form is am , the third person singular form is and the form are is used second person singular and all three plurals . The only verb past participle is been and its gerund - participle is being . English inflectional forms Inflection Strong Regular Plain present take love 3rd person sg . present takes loves Preterite took loved Plain ( infinitive ) take love Gerund -- participle taking loving Past participle taken loved Tense , aspect and mood English has two primary tenses , past ( preterit ) and non-past . The preterit is inflected by using the preterit form of the verb , which for the regular verbs includes the suffix - ed , and for the strong verbs either the suffix - t or a change in the stem vowel . The non-past form is unmarked except in the third person singular , which takes the suffix - s . Present Preterite First person I run I ran Second person You run You ran Third person John runs John ran English does not have a morphologised future tense . Futurity of action is expressed periphrastically with one of the auxiliary verbs will or shall . Many varieties also use a near future constructed with the phrasal verb be going to . Future First person I will run Second person You will run Third person John will run Further aspectual distinctions are encoded by the use of auxiliary verbs , primarily have and be , which encode the contrast between a perfect and non-perfect past tense ( I have run vs. I was running ) , and compound tenses such as preterite perfect ( I had been running ) and present perfect ( I have been running ) . For the expression of mood , English uses a number of modal auxiliaries , such as can , may , will , shall and the past tense forms could , might , would , should . There is also a subjunctive and an imperative mood , both based on the plain form of the verb ( i.e. without the third person singular - s ) , and which is used in subordinate clauses ( e.g. subjunctive : It is important that he run every day ; imperative Run ! ) . An infinitive form , that uses the plain form of the verb and the preposition to , is used for verbal clauses that are syntactically subordinate to a finite verbal clause . Finite verbal clauses are those that are formed around a verb in the present or preterit form . In clauses with auxiliary verbs , they are the finite verbs and the main verb is treated as a subordinate clause . For example , he has to go where only the auxiliary verb have is inflected for time and the main verb to go is in the infinitive , or in a complement clause such as I saw him leave , where the main verb is to see which is in a preterite form , and leave is in the infinitive . Phrasal verbs English also makes frequent use of constructions traditionally called phrasal verbs , verb phrases that are made up of a verb root and a preposition or particle which follows the verb . The phrase then functions as a single predicate . In terms of intonation the preposition is fused to the verb , but in writing it is written as a separate word . Examples of phrasal verbs are to get up , to ask out , to back up , to give up , to get together , to hang out , to put up with , etc . The phrasal verb frequently has a highly idiomatic meaning that is more specialised and restricted than what can be simply extrapolated from the combination of verb and preposition complement ( e.g. lay off meaning terminate someone 's employment ) . In spite of the idiomatic meaning , some grammarians , including Huddleston & Pullum ( 2002 ) : 274 , do not consider this type of construction to form a syntactic constituent and hence refrain from using the term `` phrasal verb '' . Instead , they consider the construction simply to be a verb with a prepositional phrase as its syntactic complement , i.e. he woke up in the morning and he ran up in the mountains are syntactically equivalent . Adverbs The function of adverbs is to modify the action or event described by the verb by providing additional information about the manner in which it occurs . Many adverbs are derived from adjectives with the suffix - ly , but not all , and many speakers tend to omit the suffix in the most commonly used adverbs . For example , in the phrase the woman walked quickly the adverb quickly derived from the adjective quick describes the woman 's way of walking . Some commonly used adjectives have irregular adverbial forms , such as good which has the adverbial form well . Syntax In the English sentence The cat sat on the mat , the subject is the cat ( a NP ) , the verb is sat , and on the mat is a prepositional phrase ( composed of an NP the mat , and headed by the preposition on ) . The tree describes the structure of the sentence . Modern English syntax language is moderately analytic . It has developed features such as modal verbs and word order as resources for conveying meaning . Auxiliary verbs mark constructions such as questions , negative polarity , the passive voice and progressive aspect . Basic constituent order English word order has moved from the Germanic verb - second ( V2 ) word order to being almost exclusively subject -- verb -- object ( SVO ) . The combination of SVO order and use of auxiliary verbs often creates clusters of two or more verbs at the centre of the sentence , such as he had hoped to try to open it . In most sentences , English only marks grammatical relations through word order . The subject constituent precedes the verb and the object constituent follows it . The example below demonstrates how the grammatical roles of each constituent is marked only by the position relative to the verb : The dog bites the man V O The man bites the dog V O An exception is found in sentences where one of the constituents is a pronoun , in which case it is doubly marked , both by word order and by case inflection , where the subject pronoun precedes the verb and takes the subjective case form , and the object pronoun follows the verb and takes the objective case form . The example below demonstrates this double marking in a sentence where both object and subject is represented with a third person singular masculine pronoun : He hit him V O Indirect objects ( IO ) of ditransitive verbs can be placed either as the first object in a double object construction ( SV IO O ) , such as I gave Jane the book or in a prepositional phrase , such as I gave the book to Jane Clause syntax Main article : English clause syntax In English a sentence may be composed of one or more clauses , that may , in turn , be composed of one or more phrases ( e.g. Noun Phrases , Verb Phrases , and Prepositional Phrases ) . A clause is built around a verb and includes its constituents , such as any NPs and PPs . Within a sentence , one clause is always the main clause ( or matrix clause ) whereas other clauses are subordinate to it . Subordinate clauses may function as arguments of the verb in the main clause . For example , in the phrase I think ( that ) you are lying , the main clause is headed by the verb think , the subject is I , but the object of the phrase is the subordinate clause ( that ) you are lying . The subordinating conjunction that shows that the clause that follows is a subordinate clause , but it is often omitted . Relative clauses are clauses that function as a modifier or specifier to some constituent in the main clause : For example , in the sentence I saw the letter that you received today , the relative clause that you received today specifies the meaning of the word letter , the object of the main clause . Relative clauses can be introduced by the pronouns who , whose , whom and which as well as by that ( which can also be omitted . ) In contrast to many other Germanic languages there is no major differences between word order in main and subordinate clauses . Auxiliary verb constructions Main articles : Do - support and Subject -- auxiliary inversion English syntax relies on auxiliary verbs for many functions including the expression of tense , aspect , and mood . Auxiliary verbs form main clauses , and the main verbs function as heads of a subordinate clause of the auxiliary verb . For example , in the sentence the dog did not find its bone , the clause find its bone is the complement of the negated verb did not . Subject -- auxiliary inversion is used in many constructions , including focus , negation , and interrogative constructions . The verb do can be used as an auxiliary even in simple declarative sentences , where it usually serves to add emphasis , as in `` I did shut the fridge . '' However , in the negated and inverted clauses referred to above , it is used because the rules of English syntax permit these constructions only when an auxiliary is present . Modern English does not allow the addition of the negating adverb not to an ordinary finite lexical verb , as in * I know not -- it can only be added to an auxiliary ( or copular ) verb , hence if there is no other auxiliary present when negation is required , the auxiliary do is used , to produce a form like I do not ( do n't ) know . The same applies in clauses requiring inversion , including most questions -- inversion must involve the subject and an auxiliary verb , so it is not possible to say * Know you him ? ; grammatical rules require Do you know him ? Negation is done with the adverb not , which precedes the main verb and follows an auxiliary verb . A contracted form of not - n't can be used as an enclitic attaching to auxiliary verbs and to the copula verb to be . Just as with questions , many negative constructions require the negation to occur with do - support , thus in Modern English I do n't know him is the correct answer to the question Do you know him ? , but not * I know him not , although this construction may be found in older English . Passive constructions also use auxiliary verbs . A passive construction rephrases an active construction in such a way that the object of the active phrase becomes the subject of the passive phrase , and the subject of the active phrase is either omitted or demoted to a role as an oblique argument introduced in a prepositional phrase . They are formed by using the past participle either with the auxiliary verb to be or to get , although not all varieties of English allow the use of passives with get . For example , putting the sentence she sees him into the passive becomes he is seen ( by her ) , or he gets seen ( by her ) . Questions Both yes -- no questions and wh - questions in English are mostly formed using subject -- auxiliary inversion ( Am I going tomorrow ? , Where can we eat ? ) , which may require do - support ( Do you like her ? , Where did he go ? ) . In most cases , interrogative words ( wh - words ; e.g. what , who , where , when , why , how ) appear in a fronted position . For example , in the question What did you see ? , the word what appears as the first constituent despite being the grammatical object of the sentence . ( When the wh - word is the subject or forms part of the subject , no inversion occurs : Who saw the cat ? . ) Prepositional phrases can also be fronted when they are the question 's theme , e.g. To whose house did you go last night ? . The personal interrogative pronoun who is the only interrogative pronoun to still show inflection for case , with the variant whom serving as the objective case form , although this form may be going out of use in many contexts . Discourse level syntax While English is a subject - prominent language , at the discourse level it tends to use a topic - comment structure , where the known information ( topic ) precedes the new information ( comment ) . Because of the strict SVO syntax , the topic of a sentence generally has to be the grammatical subject of the sentence . In cases where the topic is not the grammatical subject of the sentence , frequently the topic is promoted to subject position through syntactic means . One way of doing this is through a passive construction , the girl was stung by the bee . Another way is through a cleft sentence where the main clause is demoted to be a complement clause of a copula sentence with a dummy subject such as it or there , e.g. it was the girl that the bee stung , there was a girl who was stung by a bee . Dummy subjects are also used in constructions where there is no grammatical subject such as with impersonal verbs ( e.g. , it is raining ) or in existential clauses ( there are many cars on the street ) . Through the use of these complex sentence constructions with informationally vacuous subjects , English is able to maintain both a topic - comment sentence structure and a SVO syntax . Focus constructions emphasise a particular piece of new or salient information within a sentence , generally through allocating the main sentence level stress on the focal constituent . For example , the girl was stung by a bee ( emphasising it was a bee and not , for example , a wasp that stung her ) , or The girl was stung by a bee ( contrasting with another possibility , for example that it was the boy ) . Topic and focus can also be established through syntactic dislocation , either preposing or postposing the item to be focused on relative to the main clause . For example , That girl over there , she was stung by a bee , emphasises the girl by preposition , but a similar effect could be achieved by postposition , she was stung by a bee , that girl over there , where reference to the girl is established as an `` afterthought '' . Cohesion between sentences is achieved through the use of deictic pronouns as anaphora ( e.g. that is exactly what I mean where that refers to some fact known to both interlocutors , or then used to locate the time of a narrated event relative to the time of a previously narrated event ) . Discourse markers such as oh , so or well , also signal the progression of ideas between sentences and help to create cohesion . Discourse markers are often the first constituents in sentences . Discourse markers are also used for stance taking in which speakers position themselves in a specific attitude towards what is being said , for example , no way is that true ! ( the idiomatic marker no way ! expressing disbelief ) , or boy ! I 'm hungry ( the marker boy expressing emphasis ) . While discourse markers are particularly characteristic of informal and spoken registers of English , they are also used in written and formal registers . Vocabulary English is a rich language in terms of vocabulary , containing more synonyms than any other language . There are words which appear on the surface to mean exactly the same thing but which , in fact , have a slightly different shade of meaning and must be used appropriately if a speaker wants to convey precisely the message intended . It is generally stated that English has around 170,000 words , or 220,000 if obsolete words are counted ; this estimate is based on the last full edition of the Oxford English Dictionary from 1989 . Over half of these words are nouns , a quarter adjectives , and a seventh verbs . There is one count that puts the English vocabulary at about 1 million words -- but that count presumably includes words such as Latin species names , scientific terminology , prefixed and suffixed words , jargon , foreign words of extremely limited English use and technical acronyms . Due to its status as an international language , English is expeditious when it comes to adopting foreign words , and borrows vocabulary from a large number of other sources . Early studies of English vocabulary by lexicographers , the scholars who formally study vocabulary , compile dictionaries , or both , were impeded by a lack of comprehensive data on actual vocabulary in use from good - quality linguistic corpora , collections of actual written texts and spoken passages . Many statements published before the end of the 20th century about the growth of English vocabulary over time , the dates of first use of various words in English , and the sources of English vocabulary will have to be corrected as new computerised analysis of linguistic corpus data becomes available . Word formation processes English forms new words from existing words or roots in its vocabulary through a variety of processes . One of the most productive processes in English is conversion , using a word with a different grammatical role , for example using a noun as a verb or a verb as a noun . Another productive word - formation process is nominal compounding , producing compound words such as babysitter or ice cream or homesick . A process more common in Old English than in Modern English , but still productive in Modern English , is the use of derivational suffixes ( - hood , - ness , - ing , - ility ) to derive new words from existing words ( especially those of Germanic origin ) or stems ( especially for words of Latin or Greek origin ) . Formation of new words , called neologisms , based on Greek or Latin roots ( for example television or optometry ) is a highly productive process in English and in most modern European languages , so much so that it is often difficult to determine in which language a neologism originated . For this reason , lexicographer Philip Gove attributed many such words to the `` international scientific vocabulary '' ( ISV ) when compiling Webster 's Third New International Dictionary ( 1961 ) . Another active word - formation process in English is acronyms , words formed by pronouncing as a single word abbreviations of longer phrases ( e.g. NATO , laser ) . Word origins Main article : Lists of English loanwords by country or language of origin Source languages of English vocabulary English , besides forming new words from existing words and their roots , also borrows words from other languages . This process of adding words from other languages is commonplace in many world languages , but English is characterised as being especially open to borrowing of foreign words throughout the last 1,000 years . The most commonly used words in English are West Germanic . The words in English learned first by children as they learn to speak , particularly the grammatical words that dominate the word count of both spoken and written texts , are the Germanic words inherited from the earliest periods of the development of Old English . But one of the consequences of long language contact between French and English in all stages of their development is that the vocabulary of English has a very high percentage of `` Latinate '' words ( derived from French , especially , and also from Latin or from other Romance languages ) . French words from various periods of the development of French now make up one - third of the vocabulary of English . Words of Old Norse origin have entered the English language primarily from the contact between Old Norse and Old English during colonisation of eastern and northern England . Many of these words are part of English core vocabulary , such as egg or knife . English has also borrowed many words directly from Latin , the ancestor of the Romance languages , during all stages of its development . Many of these words were earlier borrowed into Latin from Greek . Latin or Greek are still highly productive sources of stems used to form vocabulary of subjects learned in higher education such as the sciences , philosophy , and mathematics . English continues to gain new loanwords and calques ( `` loan translations '' ) from languages all over the world , and words from languages other than the ancestral Anglo - Saxon language make up about 60 percent of the vocabulary of English . English has formal and informal speech registers , and informal registers , including child - directed speech , tend to be made up predominantly of words of Anglo - Saxon origin , while the percentage of vocabulary that is of Latinate origin is higher in legal , scientific , and academic texts . English loanwords and calques in other languages English has a strong influence on the vocabulary of other languages . The influence of English comes from such factors as opinion leaders in other countries knowing the English language , the role of English as a world lingua franca , and the large number of books and films that are translated from English into other languages . That pervasive use of English leads to a conclusion in many places that English is an especially suitable language for expressing new ideas or describing new technologies . Among varieties of English , it is especially American English that influences other languages . Some languages , such as Chinese , write words borrowed from English mostly as calques , while others , such as Japanese , readily take in English loanwords written in sound - indicating script . Dubbed films and television programmes are an especially fruitful source of English influence on languages in Europe . Writing system See also : English alphabet , English braille , and English orthography Since the ninth century , English has been written in a Latin alphabet ( also called Roman alphabet ) . Earlier Old English texts in Anglo - Saxon runes are only short inscriptions . The great majority of literary works in Old English that survive to today are written in the Roman alphabet . The modern English alphabet contains 26 letters of the Latin script : a , b , c , d , e , f , g , h , i , j , k , l , m , n , o , p , q , r , s , t , u , v , w , x , y , z ( which also have capital forms : A , B , C , D , E , F , G , H , I , J , K , L , M , N , O , P , Q , R , S , T , U , V , W , X , Y , Z ) . The spelling system , or orthography , of English is multi-layered , with elements of French , Latin , and Greek spelling on top of the native Germanic system . Further complications have arisen through sound changes with which the orthography has not kept pace . Compared to European languages for which official organisations have promoted spelling reforms , English has spelling that is a less consistent indicator of pronunciation and standard spellings of words that are more difficult to guess from knowing how a word is pronounced . There are also systematic spelling differences between British and American English . These situations have prompted proposals for spelling reform in English . Although letters and speech sounds do not have a one - to - one correspondence in standard English spelling , spelling rules that take into account syllable structure , phonetic changes in derived words , and word accent are reliable for most English words . Moreover , standard English spelling shows etymological relationships between related words that would be obscured by a closer correspondence between pronunciation and spelling , for example the words photograph , photography , and photographic , or the words electricity and electrical . While few scholars agree with Chomsky and Halle ( 1968 ) that conventional English orthography is `` near - optimal '' , there is a rationale for current English spelling patterns . The standard orthography of English is the most widely used writing system in the world . Standard English spelling is based on a graphomorphemic segmentation of words into written clues of what meaningful units make up each word . Readers of English can generally rely on the correspondence between spelling and pronunciation to be fairly regular for letters or digraphs used to spell consonant sounds . The letters b , d , f , h , j , k , l , m , n , p , r , s , t , v , w , y , z represent , respectively , the phonemes / b , d , f , h , dʒ , k , l , m , n , p , r , s , t , v , w , j , z / . The letters c and g normally represent / k / and / ɡ / , but there is also a soft c pronounced / s / , and a soft g pronounced / dʒ / . The differences in the pronunciations of the letters c and g are often signalled by the following letters in standard English spelling . Digraphs used to represent phonemes and phoneme sequences include ch for / tʃ / , sh for / ʃ / , th for / θ / or / ð / , ng for / ŋ / , qu for / kw / , and ph for / f / in Greek - derived words . The single letter x is generally pronounced as / z / in word - initial position and as / ks / otherwise . There are exceptions to these generalisations , often the result of loanwords being spelled according to the spelling patterns of their languages of origin or proposals by pedantic scholars in the early period of Modern English to mistakenly follow the spelling patterns of Latin for English words of Germanic origin . For the vowel sounds of the English language , however , correspondences between spelling and pronunciation are more irregular . There are many more vowel phonemes in English than there are vowel letters ( a , e , i , o , u , w , y ) . As a result of a smaller set of single letter symbols than the set of vowel phonemes , some `` long vowels '' are often indicated by combinations of letters ( like the oa in boat , the ow in how , and the ay in stay ) , or the historically based silent e ( as in note and cake ) . The consequence of this complex orthographic history is that learning to read can be challenging in English . It can take longer for school pupils to become independently fluent readers of English than of many other languages , including Italian , Spanish , or German . Nonetheless , there is an advantage for learners of English reading in learning the specific sound - symbol regularities that occur in the standard English spellings of commonly used words . Such instruction greatly reduces the risk of children experiencing reading difficulties in English . Making primary school teachers more aware of the primacy of morpheme representation in English may help learners learn more efficiently to read and write English . English writing also includes a system of punctuation that is similar to the system of punctuation marks used in most alphabetic languages around the world . The purpose of punctuation is to mark meaningful grammatical relationships in sentences to aid readers in understanding a text and to indicate features important for reading a text aloud . Dialects , accents , and varieties Main articles : List of dialects of the English language , World Englishes , and regional accents of English Dialectologists identify many English dialects , which usually refer to regional varieties that differ from each other in terms of patterns of grammar , vocabulary , and pronunciation . The pronunciation of particular areas distinguishes dialects as separate regional accents . The major native dialects of English are often divided by linguists into the two extremely general categories of British English ( BrE ) and North American English ( NAE ) . There also exists a third common major grouping of English varieties : Southern Hemisphere English , the most prominent being Australian and New Zealand English . United Kingdom and Ireland See also : English language in England , Northern England English , Scots language , Scottish English , Welsh English , Estuary English , Ulster English , and Hiberno - English Map showing the main dialect regions in the UK and Ireland As the place where English first evolved , the British Isles , and particularly England , are home to the most diverse dialects . Within the United Kingdom , the Received Pronunciation ( RP ) , an educated dialect of South East England , is traditionally used as the broadcast standard and is considered the most prestigious of the British dialects . The spread of RP ( also known as BBC English ) through the media has caused many traditional dialects of rural England to recede , as youths adopt the traits of the prestige variety instead of traits from local dialects . At the time of the Survey of English Dialects , grammar and vocabulary differed across the country , but a process of lexical attrition has led most of this variation to disappear . Nonetheless this attrition has mostly affected dialectal variation in grammar and vocabulary , and in fact , only 3 percent of the English population actually speak RP , the remainder speaking regional accents and dialects with varying degrees of RP influence . There is also variability within RP , particularly along class lines between Upper and Middle - class RP speakers and between native RP speakers and speakers who adopt RP later in life . Within Britain , there is also considerable variation along lines of social class , and some traits though exceedingly common are considered `` non-standard '' and are associated with lower class speakers and identities . An example of this is H - dropping , which was historically a feature of lower - class London English , particularly Cockney , and can now be heard in the local accents of most parts of England -- yet it remains largely absent in broadcasting and among the upper crust of British society . Speech example An example of an Essex male with a working - class Estuary accent ( entertainer Russell Brand ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . Speech example An example of a Scottish male with a middle - class Renfrewshire accent Problems playing this file ? See media help . Speech example An example of an English female with a received pronunciation accent , which is also known as Standard English or ' BBC English ' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . English in England can be divided into four major dialect regions , Southwest English , South East English , Midlands English , and Northern English . Within each of these regions several local subdialects exist : Within the Northern region , there is a division between the Yorkshire dialects , and the Geordie dialect spoken in Northumbria around Newcastle , and the Lancashire dialects with local urban dialects in Liverpool ( Scouse ) and Manchester ( Mancunian ) . Having been the centre of Danish occupation during the Viking Invasions , Northern English dialects , particularly the Yorkshire dialect , retain Norse features not found in other English varieties . Since the 15th century , southeastern England varieties centred around London , which has been the centre from which dialectal innovations have spread to other dialects . In London , the Cockney dialect was traditionally used by the lower classes , and it was long a socially stigmatised variety . The spread of Cockney features across the south - east led the media to talk of Estuary English as a new dialect , but the notion was criticised by many linguists on the grounds that London had influencing neighbouring regions throughout history . Traits that have spread from London in recent decades include the use of intrusive R ( drawing is pronounced drawring / ˈdrɔːrɪŋ / ) , t - glottalisation ( Potter is pronounced with a glottal stop as Po'er / poʔʌ / ) , and the pronunciation of th - as / f / ( thanks pronounced fanks ) or / v / ( bother pronounced bover ) . Scots is today considered a separate language from English , but it has its origins in early Northern Middle English and developed and changed during its history with influence from other sources , particularly Scots Gaelic and Old Norse . Scots itself has a number of regional dialects . And in addition to Scots , Scottish English are the varieties of Standard English spoken in Scotland , most varieties are Northern English accents , with some influence from Scots . In Ireland , various forms of English have been spoken since the Norman invasions of the 11th century . In County Wexford , in the area surrounding Dublin , two extinct dialects known as Forth and Bargy and Fingallian developed as offshoots from Early Middle English , and were spoken until the 19th century . Modern Irish English , however , has its roots in English colonisation in the 17th century . Today Irish English is divided into Ulster English , the Northern Ireland dialect with strong influence from Scots , as well as various dialects of the Republic of Ireland . Like Scottish and most North American accents , almost all Irish accents preserve the rhoticity which has been lost in the dialects influenced by RP . North America Main articles : American English , General American , African American Vernacular English , Southern American English , and Canadian English Speech example An example of a southwestern Arkansas male with a rhotic accent ( Bill Clinton ) . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Rhoticity dominates in North American English . The Atlas of North American English found over 50 % non-rhoticity , though , in at least one local white speaker in each U.S. metropolitan area designated here by a red dot . Non-rhotic African American Vernacular English pronunciations may be found among African Americans regardless of location . American English is fairly homogeneous compared to British English . Today , American accent variation is often increasing at the regional level and decreasing at the very local level , though most Americans still speak within a phonological continuum of similar accents , known collectively as General American ( GA ) , with differences hardly noticed even among Americans themselves ( such as Midland and Western American English ) . In most American and Canadian English , rhoticity ( or r - fulness ) is dominant , with non-rhoticity ( r - dropping ) becoming associated with lower prestige and social class especially after World War II ; this contrasts with the situation in England , where non-rhoticity has become the standard . Separate from GA are American dialects with clearly distinct sound systems , historically including Southern American English , English of the coastal Northeast ( famously including Eastern New England English and New York City English ) , and African American Vernacular English , all of which are historically non-rhotic . Canadian English , except for the Atlantic provinces and perhaps Quebec , may be classified under GA as well , but it often shows raising of certain vowels , / aɪ / and / aʊ / , before voiceless consonants , as well as distinct norms for written and pronunciation standards . In Southern American English , the largest American `` accent group '' outside of GA , rhoticity now strongly prevails , replacing the region 's historical non-rhotic prestige . Southern accents are colloquially described as a `` drawl '' or `` twang , '' being recognised most readily by the Southern Vowel Shift that begins with glide - deleting in the / aɪ / vowel ( e.g. pronouncing spy almost like spa ) , the `` Southern breaking '' of several front pure vowels into a gliding vowel or even two syllables ( e.g. pronouncing the word `` press '' almost like `` pray - us '' ) , the pin -- pen merger , and other distinctive phonological , grammatical , and lexical features , many of which are actually recent developments of the 19th century or later . Today spoken primarily by working - and middle - class African Americans , African American Vernacular English ( AAVE ) is also largely non-rhotic and likely originated among enslaved Africans and African Americans influenced primarily by the non-rhotic , non-standard English dialects of the Old South . A minority of linguists , contrarily , propose that AAVE mostly traces back to African languages spoken by the slaves who had to develop a pidgin or Creole English to communicate with slaves of other ethnic and linguistic origins . AAVE shares important commonalities with older Southern American English and so probably developed to a highly coherent and homogeneous variety in the 19th or early 20th century . AAVE is commonly stigmatised in North America as a form of `` broken '' or `` uneducated '' English , also common of modern Southern American English , but linguists today recognise both as fully developed varieties of English with their own norms shared by a large speech community . Australia and New Zealand Main articles : Australian English and New Zealand English Speech example An example of an Australian male with a general Australian accent . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Since 1788 , English has been spoken in Oceania , and Australian English has developed as a first language of the vast majority of the inhabitants of the Australian continent , its standard accent being General Australian . The English of neighbouring New Zealand has to a lesser degree become an influential standard variety of the language . Australian and New Zealand English are each other 's closest relatives with few differentiating characteristics , followed by South African English and the English of southeastern England , all of which have similarly non-rhotic accents , aside from some accents in the South Island of New Zealand . Australian and New Zealand English stand out for their innovative vowels : many short vowels are fronted or raised , whereas many long vowels have diphthongised . Australian English also has a contrast between long and short vowels , not found in most other varieties . Australian English grammar aligns closely to British and American English ; like American English , collective plural subjects take on a singular verb ( as in the government is rather than are ) . New Zealand English uses front vowels that are often even higher than in Australian English . Africa , the Caribbean , and South Asia See also : South African English , Nigerian English , Caribbean English , and Indian English Speech example An example of a black male with a South African accent . Problems playing this file ? See media help . English is spoken widely in South Africa and is an official or co-official language in several countries . In South Africa , English has been spoken since 1820 , co-existing with Afrikaans and various African languages such as the Khoe and Bantu languages . Today about 9 percent of the South African population speak South African English ( SAE ) as a first language . SAE is a non-rhotic variety , which tends to follow RP as a norm . It is alone among non-rhotic varieties in lacking intrusive r . There are different L2 varieties that differ based on the native language of the speakers . Most phonological differences from RP are in the vowels . Consonant differences include the tendency to pronounce / p , t , t͡ʃ , k / without aspiration ( e.g. pin pronounced ( pɪn ) rather than as ( phɪn ) as in most other varieties ) , while r is often pronounced as a flap ( ɾ ) instead of as the more common fricative . Speech example An example of an educated woman speaking with a Nigerian accent Problems playing this file ? See media help . Nigerian English is a dialect of English spoken in Nigeria . It is based on British English , but in recent years , because of influence from the United States , some words of American English origin have made it into Nigerian English . Additionally , some new words and collocations have emerged from the language , which come from the need to express concepts specific to the culture of the nation ( e.g. senior wife ) . Over 150 million population of Nigerians speak English . Several varieties of English are also spoken in the Caribbean Islands that were colonial possessions of Britain , including Jamaica , and the Leeward and Windward Islands and Trinidad and Tobago , Barbados , the Cayman Islands , and Belize . Each of these areas are home both to a local variety of English and a local English based creole , combining English and African languages . The most prominent varieties are Jamaican English and Jamaican Creole . In Central America , English based creoles are spoken in on the Caribbean coasts of Nicaragua and Panama . Locals are often fluent both in the local English variety and the local creole languages and code - switching between them is frequent , indeed another way to conceptualise the relationship between Creole and Standard varieties is to see a spectrum of social registers with the Creole forms serving as `` basilect '' and the more RP - like forms serving as the `` acrolect '' , the most formal register . Most Caribbean varieties are based on British English and consequently , most are non-rhotic , except for formal styles of Jamaican English which are often rhotic . Jamaican English differs from RP in its vowel inventory , which has a distinction between long and short vowels rather than tense and lax vowels as in Standard English . The diphthongs / ei / and / ou / are monophthongs ( eː ) and ( oː ) or even the reverse diphthongs ( ie ) and ( uo ) ( e.g. bay and boat pronounced ( bjeː ) and ( bwoːt ) ) . Often word - final consonant clusters are simplified so that `` child '' is pronounced ( t͡ʃail ) and `` wind '' ( win ) . As a historical legacy , Indian English tends to take RP as its ideal , and how well this ideal is realised in an individual 's speech reflects class distinctions among Indian English speakers . Indian English accents are marked by the pronunciation of phonemes such as / t / and / d / ( often pronounced with retroflex articulation as ( ʈ ) and ( ɖ ) ) and the replacement of / θ / and / ð / with dentals ( t̪ ) and ( d̪ ) . Sometimes Indian English speakers may also use spelling based pronunciations where the silent ⟨ h ⟩ found in words such as ghost is pronounced as an Indian voiced aspirated stop ( ɡɦ ) . References Jump up ^ Oxford Learner 's Dictionary 2015 , Entry : English -- Pronunciation . ^ Jump up to : Crystal 2006 , pp. 424 -- 426 . Jump up ^ Hammarström , Harald ; Forkel , Robert ; Haspelmath , Martin , eds. ( 2017 ) . `` Standard English '' . 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ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 26477 - 8 . Ammon , Ulrich ( November 2006 ) . `` Language Conflicts in the European Union : On finding a politically acceptable and practicable solution for EU institutions that satisfies diverging interests '' . International Journal of Applied Linguistics. 16 ( 3 ) : 319 -- 338 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1473 - 4192.2006. 00121. x . Ammon , Ulrich ( 2008 ) . `` Pluricentric and Divided Languages '' . In Ammon , Ulrich N. ; Dittmar , Norbert ; Mattheier , Klaus J. ; et al. Sociolinguistics : An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society / Soziolinguistik Ein internationales Handbuch zur Wissenschaft vov Sprache and Gesellschaft . Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science / Handbücher zur Sprach - und Kommunikationswissenschaft 3 / 2 . 2 ( 2nd completely revised and extended ed . ) . de Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 019425 - 8 . Retrieved 19 December 2014 -- via De Gruyter . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Annamalai , E. ( 2006 ) . `` India : Language Situation '' . In Brown , Keith . Encyclopedia of language & linguistics . Elsevier . pp. 610 -- 613 . doi : 10.1016 / B0 - 08 - 044854 - 2 / 04611 - 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 08 - 044299 - 0 . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Lay summary ( 6 February 2015 ) . -- via ScienceDirect ( Subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries . ) Australian Bureau of Statistics ( 28 March 2013 ) . `` 2011 Census QuickStats : Australia '' . Archived from the original on 6 November 2015 . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Bailey , Guy ( 2001 ) . `` Chapter 3 : The relationship between African American and White Vernaculars '' . In Lanehart , Sonja L. Sociocultural and historical contexts of African American English . Varieties of English around the World . John Benjamins . pp. 53 -- 84 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58811 - 046 - 6 . Bailey , G. ( 1997 ) . `` When did southern American English begin '' . In Edgar W. Schneider . Englishes around the world . pp. 255 -- 275 . Bammesberger , Alfred ( 1992 ) . `` Chapter 2 : The Place of English in Germanic and Indo - European '' . In Hogg , Richard M. The Cambridge History of the English Language . 1 : The Beginnings to 1066 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 26 -- 66 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 26474 - 7 . Bao , Z. ( 2006 ) . `` Variation in Nonnative Varieties of English '' . In Brown , Keith . Encyclopedia of language & linguistics . Elsevier . pp. 377 -- 380 . doi : 10.1016 / B0 - 08 - 044854 - 2 / 04257 - 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 08 - 044299 - 0 . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Lay summary ( 6 February 2015 ) . -- via ScienceDirect ( Subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries . ) Barry , Michael V. ( 1982 ) . `` English in Ireland '' . In Bailey , Richard W. ; Görlach , Manfred . English as a World Language . University of Michigan Press . pp. 84 -- 134 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 12 - 533872 - 2 . Bauer , Laurie ; Huddleston , Rodney ( 15 April 2002 ) . `` Chapter 19 : Lexical Word - Formation '' . 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who sings i want to soak up the sun

`` Soak Up the Sun '' is the title of a song recorded by American artist Sheryl Crow . It was released in March 2002 as the lead single from her album C'mon C'mon . The song , which features backing vocals by Liz Phair , peaked at number - one on the Billboard Adult Top 40 chart and hit number 5 on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart and # 17 on the Hot 100 chart . In addition , `` Soak Up the Sun '' ( remixed by noted DJ Victor Calderone ) spent one week at # 1 on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart in June 2002 ; to date , this is Crow 's only song to top this chart . It reached # 16 on the UK Singles Chart . It was covered by the Kidz Bop Kids in 2003 . The song was also included on the album `` Nolee Mix '' which was released to promote the My Scene dolls . The song was a staple of radio airplay during the summer of 2002 .

Sheryl Crow

Soak up the Sun

soak up the sun

`` Sweet Child o ' Mine '' ( 1999 ) `` Soak Up the Sun '' ( 2002 ) `` Steve McQueen '' ( 2002 ) Music video `` Soak Up The Sun '' at CMT.com `` Soak Up the Sun '' is the title of a song recorded by American artist Sheryl Crow . It was released in March 2002 as the lead single from her album C'mon C'mon . The song , which features backing vocals by Liz Phair , peaked at number - one on the Billboard Adult Top 40 chart and hit number 5 on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart and # 17 on the Hot 100 chart . In addition , `` Soak Up the Sun '' ( remixed by noted DJ Victor Calderone ) spent one week at # 1 on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart in June 2002 ; to date , this is Crow 's only song to top this chart . It reached # 16 on the UK Singles Chart . It was covered by the Kidz Bop Kids in 2003 . The song was also included on the album `` Nolee Mix '' which was released to promote the My Scene dolls . The song was a staple of radio airplay during the summer of 2002 . Contents 1 Music video 2 Track listing 2.1 European CD single ( Cat No. : 497 688 - 2 ) 2.2 UK CD single # 1 ( Cat No. : 497 704 - 2 ) 2.3 UK CD single # 2 ( Cat . No. : 497 705 - 2 ) 2.4 CD remixes single ( Cat . No. : 497 721 - 2 ) 3 Chart performance 3.1 Year - end charts 4 References 5 External links Music video ( edit ) The video directed by Wayne Isham and shot on the North Shore of Oahu , Hawaii features Crow performing on the beach , as well as various vacationers surfing in the ocean and jumping off a waterfall . Track listing ( edit ) European CD single ( Cat No. : 497 688 - 2 ) ( edit ) `` Soak Up the Sun '' ( radio edit ) `` Chances Are '' `` You 're Not the One '' `` Soak Up the Sun '' ( album version ) UK CD single # 1 ( Cat No. : 497 704 - 2 ) ( edit ) `` Soak Up the Sun '' ( radio edit ) `` Chances Are '' ( non LP track ) `` You 're Not the One '' ( non LP track ) `` Soak Up the Sun '' ( video ) UK CD single # 2 ( Cat . No. : 497 705 - 2 ) ( edit ) `` Soak Up the Sun '' ( album version ) `` My Favorite Mistake '' ( live version ) `` A Change Would Do You Good '' ( live version ) CD - ROM Segment , including preview of new album CD remixes single ( Cat . No. : 497 721 - 2 ) ( edit ) `` Soak Up the Sun '' - album version `` Soak Up the Sun '' - Sunsweep radio mix `` Soak Up the Sun '' - Sunsweep club mix `` Soak Up the Sun '' - Sunsweep dub `` Soak Up the Sun '' - Sunsweep Ultimix `` Soak Up the Sun '' - Ultimix Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 ) Peak position Austrian Singles Chart 15 Brazilian Singles Chart ( ABPD ) 18 Canada ( Nielsen SoundScan ) 24 France ( SNEP ) 51 Netherlands ( Mega Top 100 ) 76 New Zealand ( RIANZ ) 19 Poland ( ZPAV ) 41 Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) 39 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 15 United Kingdom ( The Official Charts Company ) 16 US Billboard Hot 100 17 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 5 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) Victor Calderone & Mac Quayle Mixes US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 15 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 ) Position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 35 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://lp3.polskieradio.pl/utwor/artykul444,187_soak_up_the_sun.aspx Jump up ^ `` Romanian peak '' . Web.archive.org. 2004 - 12 - 25 . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2004 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 03 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Sheryl Crow Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Sheryl Crow Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Sheryl Crow Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Sheryl Crow Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Sheryl Crow Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Sheryl Crow Studio albums Tuesday Night Music Club Sheryl Crow The Globe Sessions C'mon , C'mon Wildflower Detours Home for Christmas 100 Miles from Memphis Feels Like Home Be Myself Compilation albums The Very Best of Sheryl Crow iTunes Originals Hits & Rarities Live albums Sheryl Crow and Friends : Live from Central Park Singles `` Leaving Las Vegas '' `` All I Wanna Do '' `` Strong Enough '' `` Ca n't Cry Anymore '' `` Run Baby Run '' `` What I Can Do for You '' `` If It Makes You Happy '' `` Everyday Is a Winding Road '' `` Hard to Make a Stand '' `` A Change Would Do You Good '' `` Home '' `` Tomorrow Never Dies '' `` My Favorite Mistake '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Anything but Down '' `` Sweet Child o ' Mine '' `` Soak Up the Sun '' `` Steve McQueen '' `` The First Cut Is the Deepest '' `` Light in Your Eyes '' `` Good Is Good '' `` Perfect Lie '' `` Always on Your Side '' `` Real Gone '' `` Not Fade Away '' `` Shine over Babylon '' `` Love Is Free '' `` Now That You 're Gone '' `` Motivation '' `` Summer Day '' `` Sign Your Name '' `` Easy '' `` Callin ' Me When I 'm Lonely '' `` Shotgun '' Guest singles `` Picture '' ( with Kid Rock ) `` Building Bridges '' ( with Brooks & Dunn and Vince Gill ) `` Just Stand Up ! '' `` Coal Miner 's Daughter '' ( with Miranda Lambert and Loretta Lynn ) Related articles Discography Awards and nominations Ghost Brothers of Darkland County Charles A. 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when does a baby learn how to talk

Baby talk

baby talk

Baby talk , also referred to as caretaker speech , infant - directed speech ( IDS ) , child - directed speech ( CDS ) or motherese , is usually delivered with a `` cooing '' pattern of intonation different from that of normal adult speech : high in pitch , with many glissando variations that are more pronounced than those of normal speech . It frequently displays hyperarticulation , which is an increase in the distances between peripheral vowels ( such as ( i ) , ( u ) , and ( a ) ) . Baby talk is also characterized by the shortening and simplifying of words . Baby talk is similar to what is used by people when talking to their pets ( pet - directed speech ) . When adults talk to each other using baby talk it is generally to either show affection by emulating the fondness shown by adults for children , or as a form of bullying or condescension .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 Characteristics 3 Purpose and implications 3.1 Use with infants 3.1. 1 Aid to cognitive development 3.2 Use with non-infants 3.2. 1 Patronizing / derogatory baby talk 3.2. 2 Flirtatious baby talk 3.2. 3 Baby talk with pets 3.2. 4 Foreigner talk 3.2. 5 Baby - talk words taken into adult speech 4 Universality and differences by region 5 Vocabulary and structure 5.1 Vocabulary 5.2 Diminutives 5.3 Phrases 5.4 Use as informal terms 5.5 Duplications 5.5. 1 Differences in pronunciation 5.5. 2 Phonology 5.5. 3 Syntax 6 Examples in literature 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Terminology ( edit ) The first documented use of the word baby - talk , according to the Oxford English Dictionary , was in 1836 . Motherese and parentese are more precise terms than baby talk , and perhaps more amenable to computer searches , but are not the terms of choice among child development professionals . Critics of gender stereotyping also prefer it to the term motherese , because all caregivers , not only female parents , use distinct speech patterns and vocabulary when talking to young children . Motherese can also refer to English spoken in a higher , gentler manner , which is otherwise correct English , as opposed to the non-standard , shortened word forms . Child - directed speech ( CDS ) is the term preferred by researchers , psychologists and child development professionals . Infant Directed Speech ( IDS ) is also used . The terms are interchangeable . Caregiver language is sometimes used . Characteristics ( edit ) CDS is a clear and simplified strategy for communicating to younger children , used not only by adults but also by older children . The vocabulary is limited , speech is slowed with a greater number of pauses , and the sentences are short and grammatically simplified , often repeated . Although CDS features marked auditory characteristics , other factors aid in development of language . Three types of modifications occur to adult - directed speech in the production of CDS -- linguistic modifications , particularly prosody , including the simplification of speech units as well as emphasis on various phonemes . modifications to attention - gaining strategies , providing visual cues through body language ( kinesics ) , particularly movements of the face , to more effectively maintain the attention of their infants . modifications to the interactions between parents and infants . Parents use CDS not only to promote language development , but to foster a positive relationship with their infants . The younger the child , the more exaggerated the adult 's CDS is . The attention of infants is held more readily by CDS over normal speech , as with adults The more expressive CDS is , the more likely infants are to respond to this method of communication by adults . CDS also incorporates body movements that assist visually in conveying meaning of language to infants . Due to the visual cues , infants are more highly motivated to engage in communication . A key visual aspect of CDS is the movement of the lips . One characteristic is the wider opening of the mouth present in those using CDS versus adult - directed speech , particularly in vowels . The horizontal positioning of the lips in CDS does not differ significantly from that used in adult - directed speech . Instead , the observed difference lies in vertical lip positioning : By making the opening of the lips larger , infants are more likely to focus on the face of the speaker . Research suggests that with the larger opening of the lips during CDS , infants are better able to grasp the message being conveyed due to the heightened visual cues . Head movements emphasize various syllables within language production . These visual cues provide infants additional information needed to perform accurate speech discrimination during language development . Visual cues also allow infants to discriminate speech differences in environments in which they can not rely upon their hearing ( e.g. , noisy environments ) . However , the auditory and visual aspects of CDS do not exist independently . Infants rely equally on both methods of understanding and , as development continues , infants strengthen the link between these two important categories . Research indicates that infants do not play a passive role in this interaction , but engage interactively , and are attracted to people who engage in CDS . Through this interaction , infants are able to determine who positive and encouraging caregivers will be in their development . When infants use CDS as a determinant of acceptable caregivers , their cognitive development seems to thrive because they are being encouraged by adults who are invested in the development of the given infants . Because the process is interactive , caregivers are able to make significant progress through the use of CDS . Purpose and implications ( edit ) Use with infants ( edit ) Studies have shown that from birth , infants prefer to listen to CDS , which is more effective than regular speech in getting and holding an infant 's attention . Some researchers believe that CDS is an important part of the emotional bonding process between the parents and their child , and helps the infants learn the language . Researchers at Carnegie Mellon University and the University of Wisconsin found that using basic `` baby talk '' may support babies in picking up words faster . Infants pay more attention when parents use CDS , which has a slower and more repetitive tone than used in regular conversation . CDS has been observed in languages other than English . Purposes and benefits of CDS include support the ability of infants to bond with their caregivers . In addition , infants begin the process of speech and language acquisition and development through CDS . CDS may also contribute to the modulation of infant attention , assist infants in determining relevant syntactic qualities including phonetic boundaries , and convey positive emotion to infants . Children learn fastest who receive the most acknowledgement and encouragement of what they say , who are given time and attention to speak and share , and who are questioned . Six - month - olds can discriminate between medial position syllables in words with multiple syllables when CDS is used . Infants are able to apply this to larger words and sentences as they learn to process language . CDS aids infants in bonding to caregivers . Although infants have a range of social cues available to them regarding who will provide adequate care , CDS serves as an additional indicator as to which caregivers will provide developmental support . When adults engage in CDS with infants , they are providing positive emotion and attention , signaling to infants that they are valued . CDS can also serve as a priming tool for infants to notice the faces of their caregivers . Infants are more sensitive to the pitch and emphasized qualities of this method . Therefore , when caregivers utilize CDS , they expand the possibility for their infants to observe and process facial expressions . This effect could in part be due to infants associating CDS with positive facial expressions such as smiling , being more likely to respond to CDS if they expect to receive a positive response from their caregiver . CDS may promote processing of word forms , allowing infants to remember words when asked to recall them in the future . As words are repeated through CDS , infants begin to create mental representations of each word . As a result , infants who experience CDS are able to recall words more effectively than infants who do not . Infants can pick up on the vocal cues of CDS and will often pattern their babbling after it . Children of depressed mothers who do not regularly use CDS display delayed language development . Even when depressed mothers provide their infants with positive faces , infants do not respond to their attempts at CDS , and in turn do not benefit from this important route for language acquisition . Infants are unable to create the link between speech and visual face movements in situations such as these . When fathers who are not depressed are able to provide the stimulation of CDS , infants respond well and are able to compensate from the deficit left by their mothers . This too can inhibit language and speech development . Therefore , this deficit can be especially harmful to infants with depressed mothers and little contact with male caregivers . Socioeconomic status has been found to influence the development of vocabulary and language skills . Lower - status groups tend to be behind the development of children in higher - status families . This finding is thought to be due to the amount of time parents spend with the child and the ways they interact ; mothers from higher - status groups are found to say more to their children , use more variety , and speak in longer sentences . Aid to cognitive development ( edit ) Shore and others believe that CDS contributes to mental development as it helps teach the child the basic function and structure of language . Studies have found that responding to an infant 's babble with meaningless babble aids the infant 's development ; while the babble has no logical meaning , the verbal interaction demonstrates to the child the bidirectional nature of speech , and the importance of verbal feedback . Some experts advise that parents should not talk to infants and young children solely in baby talk , but should integrate some normal adult speech as well . The high - pitched sound of CDS gives it special acoustic qualities which may appeal to the infant . CDS may aid a child in the acquisition and / or comprehension of language - particular rules which are otherwise unpredictable ; an example is the reduction or avoidance of pronoun reversal errors . It has been also suggested that motherese is crucial for children to acquire the ability to ask questions . Use with non-infants ( edit ) The use of baby talk is not limited to interactions between adults and infants , as it may be used among adults , or by people to animals . In these instances , the outward style of the language may be that of baby talk , but is not considered actual `` parentese '' , as it serves a different linguistic function ( see pragmatics ) . Patronizing / derogatory baby talk ( edit ) Baby talk and imitations of it may be used by one non-infant to another as a form of verbal abuse , in which the talk is intended to infantilize the victim . This can occur during bullying , when the aggressor uses baby talk to assert that the victim is weak , cowardly , overemotional , or otherwise inferior . Flirtatious baby talk ( edit ) Baby talk may be used as a form of flirtation between sexual or romantic partners . In this instance , the baby talk may be an expression of tender intimacy , and may perhaps form part of affectionate sexual roleplaying in which one partner speaks and behaves childishly , while the other acts motherly or fatherly , responding in `` parentese '' . One or both partners might perform the child role . Terms of endearment , such as poppet ( or , indicatively , baby ) , may be used for the same purpose in communication between the partners . Baby talk with pets ( edit ) Many people speak to their dogs in their native language with more than just commands -- they speak to them as if they were another human being . These actions are not providing communication with the dog , but social interactions for the speaker , usually in order to solve some problem . The speaking style people use when talking to dogs is very similar to CDL , and has been referred to as Doggerel . There are strikingly similar characteristics between CDL and pet - speak . People tend to use sentences of around 11 words when talking to another adult ; this is reduced to four words when speaking to a dog . People employ more imperatives or commands to a dog , but ask twice as many questions of the dog as of other humans , even though they do n't expect the dog to answer . Recordings show that 90 % of pet - talk is spoken mostly in the present tense because people talk to dogs about what is happening now rather than the past or the future , which is twice as much as they do with humans . Also , people are 20 times more likely to repeat or rephrase themselves to dogs than they do to humans . A significant difference is that CDL contains many more sentences about specific bits of information , such as `` This cup is red , '' because they are intended to teach children about language and the environment . Pet - speech contains perhaps half the sentences of this form , as rather than instructive , its primary purpose is as a social function for humans ; whether the dog learns anything does not seem to be a concern . As well as the raised vocal pitch , pet - speech strongly emphasizes intonations and any emotional phrasing . There are diminutives such as `` walkie '' for walk and `` bathie '' for bath . Words and phrases may be modified to make them less formal , using words such as `` wan na '' and `` gon na '' . Although there is no evidence that speaking to a dog in this manner helps the dog understand what is being said , there is evidence suggesting that talking to dogs in a normal , purposeful , and meaningful manner improves their receptive language abilities . Foreigner talk ( edit ) Main article : Creole language § Foreigner talk and baby talk When addressing a listener not skilled in the speaker 's language , people may simplify their spoken language in an attempt to improve understanding . Some use sign language to communicate with others , especially if they have a hearing problem , although this is not always understood by people , as some signs in ASL may be difficult to interpret by some people , especially if gestures have different meanings from place to place , so they may use a baby talk - like language to communicate , skipping out small words and possibly using demonstratives instead of pronouns , for example Do not cross the road becoming No cross road . While this kind of simplifications could be helpful for , say , foreign tourists , this type of communication is perceived as rude or offensive in some societies , because it may cause the foreigner to feel infantilized . It can also be considered insulting if the foreigner is skilled in the speaker 's language . While not considered to be actual parentese , it has aspects which make the two language styles similar . Baby - talk words taken into adult speech ( edit ) Sometimes baby - talk words are taken into adult speech . Examples are : `` nanny '' = `` children 's nurse '' to distinguish from `` hospital nurse '' . `` didy '' for `` diaper '' , in USA usage . In Ancient Greek , `` πάππος '' ( `` grandfather '' ) instead of expected * `` ἄος '' from Indo - European * h2éwh2os Universality and differences by region ( edit ) Researchers Bryant and Barrett ( 2007 ) have suggested ( as have others before them , e.g. , Fernald , 1992 ) that CDL exists universally across all cultures and is a species - specific adaptation . Other researchers contend that it is not universal among the world 's cultures , and argue that its role in helping children learn grammar has been overestimated , pointing out that in some societies ( such as certain Samoan tribes ) , adults do not speak to their children at all until the children reach a certain age . Furthermore , even where baby - talk is used , it has many complicated grammatical constructions , and mispronounced or non-standard words . Other evidence suggests that baby talk is not a universal phenomenon : for example Schieffelin & Ochs ( 1983 ) describe the Kaluli tribe of Papua New Guinea who do not typically employ CDS . Language acquisition in Kaluli children was not found to be significantly impaired . In other societies , it is more common to speak to children as one would to an adult , but with simplifications in grammar and vocabulary , with the belief that it will help them learn words in the standard form . In order to relate to the child during baby talk , a parent may deliberately slur or fabricate some words , and may pepper the speech with nonverbal utterances . A parent might refer only to objects and events in the immediate vicinity , and will often repeat the child 's utterances back to them . Since children employ a wide variety of phonological and morphological simplifications ( usually distance assimilation or reduplication ) in learning speech , such interaction results in the `` classic '' baby - words like na - na for grandmother , wawa for water , or din - din for dinner , where the child seizes on a stressed syllable of the input , and simply repeats it to form a word . The extent to which caregivers rely on and use CDS differs based on cultural differences . Mothers in regions that display predominately introverted cultures are less likely to display a great deal of CDS , although it is still utilized . Further , the personality of each child experiencing CDS from a caregiver deeply impacts the extent to which a caregiver will use this method of communication . CDS has been seen in other languages such as Japanese , Italian , Mandarin , British English , American English , French , and German This is the basis for claims that CDS is a necessary aspect of social development for children . Although found in many cultures , CDS is far from universal in terms of style and amount it is used . A factor found to influence the way adults communicate with children is the way the culture views children . For example , if they view children as helpless and unable to understand , adults tend to interact with children less than if they believe that children are capable of learning and understanding . Often , cultures lacking a form of CDS make up for it in other ways , such as involving the children more in everyday activities , though the reverse might also be a valid assessment . Research suggests that in a tonal language , such as Mandarin , the use of CDS is beneficial to development . Specifically , Mandarin features lexical tones that must be used with every syllable which in turn convey meaning ; in Mandarin and other tonal languages , mothers use CDS by heightening the pitch of speaking , making the product easier for infants to understand . The raising of pitch in speech associated with CDS is present cross culturally and occurs regardless of the language being spoken . Psychoacoustic studies on intonation have been used to further determine the effect of higher pitch and exaggerated syllables used in CDS . These tests have determined that the properties of CDS do not create additional difficulty for infants when attempting to distinguish speech . Instead , the raised pitch and elongated style of CDS allow for more effective communication . Further , Mandarin - speaking mothers who emphasized changes between phonemes had children with higher successes in language discrimination tests . Vocabulary and structure ( edit ) Vocabulary ( edit ) With respect to English - speaking parents , it is well - established that Anglo - Saxon or Germanic words tend to predominate in informal speech registers , whereas Latinate vocabulary is usually reserved for more formal uses such as legal and scientific texts . Child - directed speech , an informal speech register , also tends to use Anglo - Saxon vocabulary . The speech of mothers to young children has a higher percentage of native Anglo - Saxon verb tokens than speech addressed to adults . In particular , in parents ' CDS the clausal core is built in the most part by Anglo - Saxon verbs , namely , almost all tokens of the grammatical relations subject - verb , verb - direct object and verb - indirect object that young children are presented with , are constructed with native verbs . The Anglo - Saxon verb vocabulary consists of short verbs , but its grammar is relatively complex . Syntactic patterns specific to this sub-vocabulary in present - day English include periphrastic constructions for tense , aspect , questioning and negation , and phrasal lexemes functioning as complex predicates , all of which occur also in CDS . As noted above , baby talk often involves shortening and simplifying words , with the possible addition of slurred words and nonverbal utterances , and can invoke a vocabulary of its own . Some utterances are invented by parents within a particular family unit , or are passed down from parent to parent over generations , while others are quite widely known and used within most families , such as wawa for water , num - num for a meal , ba - ba for bottle , or beddy - bye for bedtime , and are considered standard or traditional words , possibly differing in meaning from place to place . Baby talk , language regardless , usually consists of a muddle of words , including names for family members , names for animals , eating and meals , bodily functions and genitals , sleeping , pain , possibly including important objects such as diaper , blanket , pacifier , bottle , etc. , and may be sprinkled with nonverbal utterances , such as goo goo ga ga . The vocabulary of made - up words , such as those listed below , may be quite long with terms for a large number of things , rarely or possibly never using proper language , other times quite short , dominated by real words , all nouns . Most words invented by parents have a logical meaning , although the nonverbal sounds are usually completely meaningless and just fit the speech together . A fair number of baby talk and nursery words refer to bodily functions or the genitals , partly because the words are relatively easy to pronounce . Also , if a child is very young , bodily functions such as urination and defecation may be quite exciting for them . Scientific terms may be harder for them to understand and pronounce , so baby talk may be more convenient for a young child . Moreover , such words reduce adults ' discomfort with the subject matter , and make it possible for children to discuss such things without breaking adult taboos . However , some , such as pee - pee and poo - poo have been very widely used in reference to bodily functions to the point that they are considered to be standard words , so ability to mention such subjects without adult negativity has recently faded . Sometimes baby talk words escape from the nursery and get into adult vocabulary , for example `` nanny '' for `` children 's nurse '' or `` nursery governess '' . Diminutives ( edit ) Moreover , many words can be derived into baby talk following certain rules of transformation , in English adding a terminal / i / sound at the end , usually written and spelled as / ie / , / y / , or / ey / , is a common way to form a diminutive which is often used as part of baby talk , examples include : horsey ( from horse ) kitty ( from cat or kitten ) potty ( originally from pot now equivalent to modern toilet or a chamber pot for a young child ) doggy ( from dog ) ducky ( from duck ) ( `` Puppy '' is often erroneously thought to be a diminutive of pup made this way , but it is in fact the other way around : pup is a shortening of puppy , which comes from French popi or poupée which means `` doll '' . `` Doll '' is such a shortening for `` dolly '' , which started as a pet form for `` Dorothy '' . ) Phrases ( edit ) Baby talk phrases and sentences often skip out small words , imitating young children who can make little sense of sentence composition , such as to , at , for , my , so and as , and articles ( the , a , an ) , thus resulting in an incomplete sentence , such as I need go potty or I want blanket . Sometimes , demonstratives are used instead of pronouns ( he , I , it , she etc . ) , as it may help children learn people 's names , for example , Daddy wants Susie to eat her cereal instead of standard adult - type speech , I want you to eat your cereal as pronouns are often confusing to young children . Also , labelling is practised , sometimes emphasising a word through repetition within a sentence , such as That 's a car , Susie . It 's a car . Some parents substitute a particular word in a sentence with a difficult sound to pronounce with another easier word , such as choo - choo instead of train as some children are unable to pronounce the / tr / sound as infants , although most learn pronunciations and phonics as they increase in age . All individual words have a logical meaning , although phrases made up of them are often based on random utterances , sprinkled with logical words , so the child can `` sift '' out the words with meanings and interpret them , as the parent may teach language by labelling , associating the word with the object or action . Use as informal terms ( edit ) Baby talk words and phrases such as mama , pee - pee , potty , yucky , no - no and tummy are sometimes used after infancy as colloquial or informal terms . However , reduplication is not practiced . For example , pee - pee becomes pee . Also , meanings may alter slightly to become more age - universal and specific : for example potty changing in meaning from any toilet to a container - like one for small children , yum - yum changing from mealtime to an informal expression of delight towards a meal , or stinky changing from defecation ( as a countable noun ) to an adjective for something smelling bad . Poppet or similar terms may be used as a term of endearment for a loved one of similar age , such as a romantic partner , and quick - quick or no - no may be used as expressions in school , university and even occupational work scenarios . Nonverbal utterances such as googoogaga may be used as figuratives for things misinterpreted or not understood . Words such as mama and nana are words often used for family members past infancy . The word doo - doo is used as a figurative later in age for something difficult or problematic , such as When the computer 's jammed , we 're in deep doo - doo . Duplications ( edit ) Most standard baby talk words consist of a single syllable duplicated , such as mama , dada , poo - poo , pee - pee , baba , boo - boo , bot - bot , num - num , dum - dum and wee - wee . These are often imitations of a baby 's first utterances which take the shape of a word . These are made when the child takes a stressed syllable of the main word to shorten it and repeats it to form a word - like utterance . Words with similar sounds from stressed syllables , such as mama , dada and baba include : ba - ba from bottle dum - dum from dummy ( British term for a pacifier ) mama from mother dada from daddy Words can be made from a diminutive with an / i / sound at the end , reduplicated , but the first letter of the duplication replaced with a / w / - for example teensy - weensy , puppy - wuppy or binkie - winkie . Realistic language examples following this same pattern known as partial duplications or modified duplications include okey - dokey , silly - billy , mumbo - jumbo and super-duper , which use the first letter as the point of modification . However , these patterns are more common in colloquial language and slang than formal English and rarely use a / w / for modification . Many baby talk words for animals involve duplication of the onomatopoeia of the sound they make , including : moo - moo ( cow ) neigh - neigh ( horse ) baa - baa , sometimes written as ba - ba ( sheep ) Others , which do not relate to animals , include vroom - vroom ( car ) and choo - choo ( train ) . Differences in pronunciation ( edit ) Other transformations mimic the way infants mistake certain consonants which in English can include turning / l / into / w / as in wuv from love or widdo from little or in pronouncing / v / as / b / and / ð / or / t / as / d / and / θ / as / f / or / s / . It is a way of imitating how a baby or young child speaks , because most babies , when they start talking , talk as though they have a speech disorder because they mistake certain consonants . This usually is outgrown by the age of five or six . Still other transformations , but not in all languages , include elongated vowels , such as kitty and kiiiitty , ( emphasized / i / ) meaning the same thing . While this is understood by English speaking toddlers , it is not applicable with Dutch toddlers as they learn that elongated vowels reference different words . Phonology ( edit ) CDS includes features of higher pitch , exaggerated pitch changes , elongated vowels and long pauses between phonemes . This is done in order to allow infants time to process the information being conveyed to them . Rhythm is also heavily emphasized in this practice and is used closely with the emphasis of various syllables . Vowel space is also expanded in CDS allowing for accurate phoneme discrimination . Words that are somewhat difficult in terms of the sounds that make them up , or phonologically difficult words , might be simplified . Syntax ( edit ) CDS features a unique syntax , usually having a simplified form . Caregivers utilizing CDS often use short utterances rather than full sentence structures in order to convey meaning to their infants . These short units are often repeated so infants have practice in a particular concept . CDS allows for infants to detect syntactic boundaries . Further , CDS makes linguistic patterns easier to discover than when adult - directed speech is used . Infants begin to understand word order through CDS which slowly expands into a deeper understanding of sentence structure as a whole . Communicating with children can be difficult if the adult can not maintain their attention , so the topic must be on things that interest them . Research has found that five topics tend to dominate the conversation : members of the family , animals , parts of the body , food , and clothing . Conversations with children are mostly about the present and the here - and - now , rather than topics pertaining to another time. . Examples in literature ( edit ) The novelist Booth Tarkington , in Seventeen ( 1917 ) , gives this example of baby talk , in this case , from a pet owner speaking to her dog : ... pressing her cheek to Flopit 's , she changed her tone . `` Izzum 's ickle heart a-beatin ' so floppity ! Um 's own mumsy make ums all right , um 's p'eshus Flopit ! '' George Orwell , in Keep the Aspidistra Flying ( 1936 ) , gives another example addressed to a pet dog : `` A Peke , the ickle angel pet , wiv his gweat big soulful eyes and his ickle black nosie -- oh so ducky - duck ! '' Punch , April 23 , 1919 , in a humorous piece purporting to pose examination questions on `` the interesting language known as Bablingo '' , quizzes the examinee on items such as `` Wasums and didums , then ? Was it a ickle birdie , then ? '' `` Did he woz - a-woz , then ; a Mum 's own woz - man ? '' and `` Did she try to hit her ickle bruzzer on his nosie - posie wiz a mug ? Did she want to break him up into bitsy - witsies ? '' In her New Yorker review of A.A. Milne 's The House at Pooh Corner ( 1928 ) , Dorothy Parker , writing under the book reviewer pen name Constant Reader , purposefully mimics baby talk when dismissing the book 's syrupy prose style : `` It is that word ' hummy , ' my darlings , that marks the first place in The House at Pooh Corner at which Tonstant Weader fwowed up . '' In Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) , J.K. Rowling gives this example of baby talk , from Bellatrix Lestrange to Harry Potter : `` The little baby woke up fwightened and fort what it dweamed was twoo . '' Siblings Frank Bunker Gilbreth , Jr. and Ernestine Gilbreth Carey recorded their childhood memories in Cheaper By The Dozen . Their father , Frank Gilbreth , refused to use baby talk with his firstborn , Anne , stating that `` the only reason a baby talks baby talk is because that 's all he 's heard from grownups . Some children are almost full grown before they learn that the whole world does n't speak baby talk . '' He insisted on talking to the newborn Anne like an adult , going so far as to hire a German nanny so that Anne could learn German right along with English . However , Gilbreth did n't hold too fast to his rule : `` At night , when the light was out Dad would reach over into the bassinet and stroke the baby 's hand . And once Mother woke up in the middle of the night and saw him leaning over the bassinet and whispering distinctly : `` Is ' ou a ittle bitty baby ? Is ' ou Daddy 's ittle bitty girl ? '' `` What was that , dear ? '' said Mother , smiling into the sheet . Dad cleared his throat . `` Nothing . I was just telling this noisy , ill - behaved , ugly little devil that she is more trouble than a barrel of monkeys . '' `` And just as much fun ? '' `` Every bit . '' See also ( edit ) Babbling -- sounds that babies make before they learn to talk Crib talk -- toddlers talking to themselves Developmental psychology Elderspeak -- the style of speech used by younger people when talking to older people Mama and papa -- the early sounds or words commonly used by babies Girneys -- sounds similar to baby talk that are used by some large monkeys References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Matychuk , Paul ( 24 April 2004 ) . `` The role of child - directed speech in language acquisition : a case study '' ( PDF ) . Language Sciences ( 27 ) . Jump up ^ Berey , Adam ( March 18 , 2005 ) . `` Gender Differences in Child - Directed Speech '' . Lawrence University . Jump up ^ Herrera , E. ; Reissland , N. ; Shepherd , J. ( 2004 ) . `` Maternal touch and maternal child - directed speech : effects of depressed mood in the postnatal period '' . Journal of Affective Disorders. 81 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 39 . PMID 15183597 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jad. 2003.07. 001 . Jump up ^ Ghada Khattab . `` Does child - directed speech really facilitate the emergence of phonological structure ? The case of gemination in Arabic CDS '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Pinker on Motherese - http://courses.education.illinois.edu/edpsy313/notes/pinker_motherese.html Jump up ^ Fernald , Anne . `` Four - Month - Old Infants Prefer to Listen to Motherese '' . Infant Behavior and Development . 8 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsh - Pasek , Kathy ; Treiman , Rebecca ( 2008 ) . `` Doggerel : Motherese in a new context '' . Journal of Child Language . 9 . doi : 10.1017 / S0305000900003731 . Jump up ^ Newport , E.L. ; Gleitman , L. ( 1977 ) . C.E. Snow & C.A. Ferguson , ed . Talking to children : Language input and acquisition . pp. 109 -- 150 . Jump up ^ Lawrence Balter ; Robert B. McCall . Parenthood in America : A-M . ABC - CLIO . p. 75 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 213 - 4 . developmental psychologists refer to this kind of language to young children as child - directed speech ^ Jump up to : Harley , Trevor ( 2010 ) . Talking the Talk : Language , Psychology and Science . Psychology Press . pp. 60 -- 62 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84169 - 339 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Mcleod , Peter ( July 1993 ) . `` What studies of communication with infants ask us about psychology : Baby - talk and other speech registers '' . Canadian Psychology . 34 ( 3 ) : 282 -- 292 . doi : 10.1037 / h0078828 . Jump up ^ Fernald , A. ( 1991 ) . `` Prosody and focus in speech to infants and adults '' . Annals of Child Development . 8 : 43 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Singh , Leher ; Best , Catherine ; Morgan , James ( 2003 ) . `` Infants ' Listening Preferences : Baby Talk or Happy Talk ? '' . Infancy. 3 ( 3 ) : 365 -- 395 . doi : 10.1207 / s15327078in0303_5 . ^ Jump up to : Green , Jordan ; Nip , Ignatius ; Wilson , Erin ; Mefferd , Antje ; Yunusova , Yana ( December 2010 ) . `` Lip movement exaggerations during infant - directed speech '' . Journal of Speech , Language & Hearing Research . 53 ( 6 ) : 1529 -- 1542 . doi : 10.1044 / 1092 - 4388 ( 2010 / 09 - 0005 ) . ^ Jump up to : Schachner , Adena ; Hannon , Erin ( January 2011 ) . `` Infant - directed speech drives social preferences in 5 - month - old infants '' . Developmental Psychology . 47 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 25 . PMID 20873920 . doi : 10.1037 / a0020740 . Jump up ^ Kathy L. Reschke , Ph. D. ( 2002 ) , Ohio State University , `` Baby Talk '' Archived November 22 , 2006 , at the Library of Congress Archived copy at the Library of Congress ( November 22 , 2006 ) . ^ Jump up to : Shore , Rima. ( 1997 ) . Rethinking the brain : New insights into early development . New York : Families and Work Institute . Jump up ^ Baby Talk May Help Infants Learn Faster Jump up ^ Singh , Leher ; Nestor , Sarah ; Parikh , Chandni ; Yull , Ashley ( 2009 ) . `` Influences of infant - directed speech on early word recognition '' . Psychology Press . 14 ( 6 ) : 654 -- 666 . doi : 10.1080 / 15250000903263973 . Jump up ^ Waterson , N ( 1978 ) . The development of communication . Chichester , UK : Wiley . pp. 199 -- 216 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Peter ; Jung , Paula ; Ryther , Jennifer ; Zarlengo - Strouse , Patricia ( September 1996 ) . `` Infant - directed versus adult - directed speech as signals for face '' . Developmental Psychology . 32 ( 5 ) : 880 -- 891 . doi : 10.1037 / 0012 - 1649.32. 5.880 . Jump up ^ Singh , Leher ; Nestor , Sarah ; Parikh , Chandni ; Yull , Ashley ( November -- December 2009 ) . `` Influences of Infant - Directed Speech on Early Word Recognition '' . Infancy. 14 ( 6 ) : 654 -- 666 . doi : 10.1080 / 15250000903263973 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , M.H. ; Schwade , J.A. ( 2008 ) . `` Social Feedback to Infants ' Babbling Facilitates Rapid Phonological Learning '' . Psychological Science . 19 ( 5 ) : 515 -- 523 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 9280.2008. 02117. x . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Peter ; Dungan , Jessica ; Zinser , Michael ( March 2004 ) . `` Infants of Chronically Depressed Mothers Learn in Response to Male , But Not Female , Infant - Directed Speech '' . Developmental Psychology . 40 ( 2 ) : 140 -- 148 . PMID 14979756 . doi : 10.1037 / 0012 - 1649.40. 2.140 . Jump up ^ Hoff , E. ( 2003 ) . `` The specificity of environmental influence : Socioeconomic status affects early vocabulary development via maternal speech '' . Child Development . 74 : 1368 -- 1378 . doi : 10.1111 / 1467 - 8624.00612 . ^ Jump up to : ( Goodluck 1991 ) Jump up ^ Kaznatcheev , Artem ( 2010 ) . `` A Connectionist Study on the Interplay of Nouns and Pronouns in Personal Pronoun Acquisition '' . Cognitive Computation. 2 ( 4 ) : 280 -- 284 . doi : 10.1007 / s12559 - 010 - 9050 - 7 . Jump up ^ Joseph Jordania ( 2006 ) . Who Asked the First Question ? The Origins of Human Choral Singing , Intelligence , Language and Speech . Tbilisi : Logos . ISBN 99940 - 31 - 81 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Coren , Stanley `` How To Speak Dog : Mastering the Art of Dog - Human Communication '' 2000 Simon & Schuster , New York . Jump up ^ Bryant , G.A. ; Barrett , H.C. ( 2007 ) . `` Recognizing intentions in infant - directed speech : Evidence for universals '' . Psychological Science . 18 ( 8 ) : 746 -- 751 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 9280.2007. 01970. x . Jump up ^ Fernald , A. ( 1992 ) . `` Human maternal vocalizations to infants as biologically relevant signals '' . In J. Barkow , L. Cosmides , & J. Tooby ( Eds . ) , The adapted mind : Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture ( pp. 391 -- 428 ) . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Grieser , DiAnne ; Patricia K. Kuhl ( January 1988 ) . `` Maternal Speech to Infants in a Tonal Language : Support for Universal Prosodic Features in Motherese '' . Developmental Psychology . 24 ( 1 ) : 14 -- 20 . doi : 10.1037 / 0012 - 1649.24. 1.14 . Jump up ^ Ochs , Elinor and Bambi Schieffelin. ( 1984 ) . `` Language acquisition and socialization : Three developmental stories '' . Culture Theory Eds . R. Shweder and R. LeVine . pp. 276 -- 320 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Robin Panneton ; Aslin , Richard N. ( 1990 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Preference for Infant - Directed Speech in the First Month after Birth '' . Child Development . 61 ( 5 ) : 1584 -- 1595 . JSTOR 1130766 . doi : 10.2307 / 1130766 . Jump up ^ Gallaway , C. Input and interaction in language acquisition . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . pp. 56 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Quirk , R. ( 1974 ) . The linguist and the English language . London : Arnold . ( p. 138 ) . Jump up ^ Phillips , J ( 1973 ) . `` Syntax and vocabulary of mothers ' speech to young children : Age and sex comparisons '' . Child Development . 44 : 182 -- 185 . doi : 10.2307 / 1127699 . Jump up ^ Foley , W.A. and Van Valin , R.D. Jr. ( 1984 ) . Functional syntax and universal grammar . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Ninio , A. ( 2011 ) . Syntactic development , its input and output . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Introduction accessible at `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Travers , P.L. ( 1934 ) . Mary Poppins . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . Jump up ^ `` Native Language Governs Toddlers ' Speech Sounds '' . therapytimes.com. 2007 - 10 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 02 . Further reading ( edit ) Evans , Chris ( ( 1196 -- 1200 ) ) Use on British Channel 4 program TFI Friday . e.g. the ickle drum kit . External links ( edit ) The Uses of Baby Talk by Naomi S. Baron of the ERIC Clearinghouse on Languages and Linguistics Infants and their care Main Article Infant Health Baby food Birth weight Breast pump Breastfeeding Breastfeeding and medications Bottle feeding Colic Immunizations Cradle cap Cross eyed Failure to thrive Immunization Infant and toddler safety Infant bathing Infant food safety Infant formula Infant massage Infant food safety Infant nutrition Infant respiratory distress syndrome infant sleep training Neo-natal intensive care unit Oral rehydration therapy / Pedialyte Newborn care and safety Pediatrician Preterm birth Shaken baby syndrome Soy formula Sudden infant death syndrome Development Attachment parenting Baby - led weaning Baby talk Babbling Childbirth Congential disorder Crawling Infant visual development Diaper rash Gestational age Infant cognitive development Itsy Bitsy Spider Kangaroo care Mother Object permanence Parent Parenting Pat - a-cake , pat - a-cake , baker 's man Peekaboo Play Prenatal development Prenatal development table Teething This Little Piggy Types of crying Walking Weaning Socialization and Culture Attachment Babysitting Child abuse Child custody Child 's rights UN Child rights Circumcision Daycare Foster care Grandparent visitation Infant swimming Milk bank Nanny Wet nurse Infant care and equipment Baby bouncer Baby gate Baby monitor / Hidden camera Baby powder Baby shampoo Baby toy Baby walker Bib baby swing Baby transport Bassinet Child safety seat / Car seat safety Cloth diaper Cradle board Diaper Diaper bag Baby wipes Haberman Feeder Highchair Infant bed ( American ' crib ' and ' cradle ' , British ' cot ' ) Infant carrier Infant clothing Pacifier Playpen Stroller Supplemental nursing system Swaddling Swim diaper Baby teether Travel cot Other topics Baby shower Babywearing Beginning of pregnancy controversy Breast shell Child neglect Closed adoption Cry room Infant ear piercing Lactation suppression Miscarriage Nipple shield ( breastfeeding ) Open adoption Prenatal cocaine exposure Neonatal withdrawal syndrome Parental child abduction Parental rights Parenting plan Paternity fraud Paternity Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baby_talk&oldid=804504600 '' Categories : Psycholinguistics Language varieties and styles Infancy Hidden categories : Webarchive template other archives All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from April 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2013 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Español Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Kurdî 日本 語 Polski Português Võro Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 13 : 13 . 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what is the argument in letter from birmingham jail

The Letter from Birmingham Jail , also known as the Letter from Birmingham City Jail and The Negro Is Your Brother , is an open letter written on April 16 , 1963 , by Martin Luther King Jr . The letter defends the strategy of nonviolent resistance to racism . It says that people have a moral responsibility to break unjust laws and to take direct action rather than waiting potentially forever for justice to come through the courts . Responding to being referred to as an `` outsider , '' King writes , `` Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere '' .

the strategy of nonviolent resistance to racism|moral responsibility to break unjust laws and to take direct action rather than waiting potentially forever for justice to come through the courts

Letter from Birmingham Jail

letter from birmingham jail

The Letter from Birmingham Jail , also known as the Letter from Birmingham City Jail and The Negro Is Your Brother , is an open letter written on April 16 , 1963 , by Martin Luther King Jr . The letter defends the strategy of nonviolent resistance to racism . It says that people have a moral responsibility to break unjust laws and to take direct action rather than waiting potentially forever for justice to come through the courts . Responding to being referred to as an `` outsider , '' King writes , `` Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere '' .

The letter , written during the 1963 Birmingham campaign , was widely published , and became an important text for the American Civil Rights Movement . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Summary and themes 3 Publication 4 Notes 5 References 5.1 Footnotes 5.2 Bibliography 6 Further reading 7 External links Background ( edit ) The Birmingham campaign began on April 3 , 1963 , with coordinated marches and sit - ins against racism and racial segregation in Birmingham , Alabama . The nonviolent campaign was coordinated by the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights ( ACMHR ) and King 's Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) . On April 10 , Circuit Judge W.A. Jenkins issued a blanket injunction against `` parading , demonstrating , boycotting , trespassing and picketing . '' Leaders of the campaign announced they would disobey the ruling . On April 12 , King was roughly arrested with SCLC activist Ralph Abernathy , ACMHR and SCLC official Fred Shuttlesworth and other marchers , while thousands of African Americans dressed for Good Friday looked on . King was met with unusually harsh conditions in the Birmingham jail . An ally smuggled in a newspaper from April 12 , which contained A Call for Unity , a statement by eight white Alabama clergymen against King and his methods . The letter provoked King , and he began to write a response on the newspaper itself . King writes in Why We Ca n't Wait : `` Begun on the margins of the newspaper in which the statement appeared while I was in jail , the letter was continued on scraps of writing paper supplied by a friendly black trusty , and concluded on a pad my attorneys were eventually permitted to leave me . '' Summary and themes ( edit ) The letter responded to several criticisms made by the `` A Call for Unity '' clergymen , who agreed that social injustices existed but argued that the battle against racial segregation should be fought solely in the courts , not the streets . As a minister , King responded to these criticisms on religious grounds . As an activist challenging an entrenched social system , he argued on legal , political , and historical grounds . As an African American , he spoke of the country 's oppression of black people , including himself . As an orator , he used many persuasive techniques to reach the hearts and minds of his audience . Altogether , King 's letter was a powerful defense of the motivations , tactics , and goals of the Birmingham campaign and the Civil Rights Movement more generally . King began the letter by responding to the criticism that he and his fellow activists were `` outsiders '' causing trouble in the streets of Birmingham . To this , King referred to his responsibility as the leader of the SCLC , which had numerous affiliated organizations throughout the South . `` I was invited '' by our Birmingham affiliate `` because injustice is here '' , in what is probably the most racially divided city in the country , with its brutal police , unjust courts , and many `` unsolved bombings of Negro homes and churches . '' Referring to his belief that all communities and states were interrelated , King wrote , `` Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere . We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality , tied in a single garment of destiny . Whatever affects one directly , affects all indirectly ... Anyone who lives inside the United States can never be considered an outsider anywhere within its bounds . '' King also warned that if white people successfully rejected his nonviolent activists as rabble - rousing outside agitators , this could encourage millions of African Americans to `` seek solace and security in black nationalist ideologies , a development that will lead inevitably to a frightening racial nightmare . '' The clergymen also disapproved of tensions created by public actions such as sit - ins and marches . To this , King confirmed that he and his fellow demonstrators were indeed using nonviolent direct action in order to create `` constructive '' tension . This tension was intended to compel meaningful negotiation with the white power structure , without which true civil rights could never be achieved . Citing previous failed negotiations , King wrote that the black community was left with `` no alternative . '' `` We know through painful experience that freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor ; it must be demanded by the oppressed . '' The clergymen also disapproved of the timing of public actions . In response , King said that recent decisions by the SCLC to delay its efforts for tactical reasons showed they were behaving responsibly . He also referred to the broader scope of history , when `` ' Wait ' has almost always meant ' Never . ' '' Declaring that African Americans had waited for these God - given and constitutional rights long enough , King quoted Chief Justice Earl Warren , who said in 1958 that `` justice too long delayed is justice denied . '' Listing numerous ongoing injustices toward black people , including himself , King said , `` Perhaps it is easy for those who have never felt the stinging darts of segregation to say , ' Wait . ' '' Along similar lines , King also lamented the `` myth concerning time , '' by which white moderates assumed that progress toward equal rights was inevitable , so assertive activism was unnecessary . King called it a `` tragic misconception of time '' to assume that its mere passage `` will inevitably cure all ills . '' Progress takes time as well as the `` tireless efforts '' of dedicated people of good will . Against the clergymen 's assertion that demonstrations could be illegal , King argued that not only was civil disobedience justified in the face of unjust laws , but it was necessary and even patriotic . `` I submit that an individual who breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust , and who willingly accepts the penalty of imprisonment in order to arouse the conscience of the community over its injustice , is in reality expressing the highest respect for law . '' King stated that an unjust law was a law that degraded a human personality . Citing Augustine of Hippo , Thomas Aquinas , Martin Buber , and Paul Tillich -- and examples from the past and present -- King described what makes laws just or unjust . For example , `` A law is unjust if it is inflicted on a minority that , as a result of being denied the right to vote , had no part in enacting or devising the law . '' In terms of obedience to the law , King stated that citizens have `` not only a legal but a moral responsibility to obey just laws , '' and at the same time `` to disobey unjust laws . '' King stated that it is not morally wrong to disobey a law that pertains to one group of people differently than another . Alabama has used `` all sorts of devious methods '' to deny its black citizens their right to vote and thus preserve its unjust laws and broader system of white supremacy . Segregation laws are immoral and unjust `` because segregation distorts the soul and damages the personality . It gives the segregator a false sense of superiority and the segregated a false sense of inferiority . '' Even some just laws , such as permit requirements for public marches , are unjust when used to uphold an unjust system . King addressed the accusation that the Civil Rights Movement was `` extreme '' , first disputing the label but then accepting it . Compared to other movements at the time , King finds himself as a moderate . However , in his devotion to his cause , King refers to himself as an extremist . Jesus and other great reformers were extremists : `` So the question is not whether we will be extremists , but what kind of extremists we will be . Will we be extremists for hate or for love ? '' King 's discussion of extremism implicitly responded to numerous `` moderate '' objections to the ongoing movement , such as President Dwight D. Eisenhower 's claim that he could not meet with civil rights leaders because doing so would require him to meet with the Ku Klux Klan . King expressed general frustration with both white moderates and certain `` opposing forces in the Negro community . '' He wrote that white moderates , including clergymen , posed a challenge comparable to that of white supremacists , in the sense that , `` Shallow understanding from people of good will is more frustrating than absolute misunderstanding from people of ill will . Lukewarm acceptance is much more bewildering than outright rejection . '' King asserted that the white church needed to take a principled stand or risk being `` dismissed as an irrelevant social club . '' Regarding the black community , King wrote that we need not follow `` the ' do - nothingism ' of the complacent nor the hatred and despair of the black nationalist . '' In closing the letter , King criticized the clergy 's praise of the Birmingham police for maintaining order nonviolently . Recent public displays of nonviolence by the police were in stark contrast to their typical treatment of black people , and , as public relations , helped `` to preserve the evil system of segregation . '' Not only is it wrong to use immoral means to achieve moral ends , but also `` to use moral means to preserve immoral ends . '' Instead of the police , King praised the nonviolent demonstrators in Birmingham , `` for their sublime courage , their willingness to suffer and their amazing discipline in the midst of great provocation . One day the South will recognize its real heroes . '' Publication ( edit ) King promotes Why We Ca n't Wait King wrote the letter on the margins of a newspaper , which was the only paper available to him , and then gave bits and pieces of the letter to his lawyers to take back to movement headquarters , where the pastor Wyatt Tee Walker and his secretary Willie Pearl Mackey began compiling and editing the literary jigsaw puzzle . An editor at The New York Times Magazine , Harvey Shapiro , asked King to write his letter for publication in the magazine , but the Times chose not to publish it . Extensive excerpts from the letter were published , without King 's consent , on May 19 , 1963 , in the New York Post Sunday Magazine . The letter was first published as `` Letter from Birmingham Jail '' in the June 1963 issue of Liberation , the June 12 , 1963 , edition of The Christian Century , and in the June 24 , 1963 , issue of The New Leader . The letter gained more popularity as summer went on , and was reprinted in the July Atlantic Monthly as `` The Negro Is Your Brother '' . King included a version of the full text in his 1964 book Why We Ca n't Wait . The essay was highly anthologized , and was reprinted 50 times in 325 editions of 58 readers published between 1964 and 1996 that were intended for use in college - level composition courses . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In a footnote introducing this chapter of the book , King wrote , `` Although the text remains in substance unaltered , I have indulged in the author 's prerogative of polishing it . '' References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Negroes To Defy Ban '' . The Tuscaloosa News . 145 ( 101 ) . April 11 , 1963 . p. 21 . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rieder 2013 , ch . `` Meet Me in Galilee '' . Jump up ^ Rieder 2013 , ch . `` Meet Me in Galilee '' : `` King was placed alone in a dark cell , with no mattress , and denied a phone call . Was Connor 's aim , as some thought , to break him ? '' ^ Jump up to : King 1964 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ King 1964 , pp. 65 -- 66 . ^ Jump up to : King , Martin Luther . `` Letter from a Birmingham Jail '' . Retrieved May 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ King 1964 , p. 76 . ^ Jump up to : King 1964 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ King 1964 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ King 1964 , p. 69 . ^ Jump up to : King 1964 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ King 1964 , p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : King 1964 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ King 1964 , pp. 70 -- 71 . Jump up ^ `` `` Letter from Birmingham Jail '' ( 1963 ) `` , The King Center , accessed October 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McCarthy 2010 , p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : King 1964 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ King 1964 , p. 73 . ^ Jump up to : King 1964 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ King 1964 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ King 1964 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Wyatt Walker interview by Andrew Manis at New Caanan Baptist Church , New York City , April 20 , 1989 , p. 24 . Transcription held at Birmingham Public Library , Birmingham , Alabama . Jump up ^ Fox , Margalit ( January 7 , 2013 ) . `` Harvey Shapiro , Poet and Editor , Dies at 88 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bass 2001 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ King , Martin Luther , Jr. ( 1963 ) . `` Letter from Birmingham Jail '' . Liberation : An Independent Monthly . Vol. 8 no . 4 . pp. 10 -- 16 , 23 . ISSN 0024 - 189X . Jump up ^ Reprinted in Reporting Civil Rights , Part One - ( pp. 777 -- 794 ) - American Journalism 1941 - 1963 . The Library of America Jump up ^ Rieder 2013 , ch . `` Free at Last ? '' . Jump up ^ Bloom 1999 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bass , S. Jonathan ( 2001 ) . Blessed Are the Peacemakers : Martin Luther King , Jr. , Eight White Religious Leaders , and the `` Letter from Birmingham Jail '' . Baton Rouge , Louisiana : Louisiana State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 2655 - 4 . Bloom , Lynn Z. ( 1999 ) . `` The Essay Canon '' ( PDF ) . College English . 61 ( 4 ) : 401 -- 430 . doi : 10.2307 / 378920 . ISSN 0010 - 0994 . Retrieved January 18 , 2012 . Fulkerson , Richard P. ( 1979 ) . `` The Public Letter as a Rhetorical Form : Structure , Logic , and Style in King 's ' Letter from Birmingham Jail ' '' . Quarterly Journal of Speech. 65 ( 2 ) : 121 -- 136 . doi : 10.1080 / 00335637909383465 . Gilbreath , Edward ( 2013 ) . Birmingham Revolution : Martin Luther King Jr. 's Epic Challenge to the Church . Downers Grove , Illinois : InterVarsity Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8308 - 3769 - 4 . King , Martin Luther , Jr. ( 1964 ) . Why We Ca n't Wait . New York : Signet Classic ( published 2000 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 451 - 52753 - 0 . McCarthy , Anna ( 2010 ) . The Citizen Machine : Governing by Television in 1950s America . New York : The New Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59558 - 498 - 4 . Oppenheimer , David Benjamin ( 1993 ) . `` Martin Luther King , Walker v. City of Birmingham , and the Letter from Birmingham Jail '' ( PDF ) . U.C. Davis Law Review . 26 ( 4 ) : 791 -- 833 . ISSN 0197 - 4564 . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Rieder , Jonathan ( 2013 ) . Gospel of Freedom : Martin Luther King , Jr. 's Letter From Birmingham Jail . New York : Bloomsbury Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62040 - 058 - 6 . Snow , Malinda ( 1985 ) . `` Martin Luther King 's ' Letter from Birmingham Jail ' as Pauline Epistle '' . Quarterly Journal of Speech. 71 ( 3 ) : 318 -- 334 . doi : 10.1080 / 00335638509383739 . ISSN 1479 - 5779 . Further reading ( edit ) Bass , S. Jonathan ( 2014 ) . `` Letter from Birmingham Jail '' . Encyclopedia of Alabama . Alabama Humanities Foundation . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Carpenter , C.C.J. ; Durick , Joseph Aloysius ; Grafman , Milton L. ; Hardin , Paul ; Harmon , Nolan Bailey ; Murray , George M. ; Ramage , Edward V. ; Stallings , Earl ( 1963 ) . Public Statement by Eight Alabama Clergymen ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 -- via Quia . King , Martin Luther , Jr. ( 1963 ) . Letter from Birmingham Jail ( PDF ) . Stanford , California : The Martin Luther King , Jr. , Research and Education Institute . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . `` Letter from Birmingham Jail '' . Bhamwiki. 2017 . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . `` Martin Luther King , Jr. and Nonviolent Resistance '' . EDSITEment ! . National Endowment for the Humanities . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Walker v. Birmingham , 388 U.S. 307 ( 1967 ) . External links ( edit ) Quotations related to Letter from Birmingham Jail at Wikiquote Letter Birmingham Jail A Reading of the Letter from Birmingham Jail on YouTube , from The Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity hide Martin Luther King Jr . hide Speeches , movements , and protests Speeches `` Give Us the Ballot '' ( 1957 ) `` I Have a Dream '' ( 1963 ) `` How Long , Not Long '' ( 1965 ) `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' ( 1967 ) `` I 've Been to the Mountaintop '' ( 1968 ) Writings Stride Toward Freedom : The Montgomery Story ( 1958 ) The Measure of a Man ( 1959 ) `` What Is Man ? '' `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Strength to Love ( 1963 ) Letter from Birmingham Jail ( 1963 ) Why We Ca n't Wait ( 1964 ) Conscience for Change ( 1967 ) Where Do We Go from Here : Chaos or Community ? ( 1967 ) Movements and protests Montgomery bus boycott ( 1955 -- 1956 ) Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom ( 1957 ) Albany Movement ( 1961 -- 1962 ) Birmingham campaign ( 1963 ) March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom ( 1963 ) St. Augustine movement ( 1963 -- 1964 ) Selma to Montgomery marches ( 1965 ) Chicago Freedom Movement ( 1966 ) Mississippi March Against Fear ( 1966 ) Anti-Vietnam War movement ( 1967 ) Memphis sanitation strike ( 1968 ) Poor People 's Campaign ( 1968 ) People Family Coretta Scott King ( wife ) Yolanda King ( daughter ) Martin Luther King III ( son ) Dexter Scott King ( son ) Bernice King ( daughter ) Martin Luther King Sr. ( father ) Alberta Williams King ( mother ) Christine King Farris ( sister ) A.D. King ( brother ) Alveda King ( niece ) Other leaders Ralph Abernathy ( mentor and friend ) Ella Baker ( colleague ) James Bevel ( strategist / colleague ) Dorothy Cotton ( colleague ) Jesse Jackson ( protégé ) Bernard Lafayette ( colleague ) James Lawson ( colleague ) John Lewis ( colleague ) Joseph Lowery ( colleague ) Benjamin Mays ( mentor ) Diane Nash ( colleague ) James Orange ( colleague ) Bayard Rustin ( advisor ) Fred Shuttlesworth ( colleague ) C.T. Vivian ( colleague ) Wyatt Walker ( colleague ) Hosea Williams ( colleague ) Andrew Young ( colleague ) Assassination James Earl Ray Lorraine Motel ( now National Civil Rights Museum ) Funeral MLK Records Act Riots Loyd Jowers trial United States House Select Committee on Assassinations Media Film King : A Filmed Record ... Montgomery to Memphis ( 1970 documentary ) Our Friend , Martin ( 1999 animated ) Boycott ( 2001 film ) The Witness : From the Balcony of Room 306 ( 2008 documentary ) Alpha Man : The Brotherhood of MLK ( 2011 documentary ) Selma ( 2014 film ) All the Way ( 2016 film ) Television King ( 1978 miniseries ) `` The First Store '' ( The Jeffersons episode , 1980 ) `` Great X-Pectations '' ( A Different World episode , 1993 ) `` The Promised Land '' ( New York Undercover episode , 1997 ) `` Return of the King '' ( The Boondocks episode , 2006 ) Plays The Meeting ( 1987 ) The Mountaintop ( 2009 ) I Dream ( 2010 ) All the Way ( 2012 ) Illustrated Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story ( 1957 comic book ) Music `` Abraham , Martin and John '' ( Dion ) `` March ! For Martin Luther King '' ( John Fahey ) `` Martin Luther King 's Dream '' ( Strawbs ) `` Happy Birthday '' ( Stevie Wonder ) `` Pride ( In the Name of Love ) '' ( U2 ) `` MLK '' ( U2 ) `` King Holiday '' ( King Dream Chorus and Holiday Crew ) `` By The Time I Get To Arizona '' ( Public Enemy ) `` Shed a Little Light '' ( James Taylor ) `` Up to the Mountain '' ( Patti Griffin ) `` Never Alone Martin '' ( Jason Upton ) `` Symphony Of Brotherhood '' ( Miri Ben - Ari ) Joseph Schwantner : New Morning for the World ; Nicolas Flagello : The Passion of Martin Luther King ( 1995 album ) `` A Dream '' ( Common featuring Will.i.am ) `` Glory '' ( Common and John Legend ) Related topics Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Martin Luther King Jr . Day Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial National Historical Park King Center for Nonviolent Social Change Dexter Avenue Baptist Church National Civil Rights Museum Authorship issues Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity Season for Nonviolence U.S. Capitol Rotunda sculpture Oval Office bust Homage to King sculpture , Atlanta Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. sculpture , Houston Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial , San Francisco Landmark for Peace Memorial , Indianapolis Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. statue , Milwaukee The Dream sculpture , Portland , Oregon Dr. Martin Luther King Jr . Library Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr . Eponymous streets America in the King Years Civil rights movement in popular culture Lee -- Jackson -- King Day Martin Luther King High School ( disambiguation ) Lycée Martin Luther King ( disambiguation ) Civil rights movement Notable events ( timeline ) Prior to 1954 Lynching in the United States Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore 1954 -- 1959 Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton White America , Inc . Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. Gayle Tallahassee bus boycott Mansfield school desegregation 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom `` Give Us the Ballot '' Royal Ice Cream sit - in Little Rock Nine National Guard blockade Civil Rights Act of 1957 Kissing Case Biloxi wade - ins 1960 -- 1963 Greensboro sit - ins Nashville sit - ins Sit - in movement Civil Rights Act of 1960 Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia Rock Hill sit - ins Robert F. Kennedy 's Law Day Address Freedom Rides attacks Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement University of Chicago sit - ins `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Meredith enrollment , Ole Miss riot `` Segregation now , segregation forever '' Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 Birmingham campaign Letter from Birmingham Jail Children 's Crusade Birmingham riot 16th Street Baptist Church bombing John F. 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County School Board of New Kent County Activist groups Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights Atlanta Student Movement Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Committee on Appeal for Human Rights Council for United Civil Rights Leadership Dallas County Voters League Deacons for Defense and Justice Georgia Council on Human Relations Highlander Folk School Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights Montgomery Improvement Association Nashville Student Movement NAACP Youth Council Northern Student Movement National Council of Negro Women National Urban League Operation Breadbasket Regional Council of Negro Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Southern Regional Council Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) The Freedom Singers Wednesdays in Mississippi Women 's Political Council Activists Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Zev Aelony Mathew Ahmann William G. Anderson Gwendolyn Armstrong Arnold Aronson Ella Baker Marion Barry Daisy Bates Harry Belafonte James Bevel Claude Black Gloria Blackwell Randolph Blackwell Unita Blackwell Ezell Blair Jr . Joanne Bland Julian Bond Joseph E. Boone William Holmes Borders Amelia Boynton Raylawni Branch Ruby Bridges Aurelia Browder H. Rap Brown Guy Carawan Stokely Carmichael Johnnie Carr James Chaney J.L. Chestnut Colia Lafayette Clark Ramsey Clark Septima Clark Xernona Clayton Eldridge Cleaver Kathleen Cleaver Charles E. Cobb Jr . Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Joseph DeLaine Dave Dennis Annie Devine Patricia Stephens Due Joseph Ellwanger Charles Evers Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers - Williams Chuck Fager James Farmer Walter E. Fauntroy James Forman Marie Foster Golden Frinks Andrew Goodman Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Lawrence Guyot Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer William E. 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Moore William Lewis Moore Irene Morgan Bob Moses William Moyer Elijah Muhammad Diane Nash Charles Neblett Edgar Nixon Jack O'Dell James Orange Rosa Parks James Peck Charles Person Homer Plessy Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Fay Bellamy Powell Al Raby Lincoln Ragsdale A. Philip Randolph George Raymond Jr . Bernice Johnson Reagon Cordell Reagon James Reeb Frederick D. Reese Gloria Richardson David Richmond Bernice Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Bayard Rustin Bernie Sanders Michael Schwerner Cleveland Sellers Charles Sherrod Alexander D. Shimkin Fred Shuttlesworth Modjeska Monteith Simkins Glenn E. Smiley A. Maceo Smith Kelly Miller Smith Mary Louise Smith Maxine Smith Ruby Doris Smith - Robinson Charles Kenzie Steele Hank Thomas Dorothy Tillman A.P. Tureaud Hartman Turnbow Albert Turner C.T. Vivian Wyatt Tee Walker Hollis Watkins Walter Francis White Roy Wilkins Hosea Williams Kale Williams Robert F. Williams Andrew Young Whitney Young Sammy Younge Jr . 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Virginia Fifth Circuit Four Brown Chapel Holt Street Baptist Church Edmund Pettus Bridge March on Washington Movement African - American churches attacked Journey of Reconciliation Freedom Songs `` Kumbaya '' `` Keep Your Eyes on the Prize '' `` Oh , Freedom '' `` This Little Light of Mine '' `` We Shall Not Be Moved '' `` We Shall Overcome '' Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' Watts riots Voter Education Project 1960s counterculture In popular culture King Memorial Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Freedom Riders National Monument Civil Rights Memorial The New Jim Crow ( 2010 ) Noted historians Taylor Branch Clayborne Carson John Dittmer Michael Eric Dyson Chuck Fager Adam Fairclough David Garrow David Halberstam Vincent Harding Steven F. Lawson Doug McAdam Diane McWhorter Charles M. 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who won the ncaa mens basketball championship in 2016

2016 Villanova Jay Wright 077.1 ! 77 -- 74 North Carolina Williams , Roy Roy Williams NRG Stadium Houston , Texas

Villanova

List of NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Champions

list of ncaa division i men's basketball champions

The National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Men 's Division I Basketball Championship , or NCAA Tournament , is a single - elimination tournament for men 's college basketball teams in the United States . It determines the champion of Division I , the top level of play in the NCAA , and the media often describes the winner as the national champion of college basketball . The NCAA Tournament has been held annually since 1939 , and its field grew from eight teams in the beginning to sixty - five teams by 2001 ; as of 2011 , sixty - eight teams take part in the tournament . Teams can gain invitations by winning a conference championship or receiving an at - large bid from a 10 - person committee . The semifinals of the tournament are known as the Final Four and are held in a different city each year , along with the championship game ; Indianapolis , the city where the NCAA is based , will host the Final Four every five years until 2040 . Each winning university receives a rectangular , gold - plated trophy made of wood .

The first NCAA Tournament was organized by the National Association of Basketball Coaches . Oregon won the inaugural tournament , defeating Ohio State 46 -- 33 in the first championship game . Before the 1941 tournament , control of the event was given to the NCAA . In the early years of the tournament , it was considered less important than the National Invitation Tournament ( NIT ) , a New York City - based event . Teams were able to compete in both events in the same year , and three of those that did so -- Utah in 1944 , Kentucky in 1949 , and City College of New York ( CCNY ) in 1950 -- won the NCAA Tournament . The 1949 -- 50 CCNY team won both tournaments ( defeating Bradley in both finals ) , and is the only college basketball team to accomplish this feat . By the mid-1950s , the NCAA Tournament became the more prestigious of the two events , and in 1971 the NCAA barred universities from playing in other tournaments , such as the NIT , if they were invited to the NCAA Tournament . The University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) has been the most successful college in the NCAA Tournament , winning 11 national titles . Ten of those championships came during a 12 - year stretch from 1964 to 1975 . UCLA also holds the record for the most consecutive championships , winning seven in a row from 1967 to 1973 . Kentucky has the second-most titles , with eight . North Carolina is third with six championships , while Duke and Indiana follow with five each . North Carolina is the most recent champion , having defeated Gonzaga in the final of the 2017 tournament . Among head coaches , John Wooden is the all - time leader with 10 championships ; he coached UCLA during their period of success in the 1960s and 1970s . Duke 's Mike Krzyzewski is second all - time with five titles . Contents ( hide ) 1 Championship games 2 Multiple champions 3 Champions by conference status 3.1 Champions by conference at the time of tournaments 3.2 Championships by current conference membership 4 Championships by state 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Championship games ( edit ) Legend for `` Championship games '' table below Indicator Meaning * Game was decided in an overtime period Game was decided in a third overtime period Score Each score is linked to an article about that particular championship game , when available Year Each year is linked to an article about that particular NCAA Tournament Championship games , by year , showing winners and losers , final scores and venues Year Winning team Winning head coach Score Losing team Losing head coach Venue City Ref . 1939 Oregon Hobson , Howard Howard Hobson 046.3 ! 46 -- 33 Ohio State Olsen , Harold Harold Olsen Patten Gymnasium Evanston , Illinois 1940 Indiana McCracken , Branch Branch McCracken 060.3 ! 60 -- 42 Kansas Allen , Phog Phog Allen Municipal Auditorium Kansas City , Missouri 1941 Wisconsin Foster , Bud Bud Foster 039 ! 39 -- 34 Washington State Friel , Jack Jack Friel Municipal Auditorium Kansas City , Missouri 1942 Stanford Dean , Everett Everett Dean 053.2 ! 53 -- 38 Dartmouth Cowles , O.B. O.B. Cowles Municipal Auditorium Kansas City , Missouri 1943 Wyoming Shelton , Everett Everett Shelton 046.2 ! 46 -- 34 Georgetown Ripley , Elmer Elmer Ripley Madison Square Garden New York City , New York 1944 Utah Peterson , Vadal Vadal Peterson 042 ! 42 -- 40 * Dartmouth Brown , Earl Earl Brown Madison Square Garden New York City , New York 1945 Oklahoma A&M Iba , Henry Henry Iba 049 ! 49 -- 45 NYU Cann , Howard Howard Cann Madison Square Garden New York City , New York 1946 Oklahoma A&M Iba , Henry Henry Iba 043 ! 43 -- 40 North Carolina Carnevale , Ben Ben Carnevale Madison Square Garden New York City , New York 1947 Holy Cross Julian , Doggie Doggie Julian 058.1 ! 58 -- 47 Oklahoma Drake , Bruce Bruce Drake Madison Square Garden New York City , New York 1948 Kentucky Rupp , Adolph Adolph Rupp 058.2 ! 58 -- 42 Baylor Henderson , Bill Bill Henderson Madison Square Garden New York City , New York 1949 Kentucky Rupp , Adolph Adolph Rupp 046.1 ! 46 -- 36 Oklahoma A&M Iba , Henry Henry Iba Hec Edmundson Pavilion Seattle , Washington 1950 CCNY Holman , Nat Nat Holman 071.2 ! 71 -- 68 Bradley Anderson , Forddy Forddy Anderson Madison Square Garden New York City , New York 1951 Kentucky Rupp , Adolph Adolph Rupp 068.3 ! 68 -- 58 Kansas State Gardner , Jack Jack Gardner Williams Arena Minneapolis , Minnesota 1952 Kansas Allen , Phog Phog Allen 080.3 ! 80 -- 63 St. John 's McGuire , Frank Frank McGuire Hec Edmundson Pavilion Seattle , Washington 1953 Indiana McCracken , Branch Branch McCracken 069 ! 69 -- 68 Kansas Allen , Phog Phog Allen Municipal Auditorium Kansas City , Missouri 1954 La Salle Loeffler , Ken Ken Loeffler 092.2 ! 92 -- 76 Bradley Anderson , Forddy Forddy Anderson Municipal Auditorium Kansas City , Missouri 1955 San Francisco Woolpert , Phil Phil Woolpert 077.3 ! 77 -- 63 La Salle Loeffler , Ken Ken Loeffler Municipal Auditorium Kansas City , Missouri 1956 San Francisco Woolpert , Phil Phil Woolpert 083.2 ! 83 -- 71 Iowa O'Connor , Bucky Bucky O'Connor McGaw Hall Evanston , Illinois 1957 North Carolina McGuire , Frank Frank McGuire 054.1 ! 54 -- 53 Kansas Harp , Dick Dick Harp Municipal Auditorium Kansas City , Missouri 1958 Kentucky Rupp , Adolph Adolph Rupp 084.3 ! 84 -- 72 Seattle Castellani , John John Castellani Freedom Hall Louisville , Kentucky 1959 California Newell , Pete Pete Newell 071.1 ! 71 -- 70 West Virginia Schaus , Fred Fred Schaus Freedom Hall Louisville , Kentucky 1960 Ohio State Taylor , Fred Fred Taylor 075.4 ! 75 -- 55 California Newell , Pete Pete Newell Cow Palace Daly City , California 1961 Cincinnati Jucker , Ed Ed Jucker 070 ! 70 -- 65 * Ohio State Taylor , Fred Fred Taylor Municipal Auditorium Kansas City , Missouri 1962 Cincinnati Jucker , Ed Ed Jucker 071.4 ! 71 -- 59 Ohio State Taylor , Fred Fred Taylor Freedom Hall Louisville , Kentucky 1963 Loyola Chicago Ireland , George George Ireland 060.1 ! 60 -- 58 * Cincinnati Jucker , Ed Ed Jucker Freedom Hall Louisville , Kentucky 1964 UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 098 ! 98 -- 83 Duke Bubas , Vic Vic Bubas Municipal Auditorium Kansas City , Missouri 1965 UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 091 ! 91 -- 80 Michigan Strack , Dave Dave Strack Memorial Coliseum Portland , Oregon 1966 Texas Western Haskins , Don Don Haskins 072.2 ! 72 -- 65 Kentucky Rupp , Adolph Adolph Rupp Cole Field House College Park , Maryland 1967 UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 079 ! 79 -- 64 Dayton Donoher , Don Don Donoher Freedom Hall Louisville , Kentucky 1968 UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 078.2 ! 78 -- 55 North Carolina Smith , Dean Dean Smith Sports Arena Los Angeles , California 1969 UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 092.3 ! 92 -- 72 Purdue King , George George King Freedom Hall Louisville , Kentucky 1970 UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 080.2 ! 80 -- 69 Jacksonville Williams , Joe Joe Williams Cole Field House College Park , Maryland 1971 UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 068.2 ! 68 -- 62 Villanova Kraft , Jack Jack Kraft Astrodome Houston , Texas 1972 UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 081.2 ! 81 -- 76 Florida State Durham , Hugh Hugh Durham Memorial Sports Arena Los Angeles , California 1973 UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 087 ! 87 -- 66 Memphis State Bartow , Gene Gene Bartow St. Louis Arena St. Louis , Missouri North Carolina State Sloan , Norm Norm Sloan 076.3 ! 76 -- 64 Marquette McGuire , Al Al McGuire Greensboro Coliseum Greensboro , North Carolina UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 092.1 ! 92 -- 85 Kentucky Hall , Joe B. Joe B. Hall San Diego Sports Arena San Diego , California 1976 Indiana Knight , Bob Bob Knight 086 ! 86 -- 68 Michigan Orr , Johnny Johnny Orr Spectrum Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 1977 Marquette McGuire , Al Al McGuire 067 ! 67 -- 59 North Carolina Smith , Dean Dean Smith Omni Coliseum Atlanta , Georgia 1978 Kentucky Hall , Joe B. Joe B. Hall 094 ! 94 -- 88 Duke Foster , Bill Bill Foster The Checkerdome St. Louis , Missouri 1979 Michigan State Heathcote , Jud Jud Heathcote 075.3 ! 75 -- 64 Indiana State Hodges , Bill Bill Hodges Special Events Center Salt Lake City , Utah 1980 Louisville Crum , Denny Denny Crum 059 ! 59 -- 54 UCLA Brown , Larry Larry Brown Market Square Arena Indianapolis , Indiana 1981 Indiana Knight , Bob Bob Knight 063.2 ! 63 -- 50 North Carolina Smith , Dean Dean Smith Spectrum Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 1982 North Carolina Smith , Dean Dean Smith 063.1 ! 63 -- 62 Georgetown Thompson , John John Thompson Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana North Carolina State Valvano , Jim Jim Valvano 054.2 ! 54 -- 52 Houston Lewis , Guy Guy Lewis University Arena Albuquerque , New Mexico 1984 Georgetown Thompson , John John Thompson 084.2 ! 84 -- 75 Houston Lewis , Guy Guy Lewis Kingdome Seattle , Washington 1985 Villanova Massimino , Rollie Rollie Massimino 066 ! 66 -- 64 Georgetown Thompson , John John Thompson Rupp Arena Lexington , Kentucky 1986 Louisville Crum , Denny Denny Crum 072.1 ! 72 -- 69 Duke Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski Reunion Arena Dallas , Texas Indiana Knight , Bob Bob Knight 074 ! 74 -- 73 Syracuse Boeheim , Jim Jim Boeheim Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana 1988 Kansas Brown , Larry Larry Brown 083.1 ! 83 -- 79 Oklahoma Tubbs , Billy Billy Tubbs Kemper Arena Kansas City , Missouri 1989 Michigan Fisher , Steve Steve Fisher 080.1 ! 80 -- 79 * Seton Hall Carlesimo , P.J. P.J. Carlesimo Kingdome Seattle , Washington 1990 UNLV Tarkanian , Jerry Jerry Tarkanian 103 ! 103 -- 73 Duke Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski McNichols Sports Arena Denver , Colorado 1991 Duke Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski 072.2 ! 72 -- 65 Kansas Williams , Roy Roy Williams Hoosier Dome Indianapolis , Indiana 1992 Duke Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski 071.5 ! 71 -- 51 Michigan Fisher , Steve Steve Fisher Metrodome Minneapolis , Minnesota 1993 North Carolina Smith , Dean Dean Smith 077.2 ! 77 -- 71 Michigan Fisher , Steve Steve Fisher Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana 1994 Arkansas Richardson , Nolan Nolan Richardson 076.1 ! 76 -- 72 Duke Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski Charlotte Coliseum Charlotte , North Carolina 1995 UCLA Harrick , Jim Jim Harrick 089.1 ! 89 -- 78 Arkansas Richardson , Nolan Nolan Richardson Kingdome Seattle , Washington Kentucky Pitino , Rick Rick Pitino 076.2 ! 76 -- 67 Syracuse Boeheim , Jim Jim Boeheim Continental Airlines Arena East Rutherford , New Jersey 1997 Arizona Olson , Lute Lute Olson 084.1 ! 84 -- 79 * Kentucky Pitino , Rick Rick Pitino RCA Dome Indianapolis , Indiana 1998 Kentucky Smith , Tubby Tubby Smith 078.1 ! 78 -- 69 Utah Majerus , Rick Rick Majerus Alamodome San Antonio , Texas 1999 Connecticut Calhoun , Jim Jim Calhoun 077.1 ! 77 -- 74 Duke Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski Tropicana Field St. Petersburg , Florida 2000 Michigan State Izzo , Tom Tom Izzo 089.2 ! 89 -- 76 Florida Donovan , Billy Billy Donovan RCA Dome Indianapolis , Indiana 2001 Duke Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski 082.3 ! 82 -- 72 Arizona Olson , Lute Lute Olson Metrodome Minneapolis , Minnesota 2002 Maryland Williams , Gary Gary Williams 064 ! 64 -- 52 Indiana Davis , Mike Mike Davis Georgia Dome Atlanta , Georgia 2003 Syracuse Boeheim , Jim Jim Boeheim 081.1 ! 81 -- 78 Kansas Williams , Roy Roy Williams Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana Connecticut Calhoun , Jim Jim Calhoun 082.2 ! 82 -- 73 Georgia Tech Hewitt , Paul Paul Hewitt Alamodome San Antonio , Texas 2005 North Carolina Williams , Roy Roy Williams 075.1 ! 75 -- 70 Illinois Weber , Bruce Bruce Weber Edward Jones Dome St. Louis , Missouri 2006 Florida Donovan , Billy Billy Donovan 073 ! 73 -- 57 UCLA Howland , Ben Ben Howland RCA Dome Indianapolis , Indiana 2007 Florida Donovan , Billy Billy Donovan 084.2 ! 84 -- 75 Ohio State Matta , Thad Thad Matta Georgia Dome Atlanta , Georgia 2008 Kansas Self , Bill Bill Self 075.2 ! 75 -- 68 * Memphis Calipari , John John Calipari Alamodome San Antonio , Texas 2009 North Carolina Williams , Roy Roy Williams 089.3 ! 89 -- 72 Michigan State Izzo , Tom Tom Izzo Ford Field Detroit , Michigan Duke Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski 061 ! 61 -- 59 Butler Stevens , Brad Brad Stevens Lucas Oil Stadium Indianapolis , Indiana 2011 Connecticut Calhoun , Jim Jim Calhoun 053.1 ! 53 -- 41 Butler Stevens , Brad Brad Stevens Reliant Stadium Houston , Texas 2012 Kentucky Calipari , John John Calipari 067.1 ! 67 -- 59 Kansas Self , Bill Bill Self Mercedes - Benz Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana 2013 Louisville Pitino , Rick Rick Pitino 082.1 ! 82 -- 76 Michigan Beilein , John John Beilein Georgia Dome Atlanta , Georgia 2014 Connecticut Ollie , Kevin Kevin Ollie 060.2 ! 60 -- 54 Kentucky Calipari , John John Calipari AT&T Stadium Arlington , Texas 2015 Duke Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski 068.1 ! 68 -- 63 Wisconsin Ryan , Bo Bo Ryan Lucas Oil Stadium Indianapolis , Indiana 2016 Villanova Jay Wright 077.1 ! 77 -- 74 North Carolina Williams , Roy Roy Williams NRG Stadium Houston , Texas 2017 North Carolina Roy Williams 071.3 ! 71 -- 65 Gonzaga Mark Few University of Phoenix Stadium Glendale , Arizona Multiple champions ( edit ) UCLA Kentucky North Carolina Duke Indiana Connecticut Kansas Louisville San Francisco Villanova Florida NC State Oklahoma State Cincinnati Michigan State Arkansas Holy Cross La Salle Loyola Marquette UTEP Arizona UNLV Stanford California Georgetown Maryland Ohio State Utah CCNY Wyoming Michigan Syracuse Wisconsin Oregon Schools that have won the NCAA championship -- 11 championships , -- 8 championships , -- 6 championships , -- 5 championships -- 4 championships , -- 3 championships , -- 2 championships , -- 1 championship Teams that have won the championship more than once Team Wins Years won UCLA 11 1964 , 1965 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1995 Kentucky 8 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1958 , 1978 , 1996 , 1998 , 2012 North Carolina 6 1957 , 1982 , 1993 , 2005 , 2009 , 2017 Duke 5 1991 , 1992 , 2001 , 2010 , 2015 Indiana 5 1940 , 1953 , 1976 , 1981 , 1987 Connecticut 1999 , 2004 , 2011 , 2014 Louisville 1980 , 1986 , 2013 Kansas 1952 , 1988 , 2008 Cincinnati 1961 , 1962 Florida 2006 , 2007 Michigan State 1979 , 2000 North Carolina State 1974 , 1983 Oklahoma State 1945 , 1946 San Francisco 1955 , 1956 Villanova 1985 , 2016 Coaches that have won the championship more than once Team Wins Years won Wooden , John John Wooden 10 1964 , 1965 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski 5 1991 , 1992 , 2001 , 2010 , 2015 Rupp , Adolph Adolph Rupp 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1958 Calhoun , Jim Jim Calhoun 1999 , 2004 , 2011 Knight , Bob Bob Knight 1976 , 1981 , 1987 Williams , Roy Roy Williams 2005 , 2009 , 2017 Crum , Denny Denny Crum 1980 , 1986 Donovan , Billy Billy Donovan 2006 , 2007 Iba , Henry Henry Iba 1945 , 1946 Jucker , Ed Ed Jucker 1961 , 1962 McCracken , Branch Branch McCracken 1940 , 1953 Pitino , Rick Rick Pitino 1996 , 2013 Smith , Dean Dean Smith 1982 , 1993 Woolpert , Phil Phil Woolpert 1955 , 1956 Champions by conference status ( edit ) Champions by conference at the time of tournaments ( edit ) Championships by conference membership at the time of tournaments Conference Wins Years won Ref ( s ) Pac - 12 Conference ! Pac - 12 Conference ( 1915 -- current ) 15 1939 , 1942 , 1959 , 1964 , 1965 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1995 , 1997 Atlantic Coast Conference ! Atlantic Coast Conference ( 1953 -- current ) 14 1957 , 1974 , 1982 , 1983 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 2001 , 2002 , 2005 , 2009 , 2010 , 2015 , 2017 Southeastern Conference ! Southeastern Conference ( 1932 -- current ) 11 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1958 , 1978 , 1994 , 1996 , 1998 , 2006 , 2007 , 2012 Big Ten Conference ! Big Ten Conference ( 1896 -- current ) 10 1940 , 1941 , 1953 , 1960 , 1976 , 1979 , 1981 , 1987 , 1989 , 2000 Big East Conference ! Big East Conference ( 1979 -- current ) 8 1984 , 1985 , 1999 , 2003 , 2004 , 2011 , 2013 , 2016 Independents 6 1944 , 1947 , 1954 , 1963 , 1966 , 1977 Missouri Valley Conference ! Missouri Valley Conference ( 1907 -- current ) 1945 , 1946 , 1961 , 1962 Big Eight Conference ! Big 8 Conference ( 1907 -- 1996 ) 1952 , 1988 Metro Conference ! Metro Conference ( 1975 -- 1995 ) 1980 , 1986 West Coast Conference ! West Coast Conference ( 1952 -- current ) 1955 , 1956 American Athletic Conference ! American Athletic Conference ( 2014 -- current ) 2014 Big Twelve Conference ! Big 12 Conference ( 1994 -- current ) 2008 Big West Conference ! Big West Conference ( 1969 -- current ) 1990 Metropolitan New York Conference ! Metropolitan New York Conference ( 1933 -- 1963 ) 1950 Mountain States Conference ! Mountain States Conference ( 1938 -- 1962 ) 1943 Championships by current conference membership ( edit ) Championships by current conference membership Conference Wins Years won Ref ( s ) Atlantic Coast Conference ! Atlantic Coast Conference 17 1957 , 1974 , 1980 , 1982 , 1983 , 1986 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 2001 , 2003 , 2005 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 , 2015 , 2017 Pac - 12 Conference ! Pac - 12 Conference 16 1939 , 1942 , 1944 , 1959 , 1964 , 1965 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1995 , 1997 Southeastern Conference ! Southeastern Conference 11 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1958 , 1978 , 1994 , 1996 , 1998 , 2006 , 2007 , 2012 Big Ten Conference ! Big Ten Conference 11 1940 , 1941 , 1953 , 1960 , 1976 , 1979 , 1981 , 1987 , 1989 , 2000 , 2002 American Athletic Conference 6 1961 , 1962 , 1999 , 2004 , 2011 , 2014 Big Twelve Conference ! Big 12 Conference 5 1945 , 1946 , 1952 , 1988 , 2008 Big East Conference 1977 , 1984 , 1985 , 2016 Mountain West Conference ! Mountain West Conference 1943 , 1990 West Coast Conference ! West Coast Conference 1955 , 1956 Atlantic 10 Conference ! Atlantic 10 Conference 1954 City University of New York Athletic Conference ! City University of New York Athletic Conference 1950 Conference USA ! Conference USA 1966 Missouri Valley Conference ! Missouri Valley Conference 1963 Patriot League ! Patriot League 1947 Championships by state ( edit ) Championships by state State Wins Years won California 15 1942 , 1955 , 1956 , 1959 , 1964 , 1965 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1995 North Carolina 13 1957 , 1974 , 1982 , 1983 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 2001 , 2005 , 2009 , 2010 , 2015 , 2017 Kentucky 11 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1958 , 1978 , 1980 , 1986 , 1996 , 1998 , 2012 , 2013 Indiana 5 1940 , 1953 , 1976 , 1981 , 1987 Connecticut 1999 , 2004 , 2011 , 2014 Ohio 1960 , 1961 , 1962 Kansas 1952 , 1988 , 2008 Michigan 1979 , 1989 , 2000 Pennsylvania 1954 , 1985 , 2016 Oklahoma 1945 , 1946 Wisconsin 1941 , 1977 New York 1950 , 2003 Florida 2006 , 2007 Oregon 1939 Wyoming 1943 Utah 1944 Massachusetts 1947 Illinois 1963 Texas 1966 Washington , D.C. 1984 Nevada 1990 Arkansas 1994 Arizona 1997 Maryland 2002 See also ( edit ) NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship records Helms Athletic Foundation national champions Notes ( edit ) The result was later stricken from the NCAA record books after it was discovered that the team had committed a rules violation . Oklahoma A&M changed its name to Oklahoma State in 1957 . References ( edit ) General `` Division I Championship '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . 2008 . pp. 235 -- 236 , 241 -- 253 . Retrieved July 22 , 2010 . Specific Jump up ^ Owings , Jeffrey ; Burton , Bob ( December 1996 ) . `` Who Reports Participation in Varsity Intercollegiate Sports at 4 - Year Colleges ? '' ( PDF ) . National Center for Education Statistics . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` National champion Duke leads CBE Classic field '' . ESPN . Associated Press . July 8 , 2010 . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McPeak , Don ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Connecticut women and men make basketball history ( again ) '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Official 2009 NCAA Men 's Final Four Records Book ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . 2009 . p. 69 . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wieberg , Steve ( March 11 , 2011 ) . `` NCAA tournament has new look , more games , more channels '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Paul , Rodney J. ; Wilson , Mark ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Political Correctness , Selection Bias , and the NCAA Basketball Tournament '' . Journal of Sports Economics : 2 , 4 . Retrieved March 14 , 2013 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Five future Final Four sites announced '' . National Collegiate Athletic Association . November 14 , 2014 . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indianapolis the host with the most '' . ESPN . Associated Press . February 4 , 2004 . Retrieved August 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 2008 ESPN Sports Almanac . New York City : ESPN Books . 2007 . p. 536 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 933060 - 38 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Key Dates in NABC History '' . National Association of Basketball Coaches . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alesia , Mark ; Carey , Jack ( August 17 , 2005 ) . `` Supporters of buyout expect improved NIT '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 24 , 2010 . It used to be the most prestigious basketball event , outshining for years the NCAA tournament , which began in 1939 . Jump up ^ Klingaman , Mike ; Free , Bill ( March 16 , 2005 ) . `` When The Nit Mattered ( page 1 ) '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved August 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 2008 ESPN Sports Almanac , p. 314 . Jump up ^ Burns , Marty ( April 3 , 2000 ) . `` First The Double , Then The Trouble '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Merron , Jeff ( March 11 , 2002 ) . `` How March went mad '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Klingaman , Mike ; Free , Bill ( March 16 , 2005 ) . `` When The Nit Mattered ( page 2 ) '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved July 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gergen , Joe . `` The beginning : Oregon is king -- 1939 '' . Sporting News . 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Oklahoma State University -- Stillwater . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . NCAA Division I men 's basketball champions 1939 Oregon 1940 Indiana 1941 Wisconsin 1942 Stanford 1943 Wyoming 1944 Utah 1945 Oklahoma A&M 1946 Oklahoma A&M 1947 Holy Cross 1948 Kentucky 1949 Kentucky 1950 CCNY 1951 Kentucky 1952 Kansas 1953 Indiana 1954 La Salle 1955 San Francisco 1956 San Francisco 1957 North Carolina 1958 Kentucky 1959 California 1960 Ohio State 1961 Cincinnati 1962 Cincinnati 1963 Loyola ( IL ) 1964 UCLA 1965 UCLA 1966 Texas Western 1967 UCLA 1968 UCLA 1969 UCLA 1970 UCLA 1971 UCLA 1972 UCLA 1973 UCLA NC State UCLA 1976 Indiana 1977 Marquette 1978 Kentucky 1979 Michigan State 1980 Louisville 1981 Indiana 1982 North Carolina NC State 1984 Georgetown 1985 Villanova 1986 Louisville Indiana 1988 Kansas 1989 Michigan 1990 UNLV 1991 Duke 1992 Duke 1993 North Carolina 1994 Arkansas 1995 UCLA Kentucky 1997 Arizona 1998 Kentucky 1999 Connecticut 2000 Michigan State 2001 Duke 2002 Maryland 2003 Syracuse Connecticut 2005 North Carolina 2006 Florida 2007 Florida 2008 Kansas 2009 North Carolina Duke 2011 Connecticut 2012 Kentucky 2013 Louisville 2014 Connecticut 2015 Duke 2016 Villanova 2017 North Carolina NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Tournaments 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Structure Selection process Opening Round Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Game Venues Venues Champions & awards Champions Most Outstanding Player Media & culture Bracketology Broadcasting Tournament Final Four March Madness pools `` One Shining Moment '' Records & statistics All - time team records Bids by school Bids by school and conference Consecutive appearances Final Four appearances by school Final Four participants Final Four appearances by coach Upsets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_champions&oldid=821646503 '' Categories : NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship Lists of sports championships Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Español Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 19 : 42 . 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explain on the deposit activities and financing activities of islamic banking

Islamic banking and finance

islamic banking and finance

Islamic banking or Islamic finance ( Arabic : مصرفية إسلامية ‎ ) or sharia - compliant finance is banking or financing activity that complies with sharia ( Islamic law ) and its practical application through the development of Islamic economics . Some of the modes of Islamic banking / finance include Mudarabah ( Profit sharing and loss bearing ) , Wadiah ( safekeeping ) , Musharaka ( joint venture ) , Murabahah ( cost plus ) , and Ijar ( leasing ) .

Sharia prohibits riba , or usury , defined as interest paid on all loans of money ( although some Muslims dispute whether there is a consensus that interest is equivalent to riba ) . Investment in businesses that provide goods or services considered contrary to Islamic principles ( e.g. pork or alcohol ) is also haraam ( `` sinful and prohibited '' ) . These prohibitions have been applied historically in varying degrees in Muslim countries / communities to prevent un-Islamic practices . In the late 20th century , as part of the revival of Islamic identity , a number of Islamic banks formed to apply these principles to private or semi-private commercial institutions within the Muslim community . Their number and size has grown so that by 2009 , there were over 300 banks and 250 mutual funds around the world complying with Islamic principles , and around $2 trillion were sharia - compliant by 2014 . Sharia - compliant financial institutions represented approximately 1 % of total world assets , concentrated in the Gulf Cooperation Council ( GCC ) countries , Iran , and Malaysia . Although Islamic Banking still makes up only a fraction of the banking assets of Muslims , since its inception it has been growing faster than banking assets as a whole , and is projected to continue to do so . The industry has been lauded for returning to the path of `` divine guidance '' in rejecting the `` political and economic dominance '' of the West , and noted as the `` most visible mark '' of Islamic revivalism , its most enthusiastic advocates promise `` no inflation , no unemployment , no exploitation and no poverty '' once it is fully implemented . But it has also been criticized for failing to develop profit and loss sharing or more ethical modes of investment promised by early promoters , and instead selling banking products that `` comply with the formal requirements of Islamic law '' , but use `` ruses and subterfuges to conceal interest '' , and entail `` higher costs , bigger risks '' than conventional ( ribawi ) banks . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Usury in Islam 1.1. 1 Since 1970 1.2 Banking 1.2. 1 Early banking 1.2. 2 20th century 1.2. 3 Since 1970 2 Principles 2.1 Scriptural basis 2.2 Interest and credit sales 2.3 Types of Islamic lending 2.4 Time value of money 2.5 Early payment of debt 2.6 Islamic laws on trading 3 Industry framework 3.1 Size and locations 3.2 Sharia advisory councils and consultants 3.2. 1 Challenges 3.3 Financial accounting standards 3.4 Supporting institutions 3.5 Organizations 4 Central banking 5 Products , services and contracts 5.1 Profit and loss sharing 5.1. 1 Mudarabah 5.1. 2 Musharakah ( joint venture ) 5.1. 3 Diminishing Musharaka 5.2 Asset - backed financing 5.2. 1 Murâbaḥah 5.2. 2 Musawamah 5.2. 3 Istisna and Bai Salam 5.2. 4 Ijarah 5.2. 5 Tawarruq 5.3 Charitable lending 5.4 Contracts of safety , security , service 5.4. 1 Hawala 5.4. 2 Kafala 5.4. 3 Rahn 5.4. 4 Wakalah 5.5 Deposit side of Islamic banking 5.5. 1 Restricted and unrestricted investment accounts 5.5. 2 Demand deposits 5.5. 3 Qard 5.5. 4 Wadiah and Amanah 5.6 Other Sharia - compliant financial instruments 5.6. 1 Sukuk ( Islamic bonds ) 5.6. 2 Takaful ( Islamic insurance ) 5.6. 3 Islamic credit cards 5.6. 4 Islamic funds 5.6. 5 Islamic derivatives 5.6. 6 Microfinance 6 Assessments , controversies , challenges 6.1 Praise / defense 6.2 Challenges , criticism -- Industry view 6.3 Challenges , criticism -- scholars and critics 6.3. 1 Imitation of conventional finance 6.3. 2 Social responsibility and emphasis 6.3. 3 Profit and Loss Sharing and its problems 6.3. 4 Murabaha and ignoring required commodities 6.3. 5 Fund mingling 6.3. 6 Falsification 6.3. 7 Following conventional ( haram ) returns 6.3. 8 Liquidity 6.4 Other challenges and issues 6.4. 1 Lack of shariah uniformity 6.4. 2 Late payments / Defaults 6.4. 3 Inflation 6.4. 4 Non-Muslim influence 6.4. 5 Stability / Risk 6.4. 6 Customers and the industry 6.4. 7 Costs 6.4. 8 Maturity 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Notes 8.2 Citations 8.3 Books and journal articles 9 External links History ( edit ) Usury in Islam ( edit ) Further information : Riba Although Islamic finance contains many prohibitions -- such as on consumption of alcohol , gambling , uncertainty , etc. -- the belief that `` all forms of interest are riba and hence prohibited '' is the idea upon which it is based . The word `` riba '' literally means `` excess or addition '' , and has been translated as `` interest '' , `` usury '' , `` excess '' , `` increase '' or `` addition '' . According to Islamic economists Choudhury and Malik , the elimination of interest followed a `` gradual process '' in early Islam , `` culminating '' with a `` fully fledged Islamic economic system '' under Caliph Umar ( 634 - 644 CE ) . Other sources ( Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World , Timur Kuran ) , do not agree , and state that the giving and taking of interest continued in Muslim society `` at times through the use of legal ruses ( ḥiyal ) , often more or less openly , '' including during the Ottoman Empire . ( Still another source , ( International Business Publications ) , states that during the `` Islamic Golden Age '' the `` common view of riba among classical jurists '' of Islamic law and economics was that it was unlawful to apply interest to gold and silver currencies , `` but that it is not riba and is therefore acceptable to apply interest to fiat money -- currencies made up of other materials such as paper or base metals -- to an extent . '' ) In the late 19th century Islamic Modernists reacted to the rise of European power and influence and its colonization of Muslim countries by reconsidering the prohibition on interest and whether interest rates and insurance were not among the `` preconditions for productive investment '' in a functioning modern economy . Syed Ahmad Khan , argued for a differentiation between sinful riba `` usury '' , which they saw as restricted to charges on lending for consumption , and legitimate non-riba `` interest '' , for lending for commercial investment . However , in the 20th century , Islamic revivalists / Islamists / activists worked to define all interest as riba , to enjoin Muslims to lend and borrow at `` Islamic Banks '' that avoided fixed rates . By the 21st century this Islamic Banking movement had created `` institutions of interest - free financial enterprises across the world '' . The movement started with activists and scholars such as Anwar Qureshi , Naeem Siddiqui , Abul A'la Maududi , Muhammad Hamidullah , in the late 1940 and early 1950s . They believed commercial banks were a `` necessary evil , '' and proposed a banking system based on the concept of Mudarabah , where shared profit on investment would replace interest . Further works specifically devoted to the subject of interest - free banking were authored by Muhammad Uzair ( 1955 ) , Abdullah al - Araby ( 1967 ) , Mohammad Najatuallah Siddiqui , al - Najjar ( 1971 ) and Muhammad Baqir al - Sadr . Since 1970 ( edit ) The involvement of institutions , governments , and various conferences and studies on Islamic banking ( Conference of the Finance Ministers of the Islamic Countries held in Karachi in 1970 , the Egyptian study in 1972 , The First International Conference on Islamic Economics in Mecca in 1976 , and the International Economic Conference in London in 1977 ) were instrumental in applying the application of theory to practice for the first interest - free banks . At the First International Conference on Islamic Economics , `` several hundred Muslim intellectuals , Shari'ah scholars and economists unequivocally declared ... that all forms of interest '' were riba . By 2004 , the strength of this belief ( which is the basis of Islamic finance ) was demonstrated in the world 's second largest Muslim country -- Pakistan -- when a minority ( non-Muslim ) member of the Pakistani parliament questioned it , pointing out that a scholar from Al - Azhar University , ( one of the oldest Islamic Universities in the world ) , had issued a decree that bank interest was not un-Islamic . His statement resulted in `` pandemonium '' in the parliament , a demand by members of leading Islamist political party to immediately respond to these allegedly derogatory remarks , followed by a walkout when they were denied it . When the upset members of parliament returned , their leader ( Sahibzada Fazal Karim ) , stated that since the Pakistan Council of Islamic ideology had decreed that interest in all its forms was haram ( forbidden ) in an Islamic society , no member of parliament had the right to `` negate this settled issue '' . The council 's decree notwithstanding , over the years a minority of Islamic scholars ( Muhammad Abduh , Rashid Rida , Mahmud Shaltut , Syed Ahmad Khan , Fazl al - Rahman , Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy and Yusuf al - Qaradawi ) have questioned whether riba includes all interest payments . Others ( Muhammad Akran Khan ) have questioned whether riba is a crime like murder and theft , forbidden by sharia ( Islamic law ) and subject to punishment by human beings , or simply a sin to be inveighed against , with the reprimand left to God , since `` neither the Prophet nor the first four caliphs nor any subsequent Islamic government ever enacted any law against riba . '' Banking ( edit ) A Jordan Islamic Bank branch in Amman While revivalists like Mohammed Naveed insist Islamic Banking is `` as old as the religion itself with its principles primarily derived from the Quran '' , secular historians and Islamic modernists see it as a modern phenomenon or `` invented tradition '' . Early banking ( edit ) According to Timur Kuran , by `` the tenth century , Islamic law supported credit and investment instruments '' that were `` as advanced '' as anything in the non-Islamic world , but prior to the 19th century there were no `` durable '' financial institutions `` recognizable as banks '' in the Muslim world . The first Muslim majority - owned banks did not emerge until the 1920s . An early market economy and an early form of mercantilism , sometimes called Islamic capitalism , was developed between the eighth and twelfth centuries . The monetary economy of the period was based on the widely circulated currency the gold dinar , and it tied together regions that were previously economically independent . A number of economic concepts and techniques were applied in early Islamic banking , including bills of exchange , partnership ( mufawada , including limited partnerships , or mudaraba ) , and forms of capital ( al - mal ) , capital accumulation ( nama al - mal ) , cheques , promissory notes , trusts ( see Waqf ) , transactional accounts , loaning , ledgers and assignments . Muslim traders are known to have used the cheque or ṣakk system since the time of Harun al - Rashid ( 9th century ) of the Abbasid Caliphate . Organizational enterprises independent from the state also existed in the medieval Islamic world , while the agency institution was also introduced during that time . Many of these early capitalist concepts were adopted and further advanced in medieval Europe from the 13th century onwards . 20th century ( edit ) Further information : Islamic economic jurisprudence In the middle of the 20th century some organizational entities were found to offer financial services complying with Islamic laws . The first , experimental , local Islamic bank was established in the late 1950s in a rural area of Pakistan which charged no interest on its lending . In 1963 , the first modern Islamic bank on record was established in rural Egypt by economist Ahmad Elnaggar to appeal to people who lacked confidence in state - run banks . The profit - sharing experiment , in the Nile Delta town of Mit Ghamr , did not specifically advertise its Islamic nature for fear of being seen as a manifestation of Islamic fundamentalism that was anathema to the Gamal Nasser regime . Also in that year the Pilgrims Saving Corporation was founded in Malaysia ( although not a bank , it incorporated basic Islamic banking concepts ) . The Mit Ghamr experiment was shut down by the Egyptian government in 1968 . Nonetheless it was considered a success by many , as by that time there were nine similar banks in the country . In 1972 , the Mit Ghamr Savings project became part of Nasr Social Bank , which as of 2016 was still in business in Egypt . Since 1970 ( edit ) Publications available relating to Islamic Finance Year Number prior to 1979 238 1999 2722 2006 6484 SOURCE : Islamic Finance Project Databank The influx of `` petro - dollars '' and a `` general re-Islamisation '' following the Yom Kippur War and 1973 oil crisis encouraged the development of the Islamic banking sector , and since 1975 it has spread globally . In 1975 , the Islamic Development Bank was set up with the mission to provide funding to projects in the member countries . The first modern commercial Islamic bank , Dubai Islamic Bank , was established in 1979 . The first Islamic insurance ( or takaful ) company -- the Islamic Insurance Company of Sudan -- was established in 1979 . The Amana Income Fund , the world 's first Islamic mutual fund ( which invests only in sharia - compliant equities ) , was created in 1986 in Indiana . From 1980 - 1985 , Islamic investments underwent a `` spectacular expansion '' throughout the Muslim world , attracting deposits with the promise of `` great gains '' and `` religious guarantees '' supplied by Islamic jurists who were `` recruited to issue fatwas denouncing conventional banks and recommending their Islamic rivals . '' This growth was temporarily reversed in 1988 in the largest Arab Muslim country , Egypt , when the Egyptian state -- worried that Islamist movements were building up a `` war chest '' and being given financial independence -- reversed its tacit support for the industry , and launched a media campaign against Islamic banks . The ensuing financial panic led to the bankruptcy of some companies . In 1990 an accounting organization for Islamic financial institutions ( Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions , AAOIFI ) , was established in Algiers by a group of Islamic financial institutions . Also in that year the Islamic bond market emerged when the first tradable sukuk -- the Islamic alternative to conventional bonds -- were issued by Shell MDS in Malaysia . In 2002 , the Malaysia - based Islamic Financial Services Board ( IFSB ) was established as an international standard - setting body for Islamic financial institutions . By 1995 , 144 Islamic financial institutions had been established worldwide , including 33 government - run banks , 40 private banks , and 71 investment companies . The large US - based Citibank began to offer Islamic banking services in 1996 when it established the Citi Islamic Investment Bank in Bahrain . The first successful benchmark for the performance of Islamic investment funds was established in 1999 , with the Dow Jones Islamic Market Index ( DJIMI ) . Building housing the Islamic Banking & Finance Institute Malaysia ( IBFIM ) in downtown Kuala Lumpur Also in the 1990s , a false start was made in Islamic banking in the UK , where bankers declared returns `` interest '' for tax purposes , while insisting to depositors they were actually `` profit '' and so not riba . Islamic scholars issued a fatwa stating they had `` no objection to the use of the term ` interest ' '' in loan contracts for purposes of tax avoidance provided the transaction did not actually involve riba , and the Islamic bankers used the term for fear that lack of tax deductions available for interest ( but not profit ) would put them at a competitive disadvantage to conventional banks . Muslim customers were not persuaded , and a `` bad taste '' was left `` in the mouth '' of the market for Islamic financial products . The Islamic Bank of Britain , the first Islamic commercial bank established outside the Muslim world , was not established until 2004 . By 2008 Islamic banking was growing at a rate of 10 -- 15 % per year and continued growth was forecast . There were over 300 Islamic financial institutions spread over 51 countries , as well as an additional 250 mutual funds complying with Islamic principles . Worldwide , approximately 0.5 % of financial assets were estimated to be under sharia - compliant management according to The Economist magazine . But as the industry grew it also drew criticism ( from M.T. Usmani among others ) for not progressing from `` debt based contracts '' , such as murabaha , to the more `` genuine '' profit and loss sharing mode , but instead moving in the opposite direction , `` competing to present themselves with all of the same characteristics of the conventional , interest - based marketplace '' . During the global financial crisis of 2008 , Islamic banks were not initially impacted by the ' toxic assets ' built up on the balance sheets of US banks as these were not shari'a compliant and not owned by Islamic banks . In 2009 , the official newspaper of the Vatican ( ' L'Osservatore Romano ) put forward the idea that `` the ethical principles on which Islamic finance is based may bring banks closer to their clients and to the true spirit which should mark every financial service '' . ( The Catholic Church forbids usury but began to relax its ban on all interest in the 16th century . ) However the drop in valuation of real estate and private equity -- two segments heavily invested by Islamic firms -- following the collapse of Lehman Brothers Islamic did hurt Islamic financial institutions . As of 2015 , $2.004 trillion in assets were being managed in a sharia compliant manner according to the State of the Global Islamic Economy Report . Of these $342 billion were sukuk . The market for Islamic Sukuk bonds in that year was made up of 2,354 sukuk issues , and had become strong enough that several non-Muslim majority states -- UK , Hong Kong , and Luxemburg -- issued sukuk . Principles ( edit ) To be consistent with the principles of Islamic law ( Shariah ) -- or at least an orthodox interpretation of the law -- and guided by Islamic economics , the contemporary movement of Islamic banking and finance prohibits a variety of activities , some not illegal in secular states : Paying or charging interest . `` All forms of interest are riba and hence prohibited '' . Islamic rules on transactions ( known as Fiqh al - Muamalat ) have been created to prevent use of interest . Investing in businesses involved in activities that are forbidden ( haraam ) . These include things such as selling alcohol or pork , or producing media such as gossip columns or pornography . Charging extra for late payment . This applies to murâbaḥah or other fixed payment financing transactions , although some authors believe late fees may be charged if they are donated to charity , or if the buyer has `` deliberately refused '' to make a payment . Maisir . This is usually translated as `` gambling '' but used to mean `` speculation '' in Islamic finance . Involvement in contracts where the ownership of a good depends on the occurrence of a predetermined , uncertain event in the future is maisir and forbidden in Islamic finance . Gharar . Gharar is usually translated as `` uncertainty '' or `` ambiguity '' . Bans on both maisir and gharar tend to rule out derivatives , options and futures . Islamic finance supporters ( such as Mervyn K. Lewis and Latifa M. Algaoud ) believe these involve excessive risk and may foster uncertainty and fraudulent behaviour such as are found in derivative instruments used by conventional banking . Engaging in transactions lacking `` ` material finality ` . All transactions must be `` directly linked to a real underlying economic transaction '' , which excludes `` options and most other derivatives '' . Money on the most common type of Islamic financing -- debt - based contracts -- `` must be made from a tangible asset that one owns and thus has the right to sell -- and in financial transactions it demands that risk be shared . '' Money can not be made from money . Another statement of the Islamic banking theory of finance is : `` Money has no intrinsic utility ; it is only a medium of exchange . '' Other restrictions include Islamic banks are to collect zakat ( obligatory religious alms giving ) from customers ' accounts -- at least according to some sources . A board of Shariah experts is to supervise and advise each Islamic bank on the propriety of transactions to `` ensure that all activities are in line with Islamic principles '' . ( Interpretations of Shariah may vary by country . According to Humayon Dar , interpretation of the Shariah is more strict in Turkey or Arab countries than in Malaysia , whose interpretation is in turn more strict than the Islamic Republic of Iran . Mohammed Ariff also found less exacting Shariah compliance in Iran where the Islamic government had decreed `` that government borrowing on the basis of a fixed rate of return from the nationalized banking system would not amount to interest '' and consequently would be permissible . '' Mahmud el - Gamal found interpretations most strict in Sudan and least in Malaysia . ) Risk sharing . symmetrical risk and return on distribution to participants so that no one benefits disproportionately from the transaction . In general , Islamic banking and finance has been described as having the `` same purpose '' as conventional banking but operating in accordance with the rules of shariah law ( Institute of Islamic Banking and Insurance ) , or having the same `` basic objective '' as other private entities , i.e. `` maximization of shareholder wealth '' ( Mohamed Warsame ) . In a similar vein , Mahmoud El - Gamal states that Islamic finance `` is not constructively built from classical jurisprudence '' . It follows conventional banking and deviates from it `` only insofar as some conventional practices are deemed forbidden under Sharia . '' A broader description of its principles is given by the Islamic Research and Training Institute of the Islamic Development bank , `` The most important feature of Islamic banking is that it promotes risk sharing between the provider of funds ( investor ) on the one hand and both the financial intermediary ( the bank ) and the user of funds ( the entrepreneur ) on the other hand ... In conventional banking , all this risk is borne in principle by the entrepreneur . '' Some proponents ( Nizam Yaquby ) believe Islamic banking has more far reaching purposes than conventional banking , and declare that the `` guiding principles '' for Islamic finance include : `` fairness , justice , equality , transparency , and the pursuit of social harmony '' , although others describe these virtues as the natural benefits of following sharia . ( Taqi Usmani describes the virtues as guiding principles in one section of his book on Islamic Banking , and benefits in another . ) Nizam Yaquby , for example declares that the `` guiding principles '' for Islamic finance include : `` fairness , justice , equality , transparency , and the pursuit of social harmony '' . Some distinguish between sharia - compliant finance and a more holistic , pure and exacting sharia - based finance . `` Ethical finance '' has been called necessary , or at least desirable , for Islamic finance , as has a `` gold - based currency '' . Taqi Usmani declares that Islamic banking would mean less lending because it paid no interest on loans , this should not be thought of as presenting a problem for borrowers finding funds , because -- according to Usmani -- it is in part to discourage excessive finance that Islam forbids interest . Zubair Hasan argues that the objectives of Islamic finance as envisaged by its pioneers were `` promotion of growth with equity ... the alleviation of poverty ... ( and ) a long run vision to improve the condition of the Muslim communities across the world . '' Some ( such as convert Umar Ibrahim Vadillo ) believe the Islamic banking movement has so far failed to follow the principles of shariah law , or at least failed to follow them sufficiently strictly . On the other hand , Usmani preached that an Islamic economy free of the `` imbalances '' in society -- such as concentration of `` wealth in the hands of the few '' , or monopolies which paralyze or hinder market forces -- would follow from obeying `` divine injunctions '' by banning interest ( along with other Islamic efforts ) . ( Later in his book Introduction to Islamic Finance , he argues that Islamic principles should include `` the fulfillment of the needs of the society '' giving `` preference to the products which may help the common people to raise their standard of living '' , but that few Islamic banks have followed this path . ) Another source ( Saleh Abdullah Kamel ) , described the changes anticipated for the Muslim community by following Islamic approach to economics , banking , finance , etc. , as a `` move towards economic development , creation of the value added factor , increased exports , less imports , job creation , rehabilitation of the incapacitated and training of capable elements '' . Criticism Critic Feisal Khan argues that in many ways Islamic finance has not lived up to its defining characteristics . Risk - sharing is lacking because profit and loss sharing modes are so infrequently used . Underlying material transactions are also missing in such transactions as `` tawarruq , commodity murabahas , Malaysian Islamic private debt securities , and Islamic short - sales '' . Exploitation is involved when high fees are charged for `` doing nothing more substantial than mimicking conventional banking / finance products '' . Haram activities are not avoided when banks ( following the customary practice ) simply take the word of clients / financees / borrowers that they will not use funds for unIslamic activities . A Saba Islamic Bank branch in Djibouti City Scriptural basis ( edit ) Further information : Riba The sharia law that forms the basis of Islamic banking is itself based on the Quran ( revealed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad ) and a hadith ( the body of reports of the teachings , deeds and sayings of the Islamic prophet Muhammad that often explain verses in the Quran ) . Prohibition of gharar is based on ahadith declaring as forbidden gharar the sale of things like `` the birds in the sky or the fish in the water '' . Maisir is thought to be banned by verses 2 : 219 , 5 : 90 , and 91 in the Quran . However , `` the Islamic evaluation '' of modern banking centers around the definition of interest on loans as riba . Twelve verses in the Qur'an deal with riba , the word appearing eight times in total , three times in verses 2 : 275 , and once in 2 : 276 , 2 : 278 , 3 : 130 , 4 : 161 and 30 : 39 . Riba is mentioned numerous times in a hadith , including Muhammad 's Farewell Sermon . A number of orthodox scholars point to Quranic verses ( 2 : 275 - 2 : 280 ) as declaring riba `` categorically prohibited '' and `` unjust '' ( zulm ) , and defining it to mean any payment `` over and above the principal '' of a loan . ( Although at least one source states `` it is commonly argued '' that riba is `` defined by hadith '' . ) Those who devour usury shall not rise again except as he rises , whom Satan of the touch prostrates ; that is because they say , ' Trafficking ( trade ) is like usury . ' God has permitted trafficking , and forbidden usury . Whosoever receives an admonition from his Lord and gives over , he shall have his past gains , and his affair is committed to God ; but whosoever reverts -- those are the inhabitants of the Fire , therein dwelling forever . God blots out usury , but freewill offerings He augments with interest . God loves not any guilty ingrate . Those who believe and do deeds of righteousness , and perform the prayer , and pay the alms - their wage awaits them with their Lord , and no fear shall be on them , neither shall they sorrow . O believers , fear you God ; and give up the usury that is outstanding , if you are believers . But if you do not , then take notice that God shall war with you , and His Messenger ; yet if you repent , you shall have your principal , unwronging and unwronged . And if any man should be in difficulties , let him have respite till things are easier ; but that you should give freewill offerings is better for you , did you but know . ( Quran 2 : 275 - 280 ) Some unorthodox ( such as Raqiub Zaman ) have asked why -- if `` God Almighty used the terms ` doubling ` and ` quadrupling ` ( the sum lent ) '' as riba in verse 3 : 130 , and if `` there was no further clarification of this verse in the Quran or by the Prophet '' -- the orthodox are so certain that riba is defined as any `` addition over and above the principal sum that is lent . '' Nonetheless this is a minority view , and ( according to the orthodox ) an `` increase over the principal sum '' in loans of cash are riba . An increase over the principal sum in financing a purchase of some product or commodity is another matter . These are not riba -- according to the orthodox interpretation -- at least in some circumstances . ( These are sometimes known as `` credit sales '' . ) According to noted Islamic scholar Taqi Usmani , this is because in Quran aya 2 : 275 ( `` they say , ' Trafficking ( trade ) is like usury , ' ( but ) God has permitted trafficking , and forbidden usury '' ) `` trafficking ( trade ) '' refers to credit sales such as murabaha , the `` forbidden usury '' refers to charging extra for late payment ( late fees ) , and the `` they '' refers to non-Muslims who did n't understand why if the first was allowed both were not . For this reason ( according to Usmani ) it is not true that `` whenever price is increased taking the time of payment into consideration , the transaction comes within the ambit of interest '' . Instead of `` principal '' and `` interest rate '' , the credit taker is paying `` cost '' and `` profit rate '' . ( Another difference with conventional finance is that there is no penalty for late payment . ) Interest and credit sales ( edit ) While Usmani and other Islamic Banking pioneers envisioned credit sales like murâbaḥah being a limited part of the Islamic Banking industry and subordinate to profit and loss sharing , it has become the `` most common '' mode of Islamic financing . The distinction between credit sales and interest has also come under attack from critics such as Khalid Zaheer and Muhammad Akram Khan -- criticizing it from opposite points of view . Zaheer considers profit from credit sales to be riba , the same as interest , and notes the lack of enthusiasm of orthodox scholars -- such as the Council of Islamic Ideology -- for credit sales - based Islamic Banking , which they ( the council ) call `` no more than a second best solution from the viewpoint of an ideal Islamic system '' . Khan calls the distinction `` frivolous and laboured '' , a way of charging interest using another name , necessary because businesses `` can not survive where cash and credit prices are equal '' . Others note that in terms of standard accounting practice and truth - in - lending regulations getting 90 days credit on a Rs10000 product and paying an extra Rs500 , cost very nearly the same and is considered very nearly the same as paying in cash , using a three - month loan at 20 % per annum . Taqi Usmani , however , explains that this is a `` misconception '' . Paying more for credit when buying a product ( `` an exchange of commodities for money '' ) does not violate sharia law , but exchange of `` one unit of money for another of the same denomination '' ( `` an exchange of money for money '' ) and charging for credit is a violation of sharia . The cash loan is different because `` money has no intrinsic utility '' . Other orthodox supporters ( such as Kahf ) have defended the sharia compliance of the practice saying that among other things , attaching commodities to money in finance prevents money from being used for speculative purposes . Critics report widespread abuses of `` synthetic '' murabaha , which are loans with interest in all but name . Types of Islamic lending ( edit ) One of the pioneers of Islamic banking , Mohammad Najatuallah Siddiqui , suggested a two - tier mudarabah model as the basis of a riba - free banking . The bank would act as the capital partner in mudarabah accounts with the depositor on one side and the entrepreneur on the other side . ( Another pioneer Taqi Uthmani called mudarabah and another profit - sharing form of finance musharakah , the `` real and ideal instruments of financing in Shari'ah '' . ) This model would be supplemented by a number of fixed - return models -- mark - up ( murabaha ) , leasing ( ijara ) , cash advances for the purchase of agricultural produce ( salam ) and cash advances for the manufacture of assets ( istisna ` ) , etc . In practice , the fixed - return models , in particular murabaha model , became the industry staples , not supplements , as they bear results most similar to the interest - based finance models . Assets managed under these products far exceed those in `` profit - loss - sharing modes '' such as mudarabah and musharakah . Time value of money ( edit ) The time value of money -- the idea that there is greater benefit in receiving money now rather than later , so that savers / investors / lenders should be compensated for delayed gratification -- has been called one of the `` most significant '' arguments in favor of charging interest on loans . As such , some Islamic finance supporters have opposed the concept , arguing that some consumption -- such as eating -- can only be done over time , and discounting for time encourages negative outcomes such as unsustainable production like desertification , since the desertification comes in the discounted future . However , since Islamic banking also calls for rewarding delayed gratification in the form of `` return on investment '' on both profit - sharing and credit sales , Islamic scholars and economists have tended to insist that time value of money is a valid concept `` provided the rate of discount is the ` rate of return ` on capital rather than the rate of interest , '' a position critics find specious . Early payment of debt ( edit ) The opposite of credit sales ( i.e. the opposite of charging more in exchange for giving the buyer time to pay ) is reduced charges for early payment . This is considered haram by the four Sunni schools of juriprudence ( Hanafi , Maliki , Shafi'i , Hanbali ) , but not by all jurists according to Ridha Saadullah . He notes that such reductions have been permitted by some companions of the Prophet and some of their followers . This position has been advanced by Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn al - Qayyim , and it has , more recently , been adopted by the Islamic Fiqh Academy of the OIC . The Academy decided that ` reduction of a deferred debt in order to accelerate its repayment , whether at the request of the debtor or the creditor is permissible under Shariah . It does not constitute forbidden riba if it is not agreed upon in advance and as long as the creditor - debtor relationship remains bilateral ... Islamic Laws on trading ( edit ) An Islamic Development Bank branch in Dhaka Main article : Sharia and securities trading As noted above , the primary focus of Islamic banking is on financing without interest to avoid riba , while trade is not an issue ( per the Quranic statement that `` God has permitted trafficking ( trade ) and forbidden riba ( usury ) '' . However trade transactions that involve gambling ( maisir ) , or excessive risk ( bayu al - gharar ) are not permitted . Among the financial instruments and activities common in conventional finance that are considered forbidden ( or at least Islamically problematic ) by many Islamic scholars and Muslims are : margin trading : This uses borrowed money to buy shares of stock or other financial instruments . It both involves forbidden interest on the borrowed money , and much greater risk than non-margin investing because loses can be greater than the amount borrowed ; short selling : borrowing / renting shares of stock or some other instrument and selling it on the hope that its can be later repurchased at a lower price for a profit . It is traditionally thought to violate the hadith stating `` Do not sell which you do not possess , '' and has been declared impermissible by numerous sources ( Raj Bhala , IslamQA , Taqi Usmani , Humayon Dar . day trading : very short term buying and selling of financial instruments ) has been called unIslamic because the short period of `` ownership '' means day traders do not truly own what they trade , and furthermore pay interest . Among the sources calling it unIslamic include Yusuf Talal DeLorenzo , and Focus Business Services of the UAE . derivatives : contracts that derive their value from the performance of an underlying asset ; ( The `` notional value '' of the world 's over-the - counter derivatives at the end of 2007 was $596 trillion and the gross market value of all outstanding derivatives was $14.5 trillion . ) Options , futures and `` other derivatives '' are `` generally '' not used in Islamic finance `` because of the prohibition against maisir '' , Sources stating that most derivative or some kinds of derivative are banned by Islamic scholars include Juan Sole and Andreas Jobst , P.S. Mills and J.R. Presley , Taqi Usmani , Investopedia . The most commonly used derivative are : forwards : customized contracts to buy or sell an asset at a specified price on a future date . unlike futures contracts forward contracts are not traded on any exchanges ; futures : a legal agreement to buy or sell a particular commodity or financial instrument at a predetermined price at a specified time in the future ; options : contracts offering the buyer the right , but not the obligation , to buy ( call ) or sell ( put ) a security or other financial asset at an agreed - upon price ( the strike price ) during a certain period of time or on a specific date ( exercise date ) ; swaps : contracts through which two parties exchange financial instruments to transfer risk . On the other hand , at least one Islamic scholar ( Mohammed Hashim Kamali ) finds `` nothing inherently objectionable '' in selling and using options , which like other kinds of trade is mubah ( permissible ) in fiqh , and `` simply an extension of the basic liberty that the Quran has granted '' . And both Islamic finance practitioners and critics find benefit in at least some uses of derivatives and short selling -- managing risk in times of financial trouble , improving market efficiency and employee productivity . At least some in the Islamic finance industry use derivatives and make short sales , and permissibility of this is a subject of `` heated debate '' . Global standards for trading Islamic profit - rate and currency swap derivatives were set in 2010 with the `` Hedging Master Agreement '' ( see below ) . A `` shariah - certified '' short - sale had been created by some Shariah - compliant hedge funds . However both have been criticized as unIslamic . Industry Framework ( edit ) Islamic financial institutions take different forms . They may be Full - fledged Islamic financial institutions ( for example Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd , Meezan Bank in Pakistan ) ; Islamic `` windows '' -- i.e. separate , sharia - compliant units -- in conventional financial institutions ( for example : HSBC , American Express Bank , ANZ Grindlays , BNP - Paribas , Chase Manhattan , UBS , Kleinwort Benson , Commercial Bank of Saudi Arabia , Ahli United Bank Kuwait , Riyad Bank ) ; ( Scholars debate compliance of this form , according to Faleel Jamaldeen , `` primarily '' because of `` where '' the funds for these windows come from . ) Islamic subsidiaries of conventional financial institutions ( for example : Citibank subsidiary Citi Islamic Investment Bank ( Bahrain ) , Union Bank of Switzerland subsidiary Noriba Bank ) . Size and locations ( edit ) Percentage of world market share of Islamic banking industry by country , 2014 Saudi Arabia 33 Malaysia 15.5 UAE 15.4 Kuwait 10.1 Qatar 8.1 Turkey 5.1 Indonesia 2.5 Bahrain 1.6 Pakistan 1.4 Rest of the world 7.3 Source : World Islamic Banking Competitiveness Report 2016 Sharia - compliant banking grew at an annual rate of 17.6 % between 2009 and 2013 , faster than conventional banking , and is estimated to be $2 trillion in size , but at 1 % of total world , still much smaller than the conventional sector . As of 2010 , Islamic financial institutions operate in 105 countries . Statistics differ on which country has the largest Islamic banking sector . According to the 2016 World Islamic Banking Competitiveness Report , ( table to the right ) Saudi Arabia , Malaysia , United Arab Emirates , Kuwait , Qatar , and Turkey represented over 87 % of the international Islamic banking assets . ( A 2006 report by ISI Analytics also lists Saudi Arabia at the top and Iran as insignificant . ) However , according to Ibrahim Warde , Shia - majority Iran dominates Islamic banking with $345 billion in Islamic assets , Saudi Arabia with $258 billion , Malaysia $142 billion , Kuwait with $118 billion and UAE with $112 billion . And according to Reuters , Iranian banks accounted for `` over a third '' of the estimated worldwide total of Islamic banking assets , ( although sanctions have hurt Iran 's banking industry and `` its Islamic financial system has evolved in ways that will complicate ties with foreign banks '' ) . According to the latest central bank data , Iran 's banking assets as of March 2014 totalled 17,344 trillion riyals or $523 billion at the free market exchange rate . According to The Banker , as of November 2015 , three out of ten top Islamic banks in the world based on return on assets were Iranian . See also : Islamic Development Bank Sharia Advisory councils and consultants ( edit ) Main article : Shariah Board An Islamic bank branch in the UMNO building in Kota Kinabalu Because compliance with shariah law is the raison d'être of Islamic finance , Islamic banks and banking institutions that offer Islamic banking products and services should establish a Shariah Supervisory Board ( SSB ) -- to advise them on whether or not some proposed transactions or products follows the Sharia , and to ensure that the operations and activities of the banking institutions comply with Shariah principles . According to various Islamic banking organizations some requirements for SSBs include : that they be composed of jurists specializing in fiqh al - muamalat i.e. Islamic commercial jurisprudence , ( Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions , AAOIFI ) ; their fatwas ( legal opinions ) and ruling be binding , ( AAOIFI ) ; that they have at least three members , ( Institute of Islamic Banking and Insurance ) ; that their members not be employees of the financial institution they supervise ; and be appointed and have their remuneration set by a `` general assembly '' rather than the institution 's board of directors , ( International Association of Islamic Banks ) . In addition , their duties should include : calculating zakat payable by Islamic financial institutions , ( AAOIFI ) ; disposing of non-shariah - compliant income , ( AAOIFI ) ; advising on the distribution of income among investors and shareholders , ( AAOIFI ) . Since the beginning of modern Islamic finance , the work of the Shariah boards has become more standardized . Among the organizations that have issued guidelines and standards for Shariah compliance are the AAOIFI , Fiqh Academy of the OIC , Islamic Financial Services Board ( IFSB ) ( 2009 ) . The guidelines and standards are not regulations though , and each Islamic financial institution has its own SSB , which are not generally obliged to follow them . However , their home country many have a regulatory organization that they are required to follow . As of 2013 , regulators in Bahrain , Indonesia , Jordan , Kuwait , Lebanon , Malaysia and Pakistan have developed guidelines for SSBs in their respective jurisdictions . Some countries , like Indonesia , Kuwait , Malaysia , Pakistan , Sudan , and the UAE have centralized SSBs ( In Malaysia that SSB is called the Shariah Advisory Council , and was set up at Bank Negara Malaysia ( BNM ) . ) A number of Shariah advisory firms have now emerged to offer Shariah advisory services to the institutions offering Islamic financial services . Challenges ( edit ) Some Islamic Banking observers believe the industry suffers from handpicked , highly - paid Shariah experts who have been approving financial products using ḥiyal ( legal stratagem ) to follow sharia law , `` shunning controversial issues '' , and / or `` rubber stamping '' bank management decisions after perfunctory reviews , and that the banking practices approved by this small number of Islamic jurists have moved closer and closer to the practices of conventional non-Islamic banking . `` Fatwa shopping '' , independence Journalist John Foster quotes an `` investment banker based in Dubai '' : `` We create the same type of products that we do for the conventional markets . We then phone up a Sharia scholar for a Fatwa ... If he does n't give it to us , we phone up another scholar , offer him a sum of money for his services and ask him for a Fatwa . We do this until we get Sharia compliance . Then we are free to distribute the product as Islamic . '' According to Foster , this practice of `` shopping '' for an Islamic scholar who will issue a fatwa testifying that a banking product obeys Shari'ah law has led to `` top scholars '' earning `` six - figure sums '' for each fatwa , and to Islamic financing mechanisms that appear to outsiders to be mortgages `` dressed up in Arabic terminology '' -- such as Mudarabah , or Ijarah ( lease agreements ) . Mahmoud El - Gamal believes that from the 1970s to the 2000s there has been an evolution of the industry towards `` progressively closer approximations '' of the practices of conventional banking , approved by `` progressively smaller '' numbers of jurists ( with only a small group for example approving `` unsecured lending '' to retail and corporate customers through the tawarruq mode in the early 2000s ) . The scarcity of qualified shariah supervisors -- who need to be trained in both Islamic commercial law and contemporary financial practices -- has been noted . One study found the 20 most popular shariah scholars holding 621 sharia board positions , -- creating potential conflicts of interest . This scarcity also increases fees . Two researchers noted the small group of Shariah experts `` earn as much as US $88 , 5000 per year per bank '' and can `` charge up to US $500,000 for advice on large capital market transactions . '' Income far in excess of what has been customary for Islamic scholars -- luxury air travel and five star hotel -- as well as being eagerly asked for their legal opinion by wealthy , high status people , may lead to what one writer ( Muhammad O. Farooq ) calls a `` certain changes in viewpoint '' resulting in `` over-stretching the rules of Shariah '' . A study of the practice of boards of financial institutions setting the pay and employment of SSB members found this arrangement `` compromise ( s ) the independence of the SSB '' . Another study found Islamic financial institutions do `` not have practices which ensure transparency in the role and functions of the SSBs '' . Financial Accounting standards ( edit ) The Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions ( AAOIFI ) , has been publishing standards and norms for Islamic financial institutions since 1993 . By 2010 , it had issued `` 25 accounting standards , seven auditing standards , six governance standards , 41 shari'ah standards and two codes of ethics . '' ( By 2017 it had issued 94 standards in the `` areas of Shari'ah , accounting , auditing , ethics and governance '' . ) Although it is an independent body , its `` pronouncements on the acceptability or otherwise of contractual structures in relation to Islamic financial instruments are to be viewed in the same vein as regulatory edicts . '' Its standards are mandatory for Islamic financial institutions in Bahrain , Sudan , Jordan and Saudi Arabia , and recommended for other Muslim countries and Islamic financial institutions according to Muhammad Akram Khan . Established in Algiers in 1990 , its original name was Financial Accounting Organization for Islamic Banks and Financial Institutions . It later moved its headquarters to Bahrain . The International Islamic Financial Market -- a standardization body of the Islamic Financial Services Board for Islamic capital market products and operations -- was founded in November 2001 through the cooperation of the governments and central banks of Brunei , Indonesia and Sudan . Its secretariat is located in Manama Bahrain . It is not a regulatory body and its recommendations are `` not implemented by most Islamic banks '' . Faleel Jamaldeen differentiates its controlling body ( Islamic Financial Services Board ) from the other Islamic Financial standards organ , the AAOIFI , saying , the AAOIFI sets best practices for handling the financial reporting requirements of Islamic financial institutions , IFSB standards are mainly concerned with the identification , management , and disclosure of risk related to Islamic financial products . Individual countries also have accounting standards . The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan issues Islamic Financial Accounting Standards ( IFAS ) . Supporting institutions ( edit ) The Islamic Interbank Money Market was established by Bank Negara Malaysia on 3 January 1994 , and has developed instruments to manage the liquidity needs of the Islamic financial institutions -- `` funding and adjusting portfolios over the short term '' . The Islamic Financial Services Board was founded on 3 November 2002 at Kuala Lumpur by central banks of Bahrain , Iran , Kuwait , Malaysia , Pakistan , Saudi Arabia , Sudan along with the Islamic Development Bank , AAOIFI , and IMF . As of April 2015 , the 188 members of the IFSB comprise 61 regulatory and supervisory authorities , eight international inter-governmental organisations , and 119 market players ( financial institutions , professional firms and industry associations ) operating in 45 jurisdictions . From 2002 to 2012 it issued 17 standards , guiding principles and notes . Its objective is to standardize and harmonize the operation and supervision of Islamic financial institutions , standards and capital adequacy , risk management and corporate governance in consultation with a wide array of stakeholders and after following a lengthy process . It complements the task of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision . As of 2015 it had published 17 standards and six guidance notes . Islamic International Rating Agency started operations in July 2005 in Bahrain . It is sponsored by 17 multilateral development institutions , banks and other rating agencies . The Dow Jones Islamic Market Index ( DJIMI ) was established in 1996 . The Index has been approved by Fiqh Academy of the OIC . It uses three levels of screening -- eliminating businesses involved in activities not allowed by Islamic law ( alcohol , pork , gambling , prostitution , pornography , etc . ) ; eliminating companies whose total debts divided by their 12 - month average market capitalization are 33 % or more of their total sources of funds ; eliminating companies that have ` impure income or expenditure ` ( including , of course , interest ) of more than 5 - 10 per cent of their income or expenditure ( eliminating businesses with any ` impure income ` being considered impractical ) . In 2006 , Citigroup launched the Dow Jones Citigroup Sukuk Index . The sukuk making up the Index must be at least $250 million in size , have a maturity of at least one year and a minimum rating of BBB - / Baaa3 . In 1998 , the FTSE Global Islamic Index was launched . It has 15 Islamic indices for various regions . In 2007 , the MSCI Islamic Index series was launched , one of the `` MSCI ' Faith - Based ' Indexes '' . It is constructed from the conventional MSCI country indices and covers 69 developed , emerging and frontier markets , including regions such as the Gulf Cooperation Council and Arabian markets . Organizations ( edit ) The `` most prominent '' research and training institutions listed in alphabetical order , `` exclusively devoted to Islamic economics and finance '' , according to Muhammad Akram Khan are : Islamic Economic Institute , previously Islamic Economics Research Centre , and before that International Centre for Research in Islamic Economics , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , ( Saudi Arabia ) Islamic Research and Training Institute ( IRTI ) , Islamic Development Bank ( IDB ) Jeddah , ( Saudi Arabia ) School of Islamic Islamic Banking and Finance , previously International Institute of Islamic Economics , Islamabad , ( Pakistan ) ( IIUI ) , Institute of Islamic Banking and Insurance , London ( UK ) International Centre for Education in Islamic Finance ( INCEIF ) , Malaysia Islamic Finance Training , Kuala Lumpur Ethica Institute of Islamic Finance , Dubai Islamic Finance Academy , Dubai Centre for Islamic banking and Finance Training , Kuala Lumpur Institute of Islamic Finance , London ( UK ) Islamic Finance Advisory and Assurance Services , Birmingham ( UK ) Islamic Finance Institute of South Africa Centre for Islamic Finance of Bahrain , Institute of Banking and Finance ( BIBF ) Centre for Banking and Financial Studies , Qatar Central banking ( edit ) Although no Muslim country has yet banned interest on loans completely , suggestions have been made as to how to deal with monetary policy when central banks operate in an interest - free environment and there are no longer any interest rates to lower or raise . Economist Mohammad N. Siddiqi has proposed that central banks offer `` refinance facilities '' to expand or contract credit as needed to deal with inflation or deflation . He also proposes that short term credit for the production sector of the economy , be estimated by the central banks and the provided by them by manipulating the `` refinance ratio '' and the `` lending ratio '' . According to economist and Islamic finance critic Feisal Khan , a `` true '' or strict Islamic banking and finance system of profit and loss sharing ( the type supported by Taqi Usmani and the Shariah Appellate Bench of the Supreme Court of Pakistan ) would severely cripple central banks ' ability to fight a credit crunch or liquidity crisis that leads to a severe recession ( such as happened in 2007 - 8 ) . This is because if credit was provided by taking `` a direct equity stake in every enterprise '' ( the PLS approach ) it would contract in a credit crunch . But situations like this -- when financiers are `` less and less sure of the creditworthiness of their financial sector counterparties '' and essentially stop lending to even the biggest and most stable borrowers or even other banks -- is exactly the time when credit expansion and `` flooding '' the economy with liquidity is needed to prevent widespread business bankruptcy and unemployment . Products , Services and contracts ( edit ) Further information : Islamic finance products , services and contracts Banking makes up most of the Islamic finance industry . Banking products are often classified in one of three broad categories , two of which are `` investment accounts '' : Profit and loss sharing modes -- musharakah and mudarabah -- where financier and the user of finance share profits and losses , are based on `` contracts of partnership '' . These have been called the `` real and ideal '' modes of Islamic finance as Islam calls for sharing of rewards and losses by all who contribute capital to a commercial enterprise ( according to Taqi Usmani and other theoreticians of Islamic finance ) . `` Asset - backed financing '' , `` debt - like instruments '' such as mark - up ( murabaha ) , leasing ( ijara ) , cash advances for the purchase of agricultural produce ( salam ) , and cash advances for the manufacture of assets ( istisna ' ) . These are based on `` contracts of exchange '' , and involve the `` purchase and hire of goods or assets and services on a fixed - return basis '' . The fixed return resembles the interest of conventional banking rather than variable profits and losses , but is called `` profit '' or `` markup '' , not `` interest '' . Originally these modes were intended by Islamic banking advocates to be `` interim '' measures , or to be used for situations where participatory financing was not practical , but now account for the great bulk of investments in many Islamic banks . the third category consists of Modes based on contracts of safety and security , include safe - keeping contracts ( wadi'ah ) for current deposits ( called checking accounts in the US ) , and agency contracts ( wakalah ) . Most Islamic finance is in banking , but non-banking finance such as sukuk , equity markets , investment funds , insurance ( takaful ) , and microfinance , is also fast - growing , and as of 2013 represented about one - fifth of total assets in Islamic finance . These products -- and Islamic finance in general -- are based on Islamic commercial contracts and contract law , with many products named after a particular contracts ( e.g. mudaraba ) although they are combinations of more than one contract . Profit and loss sharing ( edit ) Further information : Profit and loss sharing While the original Islamic banking proponents hoped profit - loss sharing ( PLS ) would be the primary mode of finance replacing interest - based loans , long - term financing with profit - and - loss - sharing mechanisms is `` far riskier and costlier '' than the long term or medium - term lending of the conventional banks -- according to critics such as economist Tarik M. Yousef -- and has `` declined to almost negligible proportions '' . Mudarabah ( edit ) A `` mudarabah '' ( also `` mudharabah '' , profit sharing ) contract is a kind of partnership in a commercial enterprise where one partner ( rabb - ul - mal , also `` silent '' or `` sleeping '' partner ) provides money , and the other partner ( mudarib ) provides its expertise and management , ( very similar to that of venture capital in conventional finance where the venture capitalist finances the entrepreneur who provides management and labor ) . Profits generated are shared between the parties according to a pre-agreed ratio -- usually either 50 % - 50 % , or 60 % for the mudariband 40 % for rabb - ul - mal . If there is a loss , the first partner `` rabb - ul - mal '' will lose his / her capital , and the other party `` mudarib '' will lose the time and effort invested in the project . The arrangement reflects the view of Islamic banking proponents that under Islam , the user of capital -- labor and management -- should not bear all the risk / cost of a failure , and that this sharing of risk will result in a balanced distribution of income and prevent financiers from dominating the economy . Musharakah ( joint venture ) ( edit ) Like mudaraba , musharakah is also a profit and loss sharing partnership , but one where investment comes from all the partners , all partners are given the option of participating in the management of the business , and all partners share in losses according to the ratio ( pro rata ) of their investment . Musharakah may be `` permanent '' or `` diminishing '' . It is often used in investment projects , letters of credit , and the purchase or real estate or property . Use of musharaka is not great . In Malaysia , for example , the share of musharaka ( or at least permanent musharaka ) financing declined from 1.4 percent in 2000 to 0.2 per cent in 2006 Diminishing musharaka ( edit ) Musharaka al - Mutanaqisa , ( literally `` diminishing partnership '' ) , is a popular type of financing for major purchases such as housing . In it , the bank and purchaser ( customer ) have joint ownership of a purchased asset with the customer also leasing the asset . As the customer gradually paying off the cost the bank 's equity share diminishes from all but the customer percentage of downpayment to nothing . If the customer defaults and the asset is sold , the bank and the customer split the proceeds according to each party 's current equity . Asset - backed financing ( edit ) The Faisal Islamic Bank in Khartoum . Asset - backed or debt - type instruments ( also called contracts of exchange ) are sales contracts that allow for the transfer of one commodity for another commodity , the transfer of a commodity for money , or the transfer of money for money . They include Murabaha , Musawamah , Salam , Istisna'a , and Tawarruq . Murabahah ( edit ) Main article : Murabahah Murabahah ( or murabaha ) is an Islamic contract for a sale where the buyer and seller agree on the markup ( profit ) or `` cost - plus '' price for the item ( s ) being sold . In Islamic banking it has become a term for both a marked - up price and deferred payment -- a way of financing a good ( home , car , business supplies , etc . ) whereby the bank buys the good and resells it to the customer at higher price ( informing the customer of the price increase ) , and offering to take payment in installments or in a lump sum . Murabahah has also come to be `` the most prevalent '' or `` default '' type of Islamic finance . ( One estimate is that 80 % of Islamic lending is by Murabahah . ) This is despite the fact that ( according to Uthmani ) Islamic finance Shari'ah supervisory boards `` are unanimous '' in agreement that Murabahah loans `` are not ideal modes of financing '' , and should be used only `` when more preferable means of finance -- `` musharakah , mudarabah , salam or istisna ' -- are not workable for some reasons '' . Murabahah differs from conventional finance ( such as mortgages for homes or hire purchase / `` installment plans '' for furniture or appliances ) , in that the fixed return with which the bank is compensated is called `` profit '' and not interest , and that the financier may not keep for itself any penalties for late payment . Economists have questioned whether Murabahah is `` economically indistinguishable from traditional , debt - and interest - based finance . '' Since `` there is principal and a payment plan , there is an implied interest rate '' , based on conventional banking interest rates such as LIBOR . Others complain that in practice most `` murabaḥah '' transactions do not involve actual buying or selling of goods or commodities , but are merely cash - flows between banks , brokers and borrowers . Bai ' muajjal , also called bai ' - bithaman ajil , or BBA , ( also known as credit sale or deferred payment sale ) In Islamic jurisprudence ( fiqh ) , Bai - muajjal is a `` credit sale '' , i.e. the sale of goods on a deferred payment basis . In Islamic finance , the bai ' muajjal product also involves the price markup of a murabahah contract , and a murabahah product involves a bai - muajjal deferred payment . Thus the terms and are often used interchangeably , ( according to Hans Visser ) , or `` in practice ... used together '' ( according to Faleel Jamaldeen ) . However , according to another ( Bangladeshi ) source , Bai ' muajjal differs from Murabahah in that the client , not the bank , is in possession of and bear the risk for the goods being purchased before completion of payment . And according to a Malaysian source , the main difference between BBA ( short for bai ' - bithaman ajil ) and murabaha -- at least as practiced in Malaysia -- is that murabaha is used for medium and short term financing and BBA for longer term . Bia'muajjal as a finance product was introduced in 1983 by Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad . Bai ' al ' inah ( sale and buy - back agreement ) Bai ' al inah ( literally , `` a loan in the form of a sale '' ) , is a financing arrangement where the financier / bank buys some asset from the customer on spot basis , with the financier 's payment constituting the `` loan '' . The asset is then sold back to the customer who pays in installments over time , essentially `` repaying the loan '' . Since loaning of cash for profit is forbidden in Islamic Finance , some scholars do not believe Bai ' al ' inah is permissible in Islam . According to the Institute of Islamic Banking and Insurance , it `` serves as a ruse for lending on interest '' , but Bai ' al inah is practiced in Malaysia and similar jurisdictions . Musawamah ( edit ) A Musawamah ( literally `` bargaining '' ) contract is used if the exact cost of the item ( s ) sold to the bank / financier either can not be or is not ascertained . Musawamah differs from Murabahah in that the `` seller is not under the obligation to reveal his cost or purchase price '' . Musawamah is the `` most common '' type of `` trading negotiation '' seen in Islamic commerce . Istisna and Bai salam ( edit ) Istisna ( also Bia Istisna or Bai ' Al - Istisna ) and Bia Salam ( also Bai us salam or just salam ) are `` forward contracts '' -- customized contracts where immediate payment is made for goods in the future -- goods not yet manufactured , built , or harvested . Istisna contracts ( literally , a request to manufacture something ) are limited by Islamic fiqh to use for manufacturing , processing , or construction , while salam `` can be effected on anything '' -- except gold , silver , or currencies based on these metals . On the other hand a salam contract can not be cancelled unilaterally , the full price must be paid in advance , and the time of delivery must be specified -- restrictions that do not apply to istisna . In a istisna contract , the financer / bank can makes payments in stages , to finance raw materials ( in the case of manufacturing ) , or construction materials ( in the case of the construction project ) . When the product / structure is finished and sold , the bank can be repaid . Bia salam and istisna contracts should be as detailed as possible to avoid uncertainty . Salam contracts predate istisna and were designed to fulfill the needs of small farmers and traders . Salam is a preferred financing structure and carries higher order of Shariah compliance than contracts such as Murahabah or Musawamah . Examples of use of istisna in the Islamic finance world include use by the Kuwait Finance House and the Barzan gas project in Qatar . Examples of banks using Salam are ADCB Islamic Banking and Dubai Islamic Bank . Ijarah ( edit ) Ijarah , ( literally `` to give something on rent '' ) is a leasing or renting contract . In traditional Islamic jurisprudence ( fiqh ) , it means a contract for the hiring of persons , services , or the `` usufruct '' of a property , generally for a fixed period and price . In Islamic finance , al Ijarah usually refers to a leasing contract that also includes a sales contract . Property such as plant , office automation , or motor vehicle , is leased to a client for stream of rental and purchase payments , so that the end of the leasing period coincides with completion of purchase payments and transfer of ownership to the lessee , and otherwise follows Islamic regulations . There are several types of ijarah in Islamic finance ( `` operating ijarah '' or ijarah tashgheeliah , are leases without sales and finance ) : Ijarah thumma al bai ' and Ijarah wa - iqtina Ijarah thumma al bai ` ( hire purchase ) and Ijarah wa - iqtina ( `` lease and ownership '' ) involve the leasing / renting / hiring of a good , paid in installments and ending with its purchase ( or option to purchase ) by / for the customer . Both involve two contracts -- a lease and a transfer of ownership of the asset or the property -- that should be recorded in separate documents . The two modes differ in that in Ijarah wa - iqtina ( or ijara muntahia bittamleek ) sale / ownership transfer is `` an option given to the lessee '' and can not be a precondition . In ijara thumma bay ` sale is part of the contract . ijara mawsoofa bi al dhimma In a `` forward ijarah '' or ijara mawsoofa bi al dhimma Islamic contract , the service or benefit being leased is defined , rather than the particular unit providing that service / benefit . In contemporary Islamic finance , it is used to finance construction ( of a home , office , factory , etc . ) combined with a Istisna contract . The party begins leasing the asset after `` taking delivery '' of it . Ijarah challenges Among the complaints made against ijara are that in practice some rules protecting the customer are overlooked , that its rules provide weaker legal standing and consumer protection and less flexibility than conventional mortgage loan or car finance , as well as higher costs . Tawarruq ( edit ) Further information : Murabaha § Bay. 27_al - Tawarruq A Tawarruq ( literally `` turns into silver '' , or `` monetization '' ) contract / product where the client / customer can raise cash to be repaid later by buying and selling some readily saleable asset . An example of this would be a customer wishing to borrow $1000 in cash having their bank buy $1,100 worth of a commodity such as iron from a supplier , buying the iron from the bank on credit with 12 months to pay the $1100 back , immediately selling the metal back to the bank for $1000 cash to be paid on the spot . The bank resells the iron to the supplier . ( This would be the equivalent of borrowing $1000 for a year at an interest rate of 11 per cent . ) Like Bai ' al inah mentioned above , the greater complexity of this transaction means more fees and higher costs than a conventional bank loan , but ( in theory ) compliance with shariah law because of the tangible assets that underlie the transactions . However , critics complain that `` billions of dollars '' of putative commodity - based tawarruq transactions have evaded the required commodity trades ; and Islamic scholars both contemporary and classical have forbidden the practice . Nonetheless , as of 2012 Islamic banks using Tawarruq include the United Arab Bank , QNB Al Islamic , Standard Chartered of United Arab Emirates , and Bank Muamalat Malaysia . Charitable lending ( edit ) Qardh - ul Hasan Taqi Usmani insists that `` role of loans '' ( as opposed to investment or finance ) in a truly Islamic society is `` very limited '' , and that Shariah law permits loans not as an ordinary occurrence , `` but only in cases of dire need '' . A shariah - compliant loan is known as Qardh - ul Hasan , ( also Qard Hasan , literally : `` benevolent loan '' or `` beneficence loan '' ) . It is often described as an interest - free loan extended to needy people . Such loans are often made by social service agencies , or by a firm as a benefit to its employees , rather than by Islamic banks . Quoting the Islamic prophet Muhammad , some sources insist that lenders may not gain `` any advantage or benefits '' from the loan , let alone interest . However , some Islamic banks offer products called qardh - ul hasan which charge lenders a management fee , and others have savings account products called qardh - ul hasan , ( the `` loan '' being a deposit to a bank account ) where the debtor ( the bank ) may pay an extra amount beyond the principal amount of the loan ( known as a hibah , literally gift ) if the extra is not an obligation of the account / loan agreement . Contracts of safety , security , service ( edit ) These contracts are intended to help individual and business customers keep their funds safe . Hawala ( edit ) Further information : Hawala Hawala ( also Hiwala , Hewala , or Hundi ; literally `` transfer '' or `` trust '' ) is a widely used , informal `` value transfer system '' for transferring funds from one geographical area to another , based not on wire transfers but on a huge network of money brokers ( known as `` Hawaladars '' ) throughout the Muslim world . Hawala was not started as an halal alternative to conventional banking transfers , since electronic wire transfers have not been found in violation of sharia , However , hawala has the advantage of being available in places wire transfer is not , and predates conventional banking remittance systems by many centuries . In the first half of the 20th century it lost ground to instruments of the conventional banking system , but regained it starting in the late 20th century with the economic migration of Muslim workers to wealthier countries in the West and the Gulf and their need to send money home . Dubai has traditionally served as a hub . Hawala is based on a short term , discountable , negotiable , promissory note ( or bill of exchange ) called `` Hundi '' , transferred from one debtor to another . After the debt is transferred to the second debtor , the first debtor is free from his / her obligation . Recipient of the funds often identify themselves with passwords given to them by the sender . Hawaladars are often small traders who work at hawala as a sideline or moonlighting operation . Hawaladars networks are usually family or clan - based , and enforcement of the contracts is based on these networks rather than the power of the state . Kafala ( edit ) Kafala ( literally `` guarantee ) , is called `` surety '' or `` guaranty '' in conventional finance . A third party accepts an existing obligation and becomes responsible for fulfilling someone 's liability . Rahn ( edit ) Rahn ( collateral or pledge contract ) is property pledged against an obligation . A rahn contract is made in order to secure a financial liability . According to Mecelle , rahn is `` to make a property a security in respect of a right of claim , the payment in full of which from the property is permitted . '' Hadith tradition states that the Islamic prophet Muhammad purchased food grains on credit pledging his armor as rahn . Wakalah ( edit ) In a Wakalah contract , a person ( the principal or muwakkel ) appoints a representative ( the agent or wakil ) to undertake transactions on his / her behalf , that the principal does not have the time , knowledge or expertise to perform themselves -- similar to a power of attorney agreement in conventional legal terms . Wakalah should be a non-binding contract for a fixed fee . The agent 's services may include selling and buying , lending and borrowing , debt assignment , guarantee , gifting , litigation and making payments , and are involved in numerous Islamic products like Musharakah , Mudarabah , Murabaha , Salam and Ijarah . An example of wakalah is found in a mudarabah profit and loss sharing contract ( above ) where the mudarib ( the party that receives the capital and manages the enterprise ) serves as a wakil for the rabb - ul - mal ( the silent party that provides the capital ) Deposit side of Islamic banking ( edit ) From the point of view of depositors , `` Investment accounts '' of Islamic banks -- based on profit and loss sharing and asset - backed finance -- play a similar role to the `` time deposits '' of conventional banks . ( For example , one Islamic bank -- Al Rayan Bank in the United Kingdom -- talks about `` Fixed Term '' deposits or savings accounts ) . In both , the depositor agrees to hold the deposit at the bank for a fixed amount of time . In Islamic banking return is measured as `` expected profit rate '' rather than interest . `` Demand deposits '' of Islamic financial institutions , which provide no return , are structured with qard al - hasana ( also known as qard , see above in Charitable lending ) contracts , or less commonly as wadiah or amanah contracts , according to Mohammad O. Farooq . Restricted and unrestricted investment accounts ( edit ) At least in one Muslim country with a strong Islamic banking sector ( Malaysia ) , there are two main types of investment accounts offered by Islamic banks for those investing specifically in profit and loss sharing modes -- restricted or unrestricted . Restricted investment accounts ( RIA ) enable customers to specify the investment mandate and the underlying assets that their funds may be invested in , unrestricted investment accounts ( UIAs ) do not , leaving the bank or investing institution full authority to invest funds as `` it deems fit '' , unrestricted by purpose , geography , or means of investing . In exchange the accounts may be `` tailored to meet a diverse range of customer needs and preferences '' , but are not guaranteed against losses . Some have complained that UIA accounts lack transparency , fail to follow Islamic banking standards , lack of customer representation on the board of governors , and have sometimes hidden poor performance from investors . Demand deposits ( edit ) Islamic banks also offer `` demand deposits '' , i.e. accounts which promise the convenience of returning funds to depositors on demand , but in return usually pay little if any return on investment and / or charge more fees . Qard ( edit ) Because demand deposits pay little if any return and Qard al - hasana ( mentioned above ) loans are forbidden to pay any `` stipulated benefit '' , the Qard mode is a popular Islamic finance structure for demand deposits . In this design , customer deposits constitute `` loans '' and the Islamic bank a `` borrower '' who guarantees full return of the `` lenders '' deposits . However , critics ( M.O. Farooq , Mohammad Hashim Kamali ) see conflicts between qard 's roll in demand deposits and the dictates of traditional Islamic jurisprudence . Qard al - hasana loans are intended to be acts of charity to the needy who are allowed lenient repayment . Islamic banks , on the other hand , are multi-million or billion dollar profit - making institutions , and their depositor / lenders typically expect to be able to withdraw their deposits on demand rather than be asked to be lenient with the bank . A further issue is that at least some conventional banks do pay a modest interest on their demand / savings deposits , and Islamic banks often feel a need to compete with them , finding an ( at least putative ) shariah compliant technique to do so . The means that has been used is Hibah ( literally `` gift '' ) , in the form of prizes , exemptions , etc. , which officially differ from the conventional banks ' interest / riba in not being legally stipulated or time bound . Its use has nonetheless has been attacked by at least one scholar as `` entry of riba through the back door '' . Wadiah and Amanah ( edit ) Two other contracts sometimes used by Islamic finance institutions for pay - back - on - demand accounts instead of qard al - hasanah , are Wadi'ah ( literally `` safekeeping '' ) and Amanah ( literally `` trust '' ) . Sources disagree over the definition of these two contracts . `` Often the same words are used by different banks and have different meanings . '' Sometimes wadiah and amanah are used interchangeably . Sources differ over whether Wadiah deposits are simply guaranteed by the bank or must be kept unused with 100 % reserve , with another contract -- called Wadia yadd ad daman -- allowing `` rights of disposal '' to invest but guaranteeing `` repayment of the whole or part '' of `` current account deposit '' . Sources also differ over whether banks can use Amanah accounts for its operations -- if it `` obtains '' the `` authority '' of depositor -- or not . Sources do agree that the trustee of amanah is not liable for `` unforeseen mishap '' ( Abdullah and Chee ) , `` resulting from circumstances beyond its control '' , ( financialislam.com ) , or if there has not been a `` breach of duty '' ( Reuters ) . According to at least one report , in practice no examples of 100 per cent reserve banking are known to exist . Other sharia - compliant financial instruments ( edit ) Sukuk ( Islamic bonds ) ( edit ) Main article : Sukuk Sukuk , ( plural of صك Sakk ) -- often called `` Islamic '' or `` sharia compliant '' bonds -- are financial certificates developed as an alternative to conventional bonds . Different types of sukuk are based on different structures of Islamic contracts mentioned above ( murabaha , ijara , wakala , istisna , musharaka , istithmar , etc . ) , depending on the project the sukuk is financing . Like a conventional bond , a sukuk has an expiration date . But instead of receiving interest payments on money lent as bonds do , a sukuk holder is given `` ( nominal ) part - ownership of an asset '' from which they receive income `` either from profits generated by that asset or from rental payments made by the issuer '' . The part ownership element and ( at least in theory ) the lack of a guaranteed repayment of initial investment resembles equity instruments . However , in practice , most sukuk are `` asset - based '' rather than `` asset - backed '' -- their assets are not truly owned by their Special Purpose Vehicle , and ( like conventional bonds ) , their holders have recourse to the originator if there is a shortfall in payments . The sukuk market began to take off around 2000 and as of 2013 , sukuk represent 0.25 percent of global bond markets . The value of the total outstanding sukuk as of the end of 2014 was $294 billion , with $188 billion from Asia , and $95.5 billion from the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council . Demand for sukuk should able to support further growth . Takaful ( Islamic Insurance ) ( edit ) Main article : Takaful Takaful , sometimes called `` Islamic insurance '' , differs from conventional insurance in that it is based on mutuality so that the risk is borne by all the insured rather than by the insurance company . Rather than paying premiums to a company , the insured contribute to a pooled fund overseen by a manager , and they receive any profits from the fund 's investments . Any surplus in the common pool of accumulated premiums should be redistributed to the insured . ( As with all Islamic finance , funds must not be invested in haram activities like interest - bearing instruments , enterprises involved in alcohol or pork . ) Like other Islamic finance operations , the takaful industry has been praised by some for providing `` superior alternatives '' to conventional equivalents ; and criticized by others for not being significantly different from them in its use of the `` law of large numbers '' to spread risk , or its use of conventional corporate ( not mutual ) management practices . The industry is projected to reach $25 billion in size by the end of 2017 . Islamic credit cards ( edit ) While a number of scholars ( Manzur Ahmad , Hossein Askari , Zamir Iqbal and Abbas Mirakhor ) have cast doubt on the shariah compliance of any kind of credit card -- or at least cards that `` can offer the same service as the conventional credit card '' -- there are credit cards claiming to be shariah - compliant ( particularly in Malaysia , where as of about 2012 they were offered by Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad , CIMB Islamic Bank Berhad , HSBC Amanah Malaysia Berhad , Maybank Islamic Berhad , RHB Islamic Bank Berhad , Standard Chartered Berhad , Am Islamic Bank Berhad . ) , These generally following one of a number of arrangements : ujra ( The client simply pays an annual service fee for using the card ) ; ijara ( Card is used as a leased asset . Ownership of whatever is purchased to card user after installments payments are complete . ) ; kafala ( The bank acts as a kafil ( guarantor ) for the transactions of the card holder . For its services , the card holder is obligated to pay kafala bi ujra ( fee ) ) ; qard ( The client acts as the borrower and the bank as a lender . ) ; bai al - ina / wadiah ( The bank sells the customer some item / commodity at a certain price and then shortly thereafter repurchases it client at a lower price . The difference between the two prices is the income of the bank for its trouble administering the card . The customer 's initial payment to the bank serves as the account balance for the credit card and ceiling limit of what can be spent . The bank 's repayment to the customer constitutes whatever balance is left over after purchases . ) cards that act much like debit cards , with any transaction `` directly debited '' from the holder 's bank account . Islamic funds ( edit ) Islamic funds are professionally managed investment funds that pool money from many investors to purchase securities that have been screened for sharia compliance . They include mutual funds holding equity and / or sukuk securities , but also Islamic `` alternative '' funds deal in `` anything from private equity and real estate to infrastructure and commodity asset classes . '' They began growing fairly rapidly in about 2004 , and as of 2014 there were 943 Islamic mutual funds worldwide and as of May 2015 , they held $53.2 billion of assets under management , with `` latent demand '' for considerable growth . For equity mutual funds , companies whose shares are being considered for purchase must be screened to exclude those that are involved in alcohol , tobacco , pork , adult entertainment industry , gambling , weapons , etc. , but also those that are `` engaged in prohibited speculative transactions ( involving uncertainty or gambling ) , which are likely leveraged with debt '' , by examining the company 's `` financial ratios '' to meet `` certain financial benchmarks '' . Creators of benchmarks to gauge the ( equity ) funds ' performance include the Dow Jones Islamic market index series and the FTSE Global Islamic Index Series . At least from 2000 to 2009 , Islamic equity funds under - performed both Islamic and conventional equity benchmarks , particularly as the 2007 -- 08 financial crisis set in ( according to a study by Raphie Hayat and Roman Kraeuss ) . Islamic derivatives ( edit ) See also : Sharia and securities trading § Use in Islamic finance As mentioned above ( see Islamic laws on trading ) , `` almost all conservative Sharia scholars '' believe derivatives ( i.e. securities whose price is dependent upon one or more underlying assets ) are in violation of Islamic prohibitions on gharar . This , however , has not stopped the Islamic finance industry from using some of these instruments , and derivative permissibility in Islam is a subject of `` heated debate '' . As of 2013 the Islamic derivatives market was `` in its infancy '' and its size was not known . Contracts or combinations of contracts for derivatives include swaps and options : Swaps Faleel Jamaldeen describes the Islamic swap market as being of two kinds of swaps : profit rate swap : `` based on exchanging fixed for floating rate profits '' . ( Similar to interest rate swaps of conventional finance . As of 2007 , this kind of swap had the largest market of any variety of swaps . ) According to Harris Irfan , the Islamic finance market is `` awash '' with `` profit rate swap '' contracts , including a global standard developed by the IIFM and International Swaps and Derivatives Association . In Malaysia , the `` Islamic Profit Rate Swap '' ( IPRS ) hedging tool is popular . cross-currency swap : These are used by investors to `` transfer currency fluctuation risk among themselves . '' Put and call options The Islamic finance equivalent of a conventional call option is known as an urbun ( lit . `` down payment '' ) , the equivalent of a put option is known as a `` reverse urbun '' . In each the seller has the right but not the obligation to either buy ( in the case of a call or urbun ) or sell ( in the case of a put or `` reverse urbun '' ) at a pre-determined price by some point in the future . These two Islamic options also have a different name for a `` premium '' , ( called a `` down - payment '' ) and for the `` strike price '' ( `` preset price '' ) . The options ' Islamic distinctiveness has been questioned by analysts , and its use has been criticized by conservative scholars . Microfinance ( edit ) Microfinance seeks to help the poor and spur economic development by providing small loans to entrepreneurs too small and poor to interest non-microfinance banks . Its strategy meshes with the `` guiding principles '' or objectives of Islamic finance , and with the needs of Muslim - majority countries where a large fraction of the world 's poor live , many of them small entrepreneurs in need of capital , and most unwilling or unable to use formal financial services . According to the Islamic Microfinance Network website ( as of circa 2013 ) , there are more than 300 Islamic microfinance institutions in 32 countries , The products used in Islamic microfinance may include some of those mentioned above -- qard al hassan , musharaka , mudaraba , salam , and others . Unfortunately , a number of studies have found `` very few examples '' of Microfinance institutions `` operating in the field of Islamic finance '' and few Islamic banks `` involved in microfinance '' . One 2012 report found that Islamic microfinance made up less than 1 per cent of the global microfinance outreach , `` despite the fact that almost half of the clients of microfinance live in Muslim countries and the demand for Islamic microfinance is very strong . '' Assessments , controversies , Challenges ( edit ) Main article : Assessments , controversies , challenges in Islamic finance Islamic banking and finance has been praised and criticized . Praise / defense ( edit ) It has been praised -- or at least described positively -- for turning a `` theory '' into a trillion dollar `` reality '' , asserted Islam into international financial markets ( according to Taqi Usmani ) ; enriched the Islamic legal system by providing it with real world business questions to find shariah - compliant solutions for ( Usmani ) ; creating an `` ethical , sustainable , environmentally - and socially - responsible '' system ( according to Abayomi A. Alawode ) ; drawing conventional banks into the industry in search of Muslim customers ( Munawar Iqbal and Philip Molyneux ) ; drawing new customers and money into banking , rather than taking existing customers and their money away from conventional banking , ( Laurent Gheeraert ) . Creating a less risky form of finance ( according to Zeti Akhtar Aziz and others ) , by forbidding speculation , so that , for example , the excesses that led to the global financial crisis of 2007 -- 2008 are avoided ( according to Ibrahim Warde ) ; and by use of two kinds of accounts : `` current accounts '' -- where funds earn no return and ( in theory ) are held , not invested by the bank , so not subject to risk ; and mudarabah accounts -- where the depositors share in any losses with the bank , so diminishing the bank 's risk . While the industry has problems and challenges , these can be explained by its relative youth and low position on the `` learning curve '' that will solved these difficulties over time ; and by non-Islamic influences which can only be eliminated when the industry operates in a truly Islamic society and environment . Challenges , criticism -- industry view ( edit ) On the other hand , the industry also has challenges -- `` key '' among them , as of 2016 ( according to the State of the Global Islamic Economy Report , 2015 / 16 and the IMF ) , include : `` low levels '' of public awareness ; a need for better regulation , better cooperation between Islamic and conventional financial standard - setters to deal with complexity and to `` address the unique risks of the industry '' ; a `` scarcity of Shariah - compliant monetary policy instruments '' ; `` underdeveloped '' safety nets and resolution frameworks such as sharia compliant deposit insurance systems and `` lenders - of - last - resort '' ; better Shariah compliance by regulators . Challenges , criticism -- scholars and critics ( edit ) Critics have complained of Islamic banking and finance closely resembling the conventional sort but having `` higher costs , bigger risks '' , -- a situation that has not been remedied by `` learning '' over the decades . Other issues / complaints include a lack of policies to uplift small traders and the poor ; the challenge of inflation , late payments , the lack of hedging of currencies and rates , or of sharia - compliant places to park short term funds for liquidity ; the non-Muslim ownership of much of Islamic banking , and the concentration of what ownership is in Muslim hands . Imitation of conventional finance ( edit ) A number of scholarly supporters ( such as Taqi Usmani , D.M. Qureshi , Saleh Abdullah Kamel , Harris Irfan ) and skeptics of Islamic banking ( Muhammad Akram Khan , Muhammad O. Farooq , Feisal Khan , Mahmoud El - Gama , Timur Kuran ) have complained of its similarity to conventional banking . Taqi Usmani argues that the industry has `` totally '' neglected the `` basic philosophy '' , undermining its own raison d'être ; so that non-Muslims and the Muslim `` masses '' have now gotten the impression that Islamic banking is `` nothing but a matter of twisting documents ... '' This has happened first by the sidelining risk - sharing finance in favor of murabaha and other fixed - markup financing of purchases , and further by distorting the rules of that fixed - markup murabaha ( see also Ignoring required commodities below ) to effectively provide conventional cash interest loans with `` profit rates '' that follow conventional interest rates , the `` net result '' being `` not materially different from interest based transactions '' . ( Another violation is the use of ijarah ( leasing ) without the `` lessor either assuming `` the liability for his ownership '' or offering `` any usufruct to the lessee '' . ) In March 2009 , Usmani , ( as chairman of the board of scholars of the Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions , or AAOIFI ) , declared that 85 % of Sukuk , or Islamic bonds , were `` un-Islamic '' . Others ( Hassan Heikal ) have also criticized the authenticity of sukuk . Other pioneers of Islamic banking , have called it `` a labeling industry '' ( D.M. Qureshi ) , or complained that the industry was `` busy searching for ways to make it similar '' to conventional banking , when it should be demonstrating its differences ( Mohammad Najatuallah Siddiqui ) . ( a Sharia committee at one bank -- Lariba -- even issued a fatwa in 1990 stating `` no objection to using the term `` interest '' as an alternative to the term `` profit '' or `` rate of return '' . ) that the industry uses `` a whole host ruses and subterfuges to conceal '' rather than eliminating interest ( Muhammad Akram Khan ) . complain of the industry charges higher fees for financial products that have `` all the economic features of that conventional product '' Mahmoud Amin El - Gamal , and Mohammad Fadel has the same `` formulas for SLR ( statutory liquidity requirements ) , capital adequacy ratio , and risk management standards '' as those of `` interest - based banks '' ( Sayyid Tahir ) . is the same as conventional banking other than in `` the technicalities and legal forms '' , keeping interest but calling it `` by another name , such as commissions or profits ... ` '' ( A.W. Duskuki and Abdelazeem Abozaid ) . Explanations Explanations for the similarity between Islamic and conventional banking include : The pressure on Shari'ah boards ( which serve as a sort of modern day equivalent of the medieval `` court ulama '' ) to approve the products of institutions that pay their salaries ( M.O. Farooq ) . The clash between the large demand by pious Muslims for Islamic financial products and practices , and the impracticality / inefficiency of the Islamic products and practices proposed by Islamic finance evangelists , resolved by use of highly paid ( but scarce ) scholars `` willing to certify conventional instruments as being Shariah - compliant '' , and the adding of an additional layer of transaction costs on those products ( Feisal Khan ) . The lack of training of sharia experts in the deeper meaning of the sharia , and in the long term economic consequences of the widespread use of complex financial transactions ( Farooq quoting Mohammad Nejatullah Siddiqi ) . The motivation of the evangelists of Islamic banking , which is to reassert `` the primacy of Islam '' rather than advance fundamental `` economic change '' . Social responsibility and emphasis ( edit ) Following Islamic principles , `` Islamic banks were supposed to adopt new financing policies and to explore new channels of investments '' to encourage development and raise the standard of living of `` small scale traders '' , but Taqi Usmani complains `` very few Islamic banks and financial institutions have paid attention to this aspect '' . Islamic scholar Mohammad Hashim Kamali , laments the focus on short - term financing by Islamic banks . This financing being `` largely concerned with the financing of goods already produced , and not with the creation or increase of production capital or with facilities like factories and plants , infrastructure etc . '' Others Protest the lack of `` a different type of banking which was aligned to fairness , equitable income distribution , and ethical modes of investment '' ( Muhammad Akram Khan ) . Propose emphasizing `` community banking , microfinance , socially responsible investment and the like . '' ( Mahmoud El - Gamal ) . Challenge the basic premise of Islamic banking , arguing that `` greed and profit '' are more serious and widespread causes of exploitation than interest on loans , which may not truly constitute forbidden riba in a competitive , regulated market ( Muhammad O. Farooq ) . The world in reality is full of exploitation : child exploitation , sexual exploitation , labor exploitation , etc . Interest is probably , if any , a small component in accounting for global exploitation . Yet , the proponents of Islamic economics and finance are fixated with interest . Farooq cites as an example the profit ( not interest ) motive of the East India Company that colonized and ruled India at the expense of the Muslim Mughal Empire until 1858 . He notes that lack of empirical or focused studies ( as opposed to polemical fulminating ) in Islamic economics on the subject of exploitation or injustice . Complain that while use of profit and loss sharing by Islamic banks is in decline , in the non-Muslim West venture capital -- which operates under the same principals as darabah , ( minus the prohib8ition on haram products ) -- has `` financed the global high - tech industry '' and could potentially `` bring major benefits '' to poor Muslims countries seeking economic development ( Timur Kuran ) . Profit and loss sharing and its problems ( edit ) Main article : Profit and loss sharing § Promises and challenges While profit - loss - sharing modes ( or at least mudarabah ) , were originally envisioned as `` the basis of a riba - free banking '' -- with fixed - return financial models only filling in as supplements -- a number of studies , ( of banks in Saudi Arabia and Egypt , Malaysia , and of large Islamic banks in general ) have shown fixed - return products now far exceed profit - loss - sharing modes in assets under management . Explanations ( offered by two authors , Humayon A. Dar and J.R. Presley ) , for why PLS instruments -- namely mudaraba and musharaka financing -- have declined to almost negligible proportions include : There is an inherent disincentive for the bank 's client to report profit , because the more it declares , the more of the client 's money will go to the financing bank , and the less it will get to keep . Property rights in most Muslim countries are not properly defined , creating more difficulties for profit - loss sharing financing than for the fixed payment kind . The competitors of Islamic banks -- conventional banks -- are firmly established and have centuries of experience . Islamic banks are not yet sure of their policies and practices and feel restrained in taking unforeseen risks . PLS is not suitable or feasible in many cases such as short - term resource requirement , working capital needs , non-profit - generating projects such as in the education and health sectors . Conventional finance has tax advantages over the sharia compliant sort in some countries were interest is considered a business expenditure and given tax exemption , while profit ( the return of PLS investment ) is taxed as income . There were no secondary markets for Islamic financial products based on PLS ( at least as of 2001 ) . Mudaraba , one of the forms of PLS , provides limited control rights to shareholders of the bank and `` creates an imbalance in the governance structure '' of PLS . `` Shareholders like to have consistent and complementary control system , which is missing in the case of mudaraba financing . '' Depositors / investors of banks have proven highly resistant to accepting periodic losses ( the L in PLS ) that inevitably arise in investment . ( The sharing of banking losses with bank customer / investors had been advanced as a reason why Islamic financial institutions would be more stable than conventional banks . ) As of at least 2004 , no bad debt has translated into losses for depositors in an Islamic bank , and `` no Islamic bank has ever written - down the value of its depositor 's accounts when it has written - down the value of its non-performing assets '' for fear of losing depositors . Aside from disadvantages to lenders , one critic of Islamic banking , Feisal Khan , argues that widespread use of PLS could have severe harm to economies by preventing central banks from expanding credit -- buying bonds , commercial paper , etc. -- to prevent liquidity crisises that arise from time to time in modern economies . Murabaha and ignoring required commodities ( edit ) In addition to ignoring profit and loss sharing in favor of murâbaḥah , the industry has been accused of not properly following shariah regulations of murabahah ( mentioned above ) , by not buying and selling the commodities / inventory that are `` a key condition '' of shariah - compliance ( done when the bank wants to borrow cash rather than to finance a purchase , and though they are an added cost and serve no other function ) . In 2008 Arabianbusiness.com complained that there are sometimes `` no commodities at all , merely cash - flows between banks , brokers and borrowers '' . Often the commodity is completely irrelevant to the borrower 's business and not even enough of the relevant commodities `` in existence '' in the world `` to account for all the transactions taking place '' . Two other researchers report that for many years multi-billion - dollar ' synthetic ' murabaha transactions in London took place , where `` many doubt the banks truly assume possession , even constructively , of inventory '' . Fund mingling ( edit ) The original Islamic banking proponents called for `` keeping distinct accounts for various types of deposits so that return can be assigned to each type '' . `` In practice '' , according to critic Muhammad Akram Khan , `` Islamic financial institutions pool all types of deposits '' . Falsification ( edit ) Critics complain that the compliance with sharia regulations by banks often is nothing more than the taking of the word of the bank or borrower that they have followed compliance rules , with no effective auditing to see if this is true . One observer ( L. Al Nasser ) complains that `` Shariah authorities demonstrate excessive confidence in their subjects when it comes to dealing with parities in the industry '' , and Shariah audits are needed `` to bring about transparency and ensure '' that the institutions `` deliver what they have committed to their customers '' . Furthermore , when external Shariah audits are carried out , `` many of these auditors frequently complain about the amount of violations that they witness and can not discuss '' because the records they have examined `` have been tampered with '' . Following conventional ( haram ) returns ( edit ) Although Islamic banking forbids interest , its `` profit rates '' often are benchmarked to interest rates . Islamic banker Harris Irfan states `` there is no question '' that benchmarks such as LIBOR `` continue to be a necessary metric '' for Islamic banks , and that the `` overwhelming majority of scholars have come to accept this , however imperfect a solution this may seem '' , but Muhammad Akram Khan writes that following the conventional banking benchmark LIBOR `` defeats the very purpose for which the Islamic financial products were designed and offered '' in the first place , In addition skeptics have complained that the rates of return on accounts in Islamic banks are suspiciously close to those of conventional banks , when ( in theory ) their different mechanisms should lead to different numbers . A 2014 study in Turkey found the long - term relationship between term - deposit rates at three of four `` participation banks '' ( i.e. Islamic Banks ) `` significantly cointegrated '' with those of the conventional banks . According to skeptics this nearness suggests a manipulation of returns by Islamic banks , to reassure customers of their financial competitiveness and stability . Liquidity ( edit ) Islamic banking and finance has lacked a way to earn a return on funds `` parked '' for the short term , waiting to be invested , which puts those banks a disadvantage to conventional banks . Banks / financial institutions must balance liquidity -- the ability to convert assets into cash or a cash equivalent quickly in an emergency when their depositors need them without incurring large losses -- with a competitive rate of return on funds . Conventional banks are able to borrow and lend by using the interbank lending market -- borrowing to meet liquidity requirements and investing for any duration including very short periods , and thereby optimize their earnings . Calculating the return for any period of time is straightforward -- multiplying the loans length by the interest rate . While Muslim countries such as Bahrain , Iran , Malaysia and Sudan have started to develop an Islamic money market , and have been `` issuing securitized papers on the basis of musharaka , mudaraba and ijara '' , at least as of 2013 , the `` lack of an appropriate and efficient secondary market '' has meant the relative volume of these securities is `` much smaller '' than on the conventional capital market . Regarding non-PLS , `` debt - based contracts '' , one study found that `` the business model of Islamic banking is changing over the time and moving in a direction where it is acquiring more liquidity risk . '' To deal with the problem of earning no return on funds held for the sake of liquidity or because of a lack of investment opportunity , many Islamic financial institutions ( such as Islamic Development Bank and the Faisal Islamic Bank of Egypt ) have `` been explicitly and openly earning interest on their excess funds , often invested in safer , debt - like or debt instruments overseas '' . Rather than forbidding this , `` Shariah - experts have provided the necessary fatwa of Shari'ah - compliance based on the rules of necessities ( darurah ) '' . Scholars in Islamic finance and banking have invoked necessity to permit exceptional relaxations of rules . They have issued fatwas ( opinions ) allowing Islamic banks to deposit funds in interest - bearing accounts . though they require the interest be used for `` religiously meritorious purposes '' . Other Challenges and issues ( edit ) Most Islamic banks have their own Shariah boards ruling on their bank 's policies . Lack of Shariah uniformity ( edit ) The four schools ( Madhhab ) of Sunni fiqh ( Islamic jurisprudence ) apply `` Islamic teachings to business and finance in different ways '' , and have not come closer to agreement . Furthermore , shari'a boards sometimes change their minds , reversing earlier decisions . '' Differences between boards as to what constitutes shariah compliance may raise `` doubts in the minds of clients '' over whether a given bank is truly shariah compliant , and should be given their business . Late payments / defaults ( edit ) While in conventional finance late payments / delinquent loans are discouraged by interest continuing to accumulate , according to Ibrahim Warde , Islamic banks face a serious problem with late payments , not to speak of outright defaults , since some people take advantage of every dilatory legal and religious device ... In most Islamic countries , various forms of penalties and late fees have been established , only to be outlawed or considered unenforceable . Late fees in particular have been assimilated to riba . As a result , ` debtors know that they can pay Islamic banks last since doing so involves no cost ` A number of suggestions have been made to deal with the problem . Inflation ( edit ) Inflation is also a problem for financing where Islamic banks have not imitated conventional baking and are truly lending without interest or any other charges . Whether and how to compensate lenders for the erosion of the value of the funds from inflation , has also been called a problem `` vexing '' Islamic scholars , since finance for businesses will not be forthcoming if a lender loses money by lending . Suggestions include indexing loans ( opposed by many scholars as a type of riba and encouraging inflation ) , denominating loans `` in terms of a commodity '' such as gold , and further research to find an answer . Non-Muslim influence ( edit ) Islamic banking and finance customers , are almost all , if not entirely , Muslims . But the majority of financial institutions that offer Islamic banking services are Western financial institutions , not owned by Muslims . Supporters of Islamic banking have cited this interest of western banks in Islamic banking as evidence of the strong demand for Islamic banking and thus an `` achievement of the movement '' . However , critics complain these banks lack a deep faith - based commitment to Islamic banking which means That Muslims employed within these organizations have little input into the actual management , resulting in sometimes well - founded suspicion among the Muslim populace as to the diligence of sharia compliance at these institutions . That rather than a reflection of the growing strength of Islamic banking , the interest of conventional banks reflects how similar Islamic banking has become to the conventional sort , so that the later can enter Islamic banking without making substantive changes to its practices . And that these banks will be more likely to withdrawing from the industry when the market takes a downturn . Harris Irfan argues that the lack of ideological commitment to Islamic banking by non-Muslim banks such as Deutsche Bank , will lead to their withdrawing from the industry when the market takes a downturn . In early 2011 during the housing bubble collapse , `` not a single dedicated Islamic structurer or salesperson remained at Deutsche . Islamic finance had become ` a luxury the bank ca n't afford ' '' Stability / risk ( edit ) Sources differ over whether Islamic banking is more stable and less risky than conventional banking . Proponents ( such as Zeti Akhtar Aziz , the head of the central bank of Malaysia ) have argued that Islamic financial institutions are more stable than conventional banks because they forbid speculation and the two main types ( in theory ) of Islamic banking accounts -- `` current account '' and mudarabah accounts -- carry less risk to the bank . In a current account the customer earns no return and ( in theory ) there is no risk of loss because the bank does not invest the account funds . In a mudarabah account the Islamic bank carries less risk of loan defaults because it shares that risk with the depositor since if the borrower can not pay back part or all of the money lent to them by the bank , the amount going to the depositor is cut by an equivalent amount , whereas in a conventional bank the depositor is given fixed interest payments whether or not the bank 's earnings decline from loan defaults . This of course means that while the bank may be more stable , the depositors / `` partners '' of Islamic profit and loss sharing accounts ( Islamic banks often use the term `` partner '' instead of `` customer '' or `` depositor '' ) are exposed to risks they would not be subject to in conventional banks . Furthermore , In these institutions , investment - account holders neither have the protection of being creditors of the Islamic financial institution , nor do they have the protection of being equity holders with representation on those institutions ' boards of directors . This introduces a host of other well - documented risk factors for the institution ... On the other hand , Habib Ahmed -- writing in 2009 shortly after the financial crisis -- argues that the practices of Islamic finance have gradually moved closer to conventional finance exposing them to the same dangers of instability . When the practice of Islamic finance and the environment under which it operates are examined , one can identify trends that are similar to the ones that caused the current crisis ... In the recent past , the Gulf region has witnesses its own episodes of speculation in their stock and real estate markets . Finally , the Islamic financial industry has witnessed rapid growth with innovations of complex Shari'ah compliant financial products . Risks in these new Islamic financial products are complex , as the instruments have multiple types of risks ... In any event , a few Islamic banks have failed over the decades . In 1988 the Islamic investment house , Ar - Ryan collapsed causing thousands of small investors to lose their savings ( they were later reimbursed for their losses by an anonymous Gulf state donor ) and dealing a blow to Islamic finance at the time . In 1998 the management of Bank al Taqwa 's failed . with its annual report reporting a `` loss of over 23 per cent of principal to both mudaraba depositors and shareholders '' . ( It was later revealed that management had violated banking rules `` invested in one single project more than 60 per cent bank 's assets . '' ) The Ihlas Finance House in Turkey closed in 2001 due to `` liquidity problems and financial distress '' . Faisal Islamic Bank had difficulties and closed its operations in the UK for regulatory reasons . According to the Economist magazine , `` Dubai 's debt crisis in 2009 showed that sukuk ( Islamic bonds ) can help to inflate debt to unsustainable levels . '' Recessions During the global financial crisis Islamic banks `` on average , showed stronger resilience '' than conventional banks , but `` faced larger losses '' when the crisis hit `` the real economy , '' according to a 2010 IMF survey . At the beginning of the `` Great Recession '' of 2007 - 9 , Islamic banks were `` unscathed '' , leading to one Islamic banking supporter to write that the collapse of leading Wall Street institutions , particularly Lehman Brothers , `` should encourage economists world - wide to focus on Islamic banking and finance as an alternative model . '' However gradually the effect of the financial downturn moved to the real sector , affecting Islamic banking . According to Ibrahim Warde , ` this showed that Islamic finance was not all a panaceas , and that a faith - based system is not automatically immune to the vagaries of the Financial system. ` Concentration of ownership Concentrated ownership is another danger to the stability of Islamic banking and finance . Munawar Iqbal and Philip Molyneux write that only `` three or four families own a large percentage of the industry ... This concentration of ownership could result in substantial financial instability and possible collapse of the industry if anything happens to those families , or the next generation of these families change their priorities . Similarly , the experience of country - wide experiments has also been mostly on the initiatives of rulers not elected through popular votes . '' Macroeconomic exposures Harris Irafan warns that the `` macroeconomic exposures '' of Islamic banks constitute a `` ticking time bomb '' of a `` billions of dollars '' in `` unhedged currencies and rates '' . The difficulty , complexity and expense of hedging these in the correct Islamic manner is such that as of 2015 , the Islamic Development Bank `` was hemorrhaging cash as if it were funding a war . It simply could n't swap dollars for euros or vice versa on an ongoing basis without resorting to the conventional markets . '' Regional Islamic banks in the Middle East and Malaysia did not have `` specialized personnel trained to understand and negotiate Sharia - compliant treasury swaps '' and were not willing to hire the consultants who did . Customers and the industry ( edit ) The majority of Islamic banking clients are found in the Gulf states and in developed countries . Studies of Islamic banking customer in Malaysia and Pakistan found customer satisfaction was connected to service quality . A study of Islamic banking customers in Bangladesh found `` most customers '' between 25 - 35 years , `` highly educated '' and having a `` durable relationship '' with the bank , more knowledgable about account than financing products . In series of interviews conducted in 2008 and 2010 with Pakistani banking professionals ( conventional and Islamic bankers , Shariah banking advisors , finance - using businessmen , and management consultants ) , economist Feisal Khan noted many Islamic bankers expressed `` cynicism '' over the difference or lack thereof between conventional and Islamic bank products , the lack of requirements for external Shariah - compliance audits of Islamic banks in Pakistan , shariah boards lack of awareness of their banks ' failure to follow shariah compliant practices in or their power to stop these practices . However this did not deter patronage of the banks by the pious ( one of whom explained that if his Islamic bank was not truly shariah compliant , ' The sin is on their head now , not on mine ! What I could do , I 've done . ' ) One estimate of customer preference ( given by a Pakistani banker ) in the Pakistani banking industry , was that about 10 % of customers were `` strictly conventional banking clients '' , 20 % were strictly Shariah - compliant banking clients , and 70 % would prefer Shariah - compliant banking but would use conventional banking if `` there was a significant pricing difference '' . A survey of Islamic and conventional banking customers found ( unsurprisingly ) Islamic banking customers were more observant ( having attended hajj , observing salat , growing a beard , etc . ) , but also had higher savings account balances than conventional bank customers , were older , better educated , had traveled more overseas , and tended to have a second account at a conventional bank . Another study , using `` official data '' reported to State Bank of Pakistan , found that for lenders who had taken out both Islamic ( Murabaha ) financing and conventional loans , the default rate was more than twice as high on the conventional loans . Borrowers were `` less likely to default during Ramadan and in big cities if the share of votes to religious - political parties increases , suggesting that religion -- either through individual piousness or network effects -- may play a role in determining loan default . '' Costs ( edit ) Muhammad El - Gamal argues that because Islamic financial products imitate conventional financial products but operate in accordance with the rules of shariah , different products will require additional jurist and lawyer fees , `` multiple sales , special - purpose vehicles , and documentations of title '' . In addition there will be costs associated with `` the peculiar structure that Islamic banks use for late payment penalties '' . Consequently their financing tends to cost more than , and / or accounts pay less return than conventional products . El - Gama also argues that another source of inefficiency / greater expense in Islamic banking and a reason its replications of conventional finance are `` always one step behind '' new financial products in the conventional industry , is the industry 's dependence on `` classical `` nominate contracts '' ( murabahah credit sales , ijara leases , etc . ) . These contracts follow classical texts and were created in a time when financial markets were very limited . They are not equipped to `` disentangle various risks '' that `` modern '' financial markets and institutions ( such as `` money markets , capital markets , options markets , etc . '' ) are designed to . On the other hand , making their contracts / products more efficient , will alienate the pious customer base that wants contracts / products to follow classical forms . Most studies have found Islamic banks less efficient on average , than conventional ones . According to a 2006 report by M. Kabir Hassan of 43 bank in 21 Muslim countries from 1996 - 2001 , `` on average , the Islamic banking industry is relatively less efficient compared to their conventional counterparts in other parts of the world '' ; another study of efficiency of 66 Islamic and traditional banks in Muslim countries from 2009 - 2014 ( by M.H. Rashwan ) `` implied '' that conventional banks were `` superior '' to `` the relatively new banking system , '' according to the study 's abstract ; a study of banks in Malaysia from 1997 - 2003 found Islamic banks somewhat less efficient , on average , than their conventional counterparts , as did a study of Islamic banks in Turkey from 1999 - 2001 . In contrast one multi-country study ( 43 Islamic and 37 conventional banks in 21 countries ) , covering a similar time period ( 1999 - 2005 ) as the studies above , found no `` significant differences '' in overall efficiency . In one important part of the finance market -- home buying -- Islamic finance has not been able to compete with conventional finance in at least some countries ( the UK as of 2002 , and the USA and Canada as of 2009 ) . According to Humayon Dar , the monthly payments , for a shariah compliant `` Lease Contract '' used by Islamic Investment Banking Unit of Ahli United Bank Kuwait in Britain `` are much higher '' than equivalent conventional mortgages . In Canada the cost of Islamic home finance was 100 to 300 basis points higher than conventional home finance , and in the USA 40 to 100 basis points higher , according to Hans Visser . ( Visser credits the higher cost of Islamic ijara financing to its higher risk weighting compared to conventional mortgages under Basel I and Basel II international standard of minimum capital requirements for banks . ) Maturity ( edit ) According to M.O. Farooq , `` common explanations offered by '' the Islamic finance movement for the Islamic banking industry shortcomings are that industry problems and challenges are part of a `` learning curve '' and will be solved over time ; unless and until the industry operates in an Islamic society and environment it will be hindered by non-Islamic influences and wo n't `` operate in its essence '' . While the veracity of the second explanation can not be verified before a complete Islamic society is established , Feisal Khan points in regard to the first defense that it has been over twenty years ( 1993 ) since one critic ( Timur Kuran ) first highlighted the industry problems ( the basic similarity of Islamic banking in practice to the conventional , the marginalizing of the equity - based , risk - sharing modes and embrace of short - term products and debt - like instruments ) , and since a supporter ( Ausaf Ahmad ) defended the industry as early in its transition from conventional banking . Seventeen years later , Ibrahim Warde , a Islamic finance proponent , lamented that `` rather than disappearing , murabaha and comparable sale - based products grew significantly and today they constitute the bulk of the activity of most Islamic Banks ... '' Most critics of the Islamic banking industry call for further orthodoxy and a redoubling of effort and stricter enforcement of sharia . Some ( M.O. Farooq and M.A. Khan ) , have blamed the industry problems on its condemnation of any and all interest on loans as forbidden riba , and the impracticality of attempting to enforce this prohibition . 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Modern Islamic banking / finance movement has been deeply influenced by the contemporary Islamic movements Jump up ^ Thus , when `` currencies of base metal were first introduced in the Islamic world , no jurist ever thought that paying a debt in a higher number of units of this fiat money was riba '' as they were concerned with `` the real value of money . '' Jump up ^ i.e. M.P. Bhindara , one of the non-Muslim MNA -- Member of the National Assembly of Pakistan -- representing their minority religious group -- in this case the Hindus -- rather than an electoral district . Jump up ^ the Muttahida Majlis - e-Amal ( MMA ) party Jump up ^ `` At least according to banking law in Kuwait `` the starting point in this formula '' of Islamic banking `` is conventional financial practice , from which Islamic finance deviates only insofar as some conventional practices are deemed forbidden under Sharia . '' ... Islamic finance `` is not constructively built from classical jurisprudence . Rather , Islamic alternatives or modifications of conventional practices are sought whenever the latter is deemed forbidden ... Ibn Taymiyya famously stated that two prohibitions can explain all distinctions between contracts that are deemed valid or invalid : those of riba and gharar . '' Jump up ^ see also Hubar Hasan Jump up ^ Convert Umar Ibrahim Vadillo states : `` For the last one hundred years the way of the Islamic reformers have led us to Islamic banks , Islamic Insurance , Islamic democracy , Islamic credit cards , Islamic secularism , etc . This path is dead . It has shown its face of hypocrisy and has led the Muslim world to a place of servile docility to the world of capitalism . '' According to critic Critic Feisal Khan `` there have thus been two broad categories of critic of the current version of IBF ( Islamic Banking and Finance ) : the Islamic Modernist / Minimalist position , and the Islamic ultra Orthodox / Maximalist one ... The ultra Orthodox ( such as the Islamic courts in Pakistan ) ... agree with the Modernist / Minimalist criticism that contemporary Islamic banking is indeed nothing but disguised conventional banking but ... agitate for a truly Islamic banking and finance system '' . Jump up ^ Winner of the 1997 IDB Prize in Islamic Banking Jump up ^ Several a hadith , in addition to prohibiting games of chance , prohibit bayu al - gharar ( literally `` trading in risk '' , defined as sales in which gharar is the major component ) . Jurists have distinguished between this kind of gharar , and ghasar considered minor ( yasir ) and so permissible ( halal ) , but disagree over what constitutes gharar that is minor and gharar that is substantial , ( at least according to one source , Abu Umar Faruq Ahmad ) , have not agreed on an exact definition of the meaning and concept of gharar . Jump up ^ Monzer Kahf argues that the quranic verse ( in 2 : 275 ) where non-Muslims complain -- `` ... they say , ` Trade is ( just ) like interest . '' But Allah has permitted trade and has forbidden interest '' -- refers to credit sales . Jump up ^ Taqi Usmani explains that in such transactions `` the whole price ... is against a commodity and not against money '' and so `` ... once the price is fixed , it relates to the commodity , and not to the time '' . Consequently `` the price will remain the same and can never be increased by the seller . '' If the price had `` been against time '' , ( which is forbidden ) `` it might have been increased , if the seller allows ... more time '' for repayment when the bill is past due . Jump up ^ `` Indeed , truth - in - lending regulations in the United States force Islamic and conventional financiers to report the implicit interest rates they charge their customers in such financing arrangements . '' Jump up ^ According to Oxford - Analytica , as of 2010 AAOIFI 's standards are mandatory for Islamic financial institutions in Bahrain , Dubai International Financial Centre , Jordan , Sudan , Syria and Qatar Jump up ^ Faleel Jamaldeen divides Islamic finance instruments into four groups -- designating bay al - muajil and salam `` trade financing instruments '' rather than asset - based instruments . Jump up ^ for example bay al - muajil instruments are used in combination with murabaha , a ijara ( leasing ) may be used in combination with bai ( purchasing ) contract , and sukuk ( `` Islamic bonds '' ) can be based on mudaraba , murabaha , salam , ijara , etc . Jump up ^ according to Mehmet Asutay quotes Zubair Hasan Jump up ^ `` In order to pressurize the buyer to pay the installments promptly , the buyer may be asked to promise that in case of default , he will donate some specified amount for a charitable purpose . '' Jump up ^ ( Resolution 179 ( 19 / 5 ) ) . Jump up ^ Ansar Finance Group is a UK Charity ( est 1994 ) offering 100 % INTEREST - FREE & 100 % HALAL LOANS ... we provide URGENT support to families suffering from financial hardship in the form of Qard Hasan . Jump up ^ QardHasan lets you borrow from the community , interest - free , using the power of crowdfunding to get fair access to higher education . Jump up ^ for example according to Saudi Muhammad Saalih al - Munajjid of IslamQA , it is not haram ( forbidden ) to use conventional banks to transfer money `` but one should hasten to collect the money as soon as it arrives , so that the bank will not be able to make use of it in any riba - based dealings '' . Jump up ^ ( although the mudarib may have more freedom of action than a strict wakil ) . Jump up ^ Deposit accounts held at a bank or other financial institution may be called transaction accounts , checking accounts , current accounts or demand deposit accounts . It is available to the account owner `` on demand '' and is available for frequent and immediate access by the account owner or to others as the account owner may direct . Transaction accounts are known by a variety of descriptions , including a current account ( British English ) , chequing account or checking account when held by a bank , share draft account when held by a credit union in North America . In the United Kingdom , Hong Kong , India and a number of other countries , they are commonly called current or cheque accounts . ) Jump up ^ According to Mahmud El - Gamal Classical jurists `` recognized two types of property possession based on liability risk '' : trust and guaranty. 1 ) With a trust ( which result , e.g. , from deposits , leases , and partnerships ) , the possessor only responsible for compensating the owner for damage to property if the trustee has been negligence or committed a transgression. 2 ) With guaranty the possessor guarantees the property against any damage , whether or not the guarantor was negligent or committed a transgression . Classical jurists consider the two possessions mutually exclusive , so if two different `` considerations '' conflict -- one stating the property is held in trust and another stating in guaranty -- `` the possession of guaranty is deemed stronger and dominant , and rules of guaranty are thus applied '' . Jump up ^ According to data published by the Islamic Financial Services Board . Jump up ^ options are a `` common form '' of a derivative ) . Jump up ^ ( `` Half of global poverty reside in Muslim world ... '' Jump up ^ `` Another achievement of Islamic banking may be gauged from the fact that many conventional banks have also started using Islamic banking techniques in the conduct of their business , particularly in dealing either with Muslim clients or in dominantly Muslim regions . '' Jump up ^ at the First Pakistan Islamic Banking and Money Market Conference Jump up ^ a professor of economics at Rice University ( United States ) Jump up ^ M.O. Farooq cites Monzer Kahf as pointing out how the shariah board of one bank ( Bank al Taqwa ) defended that bank 's management after its failure in 1998 `` stating that ... the board of directors and the management did their best and took sound finance and investment decisions '' , when in fact the management had `` invested in one single project more than 60 per cent bank 's assets ... in violation of well - established banking rules ''. Monzer KAHF . `` Islamic Banks : The Rise of a New Power Alliance of Wealth and Shari'ah Scholarship , '' in Clement HENRY and Rodney WILSON ( eds . ) . The Politics of Islamic Finance ( Edinburgh University Press , 2004 ) , p35 Jump up ^ ( For example , Farooq complains there is `` not a single citation for exploitation or injustice '' in two substantial bibliographies on ( orthodox ) Islamic economics -- Muslim Economic Thinking : A Survey of Contemporary Literature , with `` 700 entries under 51 subcategories over 115 pages '' , and Islamic Economics : Annotated Sources in English and Urdu by Muhammad Akram Khan . ( Leicester , UK ; Islamic Foundation , 1983 ) Jump up ^ Saudi Arabia and Egypt Islamic banking by Suliman Hamdan Albalawi , publishing in 2006 , Jump up ^ In Malaysia , another study found the share of musharaka financing declined from 1.4 % in 2000 to 0.2 % in 2006 , Jump up ^ a study from 2000 - 2006 by Khan M. Mansoor and M. Ishaq Bhatti , survey by F. Khan of the largest Islamic banks published in 2010 found PLS use ranging from between 0.5 % and 21.6 % . Jump up ^ At least in theory late fees may be Islamically justified if they are donated to charity . The Egyptian Study on the Establishment of the Islamic Banking System suggests that ` the problem of bad debts be solved by a '' cooperative insurance '' to which borrowers contribute ' . Jump up ^ `` Another achievement of Islamic banking may be gauged from the fact that many conventional banks have also started using Islamic banking techniques in the conduct of their business , particularly in dealing either with Muslim clients or in dominantly Muslim regions . '' Jump up ^ Survey of 5133 bank customers of 30 branches of an Islamic and a conventional bank led by Ayesha Khalid Khan Jump up ^ a study of `` conventional and Islamic loans using a comprehensive monthly dataset from Pakistan that follows more than 150,000 loans over the period 2006 : 04 to 2008 : 12 '' . Jump up ^ such as Muhammad Taqi Usmani , Saleh Abdullah Kamel and Harris Irfan Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Khan , Ajaz A. , Sharia Compliant finance halalmonk.com Jump up ^ Farooq , Riba - Interest Equation and Islam , 2005 :p. 3 -- 6 Jump up ^ Khan , What Is Wrong with Islamic Economics ? , 2013 : p. 216 -- 226 ^ Jump up to : Usmani , Introduction to Islamic Finance , 1998 : p. 6 Jump up ^ Farooq , Riba - Interest Equation and Islam , 2005 : p. 7 Jump up ^ Rammal , Hussain Gulzar ; Zurbruegg , Ralf ( 23 August 2007 ) . `` Awareness of Islamic banking products among Muslims : The case of Australia '' . Journal of Financial Services Marketing . 12 ( 1 ) : 65 -- 74 . doi : 10.1057 / palgrave. fsm. 4760060 . SSRN 1854427 . Jump up ^ Saeed , A. ( 1996 ) . `` Islamic Banking and Interest : A Study of the Prohibition of Riba and its Contemporary Interpretation '' . Leiden , Netherlands : E.J. Brill . ^ Jump up to : `` Sharia calling '' . The Economist. 2009 - 11 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Islamic finance : Big interest , no interest '' . The Economist . The Economist Newspaper Limited . Sep 13 , 2014 . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mohammed , Naveed ( 2014 - 12 - 27 ) . `` The Size of the Islamic Finance Market '' . Islamic Finance . Jump up ^ Towe , Christopher ; Kammer , Alfred ; Norat , Mohamed ; Piñón , Marco ; Prasad , Ananthakrishnan ; Zeidane , Zeine ( April 2015 ) . Islamic Finance : Opportunities , Challenges , and Policy Options . IMF . p. 11 . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Yueh , Linda ( 18 July 2014 ) . `` Islamic banking : Growing fast but can it be more than a niche market ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 14 April 2015 . Even in countries where Islamic banking has a strong foothold , such as the Gulf states and in South East Asia , its share rarely accounts for more than one third of the market . In Indonesia , the world 's most populous Muslim country , Islamic banking currently has less than 5 % market share . Jump up ^ Farooq , Riba - Interest Equation and Islam , 2005 :p. 33 Jump up ^ Warde , Islamic finance in the global economy , 2000 : p. 21 Jump up ^ Khan , Feisal ( 2015 - 12 - 22 ) . Islamic Banking in Pakistan : Shariah - Compliant Finance and the Quest to Make Pakistan More Islamic . Routledge . p. 87 . ISBN 9781317366539 . ^ Jump up to : Khan , What Is Wrong with Islamic Economics ? , 2013 : p. 303 ^ Jump up to : Qureshi , D.M. 2005 . Vision table : Questions and answers session . In Proceedings of the First Pakistan Islamic Banking and Money Market Conference , 14 -- 15 September , Karachi ^ Jump up to : Fadel , Mohammad. 2008 . Riba , efficiency , and prudential regulation : Preliminary thought . Wisconsin International Law Journal 25 ( 4 ) ( April ) 656 ^ Jump up to : Khan , What Is Wrong with Islamic Economics ? , 2013 : p. xv -- xvi ^ Jump up to : Khan , What Is Wrong with Islamic Economics ? , 2013 : p. 400 Jump up ^ Zaidi , Asif . `` RIBA IN THE CONTEMPORARY CONTEXT ( by Asif Zaidi ) '' . www.masrif.net . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Gait , Alsadek H. ; Worthington , Andrew C. ( 2007 ) . A Primer on Islamic Finance : Definitions , Sources , Principles and Methods . University of Wollongong . Research Online . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Choudhury , M.A. and Malike , U.A. ( 1992 ) The Foundations of Islamic Political Economy , London : Macmillan ; New York : St. Martin 's Press . p. 104 Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World , p. 596 Jump up ^ Kuran , The Long Divergence , 2011 : p. 148 Jump up ^ Kuran , The Long Divergence , 2011 : p. 152 ^ Jump up to : IBP , Inc. ( 2015 - 03 - 25 ) . Investment Laws in Muslim Countries Handbook Volume 1 Investment Laws . Lulu.com . ( `` updated annually '' ) . p. 23 . ISBN 9781433023972 . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kepel , Gilles ( 2003 ) . Jihad : on the Trail of Political Islam . Harvard University Press . p. 77 . ISBN 9781845112578 . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , 1958 Jump up ^ Choudhury , M.A. and Malike , U.A. ( 1992 ) The Foundations of Islamic Political Economy , London : Macmillan ; New York : St. Martin 's Press. , p. 104 Jump up ^ Qureshi , Anwar Iqbal . Islam and the Theory of Interest , with an Introduction by Syed Sullaiman Nadvi , Lahore , Muhammad Ashraf , xxiw , 223p . Arabic translation al - Islam wa'l riba by Faruq Hilmi , al - Qahirah Maktabah , Misr , 158p . Jump up ^ Siddiqui , Naeem . `` Islami usul par banking '' ( Banking according to Islamic principles ) Chiragh - e-Rah ( Karachi ) 1 ( 11 ) , November 1948 : 60 - 64 ; 1 ( 12 ) , December 1948 ; 24 - 28 ^ Jump up to : Siddiqi , Muhammad Nejatullah ( 1981 ) . Muslim Economic Thinking . UK : The Islamic Foundation . pp. 29 -- 30 . Jump up ^ `` ISLAMIC BANKING '' . LET US CORRECT OUR ISLAMIC FAITH . Retrieved 28 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Alharbi , Ahmad ( June 2015 ) . `` Development of the Islamic Banking System '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Islamic Banking and Finance . 3 ( 1 ) : 14 . doi : 10.15640 / jibf. v3n1a2 . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1961 , 1969 . The 1969 work isG̲h̲air sūdī bank kārī. 1969 Jump up ^ Muhammad Baqir al - Sadr , Iqtisaduna 1961 ; Al - Bank al - la Ribawi fi al - Islam ( Usury - free Banking in Islam ) 1974 . Jump up ^ ISLAMIC BANKING By A.L.M. Abdul Gafoor 4.1 Historical development Jump up ^ Sami Hassan Homoud , established the Jordanian Islamic Bank in 1978 . ( source : Salihovic , Elnur ( 2015 ) . Major Players in the Muslim Business World . Universal-Pulbishers.com . p. 368 . ISBN 9781627340526 . Retrieved 31 August 2016. ) Jump up ^ Khan , What Is Wrong with Islamic Economics ? , 2013 : p. 143 ^ Jump up to : Govt accused of fudging figures : Poverty reduction dawn.com 17 June 2004 Jump up ^ Siddiqi , Riba , Bank Interest , 2004 : p. 55 -- 56 Jump up ^ Khan , What Is Wrong with Islamic Economics ? , 2013 : p. 134 -- 35 Jump up ^ Mohammed , Naveed ( 2015 - 02 - 08 ) . `` A History of Islamic Finance '' . Islamic Finance . Jump up ^ see also `` The Islamic Banker '' . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Kuran , Timur. 2004 . Islam and Mammon : The economic predicaments of Islamism . Princeton , NJ ; Princeton University Press , pp. x -- xi Jump up ^ Subhi Y . Labib ( 1969 ) , `` Capitalism in Medieval Islam '' , The Journal of Economic History 29 ( 1 ) , p. 79 -- 96 ( 81 , 83 , 85 , 90 , 93 , 96 ) . ^ Jump up to : Jairus Banaji ( 2007 ) , `` Islam , the Mediterranean and the rise of capitalism '' , Historical Materialism 15 ( 1 ) , pp. 47 -- 74 , Brill Publishers . Jump up ^ Robert Sabatino Lopez , Irving Woodworth Raymond , Olivia Remie Constable ( 2001 ) , Medieval Trade in the Mediterranean World : Illustrative Documents , Columbia University Press , ISBN 0 - 231 - 12357 - 4 . Jump up ^ Timur Kuran ( 2005 ) , `` The Absence of the Corporation in Islamic Law : Origins and Persistence '' , American Journal of Comparative Law 53 , pp. 785 -- 834 ( 798 -- 9 ) . ^ Jump up to : Subhi Y . Labib ( 1969 ) , `` Capitalism in Medieval Islam '' , The Journal of Economic History 29 ( 1 ) , pp. 79 -- 96 ( 92 -- 3 ) . Jump up ^ Glubb , John Bagot ( 1988 ) , A Short History Of The Arab Peoples , Dorset Press , p. 105 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 88029 - 226 - 9 , OCLC 603697876 Jump up ^ Said Amir Arjomand ( 1999 ) , `` The Law , Agency , and Policy in Medieval Islamic Society : Development of the Institutions of Learning from the Tenth to the Fifteenth Century '' , Comparative Studies in Society and History 41 , pp. 263 -- 93 . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Samir Amin ( 1978 ) , `` The Arab Nation : Some Conclusions and Problems '' , MERIP Reports 68 , pp. 3 -- 14 ( 8 , 13 ) . Jump up ^ Wilson , R. ( 1983 ) , Banking and Finance in the Arab Middle East , St Martin 's Press , New York . Jump up ^ Cengiz Erol , Radi El ‐ Bdour , ( 1989 ) `` Attitudes , Behaviour , and Patronage Factors of Bank Customers towards Islamic Banks '' , International Journal of Bank Marketing , Vol. 7 Iss : 6 , pp. 31 -- 37 ^ Jump up to : Jamaldeen , Faleel . `` Key Sharia Principles and Prohibitions in Islamic Finance '' . Retrieved 24 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Kepel , Gilles ( 2006 ) . Jihad : The Trail of Political Islam . I.B. Tauris . p. 77 . ISBN 9781845112578 . ^ Jump up to : Ariff , Mohamed ( September 1988 ) . `` Islamic Banking '' . Asian - Pacific Economic Literature. 2 ( 2 ) : 48 -- 64 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8411.1988. tb00200. x . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` بنك كل المصريين '' . بنك ناصر الاجتماعي ( NSB ) . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Khan , What Is Wrong with Islamic Economics ? , 2013 : p. 5 Jump up ^ Kepel , Gilles ( 2006 ) . Jihad : The Trail of Political Islam . I.B. Tauris . pp. 76 -- 77 . ISBN 9781845112578 . This loose approach prevailed throughout the Muslim world until the 1970s , at which time the total ban on lending with interest was reactivated , in tandem with a general re-Islamisation in the cultural and political domains ... until 1973 , when the tidal wave of petro - dollars changed the entire ( economic ) waterfront . Jump up ^ Khan , What Is Wrong with Islamic Economics ? , 2013 : p. 289 Jump up ^ Warde , Islamic finance in the global economy , 2000 : p. ? Jump up ^ Khan , What Is Wrong with Islamic Economics ? , 2013 : p. 292 Jump up ^ `` Amana Mutual Funds Trust '' . Saturna Capital . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kepel , Jihad , ( 2002 ) : p. 280 ^ Jump up to : Kepel , Jihad , ( 2002 ) : p. 280 -- 1 Jump up ^ Khan , What 's Wrong with Islamic Banking ? , 2013 , 6 ^ Jump up to : Khan , What Is Wrong with Islamic Economics ? , 2013 : p. 6 Jump up ^ Kepel , Gilles ( 2006 ) . Jihad : The Trail of Political Islam . I.B. Tauris . p. 79 . ISBN 9781845112578 . Jump up ^ `` Translation of Selected Fatwas of Al - Baraka Seminars '' -- Seminar 6b pp. 81 -- 2 , Algeria , 2 -- 6 October 1990 Jump up ^ Irfan , Harris ( 2015 ) . Heaven 's Bankers . Overlook Press . p. 228 . Jump up ^ Islamic Banks and Financial Stability : An Empirical Analysis pg. 5 Jump up ^ Slater , Joanna ( 2007 - 01 - 10 ) . `` World 's Assets Hit Record Value Of $140 Trillion '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Usmani , Muhammad Taqi ( 2008 ) . Sukuk and their contemporary application ( PDF ) . p. 13 . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vatican offers Islamic finance system to Western Banks '' . world bulletin. 6 March 2009 . Retrieved 6 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Seabourne , , Gwen . `` When and why did the Christian Church stop viewing usury as a sin ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Abdul - Rahman , Yahia. 2010 : The art of Islamic Banking and Finance , Hoboken , NJ , John Wiley and Sons , 26 Jump up ^ Mohammed , Naveed ( 2015 - 07 - 03 ) . `` Islamic and Conventional Banking Comparison '' . IslamicFinance.com . Jump up ^ State of the Global Islamic Economy Report 2015 / 16 ( PDF ) . Thomson Reuters & Dinar Standard . pp. 54 -- 55 . Retrieved 19 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : F , J ( 8 October 2014 ) . `` Why Islamic financial products are catching on outside the Muslim world '' . The Economist . Retrieved 6 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Luxembourg successfully issues landmark Sukuk transaction '' . luxembourgforfinance.com. 10 January 2014 . Retrieved 5 May 2015 . Jump up ^ The Islamic Banking and Finance Database provides more information on the subject . `` World Database for Islamic Banking and Finance , '' . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : El - Hawary , Dahlia ; Grais , Wafik ; Iqbal. , Zamir ( 2004 ) . Regulating Islamic financial institutions : The nature of the regulated . World Bank policy research working paper 3227 . Washington , DC : World Bank . p. 5 . Retrieved 6 June 2017 ... ^ Jump up to : Visser , Hans ( ed . ) . `` 4.4 Islamic Contract Law '' . Islamic Finance : Principles and Practice . Edward Elgar . p. 77 . Retrieved 9 July 2016 . The prevalent position , however , seems to be that creditors may impose penalties for late payments , which have to be donated , whether by the creditor or directly by the client , to a charity , but a flat fee to be paid to the creditor as a recompense for the cost of collection is also acceptable to many fuqaha . ^ Jump up to : Kettell , Brian ( 2011 ) . The Islamic Banking and Finance Workbook : Step - by - Step Exercises to help you ... Wiley . p. 38 . Retrieved 9 July 2016 . The bank can only impose penalties for late payment by agreeing to ` purify ` them by donating them to charity . ^ Jump up to : `` FAQs and Ask a Question . Is it permissible for an Islamic bank to impose penalty for late payment ? '' . al - Yusr . Retrieved 9 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Hussain , Mumtaz ; Shahmoradi , Asghar ; Turk , Rima ( June 2015 ) . IMF Working paper , An Overview of Islamic Finance ( PDF ) . p. 8 . Retrieved 9 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Mervyn K. Lewis , Latifa M. Algaoud : Islamic Banking , Cheltenham , 2001 ^ Jump up to : Khan , Islamic Banking in Pakistan , 2015 : p. 89 Jump up ^ FASMAN , JON ( March 20 , 2015 ) . `` ( Book Review ) Heaven 's Bankers by Harris Irfan '' . New York Times . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Usmani , Introduction to Islamic Finance , 1998 : p. 12 ^ Jump up to : Khan , What Is Wrong with Islamic Economics ? , 2013 : p. 275 ^ Jump up to : Lewis , M.K. and Algaoud , L.M. ( 2001 ) Islamic banking . Cheltenham : Edward Elgar . ^ Jump up to : Nathan , S. and Ribiere , V. ( 2007 ) From knowledge to wisdom : The case of corporate governance in Islamic banking . The Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems , 37 ( 4 ) , pp. 471 - 483 . Jump up ^ Dar , Humayon A. 2010 . Islamic banking in Iran and Sudan . Business Asia , 27 June http://www.humayondar.com/businessasia4.pdf ( dead link ) Jump up ^ El - Gamal , Islamic Finance , 2006 : p. 21 Jump up ^ `` What is Islamic Banking ? '' . Institute of Islamic Banking and Insurance . Retrieved 24 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Warsame , Mohamed Hersi ( 2009 ) . `` 4 . PRACTICE OF INTEREST FREE FINANCE AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE '' . The role of Islamic finance in tackling financial exclusion in the UK ( PDF ) . Durham University . p. 183 . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ El - Gamal , Islamic Finance , 2006 : p. 8 Jump up ^ Khan , Islamic Banking in Pakistan , 2015 : p. 86 Jump up ^ Iqbal , Munawar ( 1998 ) . Challenges facing Islamic banking ( PDF ) . Islamic Development Bank . pp. 15 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Hasan , Zubair ( 21 August 2014 ) . Risk - sharing versus risk - transfer in Islamic finance : An evaluation ( PDF ) . Kuala Lumpur : The Global University of Islamic Finance ( INCEIF ) . MPRA Paper No. 58059 , ( Munich Personal RePEc Archive ) . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Irfan , Heaven 's Bankers , 2015 : p. 53 Jump up ^ Usmani , Introduction to Islamic Finance , 1998 : p. 11 , 167 - 8 Jump up ^ Irfan , Heaven 's Bankers , 2015 : p. 236 Jump up ^ `` Islamic mortgages : Shari'ah - based or Shari'ah - compliant ? '' . New Horizon Magazine . 13 March 2009 . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Ali , Engku Rabiah Adawiah Engku . `` SHARIAH - COMPLIANT TO SHARIAH - BASED FINANCIAL INNOVATION : A QUESTION OF SEMANTICS OR PROGRESSIVE MARKET DIFFERENTIATION '' ( PDF ) . 4th SC - OCIS Roundtable , 9 -- 10 March 2013 , Ditchley Park , Oxford , United Kingdom . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Irfan , Heaven 's Bankers , 2015 : p. 198 Jump up ^ Irfan , Heaven 's Bankers , 2015 : p. 192 ^ Jump up to : Usmani , Historic Judgment on Interest , 1999 : para 159 Jump up ^ ' Islamic finance : What does it change , what it does not ? Structure - objective mismatch and its consequences . International Centre for Education in Islamic Finance ( INCEIF ) . 21 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Vadillo , Umar Ibrahim . `` Questionnaire for Jurisconsults , subject specialists and general public in connection with re-examination of Riba / Interest based laws by Federal Shariah Court '' . Gold Dinar and Muamalat . Retrieved 15 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Khan , Islamic Banking in Pakistan , 2015 : p. 114 ^ Jump up to : Usmani , Introduction to Islamic Finance , 1998 : p. 11 ^ Jump up to : Usmani , Introduction to Islamic Finance , 1998 : p. 167 - 8 Jump up ^ Kamel , Saleh ( 1998 ) . Development of Islamic banking activity : Problems and prospects ( PDF ) . Jeddah : Islamic Research and Training Institute , Islamic development Bank . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Khan , Islamic Banking in Pakistan , 2015 : p. 112 Jump up ^ Bukhari , Sahih . `` Volume 3 , Book 034 `` Sales and Trade '' `` . Usc.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ El - Gamal , Mahmoud A. ( 2 May 2001 ) . `` An Economic Explication of the Prohibition of Gharar in Classical Islamic Jurisprudence '' ( PDF ) . p. 2 . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Visser , Islamic Finance , 2013 : p. 53 Jump up ^ `` Articles '' . muslimummah.org . 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Cheltenham , UK and Northampton , MA USA : Edward Elgar . Jump up ^ The economic impact on Islamic fundamentalism in M. Marty and S. Appleby ( eds ) Fundamentalism and the State : Remaking Polities , Economies , and Militance , Chicago IL , Chicago University Press , pp. 302 - 341 Jump up ^ Ahmad , A. ( 1993 ) . Contemporary Practices of Islamic Financing Techniques ( PDF ) . Research Paper # 20 . Jedddah : Islamic Research and Training Institute , Islamic Development Bank . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Warde , Islamic finance in the global economy , 2010 : p. 141 Jump up ^ Usmani , Introduction to Islamic Finance , 1998 : p. 161 - 9 Jump up ^ Irfan , Heaven 's Bankers , 2015 : p. 271 Jump up ^ Farooq , Riba - Interest Equation and Islam , 2005 :p. 96 Books and Journal articles ( edit ) Farooq , Mohammad Omar ( November 2005 ) . The Riba - Interest Equation and Islam : Re-examination of the Traditional Arguments . SSRN 1579324 . el - Gamal , Mahmoud A. ( 2006 ) . Islamic Finance : Law , Economics , and Practice ( PDF ) . New York , NY : Cambridge . ISBN 9780521864145 . Irfan , Harris ( 2015 ) . Heaven 's Bankers : Inside the Hidden World of Islamic Finance . Little , Brown Book Group . ISBN 9781472105066 . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jamaldeen , Faleel ( 2012 ) . Islamic Finance For Dummies . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 9781118233900 . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Karim , Nimrah ; Tarazi , Michael ; Reilli. , Zavier ( August 2008 ) . `` Islamic microfinance : An emerging market niche '' ( PDF ) . CGAP Focus Notes . Consultative Group to Assist the Poor . 49 : 1 . Kepel , Gilles ( 2002 ) . Jihad : The Trail of Political Islam . Harvard University Press . ISBN 9780674010901 . Khan , Feisal ( 2015 - 12 - 22 ) . Islamic Banking in Pakistan : Shariah - Compliant Finance and the Quest to Make Pakistan More Islamic . Routledge . ISBN 9781317366539 . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Khan , Muhammad Akram ( 2013 ) . What Is Wrong with Islamic Economics ? : Analysing the Present State and Future Agenda . Edward Elgar Publishing . ISBN 9781782544159 . Retrieved 26 March 2015 . Roy , Olivier ( 1994 ) . The Failure of Political Islam . Harvard University Press . pp. 132 -- 47 . ISBN 9780674291416 . Saeed , A. ; Salah , O. ( 2014 ) ( 2013 ) . `` Development of Sukuk : Pragmatic and Idealist Approaches to Sukuk Structures '' ( PDF ) . Journal of International Banking Law and Regulation ( 1 ) : 41 -- 52 . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . Sairally , Salma ( 2007 ) . `` Evaluating the ' social responsibility ' of Islamic finance : Learning from the experiences of socially responsible investment funds '' . In Munawar Iqbal ; Salman Syed Ali ; Dadang Muljawan . Advances in Islamic economics and finance : Proceedings of 6th International Conference on Islamic Economics and Finance ( PDF ) . 1 . Jeddah : Islamic Research and Training Institute , Islamic Development Bank . pp. 279 -- 320 . State of the Global Islamic Economy Report 2015 / 16 ( PDF ) . Thomson Reuters & Dinar Standard . Retrieved 19 March 2017 . Usmani , Muhammad Taqi ( December 1999 ) . The Historic Judgment on Interest Delivered in the Supreme Court of Pakistan ( PDF ) . Karachi , Pakistan : albalagh.net . Usmani , Taqi ( 1998 ) . An Introduction to Islamic Finance ( PDF ) . Kazakhstan . Visser , Hans ( 2013 ) . Islamic Finance : Principles and Practice , ( Second ed . ) . Elgar Publishing . ISBN 9781781001745 . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Warde , Ibrahim ( 2010 ) ( 2000 ) . Islamic finance in the global economy . Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press . ISBN 9780748627769 . External links ( edit ) Understanding Islamic Finance Islamic banking and finance Concepts Aqad Bai ' al ' Inah Bai ' Bithaman Ajil Bai ' Muajjal Bai Salam Gharar Hibah Ijarah Istisna Muamalat Mudaraba Mudarib Murabaha Musawamah Musharaka Qard al - Hasan Qirad Riba Securities trading Sharia investments Sukuk Takaful Tawarruq Wadiah Wakalah Waqf Currency Dinar Dirham Fals Gold dinar Mithqal Modern gold dinar Scholars Abdul Azim Islahi Mohammad Najatuallah Siddiqui Rusni Hassan Umer Chapra Works Iqtisaduna The Economic System In Islam Islam topics Outline of Islam Beliefs God in Islam Tawhid Muhammad In Islam Prophets of Islam Five Pillars Shahada Salah Sawm Zakat Hajj History Leaders Timeline of Muslim history Conquests Golden Age Historiography Sahaba Ahl al - Bayt Shi'a Imams Caliphates Rashidun Umayyad Abbasid Córdoba Fatimid Almohad Sokoto Ottoman Religious texts Quran Sunnah Hadith Tafsir Seerah Denominations Sunni Shia Ibadi Black Muslims Ahmadiyya Quranism Non-denominational Life Culture Animals Art Calendar Children Clothing Holidays Mosques Madrasas Moral teachings Music Philosophy Political aspects Qurbani Science medieval Social welfare Women LGBT Islam by country Law Jurisprudence Economics Banking Economic history Sukuk Takaful Murabaha Riba Hygiene Ghusl Miswak Najis Tayammum Toilet Wudu Marriage Sex Marriage contract Mahr Mahram Masturbation Nikah Nikah Mut'ah Zina Other aspects Cleanliness Criminal Dhabiĥa Dhimmi Divorce Diet Ethics Etiquette Gambling Gender segregation Honorifics Hudud Inheritance Jizya Leadership Ma malakat aymanukum Military POWs Slavery Sources of law Theological baligh kalam Islamic studies Arts Arabesque Architecture Calligraphy Carpets Gardens Geometric patterns Music Pottery Medieval science Alchemy and chemistry Astronomy Cosmology Geography and cartography Mathematics Medicine Ophthalmology Physics Philosophy Early Contemporary Eschatology Theological Other areas Astrology Creationism ( evolution ) Feminism Inventions Liberalism and progressivism Literature poetry Psychology Shu'ubiyya Conversion to mosques Other religions Christianity Mormonism Protestantism Hinduism Jainism Judaism Sikhism Related topics Apostasy Criticism of Islam Cultural Muslim Islamism Criticism Post-Islamism Qutbism Salafi movement Islamophobia Incidents Islamic terrorism Islamic view of miracles Domestic violence Nursing Persecution of Muslims Quran and miracles Symbolism Islam portal Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_banking_and_finance&oldid=821502330 '' Categories : Islamic banking Banking terms Credit Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter CS1 errors : dates Pages with URL errors Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles containing Arabic - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia עברית Қазақша Lietuvių Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça Türkçe اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 21 : 50 . 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what is the paramount network channel on spectrum

Paramount Network Launched March 7 , 1983 ; 35 years ago ( 1983 - 03 - 07 ) Owned by Viacom Media Networks ( Viacom ) Picture format 1080i HDTV ( downscaled to letterboxed 480i for the SDTV feed ) Language English Headquarters Los Angeles , California , United States Formerly called The Nashville Network ( 1983 -- 2000 ) The National Network ( 2000 -- 2001 ) The New TNN ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Spike TV ( 2003 -- 2006 ) Spike ( 2006 -- 2018 ) Sister channel ( s ) MTV MTV2 VH1 Nickelodeon / Nick at Nite CMT Comedy Central TV Land Website www.paramountnetwork.com Availability Satellite DirecTV Channel 241 Channel 1241 ( VOD ) Dish Network Channel 241 Bell TV ( Canada ) Channel 628 Shaw Direct ( Canada ) Channel 268 Channel 584 G - 18 North America 4040 V / 29270 / 3 / 4 VCT 766 / Channel 170 ( Canada ) ( Transponder 17 ) AMC - 11 North America 4060 H / 29270 / 3 / 4 VCT 182 / Channel 530 ( East ) / 930 ( West ) ( Transponder 18 ) Cable Verizon FiOS Channel 54 ( SD ) Channel 554 ( HD ) Rogers Cable ( Canada ) Channel 279 Seaside Communications ( Canada ) Channel 15 Spectrum Channel 32 IPTV AT&T U-verse Channel 145 ( SD ) Channel 1145 ( HD ) Optik TV ( Canada ) Channel 390 ( HD East ) Channel 9390 ( SD West ) VMedia ( Canada ) Channel 279 ( SD ) Execulink Telecom ( Canada ) Channel 165 ( SD ) Streaming media Sling TV Internet Protocol television Philo Internet Protocol television DirecTV Now Internet Protocol television

Channel 32

Paramount Network

paramount network

Paramount Network Launched March 7 , 1983 ; 35 years ago ( 1983 - 03 - 07 ) Owned by Viacom Media Networks ( Viacom ) Picture format 1080i HDTV ( downscaled to letterboxed 480i for the SDTV feed ) Language English Headquarters Los Angeles , California , United States Formerly called The Nashville Network ( 1983 -- 2000 ) The National Network ( 2000 -- 2001 ) The New TNN ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Spike TV ( 2003 -- 2006 ) Spike ( 2006 -- 2018 ) Sister channel ( s ) MTV MTV2 VH1 Nickelodeon / Nick at Nite CMT Comedy Central TV Land Website www.paramountnetwork.com Availability Satellite DirecTV Channel 241 Channel 1241 ( VOD ) Dish Network Channel 241 Bell TV ( Canada ) Channel 628 Shaw Direct ( Canada ) Channel 268 Channel 584 G - 18 North America 4040 V / 29270 / 3 / 4 VCT 766 / Channel 170 ( Canada ) ( Transponder 17 ) AMC - 11 North America 4060 H / 29270 / 3 / 4 VCT 182 / Channel 530 ( East ) / 930 ( West ) ( Transponder 18 ) Cable Verizon FiOS Channel 54 ( SD ) Channel 554 ( HD ) Rogers Cable ( Canada ) Channel 279 Seaside Communications ( Canada ) Channel 15 Spectrum Channel 32 IPTV AT&T U-verse Channel 145 ( SD ) Channel 1145 ( HD ) Optik TV ( Canada ) Channel 390 ( HD East ) Channel 9390 ( SD West ) VMedia ( Canada ) Channel 279 ( SD ) Execulink Telecom ( Canada ) Channel 165 ( SD ) Streaming media Sling TV Internet Protocol television Philo Internet Protocol television DirecTV Now Internet Protocol television Paramount Network is an American pay television channel owned by the Viacom Media Networks division of Viacom . The channel was originally founded by a partnership between WSM , Inc. and Westinghouse Broadcasting as The Nashville Network ( TNN ) and began broadcasting March 7 , 1983 . It initially featured programming catering towards the culture of the Southern United States , including country music , variety shows , outdoors programming , and motor racing coverage ( such as NASCAR ) . TNN was purchased by the Gaylord Entertainment Company in 1983 . After Gaylord bought CMT in 1991 , TNN 's music programming was shifted to CMT , leaving TNN to focus on entertainment and lifestyle programming . In 1995 , TNN and CMT were acquired by Westinghouse , which was in turn acquired by Viacom in 1999 . Under Viacom ownership , TNN began phasing out its existing , country - influenced programming , in favor of more off - network series , films , and sports entertainment programming targeted to a wider audience . It was renamed The National Network in September 2000 , coinciding with the premiere of WWF Raw on the channel . At this point , Viacom described TNN as being a general entertainment service , albeit one appealing to Middle America . In August 2003 , TNN relaunched as Spike TV , which targeted a young adult male audience . In June 2006 , Spike rebranded with a more explicit focus on the action genre . In 2010 , Spike began to shift its programming towards a wider demographic reach with an increased focus on reality series . This culminated with a final rebrand in 2015 to emphasize gender - balanced series such as Lip Sync Battle and a return to original scripted programming . On January 18 , 2018 , Spike relaunched as Paramount Network , aiming to align it with the Paramount Pictures film studio ( which previously lent its name to the now - defunct broadcast television network UPN ) . The network has been positioned by Viacom as a general `` flagship '' outlet for original scripted series , competing with other `` premium '' basic cable networks such as AMC and FX . As of February 2015 ( when it was still known as Spike ) , approximately 93.4 million households in the United States ( 80 % of those with television ) receive Paramount Network . Contents 1 History 1.1 The Nashville Network ( 1983 -- 2000 ) 1.2 The National Network , the New TNN , and WWE ( 2000 -- 2003 ) 1.3 Spike TV ( 2003 -- 2018 ) 1.3. 1 Spike programming , 2003 -- 2006 1.3. 1.1 Star Trek 1.3. 2 `` Get More Action '' 1.3. 3 `` Get Real '' 1.3. 4 `` The Ones to Watch '' 1.4 Paramount Network ( 2018 -- present ) 2 Programming 3 Website 4 International availability 4.1 Canada 4.2 Spain 4.3 United Kingdom 4.4 Spike 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The Nashville Network ( 1983 -- 2000 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Nashville Network The Nashville Network first launched on March 7 , 1983 ; it was dedicated to the culture and lifestyle of country music and the U.S. South . It originally operated as a joint venture of WSM , Inc. , a subsidiary of National Life and Accident Insurance Company ) and Group W Satellite Communications . TNN operated from the now - defunct Opryland USA theme park near Nashville , Tennessee . Country Music Television ( CMT ) , founded by Glenn D. Daniels , beat TNN 's launch by two days , robbing them of the claim of the `` first country music cable television network . '' TNN 's flagship shows included Nashville Now , The Statler Brothers Show , American Sports Cavalcade and Grand Ole Opry Live . Nashville Now and the Grand Ole Opry were broadcast live from Opryland USA . The Gaylord Entertainment Company purchased TNN and the Opryland properties in the latter half of 1987 . Much of TNN 's programming ( except for its sports ) during the Gaylord era was originally produced by Opryland Productions , also owned by Gaylord Entertainment . From 1983 to 1992 , all of TNN 's auto racing and motor sports coverage was produced by Diamond P Sports . Starting in 1993 , TNN started having its NASCAR coverage produced by World Sports Enterprises , and the American Speed Association coverage produced by Group 5 Sports , while Diamond P continued to produce most of the rest of the racing coverage . Programming included variety shows , talk shows , game shows , outdoor shows ( such as hunting and fishing ) , and lifestyle shows ; all centered in some way around country music or the country style of living . Some of TNN 's popular on - air talent included local Nashville media personalities Ralph Emery , Dan Miller , Charlie Chase and Lorianne Crook , as well as established stars such as country music singer Bill Anderson and actresses Florence Henderson and Dinah Shore . By 1995 , TNN was acquired by Westinghouse Electric Corporation , which had recently acquired CBS around that time ; two years later , Westinghouse bought CMT , TNN 's chief competitor . In 1998 , the channel dropped its `` The Nashville Network '' moniker and shortened its official name to TNN . Ownership shifted to Viacom in the late 1990s after its acquisition of CBS Corporation , Westinghouse 's successor . The National Network , the new TNN , and WWE ( 2000 -- 2003 ) ( edit ) In 1999 , TNN began to change its programming to appeal to a wider demographic , especially younger viewers ; capitalizing on the success of RollerJam ( a roller derby - inspired series with elements of professional wrestling ) , TNN reached a three - year deal to broadcast a new Extreme Championship Wrestling ( ECW ) program , which would air as a companion to RollerJam on Friday nights beginning in late - August 1999 . Under the contract , ECW also agreed to revenue sharing with TNN for all of the promotion 's events ( including live shows and pay - per - views ) and merchandising . TNN combined these two programs into a Friday - night programming block , which also featured Motor Madness and Championship Bull Riding . A TNN executive acknowledged that `` extreme sports '' programming had become a major draw to the network , and that bull riding appealed to this expanded audience because he saw it as `` the original extreme sport '' . In November 1999 , TNN announced new programming and primetime theme blocks it planned to introduce in 2000 , including a new , female - oriented Movie Monday , Action Wednesday , Friday Night Thrill Zone , Classic Country on Saturday nights , and TNN Outdoors on Sundays . The new schedule , along with new series such as the action drama 18 Wheels of Justice , collegiate bowling competition series Rockin ' Bowl , reruns of the Western anthology Dead Man 's Gun , and a new promotional campaign targeting younger viewers , were intended to introduce a broader audience to the network . The ECW partnership was initially successful , with TNN reporting a 200 % increase in young male viewership in the timeslot . Despite this , TNN gave ECW little promotion , choosing to focus more on promoting its other new programs , such as Rockin ' Bowl and RollerJam . On September 25 , 2000 , TNN was folded into the MTV Networks division based in New York City , and was renamed The National Network ( later branding as `` The New TNN '' ) . The rebranding coincided with major changes to the network 's programming , including the network premiere of the World Wrestling Federation 's flagship program RAW Is War , which moved to TNN from USA Network as part of a new contract with Viacom . As WWF programs were typically among USA Network 's highest - rated programs , the move was considered a major coup for TNN . MTV Networks chairman Tom Freston described TNN as now being a general entertainment service , albeit one with a `` sort of populist middle - America flavor '' rather than `` another network for New York or Los Angeles . '' Football also became more prominent on the network , as it began airing games of the original Arena Football League ( AFL ) with Eli Gold as an announcer . The National Network was also one of three networks to air games of the ill - fated XFL ( along with NBC and UPN ) . As part of its contract , TNN had the rights to a late Sunday afternoon game each week except for the first week , when UPN aired the afternoon game instead . TNN aired the first opening - round game of the 2001 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship when organizers expanded the field to 65 teams ; it was produced by CBS Sports with CBS announcers . The game coverage moved to ESPN in 2002 . In 2001 , TNN added off - network sitcoms and dramas such as Diff'rent Strokes , The Wonder Years , The Rockford Files , WKRP in Cincinnati , Newhart , Hangin ' With Mr. Cooper , Miami Vice and Taxi . It also became the first channel to air reruns of MADtv . These moves went unnoticed for the most part , due to TNN 's lack of popularity . By this time , all country - western programming had been purged from the network ; some of The Nashville Network 's former programming was picked up by CMT , while other classic TNN shows were picked up by GAC , including eventually the Grand Ole Opry , which was pushed off to CMT and eventually removed by Viacom after they did not renew the agreement to carry the series . By late - 2002 , the channel had picked up more male - oriented shows , such as Baywatch , Monster Jam , bull riding , Robot Wars and Star Trek : The Next Generation . This was done in an effort both to further distance itself from its former country music - based identity and to trumpet an increase in original programming . Spike TV ( 2003 -- 2018 ) ( edit ) In April 2003 , Viacom announced that TNN would be relaunched as Spike TV on June 16 , 2003 . Promoted with the slogan `` The First Network for Men '' , Viacom aimed to target a young adult male demographic between the ages of 18 - 34 -- which they believed was being served insufficiently by other cable networks , and to further distance the network from the TNN name in order to suit its current programming direction . Spike 's launch programming would include a slate of new adult animation series such as Gary the Rat , Ren & Stimpy `` Adult Party Cartoon '' ( an adult - oriented revival of the former Nickelodeon series The Ren & Stimpy Show , led by its original creator John Kricfalusi ) , and Stripperella , as well as other new series such as Ride with Funkmaster Flex . Also planned were segments in collaboration with Men 's Health , Stuff , and CBS Marketwatch . Recent acquisitions , such as CSI , WWE Raw , and Star Trek , would also remain part of the network 's schedule . Three days before the planned launch date , film director Spike Lee won a New York Supreme Court injunction preventing Viacom from using the name `` Spike TV '' . Lee claimed that because of his well - known popularity in Hollywood , viewers would therefore assume that he was associated with the new channel . Lee stated in court papers that : `` The media description of this change of name , as well as comments made to me and my wife , confirmed what was obvious -- that Spike TV referred to Spike Lee . '' Spike Jones Jr. , son of comic musician Spike Jones , became a party of the lawsuit as part of Viacom 's defense to protect the rights to his father 's name . The suit was settled on July 8 , 2003 , in announcing the settlement , Lee admitted that he did not believe that the channel intentionally tried to trade on his name . On July 28 , 2003 , it was announced that TNN would rebrand as Spike TV on August 11 , 2003 -- eight weeks later than initially scheduled . Its launch night programming featured two programs originally intended to air on June 16 , including Party with Spike -- a launch special filmed at the Playboy Mansion , and the premiere of Most Extreme Elimination Challenge -- a comedic dub of the Japanese game show Takeshi 's Castle . Spike programming , 2003 -- 2006 ( edit ) Alongside its launch programs , Spike scored some major coups in terms of its programming , receiving syndication rights to several Star Trek series ( which were produced by another Viacom branch , Paramount Television ) , as well as most of the James Bond series of movies . After Ren & Stimpy `` Adult Party Cartoon '' was canceled , the channel started airing classic episodes of the original Ren & Stimpy series under the title Ren & Stimpy : The Classics . The Klasky Csupo production Immigrants was originally slated to run on Spike TV 's animation block , but this never materialized and the series was turned into a film instead . Also unaired was the John Leguizamo animated production Zilch & Zero . In the fall of 2003 , Spike TV aired The Joe Schmo Show , a parody of reality television shows like Survivor and Big Brother . Its finale led to the channel 's highest ratings at the time , and a second season aired in the Summer of 2004 . 2003 also saw the debut of the Video Game Awards , which would go on to become notorious for favoring the channel 's own demographic at the expense of the larger gaming community . In November 2004 , Spike TV purchased the cable / satellite syndication rights to CSI : Crime Scene Investigation for a record price of $1.9 million per episode . It joined the lineup on October 1 , 2006 . On January 18 , 2005 , Spike TV premiered The Ultimate Fighter , a reality competition series focusing on the Ultimate Fighting Championship -- a mixed martial arts promotion . The success of The Ultimate Fighter led the UFC to expand its programming on Spike to include other series , such as UFC Unleashed , UFC Primetime and UFC All Access . The Ultimate Fighter aired on Spike for 14 seasons , ending its run on the network in 2011 after the announcement that Fox Sports had acquired the U.S. television rights to the UFC under a new , seven - year deal . In March 2005 , Viacom announced that it would not renew its contract with WWE ( formerly WWF ) when it expired in September 2005 . Spike 's new president , Doug Herzog , stated that the network had planned to `` expand its investments in original programming and new acquisitions for its core audience '' , including new scripted programming . The following month , it was announced that WWE Raw would return to USA Network . Spike subsequently reached a deal with another wrestling promotion , TNA , which saw TNA Impact ! premiere on October 1 , 2005 in a Saturday night time slot . It moved to Thursdays in April 2006 , and expanded to two hours in October 2007 . On March 8 , 2010 , Impact ! moved to Monday nights starting , though Impact ! was shifted back to Thursdays after the program suffered from decreased viewership in its Monday timeslot . Later in the month , Spike TV debuted Game Head with Geoff Keighley , a weekly video game show , and later followed up with the short - lived Fresh Baked Videogames , making them both part of their `` Slammin ' Saturday Night '' lineup . Star Trek ( edit ) Spike had devoted large chunks of its programming time to the Star Trek franchise in the past before the Viacom / CBS Corporation split on January 1 , 2006 left the majority of the Star Trek intellectual property to CBS as a part of the former Paramount Television division and they decided to exercise licensing options away from their former Viacom brethren . It featured Star Trek : The Next Generation heavily before introducing Star Trek : Deep Space Nine in 2004 and Star Trek : Voyager in 2006 . All of these introductions were accompanied by multi-day marathons at some point ; the Next Generation marathon included appearances by celebrities such as Wil Wheaton , who played Wesley Crusher in the series . Deep Space Nine and Voyager had been relegated to late night hours before they disappeared from the channel 's schedule , and The Next Generation had disappeared months before the syndication rights were bought by Syfy . The promotion of the Trek franchises earned Spike the colloquial title The Star Trek Channel during this period because as much as one third ( eight hours ) of programming blocks were devoted to the franchise . A notable omission during the period was Star Trek : Enterprise , which the channel passed on ( Syfy had proceeded to ease it into four - hour Monday night blocks ) . TV Land meanwhile had the rights to Star Trek : The Original Series , but Spike stated that there may not be enough episodes ( only three seasons ) to accommodate the kind of blocks it would like to air . Spike later replaced that block with re-runs of Disorderly Conduct : Video on Patrol and CSI : Crime Scene Investigation . `` Get more action '' ( edit ) Spike TV 's logo , used from May 9 , 2006 to March 2 , 2015 In 2005 , Viacom conducted research which found that Spike TV 's new direction was alienating its target audience and advertisers . Word - of - mouth knowledge narrowly perceived Spike TV 's programming as being predominantly `` low - brow '' , violent , and reliant on sex appeal , rather than reflecting the wider variety of programming offered by the channel . These findings led Viacom to pursue a re-brand in an effort to clarify the network 's focus . At its upfront presentations in 2006 , Viacom unveiled a new logo for Spike and a new slogan , `` Get More Action '' ; the new brand was described as being `` authentic '' and `` unapologetically '' masculine , and emphasizing action as a core genre of programming for the network . The new branding launched alongside the premiere of Blade : The Series in June 2006 . Spike also attracted advertisers with product placement opportunities in promos such as `` Men of Action '' ( which featured homages and parodies of `` classic action moments '' ) and the `` CSI Guys '' , which tied into its new programming direction . On September 5 , 2006 , Spike premiered the documentary film Metal of Honor : The Ironworkers of 9 / 11 by filmmaker Rachel Maguire , which profiled the ironworkers ' efforts in the attempts for rescue and recovery following the September 11 attacks at the World Trade Center site . The film proceeds through the ironworkers ' dismantling of the fallen towers . On October 10 , 2006 , Spike debuted the Scream Awards , the first awards show honoring horror , science fiction , fantasy and comic books . At the 2007 San Diego Comic - Con International , the Spike TV booth was awarding tickets to that year 's awards ceremony to the winners of their `` Scariest Costume '' contest . In late 2006 , Spike introduced the `` Late Night Strip '' , a block that aired Thursdays and Fridays at 12 : 00 a.m. consisting of original series that are sometimes inappropriate for daytime television , with regular intermissions featuring women . Programming featured on the block included MXC , Wild World of Spike , The Dudesons and Game Head . In October 2007 , Kevin Kay was appointed network president after serving as executive vice president and general manager of the channel for the previous two years . The post had been vacant since December 2006 . Throughout the summer of 2007 , starting on Father 's Day ( June 17 ) , the channel launched its first public service campaign , the `` True Dads '' national outreach campaign , with former New York Yankees player Don Mattingly as spokesperson . This focused on fathers who demonstrated active roles in their children 's lives , through public service announcements on the channel featuring both celebrity and ordinary fathers and websites such as Spike 's own `` True Dads '' site , among other things . In April 2008 , Spike aired the commercial television premiere of Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith , and became the first basic cable channel in the U.S. to air all six Star Wars movies . Viacom bid against NBC Universal and Turner for the rights to the entire Star Wars film series , which was worth up to $80 million , despite channels owned by each of the companies having previously aired at least part of the original trilogy . The same year , the channel began to broadcast a reality show based on the Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) . On the weekend of April 5 and 6 , 2008 , the channel aired the first three Star Wars films against the simultaneous TNT broadcast of all three Lord of the Rings films . More viewers watched the Star Wars broadcasts on Spike than watched the Lord of the Rings broadcasts on TNT . On April 7 , 2008 , the channel acquired cable syndication rights for the sitcom Married ... with Children ( the series would be shuffled between various Viacom - owned networks in subsequent years , from Comedy Central to TV Land to Nick at Nite ) . Five new unscripted series were picked up for the channel 's summer 2008 lineup . In the fall of 2009 , Spike broadcast live Australian rugby league semifinal games from the National Rugby League and also showed the grand final , as David Niu tried to bring professional rugby league ( National Rugby League USA ) to the United States . On June 1 , 2010 , Spike launched into the first crowd - sourced pilot episode contest with Scripped , a web - based screenwriting community . In this contest , Spike tested its ability to discover new talent from untested channels . `` Get Real '' ( edit ) On March 30 , 2011 , with the series premiere of Coal ( a new series from 1000 Ways to Die creator Thom Beers ) , Spike rebranded itself with a slightly recolored logo and a new slogan , `` Get Real '' , emphasizing a major shift in its original programming from a mix of low - brow scripted and unscripted series aimed at young males towards reality series aimed at the broader 18 -- 49 demographic . On August 24 , 2011 , Spike launched a new series called Alternate History , illustrating what the world could be like if past events were slightly different . The premiere episode documented what would have happened if the Germans stopped the Allied invasion of France and took over the world . No other episodes have been featured . In 2013 , Bellator MMA made its network debut with the premiere of its eighth season ; the now Viacom - owned mixed martial arts promotion previously aired on sibling channel MTV2 . In response to their growing audience , Spike underwent a brand refresh , giving the channel a `` more cinematic '' look . Spike Art Director Michael Sutton - Long , who led the rebrand , says the refresh `` lets people know that Spike is a classy , entertainment - driven network . It 's not a full - on rebrand , but it moves the network in the direction of becoming bigger and broader and more cinematic . '' At the end of the summer , Spike debuted the 26th season of Cops , having picked up the series from Fox . In the fall , kickboxing promotion Glory made its network debut with Glory 11 : Chicago . This was not Spike 's first time broadcasting a kickboxing event as , in 2012 , they partnered with K - 1 to broadcast several events on their website . The end of the year saw the Video Game Awards revamped and become known as VGX . The event was held on December 7 , 2013 on Spike 's website . In 2014 , TMZ reported that Spike would not renew TNA 's contract . Months after a move to Wednesday nights , it was later announced that Impact Wrestling would end its run on December 24 , 2014 and move to Destination America in 2015 . Later that year , it was announced that Spike would drop their video game award show . Geoff Keighley would go on to create his own award show in the form of The Game Awards . In January 2015 , following a similar deal made by NBC , Spike announced they would air monthly fight cards by the Haymon Boxing - created `` Premier Boxing Champions '' . `` The Ones to Watch '' ( edit ) Spike logo used from March 3 , 2015 to January 17 , 2018 During its upfronts on March 3 , 2015 , Spike unveiled a new logo and tagline , `` The Ones to Watch '' . The re-branding aimed to make the network more inclusive to women , emphasizing a focus on `` big talent , engaging shows and hits that get people talking '' and further expansions into scripted series . Alongside the miniseries Tut and the announcement of an expanded episode order for the series Lip Sync Battle ( a spin - off of a segment from Late Night with Jimmy Fallon ) , the network announced an output deal with Dwayne Johnson 's $7 Bucks Productions for a series of specials , Emergency Broadcast , an original drama co-created by Max Brooks , and Sweat Inc. , a fitness - oriented reality series hosted by Jillian Michaels . With 2.2 million viewers , the series premiere of Lip Sync Battle on April 2 , 2015 was the highest - rated non-scripted premiere in network history . Likewise , Tut averaged 2.2 million viewers in its three nights , for a combined 11.4 million viewers . Paramount Network ( 2018 -- present ) ( edit ) On February 9 , 2017 , Viacom announced that Spike would be re-branded as Paramount Network in 2018 . This change is designed to give the network a closer association with the Paramount Pictures film studio , and is part of a restructuring plan by new Viacom CEO Bob Bakish to refocus the majority of its media business around six flagship brands , which include Paramount and BET , Comedy Central , Nickelodeon , Nick Jr. , and MTV . The rebranding occurred on January 18 , 2018 , and was marked by a live , Michael Jackson - themed Lip Sync Battle special from the Dolby Theatre . New original series announced for the first half of 2018 included the miniseries Waco and Yellowstone , along with American Woman and Heathers -- two comedies originally slated for TV Land , which the former was canceled after its first season and the latter would not air . The Shannara Chronicles , which moved to Spike for season 2 from MTV , was not renewed by Paramount Network . Paramount Network is being positioned as a `` premium '' basic cable network , similar to competitors such as AMC and FX . Network president Kevin Kay explained that Bakish wanted Viacom to have a `` flagship '' outlet for scripted programming , as opposed to making inefficient investments into them across individual channels . He added that Paramount Network 's offerings would be distinguished from other `` premium '' basic cable networks by continuing to emphasize Middle America as a key viewer base . Even with its subsequent rebrandings , Paramount Network still had significant carriage strength and viewership in the Midwest and South due to its heritage as TNN . Kay argued that its initial slate of original dramas were not as `` dark '' , citing the setting of Yellowstone as making it `` brighter and a bit more blue sky than some of the things that are on premium cable TV now . '' In regards to the programs moved to Paramount Network from TV Land , American Woman was moved to take advantage of its prominent leads Alicia Silverstone and Mena Suvari , while Heathers was moved because , in Kay 's opinion , the show was not appropriate for TV Land 's target audience . However , in June 2018 , it was revealed that Heathers had been dropped by Paramount Network and Viacom , citing network concerns over the content of the series . The series will be shopped to other outlets . Paramount Network began a viral marketing campaign to promote its launch in December 2017 . The campaign included a Times Square advertisement asking viewers to phone and email Paramount Network 's chief marketing officer Niels Schuurmans to protest Spike 's `` firing '' , as well as a string of self - deprecating posts by the network 's Twitter account about its history and programming ( including that `` My favorite number is 329 because it 's the number of times Cops is on every night '' , `` We had a show called The Joe Schmo Show . Apparently every decent show name was taken '' , and that `` There 's a reason all our early shows were CSI , UFC , TNA , MXC , UTI . No one around here knew how to read '' ) . A network executive stated that the campaign was meant to represent a `` public meltdown '' by a fired employee . Spike additionally held a Facebook live streaming event on January 17 , 2018 where users could vote on various ways a crew would deface a large model of the former Spike logo , culminating in its demolition . Programming ( edit ) Main articles : List of programs broadcast by Spike and List of programs broadcast by Paramount Network Paramount Network 's current lineup consists of original series , feature films , and reruns of sitcoms like Friends and Two and a Half Men . Male - oriented programs constituted the majority of its schedule upon its original re-launch in 2003 but , since 2011 , the network had shifted towards reality series , such as Bar Rescue and Ink Master , and with its 2015 rebrand , Spike had been airing more `` gender - balanced '' programming . The network also airs combat sporting events , including the Viacom - owned mixed martial arts promotion Bellator . In the past , the network also carried Glory kickboxing , professional wrestling programs from TNA , WWE , and ECW , as well as boxing from Al Haymon 's Premier Boxing Champions . Website ( edit ) On October 15 , 2005 , Viacom acquired iFilm , which was initially launched in 1997 . After acquiring the website for $49 million , it was eventually rebranded to Spike.com and provided hosting of user - uploaded videos , a strategy eventually abandoned to refocus the Spike.com as a general network site . The iFilm.com domain currently redirects to the Screen Junkies website . YouTube was also launched in 2005 , which later was issued a class action lawsuit from Viacom reported to be over $1 billion ( it was settled in 2014 for undisclosed terms ) . During the era where they hosted user generated content , Spike. com 's managers only approved videos pre-screened to meet their standards . On January 18 , 2018 , Spike.com was sunset to redirect viewers to the rebrand of the channel , ParamountNetwork.com . International availability ( edit ) Canada ( edit ) In April 1984 , while as TNN , the Canadian Radio - television and Telecommunications Commission ( CRTC ) approved the channel for carriage by Canadian cable and satellite television providers . Following its re-branding as Spike TV , the Canadian Association of Broadcasters filed a complaint with the CRTC on behalf of Canwest Global , demanding the channel be removed from Canadian television providers . The CAB felt that its new general entertainment format would unduly compete with various Canadian - run specialty channels , arguing that there was overlap in its niche and its then - current schedule with Men TV ( men 's lifestyle ) , Space ( Star Trek ) , sports channels ( The Score broadcasts WWE programming ) , Discovery Health ( interstitial segments focusing on men 's health , although the network did not air any full - length programs on the topic ) , along with the inexplicable naming of Report on Business Television and CTV Travel for reasons unknown . In January 2005 , the CRTC dismissed the CAB 's complaint , ruling that it provided insufficient evidence that Spike was directly competing with Canadian specialty channels . The CRTC ruled that Spike did not unduly compete with Men TV , since it was licensed to broadcast lifestyle programming oriented towards men ( in contrast to Spike , which the CRTC classified as being a general entertainment channel targeting a male audience ) , and that the remaining allegations of overlap with domestic Canadian specialty channels represented only a minority of Spike 's overall programming . Due to programming rights issues , programs which the channel does not hold rights to air outside of the U.S. are replaced with alternate programs . Spain ( edit ) In May 2018 , Viacom announced that it would rebrand Paramount Channel in Spain under the Paramount Network name on June 10 , 2018 , marking Viacom 's first property outside of the U.S. to adopt the brand . Paramount Channel in Spain had been among Viacom 's most successful international properties . The channel adopted a similar general entertainment format to the U.S. version , with its launch lineup featuring the fifth season of Alaska y Mario ( moving from MTV Spain ) , and a lineup of imported dramas and films . United kingdom ( edit ) Paramount Network launched in the UK on July 4 , 2018 ; it is operated by the Viacom - owned network Channel 5 . It is the second Paramount - branded property in that market ; its domestic version of Comedy Central launched as the Paramount Channel in 1995 , then was Paramount Comedy from 1997 until 2009 , when it took the Comedy Central name . Spike ( edit ) Viacom began to launch localized versions of Spike in 2015 . On April 15 , 2015 , a British version of Spike was launched ; owned by Viacom International Media Networks Europe , it is operated as a sister digital terrestrial television channel to Channel 5 , which Viacom had acquired the previous year . Its launch lineup primarily featured Spike 's original programs and reruns from its parent network , acquired U.S. drama imports ( such as Breaking Bad , Justified , and The Walking Dead ) , along with Bellator MMA and the domestic MMA promotion BAMMA . The channel operates under the name 5Spike . On August 18 , 2015 , Viacom announced that a Dutch version of Spike would launch in the Netherlands and Flanders . The channel began as a timeshare on the Dutch Nickelodeon channel , airing from 9 : 00 p.m. to 2 : 30 a.m. daily . On December 12 , 2016 , Spike launched in the Netherlands as a 24 - hour channel on Ziggo . Spike and Nickelodeon will continue time - sharing in Flanders . In July 2016 , an Australian version of Spike launched on Fetch TV . On December 1 , 2016 , a Hungarian version of the channel named RTL Spike was launched in partnership with RTL Group . On October 22 , 2017 , an Italian version of Spike was launched in the country as a free - to - air channel , replacing Fine Living on Digital TV channel 49 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schwed , Mark ( March 5 , 1983 ) . `` Nashville Network -- Giant Commercial for Country Music '' . UPI . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ UPI ( March 11 , 1983 ) . `` The Nashville Network Begins With Optimism '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 -- via Proquest . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Berg , Eric N. ( July 2 , 1983 ) . `` Grand Ole Opry Finds a Buyer '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 -- via Proquest . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 22 , 2015 ) . `` List of how many homes each cable network is in as of February 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Goodbye Nashville Network '' . Country Standard Time . November 2000 . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stengel , Richard ( March 21 , 1987 ) . `` Country Comes to Cable '' . Time . Jump up ^ `` The Nashville Network Begins With Optimism '' . New York Times . March 11 , 1987 . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Banks , Jack ( 1996 ) . Monopoly Television : MTV 's Quest to Control the Music . Boulder , Colorado : Westview Press . p. 59 . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 1821 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 CMA Awards - Country Music 's Biggest Night '' . 2015 CMA Awards . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Loverro , Thom ( May 22 , 2007 ) . The Rise & Fall of ECW : Extreme Championship Wrestling . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 9781416513124 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wrestling has choke - hold on cable fans '' . Advertising Age . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Katz , Richard ( July 1 , 1999 ) . `` TNN in the grips of Extreme wrestling '' . Variety . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Extreme Sports '' . Newsday . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . 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June 16 , 2003 . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2007 . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spike sues over channel name '' . BBC News . June 4 , 2003 . Retrieved May 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Romano , Allison ( June 30 , 2003 ) . `` Another Spike Stakes His Case '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2008 . Retrieved August 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Romano , Allison ( July 9 , 2003 ) . `` TNN , Lee resolve Spike fight '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2007 . Retrieved August 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Romano , Allison ( July 28 , 2003 ) . `` Spike to Start , Finally , Aug. 11 '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2007 . Retrieved August 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ball , Ryan ( July 19 , 2004 ) . `` Spike TV Welcomes The Immigrants with Marathon '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keveney , Bill ( June 26 , 2003 ) . `` Toons with a lot more ' tude '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spike TV Announces John Leguizamo 's New Original Animated Project ' Zilch & Zero ' '' . PR Newswire . May 6 , 2003 . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sherdog.com . `` UFC , Fox Announce 7 - Year Broadcast Deal '' . Sherdog . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Martin , Damon ( August 18 , 2011 ) . `` Spike TV Announces Partnership with the UFC Has Ended , TUF 14 Will Be the Last on the Network '' . MMAWeekly.com . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` USA and WWE , a Tag Team Again ( washingtonpost.com ) '' . Washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Martin , Denise ( 2005 - 03 - 11 ) . `` Spike TV smacks down WWE '' . Variety . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Franchise ready for Spike '' . Canoe.com . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` TNA Wrestling Moves To Monday Nights Starting March 8 , 2010 '' . Total Nonstop Action Wrestling . February 16 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2010 . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` For Spike TV , It 's a Man 's World '' . Adweek . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Heffernan , Virginia ( September 5 , 2006 ) . `` Metal of Honor : Building on Ground Zero '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ John Dempsey ( October 10 , 2007 ) . `` New Prexy For Spike TV '' . Daily Variety . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Spike TV Names Kevin Kay President -- TVWeek '' . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Weprin , Alex ( January 10 , 2008 ) . `` Spike TV Orders DEA Reality Show '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Joal ( April 8 , 2008 ) . `` Star Wars vs. LOTR : And the Winner Is ... '' E ! Online News . Retrieved April 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Weprin , Alex ( April 7 , 2008 ) . `` Spike TV Acquires Married ... With Children '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Retrieved April 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Weprin , Alex ( May 8 , 2008 ) . `` Spike TV Picks Up Five Unscripted Series '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Retrieved May 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Spike TV Brings Rugby To America '' . Spike.com . September 2 , 2009 . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New league hopes to popularize rugby in U.S. '' pressofAtlanticCity.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Scripped.com Announces Script Competition With Spike TV '' . Marketwire . June 1 , 2010 . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Spike Rebrand . BIGSTAR . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spike TV bets on propelling newest MMA partner Bellator '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Spike announces Bellator for Fridays in fall '' . MMA Fighting . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Spike Brand Refresh Keeps It Light '' ( Press release ) . Blog. Viacom . February 18 , 2014 . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Spike Refreshed . Michael Sutton - Long . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' Cops '' Moves to Spike TV Saturday , September 14 at 8 : 00PM `` . The Futon Critic ( Press release ) . August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GLORY , Spike sign multi-year broadcasting deal '' . MMA Fighting . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spike TV And K - 1 , World 's Premier Kickboxing Promotion , Agree To Multi-Platform Partnership '' . Spike.com ( Press release ) . August 20 , 2012 . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Samit Sarkar ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` Spike Video Game Awards renamed VGX , set for Dec. 7 '' . Polygon . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Impact Wrestling Cancelled by Spike TV '' . TMZ . July 27 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Major Pro-Wrestling Organization 's Main Program Moves to Wednesdays '' . The Christian Post . August 18 , 2014 . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Discovery 's Destination America Adds TNA Impact Wrestling To Lineup '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Takahashi , Dean . `` Geoff Keighley unveils The Game Awards 2014 to replace the VGAs '' . Venture Beat . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spike Gets In The Ring With Premier Boxing Champions '' . Spike.com . January 22 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Premier Boxing Champions : Start Date , TV Schedule , Fighters for Spike TV Series '' . Bleacher Report . January 22 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spike TV to begin airing monthly PBC fights '' . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Juniper Jones Creates New On - Air Identity For Spike '' . CG News . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Jillian Michaels show is part ' Shark Tank ' part ' American Idol ' '' . New York Business Journal . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spike TV Rebrands , Inks Deal With Dwayne Johnson '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guy - Centric Spike Network Hopes Scripted Shows Like Tut Will Entice Female Viewers '' . Ad Week . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Lip Sync Battle ' Breaks Ratings Records for Spike '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' Tut '' Averages 2.2 Million Viewers -- Largest Viewership in Timeslot in 8 Years `` . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Spike President On Channel 's Rebranding As The Paramount Network '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Spike To Change Name & Become The Paramount Network In Viacom Rebranding '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Viacom CEO Supports Paramount And Non-Core Networks -- But For How Long ? '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Lip Sync Battle LIVE ' announces first three celebrities for Michael Jackson celebration '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Shannara Chronicles ' Canceled as Paramount Network Passes on Season 3 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Daniel ; Holloway , Elizabeth ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` TV Land 's ' Heathers ' Reboot and ' American Woman ' Moving to Launch Paramount Network '' . Variety . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Paramount Network Sets January Launch Date ; Kicks Off with Live ' Lip Sync Battle ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ; Holloway , Daniel ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Viacom to Rebrand Spike TV as Paramount Network '' . Variety . 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Jump up ^ `` Bellator MMA Adds Jay Glazer To Broadcast Team '' . MMAmania.com . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bangeman , Eric . `` Infringing videos on iFilm could cause problems for Viacom '' Ars Technica . March 19 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Nashville Network Approved by CRTC '' . Canadian Press . April 14 , 1984 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Broadcasting Public Notice CRTC 2005 - 9 '' . CRTC . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CRTC : Spike TV can stay in Canada '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spain Getting First Paramount Network Outside U.S. '' The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ White , Peter ( 2018 - 06 - 08 ) . `` Viacom To Launch Paramount Network In The UK In July With ' Suits ' & ' The Mick ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Spike to Launch in U.K. with ' Breaking Bad ' , ' Walking Dead ' , ' Sons of Anarchy ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch launch for Spike in October '' . broadbandtvnews . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robert Briel ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Spike goes 24 / 7 exclusively on Ziggo '' . BroadbandTVNews.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Verschuiving zender Nickelodeon '' . Ziggo.nl . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spike channel to launch in Australia via Fetch TV '' . Jump up ^ `` New Fetch TV box adds Spike , Presto '' . June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spike TV To Launch In Australia - CraveOnline '' . June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spike to launch on Fetch TV - 1 July 2016 - Mediaweek '' . www.mediaweek.com.au . Jump up ^ `` Viacom 's Spike to launch in Hungary '' . Broadband TV News . November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spike si accenderà al numero 49 del digitale terrestre il 22 ottobre - HDblog.it '' . altadefinizione.hdblog.it . 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how many eleanor cars were used in gone in 60 seconds

Though four Mustangs are portrayed in the film as `` Eleanor '' targets , only two cars were used for filming the movie , with license plates and tires alternated as necessary . Of these two , one car was modified for the stunt driving necessitated by the final chase and wrecked in said process , while the other was kept intact for all external `` beauty shots . '' The latter car was also used for all but two interior shots .

two

Eleanor ( automobile )

eleanor ( automobile )

`` Eleanor '' is a customized 1971 Ford Mustang Sportsroof ( redressed as 1973 ) that features in independent filmmaker H.B. `` Toby '' Halicki 's 1974 film Gone in 60 Seconds . `` Eleanor '' is the only Ford Mustang Mach 1 in history to receive star title credit in a movie .

The Eleanor name is reused for a Shelby Mustang GT500 in the 2000 Gone in 60 Seconds remake . Contents 1 Eleanor - 1974 film 1.1 Prepping the two 1971 Mustangs for the film 1.2 Stunt Eleanor 1.2. 1 Additional history 1.3 Beauty Eleanor 1.4 Plates worn in the film 1.4. 1 California 1.4. 2 New York 2 Eleanor - 2000 film 3 Screen - used vehicles 3.1 License plate numbers 3.1. 1 California 4 References 5 External links Eleanor - 1974 film ( edit ) Though four Mustangs are portrayed in the film as `` Eleanor '' targets , only two cars were used for filming the movie , with license plates and tires alternated as necessary . Of these two , one car was modified for the stunt driving necessitated by the final chase and wrecked in said process , while the other was kept intact for all external `` beauty shots . '' The latter car was also used for all but two interior shots . Prepping the two 1971 Mustangs for the film ( edit ) Both 1971 Mustang Sportsroofs used in the film ( neither car has been proven to be a Mach 1 , as often assumed ) were bought in 1971 , but - as it was three years before Halicki could raise sufficient funds to start filming - each car was facelifted with 1973 grilles for the film . Both cars retain their 1971 front bumper and valance panels , as retrofitting the 1973 parts to the car would have required swapping the fenders as well . As with the liberties taken with the body modifications , Halicki 's paint scheme on both cars were similar - but not identical - to Ford factory offerings . Both cars received blackout treatment to the lower bodyside - resembling Mach 1 's and base models equipped with the Exterior Decor Group - and a unique blackout treatment to the standard hood ; not seen on any factory 1971 - 1973 Mustang . Additionally , neither car wears any identifiable badging spelling the `` Mustang '' name in type , though the pony badge and `` Ford Motor Company '' hubcaps are visible in the film . Despite rumors that both cars were painted in Ford 's Medium Yellow Gold , Halicki - in a 1974 interview - stated that the cars were painted `` generic school bus yellow '' to save money . Stunt Eleanor ( edit ) The modified car required 250 hours of labor before it was ready for the film . All body panels were removed in order to install a roll cage throughout the Mustang 's stock unibody . The transmission was also chained in for safety . An adjustable camera rig was mounted in the back seat to capture footage from the internal `` driver 's point of view . '' The wrecked Eleanor was equipped with a base interior and no instrumentation package , but utilized seats from the Mustang 's deluxe interior package ; sourced from the beauty car . Conversely , the beauty car had deluxe interior , with the standard seats from the stunt car swapped into it . Other safety modifications included : Heavy duty Simpson shoulder harness Deadbolt door locks Aftermarket hood pins 24 - volt electrical system On - board first - aid kit Electrical kill switches Individual locking rear brakes Fish plating of the undercarriage - 3 '' x 3 / 8 '' steel The interior of the stunt car is seen only once in the film , when Halicki - as Maindrian Pace - places his hands against the windshield when cornered by the Long Beach police . The rollcage is clearly visible against the A-pillar . All other interior shots were executed with the `` beauty '' car , generally on alternate filming dates . Additional history ( edit ) The stunt car survives to this day , despite two serious incidents during filming : The first occurred during a stunt wherein `` Eleanor '' cuts across multiple lanes of freeway traffic . The stunt driver leading the `` traffic '' overshot his mark during the take , clipping the Mustang and causing it to careen into a nearby light pole . Halicki was rendered unconscious from the impact , but filming resumed the following week - utilizing this accident as part of the final film . Halicki 's first words - upon regaining consciousness - were `` Did we get coverage ? '' Following the incident with the light pole , Halicki compressed multiple vertibrae after performing the impressive 128 - foot jump in the closing minutes of the film . The modified Mustang survived , despite the rough nose landing . Beauty Eleanor ( edit ) The second car was left absolutely stock - as noted by cinematographer Jack Vacek in the film 's DVD commentary - and was not modified extensively other than the obligatory matching paint job , grille change , and seat swap with the stunt car . Though this car was not damaged during filming , Halicki stated ( in 1974 , at the film 's premiere ) that the car was crushed . Plates worn in the film ( edit ) California ( edit ) 869 FLA 613 HSO ( Airport Eleanor ) 614 HSO ( Hal McClain Eleanor ) 359 JRA 820 FUA ( Eleanor at car wash ) New York ( edit ) RMH 100 ( Fake plates affixed to 820 FUA ) Eleanor - 2000 film ( edit ) Custom 1967 Mustang Fastback Eleanor from the 2000 Gone in Sixty Seconds film In 1995 , Denice Halicki licensed the rights of the 1974 film to Disney for a remake of the same name . The new 2000 Gone in 60 Seconds film , produced by Jerry Bruckheimer , features Nicolas Cage as master auto thief Randall `` Memphis '' Raines . Both films share plot similarities about a crew of thieves who steal a large order of cars ( 48 in the original , 50 in the 2000 film ) and deliver them to the Long Beach docks . Once again , the `` Eleanor '' name is given to the film 's featured car ; now a Dupont Pepper Grey 1967 Ford Mustang fastback , depicted as a Shelby GT500 , with a customized body kit designed by Steve Stanford . Screen - used vehicles ( edit ) Depending on the source , either eleven or twelve cars were built by Cinema Vehicle Services for the film ( not including CVS 's creation of one additional Eleanor clone - with a Ford 428 - for producer Bruckheimer ) . Nine were shells , and three were built as fully functional vehicles . Seven were reported to have `` survived the filming ( and ) made it back to Cinema Vehicle Services '' according to research by Mustangandfords.com . Of the surviving vehicles , three cars have been offered to the public with claims of originality and screen - use in the film , as follows : Cinema Vehicle Services number VIN Sales history ? 7R02S211287 Sold at Barrett - Jackson 's 2009 Scottsdale , AZ auction for $216,700 . 7 7R02C173895 Sold at COYS Autosport International January 2012 auction ( Birmingham , UK ) for £ 95,000 . Later offered at Mecum 's Austin , Texas auction on December 12 , 2014 ; did not meet reserve at $380,000 USD . 9 7R02C179710 Sold at Mecum 's Indianapolis auction on May 18 , 2013 for $1,000,000 USD . Touted as the `` main '' hero car in the film and used for promotional photographs . All three claim to be functional builds for the film . Whether the two wrecked cars were rebuilt - or whether surviving shells were built up into functional cars - remains unknown and unpublicized . A fourth car , VIN # 7F02C229830 , last offered for sale in Dubai , also claims originality to the film . This car has not been authenticated . 2007 - 2009 Classic Recreations manufactured Eleanor mustangs under license by Halicki Films / Eleanor Licensing . After two years Classic Recreations terminated the licensing agreement . Classic Recreations produced two models of the Eleanor Mustang ( 535 model , 750 model ) . License plate numbers ( edit ) California ( edit ) LYN 274 ELNOR 2 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : `` 1971 Ford Mustang Sportsroof ( modified as 1973 ) in `` Gone in 60 Seconds , 1974 '' `` . IMCDb.org . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 1971 Ford Mustang Sportsroof ( modified as 1973 ) in `` Gone in 60 Seconds , 1974 '' `` . IMCDb.org . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gone in 60 Seconds ( 1974 ) - observations , did Halicki really steal Eleanor , etc '' . 7173mustangs.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` 1305 Gone In 60 Seconds Denice Halicki Original Eleanor 1973 Ford Mustang - Photo 45098269 - Gone in 60 Seconds - Leading Lady '' . Mustangmonthly.com. 2013 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Mustangs - Gone in 60 Seconds ( 1974 ) '' . Mustang Specs . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Gone in 60 Seconds Original Eleanor 1971 Mustang @ The Petersen Automotive Museum '' . YouTube . 2014 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 1305 Gone In 60 Seconds 1973 Ford Mustang Movie Scene - Photo 45098266 - Gone in 60 Seconds - Leading Lady '' . Mustangmonthly.com. 2013 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Donald Farr . `` Gone in 60 Seconds - Leading Lady - Mustang Monthly Magazine '' . Mustangmonthly.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0071571/trivia Jump up ^ `` Film locations for Gone In 60 Seconds ( 1974 ) '' . Movie-locations.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1183088/ Jump up ^ Posted on January 6 , 2012January 18 , 2018 ( 2012 - 01 - 06 ) . `` One of the Original `` Eleanor '' Mustang GT500 Film Cars Going under the Hammer `` . Carscoops . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 22 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` 1967 Ford Mustang Eleanor S117 Austin 2014 '' . Mecum.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 173 0011 16z + 1967 Ford Mustang GT500 + Front Passenger Side - Photo 9049618 - Gone in 60 Seconds Mustangs '' . Mustangandfords.com. 2000 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` 173 0011 14z + 1967 Ford Mustang GT500 + Engine - Photo 8830304 - Gone in 60 Seconds Mustangs '' . Mustangandfords.com. 2000 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ John Pearley Huffman . `` Gone in 60 Seconds Mustangs - Mustang Monthly Magazine '' . Mustangandfords.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` 1967 FORD MUSTANG ' ELEANOR - GONE IN 60 SECONDS ' - 71644 '' . Barrett-jackson.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : by 67mustangblog.com . `` ( UPDATED ) Original ' Gone In 60 Seconds ' Movie Car To Go Under The Hammer -- 67mustangblog '' . 67mustangblog.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gone in 60 Seconds Eleanor Mustang Sets Mecum Record - Record Setting Mustang Movie Car '' . Roadandtrack.com. 2013 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ by 67mustangblog.com . `` Another Eleanor Movie Car To Be Auctioned at Mecum -- 67mustangblog '' . 67mustangblog.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Posted on June 27 , 2008January 18 , 2018 ( 2008 - 06 - 27 ) . `` 1967 Ford Shelby Mustang GT500 ELEANOR : Original Movie Car up for Sale '' . Carscoops . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 22 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ http://67mustangblog.com/2013/01/original-eleanor-movie-car-on-sale-in-dubai/ Jump up ^ http://www.dealsonwheels.ae/car-Ford-1642.html External links ( edit ) When Mustangs Become Movie Stars : The Story of Eleanor www.joelshelby.com Shelby GT500 Eleanor cars currently for sale Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eleanor_(automobile)&oldid=850353038 '' Categories : Fictional automobiles Ford Mustang Cars designed and produced for films Fictional characters introduced in 1974 Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 10 : 19 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor%20%28automobile%29

what does ac dc stand for in the rock band

Malcolm and Angus Young developed the idea for the band 's name after their sister , Margaret Young , saw the initials `` AC / DC '' on a sewing machine . `` AC / DC '' is an abbreviation meaning `` alternating current / direct current '' electricity . The brothers felt that this name symbolised the band 's raw energy , power - driven performances of their music . `` AC / DC '' is pronounced one letter at a time , though the band are colloquially known as `` Acca Dacca '' in Australia . The AC / DC band name is stylised with a high voltage sign separating the `` AC '' and `` DC '' and has been used on all studio albums , with the exception of the international version of Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap .

alternating current / direct current

AC / DC

ac / dc

AC / DC AC / DC , from left to right : Brian Johnson , Malcolm Young , Phil Rudd , Angus Young , Cliff Williams , performing at the Tacoma Dome in Tacoma on 31 August 2009 . Background information Origin Sydney , New South Wales , Australia Genres Hard rock blues rock rock and roll Years active 1973 ( 1973 ) -- present Labels Albert EMI Columbia Epic Atlantic Atco Elektra East West Associated acts Marcus Hook Roll Band Website acdc.com Members Angus Young Chris Slade Stevie Young Axl Rose Past members Malcolm Young Dave Evans Larry Van Kriedt Colin Burgess Bon Scott Phil Rudd Mark Evans Cliff Williams Brian Johnson Simon Wright AC / DC are an Australian rock band , formed in Sydney in 1973 by brothers Malcolm and Angus Young . Their music has been described by music journalists as hard rock , blues rock , and controversially , heavy metal , although the group have called themselves `` a rock and roll band , nothing more , nothing less '' . AC / DC underwent several line - up changes before releasing their first album , High Voltage , in 1975 . Membership subsequently stabilised until Cliff Williams replaced Mark Evans as bassist in 1977 for the album Powerage . Within months of recording the album Highway to Hell , lead singer and co-songwriter Bon Scott died on 19 February 1980 after a night of heavy alcohol consumption . The group considered disbanding , but buoyed by support from Scott 's parents , decided to continue and set about finding a new vocalist . The band eventually tapped Geordie singer Brian Johnson to replace Scott . Later that year , the band released their new album Back in Black , which they dedicated to Scott 's memory . The album launched them to new heights of success and became their all - time best - seller . The band 's next album , For Those About to Rock We Salute You , was their first album to reach number one in the United States . The band fired Phil Rudd as drummer in 1983 , and ex-A II Z drummer Simon Wright filled in Rudd 's place . In 1989 , Wright would himself leave the band so he could join Dio . The band experienced a resurgence in the early 1990s with the release of The Razors Edge . Phil Rudd returned in 1994 after Chris Slade , who had been with the band from 1989 to 1994 , was asked to leave in his favour , and contributed to the band 's 1995 album Ballbreaker . Stiff Upper Lip , released in 2000 , was well received by critics . The band 's studio album Black Ice , released in 2008 , was the second highest - selling album of that year , and their biggest chart hit since For Those About to Rock , eventually reaching No. 1 on all charts worldwide . The band 's line - up remained the same until 2014 with Malcolm Young 's retirement due to early - onset dementia and Rudd 's legal troubles . In 2016 , Johnson was advised to stop touring on due to worsening hearing loss , and Guns N ' Roses frontman Axl Rose stepped in as the band 's vocalist for the remainder of that year 's dates . Long - term bass player and background vocalist Cliff Williams retired from the band at the end of their 2016 Rock or Bust world tour . AC / DC have sold more than 200 million records worldwide , including 71.5 million albums in the United States , making them the tenth highest - selling artist in the United States and the 14th best selling artist worldwide . Back in Black has sold an estimated 50 million units worldwide , making it the second - highest - selling album by any artist -- and the highest - selling album by any band . The album has sold 22 million units in the US , where it is the sixth - highest - selling album of all time . AC / DC ranked fourth on VH1 's list of the `` 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock '' and were named the seventh `` Greatest Heavy Metal Band of All Time '' by MTV . In 2004 , AC / DC ranked No. 72 on the Rolling Stone list of the `` 100 Greatest Artists of All Time '' . Producer Rick Rubin , who wrote an essay on the band for the Rolling Stone list , referred to AC / DC as `` the greatest rock and roll band of all time '' . In 2010 , VH1 ranked AC / DC number 23 in its list of the `` 100 Greatest Artists of All Time '' . Contents 1 History 1.1 Background and name 1.2 Early years 1.3 Bon Scott era ( 1974 -- 1980 ) 1.3. 1 Beginnings ( 1974 -- 1975 ) 1.3. 2 International success ( 1976 -- 1980 ) 1.3. 3 Scott 's death ( 1980 ) 1.4 Brian Johnson era ( 1980 -- 2016 ) 1.4. 1 Rebirth ( 1980 -- 1983 ) 1.4. 2 Departure of Rudd and commercial decline ( 1983 -- 1987 ) 1.4. 3 Back to commercial success ( 1987 -- 1990 ) 1.4. 4 Popularity regained ( 1990 -- 1994 ) 1.4. 5 Popularity confirmed ( 1994 -- 2008 ) 1.4. 6 Black Ice ( 2008 -- 2011 ) 1.5 Multiple lineup changes , Rock or Bust ( 2011 -- 2017 ) 1.5. 1 Malcolm Young 's retirement and death 1.5. 2 `` Rock or Bust '' 1.5. 3 Phil Rudd 's replacement 1.5. 4 Brian Johnson 's hearing loss and departure 1.5. 5 Axl Rose joins 1.5. 6 Departure of Cliff Williams 1.5. 7 Future of band 2 Musical style 3 Accolades 4 Band members 4.1 Current members 4.2 Former members 5 Awards and nominations 6 Discography 6.1 Studio albums 7 Tours 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) Background and name ( edit ) Brothers Malcolm , Angus , and George Young were born in Glasgow , Scotland living at 6 Skerryvore Road in the Cranhill area . The Big Freeze of 1963 was the worst winter on record in Scotland with snow eight feet deep . A TV advertisement at the same time offered assisted travel for families for a different life in Australia . 15 members of the Young family left Scotland by aeroplane in late June 1963 . Before moving into a house at 4 Burleigh Street in the suburb of Burwood they initially stayed at Villawood Migrant Hostel ( a site later developed as Villawood Immigration Detention Centre ) in Nissen huts , where George Young met and became friends with another migrant , Harry Vanda . George was the first to learn to play the guitar . He became a member of the Easybeats , one of Australia 's most successful bands of the 1960s . In 1966 , they became the first local rock act to have an international hit , with the song `` Friday on My Mind '' . Malcolm followed in George 's footsteps by playing with a Newcastle , New South Wales , band called the Velvet Underground ( not to be confused with the New York - based Velvet Underground ) . Their older brother Alex Young chose to remain in Britain to pursue musical interests . In 1967 , Alexander formed and played bass in the London - based band Grapefruit -- initially called `` The Grapefruit '' -- with three former members of Tony Rivers and the Castaways , John Perry , Geoff Swettenham , and Pete Swettenham . The band 's logo was designed in 1977 by Gerard Huerta . It first appeared on the international version of Let There Be Rock . Malcolm and Angus Young developed the idea for the band 's name after their sister , Margaret Young , saw the initials `` AC / DC '' on a sewing machine . `` AC / DC '' is an abbreviation meaning `` alternating current / direct current '' electricity . The brothers felt that this name symbolised the band 's raw energy , power - driven performances of their music . `` AC / DC '' is pronounced one letter at a time , though the band are colloquially known as `` Acca Dacca '' in Australia . The AC / DC band name is stylised with a high voltage sign separating the `` AC '' and `` DC '' and has been used on all studio albums , with the exception of the international version of Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap . Early years ( edit ) In November 1973 , Malcolm and Angus Young formed AC / DC and recruited bassist Larry Van Kriedt , vocalist Dave Evans , and Colin Burgess , ex-Masters Apprentices drummer . Pushing hard for the band 's success were Australia 's roadie Ray Arnold and his partner Alan Kissack . Gene Pierson booked the band to play at Chequers nightclub on New Year 's Eve , 1973 . By this time , Angus Young had adopted his characteristic school - uniform stage outfit . The idea was his sister Margaret 's . Angus had tried other costumes : Spider - Man , Zorro , a gorilla , and a parody of Superman , named Super-Ang . In its early days , most members of the band dressed in some form of glam or satin outfit . On stage , Evans was occasionally replaced by the band 's first manager , Dennis Laughlin , who was the original lead singer with Sherbet prior to Daryl Braithwaite . In Paul Stenning 's book AC / DC : Two Sides To Every Glory it is stated that Evans did not get along with Laughlin , which also contributed to the band 's ill feeling toward Evans . By the middle of 1974 , the band had built up a strong live reputation which led to a support slot for the visiting Lou Reed . Some time in 1974 , on the recommendation of Michael Chugg , veteran Melbourne promoter Michael Browning booked the band to play at his club , the Hard Rock . Browning had previously managed Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs , unsuccessfully trying to break them into the UK market . He did not like their glam rock image and felt that Evans was the wrong singer for the band , but was impressed by the Young brothers ' guitar playing . Shortly afterwards , he received a call from the band ; Laughlin had quit as manager , and they were stuck in Adelaide with no money . Browning agreed to bail them out and booked them for another gig at the Hard Rock . Following the gig , they agreed to take him on as their new manager , with the co-operation of their older brother George and Harry Vanda . The Young brothers decided to abandon the glam rock image which had already been adopted by Melbourne band The Skyhooks and pursue a harder blues - rock sound . To this end they agreed that Evans was not a suitable frontman for the group . Around this time , they also moved their base to Melbourne , where they frequently played at the Hard Rock . Bon Scott era ( 1974 -- 1980 ) ( edit ) Beginnings ( 1974 -- 1975 ) ( edit ) In September 1974 , Ronald Belford `` Bon '' Scott , an experienced vocalist and friend of George Young , replaced Dave Evans after friend Vince Lovegrove recommended him to George Young . Scott 's appointment coincided with him working as a chauffeur for the band at the time until an audition promoted him to lead singer . Like the Young brothers , Scott was born in Scotland and emigrated to Australia in his childhood . The band had recorded only one single with Evans , `` Can I Sit Next To You , Girl '' / `` Rockin ' in the Parlour '' ; eventually , the song was re-written and re-recorded with Bon Scott as `` Can I Sit Next to You Girl '' ( Track 7 on the Australian album TNT ( 1975 ) , and Track 6 on the international release of High Voltage ( 1976 ) ) . `` It 's a Long Way to the Top '' ( 1975 ) The second single of High Voltage demonstrates a combination of the bagpipes with more traditional rock instruments while the lyrics discuss the perils of being in a rock band . Problems playing this file ? See media help . By October 1974 , the Australia - only album High Voltage had been recorded . It took only ten days and was based on instrumental songs written by the Young brothers , with lyrics added by Scott . Within a few months , the band 's line - up had stabilised , featuring Scott , the Young brothers , bassist Mark Evans , and drummer Phil Rudd . Later that year they released the single `` It 's a Long Way to the Top '' , for which a well - known promotional video was made for the program Countdown , featuring the band miming the song on the back of a flatbed truck . The song is regarded as their perennial rock anthem . It was included on their second album , T.N.T. ( 1975 ) , which was also released only in Australia and New Zealand . T.N.T. featured the song `` High Voltage '' , which was the first song written and recorded for the album . Because `` High Voltage '' was released as a single before T.N.T. was released , some people thought it was the title track to AC / DC 's debut album . AC / DC were scheduled to play at the 1975 Sunbury music festival ; however , they went home without performing following an altercation with the management of headlining act Deep Purple . Between 1974 and 1977 , aided by regular appearances on Molly Meldrum 's Countdown , the ABC 's nationally broadcast pop - music television show , AC / DC became one of the most popular and successful acts in Australia . Their performance on 3 April 1977 was their last live TV appearance for more than 20 years . International success ( 1976 -- 1980 ) ( edit ) Former vocalist Bon Scott ( centre ) pictured with guitarist Angus Young ( left ) and bassist Cliff Williams ( back ) , performing at the Ulster Hall in August 1979 Browning sent promo material to contacts in London , which came to the attention of Phil Carson of Atlantic Records . In 1976 , the band signed an international deal with Atlantic Records . On arrival in London , their scheduled tour with Back Street Crawler was cancelled following the death of Paul Kossoff . As a result , they went back to playing smaller venues to build a local following until their label organized the `` Lock Up Your Daughters '' tour sponsored by Sounds magazine , the only major music magazine which was still relatively receptive to traditional rock music . At the time , punk rock was breaking out in London and came to dominate the pages of the major music weeklies , NME and Melody Maker . AC / DC were sometimes identified with the punk rock movement by the British press , however , in reality , they hated punk rock , believing it to be a passing fad -- according to manager Michael Browning `` it was n't possible to even hold a conversation with AC / DC about punk without them getting totally pissed off '' . Their reputation , however , managed to survive the punk upheavals of the late 1970s , and they maintained a cult following in the UK throughout this time . Angus Young gained notoriety for mooning the audience during live performances . The first AC / DC album to gain worldwide distribution was a 1976 compilation of tracks taken from the High Voltage and T.N.T. LPs . Also titled High Voltage , and released on the Atlantic Records label , the album has to date sold three million copies worldwide . The track selection was heavily weighted toward the more recent T.N.T. , and included only two songs from their first LP . The band 's next album , Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap , was released in the same year in both Australian and international versions , like its predecessor . Track listings varied worldwide , and the international version of the album also featured the T.N.T. track `` Rocker '' , which had previously not been released internationally . The original Australian version included `` Jailbreak '' ( now more readily available on the 1984 compilation EP ' 74 Jailbreak or as a live version on the 1992 Live album ) . Dirty Deeds was not released in the US until 1981 , by which time the band were at the peak of their popularity . After a brief tour of Sweden , they returned to London where they set new attendance records during their residency at the Marquee . However , their appearance at the 1976 Reading Festival failed to get a response from the crowd . They toured extensively throughout Europe , then returned to tour Australia in late 1976 to rebuild their finances and record the Let There Be Rock album . In early 1977 they returned to Britain and began a European tour with Black Sabbath . While Bon Scott and Ozzy Osbourne quickly became friends , relations were less than cordial between the other members of the respective bands . In one incident , Geezer Butler pulled a knife on Malcolm Young . Later in the year they toured with Rainbow . Towards the end of 1977 , bassist Mark Evans was fired ; purportedly to find someone who could sing backup vocals . Evans described disagreement with Angus and Malcolm as a contributing factor . He was replaced by Cliff Williams . Neither of the Young brothers has elaborated on the departure of Evans , though Richard Griffiths , the CEO of Epic Records and a booking agent for AC / DC in the mid-1970s , later commented , `` You knew Mark was n't going to last , he was just too much of a nice guy . '' Mark Evans ' autobiography , DIRTY DEEDS : My Life Inside / Outside of AC / DC , released in 2011 , predominantly dealt with his time in AC / DC , including being fired . Bronze statue of Bon Scott , unveiled in Fremantle , Western Australia , in October 2008 AC / DC were a somewhat formative influence on new wave of British heavy metal bands who emerged in the late 1970s , such as Saxon and Iron Maiden , in part as a reaction to the decline of traditional early 1970s hard rock bands . In 2007 , critics noted that AC / DC , along with Thin Lizzy , UFO , Scorpions , and Judas Priest , were among `` the second generation of rising stars ready to step into the breach as the old guard waned . '' AC / DC 's first American radio exposure was through Bill Bartlett at Jacksonville station WPDQ / WAIV in 1975 , two years before they played their first US concert as support band for Canadian group Moxy in Austin , Texas , on 27 July 1977 . Under the guidance of booking agent Doug Thaler of American Talent International and later the management of Leber - Krebs , they gained invaluable experience of the US stadium circuit , supporting leading rock acts such as Ted Nugent , Aerosmith , Kiss , Styx , UFO , and Blue Öyster Cult , and co-headlined with bands such as Cheap Trick . The 1978 release of Powerage marked the debut of bassist Cliff Williams , and with its harder riffs , followed the blueprint set by Let There Be Rock . Only one single was released from Powerage , `` Rock ' n ' Roll Damnation / Sin City '' . An appearance at the Apollo Theatre , Glasgow during the Powerage tour was recorded and released as If You Want Blood You 've Got It , featuring such songs as `` Whole Lotta Rosie '' , `` Problem Child '' , and `` Let There Be Rock '' , as well as lesser - known album tracks like `` Riff Raff '' . Powerage was the last album produced by Harry Vanda and George Young that had lead vocals by Bon Scott , and is claimed to be AC / DC 's most under - rated album . The major breakthrough in the band 's career came in their collaboration with producer `` Mutt '' Lange on the album Highway to Hell , released in 1979 . Eddie Van Halen notes this to be his favourite AC / DC record , along with Powerage . It became the first AC / DC LP to break into the US top 100 , eventually reaching No. 17 , and it propelled AC / DC into the top ranks of hard rock acts . Highway to Hell had lyrics that shifted away from flippant and comical toward more central rock themes , putting increased emphasis on backing vocals but still featured AC / DC 's signature sound : loud , simple , pounding riffs and grooving backbeats . The final track , `` Night Prowler '' , has two breaths in quick succession at the start of the song , intended to create a tone of fear and loathing . Scott 's death ( 1980 ) ( edit ) As 1980 began , the band began work on a new album that would eventually become Back in Black , but Bon Scott would not live to see it finished . On 19 February 1980 , Scott passed out in the car on the way back to friend Alistair Kinnear 's house after a night of heavy drinking at the Music Machine club in London . Upon arrival at his home , Kinnear was unable to move Scott from the car into his home for the night , so he left him in the car overnight to sleep off the effects of the alcohol . Unable to wake Scott late the next morning , Kinnear rushed him to King 's College Hospital in Camberwell , where Scott was pronounced dead on arrival . Pulmonary aspiration of vomit was the cause of Scott 's death , and the official cause was listed as `` acute alcohol poisoning '' . Scott 's family buried him in Fremantle , Western Australia , the area they emigrated to when he was a boy . Inconsistencies in the official accounts of Scott 's death have been cited in conspiracy theories , which suggest that Scott died of a heroin overdose , or was killed by exhaust fumes redirected into the car , or that Kinnear did not exist . Scott 's asthma has also been cited as playing a role in his death , but this has been challenged more recently . Brian Johnson era ( 1980 -- 2016 ) ( edit ) Rebirth ( 1980 -- 1983 ) ( edit ) Brian Johnson live with AC / DC in 2008 Following Scott 's death the band briefly considered quitting , but encouraged by the insistence from Scott 's parents that he would have wanted them to go on , they eventually decided to continue and went about finding a new frontman . Various candidates were considered for his replacement , including : Buzz Shearman , ex-Moxy member , who was not able to join because of voice problems , ex-Back Street Crawler vocalist Terry Slesser and then Slade vocalist , Noddy Holder . The remaining AC / DC members finally decided on ex-Geordie singer Brian Johnson . Angus Young later recalled , `` I remember the first time I had ever heard Brian 's ( Johnson ) name was from Bon . Bon had mentioned that he had been in England once touring with a band and he had mentioned that Brian had been in a band called Geordie and Bon had said ' Brian Johnson , he was a great rock and roll singer in the style of Little Richard . ' And that was Bon 's big idol , Little Richard . I think when he saw Brian at that time , to Bon it was ' Well he 's a guy that knows what rock and roll is all about . ' He mentioned that to us in Australia . I suppose when we decided to continue , Brian was the first name that Malcolm and myself came up with , so we said we should see if we can find him . '' Cliff Williams in 1981 during the For Those About to Rock Tour For the audition , Johnson sang `` Whole Lotta Rosie '' from Let There Be Rock and Ike & Tina Turner 's `` Nutbush City Limits '' . He was hired a few days after the audition . With Johnson the band completed the songwriting that they had begun with Scott for the album Back in Black . Recording took place at Compass Point Studios in The Bahamas a few months after Scott 's death . Back in Black , produced by Mutt Lange and recorded by Tony Platt , became their biggest - selling album and a hard - rock landmark ; hits include `` Hells Bells '' , `` You Shook Me All Night Long '' , `` Rock and Roll Ai n't Noise Pollution '' and the title track . The album reached No. 1 in the UK and No. 4 in the US , where it spent 131 weeks on the Billboard 200 album chart . The follow - up album , 1981 's For Those About to Rock We Salute You , also sold well and was positively received by critics . The album featured two of the band 's most popular singles : `` Let 's Get It Up '' and the title track , `` For Those About to Rock '' , which reached No. 13 and No. 15 in the UK , respectively . The band split with Lange for their self - produced 1983 album , Flick of the Switch , in an effort to recover the rawness and simplicity of their early albums . Departure of Rudd and commercial decline ( 1983 -- 1987 ) ( edit ) `` Back in Black '' ( 1980 ) `` Back in Black '' 's riff is one of the most recognised in hard rock history . The song ranked No. 187 on Rolling Stone ' s list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time and reached No. 37 in the US . Problems playing this file ? See media help . After having problems with drugs and alcohol , drummer Phil Rudd 's friendship with Malcolm Young deteriorated and eventually escalated to a physical confrontation after which Rudd was fired . Former Procol Harum drummer B.J. Wilson was drafted in to help complete the recordings , but his drum parts were eventually not used , as Rudd had already completed his drum parts . Rudd was replaced by Simon Wright in the summer of 1983 after the band held over 700 auditions in the US and UK . Simon Kirke of Free and Bad Company fame , and Paul Thompson of Roxy Music were two of the drummers auditioned . Later in the year , AC / DC released the self - produced album Flick of the Switch , which was less successful than their previous albums , and was considered underdeveloped and unmemorable . One critic stated that the band `` had made the same album nine times '' . AC / DC were voted the eighth - biggest disappointment of the year in the 1984 Kerrang ! readers ' poll . However , Flick of the Switch eventually reached No. 4 on the UK charts , and AC / DC had minor success with the singles `` Nervous Shakedown '' and `` Flick of the Switch '' . Fly on the Wall , produced by the Young brothers in 1985 , was also regarded as uninspired and directionless . A music concept video of the same name featured the band at a bar , playing five of the album 's ten songs . In 1986 , the group returned to the charts with the made - for - radio `` Who Made Who '' . The album Who Made Who was the soundtrack to Stephen King 's film Maximum Overdrive ; it brought together older hits , such as `` You Shook Me All Night Long '' and `` Ride On '' , with newer songs such as title track `` Who Made Who '' , and two new instrumentals , `` D.T. '' and `` Chase the Ace '' . In February 1988 , AC / DC were inducted into the Australian Recording Industry Association 's Hall of Fame . Back to commercial success ( 1987 -- 1990 ) ( edit ) AC / DC 's 1988 album , Blow Up Your Video , was recorded at Studio Miraval in Le Val , France , and reunited the band with their original producers , Harry Vanda and George Young . The group recorded nineteen songs , choosing ten for the final release ; though the album was later criticised for containing excessive `` filler '' , it was a commercial success . Blow Up Your Video sold more copies than the previous two studio releases combined , reaching No. 2 on the UK charts -- AC / DC 's highest position since `` Back in Black '' in 1980 . The album featured the UK top - twenty single `` Heatseeker '' and popular songs such as `` That 's the Way I Wanna Rock ' n ' Roll '' . The Blow Up Your Video World Tour began in February 1988 , in Perth , Australia . That April , following live appearances across Europe , Malcolm Young announced that he was taking time off from touring , principally to begin recovery from his alcoholism . Another member of the Young family , Stevie Young , temporarily took Malcolm 's place . Following the tour , Wright left the group to work on the upcoming Dio album Lock Up the Wolves , and was replaced by session veteran Chris Slade . Johnson was unavailable for several months while finalising his divorce , so the Young brothers wrote all the songs for the next album , a practice they continued for all subsequent releases through Rock or Bust in 2014 . Popularity regained ( 1990 -- 1994 ) ( edit ) Phil Rudd performs at the KeyArena in Seattle on 12 August 1996 during the Ballbreaker World Tour The next album , The Razors Edge , was recorded in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , and was mixed and engineered by Mike Fraser and produced by Bruce Fairbairn , who had previously worked with Aerosmith and Bon Jovi . Released in 1990 , it was a major comeback for the band , and included the hits `` Thunderstruck '' and `` Are You Ready '' , which reached No. 5 and No. 16 respectively on Billboard 's Mainstream Rock Tracks Chart , and `` Moneytalks '' , which peaked at No. 23 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The album went multi-platinum and reached the US top ten . Several shows on the Razors Edge tour were recorded for the 1992 live album , titled Live . Live was produced by Fairbairn , and is considered one of the best live albums of the 1990s . AC / DC headlined the Monsters of Rock show during this tour , which was released on DVD as Live at Donington . During The Razors Edge tour three fans were killed at a concert at the Salt Palace in Salt Lake City , Utah in January 1991 . When the concert began fans rushed the stage crushing the three and injuring others . It took 20 minutes before venue security and the group understood the severity of the situation and stopped the concert . AC / DC settled with the victims ' families out of court . As a result of this incident , the Salt Palace eliminated festival seating from future events . A year later , AC / DC recorded `` Big Gun '' for the soundtrack of the Arnold Schwarzenegger movie Last Action Hero , and was released as a single , reaching No. 1 on the US Mainstream Rock chart , the band 's first No. 1 single on that chart . Popularity confirmed ( 1994 -- 2008 ) ( edit ) In 1994 , Angus and Malcolm invited Rudd to several jam sessions . He was eventually rehired to replace Slade , whose amicable departure arose in part because of the band 's strong desire to again work with Rudd . Recorded at the Ocean Way Studios in Los Angeles by the reunited 1980 -- 83 line - up and produced by Rick Rubin , Ballbreaker was released in 1995 . The first single from the album was `` Hard as a Rock '' . Two more singles were released from the album : `` Hail Caesar '' and `` Cover You in Oil '' . In 1997 , a box set named Bonfire was released . It contained four albums ; a remastered version of Back in Black ; Volts ( a disc with alternate takes , outtakes , and stray live cuts ) and two live albums , Live from the Atlantic Studios and Let There Be Rock : The Movie . Live from the Atlantic Studios was recorded on 7 December 1977 at the Atlantic Studios in New York . Let There Be Rock : The Movie was a double album recorded in 1979 at the Pavillon de Paris and was the soundtrack of a motion picture , AC / DC : Let There Be Rock . The US version of the box set included a colour booklet , a two - sided poster , a sticker , a temporary tattoo , a keychain bottle opener , and a guitar pick . Angus Young performs in Cologne , Germany in 2001 during the Stiff Upper Lip Tour In 2000 , the band released Stiff Upper Lip , produced by brother George Young at the Warehouse Studio , again in Vancouver . The album was better received by critics than Ballbreaker but was considered lacking in new ideas . The Australian release included a bonus disc with three promotional videos and several live performances recorded in Madrid , Spain in 1996 . Stiff Upper Lip reached No. 1 in five countries , including Argentina and Germany ; No. 2 in three countries , Spain , France and Switzerland ; No. 3 in Australia ; No. 5 in Canada and Portugal ; and No. 7 in Norway , the US and Hungary . The first single , `` Stiff Upper Lip '' , remained at No. 1 on the US Mainstream Rock charts for four weeks . The other singles released also did very well ; `` Satellite Blues '' and `` Safe in New York City '' reached No. 7 and No. 31 on Billboard 's Mainstream Rock Tracks , respectively . In 2002 , AC / DC signed a long - term , multi-album deal with Sony Music , who went on to release a series of remastered albums as part of their AC / DC remasters series . Each release contained an expanded booklet featuring rare photographs , memorabilia , and notes . In 2003 , the entire back - catalogue ( except Ballbreaker and Stiff Upper Lip ) was remastered and re-released . Ballbreaker was eventually re-released in October 2005 ; Stiff Upper Lip was later re-released in April 2007 . Also in 2003 , the band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . On 30 July 2003 , the band performed with the Rolling Stones and Rush at Molson Canadian Rocks for Toronto . The concert , held before an audience of half a million , was intended to help the city overcome the negative publicity stemming from the effects of a 2003 SARS epidemic . The concert holds the record for the largest paid music event in North American history . The band came second in a list of Australia 's highest - earning entertainers for 2005 , and sixth for 2006 , despite having neither toured since 2003 nor released an album since 2000 . Verizon Wireless has gained the rights to release AC / DC 's full albums and the entire Live at Donington concert to download in 2008 . On 16 October 2007 , Columbia Records released a double and triple DVD titled Plug Me In . The set consists of five and seven hours of rare footage , and even a recording of AC / DC at a high school performing `` School Days '' , `` TNT '' , `` She 's Got Balls '' , and `` It 's a Long Way to the Top '' . As with Family Jewels , disc one contains rare shows of the band with Bon Scott , and disc two is about the Brian Johnson era . The collector 's edition contains an extra DVD with 21 more rare performances of both Scott and Johnson and more interviews . AC / DC made their video game debut on Rock Band 2 , with `` Let There Be Rock '' included as a playable track . The setlist from their Live at Donington live album was released as playable songs for the Rock Band series by means of a Wal - Mart - exclusive retail disc titled AC / DC Live : Rock Band Track Pack . No Bull : The Directors Cut , a newly edited , comprehensive Blu - ray and DVD of the band 's July 1996 Plaza De Toros de las Ventas concert in Madrid , Spain , was released on 9 September 2008 . Black Ice ( 2008 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) `` Rock ' n ' Roll Train '' Sample of Black Ice 's lead single `` Rock ' n ' Roll Train '' . The song is built on guitar riffs and elemental drum beats , and features harmonic backing vocals during the chorus . Problems playing this file ? See media help . On 18 August 2008 , Columbia Records announced 18 October Australian release , and 20 October worldwide release , of the studio album Black Ice . The 15 - track album was the band 's first studio release in eight years , was produced by Brendan O'Brien and was mixed and engineered by Mike Fraser . Like Stiff Upper Lip , it was recorded at The Warehouse Studio in Vancouver , British Columbia . Black Ice was sold in the US exclusively at Walmart and Sam 's Club and the band 's official website . AC / DC performs at Rogers Centre in Toronto on 7 November 2008 during their Black Ice World Tour `` Rock ' n ' Roll Train '' , the album 's first single , was released to radio on 28 August . On 15 August , AC / DC recorded a video for a song from the new album in London with a special selection of fans getting the chance to be in the video . Black Ice debuted at No. 1 on album charts in 29 countries and also was Columbia Records ' biggest debut album ( since Nielsen SoundScan began tracking sales data for Billboard in March 1991 ) . Black Ice has been certified Multi Platinum in eight countries , including the US , Australia , Canada , Switzerland , Sweden , Norway , Germany and the Czech Republic . Additionally Black Ice has achieved Platinum status in twelve countries ( Austria , Belgium , Denmark , Finland , France , Hungary , Ireland , Italy , UK , Argentina , Singapore and New Zealand ) and Gold status in four countries ( The Netherlands , Spain , Poland and Brazil ) . The 18 - month Black Ice World Tour supporting the new album was announced on 11 September and began on 28 October in Wilkes - Barre , Pennsylvania . On 15 September 2008 , AC / DC Radio debuted on Sirius Channel 19 and XM channel 53 . The channel plays AC / DC music along with interviews with the band members . Angus Young on 18 June 2010 at the Stade de France ( Paris ) . With the North American release of Black Ice on 20 October 2008 , Columbia Records and Walmart created `` Rock Again AC / DC Stores '' to promote the album . In October 2008 , MTV , Walmart , and Columbia created `` AC / DC Rock Band Stores '' in New York City , at Times Square , and in Los Angeles . `` Black Ice '' trucks were also dispatched on the streets of these two cities after the release , playing AC / DC music aloud and making various stops each day to sell merchandise . In late September 2009 , the band rescheduled six shows when Brian Johnson underwent an operation for ulcers . On 29 September , the band announced a collection of studio and live rarities , Backtracks , which was released on 10 November 2009 as a 3 - CD / 2 - DVD / 1 - LP box - set . On 4 November AC / DC were announced as the Business Review Weekly top Australian earner ( entertainment ) for 2009 with earnings of $105 million . This displaced The Wiggles from the number one spot for the first time in four years . On 19 April 2010 , AC / DC released Iron Man 2 , the soundtrack for the eponymous film which compiled earlier tracks from the band 's studio albums . One month later , the band headlined Download Festival at Donington Park , and closed the Black Ice World Tour in Bilbao , Spain on 28 June 2010 , after 20 months in which AC / DC went to 108 cities in over 28 countries , with an estimated audience of over five million people . Three concerts in December 2009 at the River Plate Stadium in Argentina were released as the DVD Live at River Plate on 10 May 2011 . An exclusive single from the DVD , featuring the songs `` Shoot to Thrill '' and `` War Machine '' , was issued on Record Store Day . In 2011 , the band also issued on DVD and Blu - ray the concert movie AC / DC : Let There Be Rock , which had its theatrical release in 1980 . Multiple lineup changes , Rock or Bust ( 2011 -- 2017 ) ( edit ) Angus stated in an interview in early May 2011 that the band was beginning to plan another world tour , saying , `` Now we 're thinking , ' How can we ever better the ' Black Ice ' world tour ? ' But we will . '' At the band 's Live at River Plate DVD premiere on 6 May 2011 at the Hammersmith Apollo in London , England , Angus said that there were plans for the group to release a new studio album `` within the next couple of years '' , which the tour would support . In May 2012 , Malcolm Young confirmed that the band were working on a potential follow - up to 2008 's Black Ice . But he warned that fans were in for a longer wait than expected , after lead singer Brian Johnson suggested there would be new material the next year . Malcolm stated , `` You know what Brian 's like . He just says things and then walks away . It 'll be a little while -- a year or two anyway . I 've been doing some jamming on some song ideas but I do that all the time , as do the rest of the band . We are still working . But we had a long rest between Stiff Upper Lip and Black Ice , so I think we need a couple of years to recuperate and work on it a bit more . '' On 19 November 2012 , AC / DC released Live at River Plate , their first live album in 20 years . Malcolm Young 's retirement and death ( edit ) On 16 April 2014 , in response to earlier reports that the band may be retiring due to Malcolm Young being seriously ill and unable to perform , Brian Johnson commented that AC / DC are not retiring , stating `` We are definitely getting together in May in Vancouver . We 're going to pick up guitars , have a plonk and see if anybody has got any tunes or ideas . If anything happens we 'll record it . '' AC / DC subsequently announced in an official statement on their Facebook page that Malcolm Young would be taking a break from the band due to his ill health . It ended : `` The band will continue to make music . '' In June , Johnson announced that AC / DC are `` very likely '' to be on the road again before the end of 2014 . In July 2014 , AC / DC confirmed that they had finished recording their next album and that Malcolm 's nephew , Stevie Young replaced Malcolm in the studio . Drummer Phil Rudd released his first solo album , Head Job , on 29 August 2014 . He confirmed that there would be another AC / DC tour , and stated that the band had no intention of retiring , adding , `` We 'll all have to be dead before it stops . '' Malcolm died on 18 November 2017 at the age of 64 . `` Rock or Bust '' ( edit ) AC / DC performs at Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys in Barcelona on 29 May 2015 during their Rock or Bust Tour On 23 September 2014 , Alberts management confirmed that founder member Malcolm Young had officially departed from the band and revealed that their new record entitled Rock or Bust featuring eleven new tracks would be released on 28 November 2014 as the first AC / DC album in the band 's history without Malcolm Young on the recordings . The band also announced plans for a world tour to promote the new album with Malcolm and Angus ' nephew Stevie Young as Malcolm 's replacement . Phil Rudd 's replacement ( edit ) On 6 November 2014 Rudd was charged with attempting to procure a murder , threatening to kill , possession of methamphetamine , and possession of cannabis , following a police raid on his home . The charge of attempting to procure a murder was withdrawn the following day , but the other charges remained . AC / DC released a statement clarifying that the tour promoting Rock or Bust would continue , but did not say whether or not Rudd would participate , or if he was still a member of the band . In an interview on 13 November , Angus Young stated that the band had experienced problems with Rudd earlier in the year when recording Rock or Bust , and that his situation had taken the band by surprise . Rudd had also missed video and photo shoots , and with reference to Rudd 's future in the band , Young added , `` So , at this stage , it 's a pretty tough call for us . '' He also said the band would continue : `` He 's got to sort himself out I think ... At this point it 's kind of a question mark . But if we 're touring , there will be a drummer in place , put it that way . '' At the charity signing before the Grammy Awards , the band was photographed together with former drummer Chris Slade . It was later confirmed that he had rejoined the band for the Grammys and upcoming tour . In April 2015 , Rudd pleaded guilty to drug charges and threatening to kill a former assistant . Shortly thereafter , the band 's web site removed Rudd as the band 's drummer and replaced him with Slade . On 9 July 2015 Rudd was denied a discharge without conviction and sentenced to eight months ' home detention . Brian Johnson 's hearing loss and departure ( edit ) On 7 March 2016 , the band announced that the final ten dates of the Rock or Bust World Tour would be rescheduled as Johnson 's doctors had ordered him to stop touring immediately , as his hearing loss had accelerated and he risked complete deafness if he persisted on the road . The ten cancelled dates would be performed `` likely with a guest vocalist '' later in the year , leaving Johnson 's future in touring with the group uncertain . Johnson himself later stated on The Howard Stern Show that his hearing loss did n't come from having performed for 36 years with AC / DC , but rather his love of auto racing and having forgotten to put in ear plugs during one race that left him with a ruptured ear drum in his left ear . However , on 15 March 2016 , American comedian Jim Breuer ( a friend of Johnson ) revealed on his podcast that Johnson had received a second opinion on his hearing and it was not as bad as initially thought . Nonetheless , Breuer mentioned that Johnson told him that he was essentially fired from AC / DC and that he had n't heard from the band since the announcement of the tour being postponed , adding that Angus Young wants to continue the band for at least another ten years and do at least one more studio album and world tour . Breuer later clarified his comments on Facebook that did not end speculation on Johnson 's future with the band . On 19 April 2016 , Johnson made an official statement regarding his health problems and inability to tour . In the statement , he acknowledged his ongoing hearing difficulties but stated his intentions to continue recording and potentially resume touring if his health improves sufficiently . He also specifically thanked Angus Young and Cliff Williams for their support during his AC / DC tenure . Axl Rose Joins ( edit ) AC / DC performs at the Verizon Center in Washington , D.C. on 17 September 2016 during their Rock or Bust Tour On 16 April 2016 , AC / DC released a statement announcing the addition of Guns N ' Roses frontman Axl Rose as the band 's lead vocalist for the remainder of their 2016 tour dates . The statement reads : `` AC / DC band members would like to thank Brian Johnson for his contributions and dedication to the band throughout the years . We wish him all the best with his hearing issues and future ventures . As much as we want this tour to end as it started , we understand , respect and support Brian 's decision to stop touring and save his hearing . We are dedicated to fulfilling the remainder of our touring commitments to everyone that has supported us over the years , and are fortunate that Axl Rose has kindly offered his support to help us fulfill this commitment . AC / DC will resume their Rock or Bust World Tour with Axl Rose joining on vocals . '' Departure of Cliff Williams ( edit ) On 8 July 2016 , Cliff Williams indicated he was retiring from the band in an interview with Gulfshore Life , saying `` It 's been what I 've known for the past 40 years , but after this tour I 'm backing off of touring and recording . Losing Malcolm , the thing with Phil and now with Brian , it 's a changed animal . I feel in my gut it 's the right thing . '' At the end of the Rock or Bust Tour he released a video statement confirming his retirement . Future of band ( edit ) Following the band 's final show with Williams on 21 September 2016 in Philadelphia it was reported that Axl Rose would be joining the band full - time and that he and Angus would continue AC / DC with different musicians . Young 's friend Angry Anderson said in a March 2018 interview that Young intended to make a new album with Rose . In August 2018 , however , several sources speculated that both Johnson and Rudd are working with the band again , as the pair were photographed at The Warehouse Studio in Vancouver , Canada , where the band had previously recorded their last three studio albums . Musical style ( edit ) AC / DC have referred to themselves as `` a rock and roll band , nothing more , nothing less '' . In the opinion of Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic , they were `` one of the defining acts of ' 70s hard rock '' and reactionary to the period 's art rock and arena rock excesses : `` AC / DC 's rock was minimalist -- no matter how huge and bludgeoning their guitar chords were , there was a clear sense of space and restraint . '' According to Alexis Petridis , their music was `` hard - edged , wilfully basic blues - rock '' featuring humourous sexual innuendo and lyrics about rock and roll . Music academic Robert McParland described the band 's sound as being defined by the heavy rock guitar of the Young brothers , layered power chords , and forceful vocals . `` For some , AC / DC are the ultimate heavy metal act '' , Tim Jonze wrote in The Guardian , `` but for others , AC / DC are n't a heavy metal act at all , they 're a classic rock band -- and calling them heavy metal is an act of treachery . '' On the controversy of categorizing their music , McParland wrote : `` AC / DC will assert that they are not specifically a metal band . Their music -- loud , hard , and guitar driven -- may best be described as hard rock . However , there are people who will say that they are indisuputably metal . Therein lies the ongoing problem of categorization . While AC / DC has referenced the underworld and they have given their listeners ' Highway to Hell ' and ' Hell 's Bells , ' their songs are constructed on straightforward major and minor power chords . They are not modally developed as are a good deal of heavy metal compositions . Their sound is loud and crisp , not muddy or down - tuned . '' According to Vulture music journalist David Marchese , the instrumental foundation of the band 's simple sound was the drummer -- Rudd , Wright , or Slade -- striking the kick drum on the first and third beat of every measure , and the snare drum on the second and fourth beat ; bassist Williams consistently downpicking an eighth note ; Angus Young performing lead parts that possessed `` a clear architecture and even sort of swing , in a frenzied , half - demented way '' ; and Malcolm Young 's `` propulsive '' yet nuanced rhythm guitar featuring `` little chuks , stutters , and silences that give the monstrous riffs life '' . For the majority of Malcolm Young 's tenure in AC / DC , he used a Marshall Super Bass head to amplify his rhythm guitar while recording in the studio . According to Chris Gill of Guitar World , the amplifier helped define his signature guitar tone : `` clean but as loud as possible to ride on the razor 's edge of power amp distortion and deliver the ideal combination of grind , twang , clang and crunch , with no distorted preamp ' hair , ' fizz or compression '' , as heard on songs such as `` Let There Be Rock '' , `` Dirty Deeds '' , `` For Those About to Rock '' , and `` Thunderstruck '' . During 1978 to 1980 , however , Young used a Marshall 2203 100 - watt master volume head , which Gill speculates may have contributed to a `` slightly more distorted and dark '' guitar tone on the albums from that period , including Powerage and Back in Black . With the recording of Back in Black in 1980 , rock journalist Joe S. Harrington believed the band had departed further from the blues - oriented rock of their previous albums , and toward a more dynamic attack that adopted punk rock 's `` high - energy implications '' and transmuted their hard rock / heavy metal songs into `` more pop - oriented blasts '' . The band would remain faithful for the remainder of their career , to this `` impeccably ham - handed '' musical style : `` the guitars were compacted into a singular statement of rhythmic efficiency , the rhythm section provided the thunderhorse overdrive , and vocalist Johnson belowed and brayed like the most unhinged practitioner of bluesy top - man dynamics since vintage Robert Plant . '' In a comparison of AC / DC 's vocalists , Robert Christgau said Bon Scott exhibited a `` blokelike croak '' and `` charm '' , often singing about sexual aggression in the guise of fun : `` Like Ian Hunter or Roger Chapman though without their panache , he has fun being a dirty young man '' . Johnson , in his opinion , possessed `` three times the range and wattage '' as a vocalist while projecting the character of a `` bloke as fantasy - fiction demigod '' . By the time Johnson had fully acclimated himself with 1981 's For Those About to Rock We Salute You , Christgau said he defined `` an anthemic grandiosity more suitable to ( the band 's ) precious - metal status than Bon Scott 's old - fashioned raunch '' , albeit in a less intelligent manner . Throughout the band 's career , their music has been criticized as simplistic , monotonous , deliberately lowbrow , Satanic , and sexist . David Marchese from Vulture wrote that , `` regardless of the lyricist , whether it was Scott ( who was capable of real wit and color ) , Johnson , or the Young brothers , there 's a deep strain of misogyny in the band 's output that veers from feeling terribly dated to straight - up reprehensible . '' According to Christgau in 1988 , `` the brutal truth is that sexism has never kept a great rock - and - roller down -- from Muddy to Lemmy , lots of dynamite music has objectified women in objectionable ways . But rotely is not among those ways '' , in regards to AC / DC . Fans of the band have defended their music by highlighting its `` bawdy humour '' , while members of the group have generally been dismissive of claims that their songs are sexist , arguing that they are meant to be in jest . In an interview with Sylvie Simmons for Mojo , Angus called the band `` pranksters more than anything else '' , while Malcolm said `` we 're not like some macho band . We take the music far more seriously than we take the lyrics , which are just throwaway lines . '' Marchese regarded the musical aspect of the Youngs ' songs `` strong enough to render the words a functional afterthought '' , as well as `` deceptively plain , devastatingly effective , and extremely lucrative '' . The Guardian 's Fiona Sturges said that while she is a feminist , and AC / DC are a problematic group for her , she nonetheless loves their music , believing it would be `` daft as opposed to damaging '' for female listeners if they can understand the band to be `` a bunch of archly sex - obsessed idiots with sharp tunes and some seriously killer riffs '' . In spite of `` Carry Me Home '' 's disdain for its female subject , the rape fantasy of `` Let Me Put My Love in You '' , and the generally one - dimensional portrayals of women , Sturges believed songs such as `` Whole Lotta Rosie '' and `` She Shook Me All Night Long '' demonstrated that the female characters `` are also having a good time and are , more often than not , in the driving seat in sexual terms ... it 's the men who come over as passive and hopeless , awestruck in the presence of sexual partners more experienced and adept than them . '' Accolades ( edit ) The street sign for ACDC Lane , Melbourne AC / DC were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on 10 March 2003 . During the ceremony the band performed `` Highway to Hell '' and `` You Shook Me All Night Long '' , with guest vocals provided by host Steven Tyler of Aerosmith . He described the band 's power chords as `` the thunder from down under that gives you the second most powerful surge that can flow through your body . '' During the acceptance speech , Brian Johnson quoted their 1977 song `` Let There Be Rock '' . On 22 March 2000 , the municipality of Leganés ( near Madrid ) named a street in honour of the band as `` Calle de AC / DC '' ( `` AC / DC Street '' ) . Malcolm and Angus attended the inauguration with many fans . Later that day , the plaque with the name of the group was stolen , perhaps by an enthusiast or collector . The plaque was replaced two hours later , and stolen once again a mere three days after the fact . The plaque had since been stolen numerous times , forcing the municipality of Leganés to begin selling replicas of the official street plaque . In May 2003 , the Young brothers accepted a Ted Albert Award for Outstanding Service to Australian Music at the 2003 Music Winners Awards , during which Malcolm paid special tribute to Bon Scott , who was also a recipient of the award . On 1 October 2004 , a central Melbourne thoroughfare , Corporation Lane , was renamed ACDC Lane in honour of the band . The City of Melbourne forbade the use of the slash character in street names , so the four letters were combined . The lane is near Swanston Street where , on the back of a truck , the band recorded their video for the 1975 hit `` It 's a Long Way to the Top '' . They sold over 1.3 million CDs in the US during 2007 despite not having released a new album since 2000 at that point . Additionally , the group 's commercial success continues to flourish despite their choice to refrain from selling albums in digital online formats for many years . However , in November 2012 , the entire catalogue ( excluding the TNT album and the Australian versions of the High Voltage , Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap and Let There Be Rock albums ) became available on the iTunes Store . In 2009 the Recording Industry Association of America upgraded the group 's US sales figures from 69 million to 71 million , making AC / DC the fifth - best - selling band in US history and the tenth - best - selling artist , selling more albums than Madonna and Mariah Carey . The RIAA also certified Back in Black as double Diamond ( 20 million ) in US sales , and by 2007 the album had sold 22 million copies , which made it the fifth - best - selling album of all - time in the US . Band members ( edit ) Main article : List of AC / DC band members Current members ( edit ) Angus Young -- lead guitar ( 1973 -- present ) Chris Slade -- drums ( 1989 -- 1994 , 2015 -- present ) Stevie Young -- rhythm guitar , backing vocals ( 2014 -- present ) Axl Rose -- lead vocals ( 2016 -- present ) Former members ( edit ) Malcolm Young -- rhythm guitar , backing vocals ( 1973 -- 2014 ; died 2017 ) Dave Evans -- lead vocals ( 1973 -- 1974 ) Bon Scott -- lead vocals ( 1974 -- 1980 ; died 1980 ) Phil Rudd -- drums ( 1975 -- 1983 , 1994 -- 2015 ) Mark Evans -- bass guitar ( 1975 -- 1977 ) Cliff Williams -- bass guitar , backing vocals ( 1977 -- 2016 ) Brian Johnson -- lead vocals ( 1980 -- 2016 ) Simon Wright -- drums ( 1983 -- 1989 ) Note : Before their debut album , High Voltage ( 1975 ) , AC / DC had several line up changes . For a more comprehensive list of members that were part of the band before 1975 , see List of AC / DC band members . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by AC / DC Discography ( edit ) Main articles : AC / DC discography and List of songs recorded by AC / DC Studio albums ( edit ) High Voltage ( 1975 ) ( Australia only ) T.N.T. ( 1975 ) ( Australia only ) High Voltage ( 1976 ) ( international version ) Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap ( 1976 ) Let There Be Rock ( 1977 ) Powerage ( 1978 ) Highway to Hell ( 1979 ) Back in Black ( 1980 ) For Those About to Rock We Salute You ( 1981 ) Flick of the Switch ( 1983 ) Fly on the Wall ( 1985 ) Blow Up Your Video ( 1988 ) The Razors Edge ( 1990 ) Ballbreaker ( 1995 ) Stiff Upper Lip ( 2000 ) Black Ice ( 2008 ) Rock or Bust ( 2014 ) Tours ( edit ) Date Tour 1973 -- 1975 Australian Clubs Tour 1975 High Voltage Australian Clubs Tour 1975 -- 1976 TNT / Lock Up Your Daughters Summer Vacation Tour 1976 Lock Up Your Daughters 1976 -- 1977 Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap / A Giant Dose of Rock and Roll 1977 Let There Be Rock Tour 1978 Powerage Tour 1978 -- 1979 If You Want Blood Tour 1979 -- 1980 Highway to Hell Tour 1980 -- 1981 Back in Black Tour 1981 -- 1982 For Those About to Rock Tour 1983 -- 1984 Flick of the Switch Tour / Monsters of Rock Tour 1985 -- 1986 Fly on the Wall Tour 1986 Who Made Who Tour 1988 Blow Up Your Video World Tour 1990 -- 1991 The Razors Edge World Tour 1996 Ballbreaker World Tour 2000 -- 2001 Stiff Upper Lip World Tour 2003 Club Dates / Rolling Stones Tour 2008 -- 2010 Black Ice World Tour 2015 -- 2016 Rock or Bust World Tour See also ( edit ) AC / DC portal Book : AC / DC AC / DShe , an all - female tribute band who covers Bon Scott - era material Hell 's Belles -- another all - female tribute band Hayseed Dixie , a parody band performing bluegrass - inspired renditions of songs by AC / DC and others References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` AC / DC ' ROCK OR BUST ' '' . Alberts Management . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McParland , Robert ( 2018 ) . Myth and Magic in Heavy Metal Music . McFarland . pp. 57 -- 58 . ISBN 1476673357 . ^ Jump up to : Engleheart , Murray ( 18 November 1997 ) . AC / DC -- Bonfire . ^ Jump up to : Wall , Mick ( 2012 ) . AC / DC : Hell Aint a Bad Place to Be . London : Orion Publishing group . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4091 - 1535 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC Completes Recording New Album '' . Blabbermouth.net. 22 April 2008 . Archived from the original on 24 April 2008 . Retrieved 22 April 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Selling Artists '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Moran , Jonathon ( 7 February 2010 ) . `` Gen Y Pop Princess Taylor Swift vs Baby Boom Rockers AC / DC '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 9 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Reporter , The Age ( 6 February 2010 ) . `` AC / DC ham it up '' . The Age . Retrieved 19 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gold & Platinum '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest artists of hard rock '' . VH1 . Archived from the original on 13 September 2008 . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Rock On The Net : VH1 : 100 Greatest Hard Rock Artists : 1 -- 50 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Metal Bands of All Time '' . MTV . Archived from the original on 26 July 2008 . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC -- 100 Greatest Artists '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Artists of All Time '' . VH1 / Stereogum . Retrieved 19 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Item details for : A1877 , May 1963 Young W '' . National Archive of Australia . 13 February 2009 . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Easy Beats to AC / DC , The Story of Aussie Rock '' . BBC TV . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Baker , Glenn A. `` History of Albert Music '' . Albert Music . Archived from the original on 30 December 2007 . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , Clinton ( 2001 ) . Highway to Hell : The Life and Times of AC / DC Legend Bon Scott . pp. 128 -- 133 . ISBN 1 - 891241 - 13 - 3 . Jump up ^ White , Dave . `` AC / DC '' . About.com -- Classic rock . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` AC / DC History '' . AC / DC -- Bedlam in Belgium . Archived from the original on 13 September 2008 . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tracker to Acca Dacca '' . The Age . Melbourne , Australia . 17 May 2004 . Retrieved 18 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC ACDC '' . Only Melbourne ( onlymelbourne.com.au ) . 1 October 2004 . pp. Melbourne , Australia . Retrieved 18 October 2008 . Its now rock ' n ' roll history after Melbourne discovered acca - dacca so did the rest of the world , going on to become one of the biggest bands in the world . Jump up ^ `` Album covers for AC / DC '' . Bliss . Elsten Software Limited . Retrieved 10 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Snaps '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Long Way to the Top '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Archived from the original on 25 July 2008 . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Stenning , Paul ; Rob Johnstone ( November 2005 ) . AC / DC -- Two Sides to Every Glory . Chrome Dreams . pp. 32 -- 34 . ISBN 1 - 84240 - 308 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Browning , Dog Eat Dog , pp 100 - 256 , Allen & Unwin , 2014 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 76011 - 191 - 5 Jump up ^ Saulnier , Jason ( 3 January 2013 ) . `` Dave Evans Interview '' . Music Legends . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bon Scott Interview Paris 1979 '' . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Timeline '' . AC / DC official website . Archived from the original on 12 June 2007 . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Boulton , Martin ( 10 September 2004 ) . `` Laneway to the top for AC / DC '' . The Age . Melbourne . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Milesago - Festivals - Sunbury Festival 1975 '' . www.milesago.com . Jump up ^ Jeckell , Barry A. ( 7 June 2005 ) . `` Back in Black tips 21M mark '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 23 June 2008 . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Huey , Steve . `` AC / DC -- High Voltage '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC Guitarist Clears Up Knife Incident With BLACK SABBATH '' . 2 September 2003 . Jump up ^ `` DIRTY DEEDS : My Life Inside / Outside of AC / DC , by Mark Evans '' . Bazillionpoints.com . Archived from the original on 27 October 2011 . Retrieved 26 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Paul . `` Never Mind the Bollocks '' . Mojo ( February 2007 ) Jump up ^ Fink , Jesse , The Youngs : The Brothers Who Built AC / DC , Ebury Press , 2013 , pp. 107 -- 111 Jump up ^ Fink , Jesse , Bon : The Last Highway , Ebury Press , 2017 , p. 29 Jump up ^ Prato , Greg . `` AC / DC -- Powerage '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Christopher , Michael ( 30 June 2003 ) . `` Epic Records AC / DC Re-issues : Second Wave '' . PopMatters . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Van Halen Thanks God for Sobriety and Guitar Riffs '' . vhnd.com. 11 June 2009 . Retrieved 13 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Huey , Steve . `` AC / DC -- Highway to Hell '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Scott ( had ) choked on his own vomit ( in his sleep ) . '' Back in Black 1980 , 2003 CD booklet . ^ Jump up to : Jinman , Richard ( 19 February 2005 ) . `` 25 years on , AC / DC fans recall how wild rocker met his end '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bon 's Highway leads to the National Trust '' . Metropolitan Cemeteries Board . 15 February 2006 . Archived from the original on 16 November 2007 . Retrieved 9 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Jane ( 22 November 1997 ) . `` AC / DC lights a Bonfire in tribute '' . Canoe JAM ! music . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Moxy Bio '' . CANOE JAM ! MUSIC -- Pop Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ `` Noddy Holder interview '' . Soundchecks.co.uk . Archived from the original on 5 April 2005 . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . Jump up ^ bravewords.com . `` AC / DC Guitarist Angus Young Remembers Bon Scott -- `` When I Think Back in Hindsight , He Was A Guy That I Always Knew Was Full of Life '' `` . Bravewords.com . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` EveryHit '' . Archived from the original on 13 September 2008 . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` AC / DC -- Flick of the Switch '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Williams , Adam ( 14 April 2003 ) . `` Back in Black ( remastered edition ) '' . PopMatters . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Engleheart , Murray & Arnaud Durieux ( 2006 ) . AC / DC : Maximum Rock & Roll . pp. 366 -- 367 . ISBN 0 - 7322 - 8383 - 3 . Jump up ^ Stenning , Paul ( 2005 ) . AC / DC : Two Sides to Every Glory . Chrome Dreams . ISBN 1 - 84240 - 308 - 7 . Jump up ^ Engleheart , Murray & Arnaud Durieux ( 2006 ) . AC / DC : Maximum Rock & Roll . p. 368 . ISBN 0 - 7322 - 8383 - 3 . Jump up ^ Engleheart , Murray & Arnaud Durieux ( 2006 ) . AC / DC : Maximum Rock & Roll . p. 367 . ISBN 0 - 7322 - 8383 - 3 . Jump up ^ Fricke , David ( 27 October 1987 ) . `` AC / DC : Flick of the Switch '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 18 June 2008 . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Huey , Steve . `` AC / DC -- Fly on the Wall '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Icons : Hall of Fame '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on 18 July 2008 . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Prato , Greg . `` AC / DC -- Blow Up your Video '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Weber , Barry . `` AC / DC -- AC / DC Live '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` S.L. County finds no negligence in concert deaths '' . Deseret News . 9 February 1991 . Jump up ^ `` Families settle suits over AC / DC concert deaths '' . Deseret News . 17 December 1992 . Jump up ^ `` Boxsets '' . AC / DC discography . Archived from the original on 28 July 2008 . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Wild , David ( 30 March 2000 ) . `` AC / DC : Stiff Upper Lip '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 27 July 2008 . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` AC / DC -- Stiff Upper Lip '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Richards , Pete ( 6 December 2002 ) . `` AC / DC Sign big contract with Sony '' . ChartAttack . Archived from the original on 21 March 2003 . Retrieved 16 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Rivadavia , Eduardo . `` AC / DC -- Discography '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Stones rock out at Toronto 's ' biggest party ' '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . 31 July 2003 . Archived from the original on 30 June 2008 . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Ziffer , Daniel ( 13 April 2006 ) . `` Wiggles wriggle back into top spot '' . The Age . Melbourne . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Dunn , Emily ( 18 July 2007 ) . `` A wobble , but the Wiggles still rule '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 17 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Bruno , Antony ( 1 August 2007 ) . `` AC / DC goes digital via Verizon wireless '' . Reuters . Retrieved 17 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Plug Me In press release '' . PR Newswire. 24 August 2007 . Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 2 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Band 2 -- Unrivaled Song Library '' . rockband2.com . Archived from the original on 17 July 2008 . Retrieved 19 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Breckon , Nick ; Faylor , Chris ( 29 September 2008 ) . `` First Rock Band Spin - off Revealed : AC / DC Live Coming As $30 Wal - Mart Exclusive '' . Shacknews . Archived from the original on 30 September 2008 . Retrieved 29 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC Releases ' No Bull : The Directors Cut '' . AC / DC.com. 17 September 2008 . Archived from the original on 13 September 2008 . Retrieved 17 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Kot , Greg ( 16 October 2008 ) . `` Let there be rock ! AC / DC recycles classic sound on ' Black Ice ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on 19 October 2008 . Retrieved 18 March 2011 . Jump up ^ di Perna , Alan ( January 2009 ) . `` AC / DC : The Big Chill '' . Guitar World . Future US : 2 . ASIN B001LNP3IO . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC 's ' Black Ice ' Set For Release 20 October '' . AC / DC.com. 18 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 21 August 2008 . Retrieved 18 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC wants YOU for their new video '' . AC / DC.com. 9 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 12 August 2008 . Retrieved 9 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC Announce ' Black Ice ' World Tour '' . AC / DC.com. 17 September 2008 . Archived from the original on 13 September 2008 . Retrieved 17 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC to host their own exclusive music channel on Sirius and XM '' . Sirius . Archived from the original on 21 November 2008 . Retrieved 12 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC 's Black Ice Rocks into Walmart Nationwide October 20 '' . PR Newswire. 11 October 2008 . Archived from the original on 22 October 2008 . Retrieved 19 November 2008 . Jump up ^ ACDC.com news. news Archived 4 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 25 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC tops BRW entertainment rich list , ahead of Kylie Minogue and the Wiggles '' . Herald Sun . 11 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' AC / DC : Iron Man 2 ' Album Forthcoming '' . acdc.com. 26 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 29 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Downloadfestival.co.uk Archived 19 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Black Ice World Tour '' . AC / DC.com. 12 July 2010 . Retrieved 22 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC Live at River Plate Available May 10 -- NEW YORK , 7 March 2011 '' . New York : Prnewswire.com . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Shoot To Thrill : Exclusive Record Store Day 7 '' Single , The Official AC / DC Site `` . Acdc.com. 22 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 29 March 2011 . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC Let There Be Rock Blu - ray Announced '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC Planning New World Tour '' . Blabbermouth.net. 6 May 2011 . Archived from the original on 8 May 2011 . Retrieved 8 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC To Release New Album ' Within The Next Couple of Years ' '' . Blabbermouth.net. 7 May 2011 . Archived from the original on 8 May 2011 . Retrieved 8 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC : ' Our new album is a year or two away ' News '' . Nme.Com. 14 May 2012 . Retrieved 20 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LIVE AT RIVER PLATE -- FIRST LIVE ALBUM IN 20 YEARS The Official AC / DC Site '' . Acdc.com. 17 October 2008 . Retrieved 20 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Peter Vincent , Martin Boulton . `` AC / DC to split over sick band member , according to rumours '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ `` Brian Johnson : AC / DC not retiring yet '' . Metal Hammer. 16 April 2014 . Archived from the original on 19 April 2014 . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC deny split rumors but confirm Malcolm is taking a break '' . Classic Rock . 16 April 2014 . Archived from the original on 16 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC could tour by end of year '' . The Telegraph . 20 June 2014 . Retrieved 22 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Korina Lopez , USA TODAY ( 10 July 2014 ) . `` AC / DC finishes album ; Malcolm Young hospitalized '' . Usatoday.com . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' We 'll all have to be dead before it stops ' : AC / DC drummer Phil Rudd says legendary Aussie band will NEVER retire as they prepare for their 40th anniversary tour '' . Daily Mail . 22 August 2014 . Retrieved 13 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Korina Lopez , USA TODAY ( 18 November 2017 ) . `` Malcolm Young , AC / DC Guitarist and Co-Founder , Dead at 64 '' . rollingstone.com . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC to release new album Rock Or Bust as guitarist Malcolm Young retires from band '' . News.com.au . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Tony Wall ( 6 November 2014 ) . `` AC / DC drummer Phil Rudd on procuring murder charge '' . Fairfax Media . Jump up ^ `` BBC News -- AC / DC drummer Phil Rudd on New Zealand murder plot charge '' . BBC News . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Katie Kenny ( 7 November 2014 ) . `` AC / DC drummer Phil Rudd : Procuring murder charge dropped '' . Fairfax Media . Jump up ^ `` What now for AC / DC , after Phil Rudd 's arrest and Malcolm Young 's retirement ? '' . The Guardian . 6 November 2014 . Retrieved 6 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC bandmates shun Phil Rudd '' . The Australian . 14 November 2014 . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC ' had issues ' with drummer Phil Rudd '' . BBC . 14 November 2014 . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC confirm Chris Slade will replace Phil Rudd on their 2015 tour Music '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( 21 April 2015 ) . `` AC / DC Drummer Phil Rudd Pleads Guilty to Drugs , Threatening to Kill Charges '' . RollingStone.com . Rolling Stone magazine . Retrieved 29 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Band , The Official AC / DC Website '' . ACDC.com . Sony Music Entertainment . 2015 . Retrieved 29 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Shedden , Iain ( 9 July 2015 ) . `` AC / DC drummer Phil Rudd sentenced to home detention for drugs , kill threats '' . The Australian . News Limited . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Roffman , Michael ( 2016 - 03 - 07 ) . `` AC / DC frontman Brian Johnson ordered `` to stop touring immediately or risk total hearing loss '' `` . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Sutton , Candace . `` AC / DC 's Brian Johnson says he has gone deaf due to his love of fast cars '' . Dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC 's Brian Johnson feels betrayed by band mates over hearing issues '' . Mail Online . 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brian Johnson downplays hearing issues , says he was `` kicked to the curb '' by AC / DC `` . Consequence of Sound . Jump up ^ Wilkening , Matthew ( 19 April 2016 ) . `` AC / DC 's Brian Johnson Issues Statement on Departure From Group '' . Ultimate Classic Rock . Jump up ^ `` Rock Or Bust World Tour Continues With Axl Rose '' . 16 April 2016 . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( 16 April 2016 ) . `` AC / DC Confirm Axl Rose Is New Lead Singer , Joining Band on Tour '' . RollingStone.com . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Foerste , Jonathan ( July 2016 ) . `` Still Rockin ' in Southwest Florida '' . Gulfshore Life . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Blistein , Jon ( 20 September 2016 ) . `` AC / DC Bassist Cliff Williams Confirms Retirement in Heartfelt Video '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Brett . `` Huge Update On If AC / DC Will Continue With Axl Rose -- AlternativeNation.net '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Major Update on AC / DC 's Future : What the Band Will Do Now That Cliff 's Retired -- Music News @ Ultimate-Guitar.Com '' . Jump up ^ INTERVIEW : Angry Anderson -- Rose Tattoo , The Rockpit , March 18 , 2018 Jump up ^ Johnson returns as lead singer ( Norwegian ) Jump up ^ `` BRIAN JOHNSON And PHIL RUDD Appear To Be Back In Studio With AC / DC : Photographic Proof '' . Blabbermouth. 8 August 2018 . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas ( n.d. ) . `` AC / DC '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Petridis , Alexis ( 26 October 2008 ) . `` Things really must be bad -- AC / DC are No 1 again '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Jonze , Tim ( 14 April 2009 ) . `` A handy guide to heavy metal '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Marchese , David ( 16 September 2016 ) . `` AC / DC Has Improbably Become the Most Poignant Story in Rock '' . Vulture . Retrieved 10 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Gill , Chris ( 2 January 2018 ) . `` The Secrets Behind Malcolm Young 's Guitar Sound on AC / DC 's ' Thunderstruck ' '' . Guitar World . Retrieved 9 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Harrington , Joe S. ( 2003 ) . `` Back in Black '' . In Hoye , Jacob . VH - 1 's 100 Greatest Albums . Simon & Schuster . pp. 81 -- 82 . ISBN 0743448766 . ^ Jump up to : Christgau , Robert ( 1990 ) . `` AC / DC '' . Christgau 's Record Guide : The ' 80s . Pantheon Books . ISBN 067973015X . Retrieved 10 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sturges , Fiona ( 2 October 2017 ) . `` Songs that hate women and the women who love them : why I 'm still a fan of AC / DC '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC '' . Rockhall.com . Archived from the original on 17 January 2010 . Retrieved 1 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame open doors '' . CNN . 3 November 2003 . Archived from the original on 3 October 2003 . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Billy ( 3 November 2003 ) . `` AC / DC , The Clash , The Police And Others Inducted into Hall of Fame '' . Yahoo ! Music . Archived from the original on 4 July 2007 . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 Music Winners Awards Announced '' . Australasian Performing Right Association . Archived from the original on 23 July 2008 . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Next stage in AC / DC Lane proposal wins in - principle support '' . City of Melbourne . 8 July 2004 . Archived from the original on 16 October 2008 . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Levine , Robert ( 10 October 2008 ) . `` Ageless and Defiant , AC / DC Stays on Top Without Going Digital '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 2 November 2011 . Retrieved 19 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Sisario , Ben ( 19 November 2012 ) . `` AC / DC Joins iTunes , as Spotify Emerges as Music 's New Disrupter '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 21 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC Confirm Axl Rose Is New Lead Singer '' . Further Reading ( edit ) Bunton , Richard ( 1983 ) . AC / DC : Hell Ai n't No Bad Place to Be . Omnibus Books . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 0082 - 5 . Dome , Malcolm ( 1982 ) . AC / DC . Proteus Books . ISBN 0 - 86276 - 011 - 9 . Engleheart , Murray ( 2006 ) . AC / DC : Maximum Rock & Roll . Harper Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7322 - 8964 - 5 . Fink , Jesse ( 2017 ) . Bon : The Last Highway : The Untold Story of Bon Scott and AC / DC 's Back In Black . Ebury Australia . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85798 - 892 - 8 . Fink , Jesse ( 2013 ) . The Youngs : The Brothers Who Built AC / DC . Ebury Australia . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74275 - 979 - 1 . Holmes , Tim ( 1986 ) . AC / DC ( Monsters of Metal ) . Ballantine . ISBN 0 - 345 - 33239 - 3 . Huxley , Martin ( 1996 ) . AC / DC : The World 's Heaviest Rock . Lightning Source Inc . ISBN 0 - 312 - 30220 - 7 . Lageat , Philippe , Brelet , Baptiste ( 2014 ) . AC / DC Tours De France 1976 -- 2014 . Éditions Point Barre . p. 712 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7466 - 7071 - 6 . Putterford , Mark ( 1992 ) . AC / DC : Shock to the System . Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 71192 - 823 - 7 . Stenning , Paul ( 2005 ) . AC / DC : Two Sides to Every Glory . Chrome Dreams . ISBN 1 - 84240 - 308 - 7 . Sutcliffe , Phil ( 2010 ) . AC / DC High - Voltage Rock ' n ' Roll : The Ultimate Illustrated History . Voyageur Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 3832 - 2 . Walker , Clinton ( 1994 ) . Highway to Hell : The Life and Death of Bon Scott . Verse Chorus Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 891241 - 23 - 9 . Wall , Mick ( 2012 ) . AC / DC : Hell Ai n't a Bad Place to Be . Orion Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4091 - 1535 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutAC / DCat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website AC / DC at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) AC / DC discography at MusicBrainz hide AC / DC Angus Young Chris Slade Stevie Young Axl Rose Studio albums High Voltage T.N.T. High Voltage ( International ) Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap Let There Be Rock Powerage Highway to Hell Back in Black For Those About to Rock We Salute You Flick of the Switch Fly on the Wall Blow Up Your Video The Razors Edge Ballbreaker Stiff Upper Lip Black Ice Rock or Bust Compilations ' 74 Jailbreak Bonfire Volts Backtracks Live albums If You Want Blood You 've Got It AC / DC Live Live from the Atlantic Studios Let There Be Rock : The Movie -- Live in Paris Live at River Plate Soundtracks Who Made Who Iron Man 2 Video albums AC / DC : Let There Be Rock Fly on the Wall Who Made Who AC / DC Clipped Live at Donington For Those About to Rock No Bull Stiff Upper Lip Live Family Jewels Plug Me In Live at River Plate Tours If You Want Blood Tour Highway to Hell Tour Back in Black Tour For Those About to Rock Tour Flick of the Switch / Monsters of Rock Tour Fly on the Wall Tour Who Made Who World Tour Blow Up Your Video World Tour Razors Edge World Tour Ballbreaker World Tour Stiff Upper Lip World Tour Club Dates / Rolling Stones Tour Black Ice World Tour Rock or Bust World Tour Former members Guitarists Malcolm Young Vocalists Dave Evans Bon Scott Brian Johnson Bassists Larry Van Kriedt Rob Bailey George Young Paul Matters Mark Evans Cliff Williams Drummers Colin Burgess Peter Clack Tony Currenti Phil Rudd Simon Wright Related articles Discography Songs Awards and nominations ACDC Lane Gerard Huerta Angus Bucks Tribute albums AC / DC Live : Rock Band Track Pack Maximum Overdrive Book Category Portal show AC / DC singles discography High Voltage `` Can I Sit Next to You , Girl '' ( Australia ) `` Baby , Please Do n't Go '' ( Australia ) T.N.T. `` High Voltage '' ( Australia ) `` It 's a Long Way to the Top ( If You Wanna Rock ' n ' Roll ) '' ( Australia ) `` T.N.T. '' ( Australia ) High Voltage ( International ) `` It 's a Long Way to the Top ( If You Wanna Rock ' n ' Roll ) '' ( international ) `` High Voltage '' ( international ) Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap `` Jailbreak '' `` Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap '' `` Love at First Feel '' Let There Be Rock `` Dog Eat Dog '' `` Let There Be Rock '' `` Whole Lotta Rosie '' Powerage `` Rock ' n ' Roll Damnation '' Highway to Hell `` Highway to Hell '' `` Girls Got Rhythm '' `` Touch Too Much '' Back in Black `` You Shook Me All Night Long '' `` Hells Bells '' `` Back in Black '' `` Rock and Roll Ai n't Noise Pollution '' For Those About to Rock We Salute You `` Let 's Get It Up '' `` For Those About to Rock ( We Salute You ) '' Flick of the Switch `` Guns for Hire '' `` Nervous Shakedown '' `` Flick of the Switch '' Fly on the Wall `` Danger '' `` Sink the Pink '' `` Shake Your Foundations '' Who Made Who `` Who Made Who '' Blow Up Your Video `` Heatseeker '' `` That 's the Way I Wanna Rock ' n ' Roll '' The Razors Edge `` Thunderstruck '' `` Moneytalks '' `` Are You Ready '' Live `` Highway to Hell '' ( live ) `` Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap '' ( live ) Ballbreaker `` Hard as a Rock '' `` Hail Caesar '' `` Cover You in Oil '' Stiff Upper Lip `` Stiff Upper Lip '' `` Safe in New York City '' `` Satellite Blues '' Black Ice `` Rock ' N Roll Train '' `` Big Jack '' `` Anything Goes '' `` Money Made '' Rock or Bust `` Play Ball '' `` Rock or Bust '' Non-album single `` Big Gun '' Book : AC / DC Category : AC / DC songs Portal : AC / DC show Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Class of 2003 Performers AC / DC ( Brian Johnson , Phil Rudd , Bon Scott , Cliff Williams , Angus Young , Malcolm Young ) The Clash ( Terry Chimes , Topper Headon , Mick Jones , Paul Simonon , Joe Strummer ) Elvis Costello & the Attractions ( Elvis Costello , Steve Nieve , Bruce Thomas , Pete Thomas ) The Police ( Stewart Copeland , Sting , Andy Summers ) The Righteous Brothers ( Bobby Hatfield , Bill Medley ) Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegun Award ) Mo Ostin Sidemen Benny Benjamin Floyd Cramer Steve Douglas Authority control WorldCat Identities BNF : cb13901479r ( data ) GND : 1221288 - X ISNI : 0000 0001 2271 298X LCCN : n78011846 MusicBrainz : 66c662b6 - 6e2f - 4930 - 8610 - 912e24c63ed1 SUDOC : 176216073 VIAF : 144189738 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AC/DC&oldid=854455562 '' Categories : AC / DC 1973 establishments in Australia APRA Award winners ARIA Award winners ARIA Hall of Fame inductees Atco Records artists Atlantic Records artists Australian hard rock musical groups Australian heavy metal musical groups Blues rock groups Echo ( music award ) winners Grammy Award winners Musical groups established in 1973 Musical groups from Sydney Musical quintets Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Sibling musical groups Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Featured articles Use Australian English from July 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from October 2014 Articles with hCards Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with Curlie links MusicBrainz artist same as Wikidata Articles with MusicBrainz artist links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Afrikaans Akan العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy მარგალური Монгол Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt West - Vlams Winaray 中文 70 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 13 : 53 ( UTC ) . 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Politics

politics

Politics ( from Greek : Politiká : Politika , definition `` affairs of the cities '' ) is the process of making decisions that apply to members of a group . More narrowly , it refers to achieving and exercising positions of governance -- organized control over a human community , particularly a state . Furthermore , politics is the study or practice of the distribution of power and resources within a given community ( this is usually a hierarchically organized population ) as well as the interrelationship ( s ) between communities .

In most countries , people have formed political parties to put forward their ideas . There is usually some disagreement between people within a party , but they work together because they feel that they agree on enough things , and they will have more power if they join together . They agree to take the same position on many issues , and agree to support the same changes to law and the same leaders . An election is usually a competition between different parties . Some examples of political parties are the Liberal party , the Labor party and the Greens . Politics is a multifaceted word . It has a set of fairly specific meanings that are descriptive and nonjudgmental ( such as `` the art or science of government '' and `` political principles '' ) , but it can and often does carry a negative meaning closely related to these ( `` political activities characterized by artful and often dishonest practices '' ) . The negative sense of politics , as seen in the phrase `` play politics '' , for example , has been in use since at least 1853 , when abolitionist Wendell Phillips declared : `` We do not play politics ; anti-slavery is no half - jest with us . '' A variety of methods are deployed in politics , which include promoting or forcing one 's own political views among people , negotiation with other political subjects , making laws , and exercising force , including warfare against adversaries . Politics is exercised on a wide range of social levels , from clans and tribes of traditional societies , through modern local governments , companies and institutions up to sovereign states , to the international level . It is very often said that politics is about power . A political system is a framework which defines acceptable political methods within a given society . History of political thought can be traced back to early antiquity , with seminal works such as Plato 's Republic , Aristotle 's Politics and the works of Confucius . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 1.1 Classifications 2 History of state politics 2.1 The state 3 Themes 3.1 Forms of political organization 3.2 Global politics 3.3 Political corruption 3.4 Political parties 3.5 Politics as an academic discipline 4 Political values 4.1 Left -- right 4.2 Authoritarian -- libertarian 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Etymology ( edit ) The word comes from the same Greek word from which the title of Aristotle 's book Politics ( Πολιτικά , Politika ) also derives ; politika means `` affairs of the cities '' . The book title was rendered in Early Modern English in the mid-15th century as `` Polettiques '' ; it became `` politics '' in Modern English . The singular politic first attested in English 1430 and comes from Middle French politique , in turn from Latin politicus , which is the Latinization of the Greek πολιτικός ( politikos ) , meaning amongst others `` of , for , or relating to citizens '' , `` civil '' , `` civic '' , `` belonging to the state '' , in turn from πολίτης ( polites ) , `` citizen '' and that from πόλις ( polis ) , `` city '' . Classifications ( edit ) Formal Politics refers to the operation of a constitutional system of government and publicly defined institutions and procedures . Political parties , public policy or discussions about war and foreign affairs would fall under the category of Formal Politics . Many people view formal politics as something outside of themselves , but that can still affect their daily lives . Semi-formal Politics is Politics in government associations such as neighborhood associations , or student governments where student government political party politics is often important . Informal Politics is understood as forming alliances , exercising power and protecting and advancing particular ideas or goals . Generally , this includes anything affecting one 's daily life , such as the way an office or household is managed , or how one person or group exercises influence over another . Informal Politics is typically understood as everyday politics , hence the idea that `` politics is everywhere '' . History of state politics ( edit ) The history of politics is reflected in the origin , development , and economics of the institutions of government . The state ( edit ) Main article : State ( polity ) The origin of the state is to be found in the development of the art of warfare . Historically speaking , all political communities of the modern type owe their existence to successful warfare . Kings , emperors and other types of monarchs in many countries including China and Japan , were considered divine . Of the institutions that ruled states , that of kingship stood at the forefront until the American Revolution put an end to the `` divine right of kings '' . Nevertheless , the monarchy is among the longest - lasting political institutions , dating as early as 2100 BC in Sumeria to the 21st century AD British Monarchy . Kingship becomes an institution through the institution of Hereditary monarchy . The king often , even in absolute monarchies , ruled his kingdom with the aid of an elite group of advisors , a council without which he could not maintain power . As these advisors and others outside the monarchy negotiated for power , constitutional monarchies emerged , which may be considered the germ of constitutional government . The greatest of the king 's subordinates , the earls and dukes in England and Scotland , the dukes and counts in the Continent , always sat as a right on the council . A conqueror wages war upon the vanquished for vengeance or for plunder but an established kingdom exacts tribute . One of the functions of the council is to keep the coffers of the king full . Another is the satisfaction of military service and the establishment of lordships by the king to satisfy the task of collecting taxes and soldiers . Themes ( edit ) Forms of political organization ( edit ) There are many forms of political organization , including states , non-government organizations ( NGOs ) and international organizations such as the United Nations . States are perhaps the predominant institutional form of political governance , where a state is understood as an institution and a government is understood as the regime in power . According to Aristotle , states are classified into monarchies , aristocracies , timocracies , democracies , oligarchies , and tyrannies . Due to changes across the history of politics , this classification has been abandoned . All states are varieties of a single organizational form , the sovereign state . All the great powers of the modern world rule on the principle of sovereignty . Sovereign power may be vested on an individual as in an autocratic government or it may be vested on a group as in a constitutional government . Constitutions are written documents that specify and limit the powers of the different branches of government . Although a constitution is a written document , there is also an unwritten constitution . The unwritten constitution is continually being written by the legislative branch of government ; this is just one of those cases in which the nature of the circumstances determines the form of government that is most appropriate . England did set the fashion of written constitutions during the Civil War but after the Restoration abandoned them to be taken up later by the American Colonies after their emancipation and then France after the Revolution and the rest of Europe including the European colonies . There are many forms of government . One form is a strong central government as in France and China . Another form is local government , such as the ancient divisions in England that are comparatively weaker but less bureaucratic . These two forms helped to shape the practice of federal government , first in Switzerland , then in the United States in 1776 , in Canada in 1867 and in Germany in 1871 and in 1901 , Australia . Federal states introduced the new principle of agreement or contract . Compared to a federation , a confederation has a more dispersed system of judicial power . In the American Civil War , the contention of the Confederate States that a State could secede from the Union was untenable because of the power enjoyed by the Federal government in the executive , legislative and judiciary branches . According to professor A.V. Dicey in An Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution , the essential features of a federal constitution are : a ) A written supreme constitution in order to prevent disputes between the jurisdictions of the Federal and State authorities ; b ) A distribution of power between the Federal and State governments and c ) A Supreme Court vested with the power to interpret the Constitution and enforce the law of the land remaining independent of both the executive and legislative branches . Global politics ( edit ) Main article : Global politics Global politics include different practices of political globalization in relation to questions of social power : from global patterns of governance to issues of globalizing conflict . The 20th century witnessed the outcome of two world wars and not only the rise and fall of the Third Reich but also the rise and fall of communism . The development of the atomic bomb gave the United States a more rapid end to its conflict in Japan in World War II . Later , the development of the hydrogen bomb became the ultimate weapon of mass destruction . Global politics also concerns the rise of global and international organizations . The United Nations has served as a forum for peace in a world threatened by nuclear war , `` The invention of nuclear and space weapons has made war unacceptable as an instrument for achieving political ends . '' Although an all - out final nuclear holocaust is out of the question for man , `` nuclear blackmail '' comes into question not only on the issue of world peace but also on the issue of national sovereignty . On a Sunday in 1962 , the world stood still at the brink of nuclear war during the October Cuban Missile Crisis from the implementation of U.S. vs U.S.S.R. nuclear blackmail policy . According to political science professor Paul James , global politics is affected by values : norms of human rights , ideas of human development , and beliefs such as cosmopolitanism about how we should relate to each : Cosmopolitanism can be defined as a global politics that , firstly , projects a sociality of common political engagement among all human beings across the globe , and , secondly , suggests that this sociality should be either ethically or organizationally privileged over other forms of sociality . Political corruption ( edit ) Main article : Political corruption William Pitt the Elder , speaking before the British House of Lords , 9 January 1770 , observed : `` Unlimited power is apt to corrupt the minds of those who possess it . '' This was echoed more famously by John Dalberg - Acton over a century later : `` Power tends to corrupt , and absolute power corrupts absolutely . '' Political corruption is the use of legislated powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain . Misuse of government power for other purposes , such as repression of political opponents and general police brutality , is not considered political corruption . Neither are illegal acts by private persons or corporations not directly involved with the government . An illegal act by an officeholder constitutes political corruption only if the act is directly related to their official duties and / or power . Forms of corruption vary , but include corruption , extortion , cronyism , nepotism , patronage , graft , and embezzlement . While corruption may facilitate criminal enterprise such as drug trafficking , money laundering , and trafficking , it is not restricted to these activities . The activities that constitute illegal corruption differ depending on the country or jurisdiction . For instance , certain political funding practices that are legal in one place may be illegal in another . In some cases , government officials have broad or poorly defined powers , which make it difficult to distinguish between legal and illegal actions . Worldwide , bribery alone is estimated to involve over 1 trillion US dollars annually . A state of unrestrained political corruption is known as a kleptocracy , literally meaning `` rule by thieves '' . Political parties ( edit ) Main article : political party A political party is a political organization that typically seeks to attain and maintain political power within government , usually by participating in electoral campaigns , educational outreach or protest actions . Parties often espouse an expressed ideology or vision bolstered by a written platform with specific goals , forming a coalition among disparate interests . Politics as an academic discipline ( edit ) Political science , the study of politics , examines the acquisition and application of power . Political scientist Harold Lasswell defined politics as `` who gets what , when , and how '' . Related areas of study include political philosophy , which seeks a rationale for politics and an ethic of public behaviour , political economy , which attempts to develop understandings of the relationships between politics and the economy and the governance of the two , and public administration , which examines the practices of governance . The philosopher Charles Blattberg , who has defined politics as `` responding to conflict with dialogue , '' offers an account which distinguishes political philosophies from political ideologies . The first academic chair devoted to politics in the United States was the chair of history and political science at Columbia University , first occupied by Prussian émigré Francis Lieber in 1857 . Political values ( edit ) Political views differ on average across nations . A recreation of the Inglehart -- Welzel Cultural Map of the World based on the World Values Survey . Main article : Political spectrum Several different political spectra have been proposed . Left -- right ( edit ) Political analysts and politicians divide politics into left wing and right wing politics , often also using the idea of center politics as a middle path of policy between the right and left . This classification is comparatively recent ( it was not used by Aristotle or Hobbes , for instance ) , and dates from the French Revolution era , when those members of the National Assembly who supported the republic , the common people and a secular society sat on the left and supporters of the monarchy , aristocratic privilege and the Church sat on the right . The meanings behind the labels have become more complicated over the years . A particularly influential event was the publication of the Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848 . The Manifesto suggested a course of action for a proletarian revolution to overthrow the bourgeois society and abolish private property , in the belief that this would lead to a classless and stateless society . The meaning of left - wing and right - wing varies considerably between different countries and at different times , but generally speaking , it can be said that the right wing often values tradition and social stratification while the left wing often values reform and egalitarianism , with the center seeking a balance between the two such as with social democracy or regulated capitalism . According to Norberto Bobbio , one of the major exponents of this distinction , the Left believes in attempting to eradicate social inequality , while the Right regards most social inequality as the result of ineradicable natural inequalities , and sees attempts to enforce social equality as utopian or authoritarian . Some ideologies , notably Christian Democracy , claim to combine left and right wing politics ; according to Geoffrey K. Roberts and Patricia Hogwood , `` In terms of ideology , Christian Democracy has incorporated many of the views held by liberals , conservatives and socialists within a wider framework of moral and Christian principles . '' Movements which claim or formerly claimed to be above the left - right divide include Fascist Terza Posizione economic politics in Italy , Peronism in Argentina , and National Action Party in Mexico . Authoritarian -- libertarian ( edit ) Authoritarianism and libertarianism refer to the amount of individual freedom each person possesses in that society relative to the state . One author describes authoritarian political systems as those where `` individual rights and goals are subjugated to group goals , expectations and conformities '' , while libertarians generally oppose the state and hold the individual as sovereign . In their purest form , libertarians are anarchists , who argue for the total abolition of the state , of political parties and of other political entities , while the purest authoritarians are , theoretically , totalitarians who support state control over all aspects of society . For instance , classical liberalism ( also known as laissez - faire liberalism , ) is a doctrine stressing individual freedom and limited government . This includes the importance of human rationality , individual property rights , free markets , natural rights , the protection of civil liberties , constitutional limitation of government , and individual freedom from restraint as exemplified in the writings of John Locke , Adam Smith , David Hume , David Ricardo , Voltaire , Montesquieu and others . According to the libertarian Institute for Humane Studies , `` the libertarian , or ' classical liberal , ' perspective is that individual well - being , prosperity , and social harmony are fostered by ' as much liberty as possible ' and ' as little government as necessary . ' '' For anarchist political philosopher L. Susan Brown `` Liberalism and anarchism are two political philosophies that are fundamentally concerned with individual freedom yet differ from one another in very distinct ways . Anarchism shares with liberalism a radical commitment to individual freedom while rejecting liberalism 's competitive property relations . '' See also ( edit ) Politics portal Book : Politics Index of law articles Index of politics articles - alphabetical list of political subjects List of years in politics Outline of law Outline of political science - structured list of political topics , arranged by subject area Political lists - lists of political topics Politics of present - day states Political organisation List of political ideologies Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Johnston , Alexander ; Woodburn , James Albert ( 1903 ) . `` American Orations : V . The anti-slavery struggle '' . ^ Jump up to : Painter , Joe ; Jeffrey , Alex . `` Political Geography '' . Jump up ^ The Diets and Sayings of the Philosophers ( Early English Text Society , Original Series No. 211 , 1941 ; reprinted 1961 ) , p. 154 : `` the book of Etiques and of Polettiques '' . Jump up ^ Charlton T. Lewis , Charles Short . `` A Latin Dictionary '' . Perseus Digital Library . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott . πολιτικός `` A Greek - English Lexicon '' Check url = value ( help ) . Perseus Digital Library . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott . πολίτης `` A Greek - English Lexicon '' Check url = value ( help ) . Perseus Digital Library . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott . πόλις `` A Greek - English Lexicon '' Check url = value ( help ) . Perseus Digital Library . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Carneiro , Robert L. ( 21 August 1970 ) . `` A Theory of the Origin of the State '' . Science . 169 ( 3947 ) : 733 -- 8 . Bibcode : 1970Sci ... 169 ... 733C . PMID 17820299 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 169.3947. 733 . Jump up ^ `` Sumerian King List '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` European Absolutism And Power Politics '' , International World History Project , 1998 , retrieved 22 April 2017 Jump up ^ Constitutional Monarchy , British Monarchist League Ltd , retrieved 22 April 2017 Jump up ^ Jenks , Edward . A history of politics . pp. 73 -- 96 . The origin of the State , or Political Society , is to be found in the development of the art of military warfare . Jump up ^ http://www.diffen.com/difference/Confederation_vs_Federation Jump up ^ Jenks , Edward ( 1900 ) . A history of politics . J.M. Dent & Co. pp. 1 -- 164 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Rabinowitch , Eugene ( June 1973 ) . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science , Inc. p. 13 . ISSN 0096 - 3402 ... the rationale of traditional patterns of world politics . Jump up ^ Dulles , Allen ( 2006 ) . The Craft of Intelligence . Globe Pequot . p. 224 . ISBN 1599215772 ... using ' nuclear blackmail ' as a threat to intimidate other countries . Jump up ^ James , Paul ( 2014 ) . Globalization and Politics , Vol. 4 : Political Philosophies of the Global . London : Sage Publications . pp. x . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Safire , William , ed. ( 2008 ) . Safire 's Political Dictionary . Oxford University Press . p. 566 . Jump up ^ Dalberg - Acton , John ( Lord Acton ) . Letter to Bishop Mandell Creighton , April 5 , 1887 . Published in Historical Essays and Studies , edited by J.N. Figgis and R.V. Laurence ( London : Macmillan , 1907 ) Jump up ^ `` Political Coruption Law & Definition '' . USLegal . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS - Business - African corruption ' on the wane ' '' . Jump up ^ Safire , William ( 2008 ) . Safire 's Political Dictionary . Oxford University Press US . p. 566 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 534334 - 4 . Power tends to corrupt ; absolute power corrupts absolutely . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Barbara A. ; Bardes , Mack C. ; Shelley , Steffen W. ( 2011 ) . American Government and Politics Today : The Essentials ( 2011 -- 2012 Student ed . ) . Boston : Wadsworth , Cengage Learning . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 538 - 49719 - 0 . Jump up ^ Blattberg , Charles ( July 2001 ) . `` Political Philosophies and Political Ideologies '' . Public Affairs Quarterly . 15 ( 3 ) : 193 -- 217 . ISSN 0887 - 0373 . SSRN 1755117 . Jump up ^ Farr , James ; Seidelman , Raymond ( 1993 ) . Discipline and history . University of Michigan Press . ISBN 0 - 472 - 06512 - 2 ... a chair at Columbia in 1857 as professor of history and political science , the very first of its kind in America . Jump up ^ Andrew Knapp and Vincent Wright ( 2006 ) . The Government and Politics of France . Routledge . Jump up ^ Marx , Karl ; Engels , Friedrich ( 2002 - 01 - 01 ) . The Communist Manifesto . Penguin . ISBN 9780140447576 . Jump up ^ Daniel J. Levinson . `` CONSERVATISM AND RADICALISM '' . International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Bobbio , Norberto , Left and Right : The Significance of a Political Distinction ( translated by Allan Cameron ) , 1997 , University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 06246 - 5 Jump up ^ Roberts and Hogwood , European Politics Today , Manchester University Press , 1997 Jump up ^ https://www.miis.edu/media/view/18971/original/balenouvelleresarticle.pdf Jump up ^ Markus Kemmelmeier ; et al. ( 2003 ) . `` Individualism , Collectivism , and Authoritarianism in Seven Societies '' . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology . 34 ( 3 ) : 304 -- 322 . doi : 10.1177 / 0022022103034003005 . Jump up ^ Politics . PediaPress . Jump up ^ Ian Adams , Political Ideology Today ( Manchester : Manchester University Press , 2001 ) , 20 . Jump up ^ What Is Libertarian ? , Institute for Humane Studies Archived 24 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ L. Susan Brown . The Politics of Individualism : Liberalism , Liberal Feminism , and Anarchism . BLACK ROSE BOOKS LID. 1993 References ( edit ) Connolly , William ( 1981 ) . Appearance and Reality in Politics . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . James , Paul ; Soguk , Nevzat ( 2014 ) . Globalization and Politics , Vol. 1 : Global Political and Legal Governance . London : Sage Publications . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 19 . Ryan , Alan : On Politics : A History of Political Thought from Herodotus to the Present . London : Allen Lane , 2012 . 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when does the embryo implant in the uterus wall

In humans , implantation of a fertilized ovum is most likely to occur around 9 days after ovulation , however this can range between 6 and 12 days .

Implantation ( human embryo )

implantation ( human embryo )

In humans , implantation is the stage of pregnancy at which the already fertilized egg adheres to the wall of the uterus . At this stage of prenatal development , the conceptus is called a blastocyst . It is by this adhesion that the fetus receives oxygen and nutrients from the mother to be able to grow .

In humans , implantation of a fertilized ovum is most likely to occur around 9 days after ovulation , however this can range between 6 and 12 days . Contents ( hide ) 1 Implantation window 2 Adaptation of uterus 2.1 Predecidualization 2.2 Decidualization 2.2. 1 Trigger 2.2. 2 Parts of decidua 2.3 Decidua throughout pregnancy 2.4 Pinopodes 2.4. 1 Function in implantation 2.4. 2 Function during implantation 3 Adaptation of secretions 3.1 Nourishment 3.2 Growth and implantation 4 Mechanism 4.1 Zona hatching 4.1. 1 Factors 4.2 Apposition 4.2. 1 Location 4.2. 2 Molecular Mechanism 4.3 Adhesion 4.3. 1 Communication 4.3. 1.1 Proteoglycan Receptors 4.4 Invasion 4.4. 1 Syncytiotrophoblasts 4.4. 2 Secretions 4.4. 2.1 Autocrine 4.4. 2.2 Dislodging 4.4. 2.3 Immunosuppressive 4.4. 2.4 Decidualization 4.4. 2.5 Prevention of menstruation 4.4. 2.6 Other factors 5 Failure 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading Implantation window ( edit ) The reception - ready phase of the endometrium of the uterus is usually termed the `` implantation window '' and lasts about 4 days . The implantation window occurs around 6 days after the peak in luteinizing hormone levels . With some disparity between sources , it has been stated to occur from 7 days after ovulation until 9 days after ovulation , or days 6 - 10 postovulation . On average , it occurs during the 20th to the 23rd day after the last menstrual period . The implantation window is characterized by changes to the endometrium cells , which aid in the absorption of the uterine fluid . These changes are collectively known as the plasma membrane transformation and bring the blastocyst nearer to the endometrium and immobilize it . During this stage the blastocyst can still be eliminated by being flushed out of the uterus . Scientists have hypothesized that the hormones cause a swelling that fills the flattened out uterine cavity just prior to this stage , which may also help press the blastocyst against the endometrium . The implantation window may also be initiated by other preparations in the endometrium of the uterus , both structurally and in the composition of its secretions . Adaptation of uterus ( edit ) To enable implantation , the uterus goes through changes in order to be able to receive the conceptus . Predecidualization ( edit ) The endometrium increases thickness , becomes vascularized and its glands grow to be tortuous and boosted in their secretions . These changes reach their maximum about 7 days after ovulation . Furthermore , the surface of the endometrium produces a kind of rounded cells , which cover the whole area toward the uterine cavity . This happens about 9 to 10 days after ovulation . These cells are called decidual cells , which emphasises that the whole layer of them is shed off in every menstruation if no pregnancy occurs , just as leaves of deciduous trees . The uterine glands , on the other hand , decrease in activity and degenerate already 8 to 9 days after ovulation in absence of pregnancy . The decidual cells originate from the stromal cells that are always present in the endometrium . However , the decidual cells make up a new layer , the decidua . The rest of the endometrium , in addition , expresses differences between the luminal and the basal sides . The luminal cells form the zona compacta of the endometrium , in contrast to the basalolateral zona spongiosa , which consists of the rather spongy stromal cells . Decidualization ( edit ) Decidualization succeeds predecidualization if pregnancy occurs . This is an expansion of it , further developing the uterine glands , the zona compacta and the epithelium of decidual cells lining it . The decidual cells become filled with lipids and glycogen and take the polyhedral shape characteristic for decidual cells . Trigger ( edit ) It is likely that the blastocyst itself makes the main contribution to this additional growing and sustaining of the decidua . An indication of this is that decidualization occurs at a higher degree in conception cycles than in nonconception cycles . Furthermore , similar changes are observed when giving stimuli mimicking the natural invasion of the embryo . Parts of decidua ( edit ) The decidua can be organized into separate sections , although they have the same composition . Decidua basalis - This is the part of the decidua which is located basalolateral to the embryo after implantation . Decidua capsularis - Decidua capsularis grows over the embryo on the luminal side , enclosing it into the endometrium . It surrounds the embryo together with decidua basalis . Decidua parietalis - All other decidua on the uterine surface belongs to decidua parietalis . Decidua throughout pregnancy ( edit ) After implantation the decidua remains , at least through the first trimester . However , its most prominent time is during the early stages of pregnancy , during implantation . Its function as a surrounding tissue is replaced by the definitive placenta . However , some elements of the decidualization remain throughout pregnancy . The compacta and spongiosa layers are still observable beneath the decidua in pregnancy . The glands of the spongiosa layer continue to secrete during the first trimester , when they degenerate . However , before that disappearance , some glands secrete unequally much . This phenomenon of hypersecretion is called the Arias - Stella phenomenon , after the pathologist Javier Arias - Stella . Pinopodes ( edit ) Main article : Pinopod Pinopodes are small , finger - like protrusions from the endometrium . They appear between day 19 and day 21 of gestational age . This corresponds to a fertilization age of approximately 5 to 7 days , which corresponds well with the time of implantation . They only persist for 2 to 3 days . The development of them is enhanced by progesterone but inhibited by estrogens . Function in implantation ( edit ) Pinopodes endocytose uterine fluid and macromolecules in it . By doing so , the volume of the uterus decreases , taking the walls closer to the embryoblast floating in it . Thus , the period of active pinocytes might also limit the implantation window . Function during implantation ( edit ) Pinopodes continue to absorb fluid , and removes most of it during the early stages of implantation . Adaptation of secretions ( edit ) proteins , glycoproteins and peptides secreted by the endometrial glands Matrix - associated : Fibronectin Laminin Entactin Type - IV collagen heparan sulfate Proteoglycan Integrins - Others : Mucins Prolactin IGFBP - 1 Placental protein 14 ( PP14 ) or glycodelin Pregnancy - associated endometrial alpha - 2 - globulin ( alpha - 2 - PEG ) endometrial protein 15 Albumin Beta - Lipoprotein Relaxin Fibroblast growth factor 1 Fibroblast growth factor 2 Pregnancy - associated plasma protein A ( PAPP - A ) Stress response protein 27 ( SRP - 27 ) CA - 125 Beta - endorphin Leu - enkephalin Di amine oxidase Tissue plasminogen activator Renin Progesterone - dependent carbonic anhydrase Lactoferrin Not only the lining of the uterus transforms , but in addition , the secretion from its epithelial glands changes . This change is induced by increased levels of progesterone from the corpus luteum . The target of the secretions is the embryoblast , and has several functions on it . Nourishment ( edit ) The embryoblast spends approximately 72 hours in the uterine cavity before implanting . In that time , it can not receive nourishment directly from the blood of the mother , and must rely on secreted nutrients into the uterine cavity , e.g. iron and fat - soluble vitamins . Growth and implantation ( edit ) In addition to nourishment , the endometrium secretes several steroid - dependent proteins , important for growth and implantation . Cholesterol and steroids are also secreted . Implantation is further facilitated by synthesis of matrix substances , adhesion molecules and surface receptors for the matrix substances . When the sperm nucleus and the egg nucleus have fused together , they form a zygote Mechanism ( edit ) Implantation is initiated when the blastocyst comes into contact with the uterine wall . Zona hatching ( edit ) Main article : Zona hatching To be able to perform implantation , the blastocyst first needs to get rid of its zona pellucida . This process can be called `` hatching '' . Factors ( edit ) Lytic factors in the uterine cavity , as well as factors from the blastocyst itself are essential for this process . Mechanisms in the latter are indicated by that the zona pellucida remains intact if an unfertilized egg is placed in the uterus under the same conditions . A substance probably involved is plasmin . Plasminogen , the plasmin precursor , is found in the uterine cavity , and blastocyst factors contribute to its conversion to active plasmin . This hypothesis is supported by lytic effects in vitro by plasmin . Furthermore , plasmin inhibitors also inhibit the entire zona hatching in rat experiments . Apposition ( edit ) The very first , albeit loose , connection between the blastocyst and the endometrium is called the apposition . Location ( edit ) On the endometrium , the apposition is usually made where there is a small crypt in it , perhaps because it increases the area of contact with the rather spherical blastocyst . On the blastocyst , on the other hand , it occurs at a location where there has been enough lysis of the zona pellucida to have created a rupture to enable direct contact between the underlying trophoblast and the decidua of the endometrium . However , ultimately , the inner cell mass , inside the trophoblast layer , is aligned closest to the decidua . Nevertheless , the apposition on the blastocyst is not dependent on if it is on the same side of the blastocyst as the inner cell mass . Rather , the inner cell mass rotates inside the trophoblast to align to the apposition . In short , the entire surface of the blastocyst has a potential to form the apposition to the decidua . Molecular mechanism ( edit ) The identity of the molecules on the trophoblast and the endometrial epithelia that mediate the initial interaction between the two remain unidentified . However , a number of research groups have proposed that MUC1 , a member of the Mucin family of glycosylated proteins , is involved . MUC1 is a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed at the apical surface of endometrial epithelial cells during the window of implantation in humans and has been shown to be differentially expressed between fertile and infertile subjects during this time . MUC1 displays carbohydrate moieties on its extracellular domain that are ligands of L - selectin , a protein expressed on the surface of trophoblast cells . An in vitro model of implantation developed by Genbacev et al. , gave evidence to support the hypothesis that L - selectin mediates apposition of the blastocyst to the uterine epithelium by interacting with its ligands . Adhesion ( edit ) Adhesion is a much stronger attachment to the endometrium than the loose apposition . The trophoblasts adhere by penetrating the endometrium , with protrusions of trophoblast cells . Communication ( edit ) There is massive communication between the blastocyst and the endometrium at this stage . The blastocyst signals to the endometrium to adapt further to its presence , e.g. by changes in the cytoskeleton of decidual cells . This , in turn , dislodges the decidual cells from their connection to the underlying basal lamina , which enables the blastocyst to perform the succeeding invasion . This communication is conveyed by receptor - ligand - interactions , both integrin - matrix and proteoglycan ones . Proteoglycan receptors ( edit ) Another ligand - receptor system involved in adhesion is proteoglycan receptors , found on the surface of the decidua of the uterus . Their counterparts , the proteoglycans , are found around the trophoblast cells of the blastocyst . This ligand - receptor system also is present just at the implantation window . Invasion ( edit ) Invasion is an even further establishment of the blastocyst in the endometrium . Syncytiotrophoblasts ( edit ) The protrusions of trophoblast cells that adhere into the endometrium continue to proliferate and penetrate into the endometrium . As these trophoblast cells penetrate , they differentiate to become a new type of cells , syncytiotrophoblast . The prefix syn - refers to the transformation that occurs as the boundaries between these cells disappear to form a single mass of many cell nuclei ( a syncytium ) . The rest of the trophoblasts , surrounding the inner cell mass , are hereafter called cytotrophoblasts . Invasion continues with the syncytiotrophoblasts reaching the basal membrane beneath the decidual cells , penetrating it and further invading into the uterine stroma . Finally , the whole embryo is embedded in the endometrium . Eventually , the syncytiotrophoblasts come into contact with maternal blood and form chorionic villi . This is the initiation of forming the placenta . Secretions ( edit ) The blastocyst secretes factors for a multitude of purposes during invasion . It secretes several autocrine factors , targeting itself and stimulating it to further invade the endometrium . Furthermore , secretions loosen decidual cells from each other , prevent the embryo from being rejected by the mother , trigger the final decidualization and prevent menstruation . Autocrine ( edit ) Human chorionic gonadotropin is an autocrine growth factor for the blastocyst . Insulin - like growth factor 2 , on the other hand , stimulates the invasiveness of it . Dislodging ( edit ) The syncytiotrophoblasts dislodges decidual cells in their way , both by degradation of cell adhesion molecules linking the decidual cells together as well as degradation of the extracellular matrix between them . Cell adhesion molecules are degraded by syncytiotrophoblast secretion of Tumor necrosis factor - alpha . This inhibits the expression of cadherins and beta - catenin . Cadherins are cell adhesion molecules , and beta - catenin helps to anchor them to the cell membrane . Inhibited expression of these molecules thus loosens the connection between decidual cells , permitting the syncytotrophoblasts and the whole embryo with them to invade into the endometrium . The extracellular matrix is degraded by serine endopeptidases and metalloproteinases . Examples of such metalloproteinases are collagenases , gelatinases and stromelysins . These collagenases digest Type - I collagen , Type - II collagen , Type - III collagen , Type - VII collagen and Type - X collagen . The gelatinases exist in two forms ; one digesting Type - IV collagen and one digesting gelatin . Immunosuppressive ( edit ) The embryo differs from the cells of the mother , and would be rejected as a parasite by the immune system of the mother if it did n't secrete immunosuppressive agents . Such agents are Platelet - activating factor , human chorionic gonadotropin , early pregnancy factor , immunosuppressive factor , Prostaglandin E 2 , Interleukin 1 - alpha , Interleukin 6 , interferon - alpha , leukemia inhibitory factor and Colony - Stimulating Factor . Decidualization ( edit ) Factors from the blastocyst also trigger the final formation of decidual cells into their proper form . In contrast , some decidual cells in the proximity of the blastocyst degenerate , providing nutrients for it . Prevention of menstruation ( edit ) Human chorionic gonadotropin ( hCG ) not only acts as an immunosuppressive , but also `` notifies '' the mother 's body that she is pregnant , preventing menstruation by sustaining the function of the corpus luteum . Other factors ( edit ) Other factors secreted by the blastocyst are ; Embryo - derived histamine - releasing factor Tissue plasminogen activator as well as its inhibitors Estradiol β1 - integrins Fibroblast growth factor CYTL1 Transforming growth factor alpha inhibin Failure ( edit ) Implantation failure is considered to be caused by inadequate uterine receptivity in two - thirds of cases , and by problems with the embryo itself in the other third . Inadequate uterine receptivity may be caused by abnormal cytokine and hormonal signaling as well as epigenetic alterations . Recurrent implantation failure is a cause of female infertility . Therefore , pregnancy rates can be improved by optimizing endometrial receptivity for implantation . Evaluation of implantation markers may help to predict pregnancy outcome and detect occult implantation deficiency . Luteal support is the administration of medication , generally progestins , for the purpose of increasing the success rate of implantation and early embryogenesis , thereby complementing the function of the corpus luteum . In women with more than 3 implantation failures in assisted reproduction , a review of several small randomized controlled studies estimated that the use of adjunct low molecular weight heparin ( LMWH ) improves live birth rate by approximately 80 % . See also ( edit ) Embryonic diapause Blastocyst References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wilcox AJ , Baird DD , Weinberg CR ( 1999 ) . `` Time of implantation of the Conceptus and loss of pregnancy '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 340 ( 23 ) : 1796 -- 1799 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM199906103402304 . PMID 10362823 . Jump up ^ Xiao , Y. ; Sun , X. ; Yang , X. ; Zhang , J. ; Xue , Q. ; Cai , B. ; Zhou , Y. ( 2010 ) . `` Leukemia inhibitory factor is dysregulated in the endometrium and uterine flushing fluid of patients with adenomyosis during implantation window '' . Fertility and Sterility. 94 ( 1 ) : 85 -- 89 . doi : 10.1016 / j. fertnstert. 2009.03. 012 . PMID 19361790 . Jump up ^ Aboubakr M. Elnashar , Gamal I. Aboul - Enein . Endometrial receptivity . Middle East Fertility Society Journal , Vol. 9 , No. 1 , 2004 , pp. 10 - 24 Jump up ^ 6.2 Implantation stages from embryology.ch at by the universities of Fribourg , Lausanne and Bern ( Switzerland ) . Retrieved May , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Implantation stages '' . Human Embryology . Online course in embryology for medicine students developed by the universities of Fribourg , Lausanne and Bern ( Switzerland ) with the support of the Swiss Virtual Campus . Retrieved 6 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Boron , Walter ; Emile Boulpaep ( 2004 ) . Medical Physiology : A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch . Oxford : Elsevier . ISBN 1 - 4160 - 2328 - 3 . OCLC 61527528 . ^ Jump up to : Margarit , L. ; Taylor , A. ; Roberts , M.H. ; Hopkins , L. ; Davies , C. ; Brenton , A.G. ; Conlan , R.S. ; Bunkheila , A. ; Joels , L. ; White , J.O. ; Gonzalez , D. ( 2010 ) . `` MUC1 as a Discriminator between Endometrium from Fertile and Infertile Patients with PCOS and Endometriosis '' . The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 95 ( 12 ) : 5320 -- 5329 . doi : 10.1210 / jc. 2010 - 0603 . ISSN 0021 - 972X . Jump up ^ Carson , D.D. ; et al. , ( 2006 ) . `` MUC1 is a scaffold for selectin ligands in the human uterus '' . Front . Biosci. 11 ( 1 ) : 2903 . doi : 10.2741 / 2018 . Jump up ^ Genbacev , O.D. ; et al. , ( 2003 ) . `` Trophoblast L - selectin - mediated adhesion at the maternal - fetal interface '' . Science . 299 ( 5605 ) : 405 -- 8 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1079546 . PMID 12532021 . Jump up ^ Ai Z. , Jing W. , Fang L. ( 2015 ) . `` Cytokine - Like Protein 1 ( Cytl1 ) A Potential Molecular Mediator in Embryo Implantation '' . PLOS One . 11 ( 1 ) : e0147424 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0147424 . PMC 4723121 . PMID 26800213 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Melford , S.E. ; Taylor , A.H. ; Konje , J.C. ( 2013 ) . `` Of mice and ( wo ) men : factors influencing successful implantation including endocannabinoids '' . Human Reproduction Update. 20 ( 3 ) : 415 -- 428 . doi : 10.1093 / humupd / dmt060 . ISSN 1355 - 4786 . PMID 24306146 . ^ Jump up to : Cakmak , H. ; Taylor , H.S. ( 2010 ) . `` Implantation failure : Molecular mechanisms and clinical treatment '' . Human Reproduction Update. 17 ( 2 ) : 242 -- 253 . doi : 10.1093 / humupd / dmq037 . PMC 3039220 . PMID 20729534 . Jump up ^ Potdar , N. ; Gelbaya , T.A. ; Konje , J.C. ; Nardo , L.G. ( 2013 ) . `` Adjunct low - molecular - weight heparin to improve live birth rate after recurrent implantation failure : A systematic review and meta - analysis '' . Human Reproduction Update. 19 ( 6 ) : 674 -- 684 . doi : 10.1093 / humupd / dmt032 . PMID 23912476 . Further reading ( edit ) `` Implantation of the blastocyst ... '' Human embryogenesis in the first three weeks Week 1 Fertilization Oocyte activation Zygote Cleavage Blastomere Morula Blastocoele Blastocyst Blastula Inner cell mass Trophoblast Week 2 ( Bilaminar ) Hypoblast Epiblast Week 3 ( Trilaminar ) Germ layers Archenteron / Primitive streak Primitive pit Primitive knot / Blastopore Primitive groove Gastrula Gastrulation Regional specification Embryonic disc Ectoderm Surface ectoderm Neuroectoderm Somatopleuric mesenchyme Neurulation Neural crest Endoderm Splanchnopleuric mesenchyme Mesoderm Axial mesoderm Paraxial Somite Somitomere Intermediate Lateral plate Intraembryonic coelom Splanchnopleuric mesenchyme Somatopleuric mesenchyme Pregnancy and childbirth Planning Birth control Natural family planning Pre-conception counseling Conception Assisted reproductive technology Artificial insemination Fertility medication In vitro fertilisation Fertility awareness Unintended pregnancy Testing 3D ultrasound Obstetric ultrasonography Pregnancy test Home testing Prenatal diagnosis Prenatal Anatomy Amniotic fluid Amniotic sac Endometrium Placenta Development Fundal height Gestational age Human embryogenesis Maternal physiological changes Postpartum physiological changes Care Nutrition Environmental toxicants In pregnancy Prenatal Concomitant conditions Drinking Diabetes mellitus Smoking Vaping SLE Sexual activity during pregnancy Procedures Amniocentesis Cardiotocography Chorionic villus sampling Nonstress test Abortion Childbirth Preparation Bradley method Hypnobirthing Lamaze Nesting instinct Roles Doula Birth attendant Men 's roles Midwife Obstetrician Perinatal nurse Traditional birth attendant Delivery Bloody show Childbirth positions Home birth Multiple birth Natural childbirth Pelvimetry / Bishop score Cervical dilation Cervical effacement Position Presentation Breech Cephalic Shoulder Rupture of membranes Unassisted childbirth Uterine contraction Water birth Postpartum Maternal Postpartum confinement Sex after pregnancy Psychiatric disorders of childbirth Postpartum physiological changes Roles Doula Health visitor Lactation consultant Monthly nurse Confinement nanny Infant Adaptation to extrauterine life Child care Congenital disorders Obstetric history Gravidity Parity TPAL Human physiology of sexual reproduction Menstrual cycle Menarche Menstruation Follicular phase Ovulation Luteal phase Gametogenesis Spermatogenesis ( spermatogonium spermatocyte spermatid sperm ) Oogenesis ( oogonium oocyte ootid ovum ) Germ cell ( gonocyte gamete ) Human sexual behavior Sexual arousal Sexual intercourse Masturbation Erection Orgasm Ejaculation Insemination Fertilisation / Fertility Implantation Pregnancy Postpartum period Mechanics of sex Life span Prenatal development / Sexual dimorphism / Sexual differentiation ( Feminization Virilization ) Puberty ( Gonadarche Pubarche Menarche Spermarche Adrenarche ) Maternal age / Paternal age Climacteric ( Menopause Late - onset hypogonadism ) Tanner scale Egg Ovum Oviposition Oviparity Ovoviviparity Vivipary Reproductive endocrinology and infertility Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- gonadal axis Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- prolactin axis Andrology Hormone Breast Thelarche Breast development Lactation Breastfeeding Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Implantation_(human_embryo)&oldid=843527090 '' Categories : Embryology Obstetrics Human reproduction Fertility Midwifery Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles needing additional references from September 2008 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Latina Lietuvių 日本 語 Polski Português کوردی Svenska Türkçe 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 18 : 34 . 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who is identified as the father of trait theory and why does he consider them important

Trait theory

trait theory

In psychology , trait theory ( also called dispositional theory ) is an approach to the study of human personality . Trait theorists are primarily interested in the measurement of traits , which can be defined as habitual patterns of behavior , thought , and emotion . According to this perspective , traits are aspects of personality that are relatively stable over time , differ across individuals ( e.g. some people are outgoing whereas others are not ) , relatively consistent over situations , and influence behavior . Traits are in contrast to states which are more transitory dispositions .

Trait theory allows for an interpretation and importance of the self when studying personality as well as an acknowledgement and consideration of the suggestibility of the self . In some theories and systems , traits are something a person either has or does not have , but in many others traits are dimensions such as extraversion vs. introversion , with each person rating somewhere along this spectrum . There are two approaches to defining traits : as internal causal properties or as purely descriptive summaries . The internal causal definition states that traits influence our behaviours , leading us to do things in line with that trait . On the other hand , traits as descriptive summaries are descriptions of our actions that do n't try to infer causality . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Trait theory in cross-cultural use 3 Comparing EPQ and Big Five 3.1 Testing methodology , and factors 3.2 Lower - order factors 3.3 Causality 4 List of personality traits 5 See also 6 References History ( edit ) Gordon Allport was an early pioneer in the study of traits , this early work was viewed as the beginning of the modern psychological study of personality . He also referred to traits within his work as dispositions . When Allport was 22 he met with Sigmund Freud , and during their meeting was when he learned to examine surface level aspects of personality before looking into the unconscious side of things . In his approach , `` cardinal '' traits are those that dominate and shape a person 's behavior ; their ruling passions / obsessions , such as a need for money , fame etc . By contrast , `` central '' traits such as honesty are characteristics found in some degree in every person - and finally `` secondary '' traits are those seen only in certain circumstances ( such as particular likes or dislikes that a very close friend may know ) , which are included to provide a complete picture of human complexity . A wide variety of alternative theories and scales were later developed , including : Raymond Cattell 's 16PF Questionnaire J.P. Guilford 's Structure of Intellect Henry Murray 's System of Needs Timothy Leary 's Interpersonal circumplex Myers -- Briggs Type Indicator Gray 's Biopsychological theory of personality Currently , two general approaches are the most popular : Eysenck Personality Questionnaire , ( EPQ ) ( `` the three - factor model '' ) . Using factor analysis Hans Eysenck suggested that personality is reducible to three major traits : neuroticism , extraversion , and psychoticism . Big Five personality traits , ( `` the five - factor model '' ) . Many psychologists currently believe that five factors are sufficient : neuroticism , extraversion , openness to experience , agreeableness , and conscientiousness . Gordon Allport investigated the use of `` person '' and `` personality '' within his work in order to study not only the development of traits , but how they are connected with the language and environment of the person . By doing this , trait theory is able to be applied in a variety of social contexts as he accounted for the use of language and environment and developed his theory with this in mind . Allport continued trait theory with this in mind , continuing his research as a critique of the past behaviourist views . Gordon Allport 's research was not behaviourist , but rather , influenced by his time with Sigmond Freud , which is seen with his emphasis on the use of `` person '' and what that means for personality . Trait theory in cross-cultural use ( edit ) Cultures are widely known and accepted as being different in varying degrees . This can make the study of personality difficult as meaning and the expression of traits may be different within cultural groups . Trait theory uses a hierarchy of traits in order to separate culture from the traits , it can be said the culture is ignored in order to focus of the individual traits and how they are connected to the individual . Gordon Allport 's trait theory not only served as a foundational approach within personality psychology , but also is continued to be viewed and discussed by other disciplines such as anthropology because of how he approached culture within trait theory . Trait theory tends to focus on the individual over the situation in which they are in . This focus has relaxed within modern studies allowing for a consideration of the external factors outside of the self . As the focus becomes more relaxed ( but still prominent as it is a main part of the theory ) research expands . Comparing EPQ and Big five ( edit ) Testing methodology , and factors ( edit ) Both the EPQ and Big Five approaches extensively use self - report questionnaires . The factors are intended to be orthogonal ( uncorrelated ) , though there are often small positive correlations between factors . The five factor model in particular has been criticized for losing the orthogonal structure between factors . Hans Eysenck has argued that fewer factors are superior to a larger number of partly related ones . Although these two approaches are comparable because of the use of factor analysis to construct hierarchical taxonomies , they differ in the organization and number of factors . Whatever the causes , however , psychoticism marks the two approaches apart , as the five factor model contains no such trait . Moreover , psychoticism , unlike any of the other factors in either approach , does not fit a normal distribution curve . Indeed , scores are rarely high , thus skewing a normal distribution . However , when they are high , there is considerable overlap with psychiatric conditions such as antisocial and schizoid personality disorders . Similarly , high scorers on neuroticism are more susceptible to sleep and psychosomatic disorders . Five factor approaches can also predict future mental disorders . Lower - order factors ( edit ) Similarities between lower - order factors for psychoticism and the facets of openness , agreeableness , and conscientiousness ( from Matthews , Deary & Whiteman , 2003 ) There are two higher - order factors that both taxonomies clearly share : extraversion and neuroticism . Both approaches broadly accept that extraversion is associated with sociability and positive affect , whereas neuroticism is associated with emotional instability and negative affect . Many lower - order factors , or facets , are similar between the two taxonomies . For instance , both approaches contain factors for sociability / gregariousness , for activity levels , and for assertiveness within the higher order factor extraversion . However , there are differences too . First , the three - factor approach contains nine lower - order factors and the five - factor approach has six . Eysenck 's psychoticism factor incorporates some of the polar opposites of the lower order factors of openness , agreeableness and conscientiousness . A high scorer on tough - mindedness in psychoticism would score low on tender - mindedness in agreeableness . Most of the differences between the taxonomies stem from the three factor model 's emphasis on fewer high - order factors . Causality ( edit ) Although both major trait models are descriptive , only the three - factor model offers a detailed causal explanation . Eysenck suggests that different personality traits are caused by the properties of the brain , which themselves are the result of genetic factors . In particular , the three - factor model identifies the reticular system and the limbic system in the brain as key components that mediate cortical arousal and emotional responses respectively . Eysenck advocates that extraverts have low levels of cortical arousal and introverts have high levels , leading extraverts to seek out more stimulation from socializing and being venturesome . Moreover , Eysenck surmised that there would be an optimal level of arousal , after which inhibition would occur and that this would be different for each person . In a similar vein , the three - factor approach theorizes that neuroticism is mediated by levels of arousal in the limbic system and that individual differences arise because of variable activation thresholds between people . Therefore , highly neurotic people when presented with minor stressors , will exceed this threshold , whereas people low in neuroticism will not exceed normal activation levels , even when presented with large stressors . By contrast , proponents of the five - factor approach assume a role of genetics and environment but offer no explicit causal explanation . Given this emphasis on biology in the three - factor approach , it would be expected that the third trait , psychoticism , would have a similar explanation . However , the causal properties of this state are not well defined . Eysenck has suggested that psychoticism is related to testosterone levels and is an inverse function of the serotonergic system , but he later revised this , linking it instead to the dopaminergic system . List of personality traits ( edit ) Personality Traits Openness to experience Composed of two related but separable traits , Openness to Experience and Intellect . Behavioral aspects include having wide interests , and being imaginative and insightful , correlated with activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex . Considered primarily a cognitive trait . Conscientiousness Scrupulous , meticulous , principled behavior guided or conforming to one 's own conscience . Associated with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex . Extraversion Gregarious , outgoing , sociable , projecting one 's personality outward . The opposite of extraversion is introversion . Extraversion has shown to share certain genetic markers with substance abuse . Extraversion is associated with various regions of the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala . Agreeableness Refers to a compliant , trusting , empathic , sympathetic , friendly and cooperative nature . Neuroticism Identifies people who are prone to psychological distress . Individuals who are high in neuroticism tend to be anxious , depressed , self - conscious , impulsive , vulnerable and display angry hostility . `` Neuroticism is the major factor of personality pathology '' ( Eysenck & Eysenck , 1969 ) . Neuroticism has been linked to serotonin transporter ( 5 - HTT ) binding sites in the thalamus : as well as activity in the insular cortex . Neuroticism also predicts the occurrence of more negative life experiences . Honesty - Humility Tendency towards sincerity , modesty , fairness , and greed avoidance . Those who score high on this trait feel little desire to manipulate others or to break the rules for personal gain . Negatively correlated with the Dark triad . Self - esteem ( low ) A `` favorable or unfavorable attitude toward the self '' ( Rosenberg , 1965 ) . An individual 's sense of his or her value or worth , or the extent to which a person values , approves of , appreciates , prizes , or likes him or herself '' ( Blascovich & Tomaka , 1991 ) . Harm avoidance A tendency towards shyness , being fearful and uncertain , tendency to worry . Neonatal complications such as preterm birth have been shown to affect harm avoidance . People affected by eating disorders exhibit high levels of harm avoidance . The volume of the left amygdala in girls was correlated to levels of HA , in separate studies HA was correlated with reduced grey matter volume in the orbitofrontal , occipital and parietal regions . Novelty seeking Impulsive , exploratory , fickle , excitable , quick - tempered , and extravagant . Associated with addictive behavior . Sensory processing sensitivity ( SPS ) The defining trait of highly sensitive persons , characterized by the increased depth of processing of sensory input that underlies HSPs ' greater proclivity to overstimulation , emotional reactivity and empathy , and sensitivity to stimuli . Perfectionism `` I do n't think needing to be perfect is in any way adaptive '' ( Paul Hewitt , PhD ) Socially prescribed perfectionism -- `` believing that others will value you only if you are perfect . '' Self - oriented perfectionism -- `` an internally motivated desire to be perfect . '' Perfectionism is one of the traits associated with obsessional behavior and like obsessionality is also believed to be regulated by the basal ganglia . Alexithymia The inability to express emotions . `` To have no words for one 's inner experience '' ( Rený J. Muller PhD ) . In studies done with stroke patients , alexithymia was found to be more prevalent in those who developed lesions in the right hemisphere following a cerebral infarction . There is a positive association with post-traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) , childhood abuse and neglect and alexithymia . Utilizing psychometric testing and fMRI , studies showed positive response in the insula , posterior cingulate cortex ( PCC ) , and thalamus . Rigidity Inflexibility , difficulty making transitions , adherence to set patterns . Mental rigidity arises out of a deficit of the executive functions . Originally termed frontal lobe syndrome it is also referred to as dysexecutive syndrome and usually occurs as a result of damage to the frontal lobe . This may be due to physical damage , disease ( such as Huntington 's disease ) or a hypoxic or anoxic insult . Impulsivity Risk taking , lack of planning , and making up one 's mind quickly ( Eysenck and Eysenck ) . A component of disinhibition . Abnormal patterns of impulsivity have been linked to lesions in the right inferior frontal gyrus and in studies done by Antonio Damasio author of Descartes Error , damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex has been shown to cause a defect in real - life decision making in individuals with otherwise normal intellect . Those who sustain this type of damage are oblivious to the future consequences of their actions and live in the here and now . Disinhibition Behavioral disinhibition is an inability or unwillingness to constrain impulses , it is a key component of executive functioning . Researchers have emphasized poor behavioral inhibition as the central impairment of ADHD . It may be symptomatic of orbitofrontal lobe syndrome , a subtype of frontal lobe syndrome which may be an acquired disorder as a result of traumatic brain injury , hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy ( HIE ) , anoxic encephalopathy , degenerative diseases such as Parkinson 's , bacterial or viral infections such as Lyme disease and neurosyphilis . Disinhibition has been consistently associated with substance abuse disorders , obesity , higher BMI , excessive eating , an increased rate of eating , and perceived hunger . Psychoticism Psychoticism is a personality pattern typified by aggressiveness and interpersonal hostility , one of four traits in Hans Eysenck 's model of personality . High levels of this trait were believed by Eysenck to be linked to increased vulnerability to psychosis such as schizophrenia . He also believed that blood relatives of psychotics would show high levels of this trait , suggesting a genetic basis to the trait . Obsessionality Persistent , often unwelcome , and frequently disturbing ideas , thoughts , images or emotions , rumination , often inducing an anxious state . Obsessionality may result as a dysfunction of the basal ganglia . See also ( edit ) 16 Personality Factors Alternative five model of personality Big Five personality traits Cultural schema theory HEXACO model of personality structure Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory NEO-PI Personality psychology Szondi test Trait activation theory References ( edit ) Library resources about Trait theory Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Jump up ^ Saul Kassin , ( 2003 ) . Psychology . USA : Prentice - Hall , Inc . Jump up ^ Brown , Andrew W. ( 1938 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Personality : A Psychological Interpretation . Gordon W. Allport '' . Social Service Review . 12 ( 1 ) : 150 -- 151 . doi : 10.1086 / 632196 . ISSN 0037 - 7961 . Jump up ^ Abel , Steve . `` What Is a Trait Two Basic Formulations '' . Personality Psychology . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alfred Adler and Gordon W. Allport : A Comparison on Certain Topics in Personality Theory - ProQuest '' . search.proquest.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Howard ( 2016 ) . Personality : Classic Theories and Modern Research . United States of America : Pearson Education Inc . pp. 183 -- 184 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 205 - 99793 - 0 . Jump up ^ Hans Eysenck , ( 1967 ) . The biological basis of personality . Springfield , IL : Thomas . Jump up ^ Eysenck , Hans ( 1991 ) . `` Dimensions of personality : 16 : 5 or 3 ? Criteria for a taxonomic paradigm '' . Personality and Individual Differences. 12 : 773 -- 790 . doi : 10.1016 / 0191 - 8869 ( 91 ) 90144 - z . Jump up ^ McCrae , R.R. ; Costa , P.C. ; Jr ( 1987 ) . `` Validation of the five - factor model across instruments and observers '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 52 : 81 -- 90 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.52. 1.81 . PMID 3820081 . ^ Jump up to : Costa , P.T. ; McCrae , R.R. ( 1992 ) . `` Four ways five factors are basic '' . Personality and Individual Differences. 13 : 653 -- 665 . doi : 10.1016 / 0191 - 8869 ( 92 ) 90236 - i . ^ Jump up to : Marsella , Dubanoski , Hamada , & Morse , A , J. , J , W , C. & H ( 2000 ) . `` The measurement of personality across cultures : Historical conceptual , and methodological issues and considerations '' . American Behavioral Scientist. 44 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 62 -- via psychnet . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Mischel , Walter ; Shoda , Yuichi ( 1998 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Reconciling processing dynamics and personality dispositions '' . Annual Review of Psychology . 49 ( 1 ) : 229 -- 258 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. psych. 49.1. 229 . ISSN 0066 - 4308 . Jump up ^ Hans Eysenck , ( 1990 ) . Biological dimensions of personality . In L.A. Pervin ( Ed . ) , Handbook of personality : Theory and research ( pp. 244 -- 276 ) . New York : Guilford . 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Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trait_theory&oldid=835095077 '' Categories : Personality theories Personality traits Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español हिन्दी עברית Lietuvių Polski Português Simple English Slovenčina Türkçe 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 14 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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what is the origin of the word witch

Witch ( word )

witch ( word )

The word witch derives from the Old English nouns wicca Old English pronunciation : ( ˈwɪttʃɑ ) ( ' sorcerer , male witch ' ) and wicce Old English pronunciation : ( ˈwɪttʃe ) ( ' sorceress , female witch ' ) . The word 's further origins in Proto - Germanic and Proto - Indo - European are unclear .

Contents 1 Germanic etymology 2 Old English 3 From Old to Modern English 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Further reading Germanic etymology ( edit ) The Old English verb wiccian has a cognate in Middle Low German wicken ( attested from the 13th century , besides wichelen `` to bewitch '' ) . The further etymology of this word is problematic . It has no clear cognates in Germanic outside of English and Low German , and there are numerous possibilities for the Indo - European root from which it may have been derived . The OED states that the noun is `` apparently '' deverbal ( derived from wiccian ) , but for the verb merely states that it is `` of obscure origin '' . Grimm , Deutsches Wörterbuch connects the `` Ingvaeonic word '' * wikkōn with Gothic weihs `` sacred '' ( Proto - Indo European ( PIE ) * weik - `` to separate , to divide '' , probably via early Germanic practices of cleromancy such as those reported by Tacitus , Grimm also considers * weik - `` to curve , bend '' ( which became wicken `` hop , dance '' ) and * weg'h - `` to move '' ( in a sense of `` to make mysterious gestures '' ) . R. Lühr connects wigol `` prophetic , mantic '' , wīglian `` to practice divination '' ( Middle Low German wichelen `` bewitch '' , wicker `` soothsayer '' ) and suggests Proto - Germanic * wigōn , geminated ( c.f. Kluge 's law ) to * wikkōn . The basic form would then be the feminine , wicce < * wikkæ < * wikkōn with palatalization due to the preceding i and the following * æ < * ōn in early Ingvaeonic . The palatal - cc - / t͡ʃ / in wicca would then be analogous to the feminine . An alternative possibility is to derive the palatal / t͡ʃ / directly from the verb wiccian < * wikkija . Lühr conversely favours derivation of this verb from the noun . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language connects PIE * weg ' - `` rouse '' ( English wake ) , and offers the Proto - Germanic reconstruction * wikkjaz `` one who wakes the dead '' . Other suggestions for the underlying root are untenable or widely rejected : Grimm reject a connection with * wek - `` speak '' , suggested by P. Lessiak ( ZfDA 53 , 1912 ) . Walter William Skeat derived the word from PIE * weid - , Old English wita `` wise man , wizard '' and witan `` to know '' , considering it a corruption of an earlier * witga . No Old English spelling with - t - is known , and this etymology is not accepted today . NB : Evidence from the Slavic language group suggests that it may be worth revisiting this line of thought : compare Polish wiedźma ( witch ) / wiedzieć ( to know ) -- the parts of these words highlighted in bold are pronounced the same i.e. , roughly vee - edge . The aural similarity to `` witch '' is striking . The `` benefit '' of an etymological derivation directly from an Indo - Germanic precursor concept having to do with knowing and / or seeing ( e.g. , wissen , weise ( German ) , weten ( Dutch ) , videre ( Latin ) , wise , wit ( English ) , wiedzieć , widzieć ( Polish ) etc . ) are : ( i ) that it works for both `` witch '' and `` wizard '' , both of each would mean `` the knower or the seer '' and ( ii ) that there is no need to attempt to derive the `` s / t '' sound from the `` g / k '' sound in `` wicca '' and its precursors . Robert Graves in his 1948 The White Goddess , in discussing the willow which was sacred to the Greek goddess Hecate , connects the word to a root * wei - which connotes bending or pliance , by saying : `` Its connection with witches is so strong in Northern Europe , that the words ' witch ' and ' wicked ' are derived from the same ancient word for willow , which also yields ' wicker ' . '' This confounds English and Scandinavian evidence , since the weak root in English has no connection with willows , and Old Norse has no word for `` witch '' cognate to the English . Old English ( edit ) Old English also had hægtesse `` witch , fury '' , whence Modern English hag , of uncertain origin , but cognate to German Hexe , from an Old High German haga - zussa , Common Germanic * haga - tusjon - ( OED ) , perhaps from a * tesvian `` to mar , damage '' , meaning `` field - damager '' ( the suggestion of Grimm ) . The element hag - originally means `` fence , wooden enclosure '' , and hence also `` enclosed fields , cultivated land '' . Other Old English synonyms of wicca and wicce include gealdricge , scinlæce , hellrúne . The Old English plural form for both the masculine and feminine nouns was wiccan ( `` witches '' ) and wiccecræft was `` witchcraft '' . The earliest recorded use of the word is in the Laws of Ælfred , which date to about 890 : Tha faemnan , the gewuniath onfon gealdorcraeftigan and scinlaecan and wiccan , ne laet thu tha libban . Women who are accustomed to receiving enchanters and sorceresses and witches , do not let them live ! In the homilies of the Old English grammarian Ælfric , dating to the late 10th century we find : Ne sceal se cristena befrinan tha fulan wiccan be his gesundfulnysse . A Christian should not consult foul witches concerning his prosperity . In both these examples wiccan is the plural noun , not an adjective . The adjective fulan ( foul ) can mean `` physically unclean '' as well as `` morally or spiritually unclean '' or `` wicked '' . In Old English glossaries the words wicce and wicca are used to gloss such Latin terms as augur , hariolus , conjector , and pythonyssa , all of which mean `` diviner '' , `` soothsayer '' , which suggests a possible role of fortune - teller for the witch in Anglo - Saxon times . The word wicca is associated with animistic healing rites in Halitgar 's Latin Penitential where it is stated that Some men are so blind that they bring their offering to earth - fast stone and also to trees and to wellsprings , as the witches teach , and are unwilling to understand how stupidly they do or how that dead stone or that dumb tree might help them or give forth health when they themselves are never able to stir from their place . The phrase swa wiccan tæcaþ ( `` as the witches teach '' ) seems to be an addition to Halitgar 's original , added by an 11th - century Old English translator . From Old to modern English ( edit ) The Middle English word wicche did not differentiate between feminine and masculine , however the masculine meaning became less common in Standard English , being replaced by words like `` wizard '' and `` warlock '' . The modern spelling witch with the medial ' t ' first appears in the 16th century . In current colloquial English `` witch '' is almost exclusively applied to women , and the OED has `` now only dialectal '' for the masculine noun . Figurative use to refer to a bewitching young girl begins in the 18th century , while wiche as a contemptuous term for an old woman is attested since the 15th century . `` A witch of Endor '' ( alluding to 1 Samuel 28 : 7 ) as a fanciful term for a medium appears in 19th - century literature . The meaning `` an adherent of Wicca '' ( male or female ) is due to Gerald Gardner 's purported `` Witch Cult '' , and now appears as a separate meaning of the word also in mainstream dictionaries . For example , Monier - Williams currently distinguishes four meanings of the noun witch , 1 . one that is credited with usually malignant supernatural powers ; especially : a woman practicing usually black witchcraft often with the aid of a devil or familiar : sorceress -- compare warlock 2 . an ugly old woman : hag 3 . a charming or alluring girl or woman 4 . a practitioner of Wicca See also ( edit ) Etymology of Wicca Notes ( edit ) Look up witch in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Look up wicca in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Look up Wicca in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Jump up ^ Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde IV , p. 506 . Jump up ^ Grimm 's view is repeated by the Online Etymology Dictionary : `` possible connection to Gothic weihs `` holy '' and Germanic weihan `` consecrate , '' s , `` the priests of a suppressed religion naturally become magicians to its successors or opponents . '' ^ Jump up to : Harper , Douglas . `` witch '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ R. Lühr , Expressivität und Lautgesetz im Germanischen , Heidelberg ( 1988 ) , p. 354 Jump up ^ OED , s.v. witch Jump up ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 4th Edition , online ( 2000 ) : witch and * weg - . Accessed 3 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Principles of English Etymology ( 2 series , 1887 and 1891 ) Jump up ^ whence English weak ; Grimm s.v. Weide Jump up ^ wicker an East Scandinavian loan , entering the English language in the 14th century . The English cognate of the root yields withy , and the `` willow '' word in all old Germanic languages has the dental ( Old Norse víðir ) . The wicker word is in fact from the * weik - root employed for `` hop , dance '' etymology considered by Grimm , irrespective of willows . See Oxford English Dictionary , s.v. witch n2 , witch , wych n3 . ( Online edition , accessed 5 / 9 / 07 ) Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary Online , 2nd Edition ( 1989 ) . Jump up ^ Bosworth , Joseph & T. Northcote Toller. ( 1998 ) An Anglo - Saxon dictionary , based on the manuscript collections of the late Joseph Bosworth ; edited and enlarged by T. Northcote Toller . Oxford : Oxford University Press ( reprint of 1898 edition ) . ISBN 0 - 19 - 863101 - 4 Jump up ^ Chardonnens , László Sándor ( 2007 ) . Anglo - Saxon Prognostics , 900 -- 1100 : Study and Texts . Leiden : Brill . p. 109 . ISBN 9789004158290 . In another of the Plantin - Moretus glossaries , ' ariolus ' is a secondary gloss to ' augur ' , which is glossed in Old English by ' wicca ' . Jump up ^ Petterson , David C. Hostile Witnesses : Rescuing the History of Witchcraft from the Writings of Scholars and Churchmen . David C. Petterson . Petterson cites Halitgar 's Penitential , II. 22 , as in Die Altenglische Version des Halitgar'schen Bussbuches , ed . Raith , p29 ; quoted in North , Richard , Heathen Gods in Old English Literature , Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , UK , 1997 , p276 . Jump up ^ Samuel Richardson , Pamela ; or virtue rewarded ( 1739 -- 40 ) has : `` Mrs. Jervis , said he , take the little witch from me '' Further reading ( edit ) Elsakkers , M.J. ( 2010 ) . `` Article VIII : Anglo - Saxon laws on poisoning : an invitation to further investigation '' . Reading between the lines : Old Germanic and early Christian views on abortion . University of Amsterdam . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Includes a table of Old English laws on perjury , magic , lybblac , secret murder , prostitution and idol worship listing terms used in each law . Witchcraft and magic Types African witchcraft Vodun Witch smeller Asian witchcraft Kulam Onmyōdō Australasian witchcraft Makutu European witchcraft Akelarre Benandanti Brujería Chaos magic Cunning folk Seiðr Völva White witch Witch - cult hypothesis North American witchcraft 21 Divisiones Granny woman Hoodoo Huna Pow - wow Santería Vodou Voodoo South American witchcraft Candomblé Wicca Practices Animism Black magic Coven Demon Divination Entheogen Evocation Familiar spirit Flying ointment Jinn Magic circle Necromancy Occultism Poppet Potions Shamanism Sigils Spiritism Spiritualism Witch ball Witch 's ladder Witches ' Sabbath White magic Objects Amulet Broom Cloak of invisibility Magic carpet Magic ring Magical weapons Magic sword Talisman Wand Folklore and mythology Agamede Aradia Baba Yaga Daayan Drude Elbow witch Huld Kalku Hecate Circe Medea Morgan le Fay Muma Pădurii Nine sorceresses Obayifo Sea witch Sebile Sorginak Spearfinger Three Witches Witch of Endor Major historic treatises Formicarius ( 1475 ) Summis desiderantes affectibus ( 1484 ) Malleus Maleficarum ( 1487 ) The Discoverie of Witchcraft ( 1584 ) Daemonologie ( 1597 ) Compendium Maleficarum ( 1608 ) A Guide to Grand - Jury Men ( 1627 ) The Discovery of Witches ( 1647 ) Treatise on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants ( 1751 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Witch_(word)&oldid=857028833 '' Categories : Witchcraft Etymologies Reclaimed words Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2008 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 Use dmy dates from September 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 02 : 53 ( UTC ) . 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when was the last time the capitals won the stanley cup

Washington Capitals

washington capitals

Red , white , blue

Media NBC Sports Washington WRC ( NBC 4 ) Federal News Radio ( 1500 AM ) The Fan ( 106.7 FM ) Owner ( s ) Monumental Sports & Entertainment ( Ted Leonsis , chairman ) General manager Brian MacLellan Head coach Barry Trotz Captain Alexander Ovechkin Minor league affiliates Hershey Bears ( AHL ) South Carolina Stingrays ( ECHL ) Stanley Cups 0 Conference championships 1 ( 1997 -- 98 ) Presidents ' Trophy 3 ( 2009 -- 10 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 ) Division championships 11 ( 1988 -- 89 , 1999 -- 00 , 2000 -- 01 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 ) Official website www.nhl.com/capitals The Washington Capitals are a professional ice hockey team based in Washington , D.C . They are members of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Since their founding in 1974 , the Capitals have won one conference championship ( in 1998 ) , and eleven division titles . In 1997 , the team moved their home ice hockey rink from the suburban Capital Centre ( located in Landover , Maryland ) to the new MCI Center ( now Capital One Arena ) , in Washington , D.C. Businessman Ted Leonsis has owned the team since 1999 , and has revitalized the franchise by drafting star players such as Alexander Ovechkin , Nicklas Backstrom , Mike Green and Braden Holtby . The 2009 -- 10 Capitals won the franchise 's first - ever Presidents ' Trophy for being the team with the most points at the end of the regular season . They won it a second time in 2015 -- 16 , and did so for a third time the following season in 2016 -- 17 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early years ( 1974 -- 1982 ) 1.2 Playoffs and Eastern Conference champion ( 1982 -- 1998 ) 1.3 Disappointments and rebuilding ( 1998 -- 2004 ) 1.4 Alexander Ovechkin era ( 2004 -- present ) 2 Season - by - season record 3 Logos and jerseys 4 Players 4.1 Current roster 4.2 Retired numbers 4.3 Team captains 4.4 Hall of Famers 4.5 First - round draft picks 4.6 Franchise scoring leaders 5 Head coaches 6 NHL awards and trophies 7 Broadcasters 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Early years ( 1974 -- 1982 ) ( edit ) Along with the Kansas City Scouts , the Capitals joined the NHL as an expansion team for the 1974 -- 75 season . The team was owned by Abe Pollin ( also owner of the National Basketball Association 's Washington Bullets / Wizards until his death on November 24 , 2009 ) . Pollin had built the Capital Centre in suburban Landover , Maryland , to house both the Bullets ( who formerly played in Baltimore ) and the Capitals . His first act as owner was to hire Hall of Famer Milt Schmidt as general manager . With a combined 30 teams between the NHL and the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) , the available talent was stretched thin . The Capitals had few players with professional experience and were at a disadvantage against the long - standing teams that were stocked with veteran players . Like the other three teams who joined the league during the WHA era -- the Scouts ( later the Colorado Rockies and now the New Jersey Devils ) , Atlanta Flames ( now playing in Calgary ) , and New York Islanders -- the Capitals did not factor the survival of the rival league into their plans . Capitals left - wing Errol Rausse chasing Boston Bruins defenseman Ray Bourque in 1979 . The Capitals ' inaugural season was dreadful , even by expansion standards . They finished with far and away the worst record in the league at 8 -- 67 -- 5 . Their 21 points were half that of their expansion brethren , the Scouts . The eight wins are the fewest for an NHL team playing at least 70 games , and the . 131 winning percentage is still the worst in NHL history . They also set records for most road losses ( 39 out of 40 ) , most consecutive road losses ( 37 ) , and most consecutive losses ( 17 ) . Head coach Jim Anderson said , `` I 'd rather find out my wife was cheating on me than keep losing like this . At least I could tell my wife to cut it out . '' Schmidt himself had to take over the coaching reins late in the season . In 1975 -- 76 , Washington went 25 - straight games without a win and allowed 394 goals en route to another horrendous record : 11 -- 59 -- 10 ( 32 points ) . During the middle of the season , Max McNab was hired as the team 's general manager , and Tom McVie was hired as head coach to replace Schmidt . For the rest of the 1970s and early 1980s , the Capitals alternated between dreadful seasons and finishing only a few points out of the Stanley Cup playoffs . In 1980 and 1981 , for instance , they were in playoff contention until the last day of the season . The one bright spot during these years of futility was that many of McNab 's draft picks ( e.g. Rick Green , Ryan Walter , Mike Gartner , Bengt Gustafsson , Gaetan Duchesne and Bobby Carpenter ) would impact the team for years to come , whether as important members of the roster or crucial pieces to major trades . Pollin stuck it out through the Capitals ' first decade , even though they were usually barely competitive . This stood in contrast to the Capitals ' expansion brethren , the Scouts ; they were forced to move to Denver after only two years because their original owners did not have the resources or patience to withstand the struggles of an expansion team . By the summer of 1982 , however , there was serious talk of the team moving out of the U.S. capital , and a `` Save the Caps '' campaign was underway . Then two significant events took place to revive the franchise . Playoffs and Eastern Conference champion ( 1982 -- 1998 ) ( edit ) First , the team hired David Poile as general manager . Second , as his first move , Poile pulled off one of the largest trades in franchise history on September 9 , 1982 , when he dealt longtime regulars Ryan Walter and Rick Green to the Montreal Canadiens in exchange for Rod Langway ( named captain only a few weeks later ) , Brian Engblom , Doug Jarvis and Craig Laughlin . This move turned the franchise around , as Langway 's solid defense helped the team to dramatically reduce its goals - against , and the explosive goal - scoring of Dennis Maruk , Mike Gartner and Bobby Carpenter fueled the offensive attack . Another significant move was the drafting of defenseman Scott Stevens during the 1982 NHL Entry Draft ( the pick was made by Interim GM Roger Crozier , prior to Poile 's hiring ) . The result was a 29 - point jump , a third - place finish in the powerful Patrick Division , and the team 's first playoff appearance in 1983 . Although they were eliminated by the three - time - defending ( and eventual ) Stanley Cup champion New York Islanders ( three games to one ) , the Caps ' dramatic turnaround ended any talk of the club leaving Washington . Drafted in 1978 , Mike Gartner helped the Capitals become a playoff contender in the 1980s . The Capitals would make the playoffs for each of the next 14 years in a row . They became known for starting slow before catching fire in January and February . However , regular - season success did not carry into the playoffs . Despite a continuous march of stars like Gartner , Carpenter , Langway , Gustafsson , Mike Ridley , Dave Christian , Dino Ciccarelli , Larry Murphy and Kevin Hatcher , Washington was knocked out in either the first or second round eight years in a row . In 1985 -- 86 , for instance , the Caps finished with 107 points and won 50 games for the first time in franchise history , good enough for the third - best record in the NHL . They defeated the Islanders in the first round but were eliminated in the second round by the New York Rangers . The next season brought even more heartbreak , with a loss to the Islanders in the Patrick Division Semi-final . This series was capped off by the classic Easter Epic game , which ended at 1 : 56 am on Easter Sunday 1987 . The Capitals had thoroughly dominated most of the game , outshooting the Islanders 75 -- 52 , but lost in overtime when goaltender Bob Mason was beaten on a Pat LaFontaine shot from the blue line . For the 1989 playoff push , Gartner and defenseman Larry Murphy were traded to the Minnesota North Stars in exchange for Ciccarelli and defenseman Bob Rouse , however the goaltending once again faltered and they were eliminated in the first round by the Philadelphia Flyers . The Capitals finally made the Wales Conference Finals in 1990 , but went down in a four - game sweep at the hands of the first - place Boston Bruins . From 1991 to 1996 , the Capitals would lose in either the first or the second round of the playoffs . They would eliminate the Rangers in the first round but lost the second round to the Pittsburgh Penguins in 1991 . In 1992 and 1993 , they would lose in the first round to the Penguins and the Islanders , respectively . In 1994 , they won their first round series against the Penguins but lost in the second round to the Rangers . In 1995 and 1996 , they lost in the first round both times to the Penguins . They would miss the playoffs in 1997 , but they came the closest to winning the Stanley Cup one year later . Then in 1998 , as the Caps opened MCI Center , Peter Bondra 's 52 goals led the team , veterans Dale Hunter , Joe Juneau and Adam Oates returned to old form , and Olaf Kolzig had a solid . 920 save percentage as the Caps got past the Boston Bruins , Ottawa Senators and Buffalo Sabres ( the latter on a dramatic overtime win in game six on a goal by Joe Juneau ) en route to the team 's first ( and to date , only ) Stanley Cup finals appearance . The Capitals won six overtime games , three in each of their series against the Bruins and Sabres . However , the team was outmatched by the defending champions , the Detroit Red Wings , who won in a four - game sweep . That same season , Oates , Phil Housley and Hunter all scored their 1,000 th career point , the only time in NHL history that one team had three different players reach that same milestone in a single season . Disappointments and rebuilding ( 1998 -- 2004 ) ( edit ) After their 1998 championship run , the Capitals finished the 1998 -- 99 season with a record of 31 - 45 - 6 and failed to qualify for the playoffs . During the season , the team was sold to a group headed by AOL executive Ted Leonsis . The Capitals went on to win back - to - back Southeast Division titles in 2000 and 2001 , yet both years lost in the first round of the playoffs to the Penguins . After the 2000 -- 01 season , Adam Oates demanded a trade but management refused and stripped him of his team captaincy . The Capitals moved into the Verizon Center in 1997 . In the summer of 2001 , the Capitals landed five - time Art Ross Trophy winner Jaromir Jagr , by trading three young prospects to the Pittsburgh Penguins . Jagr was signed to the largest contract ever in NHL history -- $77 million over seven years at an average salary of $11 million per year ( over $134,000 per game ) , with an option for an eighth year . However , after Adam Oates was traded to the Philadelphia Flyers , the Capitals failed to defend their division title and missed the playoffs in 2002 despite a winning record . Still , the 2001 -- 02 season marked the highest attendance in franchise history , drawing in 710,990 fans and 17,341 per game . Before the 2002 -- 03 season , the Caps made more roster changes , including the signing of highly regarded Robert Lang as a free agent , a linemate of Jagr 's from Pittsburgh . Washington returned to the playoffs in 2003 , but disappointed fans again by losing in six games to the Tampa Bay Lightning after starting off with a two - game lead in the best - of - seven first - round series . The series is well - remembered for the three - overtime Game 6 at the then -- MCI Center . At the time it was the longest game in the building 's history and was eventually decided by a power - play goal by Tampa Bay . In the 2003 -- 04 season , the Caps unloaded much of their high - priced talent -- not just a cost - cutting spree , but also an acknowledgment that their attempt to build a contender with high - priced veteran talent had failed . Jagr had never lived up to expectations during his time with the Capitals , failing to finish among the league 's top scorers or make the post-season All - Star Team . The Caps tried to trade Jagr , but as only one year was left on the existing NHL Collective Bargaining Agreement ( CBA ) before it expired , few teams were willing to risk $11 million on an underperforming player . In 2004 , Jagr was finally sent to the New York Rangers in exchange for Anson Carter and an agreement that Washington would pay approximately $4 million per year of Jagr 's salary , with Jagr himself agreeing to defer ( with interest ) $1 million per year for the remainder of his contract to allow the trade to go ahead . This was quickly followed by Peter Bondra departing for the Ottawa Senators . Not long after , Robert Lang was sent to the Detroit Red Wings , as well as Sergei Gonchar to the Boston Bruins . The Lang trade marked the first time in the history of the NHL that the league 's leading scorer was traded in the middle of the season . The Capitals ended the year 23 -- 46 -- 10 -- 3 , tied for the second - worst record , along with the Chicago Blackhawks . Alexander Ovechkin era ( 2004 -- present ) ( edit ) Dainius Zubrus had a career years with the Capitals in the 2005 -- 06 . Zubrus recorded 57 points during that season . In the 2004 NHL Entry Draft , the Capitals won the Draft Lottery , moving ahead of the Pittsburgh Penguins , who held the NHL 's worst record , and selected Alexander Ovechkin first overall . During the NHL labor dispute of 2004 -- 05 , which cost the NHL its entire season , Ovechkin stayed in Russia , playing for Dynamo Moscow . Several other Capitals played part or all of the lost season in Europe , including Olaf Kolzig , Brendan Witt , Jeff Halpern , and Alexander Semin . The Capitals ' 2005 off - season consisted of making D.C. - area native Halpern the team 's captain , signing Andrew Cassels , Ben Clymer , Mathieu Biron and Jamie Heward , and acquiring Chris Clark and Jeff Friesen via trade . The Capitals finished the 2005 -- 06 season in the cellar of the Southeastern Division again , with a 29 -- 41 -- 12 campaign , earning 12 more points than the 2003 -- 04 season , good for 27th out of the 30 NHL teams . The team , however , played close in every game , playing in 42 one - goal games , although losing two - thirds of those games . Ovechkin 's rookie season exceeded the hype , as he led all 2005 -- 06 NHL rookies in goals , points , power - play goals and shots . He finished third overall in the NHL in scoring and tied for third in goals , and his 425 shots not only led the league , but also set an NHL rookie record and was the fourth - highest total in NHL history . Ovechkin 's rookie point total was the second - best in Capitals history , and his goal total was tied for third in franchise history . Ovechkin won the Calder Memorial Trophy , beating out Pittsburgh center Sidney Crosby and Calgary Flames defenseman Dion Phaneuf . Many longtime Capitals had career years , with Dainius Zubrus netting 57 points , Halpern having a career - best 33 assists , Matt Pettinger putting in a career - best 20 - goal , 38 - point effort and seven others on the relatively young team topping 20 points for the first time . Two notable landmarks were also hit by Capitals , as the team 's longest tenured player , Olaf Kolzig , won his 250th game in goal , and Andrew Cassels became the 204th player to play 1,000 games , although he did not finish his season with Washington . A notable first was that Washington area native Jeff Halpern was named captain of his hometown Capitals . At the 2006 NHL trade deadline , on March 8 , Brendan Witt was traded to the Nashville Predators . In the 2006 off - season , Halpern left the Capitals to join the Dallas Stars ; Chris Clark subsequently became the Capitals ' new captain . Richard Zedník returned to the Capitals in 2006 -- 07 after a disappointing 16 - goal , 14 - assist season in 2005 -- 06 with the Montreal Canadiens , but was later dealt at the trade deadline to the New York Islanders after a disappointing and injury plagued season . The Caps also signed former Philadelphia Flyers enforcer Donald Brashear . Despite the transactions , however , the Capitals finished with the same point total ( 70 ) in 2006 -- 2007 as they did the year before , although they won one fewer game . Alexander Ovechkin was the Capitals ' lone representative in the season 's All - Star Game , with Washington 's campaign also seeing the breakout of Alexander Semin , who notched 38 goals in only his second NHL season . The Capitals signed Swedish phenom Nicklas Backstrom , the fourth overall pick in the 2006 NHL Entry Draft , to a three - year entry - level contract . They also signed 19 - year - old Semyon Varlamov to a three - year entry - level contract . They then went on to fill needs at defense , signing puck - moving defenseman Tom Poti ; right wing , by signing Viktor Kozlov ; and center , by signing playmaker Michael Nylander . As a result of these signings , there was much more hope for the 2007 -- 08 season and players were looking towards the playoffs . Alexander Ovechkin signed a 13 - year contract extension in 2008 . He was later named the Capitals team captain in 2010 . After starting the season 6 -- 14 -- 1 , the Capitals fired head coach Glen Hanlon and replaced him with Hershey Bears head coach Bruce Boudreau on Thanksgiving Day , 2007 . On January 10 , 2008 , the Capitals signed Ovechkin to an NHL - record $124 million contract extension at 13 years , the second - longest term of any contract in the NHL after New York Islanders goaltender Rick DiPietro 's 15 - year contract . Despite the Capitals ' young defense and injuries to key players such as Michael Nylander and Brian Pothier , Boudreau engineered a remarkable turnaround . Aided by key acquisitions at the trade deadline ( Matt Cooke , Sergei Fedorov and Cristobal Huet ) , Ovechkin 's NHL - leading 65 goals , and Mike Green 's league defensemen - leading 18 goals , the Capitals won the Southeast Division title for the first time since the 2000 -- 01 season , edging out the Carolina Hurricanes for the Division title on the final game of the season . Washington 's remarkable end - of - season run included winning 11 of the final 12 regular season games . The Capitals became the first team in NHL history to make the playoffs after being ranked 14th or lower in their conference standings at the season 's midpoint . For the post-season , the Capitals drew the Philadelphia Flyers in the first round and managed to force a Game 7 after being down three games to one in the series . However , they ultimately lost to the Flyers 3 -- 2 in overtime . After the season concluded , Boudreau 's efforts were rewarded with a long - term contract extension . The accolades for the team continued to grow after the end of the season . Alexander Ovechkin won the Art Ross Trophy , the Maurice `` Rocket '' Richard Trophy , the Hart Memorial Trophy and the Lester B. Pearson Award , becoming the first player in NHL history to win all four awards in the same season . He also was the first player to win an MVP award in any major sport in the Washington , D.C. , area since Joe Theismann won the National Football League ( NFL ) MVP award in 1983 . Moreover , Ovechkin was also named an NHL First Team All - Star and became the first player since 1953 to be named as such in each of his first three years in the NHL . Nicklas Backstrom was a finalist for the Calder Trophy , but ended up second to the Chicago Blackhawks ' Patrick Kane , though Backstrom was nonetheless selected to the All - Star Rookie Team . In addition to player awards , head coach Bruce Boudreau won the Jack Adams Award for the NHL 's coach of the year . Ovechkin and Mike Green were named to the Sporting News All - Star Team , with Ovechkin being the Sporting News Player of the Year . The 2008 -- 09 season was highlighted by the play of Mike Green ( who was the third of the Capitals ' three first - round selections in Ovechkin 's draft year ) and Ovechkin . Green led all NHL defensemen in goals and points , also setting the record for the longest consecutive goal scoring streak by a defenseman with eight games . Ovechkin won his second Hart Trophy , his second Lester B. Pearson Award and his second Maurice `` Rocket '' Richard Trophy . The Capitals finished the regular season with a record of 50 -- 24 -- 8 and a team - record 108 points , and they won their second consecutive Southeast Division championship . They then defeated the New York Rangers in the first round of the 2009 playoffs four games to three , overcoming a 3 -- 1 deficit . The Capitals were then defeated by the eventual Stanley Cup champions , the Pittsburgh Penguins , in the Eastern Conference Semi-finals in seven games . The Capitals finished the 2009 -- 10 season regular season first in the NHL with 121 points , thereby winning the Presidents ' Trophy . Ovechkin led the team in points with 109 and finished as the third - highest goal scorer , despite playing nine games fewer than the league leaders . Backstrom finished with 101 points , fourth most in the NHL . Once again , Mike Green led all defensemen in points , finishing with 76 . The Capitals also dominated the plus - minus category , finishing with five players in the top six in the league . Despite having a top - ranked regular season , Washington were defeated by the eighth - seeded Montreal Canadiens in the first round of the playoffs . The 2010 -- 11 season saw the Capitals repeat as the Southeast Division champions and as the top team in the Eastern Conference with 107 points . The season was highlighted by their participation in the 2011 NHL Winter Classic , where they defeated the Pittsburgh Penguins 3 -- 1 at Heinz Field . However , the Capitals ' playoff disappointment continued . After again defeating the New York Rangers in five games in the first round , they were swept by the Tampa Bay Lightning in the Eastern Conference Semi-finals . Braden Holtby emerged as the Capitals starting goaltender during the 2012 NHL playoffs . The Capitals started the 2011 -- 12 season with a record of 7 -- 0 , but they only won five of their next 15 games . As a result , General Manager George McPhee fired head coach Boudreau , hiring Capitals legend Dale Hunter as his replacement . By the end of the 2011 -- 12 season , the team 's top two goaltenders , Michal Neuvirth and Tomas Vokoun , were injured and the Capitals were required to lean on their goaltending prospect Braden Holtby to help the team into the 2012 playoffs . The Capitals made a strong push and finished with the seventh overall seed in East , draining the defending champion Boston Bruins in the first round . The Capitals shocked the NHL by defeating the heavily favored Bruins in seven games on an overtime goal by Joel Ward . Every game in the series was decided by a one - goal margin ; previously , no single series in the Stanley Cup playoffs had ever gone as far as six or seven games while neither team ever held more than a one - goal lead . The Capitals then advanced to the second round to face the top - seeded New York Rangers . The series again went seven games , ending with a 2 -- 1 Rangers victory at Madison Square Garden . Following the season 's end , head coach Dale Hunter announced he would step down . Adam Oates was later named permanent head coach of the team . The lockout - shortened 2012 -- 13 season saw the Capitals off to a rocky start , as they managed just two wins in their first ten games . The team rebounded to win the Southeast Division , thereby earning the third seed in the Eastern Conference playoffs . Unfortunately for Washington , the Capitals ' playoff woes continued as they again fell to the Rangers in seven games . In the 2013 -- 14 season , the Capitals started the season winning five of their first ten games . The Capitals struggled to stay in a playoff spot and ultimately missed the playoffs for the first time since 2006 -- 07 . On April 26 , 2014 , 15 days after the regular season ended , the Capitals announced they would not renew General Manager George McPhee 's contract and that they had fired head coach Adam Oates . On May 26 , 2014 , the Capitals announced the promotion of Brian MacLellan from director of player personnel to general manager and the hiring of Barry Trotz as the new head coach . In Alexander Ovechkin 's 691st NHL game on November 4 , 2014 , he became the Capitals ' all - time points leader during a game against the Calgary Flames , surpassing Peter Bondra . On January 1 , 2015 , the Washington Capitals defeated the Chicago Blackhawks 3 -- 2 in the annual NHL Winter Classic at Nationals Park in Washington , D.C. The Capitals finished in a second - place tie with the New York Islanders in the Metropolitan Division during the 2014 -- 15 season and held home ice advantage in the first - round playoff series between the two , as they had defeated the Islanders in the season series with two home wins and two road overtime losses ( in comparison , the Islanders had two home wins , one road loss and one road shootout loss ) . The teams split the first four games of the series , with the Islanders winning the first and third games , and the Capitals winning the second and fourth games . After winning Game 5 , the Capitals had a chance to clinch the series in Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum , but the Islanders won Game 6 to send the series to a deciding Game 7 in Washington , which the Capitals would go on to win and defeat the Islanders , setting up a match - up against the top - seeded Rangers in the Conference Semi-finals for the third time in four years . The Capitals hosted the Chicago Blackhawks for the 2015 NHL Winter Classic at Nationals Park . In the Semi-finals , all seven games were decided by a one - goal margin . The Capitals and the Rangers split the first two games ( with Joel Ward scoring a game - winning buzzer beater goal for Washington in Game 1 , coupled with a loss by Washington in Game 2 ) by a 2 -- 1 margin . Braden Holtby would then post a 1 -- 0 shutout in Game 3 , with Jay Beagle scoring the game 's only goal , which was then followed by another 2 -- 1 victory in Game 4 . After Washington held a 3 -- 1 series lead , the Rangers would then cut the series lead to 3 -- 2 after scoring the game - tying goal and the game - winning overtime goal in Game 5 . The Rangers then tied the series with a 4 -- 3 victory in Game 6 to force a Game 7 at Madison Square Garden . Both teams scored a goal during regulation time in Game 7 , but the Capitals would lose the game and the series in overtime via a Derek Stepan goal . In the 2015 -- 16 season , the Capitals finished in first place in the league with a record of 56 -- 18 -- 8 and 120 points . In the first round of the playoffs , they would face the Philadelphia Flyers . The Capitals won the first three games of the series and were looking for their first sweep in the playoffs in franchise history . However , the Flyers would win the next two games to send the series to a sixth game in Philadelphia ; the Capitals nevertheless won that series in six games to advance to the second round of the playoffs . In the second round , they faced the Pittsburgh Penguins for the first time since 2009 . After winning the first game of the series in Washington , the Capitals lost three straight games , and were in danger of elimination . Washington would stave off elimination with a win in Game 5 , but they would lose the series in six games . Ovechkin reached the 1,000 - point milestone on January 11 , 2017 with a goal against the Pittsburgh Penguins 35 seconds into the first period of that game . Ovechkin is the 84th NHL player to reach the 1,000 - point milestone , the 4th Russian - born player and the 37th player to reach the milestone while playing for one team throughout their NHL career . The Capitals won their second Presidents ' Trophy in a row , becoming just the seventh team in NHL history to win back - to - back Presidents ' Trophies . Ovechkin finished the 2016 -- 17 regular season with 33 goals , leading the Capitals in goals for the twelfth straight season . In the 2017 playoffs , the Capitals defeated the Toronto Maple Leafs in six games in the first round to set up a second consecutive showdown with the Pittsburgh Penguins in the second round . After falling behind 3 -- 1 in the series , they battled back to force a game seven at home , where they were eliminated 2 -- 0 , and lost their series 4 -- 3 . Season - by - season record ( edit ) This is a partial list of the last five seasons completed by the Capitals . For the full season - by - season history , see List of Washington Capitals seasons Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , OTL = Overtime Losses / SOL = Shootout Losses , Pts = Points , GF = Goals for , GA = Goals against Season GP OTL Pts GF GA Finish Playoffs 2013 -- 14 82 38 30 14 90 235 240 5th , Metropolitan Did not qualify 2014 -- 15 82 45 26 11 101 242 203 2nd , Metropolitan Lost in Second Round , 3 -- 4 ( Rangers ) 2015 -- 16 82 56 18 8 120 252 193 1st , Metropolitan Lost in Second Round , 2 -- 4 ( Penguins ) 2016 -- 17 82 55 19 8 118 263 182 1st , Metropolitan Lost in Second Round , 3 -- 4 ( Penguins ) 2017 -- 18 82 49 26 7 105 259 239 1st , Metropolitan Playoffs in progress Logos and jerseys ( edit ) The Capitals took to the ice in red , white and blue jerseys featuring contrast - colored shoulders and stars on the chest and sleeves . The team originally had red , white , and blue pants options , but retired the white pants only after a few games in their first season , and the red ones at season 's end . The blue pants would eventually become the only option used . Prior to the start of the 1995 -- 96 season , in an attempt to modernize the look and improve merchandise sales , the team abandoned its traditional red , white and blue color scheme in favor of a blue , black , and bronze palette with an American bald eagle with five stars as its logo . The alternate logo depicted the Capitol building with crossed hockey sticks behind . For the 1997 -- 98 season , the team unveiled a black alternate jersey , devoid of blue with bronze stripes on the ends of sleeves and at the waist . Prior to the 2000 -- 01 season , the team retired its blue road jersey in favor of this , but still kept the white jersey for home games . The Capitals unveiled new uniforms on June 22 , 2007 , which coincided with the NHL Entry Draft and the new league - wide adaptation of the Reebok - designed uniform system for 2007 -- 08 . The change marked a return to the red , white and blue color scheme originally used from 1974 to 1995 . The new primary logo is reminiscent of the original Capitals ' logo , complete with a hockey stick formed by the letter `` t '' ; it also includes a new feature not present in the original logo in the form of three stars representing DC , Maryland and Virginia . More simply , the stars are a reference to the flag of Washington , D.C. , which is in turn based on the shield of George Washington 's family coat of arms . The new alternate logo uses an eagle in the shape of a `` W '' with the silhouette of the United States Capitol building in the negative space below . For the 2011 NHL Winter Classic , the Capitals wore a white jersey honoring the franchise 's past with the original logo . The jersey resembled the one the franchise wore from 1974 to 1995 . Instead of wearing the combination of blue pants and white helmets the team used when it played at the Capital Centre , the Capitals chose red pants and helmets for the New Year 's Day game . The Capitals wore the same jersey , minus the NHL Winter Classic patch , on February 1 , 2011 , to honor Hockey Hall of Fame winger Dino Ciccarelli . The Capitals announced on September 16 , 2011 , that they would wear a third jersey modeled after the Winter Classic jersey for 16 road games during the 2011 -- 12 season . For the 2015 Winter Classic , which took place on New Year 's Day at Nationals Park in Washington , D.C. , the Capitals wore a newly designed jersey intended to pay homage to hockey 's outdoor roots . The primary color of the jersey was a vintage deep red . The addition of stripes on the shoulders , waist and legs brought in elements of Washington 's professional hockey jerseys from the 1930s , predating the Capitals franchise 's formation in the 1970s . A large `` W '' on the front of the jersey , topped with the common three stars , offset in blue to contrast the white `` Capitals '' word - mark . Starting with the 2015 -- 16 season , the Capitals will wear their throwback red third jerseys , replacing the white Winter Classic thirds . Original logo ( 1974 -- 1995 ) Second logo ( 1995 -- 2002 ) Third home logo ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Current alternate logo ( 2007 -- present ) Players ( edit ) Current roster ( edit ) view talk Updated April 11 , 2018 . # Nat Player Pos S / G Age Acquired Birthplace 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 Sweden ! Backstrom , Nicklas Nicklas Backstrom ( A ) 4.0 ! C 30 2006 Gävle , Sweden 7001830000000000000 ♠ 83 Canada ! Beagle , Jay Jay Beagle 7.0 ! RW 32 2007 Calgary , Alberta 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Canada ! Bowey , Madison Madison Bowey 2.0 ! D 22 2013 Winnipeg , Manitoba 7001720000000000000 ♠ 72 United States ! Boyd , Travis Travis Boyd 4.0 ! C 24 2011 Hopkins , Minnesota 7001650000000000000 ♠ 65 Sweden ! Burakovsky , Andre Andre Burakovsky 6.0 ! LW 23 2013 Klagenfurt , Austria 7001740000000000000 ♠ 74 United States ! Carlson , John John Carlson 2.0 ! D 28 2008 Natick , Massachusetts 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 Canada ! Chiasson , Alex Alex Chiasson 7.0 ! RW 27 2017 Montreal , Quebec 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Canada ! Connolly , Brett Brett Connolly 7.0 ! RW 25 2016 Campbell River , British Columbia 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 United States ! Copley , Pheonix Pheonix Copley 1.0 ! G 26 2017 North Pole , Alaska 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 Sweden ! Djoos , Christian Christian Djoos 2.0 ! D 23 2012 Göteborg , Sweden 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 Denmark ! Eller , Lars Lars Eller 6.0 ! LW 28 2016 Rødovre , Denmark 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 United States ! Gersich , Shane Shane Gersich 6.0 ! LW 21 2014 Chaska , Minnesota 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 Germany ! Grubauer , Philipp Philipp Grubauer 1.0 ! G 26 Rosenheim , Germany 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 Canada ! Holtby , Braden Braden Holtby 1.0 ! G 28 2008 Lloydminster , Saskatchewan 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 Czech Republic ! Jerabek , Jakub Jakub Jerabek 2.0 ! D 26 2018 Plzen , Czechoslovakia 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Czech Republic ! Kempny , Michal Michal Kempny 2.0 ! D 27 2018 Hodonin , Czechoslovakia 7001920000000000000 ♠ 92 Russia ! Kuznetsov , Evgeny Evgeny Kuznetsov 4.0 ! C 25 Chelyabinsk , Russia 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 United States ! Niskanen , Matt Matt Niskanen 2.0 ! D 31 2014 Virginia , Minnesota 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Russia ! Orlov , Dmitry Dmitry Orlov 2.0 ! D 26 2009 Novokuznetsk , Russia 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 United States ! Orpik , Brooks Brooks Orpik ( A ) 2.0 ! D 37 2014 San Francisco , California 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 United States ! Oshie , T.J. T.J. Oshie 7.0 ! RW 31 2015 Mount Vernon , Washington 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Russia ! Ovechkin , Alexander Alexander Ovechkin ( C ) 6.0 ! LW 32 Moscow , Russia 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 United States ! Pinho , Brian Brian Pinho 4.0 ! C 22 2013 Beverly , Massachusetts 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Canada ! Smith - Pelly , Devante Devante Smith - Pelly 6.0 ! LW 25 2017 Scarborough , Ontario 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 Canada ! Stephenson , Chandler Chandler Stephenson 4.0 ! C 23 2012 Saskatoon , Saskatchewan 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Czech Republic ! Vrana , Jakub Jakub Vrana 6.0 ! LW 22 2014 Prague , Czech Republic 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 Canada ! Wilson , Tom Tom Wilson 7.0 ! RW 24 2013 Toronto , Ontario Retired numbers ( edit ) The Capitals honor the retired numbers of Rod Langway , Yvon Labre , Mike Gartner and Dale Hunter with banners in the Capital One Arena . Washington Capitals retired numbers No . Player Position Career No. retirement 5 Rod Langway 1982 -- 1993 November 26 , 1997 7 Yvon Labre 1974 -- 1980 November 22 , 1980 11 Mike Gartner RW 1979 -- 1989 December 28 , 2008 32 Dale Hunter 1987 -- 1999 March 11 , 2000 The NHL retired Wayne Gretzky 's No. 99 for all its member teams at the 2000 NHL All - Star Game . Team captains ( edit ) Chris Clark was the 13th team captain of the Capitals . He served as captain from 2006 to 2009 . Doug Mohns , 1974 -- 1975 Bill Clement , 1975 -- 1976 Yvon Labre , 1976 -- 1978 Guy Charron , 1978 -- 1979 Ryan Walter , 1979 -- 1982 Rod Langway , 1982 -- 1993 Kevin Hatcher , 1993 -- 1994 Dale Hunter , 1994 -- 1999 Adam Oates , 1999 -- 2001 Steve Konowalchuk and Brendan Witt , 2001 -- 2002 ( co-captains ) Steve Konowalchuk , 2002 -- 2003 Jeff Halpern , 2005 -- 2006 Chris Clark , 2006 -- 2009 Alexander Ovechkin , 2010 -- present Hall of Famers ( edit ) Washington Capitals Hall of Famers Players Name Position Tenure Inducted Dino Ciccarelli RW 1989 -- 1992 Sergei Fedorov 2008 -- 2009 2015 Mike Gartner RW 1979 -- 1989 2001 Phil Housley 1996 -- 1998 2015 Rod Langway 1982 -- 1993 2002 Larry Murphy 1983 -- 1989 Adam Oates 1997 -- 2002 2012 Scott Stevens 1982 -- 1990 2007 First - round draft picks ( edit ) Tom Wilson was drafted by the Capitals with the sixteenth overall pick in the 2012 draft 1974 : Greg Joly ( 1st overall ) 1975 : Alex Forsyth ( 18th overall ) 1976 : Rick Green ( 1st overall ) and Greg Carroll ( 15th overall ) 1977 : Robert Picard ( 3rd overall ) 1978 : Ryan Walter ( 2nd overall ) and Tim Coulis ( 18th overall ) 1979 : Mike Gartner ( 4th overall ) 1980 : Darren Veitch ( 5th overall ) 1981 : Bob Carpenter ( 3rd overall ) 1982 : Scott Stevens ( 5th overall ) 1983 : None 1984 : Kevin Hatcher ( 17th overall ) 1985 : Yvon Corriveau ( 19th overall ) 1986 : Jeff Greenlaw ( 19th overall ) 1987 : None 1988 : Reggie Savage ( 15th overall ) 1989 : Olaf Kolzig ( 19th overall ) 1990 : John Slaney ( 9th overall ) 1991 : Pat Peake ( 14th overall ) and Trevor Halverson ( 21st overall ) 1992 : Sergei Gonchar ( 14th overall ) 1993 : Brendan Witt ( 11th overall ) and Jason Allison ( 17th overall ) 1994 : Nolan Baumgartner ( 10th overall ) and Alexander Kharlamov ( 15th overall ) 1995 : Brad Church ( 17th overall ) and Miika Elomo ( 23rd overall ) 1996 : Alexandre Volchkov ( 4th overall ) and Jaroslav Svejkovsky ( 17th overall ) 1997 : Nick Boynton ( 9th overall ) 1998 : None 1999 : Kris Beech ( 7th overall ) 2000 : Brian Sutherby ( 26th overall ) 2001 : None 2002 : Steve Eminger ( 12th overall ) , Alexander Semin ( 13th overall ) , and Boyd Gordon ( 17th overall ) 2003 : Eric Fehr ( 18th overall ) 2004 : Alexander Ovechkin ( 1st overall ) , Jeff Schultz ( 27th overall ) , and Mike Green ( 29th overall ) 2005 : Sasha Pokulok ( 14th overall ) and Joe Finley ( 27th overall ) 2006 : Nicklas Backstrom ( 4th overall ) and Semyon Varlamov ( 23rd overall ) 2007 : Karl Alzner ( 5th overall ) 2008 : Anton Gustafsson ( 21st overall ) and John Carlson ( 27th overall ) 2009 : Marcus Johansson ( 24th overall ) 2010 : Evgeny Kuznetsov ( 26th overall ) 2011 : None ( pick traded to Chicago Blackhawks for Troy Brouwer ) 2012 : Filip Forsberg ( 11th overall ) and Tom Wilson ( 16th overall ) 2013 : Andre Burakovsky ( 23rd overall ) 2014 : Jakub Vrana ( 13th overall ) 2015 : Ilya Samsonov ( 22nd overall ) 2016 : Lucas Johansen ( 28th overall ) 2017 : None Franchise scoring leaders ( edit ) Main article : List of Washington Capitals records Nicklas Backstrom is the franchise 's all - time assist leader for the regular season . He record 590 assists in 815 games . These are the top - ten regular season point - scorers in franchise history . Figures are updated after each completed NHL regular season . * -- current Capitals player Note : Pos = Position ; GP = Games Played ; G = Goals ; A = Assists ; Pts = Points ; P / G = Points per game Points Player Pos GP Pts P / G Alexander Ovechkin * LW 1,003 607 515 1,122 1.12 Peter Bondra RW 961 472 353 825 0.86 Nicklas Backstrom * 815 209 590 799 0.98 Mike Gartner RW 758 397 392 789 1.04 Michal Pivonka 825 181 418 599 0.73 Dale Hunter 872 181 375 556 0.64 Bengt Gustafsson RW 629 196 359 555 0.88 Mike Ridley 588 218 329 547 0.93 Calle Johansson 983 113 361 474 0.48 Dennis Maruk 343 182 249 431 1.26 Goals Player Pos Alexander Ovechkin * LW 607 Peter Bondra RW 472 Mike Gartner RW 397 Mike Ridley 218 Nicklas Backstrom * 209 Alexander Semin RW 197 Bengt Gustafsson RW 196 Dave Christian RW 193 Bobby Carpenter 188 Dennis Maruk 182 Assists Player Pos Nicklas Backstrom * 590 Alexander Ovechkin * LW 515 Michal Pivonka 418 Mike Gartner RW 392 Dale Hunter 375 Calle Johansson 361 Bengt Gustafsson RW 359 Peter Bondra RW 353 Scott Stevens 331 Mike Ridley 329 Head coaches ( edit ) Jim Anderson , 1974 / 75 Red Sullivan , 1974 / 75 Milt Schmidt , 1974 / 75 -- 1975 / 76 Tom McVie , 1975 / 76 -- 1977 / 78 Danny Belisle , 1978 / 79 -- 1979 / 80 Gary Green , 1979 / 80 -- 1981 / 82 Roger Crozier , 1981 / 82 Bryan Murray , 1981 / 82 -- 1989 / 90 Terry Murray , 1989 / 90 -- 1993 / 94 Jim Schoenfeld , 1993 / 94 -- 1996 / 97 Ron Wilson , 1997 / 98 -- 2001 / 02 Bruce Cassidy , 2002 / 03 -- 2003 / 04 Glen Hanlon , 2003 / 04 -- 2007 / 08 Bruce Boudreau , 2007 / 08 -- 2011 / 12 Dale Hunter , 2011 / 12 Adam Oates , 2012 / 13 -- 2013 / 14 Barry Trotz , 2014 / 15 -- present NHL awards and Trophies ( edit ) José Théodore was awarded the Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy in the 2009 -- 10 season . Main article : List of Washington Capitals award winners Presidents ' Trophy 2009 -- 10 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 Prince of Wales Trophy 1997 -- 98 Hart Memorial Trophy Alexander Ovechkin : 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2012 -- 13 Lester B. Pearson / Ted Lindsay Award Alexander Ovechkin : 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 Art Ross Trophy Alexander Ovechkin : 2007 -- 08 Maurice `` Rocket '' Richard Trophy Alexander Ovechkin : 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 Calder Memorial Trophy Alexander Ovechkin : 2005 -- 06 Frank J. Selke Trophy Doug Jarvis : 1983 -- 84 James Norris Memorial Trophy Rod Langway : 1982 -- 83 , 1983 -- 84 King Clancy Memorial Trophy Olaf Kolzig : 2005 -- 06 Vezina Trophy Jim Carey : 1995 -- 96 Olaf Kolzig : 1999 -- 00 Braden Holtby : 2015 -- 16 William M. Jennings Trophy Al Jensen and Pat Riggin : 1983 -- 84 Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy Jose Theodore : 2009 -- 10 Jack Adams Award Bryan Murray : 1983 -- 84 Bruce Boudreau : 2007 -- 08 Barry Trotz : 2015 -- 16 Postseason All - Star Team First Team All - Star Rod Langway : 1982 -- 83 , 1983 -- 84 Scott Stevens : 1987 -- 88 Jim Carey : 1995 -- 96 Olaf Kolzig : 1999 -- 2000 Alexander Ovechkin : 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2012 -- 13 * , 2014 -- 15 Mike Green : 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 Braden Holtby : 2015 -- 16 Second Team All - Star Rod Langway : 1984 -- 85 Larry Murphy : 1986 -- 87 Al Iafrate : 1992 -- 93 Sergei Gonchar : 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 Alexander Ovechkin : 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 * , 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16 Braden Holtby : 2016 -- 17 All - Rookie Team Scott Stevens : 1982 -- 83 Jim Carey : 1994 -- 95 Alexander Ovechkin : 2005 -- 06 Nicklas Backstrom : 2007 -- 08 John Carlson : 2010 -- 11 ( * ) Ovechkin was selected a First Team All - Star at right wing , and a Second Team All - Star at left wing in 2013 . Broadcasters ( edit ) NBC Sports Washington ( NBCSW ) has carried Capitals games locally since its founding as Home Team Sports ( HTS ) in 1984 . NBC Sports Washington was known as Comcast SportsNet Mid-Atlantic ( CSN ) from 2001 through 2017 . NBCSW 's commentators are Joe Beninati , Craig Laughlin , and Al Koken . Local television coverage began on WDCA ( channel 20 ) in the 1976 -- 1977 season . WDCA later split games with HTS / CSN . The 1991 -- 1992 season illustrates a typical arrangement : WDCA showed 20 away games and all away playoff games , while HTS picked up 34 home games and all home playoff games , leaving 28 games not televised . After 19 seasons on WDCA , the Capitals moved to WBDC ( channel 50 ) for the 1995 -- 1996 season . All 82 games were televised for the first time in the 2001 -- 2002 season . The 2005 -- 2006 season was the final year with over-the - air television coverage . The Capitals ' flagship radio station is WJFK - FM ( 106.7 FM ) ; commentators are John Walton and Ken Sabourin . The team 's radio network consists of stations in Virginia , Maryland , West Virginia , Pennsylvania , and North Carolina . WJFK - FM attracted controversy when it elected to drop the Capitals in the 2016 -- 2017 season . This forced the team to broadcast its games only on WFED ( 1500 AM ) , which is difficult to pick up in the outer portions of the Washington metropolitan area . The Washington Wizards also took priority over the Capitals on WFED in case of a conflict , leading to some games with no home radio broadcast . The team responded to fan complaints by reaching a temporary deal in January 2017 to place the rest of its games on WWDC - HD2 , which is available metro - wide to those with HD Radios and has a low - powered analog signal that covers the city itself . The Capitals reached a deal to return to WJFK - FM for the 2017 -- 2018 season . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Detailing The Uniform '' . Washington Capitals . June 22 , 2007 . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hunter 's hat trick lifts Caps '' . New York Times , January 10 , 1998 . Retrieved July 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sports '' . Usatoday.Com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Ovechkin passes single - season mark as Capitals keep playoff hopes alive '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ El - Bashir , Tarik ( April 6 , 2008 ) . `` Coming All the Way Back '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Overtime goal sends Flyers to semi-finals '' . NHL.com . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 - 2010 - Regular Season - All Skaters - Summary - Points - Stats '' . NHL.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Capitals name Brian MacLellan general manager , Barry Trotz coach Jump up ^ `` Washington Capitals ' Alex Ovechkin sets franchise record for points '' . NHL.com. 2015 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Capitals lose to Rangers 2 - 1 in OT in Game 7 '' . Washington Times . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Alex Ovechkin scores 1,000 th NHL point '' . NHL.com . January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alex Ovechkin scores twice , passes 1,000 points in win over Penguins '' . ESPN.com . January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clinton , Jared ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` Does winning back - to - back Presidents ' Trophies set the Capitals up for success ? '' . The Hockey News . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Capitals Franchise Index '' . Hockey-Reference.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived May 27 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Back in Red , White and Blue , Caps Make a Colorful Statement '' Washington Post June 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Capitals Unveil Uniform for 2011 Bridgestone NHL Winter Classic '' . Washington Capitals. 2 October 2010 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Postgame Notebook : Canadiens 3 , Capitals 2 , SO '' . Washington Capitals. 1 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 6 February 2013 . Retrieved 5 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Capitals to Wear Third Jersey for 16 Road Dates in 2011 - 12 - Washington Capitals - News '' . Washington Capitals. 16 September 2011 . Retrieved 5 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Capitals Roster '' . NHL.com . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Capitals Hockey Transactions '' . TSN.ca . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Perfect setting : Gretzky 's number retired before All - Star Game '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . February 6 , 2000 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Capitals Announce Changes to Front Office and Coaching Staff '' . Washington Capitals. April 26 , 2014 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` HTS , Channel 20 to air 54 Caps games '' . Baltimore Sun . 21 August 1991 . Jump up ^ Carmody , John ( 12 September 1995 ) . `` The TV Column '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ http://www.washingtontimes.com , The Washington Times . `` Caps popularity draws more TV coverage '' . The Washington Times . Jump up ^ `` Sabres 4 , Capitals 0 '' . Japers ' Rink . Jump up ^ `` Caps Radio 24 / 7 '' . Washington Capitals . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Dan ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Capitals broadcasts return to FM radio '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Dan ( 4 October 2017 ) . `` Capitals radio broadcasts will return to 106.7 The Fan this season '' . Washington Post . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Washington Capitals . Official website Washington Capitals Founded in 1974 Based in Washington , D.C. Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks ( Expansion draft ) Seasons Current season History Records Award winners Retired numbers Personnel Owners Monumental Sports & Entertainment ( Ted Leonsis , chairman ) General manager Brian MacLellan Head coach Barry Trotz Team captain Alexander Ovechkin Current roster Arenas Capital Centre Capital One Arena Rivalries New York Rangers Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins Affiliates AHL Hershey Bears ECHL South Carolina Stingrays Media TV NBCS Mid-Atlantic Radio WFED WJFK Caps Radio 24 / 7 ( Tunein app ) Culture and lore Easter Epic 2011 NHL Winter Classic 2015 NHL Winter Classic 2018 NHL Stadium Series Links to related articles Washington Capitals seasons 1970s 1970 -- 71 . 1971 -- 72 . 1972 -- 73 . 1973 -- 74 . 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980s 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990s 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000s 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010s 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 National Hockey League Western Conference Eastern Conference Pacific Division Anaheim Ducks Arizona Coyotes Calgary Flames Edmonton Oilers Los Angeles Kings San Jose Sharks Vancouver Canucks Vegas Golden Knights Central Division Chicago Blackhawks Colorado Avalanche Dallas Stars Minnesota Wild Nashville Predators St. Louis Blues Winnipeg Jets Atlantic Division Boston Bruins Buffalo Sabres Detroit Red Wings Florida Panthers Montreal Canadiens Ottawa Senators Tampa Bay Lightning Toronto Maple Leafs Metropolitan Division Carolina Hurricanes Columbus Blue Jackets New Jersey Devils New York Islanders New York Rangers Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins Washington Capitals Events Seasons structure Stanley Cup Playoffs Conference Finals Finals Champions Winning players Traditions and anecdotes Presidents ' Trophy All - Star Game Draft Players Association Retired jersey numbers All - Star Teams Awards Captains Outdoor games Winter Classic Heritage Classic Stadium Series Hockey Day America Canada International games Kraft Hockeyville History Lore Organizational changes Potential expansion All - time standings All - time playoff series Defunct teams NHA Original Six 1967 expansion WHA merger Others Streaks Droughts Hall of Fame Members Rivalries Arenas Rules Fighting Violence Ice hockey in Canada Ice hockey in the United States Collective bargaining agreement Lockouts Television and radio coverage Attendance figures Portal 2017 -- 18 season Sports teams based in the Washington , D.C. area Baseball MLB Washington Nationals EL Bowie Baysox CL Frederick Keys Potomac Nationals ALPB Southern Maryland Blue Crabs Basketball NBA Washington Wizards G League Capital City Go - Go WNBA Washington Mystics Football NFL Washington Redskins AFL Washington Valor WFA D.C. Divas Hockey NHL Washington Capitals Soccer MLS D.C. United NWSL Washington Spirit Roller derby WFTDA DC Rollergirls Rugby league USA Rugby League Washington D.C. Slayers Tennis WTT Washington Kastles Ultimate AUDL DC Breeze College athletics NCAA Div . I American Georgetown George Mason George Washington Howard Maryland Mount St. Mary 's Navy NCAA Div. II UDC NCAA Div . III Catholic Gallaudet Marymount See also : Sports in Washington , D.C. 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who was known as the architect of apartheid and what ministerial role did he fulfil in the 1950s

Hendrik Verwoerd

hendrik verwoerd

University of Stellenbosch University of Berlin

University of Hamburg University of Leipzig Occupation Professor , politician and newspaper editor Part of a series on Apartheid Events ( show ) 1948 general election Coloured vote constitutional crisis 1956 Treason Trial Sharpeville massacre Rivonia Trial Soweto uprising Church Street bombing Trojan Horse Incident Khotso House bombing Cape Town peace march CODESA Assassination of Chris Hani Saint James Church massacre Shell House massacre Organisations ( show ) ANC APLA IFP AWB Black Sash CCB Conservative Party DP ECC FOSATU PP RP PFP HNP MK PAC UDF Broederbond National Party COSATU SACC SADF SAIC SAP SACP State Security Council People ( show ) P.W. Botha Steve Biko F.W. de Klerk Ruth First Bram Fischer Arthur Goldreich Chris Hani Joel Joffe Ahmed Kathrada Winnie Madikizela - Mandela Mac Maharaj D.F. Malan Nelson Mandela Govan Mbeki Thabo Mbeki Raymond Mhlaba Benjamin Moloise Albertina Sisulu Walter Sisulu JG Strijdom Joe Slovo Helen Suzman Adelaide Tambo Oliver Tambo Eugène Terre'Blanche Desmond Tutu H.F. Verwoerd B.J. Vorster Places ( show ) Bantustan District Six Robben Island Sophiatown South - West Africa Soweto Sun City Vlakplaas Related topics ( show ) Cape Qualified Franchise Afrikaner nationalism Apartheid legislation Freedom Charter Sullivan Principles Kairos Document Disinvestment campaign South African Police Apartheid in popular culture Music in the movement against apartheid Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd ( 8 September 1901 -- 6 September 1966 ) , also commonly referred to as Dr. Verwoerd , was a South African professor , newspaper editor - in - chief and politician who served as Prime Minister of South Africa from 1958 until his assassination in 1966 . He is regarded as the mastermind behind socially engineering and implementing the racial policies of apartheid , the system of legal racial classification and forced racial segregation that existed in South Africa from 1948 to 1994 . Verwoerd played an instrumental role in helping the far right National Party ( South Africa ) come to power in 1948 serving as their propagandist and political strategist . He eventually rose to party leader in 1958 . During his time in office Verwoerd rigidly enforced Apartheid policies through further introducing oppressive laws , which diminished the rights of ordinary individuals , especially black South Africans . He greatly empowered , modernised and enlarged the police , secret police and army . Verwoerd ordered a secret all - out offensive against those who opposed apartheid , which resulted in tens of thousands of people being detained and imprisoned , thousands exiled and assaulted , and hundreds tortured and killed ( Sharpeville Massacre ) . Verwoerd , was a far right - wing authoritarian leader and an Afrikaner nationalist . He was a strong advocate of the Afrikaner volk , language , culture and Christian religion . He held the belief that white control over South Africa could only continue if the races lived apart . He survived an assassination attempt in 1960 , succumbing to a subsequent one in 1966 . Prior to entering politics , Verwoerd was regarded as a brilliant social science scholar at Stellenbosch University . He completed his undergraduate studies magna cum laude majoring in : Sociology , Psychology and Philosophy . Verwoerd , continued his studies completing his Masters and Doctorate in both Social Psychology and Philosophy . As a result of his impressive academic performance , he received a post-doctoral scholarship from the University of Oxford , but turned it down and continued his research in the fields of Sociology and Psychology at various German Universities including Hamburg , Leipzig and Berlin . Upon his return to South Africa , he was appointed professor of Applied Psychology at Stellenbosch University at the age of 26 . He was then later appointed as head of the Sociology department in 1933 . Verwoerd was prime minister during the establishment of the Republic of South Africa in 1961 , thereby fulfilling the Afrikaner dream of an independent republic for South Africans . During his tenure as prime minister , anti-apartheid movements such as the African National Congress ( ANC ) and the Pan Africanist Congress ( PAC ) were banned , and the Rivonia Trial , which prosecuted ANC leaders , was held . His term ended with his assassination on 6 September 1966 by Dimitri Tsafendas . Many major roads , places and facilities in cities and towns of South Africa were named after Verwoerd ; in post-apartheid South Africa , most of these references to the creator of apartheid have been renamed . Famous examples include H.F. Verwoerd Airport in Port Elizabeth , renamed Port Elizabeth Airport , the Verwoerd Dam in the Free State , now the Gariep Dam , H.F. Verwoerd Academic Hospital in Pretoria , now Steve Biko Hospital , and the town of Verwoerdburg , now Centurion . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Return to South Africa 3 Government service 4 Prime minister 5 Apartheid 6 Republic 7 Assassination attempt 8 Solidifying the system 9 1966 election and assassination 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Early life ( edit ) Born in the Netherlands , Verwoerd is South Africa 's only foreign - born prime minister . He was the second child of Anje Strik and Wilhelmus Johannes Verwoerd ; he had an elder brother named Leendert and a younger sister named Lucie . His father was a shopkeeper and a deeply religious man who decided to move his family to South Africa in 1903 because of his sympathy towards the Afrikaner nation in the wake of the Second Boer War . Verwoerd went to a Lutheran primary school in Wynberg , a suburb of Cape Town . By the end of 1912 the Verwoerd family moved to Bulawayo , in what was then Rhodesia , where his father became an assistant evangelist in the Dutch Reformed Church . Hendrik Verwoerd attended Milton High School where he was awarded the Beit Scholarship , established through the generosity of the diamond magnate and financier Alfred Beit . Verwoerd received the top marks for English literature in the whole of Rhodesia . In 1917 the family moved back to South Africa because the congregation in Bulawayo appointed a second minister of religion . His father took up a position in the church in Brandfort , Orange Free State . Due to the worldwide Spanish flu epidemic , the younger Verwoerd only sat for his matriculation exams in February 1919 , achieving first position in the Orange Free State and fifth in South Africa . After his schooling , he proceeded to study theology at the University of Stellenbosch . He was regarded as a brilliant student and known to possess a nearely photographic memory . He was also a member of a debating club as well as a hiking club and participated in theatre productions . In 1921 he graduated with honours ( BA ) . He applied for admission to the Theology School . However , he was required to submit a reference from the minister of religion from his home town , Brandfort , on his suitability for such studies . Since the latter did not know him personally , but the university insisted that he should first recommend Verwoerd , the latter withdrew his application for admission . He then continued to study psychology and philosophy . He was awarded a master 's degree cum laude the next year . During this time he also served on the students ' council together with Betsie Schoombie , later his wife , and was its president in 1923 . He completed his doctorate in 1924 , also cum laude . The title of his thesis was `` Thought Processes and the Problem of Values '' Verwoerd was awarded two scholarships for further post-doctoral studies abroad -- one by the Abe Bailey Trust to study at the University of Oxford , England , and another one to continue his studies in Germany . He opted for the latter , although it was not financially as generous , because he wanted to study under a number of famous German professors of the time . Verwoerd left for Germany in 1926 and proceeded to study psychology at the universities of Hamburg , Berlin and Leipzig each for one semester . In Hamburg he studied under William Stern , in Berlin under Wolfgang Köhler and Otto Lipmann , and in Leipzig under Felix Krueger . Most of these professors were not allowed to teach anymore once the Nazis came to power in 1933 . Claims that Verwoerd studied eugenics during his German sojourn and later based his apartheid policy on Nazi ideology , are still in the process of being evaluated by scholars . Critics contend that eugenics was usually taught at medical faculties during this period . Christoph Marx asserts that Verwoerd kept a conspicuous distance from eugenic theories and racist social technologies , emphasising environmental influences rather than hereditary abilities . Verwoerd 's fiancee , Betsie Schoombie , joined him in Germany and they were married in Hamburg on 7 January 1927 . Later that year , he continued his studies in Britain and then proceeded to the United States . His lecture notes and memoranda at Stellenbosch University stressed that there were no biological differences between the big racial groups , and concluded that `` this was not really a factor in the development of a higher social civilisation by the Caucasians . '' He published a number of works dating back to his time in Germany : `` A method for the experimental production of emotions '' ( 1926 ) `` ' n Bydrae tot die metodiek en probleemstelling vir die psigologiese ondersoek van koerante - advert '' ( `` A contribution on the psychological methodology of newspaper advertisement '' ) ( 1928 ) `` The distribution of ' attention ' and its testing '' ( 1928 ) `` Effects of fatigue on the distribution of attention '' ( 1928 ) `` A contribution to the experimental investigation of testimony '' ( 1929 ? ) `` Oor die opstel van objektiewe persoonlikheidsbepalingskemas '' ( `` Objective criteria to determine personality types '' ) ( 1930 ? ) `` Oor die persoonlikheid van die mens en die beskrywing daarvan '' ( `` On the human personality and the description thereof '' ) ( 1930 ? ) Return to South Africa ( edit ) Verwoerd returned with his wife to South Africa in 1928 and was appointed to the chair of Applied Psychology and Psycho Technique at the University of Stellenbosch where , six years later , he became Professor of Sociology and Social Work . During the Great Depression , Verwoerd became active in social work among poor white South Africans . He devoted much attention to welfare work and was often consulted by welfare organisations , while he served on numerous committees . Some time after the Nazis came to power in Germany , Verwoerd drew fire by speaking out against the arrival of German Jews to South Africa fleeing persecution . His efforts in the field of national welfare drew him into politics and in 1936 he was offered the first editorship of Die Transvaler , a position which he took up in 1937 , with the added responsibility of helping to rebuild the National Party of South Africa ( NP ) in the Transvaal . Die Transvaler was a publication which supported the aspirations of Afrikaner nationalism , agricultural and labour rights . Combining republicanism , populism and protectionism , the paper helped `` solidify the sentiments of most South Africans , that changes to the socio - economic system were vitally needed '' . With the start of the Second World War in September 1939 , Verwoerd generated even more controversy when he protested against South Africa 's role in the conflict when it declared war on Germany and sided with its former colonial power , the United Kingdom . Government service ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The South African general election of 1948 was held on 26 May 1948 and saw the Nationalist Party together with the Afrikaner Party winning the general elections . Malan 's Herenigde Nasionale Party ( HNP ) concluded an election pact with the Afrikaner Party in 1947 . They won the elections with a very narrow majority of five seats in Parliament , although they only got 40 percent of the voter support . This was due to the loaded constituencies in cities , which was to the advantage of rural constituencies . The nine Afrikaner Party MPs thus made it possible for Malan 's HNP to form a coalition government with the Afrikaner Party of Klasie Havenga . The two parties amalgamated in 1951 as the National Party although Havenga was not comfortable with NP policy to remove coloured voters from the common voters ' roll . Running on the platform of self - determination and apartheid as it was termed for the first time , Prime Minister Daniel Malan and his party benefited from their support in the rural electorates , defeating General Jan Christiaan Smuts and his United Party . General Smuts lost his own seat of Standerton . Most party leaders agreed that the nationalist policies were responsible for the National Party 's victory . To further cement their nationalist policies , Herenigde Nasionale Party leader Daniel Malan called for stricter enforcement of job reservation protecting the rights of the White working class , and the rights of White workers to organise their own labour unions outside of company control . Hendrik Verwoerd was elected to the Senate later that year , and became the minister of native affairs under Prime Minister Malan in 1950 , until his appointment as prime minister in 1958 . In that position , he helped to implement the Nationalist Party 's programme . Among the laws which were drawn and enacted during Verwoerd 's time as minister for native affairs were the Population Registration Act and the Group Areas Act in 1950 , the Pass Laws Act of 1952 and the Reservation of Separate Amenities Act of 1953 . Prime minister ( edit ) Prime Minister Daniel Malan announced his retirement from politics following the National Party 's success in the elections of 1953 . In the succession debate that followed Malan 's retirement in 1954 , N.C. Havenga , and J.G. Strijdom were potential successors . The Young Turks of the Transvaal got the upper hand and thus J.G. Strijdom was elected as the new leader of the National Party , who succeeded Malan as Prime Minister . Verwoerd gradually gained popularity with the Afrikaner electorate and continued to expand his political support . With his overwhelming constituency victory in the 1958 election and the death shortly thereafter of Prime Minister J.G. Strijdom , Verwoerd was nominated together with Eben Dönges and C.R. Swart from the Free State as candidates to head the party . Verwoerd got the most votes in the second round and thus succeeded Strijdom as Prime Minister . Apartheid ( edit ) Main article : History of South Africa in the apartheid era Apartheid - era sign in English , Afrikaans , and Zulu , reserving a Durban beach `` for the sole use of members of the white race group '' ; Verwoerd is widely considered to be the `` architect of apartheid '' . Hendrik Verwoerd is often called the `` Architect of Apartheid '' for his role in shaping the implementation of apartheid policy when he was minister of native affairs and then prime minister . Verwoerd once described apartheid as a `` policy of good neighbourliness '' . Afrikaner nationalism was skilfully mobilised by leaders in the theological , political , cultural , economic , agricultural and industrial sectors as well as in government service . A strategy of massive economic development was introduced to make South Africa less dependent on Britain and to create thousands of job opportunities . In 1961 , dismissing an Israeli vote against South African apartheid at the United Nations , Verwoerd famously said , `` Israel is not consistent in its new anti-apartheid attitude ... they took Israel away from the Arabs after the Arabs lived there for a thousand years . In that , I agree with them . Israel , like South Africa , is an apartheid state . '' According to Benjamin Pogrund , this statement was not an expression of admiration for Israel but an attempt to warn and draw support from South African Jews , whom he believed could pressure Israel to end its friendly relations with other African nations . Verwoerd had perviously objected to Jewish immigration to South Africa . Verwoerd felt that the political situation , that had evolved over the previous century under British rule in South Africa , called for reform . Under the Premiership of Verwoerd , the following legislative acts relating to apartheid were introduced : Promotion of Bantu Self - Government Act ( 1959 ) This law laid the cornerstone for the classification of black South Africans into eight ethnic groups and their allocation to ' homelands ' . Bantu Investment Corporation Act ( 1959 ) A law that offered financial incentives for industrial corporations to transfer their capital from White South Africa to the Black Homelands . Extension of University Education Act ( 1959 ) Legislation putting an end to black students attending white universities and creating separate tertiary institutions for the different races . Coloured Persons Communal Reserves Act , Act No 3 of 1961 Preservation of Coloured Areas Act , Act No 31 of 1961 Republic ( edit ) The creation of a republic was one of the National Party 's long - term goals since originally coming to power in 1948 . In January 1960 , Verwoerd announced that a referendum would be called to determine the republican issue , the objective being a republic within the Commonwealth . Two weeks later , Harold Macmillan , then British Prime Minister , visited South Africa . In an address to both Houses of Parliament he gave his famous Winds of Change speech , which was interpreted as an end to British support for White rule . In order to bolster support for a republic , the voting age for whites was lowered from twenty - one to eighteen , benefiting younger Afrikaans speakers , who were more likely to favour a republic , and the franchise was extended to whites in South - West Africa , most of whom were German or Afrikaans speakers . This was done even though English South Africans were slightly outnumbered by Afrikaners . The vast majority of English - South Africans were against South Africa becoming a republic and were still loyal to the British Crown . The referendum was accepted by Parliament and was held on 5 October 1960 , in which voters were asked , `` Are you in favour of a Republic for the Union ? '' 52 percent voted ' Yes ' . The Republic of South Africa came into existence on 31 May 1961 , the anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Vereeniging that had brought the Second Boer War to an end in 1902 , and the establishment of the Union of South Africa in 1910 . The last Governor - General , Charles Robberts Swart , took office as the first State President . After South Africa became a republic , Verwoerd refused to accept black ambassadors from Commonwealth states . Verwoerd 's overt moves to block non-whites from representing South Africa in sports -- starting with cricket -- started the international movement to ostracise South Africa from international sporting competition . Their last Olympic Games -- until the abolition of apartheid -- was in 1960 , South Africa was expelled from FIFA in 1976 , and whenever South African teams did participate in sports , protests and disruptions were the result . When supporters of South Africa decried their exclusion , the usual response was : `` Who started it ? '' , in reference to Verwoerd . Assassination attempt ( edit ) David Pratt is overpowered after he shoots Hendrik Verwoerd On 9 April 1960 , Verwoerd opened the Union Exposition in Milner Park , Johannesburg , to mark the jubilee of the Union of South Africa . After Verwoerd delivered his opening address , David Pratt , a rich English businessman and farmer from the Magaliesberg , near Pretoria , attempted to assassinate Verwoerd , firing two shots from a . 22 pistol at point - blank range , one bullet perforating Verwoerd 's right cheek and the second his right ear . Colonel G.M. Harrison , president of the Witwatersrand Agricultural Society , leapt up and knocked the pistol from the gunman 's hand . After the pistol fell to the floor , Harrison , with the help of Major Carl Richter , the Prime Minister 's personal bodyguard , civilians and another policeman overpowered the gunman . He was taken to the Marshall Square police station and later transferred to the Forensic Medical Laboratory due to his peculiar behaviour . A man attempts to stop Verwoerd 's bleeding immediately after the assassination attempt Within minutes of the assassination attempt , Verwoerd -- still conscious and blood gushing from his face -- was rushed to the nearby Johannesburg Hospital . Two days later , the hospital issued a statement which described his condition as ' indeed satisfactory -- further examinations were carried out today and they confirm good expectations . Dr. Verwoerd at present is restful . There is no need for any immediate operation . ' Once his condition stabilised , Verwoerd was transferred to a Pretoria Hospital . The neurologists who treated Verwoerd later stated that his escape had been ' absolutely miraculous ' . Specialist surgeons were called in to remove the bullets . At first , there was speculation that Verwoerd would lose his hearing and sense of balance , but this was to prove groundless . He returned to public life on 29 May , less than two months after the shooting . David Pratt was initially held under the emergency regulations , declared on 30 March 1960 , nine days after the Sharpeville massacre and shortly after Verwoerd received a death threat with a red note reading , `` Today we kill Verwoerd '' . Pratt appeared for a preliminary hearing in the Johannesburg Magistrates ' Court on 20 and 21 July 1960 , once it was clear that the attempt was not fatal . Pratt claimed he had been shooting ' the epitome of apartheid ' . However , in his defence , he stated he only wanted to injure , not kill , Verwoerd . The court accepted the medical reports submitted to it by five different psychiatrists , all of which confirmed that Pratt lacked legal capacity and could not be held criminally liable for having shot the prime minister . On 26 September 1960 , he was committed to a mental hospital in Bloemfontein . On 1 October 1961 , his 53rd birthday , he committed suicide , shortly before parole was to be considered . Solidifying the system ( edit ) In 1961 , UN Secretary - General Dag Hammarskjöld visited South Africa where he could not reach an agreement with Prime Minister Verwoerd . On 6 November 1962 , the United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution 1761 , condemning South African apartheid policies . On 7 August 1963 , the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 181 calling for a voluntary arms embargo against South Africa , and in the same year , a Special Committee Against Apartheid was established to encourage and oversee plans of action against the authorities . From 1964 , the US and Britain discontinued their arms trade with South Africa . Economic sanctions against South Africa were also frequently debated in the UN as an effective way of putting pressure on the apartheid government . In 1962 , the UN General Assembly requested that its members sever political , fiscal and transportation ties with South Africa . 1966 election and assassination ( edit ) Verwoerd 's grave at Heroes ' Acre in Pretoria The National Party under Verwoerd won the 1966 general election . During this period , the National Party government continued to foster the development of a military industrial complex , that successfully pioneered developments in native armaments manufacturing , including aircraft , small arms , armoured vehicles , and even nuclear and biological weapons . Three days before his death , Verwoerd had held talks with the Prime Minister of Lesotho , Chief Leabua Jonathan , at the Union Buildings in Pretoria . Following the meeting , a joint communique was issued by the two governments with special emphasis on `` co-operation without interference in each others ' internal affairs '' . On 6 September 1966 , Verwoerd was assassinated in Cape Town , shortly after entering the House of Assembly at 14 : 15 . A uniformed parliamentary messenger named Dimitri Tsafendas stabbed Verwoerd in the neck and chest four times before being subdued by other members of the Assembly . Four members of Parliament who were also trained doctors rushed to the aid of Verwoerd and started administering cardiopulmonary resuscitation . Verwoerd was rushed to Groote Schuur Hospital , but was pronounced dead upon arrival . Tsafendas escaped the death penalty on the grounds of insanity . Judge Andries Beyers ordered Tsafendas to be imprisoned indefinitely at the `` State President 's pleasure '' ; he died aged 81 still in detention . Verwoerd 's state funeral , attended by a quarter of a million people ( almost entirely white ) , was held in Pretoria on 10 September 1966 , during which his South Africa flag - draped casket was laid on an artillery carriage towed by a military truck . He was buried in the Heroes ' Acre . The still blood - stained carpet where Hendrik Verwoerd lay after his murder remained in Parliament until it was removed in 2004 . The town of Orania in the Northern Cape province houses the Verwoerd collection -- memorabilia collected during Verwoerd 's lifetime which is now on display in the house where his widow lived for the last years before her death in 2000 at the age of 98 . See also ( edit ) History of South Africa List of South Africans List of South Africa - related topics Apartheid References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hendrik Verwoerd prime minister of South Africa '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Obituary : Long - jailed assassin of South African premier in The Guardian , 11 October 1999 . Retrieved on 8 July 2009 . Archived 3 October 2015 at Archive.is Jump up ^ `` South Africa : Overcoming Apartheid '' . overcomingapartheid.msu.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Grobbelaar , Pieter Willem ( 1967 ) . This was a Man . Human & Rousseau . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Grobbelaar , Pieter Willem ( 1967 ) . This was a Man . Human & Rousseau . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Beyers , C.J. ( 1981 ) . Dictionary of South African Biography , Vol. 4 , Durban : Butterworth , pp. 730 -- 40 ; P.W. Grobbelaar , Man van die Volk , 13 -- 15 ( 1966 ) . Jump up ^ Allighan , G. ( 1961 ) . Verwoerd -- The End . Purnell and Sons ( SA ) ( Pty ) Ltd. p. xvi . Jump up ^ Burke , A. ( 2006 ) . `` Mental health care during apartheid in South Africa : An illustration of how ' science ' can be abused '' ( PDF ) . In Gozaydin en Madeira . Evil , law and the state . Oxford : Inter-disciplinary Press . pp. 117 -- 133 . Jump up ^ Moodie , T.D. ( 1975 ) . The Rise of Afrikanerdom : Power , Apartheid and the Afrikaner Civil Religion . Berkeley : University of California Press . p. 154 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 03943 - 2 . Jump up ^ Marx , C. ( 2011 ) . `` Hendrik Verwoerd 's Long March to Apartheid : Nationalism and Racism in South Africa '' . In Berg , M. ; Wendt , S. Racism in the Modern World . Oxford / New York : Berghahn Books . pp. 284 -- 291 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85745 - 076 - 0 . Jump up ^ Joyce , P. ( 1999 ) . A Concise Dictionary of South African Biography . Cape Town : Francolin . pp. 275 -- 276 . ISBN 1 - 86859 - 037 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Lentz , Harris M. , III ( 1994 ) . Heads of States and Governments . Jefferson , NC : McFarland & Company , Inc . pp. 451 -- 452 . ISBN 0 - 89950 - 926 - 6 . Jump up ^ Cole , Catherine M. ( 2010 ) . Performing South Africa 's Truth Commission : Stages of Transition . Bloomington , Indiana : Indiana University Press . pp. 31 , 226 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 22145 - 2 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Thomas M. ( 2010 ) . Encyclopedia of the Developing World . 1 . New York : Routledge / Taylor & Francis . p. 1661 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 97662 - 6 . Jump up ^ Coombes , Annie E. ( 2003 ) . History after Apartheid : Visual Culture and Public Memory in a Democratic South Africa . Durham , North Carolina : Duke University Press . p. 22 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 3060 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Culture , Communication and Media Studies -- Freedom Square - Back to the Future '' . Ccms.ukzn.ac.za . Archived from the original on 22 August 2009 . Retrieved 16 December 2009 . Jump up ^ The Empire 's New Walls : Sovereignty , Neo-liberalism , and the Production of Space in Post-apartheid South Africa and Post-Oslo Palestine / Israel Andrew James Clarno , ProQuest , 2009 . pp. 66 -- 67 Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=KOgLBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA179&lpg=PA179&dq=rand+daily+mail+1961+verwoerd&source=bl&ots=IoorZK70jc&sig=K1GF0olmlxQotPfo08Oi2HYizEA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjnpv7oqo7NAhUD9GMKHd8sAR4Q6AEIQzAG#v=onepage&q=rand%20daily%20mail%201961%20verwoerd&f=false Jump up ^ ( Encyclopædia Britannica 1963 . p. 354 . ) ^ Jump up to : `` Apartheid Legislation in South Africa '' . Africanhistory.about.com. 13 April 2012 . Retrieved 6 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Osada , Masako ( 2002 ) . Sanctions and honorary whites : diplomatic policies and economic realities in relations between Japan and South Africa . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 54 . Jump up ^ Anthony Sampson , `` His Cherubic Smile Seemed To Say , ' It 's All So Simple '' . Life International , 3 October 1966 Jump up ^ Allan Bird , Bird on a wing , 205 ( 1992 ) . Jump up ^ `` Verwoerd knew of threats but did not withdraw . '' The Star , 11 April 1960 . Jump up ^ `` Aanslag : Nuwe stap met gearresteerde . Aangehou kragtens noodmaatreëls . Was nie in hof . '' Die Transvaler , 11 April 1960 ; `` No news of Pratt in court . '' The Star , 11 April 1960 ; `` Verwoerd saved from ordeal at the Pratt inquiry -- 8 subpoenaed . '' Sunday Times , 10 July 1960 . Jump up ^ Loammi Wolf , David Beresford Pratt : die mens agter die sluipmoordpoging , LitNet Akademies , vol. 9 ( 3 ) , 2012 ( English summary ) ; I. Maisels , A life at law : The memoirs of I.A. Maisels , QC. , 102 -- 107 ( 1998 ) . Jump up ^ Feron , James ( 24 January 1961 ) . UN Chief Faces Apartheid Snag ; Hammarskjöld Says He Got No Accord on Race Policies During South Africa Trip . The New York Times . Jump up ^ International Labour Office ( 1985 ) . Special report of the Director - General on the application of the Declaration concerning the policy of `` apartheid '' of the Republic of South Africa , Volumes 17 -- 22 . International Labour Office . Jump up ^ Johnson , Shaun ( 1989 ) . South Africa : no turning back . Indiana University Press . p. 323 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Peter ; Faupin , Mathieu ( 2007 ) . The Long Road to Durban -- The United Nations Role in Fighting Racism and Racial Discrimination . UN Chronicle . Jump up ^ Beinart , William ( 2001 ) . Twentieth - century South Africa . Oxford University Press . p. 177 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 289318 - 5 . Jump up ^ National University of Lesotho . Institute of Southern African Studies . Documentation and Publications Division ( 1966 ) . Lesotho clippings . Documentation and Publications Division , Institute of Southern African Studies , National University of Lesotho . Jump up ^ Goodman , David ; Weinberg , Paul ( 2002 ) . Fault lines : journeys into the new South Africa . University of California Press . p. 154 . Jump up ^ Havens , Murray Clark ; Leiden , Carl ; Schmitt , Karl Michael ( 1970 ) . The politics of assassination . Prentice - Hall . p. 47 . Jump up ^ South Africa : Death to the Architect . TIME. 16 September 1966 . Jump up ^ Goodman ; Weinberg ( 2002 ) , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Leach , Graham ( 1986 ) . South Africa : no easy path to peace . Routledge . p. 39 . Jump up ^ Pressly , Donwald ( 28 July 2004 ) . ( 1 ) . News24 . Jump up ^ Betsie Verwoerd , Apartheid Ruler 's Wife , 98 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd . H.F. Verwoerd photographed with D.F. Malan in 1954 Video of H. Verwoerd 's failed assassination in 1960 BBC TV program on his death Political offices Preceded by Johannes Gerhardus Strijdom Prime Minister of South Africa 1958 -- 1966 Succeeded by Balthazar Johannes Vorster ( hide ) Prime Ministers of South Africa Louis Botha Jan Christiaan Smuts James Barry Munnik Hertzog Jan Christiaan Smuts Daniel François Malan Johannes Gerhardus Strijdom Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd Balthazar Johannes Vorster Pieter Willem Botha Governor - General of the Union of South Africa State President of South Africa VIAF : 32877742 LCCN : n50013943 ISNI : 0000 0000 6307 0779 GND : 122424050 SUDOC : 061103306 BNF : cb128208771 ( data ) IATH : w60p49qc Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hendrik_Verwoerd&oldid=803583209 '' Categories : 1901 births 1966 deaths Afrikaner people Apartheid government Assassinated heads of government Assassinated South African politicians Deaths by stabbing in South Africa Dutch emigrants to South Africa Members of the Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa Members of the Senate of South Africa Murder in 1966 National Party ( South Africa ) politicians People from Amsterdam People murdered in South Africa Prime Ministers of South Africa Shooting survivors South African anti-communists Stellenbosch University alumni Stellenbosch University faculty Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links Use South African English from May 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in South African English Use dmy dates from May 2011 Pages using infobox officeholder with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gàidhlig 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 10 : 58 . 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korean drama when a man loves a woman

When a Man Falls in Love Promotional poster for When a Man Falls in Love Also known as When a Man Loves When a Man is in Love When a Man Loves a Woman A Man in Love Genre Romance Melodrama Written by Kim In - young Directed by Kim Sang - ho Choi Byung - gil Starring Song Seung - heon Shin Se - kyung Chae Jung - an Yeon Woo - jin Composer ( s ) Park Yo - han Country of origin South Korea Original language ( s ) Korean No. of episodes 20 Production Executive producer ( s ) Park Hong - gyun Producer ( s ) Choi Jun - seok Location ( s ) South Korea Guam Cinematography Kim Jong - jin Jung Chan - hong Editor ( s ) Kim Hee - sung Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) iWill Media Release Original network Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation Original release April 3 ( 2013 - 04 - 03 ) -- June 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 06 ) External links Website

When a Man Falls in Love

When a Man Falls in love

when a man falls in love

When a Man Falls in Love ( Hangul : 남자 가 사랑할 때 ; RR : Namjaga Saranghal Ddae ) is a 2013 South Korean television series , starring Song Seung - heon , Shin Se - kyung , Chae Jung - an , and Yeon Woo - jin . The story revolves around a world - weary gangster as his love life intertwines with three others , and how the course of their lives changes entirely based on one moment of fevered passion . It aired on MBC from April 3 to June 6 , 2013 on Wednesdays and Thursdays at 21 : 55 for 20 episodes .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main characters 2.2 Supporting characters 3 Ratings 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Han Tae - sang ( Song Seung - heon ) is a successful but cold - blooded businessman who is unstoppable once he sets his mind on doing or getting something . He had once been a smart young man full of potential , but his dreams came to a halt when he was forced to work as a gangster for the same loan shark that destroyed his family . Since then , he has been able to build a successful business through his own blood , sweat and tears , and everything he 's gotten in his life has been hard - earned . Then one day , what was supposed to have been a simple extortion job turns into a chance meeting with Seo Mi - do ( Shin Se - kyung ) , the daughter of a modest bookstore owner . Mi - do is a troubled young woman who is full of drive and ambition ; she is determined to better her life to forget the hardships of her poverty - stricken childhood . In Mi - do , Tae - sang sees so much of his own personality that he is drawn to her fire and passion . As he begins to fall in love with her , he realizes that he will do anything to protect her and try to give her a better life , perhaps to redeem himself . As the plot proceeds Mi - do meets Lee Jae - hee ( Yeon Woo - jin ) who falls in love with her . The story later on how Han Tae - sang , Seo Mi - do & Lee Jae - hee deal with their mutual love and relation . Cast ( edit ) Main characters ( edit ) Song Seung - heon - Han Tae - sang Tae - sang is a thug , a cold - hearted loan shark who survives his boss 's betrayal and steps up from right - hand man to head of the gang . Then he falls in love for the first time , and leaves it all behind in the name of love , morphing into a successful businessman . Shin Se - kyung - Seo Mi - do A hardworking young woman who comes from a poor family . Chae Jung - an - Baek Seung - joo The ex-girlfriend of Tae - sang 's old mob boss , who is in love with Tae - sang . Yeon Woo - jin - Lee Jae - hee A confident young man who 's used to winning at everything . Tae - sang supported him through post secondary education but his friendship with Tae - sang turns to rivalry when both are in love with Mi - do . Supporting characters ( edit ) JB - Seo Mi - joon Mi - do 's younger brother , a trainee with a major talent agency . Jinyoung - Ddol - yi A part - time employee who works for Tae - sang 's mother . Kang Shin - il - Seo Kyung - wook Oh Young - shil - Choi Seon - ae Lee Chang - hoon - Gu Yong - gab Kim Sung - oh - Lee Chang - hee Jo Jae - ryong - Yoon Dong - gu Jung Young - sook - Yoon Hong - ja Park Min - ji - Eun - ae Lee Min - ji - Jin Song - yeon Lee Sung - min - Kim Dae - kwang , Tae - sang 's boss ( guest appearance , ep 1 - 2 , 4 ) Ratings ( edit ) Episode # Original broadcast date Average audience share TNmS Ratings ( % ) AGB Nielsen ( % ) Nationwide Seoul National Capital Area Nationwide Seoul National Capital Area April 3 , 2013 7.3 % 7.8 % 6.6 % 6.6 % April 4 , 2013 10.8 % 12.1 % 10.1 % 11.0 % April 10 , 2013 9.3 % 10.3 % 11.4 % 13.1 % April 11 , 2013 11.6 % 13.0 % 12.1 % 13.5 % 5 April 17 , 2013 11.1 % 12.7 % 11.4 % 12.0 % 6 April 18 , 2013 10.2 % 12.1 % 11.3 % 12.3 % 7 April 24 , 2013 9.9 % 11.8 10.5 % 11.7 % 8 April 25 , 2013 9.7 % 12.0 % 10.2 % 11.3 % 9 May 1 , 2013 9.9 % 11.7 % 9.5 % 10.6 % 10 May 2 , 2013 9.7 % 12.0 % 10.8 % 12.5 % 11 May 8 , 2013 9.3 % 10.8 % 8.9 % 10.1 % 12 May 9 , 2013 9.0 % 10.0 % 9.0 % 9.9 % 13 May 15 , 2013 9.0 % 10.7 % 9.1 % 10.0 % 14 May 16 , 2013 9.7 % 11.1 % 10.3 % 12.1 % 15 May 22 , 2013 10.1 % 12.0 % 11.4 % 12.6 % 16 May 23 , 2013 9.8 % 11.2 % 11.2 % 12.5 % 17 May 29 , 2013 10.9 % 13.5 % 10.6 % 11.8 % 18 May 30 , 2013 10.5 % 12.0 % 9.9 % 10.2 % 19 June 5 , 2013 9.8 % 11.7 % 11.1 % 11.7 % 20 June 6 , 2013 9.7 % 11.9 % 12.1 % 13.3 % Average 9.9 % 11.5 % 10.4 % 11.4 % References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Oh , Jean ( March 28 , 2013 ) . `` Song Seung - heon sheds ' pretty boy ' image '' . The Korea Herald . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jeon , Su - mi ( February 27 , 2013 ) . `` Song Seung Hun and Shin Se Kyung Get Into Character for When a Man Falls in Love '' . enewsWorld . CJ E&M . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ho , Stewart ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` Song Seung Hun , Shin Se Kyung in Talks to Join When a Man Falls in Love '' . enewsWorld . CJ E&M . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ko , Hong - ju ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` Song Seung Hun , Shin Se Kyung and Yeon Woo Jin Confirmed as Leads of When a Man Falls in Love '' . enewsWorld . CJ E&M . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Han , Je - hee ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` Song is a remade man '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' I put myself down for acting ' : Song Seung - heon '' . The Korea Herald . June 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jang , Seo - yoon ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` INTERVIEW : Actor Song Seung - heon '' . TenAsia . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kim , Gwang - kuk ( June 20 , 2013 ) . `` INTERVIEW : Actress Shin Se - gyeong -- Part 1 '' . TenAsia . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kim , Gwang - kuk ( June 20 , 2013 ) . `` INTERVIEW : Actress Shin Se - gyeong -- Part 2 '' . TenAsia . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ko , Hong - ju ( June 29 , 2013 ) . `` Interview Part I : Shin Se Kyung Says She Could n't Let Go of Seo Mi Do of When a Man Loves '' . enewsWorld . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ko , Hong - ju ( June 29 , 2013 ) . `` Interview Part II : Shin Se Kyung Talks about When a Man Loves as Its Actress '' . enewsWorld . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ho , Stewart ( January 29 , 2013 ) . `` Yeon Woo Jin Joins MBC 's When a Man Falls in Love '' . enewsWorld . CJ E&M . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TNMS Daily Ratings : this links to current day - select the date from drop down menu '' . TNMS Ratings ( in Korean ) . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AGB Daily Ratings : this links to current day - select the date from drop down menu '' . AGB Nielsen Media Research ( in Korean ) . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) When a Man Falls in Love official MBC website ( in Korean ) When a Man Falls in Love at MBC Global Media When a Man 's in Love at HanCinema When a Man Loves on IMDb ( hide ) MBC 's Wednesday -- Thursday dramas 1990s Eyes of Dawn Did We Really Love ? Goodbye My Love Into the Sunlight 2000 -- 2004 All About Eve Mr. Duke Secret Delicious Proposal Hotelier Four Sisters Ruler of Your Own World Trio First Love of a Royal Prince Ireland 2005 -- 2009 Sad Love Story Super Rookie My Lovely Sam Soon Autumn Shower Princess Hours Dr. Kkang One Fine Day Over the Rainbow What 's Up Fox 90 Days , Time to Love Prince Hours Thank You Merry Mary Time Between Dog and Wolf The Legend New Heart Who Are You ? Spotlight Beethoven Virus The Return of Iljimae Cinderella Man Triple Soul Hero 2010 -- 2014 The Woman Who Still Wants to Marry Personal Taste Road No. 1 Playful Kiss Home Sweet Home My Princess Royal Family The Greatest Love Heartstrings Ca n't Lose Me Too , Flower ! Moon Embracing the Sun The King 2 Hearts I Do , I Do Arang and the Magistrate Missing You 7th Grade Civil Servant When a Man Falls in Love The Queen 's Classroom Two Weeks Medical Top Team Miss Korea Cunning Single Lady A New Leaf Fated to Love You My Spring Days Mr. Back 2015 -- 2019 Kill Me , Heal Me Angry Mom Warm and Cozy The Scholar Who Walks the Night She Was Pretty Sweet , Savage Family One More Happy Ending Goodbye Mr. Black Lucky Romance Shopping King Louie Weightlifting Fairy Kim Bok - joo Missing 9 Radiant Office The Emperor : Owner of the Mask Man Who Dies to Live Hospital Ship I 'm Not a Robot Hold Me Tight Come and Hug Me Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=When_a_Man_Falls_in_Love&oldid=812298096 '' Categories : 2013 South Korean television series debuts 2013 South Korean television series endings 2010s South Korean television series Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation television dramas Korean - language television programs South Korean romance television series South Korean melodrama television series Hidden categories : CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) Use mdy dates from March 2016 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Articles containing Korean - language text Articles with Korean - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 03 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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what grade is a 15 year old in usa

Ninth grade , freshman year , or grade 9 is the ninth post-kindergarten year of school education in some school systems . Ninth grade is often the first school year of high school in the United States , or the last year of middle / junior high school . Students are usually 14 -- 15 years old . In the United States , it is often called Freshman year . In England and Wales , the equivalent educational year is Year Ten . In Scotland the equivalent educational year is Third Year or S3 , as this is the third year of compulsory secondary schooling .

Ninth grade , freshman year , or grade 9

Ninth grade

ninth grade

Ninth grade , freshman year , or grade 9 is the ninth post-kindergarten year of school education in some school systems . Ninth grade is often the first school year of high school in the United States , or the last year of middle / junior high school . Students are usually 14 -- 15 years old . In the United States , it is often called Freshman year . In England and Wales , the equivalent educational year is Year Ten . In Scotland the equivalent educational year is Third Year or S3 , as this is the third year of compulsory secondary schooling .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Afghanistan 2 Argentina 3 Australia 4 Belgium 5 Canada 6 Costa Rica 7 Denmark 8 Finland 9 France 10 Germany 11 Hong Kong 12 India 13 Ireland 14 Italy 15 Kuwait 16 New Zealand 17 Malaysia 18 Mexico 19 Norway 20 Pakistan 21 Philippines 22 Portugal 23 Singapore 24 Sweden 25 Spain 26 United Kingdom 26.1 England and Wales 26.2 Scotland 27 United States 28 See also Afghanistan ( edit ) In Afghanistan , ninth grade is the first year of high school . Argentina ( edit ) In Argentina , this is `` Third Year '' and last year of `` Basic Cycle '' of secondary school , and depending of the province , students are 14 or 15 years old . This is because in Argentina , there 's kindergarten , primary school , and secondary school . In some provinces of the country , primary is from `` 1st grade '' to `` 7th grade '' and secondary school from `` 1st year '' to `` 6th year '' . In other provinces , primary school is from `` 1st grade '' to `` 6th grade '' , and secondary school from `` 1st year '' to `` 6th year '' or `` 7th grade '' , if the school has it . All technical schools have `` 7th grade '' . So basically there are between 12 and 13 ( most of schools ) , years of school in the Argentinian Educative System , without counting kindergarten , which can be from 3 - 5 or 4 - 5 years old . Normal subjects for a third - year student are : Geography : Commonly , National Geography , as in 1st year it 's Worldwide Geography , and in 2nd year American Geography . History : The same that happens with Geography ; National History . Spanish : Studying techniques , and writing of books , novels , and any other texts . Foreign Languages : Commonly English , but depending of the school , it may has Italian , French , German , Portuguese , a indigenous language , or etc. as well . Physics . Chemistry . Maths : Geometry , Algebra , Statistics , etc . Artistic Education : Music , Acting , Art , etc. depending of the school and the year . Physical Education : It 's very common that you have to choose a sport , two , or more to do along the year . The most common are : Hockey , Basketball , Athletics , Volleyball , Handball , Swimming , etc . Technology : Theoretical subject , but related to Electricity , Mechanics etc. if it 's a technical school . Ethics . Computation and Information Sciences . Etc . At a technical school , besides these subjects for 3rd year , there are other special subjects of the technical part . The most common are : Electricity : Circuits , motors , etc . Carpentry . Mechanics : Manufacturing of electric cars , car - pieces manufacturing , welding , etc . Technical Drawing : Calligraphy , plan designing , etc . ( Related to Mechanics ) . Australia ( edit ) In Australia , secondary school ( sometimes referred to as high school ) starts in grade 8 for South Australia and grade 7 for New South Wales , Queensland , Tasmania , Western Australia and Victoria . Belgium ( edit ) In Belgium , the 9th grade is called derde middelbaar in the Dutch speaking north and 3ème secondaire in the French speaking south . In some bureaus of the country , the 9th grade can be removed from one 's educator curriculum in order to put the student in an appropriate class study level . Canada ( edit ) In much of Canada Grade 9 is either the final year of junior high school or the first year of senior high school . Some schools combine junior and senior years into one school . In Quebec Grade 9 is the middle year of its five - year high school program ( unlike in the rest of Canada , Quebec high schools end at Grade 11 ) , and in Yukon Grade 9 is the middle year of junior high school . Costa Rica ( edit ) In Costa Rica , ninth grade is the middle of high school , ( here there are five years of high school then you graduate and go to college ) , you get a diploma and continue studying two more years , you finish when you complete five years from 13 to 17 years old , but in ninth grade your age is 15 years old . Denmark ( edit ) In Denmark , ninth grade is around the same thing as in Sweden . Afterwards , one can choose to go through tenth grade , but it is not required . The students are 15 -- 16 years old . Ninth grade is the year of first final exams and the last year of `` folkeskolen '' ( the first 10 years of education . Starts from 0th grade to 9th grade ) . After they can choose the 10th grade , or go to a brand new school of higher education for two ( HF , HG ) or three years ( STX , HHX , HTX ) . The first year of higher education is called 1. g ( from 15 -- 18 years old ) , the second year is 2. g ( from 16 - 19 ) and the third year is 3. g ( from 17 - 20 ) . The age depends on when you started 0th grade and if you took a 10th grade . When you finish 3. g , you get a white hat ( studenterhue ) , with either a blue or a red ribbon around it . The colour of the ribbon depends of the school ( HG , HF , HTX , HHX = blue ; STX = red ) . An education at STX involves all the lessons you can have in Denmark , while HHX and HTX is more the lessons you want yourself and you mix it yourself . HF and HG is usual an easier education than STX , HHX and HTX . After those two or three years , you can go to a university / college to get an even higher education ( usually at the years of 19 / 20 until you finish . Depends on what you 're studying ) . In STX you learn Danish , French / Spanish / German ( at least one these ) , English , math , physics , chemistry , biology , health , Latin , EP , nature geography , GLU ( general language understanding ) , art / drama / media course / music ( at least one of these as artistic lessons ) , history , psychology / philosophy ( at least one of these ) , classical studies , and social studies . In HHX , HTX you chose some of these lessons and mix it on your own . You can have the lessons on an A-level ( means every three years ) , B - level ( two of the years ) , C - level ( one of the years ) . In STX you must have Danish and history in an A-level , and English in either A or B . The rest you make up by choice , and you can change it during the years . The levels of the lessons also depend of the subject line you chose . There 're the linguistic lines , the social study lines , the math lines , the chemistry lines , the physics lines , the biotech lines , the music lines and sport lines . The EP / health lessons are either on a C or B - level , but no matter what you chose you have it every year . Here the levels just tell if you 're very good at sport and you just really love it , or if you 're not that interested in it . If you 're on a B - level you 'll have quite more EP - lessons than the C - level . You go to exams in 1. g , 2. g and 3. g . The grades are following ( starting with the worst , ending with the best ) : - 3 : means you performed unacceptably. 00 : dumped . 02 : acceptable , but not good . 4 : low average but okay . 7 : high average and good . 10 : over the average , very good job . 12 : much over the average , excellent job . Finland ( edit ) In Finland , ninth grade is the last year of compulsory schooling . The students are usually 15 -- 16 years old . Afterwards they can choose to go through tenth grade but it is not required . The meaning of tenth grade is to give an opportunity to improve grades . France ( edit ) In France , the equivalent grade is the troisième or `` 3ème '' and it is the final school year before high school . Students prepare to take the `` Diplôme National du Brevet '' ( DNB ) examination - it 's the first diploma given to French students , and attests of basic levels in major high school disciplines ( French , Mathematics , History and Geography and Arts ) . This diploma is not necessary to proceed on to high school . Germany ( edit ) In Germany , the equivalent grade is 9 . Klasse . Hong Kong ( edit ) In Hong Kong , 9th grade is called Form 3 . Students finishing 9th grade are needed to select their electives for them to study in Grade 10 , Grade 11 and Grade 12 India ( edit ) In India , the ninth grade is the second last year of the secondary school . Students undergo and prepare for final secondary school examinations called the SSC Exam for two years i.e. grade 9 and 10 before getting into higher secondary i.e. grade 11 and 12 called the HSSC Exam . Ireland ( edit ) In Ireland , it is the Third Year or Tríú Bhliain of Secondary School ( for 14 - and 15 - year - olds ) this is known as 3rd year . This year is the year students take the Junior Certificate or Teastas Sóisearach . Italy ( edit ) In Italy , it is the first year of the upper secondary school ( which translates into scuola secondaria di secondo grado , informally called scuola superiore ) . In Italy ninth grade is called prima superiore . Kuwait ( edit ) In Kuwait , ninth grade is the last year of middle school . New Zealand ( edit ) In New Zealand , Year 10 ( formerly Form 4 ) is the equivalent of ninth grade , with students aged 14 or 15 during the year . It is the second year of secondary school and the tenth year of compulsory education . Students in Year 10 typically study English , mathematics , science , social science , and health and physical education , with students electing subjects out of the arts , technology , and learning language . Malaysia ( edit ) In Malaysia , the equivalent of 9th grade is Form 3 ( Tingkatan 3 ) . Students are 15 years old , and it is their third year of secondary school . In Form 3 , all students are required to sit for a mandatory exam throughout all government schools called PT3 ( Pentaksiran Tingkatan 3 , or Form 3 Assessment ) . Upon receiving their results , students will be allowed to choose a stream ( the subjects of their focus for the next year ) of their choice , depending on their results , which will then allow them to proceed to Form 4 in the following year . Mexico ( edit ) In Mexico , ninth grade is the last year of middle school . The students are aged 14 -- 15 . Norway ( edit ) In Norway , 9th grade is the middle grade of middle school , `` ungdomskolen '' . Students are 14 - 15 years old . Pakistan ( edit ) In Pakistan , 9th grade have a great importance as it is the base of higher education . At this level students are allowed to choose the subjects of their will . These subjects are : - Biology Computer Arts The compulsory subjects are : - Math Chemistry Physics Urdu English Language Islamiyat Pakistan studies Home Economics Agriculture Physical Education Marks of grade 9 are half of collective 9th and 10th marks . Philippines ( edit ) In the Philippines , Grade 9 is the third year of Junior High School. Topics mainly discussed are the following subjects like , for the major subjects are Geometry ( Math in Grade 9 ) , Chemistry ( Science in Grade 9 ) , Filipino subject with Noli Me Tangere , Anglo - American Literature ( English ) and Philippine Economical Study ( Political Studies in Grade 9 ) . Values Education , MAPEH ( Music , Arts , Physical Education and Health ) , Computer and TLE ( Technology and Livelihood Education ) are some of the minor subjects . Students are usually 14 -- 15 years old . Portugal ( edit ) In Portugal , the ninth grade ( nono ano , 9o ano ) is the last year of the three - year 3o Ciclo do Ensino Básico that also includes the seventh grade and the eighth grade . It is followed by the tenth grade , the first year of the three - year Ensino Secundário . At the end of the ninth grade , students must take national final exams ( Provas finais nacionais ) . Singapore ( edit ) In Singapore , 9th grade is called Secondary 3 , and it is the third year of one 's secondary education . Students are usually 15 years old . Sweden ( edit ) In Sweden , ninth grade is the last year of högstadiet ( Secondary school ) . The students are usually between 15 and 16 years old . That makes ninth grade an important grade for almost every student . Spain ( edit ) Ninth Grade in Spanish is called 3o de ESO ( tercero de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria ) , as it is the third year of the compulsory secondary education . Students are usually 14 -- 15 years old . Secondary school in Spain has a four year duration . Students in Spain generally start secondary school at the age of 12 , and finish at the age of 16 . The school year starts in September and lasts until the next year in June . United kingdom ( edit ) England and Wales ( edit ) In English and Welsh schools , 9th grade ( in terms of age requirements ) is equivalent to Year 10 ( called Year 11 in Northern Ireland ) , the fourth year of comprehensive / high / grammar school . Most students in the UK ( except for Scotland ) start secondary school at the age of 11 , and finish at the end of the academic year ( September 1 -- August 31 ) in which their 16th birthday falls when they sit GCSE exams . Compulsory education continues beyond 16 , when students can choose to remain at school in the `` Sixth Form '' or attend a sixth form college or further education college to take AS levels and A levels or follow vocational courses or apprenticeships . Students are age 14 to 15 in this grade . Scotland ( edit ) In Scotland , this is third year ( or S3 ) of secondary school . Most children are aged 14 - 15 . In S3 students will pick subjects to study for `` National 4 / 5 exams '' in S4 , which are the qualifications they will need for college . United States ( edit ) In the United States , ninth grade is usually the first year in high school ( called `` upper secondary school '' in other countries ) . In this system , ninth graders are also often referred to as freshmen . It can also be the last year of junior high school . The typical age for U.S. 9th grade students is 14 to 15 years . In the math curriculum , ninth graders are usually taught Algebra , but advanced math include Geometry or Algebra II . Most basic students usually take Pre-Algebra in their last year of middle school , advanced students will take Algebra I , and Honors students will take honors pre-algebra . Advanced courses are usually available to ninth graders who are prepared for a more rigorous curriculum , depending on the school district . Some districts across the country allow their 10th graders to take Trigonometry or AP Statistics , or even Calculus if the district provides , but most often , the highest level available to be taken as a 10th grader is Pre-Calculus . In the English curriculum , most schools still have the same levels of basic courses , advanced courses , and honors courses . The basic level for a 9th grader is often listed as English I ( may also be called English 9 ) . This course will often teach the fundamentals of higher - level literature and how to analyze and respond to such literature . The advanced course is often English II ( may also be called English 10 ) depending on the school district and is usually a genre studies type of English class , but it may instead be focused on one type of literature , such as American literature or British Literature . The honors level for 9th grade is usually English I HNR ( may also be called Honors English I ) and is usually focused on one type of literature ( i.e. American Literature , British Literature ) , but if this was already covered it previous classes , it may be a genre study English course . Although rare , a district or school may allow a student to take AP Literature their 9th grade year . In the social studies curriculum , there is a variety of different courses that may be offered . Most often , though , the course is either a Geography class , a Government class , a World History class , or a Exploring Civics class . In the science curriculum , ninth grade students are required , in most areas , to take Earth Science , Science Topics , or Biology . As far as the course level , Integrated Science 1A is usually taken by the basic student . Most high school students are required to have one carnegie unit of Computer Science , one unit of Physical Education , and one unit of Health Education in order to graduate . These students are usually offered foreign language this year . This is often the first introduction of foreign language to the students . See also ( edit ) Educational stage First grade Second grade Third grade Fourth grade Fifth grade Sixth grade Seventh grade Eighth grade Tenth grade Eleventh grade Twelfth grade University Preceded by Eighth grade Ninth Grade age 14 -- 15 Succeeded by Tenth grade hide Educational years Pre-kindergarten / Preschool Kindergarten First grade Second grade Third grade Fourth grade Fifth grade Sixth grade Seventh grade Eighth grade Ninth grade Tenth grade Eleventh grade Twelfth grade Thirteenth grade Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ninth_grade&oldid=845392302 '' Categories : Educational years Secondary education Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from November 2015 All articles lacking sources Wikipedia articles needing style editing from January 2018 All articles needing style editing All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 June 2018 , at 13 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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whats the point of it comes at night

Equinox

equinox

An equinox is the moment in which the plane of Earth 's equator passes through the center of the Sun 's disk , which occurs twice each year , around 20 March and 23 September .

On an equinox , day and night are of approximately equal duration all over the planet . They are not exactly equal , however , due to the angular size of the sun and atmospheric refraction . The word is derived from the Latin aequinoctium , from aequus ( equal ) and nox ( genitive noctis ) ( night ) . The sun at the equinox seen from the site of Pizzo Vento , Fondachelli - Fantina , Sicily Contents ( hide ) 1 Equinoxes on Earth 1.1 General 1.2 Date 1.3 Names 1.4 Length of equinoctial day and night 1.5 Geocentric view of the astronomical seasons 1.5. 1 Day arcs of the Sun 1.6 Celestial coordinate systems 1.7 Cultural aspects 2 Effects on satellites 3 Equinoxes on other planets 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Equinoxes on Earth ( edit ) General ( edit ) The equinoxes are the only times when the solar terminator ( the `` edge '' between night and day ) is perpendicular to the equator . As a result , the northern and southern hemispheres are equally illuminated . The word comes from Latin equi or `` equal '' and nox meaning `` night '' . In other words , the equinoxes are the only times when the subsolar point is on the equator , meaning that the Sun is exactly overhead at a point on the equatorial line . The subsolar point crosses the equator moving northward at the March equinox and southward at the September equinox . The equinoxes , along with solstices , are directly related to the seasons of the year . In the northern hemisphere , the vernal equinox ( March ) conventionally marks the beginning of spring in most cultures and is considered the New Year in the Persian calendar or Iranian calendars as Nowruz ( means new day ) , while the autumnal equinox ( September ) marks the beginning of autumn . Illumination of Earth by the Sun at the March equinox The Earth in its orbit around the Sun causes the Sun to appear on the celestial sphere moving over the ecliptic ( red ) , which is tilted on the equator ( white ) . Diagram of the Earth 's seasons as seen from the north . Far right : December solstice . Diagram of the Earth 's seasons as seen from the south . Far left : June solstice . Date ( edit ) When Julius Caesar established the Julian calendar in 45 BC , he set 25 March as the date of the spring equinox . Because the Julian year is longer than the tropical year by about 11.3 minutes on average ( or 1 day in 128 years ) , the calendar `` drifted '' with respect to the two equinoxes -- such that in AD 300 the spring equinox occurred on about 21 March , and by AD 1500 it had drifted backwards to 11 March . This drift induced Pope Gregory XIII to create a modern Gregorian calendar . The Pope wanted to continue to conform with the edicts concerning the date of Easter of the Council of Nicaea of AD 325 , which means he wanted to move the vernal equinox to the date on which it fell at that time ( 21 March is the day allocated to it in the Easter table of the Julian calendar ) . However , the leap year intervals in his calendar were not smooth ( 400 is not an exact multiple of 97 ) . This causes the equinox to oscillate by about 53 hours around its mean position . This in turn raised the possibility that it could fall on 22 March , and thus Easter Day might theoretically commence before the equinox . The astronomers chose the appropriate number of days to omit so that the equinox would swing from 19 to 21 March but never fall on the 22nd ( although it can in a handful of years fall early in the morning of that day in the Far East ) . Names ( edit ) Vernal equinox and autumnal equinox : these classical names are direct derivatives of Latin ( ver = spring and autumnus = autumn ) . These are the historically universal and still most widely used terms for the equinoxes , but are potentially confusing because in the southern hemisphere the vernal equinox does not occur in spring and the autumnal equinox does not occur in autumn . The equivalent common language English terms spring equinox and autumn ( or fall ) equinox are even more ambiguous . It has become increasingly common for people to mistakenly refer to the September equinox in the southern hemisphere as the Vernal equinox . March equinox and September equinox : names referring to the months of the year they occur , with no ambiguity as to which hemisphere is the context . They are still not universal , however , as not all cultures use a solar - based calendar where the equinoxes occur every year in the same month ( as they do not in the Islamic calendar and Hebrew calendar , for example ) . Although the terms have become very common in the 21st century , they were sometimes used at least as long ago as the mid-20th century . Northward equinox and southward equinox : names referring to the apparent direction of motion of the Sun . The northward equinox occurs in March when the sun crosses the equator from south to north , and the southward equinox occurs in September when the sun crosses the equator from north to south . These terms can be used unambiguously for other planets . They are rarely seen , although were first proposed over 100 years ago . First Point of Aries and first point of Libra : names referring to the astrological signs the sun is entering . Due to the precession of the equinoxes , however , the constellations where the equinoxes are currently located are Pisces and Virgo , respectively . Length of equinoctial day and night ( edit ) Contour plot of the hours of daylight as a function of latitude and day of the year , showing approximately 12 hours of daylight at all latitudes during the equinoxes Day is usually defined as the period when sunlight reaches the ground in the absence of local obstacles . On the day of the equinox , the center of the Sun spends a roughly equal amount of time above and below the horizon at every location on the Earth , so night and day are about the same length . Sunrise and sunset can be defined in several ways , but a widespread definition is the time that the top limb of the sun is level with the horizon . With this definition , the day is longer than the night at the equinoxes : From the Earth , the Sun appears as a disc rather than a point of light , so when the centre of the Sun is below the horizon , its upper edge is visible . Sunrise , which begins daytime , occurs when the top of the Sun 's disk rises above the eastern horizon . At that instant , the disk 's centre is still below the horizon . The Earth 's atmosphere refracts sunlight . As a result , an observer sees daylight before the top of the Sun 's disk rises above the horizon . In sunrise / sunset tables , the assumed semidiameter ( apparent radius ) of the Sun is 16 arcminutes and the atmospheric refraction is assumed to be 34 arcminutes . Their combination means that when the upper limb of the Sun is on the visible horizon , its centre is 50 arcminutes below the geometric horizon , which is the intersection with the celestial sphere of a horizontal plane through the eye of the observer . These effects make the day about 14 minutes longer than the night at the equator and longer still towards the poles . The real equality of day and night only happens in places far enough from the equator to have a seasonal difference in day length of at least 7 minutes , actually occurring a few days towards the winter side of each equinox . The times of sunset and sunrise vary with the observer 's location ( longitude and latitude ) , so the dates when day and night are equal also depend upon the observer 's location . A third correction for the visual observation of a sunrise ( or sunset ) is the angle between the apparent horizon as seen by an observer and the geometric ( or sensible ) horizon . This is known as the dip of the horizon and varies from 3 arcminutes for a sunbather stood on the sea shore to 160 arcminutes for a mountaineer on Everest . The light path of such a large dip ( over 21⁄2 ° ) accounts for the phenomenon of snow on a mountain peak turning gold in the sunlight long before the lower slopes are illuminated . At the equinoxes , the rate of change for the length of daylight and night - time is the greatest . At the poles , the equinox marks the transition from 24 hours of nighttime to 24 hours of daylight ( or vice versa ) . The word equilux is sometimes ( but rarely ) used to mean a day in which the durations of light and darkness are equal . Geocentric view of the Astronomical seasons ( edit ) Main article : Sun path This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the half - year centered on the June solstice , the Sun rises north of east and sets north of west , which means longer days with shorter nights for the northern hemisphere and shorter days with longer nights for the southern hemisphere . In the half - year centered on the December solstice , the Sun rises south of east and sets south of west and the durations of day and night are reversed . Also on the day of an equinox , the Sun rises everywhere on Earth ( except at the poles ) at about 06 : 00 and sets at about 18 : 00 ( local solar time ) . These times are not exact for several reasons : The Sun is much larger in diameter than the Earth , so that more than half of the Earth could be in sunlight at any one time ( due to unparallel rays creating tangent points beyond an equal - day - night line ) . Most places on Earth use a time zone which differs from the local solar time by minutes or even hours . For example , if a location uses a time zone with reference meridian 15 ° to the east , the Sun will rise around 07 : 00 on the equinox and set 12 hours later around 19 : 00 . Day length is also affected by the variable orbital speed of the Earth around the sun . This combined effect is described as the equation of time . Thus even locations which lie on their time zone 's reference meridian will not see sunrise and sunset at 6 : 00 and 18 : 00 . At the March equinox they are 7 -- 8 minutes later , and at the September equinox they are about 7 -- 8 minutes earlier . Sunrise and sunset are commonly defined for the upper limb of the solar disk , rather than its center . The upper limb is already up for at least a minute before the center appears , and the upper limb likewise sets later than the center of the solar disk . Also , when the Sun is near the horizon , atmospheric refraction shifts its apparent position above its true position by a little more than its own diameter . This makes sunrise more than two minutes earlier and sunset an equal amount later . These two effects combine to make the equinox day 12 h 7 min long and the night only 11 h 53 min . Note , however , that these numbers are only true for the tropics . For moderate latitudes , the discrepancy increases ( e.g. , 12 minutes in London ) ; and closer to the poles it becomes very much larger ( in terms of time ) . Up to about 100 km from either pole , the Sun is up for a full 24 hours on an equinox day . Height of the horizon changes the day 's length . For an observer atop a mountain the day is longer , while standing in a valley will shorten the day . Day arcs of the Sun ( edit ) Main article : Sun path Some of the statements above can be made clearer by picturing the day arc ( i.e. , the path along which the Sun appears to move across the sky ) . The pictures show this for every hour on equinox day . In addition , some ' ghost ' suns are also indicated below the horizon , up to 18 ° below it ; the Sun in such areas still causes twilight . The depictions presented below can be used for both the northern and the southern hemispheres . The observer is understood to be sitting near the tree on the island depicted in the middle of the ocean ; the green arrows give cardinal directions . In the northern hemisphere , north is to the left , the Sun rises in the east ( far arrow ) , culminates in the south ( right arrow ) , while moving to the right and setting in the west ( near arrow ) . In the southern hemisphere , south is to the left , the Sun rises in the east ( near arrow ) , culminates in the north ( right arrow ) , while moving to the left and setting in the west ( far arrow ) . The following special cases are depicted : Day arc at 0 ° latitude ( equator ) The arc passes through the zenith , resulting in almost no shadows at high noon . Day arc at 20 ° latitude The Sun culminates at 70 ° altitude and its path at sunrise and sunset occurs at a steep 70 ° angle to the horizon . Twilight still lasts about one hour . Day arc at 50 ° latitude Twilight lasts almost two hours . Day arc at 70 ° latitude The Sun culminates at no more than 20 ° altitude and its daily path at sunrise and sunset is at a shallow 20 ° angle to the horizon . Twilight lasts for more than four hours . Day arc at 90 ° latitude ( pole ) If it were not for atmospheric refraction , the Sun would be on the horizon all the time . Celestial coordinate systems ( edit ) See also : Equinox ( celestial coordinates ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The vernal equinox occurs in March , about when the Sun crosses the celestial equator south to north . The term `` vernal point '' is used for the time of this occurrence and for the direction in space where the Sun is seen at that time , which is the origin of some celestial coordinate systems : in the ecliptic coordinate system , the vernal point is the origin of the ecliptic longitude ; in the equatorial coordinate system , the vernal point is the origin of the right ascension . Diagram illustrating the difference between the Sun 's celestial longitude being zero and the Sun 's declination being zero . The Sun 's celestial latitude never exceeds 1.2 arcseconds , but is exaggerated in this diagram . Strictly speaking , at the equinox the Sun 's ecliptic longitude is zero . Its latitude will not be exactly zero since the Earth is not exactly in the plane of the ecliptic . Its declination will not be exactly zero either . ( The ecliptic is defined by the center of mass of the Earth and Moon combined ) . The modern definition of equinox is the instants when the Sun 's apparent geocentric longitude is 0 ° ( northward equinox ) or 180 ° ( southward equinox ) . See the adjacent diagram . Because of the precession of the Earth 's axis , the position of the vernal point on the celestial sphere changes over time , and the equatorial and the ecliptic coordinate systems change accordingly . Thus when specifying celestial coordinates for an object , one has to specify at what time the vernal point and the celestial equator are taken . That reference time is called the equinox of date . The autumnal equinox is at ecliptic longitude 180 ° and at right ascension 12h . The upper culmination of the vernal point is considered the start of the sidereal day for the observer . The hour angle of the vernal point is , by definition , the observer 's sidereal time . Using the current official IAU constellation boundaries -- and taking into account the variable precession speed and the rotation of the celestial equator -- the equinoxes shift through the constellations as follows ( expressed in astronomical year numbering in which the year 0 = 1 BC , − 1 = 2 BC , etc . ) : The March equinox passed from Taurus into Aries in year − 1865 , passed into Pisces in year − 67 , will pass into Aquarius in year 2597 , and then into Capricornus in year 4312 . In 1489 it came within 10 arcminutes of Cetus without crossing the boundary . The September equinox passed from Libra into Virgo in year − 729 , will pass into Leo in year 2439 . Cultural aspects ( edit ) Main articles : March equinox § Human culture , and September equinox § Human culture The equinoxes are sometimes regarded as the start of spring and autumn . A number of traditional ( harvest ) festivals are celebrated on the date of the equinoxes . Effects on satellites ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) One effect of equinoctial periods is the temporary disruption of communications satellites . For all geostationary satellites , there are a few days around the equinox when the sun goes directly behind the satellite relative to Earth ( i.e. within the beam - width of the ground - station antenna ) for a short period each day . The Sun 's immense power and broad radiation spectrum overload the Earth station 's reception circuits with noise and , depending on antenna size and other factors , temporarily disrupt or degrade the circuit . The duration of those effects varies but can range from a few minutes to an hour . ( For a given frequency band , a larger antenna has a narrower beam - width and hence experiences shorter duration `` Sun outage '' windows . ) Equinoxes on other planets ( edit ) When the planet Saturn is at equinox , its rings reflect little sunlight , as seen in this image by Cassini in 2009 . Equinoxes occur on any planet with a tilted rotational axis . A dramatic example is Saturn , where the equinox places its ring system edge - on facing the Sun . As a result , they are visible only as a thin line when seen from Earth . When seen from above -- a view seen during an equinox for the first time from the Cassini space probe in 2009 -- they receive very little sunshine , indeed more planetshine than light from the Sun . This phenomenon occurs once every 14.7 years on average , and can last a few weeks before and after the exact equinox . Saturn 's most recent equinox was on 11 August 2009 , and its next will take place on 6 May 2025 . Mars 's most recent equinox was on 5 May 2017 ( northern spring ) , and the next will be on 22 May 2018 ( northern autumn ) . See also ( edit ) Anjana ( Cantabrian mythology ) -- fairies believed to appear on the spring equinox Aphelion -- occurs around 5 July ( see formula ) Kōreisai Lady Day Nowruz Solstice Songkran Sun outage -- a phenomenon that occurs around the time of an equinox Tekufah Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This meaning of `` equilux '' is rather modern ( c. 1985 to 1986 ) and unusual . Technical references since the beginning of the 20th century ( c. 1910 ) use the terms `` equilux '' and `` isophot '' to mean `` of equal illumination '' in the context of curves showing how intensely lighting equipment will illuminate a surface . See for instance John William Tudor Walsh , Textbook of Illuminating Engineering ( Intermediate Grade ) , I. Pitman , 1947 . The earliest confirmed use of the modern meaning was in a post on the Usenet group net. astro dated 14 March 1986 net. astro -- Spring Equilux Approaches , which refers to `` discussion last year exploring the reasons why equilux and equinox are not coincident '' . Use of this particular pseudo-latin protologism can only be traced to a extremely small ( less than six ) number of predominently US American people in such online media for the next 20 years until its broader adoption as a neologism ( c. 2006 ) , and then its subsequent use by more mainstream organisations ( c. 2012 ) The Equinox and Solstice , UK Meteorological Office . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ United States Naval Observatory ( 21 September 2015 ) . `` Earth 's Seasons : Equinoxes , Solstices , Perihelion , and Aphelion , 2000 - 2025 '' . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Equinoxes '' . USNO Astronomical Information Center FAQ . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` March Equinox -- Equal Day and Night , Nearly '' . Time and Date. 2017 . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Michelle Skye ( 2007 ) . Goddess Alive ! : Inviting Celtic & Norse Goddesses Into Your Life . Llewellyn Worldwide . pp. 69 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7387 - 1080 - 8 . Jump up ^ Howard D Curtis ( 5 October 2013 ) . Orbital Mechanics for Engineering Students . Butterworth - Heinemann . pp. 188 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 08 - 097748 - 5 . Jump up ^ Mohinder S. Grewal ; Lawrence R. Weill ; Angus P. Andrews ( 5 March 2007 ) . Global Positioning Systems , Inertial Navigation , and Integration . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 459 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 09971 - 1 . Jump up ^ Nathaniel Bowditch ; National Imagery and Mapping Agency ( 2002 ) . The American practical navigator : an epitome of navigation . Paradise Cay Publications . pp. 229 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 939837 - 54 - 0 . Jump up ^ Exploring the Earth . Allied Publishers . pp. 31 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8424 - 408 - 3 . Jump up ^ Paula LaRocque ( 2007 ) . On Words : Insights Into How Our Words Work -- And Do n't . Marion Street Press . pp. 89 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 933338 - 20 - 0 . Jump up ^ Popular Astronomy . 1945 . Jump up ^ Notes and Queries . Oxford University Press . 1895 . Jump up ^ Spherical Astronomy . Krishna Prakashan Media . pp. 233 -- . GGKEY : RDRHQ35FBX7 . Jump up ^ Forsythe , William C ; Rykiel , Edward J ; Stahl , Randal S ; Wu , Hsin - i ; Schoolfield , Robert M ( 1995 ) . `` A model comparison for daylength as a function of latitude and day of year '' . Ecological Modelling. 80 : 87 . doi : 10.1016 / 0304 - 3800 ( 94 ) 00034 - F . Jump up ^ Seidelman , P. Kenneth , ed. ( 1992 ) . Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac . Mill Valley , CA : University Science Books . p. 32 . ISBN 0 - 935702 - 68 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Sunrise and Sunset '' . 21 October 2002 . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Biegert , Mark ( 21 October 2015 ) . `` Correcting Sextant Measurements For Dip '' . Math Encounters ( blog ) . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Owens , Steve ( 20 March 2010 ) . `` Equinox , Equilux , and Twilight Times '' . Dark Sky Diary ( blog ) . Retrieved 31 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Meeus , Jean ( 1997 ) . Mathematical Astronomy Morsels . Jump up ^ United States Naval Observatory ( 2006 ) . Astronomical Almanac 2008 . Glossary Chapter . Jump up ^ Meeus , Jean ( 1998 ) . Astronomical Algorithms , Second Edition . Jump up ^ Montenbruck , Oliver ; Pfleger , Thomas . Astronomy on the Personal Computer . Springer - Verlag . p. 17 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 57700 - 9 . Jump up ^ J. Meeus ; Mathematical Astronomical Morsels ; ISBN 0 - 943396 - 51 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` PIA11667 : The Rite of Spring '' . Jet Propulsion Laboratory , California Institute of Technology . Retrieved 21 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Lakdawalla , Emily ( 7 July 2016 ) . `` Oppositions , conjunctions , seasons , and ring plane crossings of the giant planets '' . The Planetary Society . Retrieved 31 Jan 2017 . External links ( edit ) Look up equinox in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Equinox . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Equinox Day and Night World Map ( night and day map on equinox ) Calculation of Length of Day ( Formulas and Graphs ) Equinoctial Points -- The Nuttall Encyclopædia Table of times for Equinoxes , Solstices , Perihelion and Aphelion in 2000 -- 2020 Table of times of Spring Equinox for a thousand years : 1452 -- 2547 Gray , Meghan ; Merrifield , Michael . `` Solstice and Equinox '' . Sixty Symbols . Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham . 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only indian to reach final of all england badminton

List of All England men 's singles champions

list of all england men's singles champions

Below is the list of the winners at the All England Open Badminton Championships . Between 1915 - 1919 the All England was cancelled because of World War I. Between 1940 - 1946 the All England was cancelled because of World War II .

Year Champion Runner - up Score 1900 Sydney Howard Smith D. Oakes 1901 H.W. Davies Ralph George Watling 1902 Ralph Watling E. Young 1903 Ralph Watling Henry Norman Marrett 1904 Henry Norman Marrett George Alan Thomas 1905 Henry Norman Marrett Ralph George Watling 15 - 6 , 15 - 2 1906 Norman Wood Henry Norman Marrett 15 - 8 , 18 - 13 1907 Norman Wood Frank Chesterton 1908 Henry Norman Marrett Arthur M. Cave 12 - 15 , 18 - 14 , 15 - 9 1909 Frank Chesterton Henry Norman Marrett 15 - 8 , 8 - 15 , 15 - 10 1910 Frank Chesterton Henry Norman Marrett 15 - 4 , 15 - 10 1911 Guy A. Sautter J.H. Colin Prior 15 - 6 , 15 - 11 1912 Frank Chesterton Guy A. Sautter 15 - 10 , 15 - 13 1913 Guy A. Sautter Frank Chesterton 15 - 7 , 15 - 8 1914 Guy A. Sautter Frank Chesterton 15 - 4 , 15 - 10 1915 1919 No competition 1920 George Alan Thomas W.M. Swinden 15 - 9 , 14 - 17 , 15 - 5 1921 George Alan Thomas Frank Hodge 15 - 7 , 8 - 15 , 15 - 3 1922 George Alan Thomas Frank Hodge 15 - 14 , 15 - 5 1923 George Alan Thomas Herbert Uber 15 - 10 , 15 - 10 1924 Gordon ' Curly ' Mack George Alan Thomas 17 - 15 , 9 - 15 , 15 -- 6 1925 Frank Devlin Frank Hodge 11 - 15 , 15 - 7 , 18 - 15 1926 Frank Devlin Albert Harbot 7 - 15 , 15 - 5 , 15 - 6 1927 Frank Devlin Albert Harbot 15 - 3 , 15 - 7 1928 Frank Devlin Albert Harbot 15 - 10 , 15 - 6 1929 Frank Devlin Donald C. Hume 15 - 4 , 15 - 1 1930 Donald C. Hume Alan Titherley 15 - 12 , 15 - 12 1931 Frank Devlin T.P. Dick 3 - 15 , 15 - 10 , 15 - 3 1932 Ralph C.F. Nichols Raymond White 5 - 15 , 15 - 11 , 18 -- 16 1933 Raymond White Donald C. Hume 1934 Ralph C.F. Nichols T.P. Dick 15 - 11 , 15 - 8 1935 Raymond White Ralph C.F. Nichols 15 - 10 , 15 - 7 1936 Ralph C.F. Nichols Raymond White 18 -- 16 , 17 -- 18 , 15 -- 10 1937 Ralph C.F. Nichols T.P. Dick 15 - 8 , 15 - 7 1938 Ralph C.F. Nichols Jesper Bie 15 - 4 , 15 - 5 1939 Tage Madsen Ralph C.F. Nichols 10 -- 15 , 18 -- 13 , 15 -- 7 1940 1946 No competition 1947 Conny Jepsen Prakash Nath 15 - 7 , 15 - 11 1948 Jørn Skaarup Poul Holm 15 -- 3 , 15 -- 13 1949 Dave G. Freeman Ooi Teik Hock 15 -- 1 , 15 -- 6 1950 Wong Peng Soon Poul Holm 15 -- 7 , 15 -- 10 1951 Wong Peng Soon Ong Poh Lim 15 -- 18 , 18 -- 14 , 15 -- 7 1952 Wong Peng Soon Eddy B. Choong 15 -- 11 , 18 -- 13 1953 Eddy B. Choong Heah Hock Aun 15 -- 4 , 15 -- 4 1954 Eddy B. Choong Donald Smythe 15 -- 5 , 15 -- 6 1955 Wong Peng Soon Eddy B. Choong 15 -- 7 , 14 -- 17 , 15 -- 10 1956 Eddy B. Choong Finn Kobberø 11 -- 15 , 15 -- 3 , 15 -- 11 1957 Eddy B. Choong Erland Kops 15 -- 9 , 15 -- 3 1958 Erland Kops Finn Kobberø 15 -- 10 , 8 -- 15 , 15 -- 8 1959 Tan Joe Hok Ferry Sonneville 15 -- 8 , 10 -- 15 , 15 -- 3 1960 Erland Kops Charoen Wattanasin 15 -- 11 , 11 -- 15 , 15 -- 6 1961 Erland Kops Finn Kobberø 15 -- 10 , 15 -- 6 1962 Erland Kops Charoen Wattanasin 15 -- 10 , 15 -- 5 1963 Erland Kops Channarong Ratanaseangsuang 15 -- 7 , 15 -- 7 1964 Knud Aage Nielsen Henning Borch 8 -- 15 , 17 -- 14 , 15 -- 4 1965 Erland Kops Tan Aik Huang 15 -- 13 , 15 -- 12 1966 Tan Aik Huang Masao Akiyama 15 -- 7 , 15 -- 4 1967 Erland Kops Tan Aik Huang 15 -- 12 , 15 -- 10 1968 Rudy Hartono Tan Aik Huang 15 -- 12 , 15 -- 9 1969 Rudy Hartono Darmadi 15 -- 1 , 15 -- 3 1970 Rudy Hartono Svend Pri 15 - 7 , 15 - 1 1971 Rudy Hartono Muljadi 15 - 1 , 15 - 5 1972 Rudy Hartono Svend Pri 15 - 9 , 15 - 4 1973 Rudy Hartono Christian Hadinata 15 -- 4 , 15 -- 2 Rudy Hartono Punch Gunalan 8 -- 15 , 15 -- 9 , 15 -- 10 Svend Pri Rudy Hartono 15 -- 11 , 17 -- 14 1976 Rudy Hartono Liem Swie King 15 - 7 , 15 - 6 1977 Flemming Delfs Liem Swie King 15 - 18 , 15 - 11 , 15 - 8 1978 Liem Swie King Rudy Hartono 15 - 10 , 15 - 3 1979 Liem Swie King Flemming Delfs 15 - 7 , 15 - 8 1980 Prakash Padukone Liem Swie King 15 - 3 , 15 - 10 1981 Liem Swie King Prakash Padukone 11 - 15 , 15 - 4 , 15 - 6 1982 Morten Frost Luan Jin 11 - 15 , 15 - 2 , 15 - 7 Luan Jin Morten Frost 15 - 2 , 13 - 15 , 15 - 4 1984 Morten Frost Liem Swie King 9 - 15 , 15 - 10 , 15 - 10 1985 Zhao Jianhua Morten Frost 6 - 15 , 15 - 10 , 18 - 15 1986 Morten Frost Misbun Sidek 15 - 2 , 15 - 8 Morten Frost Icuk Sugiarto 15 - 10 , 15 - 0 1988 Ib Frederiksen Morten Frost 8 - 15 , 15 - 7 , 15 - 10 1989 Yang Yang Morten Frost 15 - 6 , 15 - 7 1990 Zhao Jianhua Joko Suprianto 15 - 4 , 15 - 1 1991 Ardy Wiranata Foo Kok Keong 15 - 12 , 15 - 10 1992 Liu Jun Zhao Jianhua 15 - 13 , 15 - 13 1993 Heryanto Arbi Joko Suprianto 15 - 7 , 4 - 15 , 15 - 11 1994 Heryanto Arbi Ardy Wiranata 15 - 12 , 17 - 14 1995 Poul - Erik Høyer Larsen Heryanto Arbi 17 - 16 , 15 - 6 Poul - Erik Høyer Larsen Rashid Sidek 15 - 7 , 15 - 6 1997 Dong Jiong Sun Jun 15 - 9 , 15 - 5 1998 Sun Jun Ong Ewe Hock 15 - 1 , 15 - 7 1999 Peter Gade Taufik Hidayat 15 - 11 , 7 - 15 , 15 - 10 2000 Xia Xuanze Taufik Hidayat 15 - 6 , 15 - 13 2001 Pullela Gopichand Chen Hong 15 - 12 , 15 - 6 2002 Chen Hong Budi Santoso 7 - 4 , 7 - 5 , 7 - 1 2003 Muhammad Hafiz Hashim Chen Hong 17 - 14 , 15 - 10 Lin Dan Peter Gade 9 - 15 , 15 - 5 , 15 - 8 2005 Chen Hong Lin Dan 8 - 15 , 15 - 5 , 15 - 2 2006 Lin Dan Lee Hyun - il 15 - 7 , 15 - 7 2007 Lin Dan Chen Yu 21 - 13 , 21 - 12 2008 Chen Jin Lin Dan 22 - 20 , 25 - 23 2009 Lin Dan Lee Chong Wei 21 - 19 , 21 - 12 Lee Chong Wei Kenichi Tago 21 - 19 , 21 - 19 2011 Lee Chong Wei Lin Dan 21 - 17 , 21 - 17 2012 Lin Dan Lee Chong Wei 21 - 19 , 6 - 2 2013 Chen Long Lee Chong Wei 21 - 17 , 21 - 18 2014 Lee Chong Wei Chen Long 21 - 13 , 21 - 18 2015 Chen Long Jan O Jorgensen 15 -- 21 , 21 -- 17 , 21 -- 15 2016 Lin Dan Tian Houwei 21 - 9 , 21 - 10 2017 Lee Chong Wei Shi Yuqi 21 - 12 , 21 - 10 2018 Shi Yuqi Lin Dan 21 - 19 , 16 - 21 , 21 - 9 Contents 1 Number of titles by country 2 List of badminton players with most titles 3 Trivia 4 References Number of titles by country ( edit ) Rank Country No. of Titles First title Last title First champion Last champion England 27 1900 1938 Sydney Howard Smith Ralph C.F. Nichols Denmark China 20 1939 1999 2018 Tage Madsen Luan Jin Peter Gade Shi Yuqi Indonesia 15 1959 1994 Tan Joe Hok Heryanto Arbi 5 Malaysia 14 1950 2017 Wong Peng Soon Lee Chong Wei 6 Ireland 7 1924 1931 Gordon ' Curly ' Mack Frank Devlin 7 India 1980 2001 Prakash Padukone Pullela Gopichand 8 Sweden United States 1947 1949 1947 1949 Conny Jepsen Dave G. Freeman Conny Jepsen Dave G. Freeman List of badminton players with most titles ( edit ) Bold indicates active players . Rank Name Country No. of Titles First title Last title Rudy Hartono Indonesia 8 1968 1976 Erland Kops Denmark 7 1958 1967 Frank Devlin Lin Dan Ireland China 6 1925 1931 2016 5 Ralph C.F. Nichols England 5 1932 1938 6 George Alan Thomas Wong Peng Soon Eddy B. Choong Morten Frost Lee Chong Wei England Malaysia Malaysia Denmark Malaysia 1920 1950 1953 1982 1923 1955 1957 2017 11 Henry Norman Marrett Frank Chesterton Guy A. Sautter Liem Swie King England England England Indonesia 1904 1909 1911 1978 1908 1912 1914 1981 15 Ralph Watling Norman Wood Raymond White Zhao Jianhua Heryanto Arbi Poul - Erik Høyer Larsen Chen Hong Chen Long England England England China Indonesia Denmark China China 1902 1906 1933 1985 1993 1995 2002 2013 1903 1907 1935 1990 1994 2005 2015 Trivia ( edit ) In 1913 & 1914 Guy Sautter competed under the alias of U.N. Lappin and in 1920 George Thomas played under the alias of George Allen . Between 2003 & 2018 either or both Lin Dan and Lee Chong Wei have contested the final with the exception of the final in 2015 , which saw Lin eliminated in the semi-finals and Lee unable to compete due to a doping ban . References ( edit ) All England Champions 1899 - 2007 BadmintonEngland.co.uk badmintoneurope.com Pat Davis : The Encyclopaedia of Badminton . Robert Hale , London , 1987 , ISBN 0 - 7090 - 2796 - 6 All England Open Badminton Championships 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Men 's Singles -- Women 's Singles -- Men 's Doubles -- Women 's Doubles -- Mixed Doubles Jump up ^ `` Lin loses for 1st time to Chen in All - England Open semis '' . China Daily . 8 March 2015 . Retrieved 28 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Badminton player Lee Chong Wei given backdated eight - month doping ban '' . The Guardian . 27 April 2015 . Retrieved 28 October 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_All_England_Men%27s_Singles_champions&oldid=866110160 '' Categories : All England Open Badminton Championships Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Français Bahasa Indonesia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 09 : 14 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

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astra sedan was launched by which car maker in india

Astra F Overview Also called Chevrolet Astra Holden Astra Opel Optima ( Indonesia ) Opel Kadett ( South Africa ) Vauxhall Astra Opel Astra Classic I Production 1991 -- 1998 ( Opel ) Assembly Belgium : Antwerp Germany : Bochum Germany : Eisenach Hungary : Szentgotthárd India : Halol ( OIPL ) Italy : Grugliasco ( Bertone ) Poland : Gliwice South Africa : Port Elizabeth ( Delta Motor ) Taiwan : Xinzhuang District ( CAC ) Thailand : Rayong United Kingdom : Ellesmere Port ( Vauxhall Ellesmere Port ) Body and chassis Body style 3 and 5 - door liftback 4 - door sedan / saloon 5 - door wagon / estate 2 - door convertible 3 - door sedan delivery ( panel van ) Platform T - body platform Powertrain Engine 1.4 L Family 1 I4 1.6 L Family 1 I4 1.8 L Family II I4 2.0 L Family II I4 2.0 L Family II turbo I4 ( ZA ) 1.7 L Family II diesel I4 1.7 L Isuzu 4EE1 TD I4 Transmission 5 - speed manual 6 - speed manual 4 - speed automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 2,517 mm ( 99.1 in ) Length Hatch : 4,050 mm ( 159.4 in ) Sedan : 4,239 mm ( 166.9 in ) Wagon : 4,278 mm ( 168.4 in ) Convertible : 4,239 mm ( 166.9 in ) Width 1,696 mm ( 66.8 in ) Height 1,410 mm ( 55.5 in )

Opel Astra

opel astra

The Opel Astra ( Lat : Stars ) is a compact car / small family car ( C - segment in Europe ) engineered and manufactured by the German automaker Opel since 1991 .

It is branded as the Vauxhall Astra in the United Kingdom and the Buick Excelle XT in China . The Holden Astra was discontinued in Australia and New Zealand in 2009 , because exchange rates made the car uncompetitive , and was replaced by the Holden Cruze . It briefly returned to the Australian market in 2012 , for the first time badged as an Opel , but was discontinued after Opel withdrew from the country a year later . On 1 May 2014 , Opel announced that the Astra GTC and Astra VXR ( Astra OPC ) would return to Australia and New Zealand in 2015 , again bearing the Holden badge . Contents ( hide ) 1 Naming convention 2 Astra F ( 1991 -- 1998 ) 2.1 Gallery 2.2 South Africa and the 200t S 2.3 Other markets 2.4 Awards 2.5 Engines 3 Astra G ( 1998 -- 2009 ) 3.1 Gallery 3.2 V8 Coupe in DTM 3.3 Xtreme 3.3. 1 Gallery 3.4 Stock Car Brazil 4 Astra H ( 2004 -- 2009 ) 4.1 Gallery 4.2 OPC 4.2. 1 Gallery 4.3 TwinTop 4.3. 1 Gallery 4.4 Stock Car Brazil 4.5 Saturn Astra 4.6 Engines 5 Astra J ( 2009 -- 2015 ) 5.1 Gallery 5.2 GTC 5.2. 1 Models and colours 5.2. 2 Gallery 5.3 OPC 5.4 Astravan 5.4. 1 Gallery 5.5 Engines 5.6 Facelift 5.7 Gallery 6 Astra K ( 2015 -- present ) 6.1 Engines 6.2 Gallery 7 Motorsport 8 References 9 External links Naming convention ( edit ) The Astra nameplate originates from Vauxhall , which had manufactured and marketed earlier generations of the Opel Kadett ( the Kadett D ( 1979 -- 1984 ) and Kadett E ( 1984 -- 1991 ) ) as the Vauxhall Astra . Subsequent GM Europe policy standardised model nomenclature in the early 1990s , whereby model names were the same in all markets regardless of whether the vehicle was being sold as an Opel or a Vauxhall . As of 2009 , there have been four generations of the Astra . In a fashion typical for Opel they are designated with subsequent letters of the Latin alphabet . Opel 's official convention is that the Astra is a logical continuation of the Kadett lineage , thus , the first generation of Opel Astra as the Astra F ( the last Opel Kadett was the Kadett E ) . The usual convention would have started with Astra A , if the Astra had been considered a separate model . Models sold as Vauxhall , Holden , or Chevrolet have different generation designations reflecting the history of those nameplates in their home markets and their naming conventions . Astra F ( 1991 -- 1998 ) ( edit ) Astra F Overview Also called Chevrolet Astra Holden Astra Opel Optima ( Indonesia ) Opel Kadett ( South Africa ) Vauxhall Astra Opel Astra Classic I Production 1991 -- 1998 ( Opel ) Assembly Belgium : Antwerp Germany : Bochum Germany : Eisenach Hungary : Szentgotthárd India : Halol ( OIPL ) Italy : Grugliasco ( Bertone ) Poland : Gliwice South Africa : Port Elizabeth ( Delta Motor ) Taiwan : Xinzhuang District ( CAC ) Thailand : Rayong United Kingdom : Ellesmere Port ( Vauxhall Ellesmere Port ) Body and chassis Body style 3 and 5 - door liftback 4 - door sedan / saloon 5 - door wagon / estate 2 - door convertible 3 - door sedan delivery ( panel van ) Platform T - body platform Powertrain Engine 1.4 L Family 1 I4 1.6 L Family 1 I4 1.8 L Family II I4 2.0 L Family II I4 2.0 L Family II turbo I4 ( ZA ) 1.7 L Family II diesel I4 1.7 L Isuzu 4EE1 TD I4 Transmission 5 - speed manual 6 - speed manual 4 - speed automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 2,517 mm ( 99.1 in ) Length Hatch : 4,050 mm ( 159.4 in ) Sedan : 4,239 mm ( 166.9 in ) Wagon : 4,278 mm ( 168.4 in ) Convertible : 4,239 mm ( 166.9 in ) Width 1,696 mm ( 66.8 in ) Height 1,410 mm ( 55.5 in ) The Opel Astra F debuted in September 1991 . With the Kadett E 's successor , Opel adopted the Astra nameplate , which was already used by Vauxhall for the Kadett D and E ( see Vauxhall Astra ) . It was offered as a three - or five - door hatchback , a saloon ( sedan ) , and an estate ( wagon ) known as the Caravan and available with five doors only , bringing Opel 's run of three - door wagons to an end at long last . A cabriolet was also offered , designed and built by Bertone in Italy . While the Astra F finished production in Germany in 1998 , Polish - built Astras remained on offer in Central and Eastern Europe , as well as Turkey , with the name Astra Classic from 1998 to 2002 . The Opel Astra F consisted of two main revisions and was revised in 1995 , with the launch of Opel 's new Ecotec engine . Aside from the South Africa - only 200t S , the lead model was the GSi -- a 2.0 L I4 16V petrol injected model with 151 hp ( 110 kW ) , available as a three - door only . It also featured sports bodykit and widened front seats in the interior . However , this was substituted in 1995 and was renamed as SPORT , although only a limited number were produced and the bodykit was removed also and it could be selected with the lower - powered , but more modern ' Ecotec ' version , the X20XEV ( 136 hp , 100 kW ) parallel with the C20XE . In Europe from 1994 all Astra models were offered with the 2.0 L 16V Ecotec X20XEV parallel with the 2.0 L 8V ( C20NE ) engine , but the three - door and station wagon models could be selected with the 151 hp ( 110 kW ) C20XE engine . Some Astra models had an 1.6 L engine with 83 hp . After the Astra F was replaced by the new generation Astra G in 1998 , the so - called `` REDTOP '' C20XE engine was also taken out of production . Gallery ( edit ) Opel Astra F Opel Astra F interior Pre-facelift Opel Astra F sedan ( 1993 ) Opel Astra F Caravan ( 1994 -- 1998 ) Opel Astra F Cabriolet ( 1994 -- 1998 ) South Africa and the 200t S ( edit ) The model was also launched in South Africa in 1991 , where it was produced under licence by Delta . The `` Kadett '' name was retained for the hatchback Astras until 1999 . The sedan and station wagon models were offered under the Astra name . The Kadett and Astra in South Africa won the title of ' Car of the Year ' in two consecutive years ( 1994 and 1995 ) even though they were versions of the same car . South African nomenclature was denoted in centilitres , so the Astra and Kadett ranges featured 140 , 160i , 180i and 200i models . The South African Astra turbo included a variant with the same turbocharged engine called the Opel Kadett 200t S . The 200t S was a specific name where Delta Motor Corporation wanted to show the specialty of the type , which could beat the BMW M3 in a quarter mile in that time . The `` t '' stands for the turbocharger . The engine ( C20LET ) in the Opel Astra and Kadett 200t S was sourced from the Opel Calibra and Opel Vectra A 4x4 2.0 16V turbo , four - wheel drive found in European markets , but local engineers converted the six - speed , four - wheel drive transmission ( Getrag F28 ) to front - wheel drive only and as such it was unique to South Africa . Other markets ( edit ) The Opel Astra also became available in Australasia badged as a Holden , first in New Zealand in 1995 , and then Australia in 1996 . The first models were imported from the UK , but later models were imported from Belgium . The Holden Astra name had previously been used on rebadged Nissan Pulsar models from 1984 to 1989 . Opel Astra 's first generation was exported to Brazil from December 1994 as the Chevrolet Astra , possible because of a lowering of import tariffs . General Motors do Brasil sent the 2.0 - liter , 115 bhp engines to the United Kingdom whence the completed cars took their way to Brazil . In February 1996 the Brazilian government again changed the import tariff , from 20 to 70 % - making the car prohibitively expensive and leading to its cancellation after just over a year on the market . Instead , the locally built Kadett was updated . The second generation Astra was manufactured in Brazil . Beginning in March 1995 , the Astra sedan was assembled in Indonesia where it was marketed as the `` Opel Optima '' . The name had to be changed since PT Astra was Toyota 's long operating local partner in Indonesia . In India the Opel Astra was assembled for the local market in a joint venture with the Birla Companies , beginning in 1996 . Indian production ended in 2002 . The first generation Chrevolet Astra in Brazil had a Vauxhall - style front grille featuring a `` V '' , containing the Chevrolet badge . This was also a feature of the first generation Holden Astra in New Zealand , although this was later changed to an Opel - style grille , bringing it into line with Australia , as well as the Opel Astra in India . Awards ( edit ) 1992 -- Semperit Irish Car of the Year 1994 and 1995 -- South African Car of the Year Engines ( edit ) Petrol engine Engine code Engine Displacement Power Torque Fueling system Valvetrain Compression ratio 140I Inline - four 1389 cc 60 PS ( 44 kW ; 59 hp ) 103 N m ( 76 lb ft ) Multi-point Fuel Injection SOHC 9.4 : 1 140IE Inline - four 1398 cc 75 PS ( 55 kW ; 74 hp ) 110 N m ( 81 lb ft ) Carburetor SOHC 9.4 : 1 140IS Inline - four 1398 cc 82 PS ( 60 kW ; 81 hp ) 115 N m ( 85 lb ft ) Multi-point Fuel Injection SOHC 9.8 : 1 C14NZ Inline - four 1389 cc 60 PS ( 44 kW ; 59 hp ) 103 N m ( 76 lb ft ) Single - point fuel injection SOHC 9.4 : 1 C14SE Inline - four 1389 cc 82 PS ( 60 kW ; 81 hp ) 113 N m ( 83 lb ft ) Multi-point Fuel Injection SOHC 10.0 : 1 X14NZ Inline - four 1389 cc 60 PS ( 44 kW ; 59 hp ) 103 N m ( 76 lb ft ) Single - point Fuel Injection SOHC 9.4 : 1 X14XE ( Ecotec ) Inline - four 1389 cc 90 PS ( 66 kW ; 89 hp ) 125 N m ( 92 lb ft ) Multi-point Fuel Injection DOHC 10.5 : 1 C16NZ and X16SZR Inline - four 1598 cc 75 PS ( 55 kW ; 74 hp ) 125 N m ( 92 lb ft ) Single - point Fuel Injection SOHC 9.2 : 1 C16SE Inline - four 1598 cc 100 PS ( 74 kW ; 99 hp ) 135 N m ( 100 lb ft ) Multi-point Fuel Injection SOHC 9.8 : 1 X16SZ Inline - four 1598 cc 71 PS ( 52 kW ; 70 hp ) 128 N m ( 94 lb ft ) Single - point Fuel Injection SOHC 10.0 : 1 X16XZR Inline - four 1598 cc 71 PS ( 52 kW ; 70 hp ) 128 N m ( 94 lb ft ) Single - point Fuel Injection SOHC 9.6 : 1 X16XEL ( Ecotec ) Inline - four 1598 cc 101 PS ( 74 kW ; 100 hp ) 148 N m ( 109 lb ft ) Multi-point Fuel Injection DOHC 10.5 : 1 C18NZ Inline - four 1796 cc 90 PS ( 66 kW ; 89 hp ) 145 N m ( 107 lb ft ) Single - point Fuel Injection SOHC 9.2 : 1 C18XE Inline - four 1794 cc 125 PS ( 92 kW ; 123 hp ) 168 N m ( 124 lb ft ) Multi-point Fuel Injection DOHC 10.8 : 1 C18SEL ( Ecotec ) Inline - four 1798 cc 115 PS ( 85 kW ; 113 hp ) 168 N m ( 124 lb ft ) Multi-point Fuel Injection DOHC 9.9 : 1 C18XEL ( Ecotec ) Inline - four 1798 cc 115 PS ( 85 kW ; 113 hp ) 168 N m ( 124 lb ft ) Multi-point Fuel Injection DOHC 10.8 : 1 X18XE ( Ecotec ) Inline - four 1794 cc 115 PS ( 85 kW ; 113 hp ) 170 N m ( 125 lb ft ) Multi-point Fuel Injection DOHC 10.8 : 1 20SEH ( South Africa ) Inline - four 1998 cc 130 PS ( 96 kW ; 128 hp ) 180 N m ( 133 lb ft ) Multi-point Fuel Injection SOHC 9.8 : 1 20XE - LN ( South Africa ) Inline - four 1998 cc 156 PS ( 115 kW ; 154 hp ) 200 N m ( 148 lb ft ) Multi-point Fuel Injection DOHC 9.8 : 1 C20NE Inline - four 1998 cc 115 PS ( 85 kW ; 113 hp ) 170 N m ( 125 lb ft ) Multi-point Fuel Injection SOHC 9.2 : 1 X20XEV ( Ecotec ) Inline - four 1998 cc 136 PS ( 100 kW ; 134 hp ) 185 N m ( 136 lb ft ) Multi-point Fuel Injection DOHC 10.8 : 1 C20XE Inline - four 1998 cc 150 PS ( 110 kW ; 148 hp ) 196 N m ( 145 lb ft ) Multi-point Fuel Injection DOHC 10.5 : 1 C20LET ( South Africa ) Inline - four 1998 cc 204 PS ( 150 kW ; 201 hp ) 280 N m ( 207 lb ft ) Multi-point Fuel Injection , turbocharger DOHC 8.5 : 1 Diesel engine Engine code Engine Displacement Power Torque Fueling system Valvetrain Compression ratio 17D Inline - four 1699 cc 57 PS ( 42 kW ; 56 hp ) 105 N m ( 77 lb ft ) Bosch Injection Pump SOHC 23 : 1 17DR Inline - four 1699 cc 60 PS ( 44 kW ; 59 hp ) 105 N m ( 77 lb ft ) Bosch Injection Pump SOHC 23 : 1 X17DTL Inline - four 1700 cc 68 PS ( 50 kW ; 67 hp ) 132 N m ( 97 lb ft ) Bosch Injection Pump SOHC 22 : 1 X17DT Inline - four 1686 cc 82 PS ( 60 kW ; 81 hp ) 168 N m ( 124 lb ft ) Bosch Injection Pump SOHC 22 : 1 Astra G ( 1998 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) Astra G Overview Also called Chevrolet Astra Chevrolet Viva Holden Astra Vauxhall Astra Opel Astra Classic II Production 1998 -- 2009 ( Opel ) 1998 -- 2011 ( Chevrolet ) Assembly Belgium : Antwerp Brazil : São Caetano do Sul ( GM do Brasil ) Egypt : 6th of October City ( GME ) Germany : Bochum Italy : Grugliasco ( Bertone ) Poland : Gliwice Russia : Tolyatti ( GM - AvtoVAZ ) South Africa : Port Elizabeth ( Delta Motor ) Ukraine : Zaporizhia ( AvtoZAZ ) United Kingdom : Ellesmere Port Body and chassis Class Small family car ( C ) Body style 3 - door liftback 5 - door liftback 4 - door saloon 5 - door estate 2 - door cabriolet 2 - door coupé 3 - door car derived van Platform T - body platform Related Opel Zafira A Powertrain Engine Petrol : 1.2 L X12XE I4 1.2 L Z12XE I4 1.4 L X14XE I4 1.4 L Z14XE I4 1.6 L X16SZR I4 1.6 L Z16SE I4 1.6 L X16XEL DOHC I4 1.6 L Z16XE DOHC I4 1.8 L X18XE1 I4 1.8 L Z18XE I4 2.0 L X20XEV / X20XER I4 2.0 L Z20LET turbo I4 2.2 L Z22SE I4 2.4 L I4 Diesel : 1.7 L TD 8V I4 1.7 L DTi 16V I4 2.0 L Di 16V I4 2.0 L DTi 16V I4 2.2 L DTi 16V I4 Transmission 5 - speed manual 4 - speed automatic 5 - speed automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 2,606 mm ( 102.6 in ) Wagon : 2,611 mm ( 102.8 in ) Length Hatch : 4,110 mm ( 161.8 in ) Saloon : 4,252 mm ( 167.4 in ) Estate : 4,288 mm ( 168.8 in ) Convertible : 4,267 mm ( 168.0 in ) Width 1,709 mm ( 67.3 in ) Height 1,425 mm ( 56.1 in ) Cabriolet : 1,390 mm ( 54.7 in ) The Astra G was launched in Europe in 1998 . It was available as a three - door liftback and five - door liftback , four - door saloon , five - door estate ( in Opel tradition , known as a `` Caravan '' ) and two special versions from 2000 : the Astra Coupé and the Astra Cabrio , both of them designed and built by Bertone . The Astra G saw the introduction of a natural gas - powered engine . Its chassis was tuned by Lotus and formed the base of a 7 - seater compact MPV , the Opel Zafira . Approximately 90,000 coupés were produced , of which 7000 were cabriolets . The manufacturing of the Astra saloon and Caravan continued at Opel 's Gliwice plant in Poland after the debut of the next - generation Astra H , with the older model being branded as Astra Classic in a similar fashion to its predecessor , catering to the lower end of the market . This car was offered in Central and Eastern Europe , as well as Turkey with the name Astra Classic II from 2004 to the end 2009 . Apart from European markets , these models were also sold in Australia and New Zealand as Holden Astra Classic , until they were replaced by the Holden Viva ( built in South Korea ) in 2006 . The Astra G was built as Chevrolet Astra in Brazil . It was facelifted in 2003 , and was sold in Brazil , Argentina , Mexico , and other Latin American markets until 2011 . The GM Brazilian 2.0 8V inline - four engine which equips the Astra has the `` flexpower '' technology , that allows the car to run on both petrol / alcohol fuels , providing 128 / 140 hp ( G / A ) at 5200 rpm . A taxi version of the Brazilian sourced model , powered with gasoline 2.0 engine was sold in Chile as the Chevy Urban . In 2004 , GM 's Russian joint venture GM - AvtoVAZ launched the 4 - door version of the Astra G as the Chevrolet Viva . It was sold through Chevrolet dealers in Russia , while Opel dealers were selling the newer Opel Astra H. Sales were poor from the start due to high pricing : the only version launched was equipped with a 1.8 L engine with an above - average trim level , placing the Viva 's price above the Toyota Corolla . A project costing $340 million was selling less than a thousand cars annually ( 801 cars in 2007 ) ; rumours of shutting down Chevy Viva production circulated as early as summer of 2005 . GM - AvtoVAZ shut down small - scale production of the Viva in March 2008 . Gallery ( edit ) Opel Astra G saloon ( Classic II , 2004 - 2009 ) Opel Astra G Caravan ( 1998 -- 2002 ) Opel Astravan Opel Astra 3 - door Opel Astra G OPC Opel Astra G cabriolet Opel Astra G interior Chevrolet Astra 2.0 GLS ( Chile ) Chevrolet Astra 2.4 sedan ( Mexico ) V8 Coupé in DTM ( edit ) The Astra G series Coupé was used for the silhouette racing cars in the DTM series . These DTM racing cars are purpose built race cars with barely any parts taken from the road cars save for lights or door handles . The car 's bodywork featured gull - wing doors that were each supported by two gas struts . The racing cars were powered by 4.0 L V8 engines with nearly 500 hp ( 370 kW ) . Opel did poorly during several seasons of DTM as only Manuel Reuter placed significantly in the championship once , taking second in the inaugural season 2000 . Opel won the 24h Nürburgring in 2003 , though . Xtreme ( edit ) The Astra Xtreme , a concept car presented at the 2001 Geneva motor show , was a single - production V8 - powered Astra based on the G - series Astra DTM . Like the DTM racing car , it featured a 4.0 litres ( 240 cu in ) V8 engine , producing 444 hp ( 331 kW ) , gull - wing doors supported by gas struts , carbon fiber panels , and race - specification interior with five - point seatbelts . Gallery ( edit ) Opel Astra G OPC Xtreme Rear view Stock car Brazil ( edit ) The season of 2005 also joined the history of Stock Car . In addition to the category have become multi - the first time the Mitsubishi Lancer ran alongside the Chevrolet Astra , on 30 October 40 cars Stock Car V8 engine performed an unprecedented race outside of Brazil worth points for the championship . It was a round to the side of TC 2000 , the main category of Argentina and in July had run in Curitiba ( Autodromo Internacional de Curitiba ) . The Autódromo Juan y Oscar Gálvez received an audience of 70,000 people . Giuliano Losacco was the winner with Mateus Greipel second and Luciano Burti third . The engine was a V8 Chevrolet 350 imported from the United States by JL , similar to that used in Busch Series , the second category of NASCAR , equal and limited to 450 hp ( 336 kW ) . Thus , the automaker GM is now sponsoring the category , providing the fairing of the Astra , making room for other manufacturers could enter the category with low investment . Astra H ( 2004 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) Astra H Overview Also called Chevrolet Astra Chevrolet Vectra Holden Astra Opel Astra Classic III ( Poland ) Opel Astra Family ( Russia ) Saturn Astra Vauxhall Astra Production 2004 -- 2014 ( Opel ) , ongoing in Russia 2007 -- 2011 ( Chevrolet Vectra ) 2008 -- 2009 ( Saturn ) Assembly Belgium : Antwerp Brazil : São Caetano do Sul ( GM do Brasil ) Egypt : 6th of October City ( GME ) Germany : Bochum Poland : Gliwice Russia : St. Petersburg United Kingdom : Ellesmere Port Designer Friedhelm Engler Body and chassis Body style 3 - door hatchback coupé ( GTC ) 5 - door hatchback 4 - door sedan / saloon 5 - door wagon / estate 2 - door convertible ( TwinTop ) 3 - door sedan delivery ( panel van ) Platform T - platform Related Opel Zafira B Powertrain Engine 1.4 L Z14XEL I4 ( petrol ) 1.4 L Z14XEP I4 ( petrol ) 1.6 L Z16XEP I4 ( petrol ) 1.6 L Z16LET I4 ( turbocharged petrol ) 1.8 L Z18XE I4 ( petrol ) 1.8 L Z18XER I4 ( petrol ) 2.0 L Z20LEL I4 ( turbocharged petrol ) 2.0 L Z20LER I4 ( turbocharged petrol ) 2.0 L Z20LEH I4 ( turbocharged petrol ) 2.2 L Z22YH I4 ( Australia ) 1.3 L CDTI Diesel I4 1.7 L CDTI Diesel I4 1.9 L CDTI Diesel I4 2.0 L Flexpower I4 ( Brazil ) 2.4 L Flexpower I4 ( Brazil ) Transmission 5 - speed F17 manual 6 - speed manual 5 - speed semi-automatic 4 - speed Aisin 60 - 40LE automatic 6 - speed automatic Dimensions Wheelbase Hatches & TwinTop : 2,614 mm ( 102.9 in ) Sedan & Wagon : 2,703 mm ( 106.4 in ) Length 5 - door hatch : 4,249 mm ( 167.3 in ) 3 - door GTC : 4,288 mm ( 168.8 in ) Sedan : 4,587 mm ( 180.6 in ) Wagon : 4,515 mm ( 177.8 in ) TwinTop : 4,476 mm ( 176.2 in ) Width 1,753 mm ( 69.0 in ) TwinTop : 1,759 mm ( 69.3 in ) Height 5 - door hatch : 1,467 mm ( 57.8 in ) 3 - door GTC : 1,415 mm ( 55.7 in ) Sedan : 1,458 mm ( 57.4 in ) Wagon : 1,500 mm ( 59.1 in ) TwinTop : 1,411 mm ( 55.6 in ) Chronology Successor Chevrolet Cruze ( Brazil and Mexico ) Buick Verano ( Saturn Astra ) Opel Combo ( Astravan ) Opel Cascada ( TwinTop ) The Astra H was launched in March 2004 as a five - door hatchback , whilst a five - door estate launched late 2004 and a sporty three - door hatchback , designated the GTC ( Gran Tourismo Compact ) for European markets , Sport Hatch in the UK and the Coupé in Australia , launched in 2005 . The GTC has the option of a windscreen called `` panoramic windscreen '' ( unique for a production car at the time of its launch ) which extends into the roof area . Based on the updated T - platform , its size was increased compared to the previous version . Production came until the end of 2009 , excepting the TwinTop which continued to be manufactured until November 2010 . The aging Vectra B was replaced in Brazil with a sedan version of the Astra H , named Chevrolet Vectra , until it was replaced by the Chevrolet Cruze in 2009 . The model was matched with the others models offered in Brazil . This version was offered as an Opel in some Eurasian markets in 2006 , following a debut at the international auto show in Istanbul , Turkey , including Ireland in 2008 . This was manufactured in Gliwice , Poland . Also in 2006 , the Astravan , a 3 - door van variant of the estate , was launched . In September 2007 , a version of the 5 - door Astra was launched in Brazil , marketed as Chevrolet Vectra GT to differentiate from the already existing Astra , which was replaced by the Chevrolet Cruze hatchback in 2011 . GM Russia launched SKD assembly of Astra on a temporary production site near Saint Petersburg in February 2008 , with a potential capacity of 25,000 vehicles annually . The Chevrolet Astra was withdrawn from Mexico in 2008 as a result of withdrawal of Opel products from the brand , replaced by the Chevrolet Cruze sedan for the 2010 model year . A first for any major European car is the availability of digital radio on some versions of the new Astra , while for the Astra product class first are electronically controlled chasiss ( IDS+ ) and AFL ( Adaptive Forward Lighting ) . The Opel Astra Classic III from Bochum was offered for sale as 5 - door hatchback and estate in some Eastern European markets . At the end of 2012 , the Astravan was replaced by the new Opel Combo D ( whom the Astra H had already ended ) . Gallery ( edit ) Opel Astra 5 - door ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Opel Astra H Caravan ( 2004 -- 2010 ) Opel Astra H GTC ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Opel Astra sedan ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Interior Chevrolet Astra GTC OPC ( edit ) During 2005 , Opel introduced the OPC version of the Astra GTC ( sold as the Astra VXR in the UK ) which is powered by an updated version of the 2.0 L turbo Family II engine ( Z20 LEH ) producing 240 PS ( 177 kW , 237 bhp ) and 320 N m ( 236 lb ft ) of torque . Standard features of the OPC version include sports bodykit and recaro interior , a six - speed manual gearbox , xenon headlamps and 18 - inch alloy wheels amongst others . This vehicle was sold until late 2009 in Australia and New Zealand by Holden Special Vehicles as the HSV VXR . HSV VXRs are sold as standard with full leather trim , climate control , 6 disc CD and 19 - inch alloy wheels . HSV VXRs were badged as per the UK Vauxhall Spec models , but without the usual rear boot badge . Inside the Opel Blitz appears on the steering wheel with an OPC dashboard . The Astra OPC was also sold as the Chevrolet Astra OPC in Chile . Gallery ( edit ) Opel Astra OPC Nürburgring Edition ( 2008 ) Opel Astra OPC Race Camp ( 2009 ) Chevrolet Astra GTC OPC ( 2008 ) TwinTop ( edit ) In 2006 , the Astra TwinTop arrived . The `` TwinTop '' name also applies to the smaller Tigra refers to a retractable hard top convertible version of the car , shared with the Pontiac G6 . In the case of the Astra , the TwinTop has a three - part folding metal roof which sits in the upper half of the boot space , leaving considerable luggage space below it . Still marketed as a four - seater , the rear seating space is smaller than a `` normal '' Astra . The TwinTop was available in three trim levels with a range of engines in each , including a 200 PS ( 147 kW ; 197 hp ) 2.0 L turbo and the 1.9 CDTI diesel in 150 PS ( 110 kW ; 148 hp ) form . The TwinTop was discontinued in November 2010 along with the 3 - door GTC . Gallery ( edit ) Opel Astra TwinTop Opel Astra TwinTop ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Stock car Brazil ( edit ) In Brazil , Chevrolet Vectra ( Astra H ) substituted the Chevrolet Astra on Stock Car . The V8 is still the same , apart that now they use Ethanol instead of Petrol . Saturn Astra ( edit ) Saturn Astra XE five - door The Saturn Astra debuted during the 2007 Chicago Auto Show . Intended to replace the Ion as the brand 's smallest model , the Saturn Astra was a captive import built in Antwerp , Belgium . It was offered only in three and five - door hatchback body styles , with sales starting on 2 January 2008 . Only one engine was available : a 1.8 L U18XER inline - 4 - cylinder gasoline engine with variable - valve technology producing 138 hp ( 103 kW ) and with an available five - speed manual transmission or a four - speed automatic transmission . The Astra XE was available only on the five - door hatchback bodystyle version ; this was the basic trim level for the Saturn Astra . The upmarket XR trim level was available in both the three and five - door hatchback. 17 - inch ( 430 mm ) alloy wheels were standard with the XR , while the XE made do with steel wheels and plastic covers . In Insurance Institute for Highway Safety ( IIHS ) crash tests the Astra earned a Good overall score in frontal impacts , while in side impacts it received a Marginal overall rating . Front and rear head curtain airbags and front seat - mounted torso airbags were standard . General Motors predicted sales of between 30,000 -- 40,000 vehicles a year in the United States . Sales were slow , due initially to a large glut of unsold Ions and later the uncertainty surrounding the Saturn brand 's future . In 2008 only 11,968 were sold in the US and in 2009 this fell to 6,298 . With a large number of unsold cars remaining on dealer lots , GM announced it would end import of the Astra . In June 2009 , GM announced its intention to sell the Saturn Corporation to Penske Automotive Group but this never was concluded and in 2010 General Motors discontinued the Saturn brand . Engines ( edit ) Engines were available with 5 and 6 speed manual transmission , Easytronic semi-automatic gearbox with 5 speed , and also 4 and 6 speed automatic transmission . In the beginning there were petrols 1.4 90 PS , 1.6 105 PS , 1.8 125 PS and new 2.0 Turbo engine with two versions : 170 PS and 200 PS . Diesel lineup were 1.3 CDTI with 90 PS , 1.7 CDTI with 80 PS , 100 PS , and 1.9 CDTI engines with 120 and 150 PS . During production some engine got more power like 1.6 , 1.8 , 1.7 , 1.9 and 2.0 Turbo with 240 PS was introduced in 2005 in OPC / VXR version . 1.3 CDTI 90 PS was introduced in 2005 and he replaces 1.7 CDTI with 80 PS . After restyle at end of 2006 / beginning of 2007 , new engines were introduced : 1.6 Turbo engine with 180 PS which replace 2.0 Turbo with 170 , and 1.7 CDTI with 125 PS . Petrol engine Model Engine Displacement Power Torque Note CO emission ( g / km ) Years 1.4 VVT I4 1398 cc 90 PS ( 66 kW ; 89 hp ) at 6000 rpm 125 N m ( 92 lb ft ) at 4000 rpm 129 100 PS ( 74 kW ; 99 hp ) at 6000 rpm 1.6 VVT 1598 cc 105 PS ( 77 kW ; 104 hp ) at 6000 rpm 150 N m ( 111 lb ft ) at 4000 rpm 158 2004 -- ' 07 115 PS ( 85 kW ; 113 hp ) at 5500 rpm 155 N m ( 114 lb ft ) at 4000 rpm 155 2006 -- 1.6 Turbo 180 PS ( 132 kW ; 178 hp ) at 5500 rpm 230 N m ( 170 lb ft ) at 2200 -- 5400 rpm 168 2006 -- ' 09 1.8 VVT 1796 cc 125 PS ( 92 kW ; 123 hp ) at 6000 rpm 170 N m ( 125 lb ft ) at 4000 rpm 187 2004 -- ' 06 140 PS ( 103 kW ; 138 hp ) at 6000 rpm 175 N m ( 129 lb ft ) at 4000 rpm 169 2005 -- ' 09 2.0 Turbo 1998 cc 170 PS ( 125 kW ; 168 hp ) at 5400 rpm 250 N m ( 184 lb ft ) at 1950 rpm 218 2004 -- ' 06 200 PS ( 147 kW ; 197 hp ) at 5400 rpm 262 N m ( 193 lb ft ) at 4200 rpm 226 2004 -- ' 10 240 PS ( 177 kW ; 237 hp ) at 6000 rpm 320 N m ( 236 lb ft ) at 2400 rpm OPC / VXR 223 2005 -- ' 10 Diesel engine Model Engine Displacement Power Torque Note CO emission ( g / km ) Years 1.3 CDTI I4 1248 cc 90 PS ( 66 kW ; 89 hp ) at 3800 rpm 200 N m ( 148 lb ft ) at 1700 -- 2500 rpm 109 2005 -- ' 09 1.7 CDTI 1686 cc 80 PS ( 59 kW ; 79 hp ) at 3800 rpm 170 N m ( 125 lb ft ) at 1700 -- 2500 rpm 119 2004 -- ' 05 100 PS ( 74 kW ; 99 hp ) at 4000 rpm 240 N m ( 177 lb ft ) at 2300 rpm 138 2004 -- ' 10 110 PS ( 81 kW ; 108 hp ) at 4000 rpm 260 N m ( 192 lb ft ) at 2300 rpm 138 2007 -- 125 PS ( 92 kW ; 123 hp ) at 4000 rpm 280 N m ( 207 lb ft ) at 2300 rpm 119 2007 -- ' 09 1.9 CDTI 1910 cc 100 PS ( 74 kW ; 99 hp ) at 3500 rpm 260 N m ( 192 lb ft ) at 1700 -- 2500rpm 154 2005 -- ' 09 120 PS ( 88 kW ; 118 hp ) at 4000 rpm 280 N m ( 207 lb ft ) at 2000 -- 2750rpm 159 2004 -- ' 09 150 PS ( 110 kW ; 148 hp ) at 4000 rpm 320 N m ( 236 lb ft ) at 2000 - 2750 rpm 159 2004 -- ' 09 Astra J ( 2009 -- 2015 ) ( edit ) Astra J Overview Also called Vauxhall Astra Holden Astra Opel GTC ( 3dr ) Vauxhall GTC Buick Excelle XT ( China ) Production 2009 -- 2015 ( Opel ) Assembly China : Shanghai ( SAIC - GM ) Germany : Rüsselsheim Poland : Gliwice Russia : St. Petersburg United Kingdom : Ellesmere Port Designer Uwe Müller Body and chassis Body style 3 - door hatchback coupé ( GTC ) 5 - door hatchback 4 - door sedan / saloon 5 - door wagon / estate Platform Delta II platform Related Buick Verano Chevrolet Cruze Opel Cascada Opel Zafira Tourer C Vauxhall Astra Powertrain Engine 1.4 L Family 0 I4 1.4 L Family 0 turbo I4 1.6 L Family 1 I4 1.6 L Family 1 turbo I4 1.8 L Family 1 I4 2.0 L Family II turbo I4 1.25 L Family B diesel I4 1.6 L MDE diesel I4 1.7 L Circle L diesel I4 2.0 L Family B diesel I4 Transmission 5 - speed manual 6 - speed manual 6 - speed automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 2,685 mm ( 105.7 in ) 3 - door GTC : 2,695 mm ( 106.1 in ) Length 5 - door hatch : 4,419 mm ( 174.0 in ) 3 - door GTC : 4,466 mm ( 175.8 in ) Sedan : 4,658 mm ( 183.4 in ) Wagon : 4,698 mm ( 185.0 in ) Width 1,814 mm ( 71.4 in ) 3 - door GTC : 1,840 mm ( 72.4 in ) Height 5 - door hatch : 1,510 mm ( 59.4 in ) 3 - door GTC : 1,482 mm ( 58.3 in ) Sedan : 1,500 mm ( 59.1 in ) Wagon : 1,535 mm ( 60.4 in ) The Astra J is based on the General Motors ' Delta II platform and debuted at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show in Germany . The car has taken most of its styling from the new Opel Insignia , with many of the higher options fitted as standard . Full production came on line at Vauxhall 's Ellesmere Port Plant at the end of September 2009 . Deliveries began in December 2009 . Originally referred to as the `` Astra I '' , it received the `` Astra J '' name instead to avoid confusing the letter I for the number 1 . The Astra was developed at Opel 's ' International Technical Development Center ' ( ITDC ) in Rüsselsheim and continues Opel 's design language , ' sculptural artistry meets German precision ' first introduced on the Insignia . The Astra features a torsion beam rear suspension with Watt 's link . Infotainment and car navigation systems are supplied by Bosch . The Opel Astra came third in the European Car of the Year award in 2010 . The station wagon version of the Astra - dubbed the ' Sports Tourer ' by Opel , debuted at the 2010 Paris Motor Show , and went on sale shortly afterwards , with a starting price of £ 16,575 for the ES version , then Exclusiv , SRI and SE versions , with the SE costing from £ 20,345 . This is cheaper than the previous estate , but has more standard equipment . The adoption of the `` Sports Tourer '' name finally brought to an end Opel 's traditional `` Caravan '' designation for its station wagon derivatives . Shanghai GM launched the Chinese version of the Opel Astra hatchback , which is badged as the Buick Excelle XT . This car went on sale in January 2010 . Three engines were announced : Ecotec D - VVT 1.6 L , 1.8 L and 1.6 L Turbo . The saloon version of the Astra was first presented at the 2012 Moscow International Automobile Salon . The 4 - door saloon has a number of names depending on market : Buick Excelle GT in China , Buick Verano in North America and Opel Astra sedan / saloon elsewhere . This version , which was imported to Europe from China , is not sold in the United Kingdom , although it is available in some other right hand drive markets , such as Ireland ( as the : Astra Saloon ) , Malta , and South Africa . Gallery ( edit ) Interior Opel Astra J 5 - door ( 2009 - 2012 ) Opel Astra J Sports Tourer ( 2009 - 2012 ) GTC ( edit ) A 3 - door version dubbed Astra GTC was introduced in July 2011 . Externally , it retains very few design elements of the old 5 - door model . It has a sportier appearance , with a much more ' sculpted ' chassis . It features a HiPerStrut front suspension from the Opel Insignia OPC which helps alleviate torque steering . A Watt 's linkage is present in the rear suspension , to minimize lateral movement of the axle . The wheelbase is enhanced to accommodate wider low - profile tyres . Similarly to the Astra H GTC , a ' panoramic windscreen ' option is available . The Astra GTC was awarded a 5 star rating for its performance under Euro NCAP safety tests . In late 2013 , a new 1.6 Turbo EcoTech engine with 200PS output replaced the older 180PS engine of the same capacity , meaning the 1.6 Turbo replaces the BiTurbo Diesel as the fastest non-OPC model in the range . The GTC is built in Gliwice , Poland , with a range of models & petrol and diesel engines . In the UK , the GTC includes the SRi and VXR models . Models and colours ( edit ) There are three models of the GTC , the SRi , Limited Edition , and the VXR model . Available colours are Power red ( Solid ) , the Brilliant colours are Summit white & Flaming yellow , The Metallic colours are Granite grey , Deep sky blue , Carbon flash , Sovereign silver & Flip chip silver , The Pearlescent colours are Emerald green & Asteroid grey . The VXR also has Flash blue . Gallery ( edit ) Opel Astra J GTC Opel Astra J GTC Vauxhall Astra Mk6 GTC OPC ( edit ) The OPC trim of the Astra GTC has been available since 2012 . This car features a turbocharged 2.0 L direct injection engine with a power of 206 kW ( 280 PS ; 276 hp ) and torque of 400 N m ( 300 lb ft ) , HiPerStrut front suspension , a mechanical limited slip differential , an electronically controlled FlexRide active suspension , and Recaro - style sport seats , OPC badge on gear knob , steering wheel , and on instrument dials and different and distinctive front and rear bumper , rear standard spoiler as well as optional OPC spoiler compared to GTC version . It comes with 19 inch alloy rims as standard and optional 20 - inch alloy rims which are lighter than those 19 - inch . 0 to 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) time is 6 seconds and top speed is limited to 250 km / h ( 155 mph ) . Astravan ( edit ) This generation Astra was not available as the commercial version Astravan . But in The Netherlands , the Astra Sports Tourer was available as Astravan at special order . Gallery ( edit ) Opel Astra J OPC Rear view Vauxhall Astra VXR for UK market Engines ( edit ) Engines are available with the 5 - speed or 6 - speed manual transmission . The only optional available automatic transmission is the 6 - speed with active select mode , which can be ordered for the 1.4 turbo , 1.6 , 1.6 turbo and 2.0 CDTI depending on region . From 2011 , Start / Stop was introduced in certain countries on some models , and from 2012 an overboost function was added to the 1.4 turbo . ( Engines with ( S / S ) are in bold in CO2 column ) . The engines are Family 0 / Family 1 / Ecotec / MGE ( gasoline ) , and MultiJet / Circle L / GM MDE ( diesel ) . In February 2014 , Opel introduced its all - new engine - GM Medium Diesel engine , the so - called `` whisper diesel '' 1.6 CDTI engine with 136 PS , and later with 110 PS . Petrol engine Model Engine Displacement Power Torque Note CO emission ( g / km ) Years 1.4 VVT I4 1398 cc 87 PS ( 64 kW ; 86 hp ) at 6000 rpm 130 N m ( 96 lb ft ) at 4000 rpm N / A in UK 129 100 PS ( 74 kW ; 99 hp ) at 6000 rpm 1.4 Turbo VVT 1364 cc 120 PS ( 88 kW ; 118 hp ) at 4200 rpm 200 N m ( 148 lb ft ) at 1850 -- 4200 rpm 138 140 PS ( 103 kW ; 138 hp ) at 4900 rpm 200 N m ( 148 lb ft ) at 1850 -- 4900 rpm 1.6 VVT 1598 cc 115 PS ( 85 kW ; 113 hp ) at 6000 rpm 155 N m ( 114 lb ft ) at 4000 rpm N / A in UK 147 1.6 Turbo VVT 180 PS ( 132 kW ; 178 hp ) at 5500 rpm 230 N m ( 170 lb ft ) at 2200 -- 5400 rpm 168 1.6 Turbo SIDI 1598 cc 170 PS ( 125 kW ; 168 hp ) at 6000 rpm 260 N m ( 192 lb ft ) ( overboost 280 ( 207 ) ) at 1650 -- 4250 rpm 144 2013 -- 200 PS ( 147 kW ; 197 hp ) at 5500 rpm 280 N m ( 207 lb ft ) ( overboost 300 ( 221 ) ) at 1650 -- 3500 rpm GTC 154 2014 -- 1.8 VVT 1796 cc 140 PS ( 103 kW ; 138 hp ) at 6300 rpm 175 N m ( 129 lb ft ) at 3800 rpm Russia & China 159 2.0 Turbo 1998 cc 280 PS ( 206 kW ; 276 hp ) at 5500 rpm 400 N m ( 295 lb ft ) at 2400 -- 4500 rpm OPC / VXR 189 2012 -- Diesel engine Model Engine Displacement Power Torque Note CO emission ( g / km ) Years 1.3 CDTI ecoFLEX I4 1248 cc 95 PS ( 70 kW ; 94 hp ) at 4000 rpm 190 N m ( 140 lb ft ) at 1750 -- 3250 rpm 109 ( 2009 -- ) 104 ( 2011 -- ) 2009 - ' 14 1.6 CDTI ecoFLEX 1598 cc 110 PS ( 81 kW ; 108 hp ) at 3500 rpm 300 N m ( 221 lb ft ) at 1750 -- 2500 rpm 97 2014 -- 136 PS ( 100 kW ; 134 hp ) at 3500 -- 4000 rpm 320 N m ( 236 lb ft ) at 2000 -- 2500 rpm 104 2014 -- 1.7 CDTI ecoFLEX 1686 cc 110 PS ( 81 kW ; 108 hp ) at 3800 rpm 260 N m ( 192 lb ft ) at 1700 -- 2500 rpm 119 ( 2009 -- ) 99 ( 2011 -- ) 2009 -- ' 14 125 PS ( 92 kW ; 123 hp ) at 4000 rpm 280 N m ( 207 lb ft ) at 2000 -- 2700 rpm 119 2009 -- ' 11 130 PS ( 96 kW ; 128 hp ) at 4000 rpm 300 N m ( 221 lb ft ) at 2000 -- 2500 rpm 99 - 123 2011 -- ' 14 2.0 CDTI 1956 cc 160 PS ( 118 kW ; 158 hp ) at 4000 rpm 350 N m ( 258 lb ft ) at 1750 -- 2500 rpm 129 2009 -- ' 11 165 PS ( 121 kW ; 163 hp ) at 4000 rpm 119 2011 -- 2.0 CDTI BiTurbo 195 PS ( 143 kW ; 192 hp ) at 4000 rpm 400 N m ( 295 lb ft ) at 1750 -- 2500 rpm 134 2013 -- Facelift ( edit ) In June 2012 , a facelift was announced . Visual changes occurred at the front and back of the hatchback and sports tourer , and a saloon was introduced to certain markets . Engine wise , the 2.0 BiTurbo CDTI 195 PS from the Insignia from autumn 2012 and a new 1.6 L 170 PS turbocharged SIDI Ecotec direct injection unit from the new MGE engine family is available from early 2013 . Gallery ( edit ) Opel Astra J BiTurbo ( since 2012 ) Opel Astra J BiTurbo ( since 2012 ) Opel Astra J facelift Opel Astra J facelift Opel Astra sedan facelift Astra K ( 2015 -- present ) ( edit ) Astra K Overview Also called Vauxhall Astra Holden Astra Buick Verano Hatchback / GS Production 2015 -- present ( Opel ) Assembly China : Shanghai ( SAIC - GM ) Poland : Gliwice United Kingdom : Ellesmere Port Designer Jeasoo Kim Body and chassis Body style 5 - door hatchback 5 - door wagon / estate Platform D2XX platform Related Buick Verano Chevrolet Cruze Powertrain Engine 1.0 L GM SGE Turbo I3 1.4 L GM SGE I4 1.4 L GM SGE Turbo I4 1.6 L GM MGE Turbo I4 1.6 L GM MDE Turbo I4 1.6 L GM MDE BiTurbo I4 Transmission 5 - speed manual 5 - speed semi-automatic 6 - speed manual 6 - speed automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 2,662 mm ( 104.8 in ) Length 5 - door hatch : 4,370 mm ( 172.0 in ) Wagon : 4,702 mm ( 185.1 in ) Width 1,809 mm ( 71.2 in ) Height 5 - door hatch : 1,485 mm ( 58.5 in ) Wagon : 1,499 mm ( 59.0 in ) Opel Astra 1.6 CDTI ecoFLEX Edition ( Germany ) Opel Astra 1.6 BiTurbo CDTI ecoFLEX Innovation Sports Tourer ( Germany ) Interior Opel launched a brand -- new Astra at the Frankfurt Motor Show , in September 2015 . The Astra K is smaller ( 5 cm ) , and lighter ( up to 200 kilos ) compared to Astra J. Although it is smaller on the outside , Opel claims it is bigger on the inside , than the previous Astra J. Depending on the model and trim level it is up to 200 kilograms - at the very least 120 kilograms - lighter than its predecessor . The completely new vehicle architecture plays a major role in the weight reduction . Every component was checked for compact design and lightweight materials . The bodyshell weight alone was reduced by 20 percent from 357 to 280 kilograms . Additional , chassis - related measures resulted in another 50 kilograms of weight reduction ; these include high - strength and ultra-high - strength low - weight steels , compact subframes as well as weight reductions to the front and rear axle . Rear suspension is torsion bar ( only with Watts - linkage with top engines ) , and McPherson struts is it at the front . Available engines are 1.0 3 - cylinder , 1.4 4 - cylinder petrol engines and 1.6 - litre diesels . It will be available with new full -- LED frontlight techniques , A screen in the dash which connect to Android ( only lower R4. 0 entertainment system ) or iPhone comes as standard . This system is already available , in both the Corsa E and Adam . Engines ( edit ) Engines are available with the 5 - speed or 6 - speed manual transmission , and the newly developed 5 - speed semi-automatic EasyTronic 3.0 which is only available for the 1.0 T SIDI engine . The only other available automatic transmission , at the beginning of production , is the 6 - speed with active select mode , which can be ordered in late 2015 , for the 1.4 SIDI Turbo with 150 PS , and 1.6 CDTI with 136 PS . Buyers can choose the Start / Stop system for all engines as an extra feature , except the 1.0 T which will have system as standard . All engines are new and recently developed by Opel - 1.0 T SIDI , 1.4 T SIDI ( which sees its debut in the Astra K in 2015 ) and the naturally aspirated version of it ( which will be available later in 2015 ) , and the so - called `` Whisper diesel '' 1.6 CDTI . All turbocharged petrol engines use the Direct Injection Fuel system . Opel are offering the ecoFLEX range for 1.0 T , 1.4 T and 1.6 CDTI engines which have same amount of power , but less CO-emissions ( g / km ) and lower fuel consumption . The entire ecoFLEX range have Start / Stop as standard , low rolling resistance tyres and aerodynamic tweaks for reduced drag for lower CO-emissions . The 1.4 T SIDI ecoFLEX version have less torque , rated at 230 Nm at 2.000 - 4.000 RPM , and the 1.0 T ecoFLEX version is only available with the EasyTronic 3.0 semi-automatic transmission . Gallery ( edit ) Opel Astra Opel Astra Sports Tourer Vauxhall Astra ( UK ) Holden Astra ( Australia / New Zealand ) Buick Verano Hatchback ( China ) Petrol engines Model Engine Displacement Power Torque Note CO emissions 1.0 T SIDI S / S I3 999 cc 105 PS ( 77 kW ; 104 hp ) at 5000 rpm 170 N m ( 125 lb ft ) at 1800 - 4250 rpm 102 - 96 g / km 1.4 I4 1399 cc 100 PS ( 74 kW ; 99 hp ) at 6000 rpm 130 N m ( 96 lb ft ) at 4400 rpm 124 g / km 1.4 SIDI Turbo 125 PS ( 92 kW ; 123 hp ) at 5600 rpm 245 N m ( 181 lb ft ) at 2000 - 3500 rpm 114 - 129 g / km 150 PS ( 110 kW ; 148 hp ) at 6000 rpm 245 N m ( 181 lb ft ) at 2000 - 3500 rpm 128 - 124 g / km 1.6 SIDI Turbo S / S 1,598 cc 200 PS ( 150 kW ; 200 hp ) @ 4,700 - 5,500 rpm 280 N m ( 207 lb ft ) @ 1,650 -- 3,500 rpm ; overboost 300 N m ( 221 lb ft ) @ 1,700 -- 4,700 rpm 139 - 142 Diesel engines Model Engine Displacement Power Torque Note CO emissions 1.6 CDTI I4 1,598 cc 95 PS ( 70 kW ; 94 hp ) at 3,500 rpm 280 N m ( 207 lb ft ) at 1500 -- 1750 rpm 97 - 95 g / km 110 PS ( 81 kW ; 108 hp ) at 3500 rpm 300 N m ( 221 lb ft ) at 1750 -- 2000 rpm 97 - 90 g / km 136 PS ( 100 kW ; 134 hp ) at 3500 - 4000 rpm 320 N m ( 236 lb ft ) at 2000 -- 2250 rpm 103 - 99 g / km 1.6 CDTI Bi-Turbo 160 PS ( 118 kW ; 158 hp ) at 4000 rpm 350 N m ( 258 lb ft ) at 1500 - 2250 rpm 110 - 107 g / km Motorsport ( edit ) Manuel Reuter 's Nürburgring 24h winning Astra which formerly competed in the DTM . An Astra won the Andros Trophy for three consecutive years starting in 2000 . An Astra was used in the 1994 Super Tourenwagen Cup season . In 2002 , 2003 and 2006 , three different drivers were European Rallycross Champions in the Division 2 driving Astras . The 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2007 and 2008 runner - ups also raced in that car . Christian Ledesma was 2004 TC 2000 champion with an Astra and Matías Rossi took that title in 2006 and 2007 . The Astra has been used in the shape of silhouette racing cars as well . It was featured in the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters from 2000 to 2003 ( Manuel Reuter was runner - up in 2000 ) and overall winner of the 2003 Nürburgring 24h race and the Stock Car Brasil from 2004 to 2008 ( Giuliano Losacco won the tournament in 2004 and 2005 ) . In 2009 , the Astra G body was replaced Stock Car Brasil by a Vectra , which is in fact the same as the Astra H . 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Wheels24 . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Opel Media - Europe - Company '' . media.gm.com . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.vauxhall.co.uk/vehicles/vauxhall-range/cars/gtc/features-and-specifications/models.html Jump up ^ http://www.vauxhall.co.uk/vehicles/vauxhall-range/cars/gtc/configurator.html#colour Jump up ^ `` Opel Media - Europe - News '' . Media.opel.com . Retrieved 14 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Premiere in Geneva : Opel Astra 1.6 CDTI Needs Just 3.7 Liters Diesel '' . media.opel.de . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The new Opel Astra line - up : More variety , engines and high - tech features '' . Media.opel.com. 15 June 2012 . Retrieved 14 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pure Pleasure : Highly Efficient 1.4 - Liter Turbo in the New Astra '' . Media.opel.com . Retrieved 17 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Affordable High - Tech : New Opel Astra Tough on CO2 and Prices '' . Media.opel.com . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Opel Astra . Official Opel Astra website ( Ireland ) Glossary of Technology and Innovations pertaining to the Opel Astra TwinTop Opel A subsidiary of Groupe PSA Vehicles Cars Adam Ampera - e Astra Cascada Corsa Insignia Karl Zafira Crossovers / SUVs Crossland X Grandland X Mokka X Vans Corsavan Combo Movano Vivaro Historic and discontinued models Admiral ( 1937 -- 1939 , 1964 -- 1977 ) Agila ( 2000 -- 2015 ) Antara ( 2006 -- 2015 ) Arena ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Ascona ( 1970 -- 1988 ) Astravan ( 1998 -- 2013 ) Bedford Blitz ( 1973 -- 1986 ) Blitz ( 1930 -- 1975 ) Calibra ( 1989 -- 1997 ) Campo ( 1992 -- 2001 ) Chevette ( 1980 -- 1982 ) Commodore ( 1967 -- 1982 ) Diplomat ( 1964 -- 1977 ) 5 / 12 PS `` Puppchen '' ( 1911 -- 1920 ) 4 / 8 PS `` Doktorwagen '' ( 1909 -- 1910 ) Frontera ( 1991 -- 2004 ) GT ( 1968 -- 1973 , 2006 -- 2009 ) Kadett ( 1937 -- 1940 , 1962 -- 1991 ) Kapitän ( 1939 -- 1970 ) 4 PS `` Laubfrosch '' ( 1924 -- 1931 ) Manta ( 1970 -- 1988 ) Meriva ( 2003 -- 2017 ) Monterey ( 1992 -- 1999 ) Monza ( 1978 -- 1986 ) Olympia ( 1935 -- 1940 , 1947 -- 1953 , 1967 - 1970 ) Olympia Rekord ( 1953 -- 1957 ) Omega ( 1986 -- 2003 ) Patent Motor Car , System Lutzmann ( 1899 -- 1902 ) P4 ( 1935 -- 1937 ) RAK ( 1928 ) RAK2 ( 1928 ) Regent ( 1928 -- 1929 ) Rekord ( 1953 -- 1986 ) Senator ( 1978 -- 1993 ) Signum ( 2003 -- 2008 ) Sintra ( 1996 -- 1999 ) Speedster ( 2000 -- 2005 ) Super 6 ( 1937 -- 1938 ) Tigra ( 1994 -- 2000 , 2004 -- 2009 ) 10 / 30 ( 10 / 35 ) PS ( 1922 -- 1924 ) Vectra ( 1988 -- 2008 ) Concept cars Flextreme Flextreme GT / E Frogster GTC Concept HydroGen3 HydroGen4 Insignia Concept Meriva Concept Monza Concept Signum2 Concept Junior RAK e Slalom Opel Tech 1 Trixx Twin Divisions and subsidiaries Vauxhall VXR Opel Performance Center People Adam Opel ( Founder ) Fritz von Opel Rikky von Opel Wilhelm von Opel Factories Aspern Brandenburg Ellesmere Port Eisenach Luton Tychy Other GM platforms GM engines PSA engines GM transmissions Opel India Private Limited Intellilink Irmscher RAK1 Steinmetz Opel Tuning Opel Rally Team Commons `` previous -- Opel car timeline , 1980s -- present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 City car Agila A Agila B Karl Adam Supermini Corsa A Corsa B Corsa C Corsa D Corsa E Chevette Small family car Kadett D Kadett E Astra F Astra G Astra H Astra J Astra K Ampera Ampera - e Large family car Ascona B Ascona C Vectra A Vectra B Vectra C / Signum Insignia A Insignia B Executive car Rekord E / Commodore C Omega A Omega B Full - size car Senator A Senator B Coupé Tigra A Manta B Calibra Monza Convertible Tigra TwinTop B Cascada Sports car Speedster GT ( Roadster ) Mini MPV Meriva A Crossland Compact MPV Meriva B Zafira A Zafira B Large MPV Sintra Zafira Tourer C Mini SUV Mokka Compact SUV Frontera A Frontera B Antara Grandland Mid-size SUV Monterey Pick - up Campo LAV Kadett Combo Combo B Combo C Combo D Van Bedford Blitz Arena Vivaro A Vivaro B Movano A Movano B Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opel_Astra&oldid=807102157 '' Categories : Euro NCAP small family cars Front - wheel - drive vehicles Opel vehicles Compact cars Convertibles Coupés Cars of Germany Hatchbacks Hardtop convertibles Hot Hatch Sedans Station wagons Police vehicles 1990s automobiles 2000s automobiles 2010s automobiles Cars introduced in 1991 Cars introduced in 2009 Cars introduced in 2015 Touring cars Bertone vehicles Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use dmy dates from May 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from November 2014 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latviešu Magyar Монгол Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 22 : 30 . 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the bags we don't need the english lyrics

Bags ( Los Angeles band )

bags ( los angeles band )

The Bags were an American punk rock band formed in 1977 . They were one of the first generation of punk rock bands to emerge from Los Angeles , California .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Discography 3 References 4 External links Career ( edit ) The Bags were formed by Alicia Armendariz and Patricia Morrison , who had met at an audition for Venus and the Razorblades , Kim Fowley 's next attempt at creating a band after The Runaways had left him . Armandariz and Morrison decided to form their own band and from this the Bags were born . They took the band 's name and their stage names `` Alice Bag '' and `` Pat Bag '' from a gimmick that the band used during early performances where they performed with grocery bags over their heads ( the practice did not last , in part due to an incident where Darby Crash of the Germs ran up on stage and ripped the bag off Alice 's head ) . Alice Bag was the vocalist and Pat Bag played bass . The band was rounded out by guitar players Craig Lee and Rob Ritter , and Terry Graham on drums . The Bags played their first concert at The Masque on September 10 , 1977 . Their concerts were riotous affairs including altercations with celebrities , such as one between singer Tom Waits and drummer Nicky Beat at The Troubadour . By 1978 , they had released their only record during the band 's lifetime , a single called `` Survive '' , backed with `` Babylonian Gorgon '' , released by independent record label Dangerhouse Records . `` We Do n't Need The English '' was included on the Yes L.A. punk compilation album released by the same label . After this , Pat Bag left the band . In 1980 the group , minus Pat Bag , was filmed by Penelope Spheeris for the seminal documentary film The Decline of Western Civilization , which also featured the Germs , Black Flag , Catholic Discipline , X and other prominent L.A. punk bands . However , at the release of the film in 1981 the producers billed the group as `` Alice Bag Band '' to avoid any conflict with ex-member Pat . By then , however , the band had broken up . Craig Lee also played with Catholic Discipline , and he and co-member Phranc performed together occasionally when she embarked on her subsequent solo career . However , Lee is best known as a writer and critic for publications such as Flipside fanzine , among many others , and as co-author of the book Hardcore California : A History Of Punk and New Wave . He died , as a result of AIDS in 1991 . Terry Graham went on to play drums for The Gun Club . Pat , now known as Patricia Morrison , also joined The Gun Club soon after . Once she left The Gun Club she joined The Sisters of Mercy and then The Damned , one of the original British punk bands ( and the one that was often credited with sparking the L.A. scene ) , for which she plays bass . She married Dave Vanian , the Damned 's lead singer . Rob Ritter also joined The Gun Club , and appeared on their first LP Fire Of Love , but left , changing his name to Rob Graves and forming the seminal death rock band 45 Grave , with Dinah Cancer , Don Bolles , previously of the Germs and Nervous Gender , Paul Roessler of The Screamers and Nervous Gender and Paul Cutler . 45 Grave was influential in the creation of goth rock . Graves died in 1990 of a heroin overdose . Alice Bag joined the deathrock band Castration Squad , which included Phranc and Dinah Cancer among its many members . In the 1990s , she formed Cholita ! with punk rock drag queen Vaginal Davis and the band released several videos . After this , she performed with Las Tres and then formed Stay at Home Bomb , her most recent musical project . According to her official website , since the deaths of Lee and Ritter and her estrangement from Morrison , she considers the Bags to be permanently disbanded , and has refused to perform Bags songs in public . A collection of recordings from the group has been released on Artifix Records as well as a reissue of the original Dangerhouse single . At the 2008 exhibit `` Vexing : Female Voices From East L.A. Punk '' at the Claremont Museum of Art , Armandariz performed punk versions of mariachi music ( and some Bags songs too ) . In 2011 Alice Bag published her memoir , Violence Girl and embarked on a reading and performance tour across the United States . Discography ( edit ) `` Survive '' / `` Babylonian Gorgon '' 7 '' single ( Dangerhouse Records , 1978 ) All Bagged Up ... The Collected Works 1977 - 1980 ( 2007 ) `` Survive '' 02 : 48 `` Babylonian Gorgon '' 02 : 35 `` We Do n't Need the English '' 01 : 14 `` We Will Bury You '' 01 : 52 `` TV Dinner '' 01 : 49 `` Violent Girl '' 02 : 17 `` Animal Call '' 02 : 21 `` Chainsaw '' 01 : 16 `` 7 and 7 Is ( written by Arthur Lee ) '' 01 : 52 `` 1 , 2 , 3 '' 01 : 26 `` Gluttony '' 02 : 23 `` In Love With Romance '' 01 : 35 `` Survive '' 02 : 48 `` Car Hell '' 02 : 52 `` Real Emotions '' 01 : 57 `` Bag Bondage '' 01 : 20 `` Disco 's Dead '' 02 : 11 `` Prowlers in the Night '' 02 : 57 `` Nothing 's Going on in Here '' 02 : 33 `` We Do n't Need the English '' - Yes L.A. compilation ( Dangerhouse Records , 1979 ) `` Gluttony '' - The Decline of Western Civilization soundtrack ( Slash Records , 1980 ) `` We Will Bury You '' - Life is Beautiful , So Why Not Eat Health Foods compilation ( New Underground Records , 1983 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tom Waits Library '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Gurza , Agustin ( 2008 - 05 - 10 ) , `` Museum showcases female punk scene '' , Los Angeles Times , retrieved 2009 - 08 - 30 External links ( edit ) Full original article Official Alice Bag Site Artifix Records Bags page A page dedicated to Craig Lee LCCN : no2009082969 MusicBrainz : 41996ba1 - ffdd - 403c - 96d6 - d89d994a121c VIAF : 142294573 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bags_(Los_Angeles_band)&oldid=838660658 '' Categories : 1977 establishments in California 1981 disestablishments in California Punk rock groups from California Musical groups disestablished in 1981 Musical groups established in 1977 Musical groups from Los Angeles Dangerhouse Records artists Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing style editing from December 2007 All articles needing style editing Articles needing additional references from May 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 28 April 2018 , at 13 : 11 ( UTC ) . 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who sang i couldn't sleep at all last night

Tossin ' and Turnin '

tossin'and turnin '

`` Tossin ' and Turnin ' '' is a song written by Ritchie Adams and Malou Rene , and originally recorded by Bobby Lewis . The record reached number one on both the Billboard Hot 100 on July 10 , 1961 and R&B chart and has since become a standard on oldies compilations . It was named the number - one single on the Billboard chart for 1961 , after spending seven consecutive weeks at the top . It was featured on the soundtrack for the 1978 film Animal House .

On the original hit single version , the track begins with Lewis singing `` I could n't sleep at all last night , '' and it appears this way on most oldies compilations . However , on some releases the song has a prelude , where Lewis sings `` Baby ... Baby ... you did something to me , '' followed by a musical cue into the first verse . Lewis usually includes this prelude when he performs the song live . The personnel on the original hit recording included Ritchie Adams and Eric Gale on guitar , Bob Bushnell on bass , King Curtis on a tenor sax mouthpiece , Frank Haywood Henry on baritone sax , Paul Griffin on Piano , and Sticks Evans on drums . In 2008 , Billboard magazine ranked the song as the 27th biggest song of all time that charted on the Billboard Hot 100 , commemorating the 50th anniversary of the chart . It is one of only six songs from the 1960s to spend at least seven weeks in the number one position on the Billboard Hot 100 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cover versions 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Cover versions ( edit ) In 1963 , The Marvelettes -- The Marvelettes Recorded Live On Stage album Tamla -- 243 In 1965 , Chad Allan & the Expressions ( Guess Who ? ) covered the song and released it as the B - side of `` Shakin ' All Over '' and as a single in Canada where it reached # 3 . In 1966 , The Kingsmen released a version on their album The Kingsmen Up And Away . In 1972 , The Supremes released a version on their album The Supremes Produced and Arranged by Jimmy Webb . In 1972 , Ronnie Sessions had a minor U.S. country hit with his rendition . In 1978 , Kiss drummer Peter Criss released a version on his solo album Peter Criss . Kiss played the song on the Dynasty Tour in 1979 In 1983 , Joan Jett released a version on her album Album . Steve Goodman Lulu Jimmy Sturr See also ( edit ) List of number - one R&B singles of 1961 ( U.S. ) List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 1961 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 347 . Jump up ^ Bobby Lewis , `` Tossin ' and Turnin ' '' Chart Positions Retrieved March 5 , 2015 Jump up ^ The Guess Who , `` Tossin ' and Turnin ' '' Chart Position Retrieved March 5 , 2015 External links ( edit ) Members.home.nl Preceded by `` Quarter to Three '' by U.S. Bonds Billboard Hot 100 number one single July 7 , 1961 ( seven weeks ) Succeeded by `` Wooden Heart '' by Joe Dowell Billboard Year - End number one singles ( 1960 -- 1979 ) 1960 : `` Theme from A Summer Place '' -- Percy Faith 1961 : `` Tossin ' and Turnin ' '' -- Bobby Lewis 1962 : `` Stranger on the Shore '' -- Mr. Acker Bilk 1963 : `` Sugar Shack '' -- Jimmy Gilmer and the Fireballs 1964 : `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' -- The Beatles 1965 : `` Wooly Bully '' -- Sam the Sham & the Pharaohs 1966 : `` Ballad of the Green Berets '' -- S / Sgt . Barry Sadler 1967 : `` To Sir , with Love '' -- Lulu 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 : `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' -- Simon & Garfunkel 1971 : `` Joy to the World '' -- Three Dog Night 1972 : `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' -- Roberta Flack 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` The Way We Were '' -- Barbra Streisand 1975 : `` Love Will Keep Us Together '' -- Captain & Tennille 1976 : `` Silly Love Songs '' -- Wings 1977 : `` Tonight 's the Night ( Gonna Be Alright ) '' -- Rod Stewart 1978 : `` Shadow Dancing '' -- Andy Gibb 1979 : `` My Sharona '' -- The Knack Complete list ( 1946 -- 1959 ) ( 1960 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2019 ) The Guess Who Jim Kale Laurie MacKenzie Garry Peterson Derek Sharp Leonard Shaw Chad Allan Randy Bachman Burton Cummings Carl Dixon Terry Hatty Greg Leskiw Donnie McDougall Domenic Troiano Bill Wallace Kurt Winter Studio albums Shakin ' All Over Hey Ho ( What You Do to Me ! ) It 's Time Wheatfield Soul Canned Wheat American Woman Share the Land So Long , Bannatyne Rockin ' Artificial Paradise # 10 Road Food Flavours Power in the Music Guess Who 's Back All This for a Song Now and Not Then Liberty Live albums Live at the Paramount Together Again The Best of the Guess Who Live The Spirit Lives On Down the Road Running Back Thru Canada The Best of Running Back Thru Canada Extended Versions : The Encore Collection Compilations The Best of The Guess Who The Best of The Guess Who , Vol. 2 The Greatest of The Guess Who Track Record Wild One The Guess Who : Anthology Singles `` Shakin ' All Over '' `` Tossin ' and Turnin ' '' `` Hey Ho , What You Do to Me '' `` Hurting Each Other '' `` Believe Me '' `` Clock on the Wall '' `` His Girl '' `` These Eyes '' `` Laughing '' `` Undun '' `` No Time '' `` American Woman '' `` No Sugar Tonight / New Mother Nature '' `` Hand Me Down World '' `` Share the Land '' `` Hang On to Your Life '' `` Albert Flasher '' `` Rain Dance '' `` Sour Suite '' `` Heartbroken Bopper '' `` Guns , Guns , Guns '' `` Runnin ' Back to Saskatoon '' `` Follow Your Daughter Home '' `` Glamour Boy '' `` Star Baby '' `` Clap for the Wolfman '' `` Dancin ' Fool '' Related articles Discography Jack Richardson Book This 1960s pop song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This 1960s R&B / soul music song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tossin%27_and_Turnin%27&oldid=801129257 '' Categories : 1961 songs 1961 singles 1965 singles Bobby Lewis songs The Guess Who songs The Kingsmen songs The Supremes songs Joan Jett songs Lulu ( singer ) songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles 1960s pop song stubs 1960s R&B song stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 20 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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what size engine does a mini one have

Mini Hatch

mini hatch

The Mini Hatch ( stylized as MINI hatch , or MINI Hardtop in the US ) , also known as Mini Cooper , Mini One , or simply the Mini , is a three - door hatchback first introduced in late 2000 , with a second generation launched in 2006 and a third generation model launched in 2014 . A convertible version was introduced in 2004 , with the second generation following in 2008 .

The Mini is produced in Cowley , Oxfordshire , UK , at Plant Oxford , and , since July 2014 , at VDL Nedcar in Born , Netherlands . The mini convertible is , since 2015 , only assembled in The Netherlands . The Mini Hatch was the first model launched by BMW under the Mini marque after the original Mini was discontinued in 2000 . The new model built by BMW is technically unrelated to the former . Contents ( hide ) 1 First generation ( R50 / 52 / 53 ) ( 2000 -- 2006 ) 1.1 Development 1.2 Models 1.2. 1 Convertible ( R52 ) 1.2. 2 Mini John Cooper Works GP ( 2006 ) 1.3 Specifications 2 Second generation ( R56 ) ( 2006 -- 2013 ) 2.1 Design 2.2 Technical specifications 2.3 Model range 2.3. 1 Mini John Cooper Works Challenge ( 2008 -- 2014 ) 2.3. 2 Mini John Cooper Works ( 2009 -- 2014 ) 2.3. 3 Mini John Cooper Works World Championship 50 ( 2009 ) 2.4 Special editions 2.4. 1 London 2012 Olympic games 3 Third generation ( F55 / F56 ) ( 2014 -- present ) 3.1 Design 3.2 Engines 4 Sales and rankings 5 References First generation ( r50 / 52 / 53 ) ( 2000 -- 2006 ) ( edit ) First Generation ( R50 / 52 / 53 ) Overview Production 2000 -- 2006 ( R50 / 53 Hatch ) 2004 -- 2008 ( R 52 convertible ) Assembly Plant Oxford , Cowley , England Designer Frank Stephenson Body and chassis Class Supermini Body style 3 - door hatchback 2 - door convertible Layout FF layout Powertrain Engine 1.4 L Tritec I4 ( One ) 1.4 L Toyota 1ND - TV diesel ( D ) 1.6 L Tritec I4 ( One , Cooper ) 1.6 L Tritec supercharged I4 ( S ) Transmission CVT 5 - speed manual 6 - speed automatic and manual Dimensions Wheelbase 2,470 mm ( 97.1 in ) Length 2000 -- 04 Base : 3,630 mm ( 142.8 in ) 2005 -- 06 Base : 3,630 mm ( 143.1 in ) S Hardtop : 3,660 mm ( 143.9 in ) Width 1,690 mm ( 66.5 in ) Height 2001 -- 04 Base : 1,420 mm ( 55.9 in ) 2001 -- 04 S : 1,430 mm ( 56.2 in ) 2005 -- 06 Base : 1,410 mm ( 55.4 in ) 2005 -- 06 S : 1,420 mm ( 55.8 in ) Convertible : 1,410 mm ( 55.5 in ) Kerb weight 1,050 kg ( 2,315 lb ) ( Cooper ) 1,175 kg ( 2,591 lb ) ( Cooper Convertible ) 1,215 kg ( 2,678 lb ) ( Cooper S ) 1,240 kg ( 2,734 lb ) ( Cooper S Convertible ) Chronology Successor Mini ( R56 ) Hatchback Cabrio The first new generation Mini Hatch was introduced in late 2000 , being the first model launched under the Mini marque after the original Mini was discontinued in the same year . In some European markets , the Mini One was powered by a 1.4 - litre ( 85 cu in ) inline - four version of the Tritec engine , but all other petrol powered Minis used the 1.6 - litre ( 98 cu in ) version . From 2004 through 2008 , the soft - top convertible R52 was made . There are numerous styling and badging differences between the models , including the Cooper S having a distinctive scoop cut into the bonnet . The Cooper S also has twin exhausts which exit under the centre of the rear valance . The non-S Cooper has more chrome parts than the Mini One and has a single exhaust . The Mini One D has no visible exhaust pipes at all . In some markets , such as Australia and the US , only the Mini Cooper and Cooper S are offered . Other trim lines of note , sold in varying markets around the world , are the Mini Seven , Mini Park Lane , Mini Check Mate , and Mini Monte Carlo . Development ( edit ) The Mini Hatch ( US : Hardtop ) was designed by Frank Stephenson , and drew inspiration from the original two - door Mini . Development of the car was conducted between 1995 and 2001 by Rover Group in Gaydon , United Kingdom and BMW in Munich , Germany . During this development phase , there was continual contention between the two design groups , especially concerning the positioning of the car ; Rover wanted a straight economy car , whilst BMW supported a small , sporting car . Ultimately , BMW prevailed , and in 1999 , they assumed control over the entire project following the departure of BMW 's CEO , Bernd Pischetsrieder . When BMW sold off Rover in 2000 , it retained the Mini project , and moved the planned production site of the car from Rover 's Longbridge plant , to BMW 's Oxford plant in Cowley , Oxford , England . The team of designers working on the 2001 Mini had finished the full - sized clay mock - up of the Mini in plenty of time for a presentation to the board of directors . However , the American chief designer , Frank Stephenson , realised that the model did not have an exhaust pipe . His short - term solution was to pick up an empty beer can , punch a hole in it , strip off the paint and push it into the clay at the back of the car , which took just a few minutes . The overall design for the mock - up was so good that the board members told him not to change a thing , resulting in the distinctive exhaust tip seen in production cars . The first generation of the new Mini received a facelift in July 2004 for the upcoming 2005 model year . This was also when the new convertible was introduced ; it was never available with the pre-facelift design . Aside from minor design changes ( mostly up front ) and improved equipment , the Rover R65 manual gearbox replaced a Getrag five - speed . Models ( edit ) The vehicles produced during the 2001 to 2006 model years included four hatchback models ( UK and some international markets : Hatch , US : Hardtop , other markets just plain Mini ) : the standard `` Mini One '' , the diesel - engined `` Mini One / D '' , the sportier `` Mini Cooper '' and the supercharged `` Mini Cooper S '' ; in 2005 , a convertible roof option was added to the Mk I line - up . In November 2006 , BMW released a facelift version of the Mini Hardtop as a 2007 model - year vehicle . From March 2002 , the Mini was exported to Japan and sold at Japanese BMW dealerships as well as Yanase locations . The car complied with Japanese Government dimension regulations and the introduction of the Mini coincided with several vehicles in Japan that exhibited a retro look that Japanese car companies were offering . The names Cooper and Cooper S are the names used for the sportier version of the classic Mini , which in turn come from the involvement of John Cooper and the Cooper Car Company . The Cooper heritage is further emphasised with the John Cooper Works ( JCW ) range of tuning options . The John Cooper Works company also created a higher spec model of the Mini Cooper S , the Mini Cooper S Works . It has a higher volume exhaust and air filter , and uprated brakes and suspension , and different 17 - inch ( 430 mm ) wheels than the S models . A race - prepared version , with rear - wheel drive , called the Mini Cooper S3 , competed in the Belcar championship from 2002 . Convertible ( R52 ) ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2016 ) The first generation was launched in summer 2004 following its unveiling at the Salon International de l'Auto that year , and was made through August 2008 , outlasting the original Cooper and Cooper S for two model years . In 2005 , the Driving Standards Agency banned the model from driving tests due to poor visibility from the passenger seat . Mini John Cooper Works GP ( 2006 ) ( edit ) Mini John Cooper Works GP The last Mk I variant to be produced using the supercharged Tritec engine was the Mini Cooper S with John Cooper Works GP Kit , a light - weight , quasi-race - prepped John Cooper Works model . Hand - finished by Bertone in Italy , it was offered as a limited - production run of 2000 cars during the 2006 model year , with 444 of those originally intended for the UK market , although ultimately , 459 were sold . The GP has more bolstered Recaro front seats but had no rear seats , which along with reduced sound - deadening , removal of the rear wash - wipe system , optional air - conditioning and radio , and other weight - reduction steps , resulted in a weight saving of around 40 kg ( 88 lb ) compared to a Cooper S . Mechanically , it has a less restrictive intercooler , recalibrated engine management , high - volume injector nozzles , and a freer - flowing exhaust system . Extra cooling capabilities let the supercharged engine run longer on cooler temperatures for better track performance . Specifications ( edit ) A 2006 Mini Cooper S Checkmate . The Mk I Mini One , Cooper and Cooper S used some version of the Brazilian - built Tritec engine , co-developed by the US - based Chrysler and BMW ; the Mini One D used a Toyota 1ND - TV diesel engine . In August 2006 , BMW announced that future engines would be built in Great Britain , making the car essentially British - built again . Final assembly took place at Cowley , Oxford , and the body pressings were made in nearby Swindon at BMW 's Swindon Pressings subsidiary . All models used a transversely - mounted 4 - cylinder engine driving the front wheels . All 4 wheels are pushed to the corners of the body to improve handling . The styling of the car , like that of the Volkswagen New Beetle , is a retro design that is deliberately reminiscent of the original Mini . The retro styling retains other classic Mini touches such as contrasting roof colours , optional bonnet stripes , optional rally lights , and black trim around the wheel arches and rocker panels that mimic the wide wheel flares found on many classic Minis . The Mini One and Mini Cooper were available with a ZF VT1F continuously variable transmission or with a conventional Midlands ( Rover R65 ) 5 - speed manual transmission ( model years 2002 -- 2004 ) ; the latter was replaced with a Getrag 52BG 5 - speed unit for the remainder of the Mk I production ( 2005 -- 2006 ) . The Cooper S came with a 6 - speed Getrag G285 manual or an Aisin 6F21WA / TF60SN fully automatic transmission with paddle shifters . The gear ratios of the 6 - speed Getrag manual transmission were changed from July 2004 production and onwards . All Minis had a drive by wire electronic throttle , anti-lock brake electronic brakeforce distribution , and BMW Cornering Brake Control . Stability options were BMW 's ASC traction control system and DSC electronic stability control , to improve control and handling in adverse conditions . The addition of a supercharger to the Mk I Cooper S required that the battery be relocated into the rear of the car -- leaving no room for a spare tyre , so the S models came with run - flat tyres . Second generation ( R56 ) ( 2006 -- 2013 ) ( edit ) Second Generation ( R56 ) Mini Cooper Overview Production 2006 -- November 2013 ( Hatch ) 2009 -- 2015 ( Convertible ) Assembly Plant Oxford , Cowley , England Body and chassis Class Supermini Body style 3 - door hatchback 2 - door convertible Layout FF layout Related Mini Coupé , Mini Countryman , Mini Clubman Powertrain Engine 1.4 L Prince I4 ( One ) 1.6 L Prince / BMW N16 I4 ( Cooper ) 1.6 L Prince turbo I4 ( Cooper S ) 1.6 L Peugeot DV6 diesel I4 ( Cooper D and One D ) 2.0 L BMW N47 diesel I4 ( Cooper SD ) Transmission 6 - speed , automatic or manual Dimensions Wheelbase 2,467 mm ( 97.1 in ) Length 2007 -- 2010 : 3,698 mm ( 145.6 in ) 2007 -- 2010 S : 3,713 mm ( 146.2 in ) 2011 -- 2014 : 3,729 mm ( 146.8 in ) Width 1,684 mm ( 66.3 in ) Height 1,407 mm ( 55.4 in ) Kerb weight 1,150 kg ( 2,535 lb ) ( Cooper ) 1,210 kg ( 2,668 lb ) ( Cooper S ) Chronology Predecessor Mini ( R50 / 53 ) Successor Mini ( F56 ) BMW introduced an all - new , second generation of the Hardtop / Hatch Mini model in November 2006 , on a re-engineered platform incorporating many stylistic and engineering changes . It uses the Prince engine , the architecture of which is shared with PSA Peugeot Citroën and is designed to be more cost - effective and fuel - efficient , and is manufactured at the BMW Hams Hall engine plant in Warwickshire , Great Britain . The engineering was done in the United Kingdom by BMW Group UK Engineering , in Munich , Germany at BMW Group headquarters , and by other third parties , BMW Group hired Italdesign Giugiaro ( IDG ) in Turin , to coordinate the engineering , including the development and validation of the body , structure and chassis of the new Mini . Key Production Associates from affected areas in the assembly process at Plant Oxford were seconded to IDG for the duration of the build to ensure a smooth integration of the new model back in Oxford . Initially launched in the Cooper and Cooper S trim levels ; the range was completed in 2007 with the Mk II Mini One . An economical version called the First was added in 2009 . For the first time , there was a diesel - powered Hatch , available from April 2007 , and badged as the Cooper D , which was supplemented in 2010 by the lower powered One D and in January 2011 with a new 2.0 L diesel badged as the Cooper SD . The second generation was again offered in Japan at Japanese BMW locations 24 February 2007 , and it continued to be in compliance with Japanese Government dimension regulations which supported sales of both the hatchback and the convertible . The second generation Convertible was unveiled at the 2009 Detroit Auto Show and the 2009 Geneva International Motor Show as a 2009 model - year vehicle ( first available for sale on 28 March 2009 ) . The model has a device , marketed as the `` Openometer '' , which records the number of minutes the vehicle has operated with its roof retracted . Design ( edit ) Hatch ( pre-facelift ) Cabrio ( pre-facelift ) Though the Mk II has a familiar look , every panel on the new car was changed from the previous model . New safety requirements resulted in the overall length increasing by 60 millimetres ( 2.4 in ) , the front end raised and the indicators being repositioned inside the headlight housings . The headlights themselves are now fixed to the front quarter panels rather than being integrated with the bonnet , so that they are not raised up with it when the bonnet opens . The car has a restyled grille and larger rear light clusters . The Cooper S retains the bonnet scoop in order to keep an association with the outgoing model -- although the relocation of the intercooler to the front of the engine means that the scoop is now purely decorative . In addition , the Cooper S no longer has the battery located under the boot floor , instead being found in the more conventional location under the bonnet . The C - pillars are no longer encased in glass and have been shaped to improve aerodynamics and to reduce the tendency for dirt to accumulate on the back of the car . Much criticised for the lack of rear legroom , Mini added more space for rear passengers by creating sculpted cut - outs in the rear of the front seats . An engine start button replaces the conventional ignition key and , with the optional ' Comfort Access ' , the car may be unlocked with a button on the door handle when the key is brought close to the car . Technical specifications ( edit ) The Cooper and Cooper S models offer a new rear axle and aluminium components to reduce the car 's weight ; and a Sports kit option comprising harder springs , damper and anti-roll bars is offered with both variants . Another key difference is the introduction of an upgraded electric power steering system , the sharpness of which can be increased by pressing a `` Sport '' button in front of the gear lever ( both auto and manual ) ; additionally , the `` Sport '' button adjusts the response of the accelerator , and in conjunction with automatic transmission , also allows the engine to rev almost to the redline before changing gear . In the Cooper model the W11 Tritec 4 - cylinder engine was replaced with a 120 metric horsepower ( 88 kW ) 1.6 - litre Prince engine incorporating BMW 's Valvetronic infinitely variable valve lift , developed on and with Peugeot 's core engine . It has been reported in road tests that this takes the car from 0 -- 100 km / h in a claimed 9.1 seconds ( 0 - 60 mph : 8.5 seconds ) and has a top speed of 201 km / h ( 125 mph ) . Fuel economy of 48.7 miles per imperial gallon ( 5.80 L / 100 km ; 40.6 mpg ) on the combined cycle is nearly 8 miles per imperial gallon ( 6.7 mpg ) better . The more powerful 175 metric horsepower ( 129 kW ) Cooper S replaces the supercharger with a new twin scroll turbocharger N14 DOHC motor in the interests of efficiency , and has gasoline direct injection ; consequently , this engine version does not have Valvetronic . This engine also has an `` overboost '' function which temporarily raises the torque by 20 N ⋅ m ( 15 lbf ⋅ ft ) under hard acceleration . As a result , 0 -- 100 km / h is covered in a claimed 7.1 seconds ( 0 - 60 mph : 6.7 seconds ) , and top speed is 230 km / h ( 140 mph ) . It achieves similar improvements in fuel economy to the Cooper , returning 40.9 mpg ( 6.91 L / 100 km ; 34.1 mpg ) combined . Both engines may be mated to either a 6 - speed manual or automatic gearbox . The turbocharged engine is the same ( although with some French engineering modifications ) as the one in the Peugeot 207 GTi / RC . Since 2008 all non-U.S. Mini models ( except the standard Mini One ) have been equipped with BMW 's Efficient Dynamics fuel - saving technology , called `` Minimalism Technologies '' in Mini literature . This includes a start - stop function that shuts off the engine when the car is stationary ; when the clutch pedal is depressed , the engine is restarted with electricity generated from Brake Energy Regeneration . The Cooper D model attains 74.0 miles per imperial gallon ( 3.82 L / 100 km ; 61.6 mpg ) and emits 104 g of carbon dioxide per 100 kilometres . A Mini One D has been available in Europe since 2009 , attaining the same fuel efficiency and emissions of greenhouse gases as the Cooper D , which is itself quite comparable to the Toyota Prius for fuel economy and carbon dioxide emissions ( potentially better than the Prius at higher rpm ) . With the widespread use of its Efficient Dynamics , Mini is the first automotive brand to have all models in its range classified as mild hybrids ( Mini 's parent , BMW , is still in the process of implementing Efficient Dynamics across its older models ) . All models of the Mk II with optional dynamic stability control ( DSC ) also include `` Hill Assist '' , which prevents the car from rolling backwards on an incline by holding the brakes for 2 seconds after the driver releases the brake pedal , allowing the driver time to engage the accelerator pedal without the vehicle drifting . Also included with DSC is hydraulic EBA ( Emergency Brake Assist ) as opposed to the mechanical system on Minis without DSC . DSC is standard on all Minis since September 2008 . The interior of the Mk II echoes the style of the earlier model , but is in fact a complete redesign . The boot of the new car has an additional 10 litres ( 2.2 imp gal ; 2.6 US gal ) of load space . Other changes in design - both visible and otherwise - have contributed to the Mini 's recently awarded five stars in the Euro NCAP tests . One example is the higher front bonnet , which now complies with the European pedestrian collision regulations . Breakdown statistics reported by the German Automobile Club ( ADAC ) in May 2010 placed the Mini at the top of the small car class in respect of the low break - down rates achieved for cars aged between 0 and 4 years , narrowly beating the Ford Fusion and Mitsubishi Colt . Model range ( edit ) Hatch ( facelift ) Cabrio ( facelift ) The Mk II range was launched with the One , Cooper and Cooper S derivatives . In July 2009 , a new budget version called Mini First was added . Similar to the One , but lower output 1.6 L engine 75 metric horsepower ( 55 kW ) and no automatic option , it preempted the launch of the One Minimalism by including the Mini Minimalism technologies . The vehicle launched with a base MSRP of £ 10,950 . In January 2010 the Mini One Minimalism was announced , which was available in two states of tune depending on the market : ( 75 metric horsepower ( 55 kW ) and 98 metric horsepower ( 72 kW ) ) . The model was marketed as a more environmentally friendly option with low 119 grams ( 4.2 oz ) per kilometer carbon dioxide ( CO ) helped by low resistance tyres and flush wheel trims , and included the Minimalism technologies previously excluded from the Mini One . In spring 2011 , a new diesel Mini Cooper SD was launched . With a new four - cylinder 2.0 L turbo diesel engine , it had an output of 145 metric horsepower ( 107 kW ) and maximum torque of 305 newton metres ( 225 lbf ⋅ ft ) between 1,750 and 2,700 rpm . From 2009 , chameleon paints were offered in Asia and Europe . Mini John Cooper Works Challenge ( 2008 -- 2014 ) ( edit ) The Mini John Cooper Works Challenge is a purpose - built race car , based on the R56 Hardtop , and manufactured in the BMW Motorsport factory located in Munich . The Challenge was unveiled in 2007 at the Frankfurt IAA Motor Show . The BMW Motorsport factory has been responsible for the construction of Formula One and European touring cars for many years . The R56 Challenge has a six - speed manual transmission ; 17 - inch Borbet wheels with Dunlop control slick racing tyres ; John Cooper Works aerodynamic kit including front splitter , rear diffuser , and high - downforce , adjustable rear wing ; race - specific AP Racing ABS braking system ; KW suspension rebound ; height - and camber - adjustable coilover suspension ; full roll cage ; Recaro bucket seat with six - point safety belt ; HANS device ; Sparco racing steering wheel ; air jack system ; and a fully electronic fire extinguishing system . The car has a 1.6 - litre , twin - scroll turbocharged engine that produces 155 kW ( 211 PS ; 208 hp ) at 6,000 rpm , along with 261 N ⋅ m ( 193 lb ⋅ ft ) of torque . Acceleration from 0 -- 100 km / h ( 60 mph ) is claimed at 6.1 seconds , and braking time from 100 -- 0 km / h is just 3.1 seconds . The car was used for events such as the Australian Mini Challenge , as well as ADAC events , and championships in Britain , Italy and Switzerland . Robbie Davis won the 2013 Pirelli World Challenge . Mini John Cooper Works ( 2009 -- 2014 ) ( edit ) Mini John Cooper works model year 2011 Loosely based on the John Cooper Works ( JCW ) Challenge car , these are essentially Cooper S vehicles with a higher - output engine ; a low - back - pressure exhaust system ; a stiffer sport suspension ; 17 - inch light alloy rims with low - profile , performance tyres ; Brembo performance brakes ; and BMW 's dynamic stability control ( DSC ) and Dynamic Traction Control ( DTC ) with Electronic Differential Lock Control ( EDLC ) as standard equipment . All JCW models are only available with a specific 6 - speed Getrag manual transmission , and come with distinctive `` John Cooper Works '' badging in place of the normal `` Cooper S '' badging . The JCW vehicles are also factory - built , which further distinguishes them from earlier Mk II Cooper S models with any of the available John Cooper Works accessories ( engine and suspension upgrades , aerodynamics kit , etc . ) that are dealer - installed . All JCW models achieve the same EPA fuel economy ratings as their Cooper S counterparts . The engine is rated at 211 PS ( 155 kW ; 208 hp ) and 261 N ⋅ m ( 193 lb ⋅ ft ) ; under heavy acceleration , the engine automatically boosts torque output to a peak of 279 N ⋅ m ( 206 lb ⋅ ft ) . These figures are achieved by reducing compression ratio to 10.0 : 1 , and increasing boost from 0.9 bar ( 13 psi ) to 1.3 bar ( 19 psi ) when compared to the turbocharged engine used in the Cooper S. According to Mini , the JCW Hardtop will sprint to 97 km / h ( 60 mph ) in 6.2 seconds , with the JCW Clubman clocking in at 6.5 seconds ; both vehicles top out at 237 km / h ( 147 mph ) The JCW variants were unveiled in 2008 at the Geneva Auto Show , as 2009 model - year vehicles . Seven cars were entered into the 2011 24 Hours of Nürburgring , coming 4th in class and 34th overall . In 2012 , team Partl Motorsport finished in 2nd place in its class with their endurance MINI , finishing in a strong 41st place overall . The BMW MINI Ralycross Championship , a one - make series , was a support category for the British Rallycross Championship . Mini John Cooper Works World Championship 50 ( 2009 ) ( edit ) This is a limited - edition ( originally planned to be 250 units , then subsequently increased to 500 ) of the John Cooper Works Hardtop . It commemorates the 50th anniversary of the victories by Cooper driver Jack Brabham in the 1959 World Championship of Drivers and by Cooper in the 1959 International Cup for F1 Manufacturers . The production vehicle was inspired by John Cooper 's son , Mike . It includes the John Cooper Works aerodynamics package ; John Cooper Works Cross Spoke Challenge light - alloy wheels in Jet Black ; specific body paint colours ( Connaught Green body with Pepper White roof and bonnet stripes ) , carbon fibre bonnet scoop , rear diffuser , exterior mirror caps and tailgate handle ; and specific interior colour scheme ( Carbon Black interior with red knee - rolls , armrests and red stitching on the floor mats , gearshift & handbrake gaiters ) . The John Cooper signature was provided by `` John '' Michael Cooper . The car was unveiled in 2009 Mini United Festival in Silverstone . Special editions ( edit ) An April Fool 's joke of the Mini Cooper , called the Yachtsman The old tradition of producing special , limited - edition Minis was also continued with the new Mini . For example , the Mini Monte Carlo , recently launched in Singapore , is a tribute to the old Mini Cooper Monte Carlo , itself a limited edition Mini to celebrate Paddy Hopkirk 's return to the Monte Carlo Rally 30 years after his original win . To celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Mini brand , two models were released in 2009 : the Mini 50 Mayfair and the Mini 50 Camden . London 2012 Olympic Games ( edit ) At the London 2012 Olympic Games , a set of quarter scale remote - controlled Minis delivered throwing equipment , loaded into the car through the sun roof , to the athletes . In commemoration of Mini being an official partner of Team GB , an Olympic - themed special limited edition Mini Cooper was released , with a white roof featuring the London 2012 Olympic logo , and the London skyline printed on the dash . There were two other special edition Minis that were released at this time : the Bayswater Special Edition and the Baker Street Special Edition . Third generation ( F55 / F56 ) ( 2014 -- present ) ( edit ) Third Generation ( F56 - 3 door / F55 - 5 door ) Overview Manufacturer BMW Production November 2013 -- present ( Hatch ) 2015 - present ( Convertible ) Assembly UK : Cowley , England ( Plant Oxford ) Netherlands : Born ( VDL Nedcar ) 2014 -- Present Body and chassis Class Supermini Body style 3 - door hatchback ( F56 ) 5 - door hatchback ( F55 ) 2 - door convertible Layout FF layout Platform BMW UKL1 Powertrain Engine 1.2 L turbocharged I - 3 ( One ) 1.5 L turbocharged I - 3 ( Cooper ) 1.5 L turbodiesel I - 3 ( One D , Cooper D ) 2.0 L turbocharged I - 4 ( Cooper S , JCW ) 2.0 L turbodiesel I - 4 ( Cooper SD ) Transmission 6 - speed manual 6 - speed Steptronic automatic ( 2014 - 2017 ) 7 - speed DCT automatic ( One , Cooper , Cooper S , Cooper D ) ( 2018 - ) 8 - speed Steptronic automatic ( Cooper SD , John Cooper Works ) ( 2018 - ) Dimensions Wheelbase 2,495 mm ( 98.2 in ) 2,567 mm ( 101.1 in ) ( 5 - door ) Length 3,821 mm ( 150.4 in ) 3,982 mm ( 156.8 in ) ( 5 - door ) Width 1,727 mm ( 68.0 in ) Height 1,414 mm ( 55.7 in ) 1,425 mm ( 56.1 in ) ( 5 - door ) Chronology Predecessor Mini ( R56 ) The third generation Mini was unveiled by BMW in November 2013 , with sales starting in the first half of 2014 . The new car is 98 mm longer , 44 mm wider , and 7 mm taller than the outgoing model , with a 28 mm longer wheelbase and an increase in track width ( + 42 mm front and + 34 mm rear ) . The increase in size results in a larger interior and a boot volume increase to 211 litres . Five all - new engines are offered for this Mini , 3 petrol , and 2 diesels : a 1.2 litre three - cylinder petrol with 102 bhp , a 1.5 litre 3 - cylinder petrol with 136 bhp , ( BMW B38 engine ) , a 2.0 litre 4 - cylinder petrol ( BMW B48 engine ) that produces 192 bhp for the Cooper S , and a 1.5 litre 3 - cylinder diesel ( BMW B37 engine ) in 2 levels of power output : 95 bhp and 116 bhp ( Cooper D ) , and a 2.0 litre turbo - diesel inline - 4 engine that produces 168 bhp ( Cooper SD ) . These engines are mated with a choice of either a 6 - speed manual , a 6 - speed automatic , or a 6 - speed sports automatic gearbox . MINI has also released an all - new model called the MINI 5 - door ( AKA 4 - door in US , F55 ) . It is marketed as a 5 - door version of the new 3rd generation Hatch . The base MINI 5 - door is 190 lbs heavier and 6 inches longer than the 3 - door MINI Hatch models with similar performance characteristics and more cargo space . The 3 - door Mini with an automatic transmission will reach 0 -- 97 km / h ( 0 -- 60 mph ) in 7.3 seconds for the 1.5 L 3 - cylinder petrol model and in 6.4 seconds with the 2.0 L 4 - cylinder petrol engine . Design ( edit ) 3 - door hatchback 5 - door hatchback Interior The shape is slightly more rounded than the one it replaces , in order both to improve the car 's aerodynamic efficiency and to enhance pedestrian protection in the event of accidents . It has a much longer overhang and higher bonnet . This latest model rides on BMW 's all new UKL platform that underpins the new BMW 2 Series Active Tourer . Criticisms of the design of the F56 MINI Cooper have focused upon the extruded and complex design of the front bumper in Cooper S and JCW variants , as well as the larger front overhang and oversized tail lamps . Further criticism has also centred upon the overstyled nature of the exterior design . The Mini is also the first in its segment to offer LED headlamps for its main and dipped beams as an option . With its larger exterior dimensions , the all - new Mini provides more space for its four occupants and luggage , with enhanced shoulder space and larger footwells . Boot volume has been increased by more than 30 % to 211 litres . The dashboard retains its instrument layout , but adds a new instrument binnacle on the steering column for the speedometer , tachometer , and fuel gauge . The central instrument display now houses a four - line TFT display with the option to upgrade to an 8.8 inch screen for navigation and infotainment functions . Engines ( edit ) Model Fuel type Displacement Cylinders Transmission Power Torque Emissions CO Top speed Acceleration 0 -- 62 mph ( 0 -- 100 km / h ) Kerb weight One Petrol 1,198 cc ( 73.1 cu in ) 6 - speed manual ( 6 - speed auto ) 75 kW / 102 PS 180 N ⋅ m ( 133 lb ⋅ ft ) 111 - 109 ( 114 - 112 ) g / km 195 km / h ( 121 mph ) 9.9 ( 10.2 ) s 1165 ( 1195 ) kg Cooper Petrol 1,499 cc ( 91.5 cu in ) 6 - speed manual ( 6 - speed auto ) 100 kW / 136 PS 220 N ⋅ m ( 162 lb ⋅ ft ) 107 - 105 ( 112 - 109 ) g / km 210 km / h ( 130 mph ) 7.9 ( 7.8 ) s 1160 ( 1190 ) kg Cooper S Petrol 1,998 cc ( 121.9 cu in ) 6 - speed manual ( 6 - speed auto ) 141 kW / 192 PS 280 N ⋅ m ( 207 lb ⋅ ft ) 136 - 133 ( 126 - 123 ) g / km 235 km / h ( 146 mph ) ( 233 km / h ( 145 mph ) ) 6.8 ( 6.7 ) s 1235 ( 1250 ) kg John Cooper Works Petrol 1,998 cc ( 121.9 cu in ) 6 - speed manual ( 6 - speed auto ) 170 kW / 231 PS 320 N ⋅ m ( 236 lb ⋅ ft ) 147 ( 133 ) g / km 246 km / h ( 153 mph ) 6.3 ( 6.1 ) s 1205 ( 1220 ) kg One D Diesel 1,496 cc ( 91.3 cu in ) 6 - speed manual 70 kW / 95 PS 220 N ⋅ m ( 162 lb ⋅ ft ) 92 - 89 g / km 190 km / h ( 118 mph ) 11.6 s 1190 kg Cooper D Diesel 1,496 cc ( 91.3 cu in ) 6 - speed manual ( 6 - speed auto ) 85 kW / 116 PS 270 N ⋅ m ( 199 lb ⋅ ft ) 95 - 92 ( 99 - 98 ) g / km 205 km / h ( 127 mph ) ( 204 km / h ( 127 mph ) ) 9.2 ( 9.2 ) s 1210 ( 1225 ) kg Cooper SD Diesel 1,995 cc ( 121.7 cu in ) 6 - speed manual ( 6 - speed auto ) 125 kW / 170 PS 360 N ⋅ m ( 266 lb ⋅ ft ) 109 - 106 ( 107 - 104 ) g / km 227 km / h ( 141 mph ) ( 225 km / h ( 140 mph ) ) 7.3 ( 7.2 ) s 1250 ( 1265 ) kg Sales and rankings ( edit ) Between 2001 and 2012 , 2.5 million Minis have been sold . The Mini Cooper / Cooper S ( 2001 -- 2006 ) won the North American Car of the Year award in 2003 . The car won the 2006 car of the year at the `` Das Goldene Lenkrad '' awards in Germany . MotorPress.ca awarded the F56 MINI JCW with their `` Driver 's Car Award '' and `` Top Pick '' award giving it a rating of 8.3 out of 10 , praising its driving characteristics and engine . Fifth Gear awarded the Cooper S their Best Small Car of 2006 award . The Mini brand enjoyed paradoxically strong sales and customer loyalty in the US , while at the same time being rated worst for problems found in the JD Power survey . In 2009 , Mini ranked last , 37 out of 37 brands , in the JD Power Initial Quality Survey , having landed second to last the previous year . The survey gives the same weight to problems from something being broken , and problems due to the car owner finding them difficult to use , unfamiliar , or confusing . The quirky controls found in Minis , such as non-standard windshield wiper or interior lighting switches , were counted both as `` problems '' that hurt Mini 's ranking in the Initial Quality Survey , and also as distinguishing `` idiosyncrasies '' that , over time , made owners grow to love the cars . This contributed to brand loyalty and relatively strong sales , and expanding the number of US Mini dealerships , in the midst of the 2008 recession and automotive industry crisis of 2008 -- 10 . Consumer Reports ranked Mini as the least reliable car brand in 2013 , saying that , `` less - expensive European brands are having more problems '' , perhaps due to cost - cutting at the expense of reliability . In 2015 , Consumer Reports awarded the 2006 -- 2012 Mini Cooper S the title ' Worst Used Car ' , saying that while it was `` cute and delightfully entertaining '' , the repair frequency was `` heartbreaking '' because the magazine 's surveyed owners reported problems in the areas of `` engine major , engine minor , engine cooling , fuel system , body integrity , and body hardware have issues at an alarming rate '' . BMW mini has a range of issues which are common . Head gasket failure being moderate . The early midland 5 speed used in the car up to July 2004 were redesigned by Rover for the mini . However the bearings and oil levels when there was a drive shaft leak would cause failure . A oil change had to take place due to LSD problems giving a grinding noise from the diff . One of the prominent issues was also with power steering failures leading to a widespread recall . Another recall was due to failure to deploy passenger airbag . 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Jump up ^ `` Great Britain : Okay , er ist kein sortenreiner Brite und auch nicht mehr so richtig mini . Dennoch hat sich der neue Mini eine ordentliche Portion jugendlichen Charme bewahrt ... den modernsten Mini aller Zeiten '' . Auto Motor und Sport . Vol . Nr. 04 2014 . Stuttgart : Motor Presse Stuttgart GmbH & Co. 2014 . p. 25 . Jump up ^ Shah , Vivek ( 28 December 2015 ) . `` MINI Cooper ( F56 ) : Overstyle and caricature '' . Deep Tread . Retrieved 5 October 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.autoevolution.com/bmw-blog/mini-reaches-25-million-vehicles-sold-since-bmw-takeover-61037.html Jump up ^ Graham Robson ( 2002 ) . New Mini . Newbury Park , California : Haynes North America . ISBN 1 - 85960 - 874 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Die Sieger des Goldenen Lenkrads ( 1976 -- 2013 ) '' ( The winner of the Golden Steering Wheel ( 1976 - 2013 ) ) ( PDF ) . Das Goldene Lenkrad 2013 ( in German ) . Bild am Sonntag und Auto Bild. 12 November 2013 . pp. 18 -- 21 . Retrieved 8 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 MINI John Cooper Works ( JCW ) '' . MotorPress.ca. 8 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Chang , Richard S. ( 2 July 2009 ) , `` Mini Conundrum : Does Quality Matter ? '' , New York Times access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 28 June 2009 ) , `` Mini laughs off last - place quality ranking ; It calls some features that may be off - putting quirks instead of problems '' , ABC News , retrieved 25 August 2016 Jump up ^ Woodyard , Chris ( 29 October 2013 ) , `` Consumer Reports : Top 10 most unreliable car brands '' , USA Today Jump up ^ `` Cars you 'd be foolish to buy ; Reliability , satisfaction , and test scores knock out these contenders '' , Consumer Reports , 1 April 2015 , retrieved 25 August 2016 ( hide ) `` previous -- Mini , a brand of the BMW Group , car timeline , 2001 -- present Model Body 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 Mini Hatch Three - door hatchback R50 / R53 R56 F56 Five - door hatchback F55 Mini Cabrio Convertible R52 R57 F57 Mini Coupé Coupé R58 Mini Roadster Roadster R59 Mini Countryman Five - door crossover R60 F60 Mini Paceman Three - door crossover R61 Mini Clubman Estate R55 F54 Mini Clubvan Van R55 See also Concept cars Tritec engine Prince engine Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mini_Hatch&oldid=826545822 '' Categories : Mini ( BMW ) vehicles Subcompact cars Front - wheel - drive vehicles Hatchbacks Convertibles Retro - style automobiles 2000s automobiles 2010s automobiles Cars introduced in 2000 VDL Nedcar vehicles Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use dmy dates from January 2018 Use British English from June 2011 Articles to be expanded from August 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with minor POV problems from December 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français Italiano Монгол Polski Русский Svenska 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 19 : 10 . 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what type of government does england have today

Government Part of a constitutional monarchy

constitutional monarchy

England

england

-- in Europe ( green & dark grey ) -- in the United Kingdom ( green )

Status Country Capital and largest city London 51 ° 30 ′ N 0 ° 7 ′ W  /  51.500 ° N 0.117 ° W  / 51.500 ; - 0.117 Coordinates : 51 ° 30 ′ N 0 ° 7 ′ W  /  51.500 ° N 0.117 ° W  / 51.500 ; - 0.117 National language English Regional languages Cornish Ethnic groups ( 2011 ) 85.4 % White 7.8 % Asian 3.5 % Black 2.3 % Mixed 0.4 % Arab 0.6 % Other Religion Church of England Demonym English Sovereign state Legal jurisdiction United Kingdom England and Wales Government Part of a constitutional monarchy Monarch Elizabeth II Parliament of the United Kingdom House of Commons 533 MPs ( of 650 ) Legislature UK Parliament Establishment Anglo - Saxon settlement 5th -- 6th century Unification 10th century Union with Scotland 1 May 1707 Area Land 130,279 km ( 50,301 sq mi ) Population 2015 estimate 54,786,300 2011 census 53,012,456 Density 420.5 / km ( 1,089.1 / sq mi ) GVA 2015 estimate Total £ 1.43 trillion Per capita £ 26,159 Currency Pound sterling ( GBP ; £ ) Time zone Greenwich Mean Time ( UTC ⁠ ) Summer ( DST ) British Summer Time ( UTC + 1 ) Date format dd / mm / yyyy ( AD ) Drives on the left Calling code + 44 Patron saint Saint George ISO 3166 code GB - ENG ^ While England does not have its own legislative assembly , a Legislative Grand Committee composed of only the 533 MPs representing English constituencies can scrutinise and vote on bills going through parliament which only affect England . England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west . The Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five - eighths of the island of Great Britain ( which lies in the North Atlantic ) in its centre and south , and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law -- the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world -- developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th - century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there are uplands in the north ( for example , the mountainous Lake District , and the Pennines ) and in the southwest ( for example , Dartmoor and the Cotswolds ) . The capital is London , which has the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union . England 's population of over 53 million comprises 84 % of the population of the United Kingdom , largely concentrated around London , the South East , and conurbations in the Midlands , the North West , the North East , and Yorkshire , which each developed as major industrial regions during the 19th century . The Kingdom of England -- which after 1535 included Wales -- ceased being a separate sovereign state on 1 May 1707 , when the Acts of Union put into effect the terms agreed in the Treaty of Union the previous year , resulting in a political union with the Kingdom of Scotland to create the Kingdom of Great Britain . In 1801 , Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland . Contents ( hide ) 1 Toponymy 2 History 2.1 Prehistory and antiquity 2.2 Middle Ages 2.3 Early Modern 2.4 Late Modern and contemporary 3 Governance 3.1 Politics 3.2 Law 3.3 Regions , counties , and districts 4 Geography 4.1 Landscape and rivers 4.2 Climate 4.3 Major conurbations 5 Economy 5.1 Science and technology 5.2 Transport 6 Healthcare 7 Demography 7.1 Population 7.2 Language 7.3 Religion 8 Education 9 Culture 9.1 Architecture 9.2 Folklore 9.3 Cuisine 9.4 Visual arts 9.5 Literature , poetry and philosophy 9.6 Performing arts 9.7 Cinema 9.8 Museums , libraries , and galleries 10 Sports 11 National symbols 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 14.1 Bibliography 15 External links Toponymy See also : Toponymy of England The name `` England '' is derived from the Old English name Englaland , which means `` land of the Angles '' . The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages . The Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area ( present - day German state of Schleswig - Holstein ) of the Baltic Sea . The earliest recorded use of the term , as `` Engla londe '' , is in the late ninth century translation into Old English of Bede 's Ecclesiastical History of the English People . The term was then used in a different sense to the modern one , meaning `` the land inhabited by the English '' , and it included English people in what is now south - east Scotland but was then part of the English kingdom of Northumbria . The Anglo - Saxon Chronicle recorded that the Domesday Book of 1086 covered the whole of England , meaning the English kingdom , but a few years later the Chronicle stated that King Malcolm III went `` out of Scotlande into Lothian in Englaland '' , thus using it in the more ancient sense . According to the Oxford English Dictionary , its modern spelling was first used in 1538 . The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st - century work by Tacitus , Germania , in which the Latin word Anglii is used . The etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars ; it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula , an angular shape . How and why a term derived from the name of a tribe that was less significant than others , such as the Saxons , came to be used for the entire country and its people is not known , but it seems this is related to the custom of calling the Germanic people in Britain Angli Saxones or English Saxons to distinguish them from continental Saxons ( Eald - Seaxe ) of Old Saxony between Weser and Eider rivers in Northern Germany . In Scottish Gaelic , another language which developed on the island of Great Britain , the Saxon tribe gave their name to the word for England ( Sasunn ) ; similarly , the Welsh name for the English language is `` Saesneg '' . An alternative name for England is Albion . The name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain . The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus , specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo : `` Beyond the Pillars of Hercules is the ocean that flows round the earth . In it are two very large islands called Britannia ; these are Albion and Ierne '' . But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle , i.e. it was written later in the Graeco - Roman period or afterwards . The word Albion ( Ἀλβίων ) or insula Albionum has two possible origins . It either derives from a cognate of the Latin albus meaning white , a reference to the white cliffs of Dover ( the only part of Britain visible from the European mainland ) or from the phrase the `` island of the Albiones '' in the now lost Massaliote Periplus , that is attested through Avienus ' Ora Maritima to which the former presumably served as a source . Albion is now applied to England in a more poetic capacity . Another romantic name for England is Loegria , related to the Welsh word for England , Lloegr , and made popular by its use in Arthurian legend . History Main article : History of England Prehistory and antiquity Main article : Prehistoric Britain Stonehenge , a Neolithic monument The earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor , dating to approximately 780,000 years ago . The oldest proto - human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago . Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period , though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years . After the last ice age only large mammals such as mammoths , bison and woolly rhinoceros remained . Roughly 11,000 years ago , when the ice sheets began to recede , humans repopulated the area ; genetic research suggests they came from the northern part of the Iberian Peninsula . The sea level was lower than now and Britain was connected by land bridge to Ireland and Eurasia . As the seas rose , it was separated from Ireland 10,000 years ago and from Eurasia two millennia later . The Beaker culture arrived around 2,500 BC , introducing drinking and food vessels constructed from clay , as well as vessels used as reduction pots to smelt copper ores . It was during this time that major Neolithic monuments such as Stonehenge and Avebury were constructed . By heating together tin and copper , which were in abundance in the area , the Beaker culture people made bronze , and later iron from iron ores . The development of iron smelting allowed the construction of better ploughs , advancing agriculture ( for instance , with Celtic fields ) , as well as the production of more effective weapons . Boudica led an uprising against the Roman Empire During the Iron Age , Celtic culture , deriving from the Hallstatt and La Tène cultures , arrived from Central Europe . Brythonic was the spoken language during this time . Society was tribal ; according to Ptolemy 's Geographia there were around 20 tribes in the area . Earlier divisions are unknown because the Britons were not literate . Like other regions on the edge of the Empire , Britain had long enjoyed trading links with the Romans . Julius Caesar of the Roman Republic attempted to invade twice in 55 BC ; although largely unsuccessful , he managed to set up a client king from the Trinovantes . The Romans invaded Britain in 43 AD during the reign of Emperor Claudius , subsequently conquering much of Britain , and the area was incorporated into the Roman Empire as Britannia province . The best - known of the native tribes who attempted to resist were the Catuvellauni led by Caratacus . Later , an uprising led by Boudica , Queen of the Iceni , ended with Boudica 's suicide following her defeat at the Battle of Watling Street . This era saw a Greco - Roman culture prevail with the introduction of Roman law , Roman architecture , aqueducts , sewers , many agricultural items and silk . In the 3rd century , Emperor Septimius Severus died at Eboracum ( now York ) , where Constantine was subsequently proclaimed emperor . There is debate about when Christianity was first introduced ; it was no later than the 4th century , probably much earlier . According to Bede , missionaries were sent from Rome by Eleutherius at the request of the chieftain Lucius of Britain in 180 AD , to settle differences as to Eastern and Western ceremonials , which were disturbing the church . There are traditions linked to Glastonbury claiming an introduction through Joseph of Arimathea , while others claim through Lucius of Britain . By 410 , during the Decline of the Roman Empire , Britain was left exposed by the end of Roman rule in Britain and the withdrawal of Roman army units , to defend the frontiers in continental Europe and partake in civil wars . Celtic Christian monastic and missionary movements flourished : Patrick ( 5th - century Ireland ) and in the 6th century Brendan ( Clonfert ) , Comgall ( Bangor ) , David ( Wales ) , Aiden ( Lindisfarne ) and Columba ( Iona ) . This period of Christianity was influenced by ancient Celtic culture in its sensibilities , polity , practices and theology . Local `` congregations '' were centred in the monastic community and monastic leaders were more like chieftains , as peers , rather than in the more hierarchical system of the Roman - dominated church . Middle Ages Main article : England in the Middle Ages Replica of the 7th - century ceremonial Sutton Hoo helmet from the Kingdom of East Anglia Roman military withdrawals left Britain open to invasion by pagan , seafaring warriors from north - western continental Europe , chiefly the Saxons , Angles , Jutes and Frisians who had long raided the coasts of the Roman province and began to settle , initially in the eastern part of the country . Their advance was contained for some decades after the Britons ' victory at the Battle of Mount Badon , but subsequently resumed , over-running the fertile lowlands of Britain and reducing the area under Brythonic control to a series of separate enclaves in the more rugged country to the west by the end of the 6th century . Contemporary texts describing this period are extremely scarce , giving rise to its description as a Dark Age . The nature and progression of the Anglo - Saxon settlement of Britain is consequently subject to considerable disagreement . Roman - dominated Christianity had in general disappeared from the conquered territories , but was reintroduced by missionaries from Rome led by Augustine from 597 onwards . Disputes between the Roman - and Celtic - dominated forms of Christianity ended in victory for the Roman tradition at the Council of Whitby ( 664 ) , which was ostensibly about haircuts and the date of Easter , but more significantly , about the differences in Roman and Celtic forms of authority , theology , and practice ( Lehane ) . During the settlement period the lands ruled by the incomers seem to have been fragmented into numerous tribal territories , but by the 7th century , when substantial evidence of the situation again becomes available , these had coalesced into roughly a dozen kingdoms including Northumbria , Mercia , Wessex , East Anglia , Essex , Kent and Sussex . Over the following centuries this process of political consolidation continued . The 7th century saw a struggle for hegemony between Northumbria and Mercia , which in the 8th century gave way to Mercian preeminence . In the early 9th century Mercia was displaced as the foremost kingdom by Wessex . Later in that century escalating attacks by the Danes culminated in the conquest of the north and east of England , overthrowing the kingdoms of Northumbria , Mercia and East Anglia . Wessex under Alfred the Great was left as the only surviving English kingdom , and under his successors it steadily expanded at the expense of the kingdoms of the Danelaw . This brought about the political unification of England , first accomplished under Æthelstan in 927 and definitively established after further conflicts by Eadred in 953 . A fresh wave of Scandinavian attacks from the late 10th century ended with the conquest of this united kingdom by Sweyn Forkbeard in 1013 and again by his son Cnut in 1016 , turning it into the centre of a short - lived North Sea Empire that also included Denmark and Norway . However the native royal dynasty was restored with the accession of Edward the Confessor in 1042 . King Henry V at the Battle of Agincourt , fought on Saint Crispin 's Day and concluded with an English victory against a larger French army in the Hundred Years ' War A dispute over the succession to Edward led to the Norman conquest of England in 1066 , accomplished by an army led by Duke William of Normandy . The Normans themselves originated from Scandinavia and had settled in Normandy in the late 9th and early 10th centuries . This conquest led to the almost total dispossession of the English elite and its replacement by a new French - speaking aristocracy , whose speech had a profound and permanent effect on the English language . Subsequently , the House of Plantagenet from Anjou inherited the English throne under Henry II , adding England to the budding Angevin Empire of fiefs the family had inherited in France including Aquitaine . They reigned for three centuries , some noted monarchs being Richard I , Edward I , Edward III and Henry V . The period saw changes in trade and legislation , including the signing of the Magna Carta , an English legal charter used to limit the sovereign 's powers by law and protect the privileges of freemen . Catholic monasticism flourished , providing philosophers , and the universities of Oxford and Cambridge were founded with royal patronage . The Principality of Wales became a Plantagenet fief during the 13th century and the Lordship of Ireland was given to the English monarchy by the Pope . During the 14th century , the Plantagenets and the House of Valois both claimed to be legitimate claimants to the House of Capet and with it France ; the two powers clashed in the Hundred Years ' War . The Black Death epidemic hit England ; starting in 1348 , it eventually killed up to half of England 's inhabitants . From 1453 to 1487 civil war occurred between two branches of the royal family -- the Yorkists and Lancastrians -- known as the Wars of the Roses . Eventually it led to the Yorkists losing the throne entirely to a Welsh noble family the Tudors , a branch of the Lancastrians headed by Henry Tudor who invaded with Welsh and Breton mercenaries , gaining victory at the Battle of Bosworth Field where the Yorkist king Richard III was killed . Early modern King Henry VIII became Supreme Head of the Church of England During the Tudor period , the Renaissance reached England through Italian courtiers , who reintroduced artistic , educational and scholarly debate from classical antiquity . England began to develop naval skills , and exploration to the West intensified . Henry VIII broke from communion with the Catholic Church , over issues relating to his divorce , under the Acts of Supremacy in 1534 which proclaimed the monarch head of the Church of England . In contrast with much of European Protestantism , the roots of the split were more political than theological . He also legally incorporated his ancestral land Wales into the Kingdom of England with the 1535 -- 1542 acts . There were internal religious conflicts during the reigns of Henry 's daughters , Mary I and Elizabeth I . The former took the country back to Catholicism while the latter broke from it again , forcefully asserting the supremacy of Anglicanism . Competing with Spain , the first English colony in the Americas was founded in 1585 by explorer Walter Raleigh in Virginia and named Roanoke . The Roanoke colony failed and is known as the lost colony , after it was found abandoned on the return of the late - arriving supply ship . With the East India Company , England also competed with the Dutch and French in the East . In 1588 , during the Elizabethan period , an English fleet under Francis Drake defeated an invading Spanish Armada . The political structure of the island changed in 1603 , when the King of Scots , James VI , a kingdom which was a longtime rival to English interests , inherited the throne of England as James I -- creating a personal union . He styled himself King of Great Britain , although this had no basis in English law . Under the auspices of King James VI and I the Authorised King James Version of the Holy Bible was published in 1611 . It has not only been ranked with Shakespeare 's works as the greatest masterpiece of literature in the English language but also was the standard version of the Bible read by most Protestant Christians for four hundred years , until modern revisions were produced in the 20th century . The English Restoration restored the monarchy under King Charles II and peace after the English Civil War Based on conflicting political , religious and social positions , the English Civil War was fought between the supporters of Parliament and those of King Charles I , known colloquially as Roundheads and Cavaliers respectively . This was an interwoven part of the wider multifaceted Wars of the Three Kingdoms , involving Scotland and Ireland . The Parliamentarians were victorious , Charles I was executed and the kingdom replaced by the Commonwealth . Leader of the Parliament forces , Oliver Cromwell declared himself Lord Protector in 1653 ; a period of personal rule followed . After Cromwell 's death and the resignation of his son Richard as Lord Protector , Charles II was invited to return as monarch in 1660 , in a move called the Restoration . After the Glorious Revolution of 1688 , it was constitutionally established that King and Parliament should rule together , though Parliament would have the real power . This was established with the Bill of Rights in 1689 . Among the statutes set down were that the law could only be made by Parliament and could not be suspended by the King , also that the King could not impose taxes or raise an army without the prior approval of Parliament . Also since that time , no British monarch has entered the House of Commons when it is sitting , which is annually commemorated at the State Opening of Parliament by the British monarch when the doors of the House of Commons are slammed in the face of the monarch 's messenger , symbolising the rights of Parliament and its independence from the monarch . With the founding of the Royal Society in 1660 , science was greatly encouraged . In 1666 the Great Fire of London gutted the City of London but it was rebuilt shortly afterwards with many significant buildings designed by Sir Christopher Wren . In Parliament two factions had emerged -- the Tories and Whigs . Though the Tories initially supported Catholic king James II , some of them , along with the Whigs , during the Revolution of 1688 invited Dutch prince William of Orange to defeat James and ultimately to become William III of England . Some English people , especially in the north , were Jacobites and continued to support James and his sons . After the parliaments of England and Scotland agreed , the two countries joined in political union , to create the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707 . To accommodate the union , institutions such as the law and national churches of each remained separate . Late modern and contemporary Saltaire , West Yorkshire , is a model mill town from the Industrial Revolution , and a World Heritage Site Under the newly formed Kingdom of Great Britain , output from the Royal Society and other English initiatives combined with the Scottish Enlightenment to create innovations in science and engineering , while the enormous growth in British overseas trade protected by the Royal Navy paved the way for the establishment of the British Empire . Domestically it drove the Industrial Revolution , a period of profound change in the socioeconomic and cultural conditions of England , resulting in industrialised agriculture , manufacture , engineering and mining , as well as new and pioneering road , rail and water networks to facilitate their expansion and development . The opening of Northwest England 's Bridgewater Canal in 1761 ushered in the canal age in Britain . In 1825 the world 's first permanent steam locomotive - hauled passenger railway -- the Stockton and Darlington Railway -- opened to the public . Cotton mills in Manchester , the world 's `` first industrial city '' , circa 1820 . During the Industrial Revolution , many workers moved from England 's countryside to new and expanding urban industrial areas to work in factories , for instance at Birmingham and Manchester , dubbed `` Workshop of the World '' and `` Warehouse City '' respectively . England maintained relative stability throughout the French Revolution ; William Pitt the Younger was British Prime Minister for the reign of George III . During the Napoleonic Wars , Napoleon planned to invade from the south - east . However this failed to manifest and the Napoleonic forces were defeated by the British at sea by Lord Nelson and on land by the Duke of Wellington . The Napoleonic Wars fostered a concept of Britishness and a united national British people , shared with the Scots and Welsh . The Cenotaph , Whitehall , is a memorial to members of the British Armed Forces who died during the two World Wars London became the largest and most populous metropolitan area in the world during the Victorian era , and trade within the British Empire -- as well as the standing of the British military and navy -- was prestigious . Political agitation at home from radicals such as the Chartists and the suffragettes enabled legislative reform and universal suffrage. Power shifts in east - central Europe led to World War I ; hundreds of thousands of English soldiers died fighting for the United Kingdom as part of the Allies . Two decades later , in World War II , the United Kingdom was again one of the Allies . At the end of the Phoney War , Winston Churchill became the wartime Prime Minister . Developments in warfare technology saw many cities damaged by air - raids during the Blitz . Following the war , the British Empire experienced rapid decolonisation , and there was a speeding up of technological innovations ; automobiles became the primary means of transport and Frank Whittle 's development of the jet engine led to wider air travel . Residential patterns were altered in England by private motoring , and by the creation of the National Health Service ( NHS ) in 1948 . The UK 's NHS provided publicly funded health care to all UK permanent residents free at the point of need , being paid for from general taxation . Combined , these changes prompted the reform of local government in England in the mid-20th century . Since the 20th century there has been significant population movement to England , mostly from other parts of the British Isles , but also from the Commonwealth , particularly the Indian subcontinent . Since the 1970s there has been a large move away from manufacturing and an increasing emphasis on the service industry . As part of the United Kingdom , the area joined a common market initiative called the European Economic Community which became the European Union . Since the late 20th century the administration of the United Kingdom has moved towards devolved governance in Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland . England and Wales continues to exist as a jurisdiction within the United Kingdom . Devolution has stimulated a greater emphasis on a more English - specific identity and patriotism . There is no devolved English government , but an attempt to create a similar system on a sub-regional basis was rejected by referendum . Governance Politics Main article : Politics of England The Palace of Westminster , the seat of the Parliament of the United Kingdom As part of the United Kingdom , the basic political system in England is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary system . There has not been a government of England since 1707 , when the Acts of Union 1707 , putting into effect the terms of the Treaty of Union , joined England and Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain . Before the union England was ruled by its monarch and the Parliament of England . Today England is governed directly by the Parliament of the United Kingdom , although other countries of the United Kingdom have devolved governments . In the House of Commons which is the lower house of the British Parliament based at the Palace of Westminster , there are 532 Members of Parliament ( MPs ) for constituencies in England , out of the 650 total . In the United Kingdom general election , 2017 , the Conservative Party won 317 seats ( the Speaker of the House not being counted as a Conservative ) , more than any other party , though not enough to achieve an overall majority . The Conservative party , headed by the prime minister Theresa May , won 55 more seats than the Labour Party , led by Jeremy Corbyn . The Scottish National Party ( Scotland only ) won 35 out of 59 Scottish seats in the House of Commons . Changing of the Queen 's Guard at the royal residence , Buckingham Palace As the United Kingdom is a member of the European Union , there are elections held regionally in England to decide who is sent as Members of the European Parliament . The 2014 European Parliament election saw the regions of England elect the following MEPs : 22 UK Independence Party ( UKIP ) , 17 Conservatives , 17 Labour , 3 Greens , and one Liberal Democrat . Since devolution , in which other countries of the United Kingdom -- Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland -- each have their own devolved parliament or assemblies for local issues , there has been debate about how to counterbalance this in England . Originally it was planned that various regions of England would be devolved , but following the proposal 's rejection by the North East in a referendum , this has not been carried out . One major issue is the West Lothian question , in which MPs from Scotland and Wales are able to vote on legislation affecting only England , while English MPs have no equivalent right to legislate on devolved matters . This when placed in the context of England being the only country of the United Kingdom not to have free cancer treatment , prescriptions , residential care for the elderly and free top - up university fees , has led to a steady rise in English nationalism . Some have suggested the creation of a devolved English parliament , while others have proposed simply limiting voting on legislation which only affects England to English MPs . Law Main article : English law The Royal Courts of Justice The English law legal system , developed over the centuries , is the basis of common law legal systems used in most Commonwealth countries and the United States ( except Louisiana ) . Despite now being part of the United Kingdom , the legal system of the Courts of England and Wales continued , under the Treaty of Union , as a separate legal system from the one used in Scotland . The general essence of English law is that it is made by judges sitting in courts , applying their common sense and knowledge of legal precedent -- stare decisis -- to the facts before them . The court system is headed by the Senior Courts of England and Wales , consisting of the Court of Appeal , the High Court of Justice for civil cases , and the Crown Court for criminal cases . The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom is the highest court for criminal and civil cases in England and Wales . It was created in 2009 after constitutional changes , taking over the judicial functions of the House of Lords . A decision of the Supreme Court is binding on every other court in the hierarchy , which must follow its directions . Crime increased between 1981 and 1995 , but fell by 42 % in the period 1995 -- 2006 . The prison population doubled over the same period , giving it the highest incarceration rate in Western Europe at 147 per 100,000 . Her Majesty 's Prison Service , reporting to the Ministry of Justice , manages most prisons , housing over 85,000 convicts . Regions , counties , and districts Main article : Subdivisions of England See also : Regions of England , Counties of England , and Districts of England Northumberland Durham Lancashire Cheshire Derbs . Notts . Lincolnshire Leics . Staffs . Shropshire Warks . Northants . Norfolk Suffolk Essex Herts . Beds . Bucks . Oxon . Glos . Somerset Wiltshire Berkshire Kent Surrey Hampshire Dorset Devon Cornwall Heref . Worcs . Bristol East Riding of Yorkshire Rutland Cambs . Greater London Not shown : City of London Tyne & Wear Cumbria North Yorkshire South Yorks . West Yorkshire Greater Manc . Merseyside East Sussex West Sussex Isle of Wight West Midlands Ceremonial counties of England The subdivisions of England consist of up to four levels of subnational division controlled through a variety of types of administrative entities created for the purposes of local government . The highest tier of local government were the nine regions of England : North East , North West , Yorkshire and the Humber , East Midlands , West Midlands , East , South East , South West , and London . These were created in 1994 as Government Offices , used by the UK government to deliver a wide range of policies and programmes regionally , but there are no elected bodies at this level , except in London , and in 2011 the regional government offices were abolished . The same boundaries remain in use for electing Members of the European Parliament on a regional basis . After devolution began to take place in other parts of the United Kingdom it was planned that referendums for the regions of England would take place for their own elected regional assemblies as a counterweight . London accepted in 1998 : the London Assembly was created two years later . However , when the proposal was rejected by the northern England devolution referendums , 2004 in the North East , further referendums were cancelled . The regional assemblies outside London were abolished in 2010 , and their functions transferred to respective Regional Development Agencies and a new system of Local authority leaders ' boards . Below the regional level , all of England is divided into 48 ceremonial counties . These are used primarily as a geographical frame of reference and have developed gradually since the Middle Ages , with some established as recently as 1974 . Each has a Lord Lieutenant and High Sheriff ; these posts are used to represent the British monarch locally . Outside Greater London and the Isles of Scilly , England is also divided into 83 metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties ; these correspond to areas used for the purposes of local government and may consist of a single district or be divided into several . There are six metropolitan counties based on the most heavily urbanised areas , which do not have county councils . In these areas the principal authorities are the councils of the subdivisions , the metropolitan boroughs . Elsewhere , 27 non-metropolitan `` shire '' counties have a county council and are divided into districts , each with a district council . They are typically , though not always , found in more rural areas . The remaining non-metropolitan counties are of a single district and usually correspond to large towns or sparsely populated counties ; they are known as unitary authorities . Greater London has a different system for local government , with 32 London boroughs , plus the City of London covering a small area at the core governed by the City of London Corporation . At the most localised level , much of England is divided into civil parishes with councils ; in Greater London only one , Queen 's Park exists as of 2014 after they were abolished in 1965 until legislation allowed their recreation in 2007 . Geography Main article : Geography of England Landscape and rivers Skiddaw massif , seen from Walla Crag in the Lake District Geographically England includes the central and southern two - thirds of the island of Great Britain , plus such offshore islands as the Isle of Wight and the Isles of Scilly . It is bordered by two other countries of the United Kingdom -- to the north by Scotland and to the west by Wales . England is closer to the European continent than any other part of mainland Britain . It is separated from France by a 21 - mile ( 34 km ) sea gap , though the two countries are connected by the Channel Tunnel near Folkestone . England also has shores on the Irish Sea , North Sea and Atlantic Ocean . The ports of London , Liverpool , and Newcastle lie on the tidal rivers Thames , Mersey and Tyne respectively . At 220 miles ( 350 km ) , the Severn is the longest river flowing through England . It empties into the Bristol Channel and is notable for its Severn Bore ( a tidal bore ) , which can reach 2 metres ( 6.6 ft ) in height . However , the longest river entirely in England is the Thames , which is 215 miles ( 346 km ) in length . There are many lakes in England ; the largest is Windermere , within the aptly named Lake District . Terrain of Dartmoor , Devon In geological terms , the Pennines , known as the `` backbone of England '' , are the oldest range of mountains in the country , originating from the end of the Paleozoic Era around 300 million years ago . Their geological composition includes , among others , sandstone and limestone , and also coal . There are karst landscapes in calcite areas such as parts of Yorkshire and Derbyshire . The Pennine landscape is high moorland in upland areas , indented by fertile valleys of the region 's rivers . They contain three national parks , the Yorkshire Dales , Northumberland , and the Peak District . The highest point in England , at 978 metres ( 3,209 ft ) , is Scafell Pike in Cumbria . Straddling the border between England and Scotland are the Cheviot Hills . The English Lowlands are to the south of the Pennines , consisting of green rolling hills , including the Cotswold Hills , Chiltern Hills , North and South Downs -- where they meet the sea they form white rock exposures such as the cliffs of Dover . The granite Southwest Peninsula in the West Country includes upland moorland , such as Dartmoor and Exmoor , and enjoys a mild climate ; both are national parks . Climate Main article : Climate of England England has a temperate maritime climate : it is mild with temperatures not much lower than 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) in winter and not much higher than 32 ° C ( 90 ° F ) in summer . The weather is damp relatively frequently and is changeable . The coldest months are January and February , the latter particularly on the English coast , while July is normally the warmest month . Months with mild to warm weather are May , June , September and October . Rainfall is spread fairly evenly throughout the year . Important influences on the climate of England are its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean , its northern latitude and the warming of the sea by the Gulf Stream . Rainfall is higher in the west , and parts of the Lake District receive more rain than anywhere else in the country . Since weather records began , the highest temperature recorded was 38.5 ° C ( 101.3 ° F ) on 10 August 2003 at Brogdale in Kent , while the lowest was − 26.1 ° C ( − 15.0 ° F ) on 10 January 1982 in Edgmond , Shropshire . Major conurbations See also : List of places in England The Greater London Urban Area is by far the largest urban area in England and one of the busiest cities in the world . It is considered a global city and has a population larger than other countries in the United Kingdom besides England itself . Other urban areas of considerable size and influence tend to be in northern England or the English Midlands . There are 50 settlements which have been designated city status in England , while the wider United Kingdom has 66 . While many cities in England are quite large , such as Birmingham , Sheffield , Manchester , Liverpool , Leeds , Newcastle , Bradford , Nottingham , population size is not a prerequisite for city status . Traditionally the status was given to towns with diocesan cathedrals , so there are smaller cities like Wells , Ely , Ripon , Truro and Chichester . According to the Office for National Statistics , the ten largest , continuous built - up urban areas are : Rank Urban area Population Major localities Greater London Urban Area 9,787,426 Greater London , divided into the City of London and 32 London boroughs including Croydon , Barnet , Ealing , Bromley Greater Manchester Urban Area 2,553,379 Manchester , Salford , Bolton , Stockport , Oldham West Midlands Urban Area 2,440,986 Birmingham , Wolverhampton , Dudley , Walsall , Aldridge West Yorkshire Urban Area 1,777,934 Leeds , Bradford , Huddersfield , Wakefield , Halifax 5 Liverpool Urban Area 864,122 Liverpool , St. Helens , Bootle , Huyton - with - Roby 6 South Hampshire 855,569 Southampton , Portsmouth , Eastleigh , Gosport , Fareham , Havant , Horndean 7 Tyneside 774,891 Newcastle , North Shields , South Shields , Gateshead , Jarrow 8 Nottingham Urban Area 729,977 Nottingham , Beeston and Stapleford , Carlton , Long Eaton 9 Sheffield Urban Area 685,368 Sheffield , Rotherham , Rawmarsh , Killamarsh 10 Bristol Urban Area 617,280 Bristol , Kingswood , Mangotsfield , Stoke Gifford Economy Main article : Economy of England The City of London is the financial capital of the world England 's economy is one of the largest in the world , with an average GDP per capita of £ 22,907 . Usually regarded as a mixed market economy , it has adopted many free market principles , yet maintains an advanced social welfare infrastructure . The official currency in England is the pound sterling , whose ISO 4217 code is GBP . Taxation in England is quite competitive when compared to much of the rest of Europe -- as of 2014 the basic rate of personal tax is 20 % on taxable income up to £ 31,865 above the personal tax - free allowance ( normally £ 10,000 ) , and 40 % on any additional earnings above that amount . The economy of England is the largest part of the UK 's economy , which has the 18th highest GDP PPP per capita in the world . England is a leader in the chemical and pharmaceutical sectors and in key technical industries , particularly aerospace , the arms industry , and the manufacturing side of the software industry . London , home to the London Stock Exchange , the United Kingdom 's main stock exchange and the largest in Europe , is England 's financial centre -- 100 of Europe 's 500 largest corporations are based in London . London is the largest financial centre in Europe , and as of 2014 is the second largest in the world . The Bentley Mulsanne . Bentley is a well - known English car company The Bank of England , founded in 1694 by Scottish banker William Paterson , is the United Kingdom 's central bank . Originally established as private banker to the government of England , since 1946 it has been a state - owned institution . The bank has a monopoly on the issue of banknotes in England and Wales , although not in other parts of the United Kingdom . The government has devolved responsibility to the bank 's Monetary Policy Committee for managing the monetary policy of the country and setting interest rates . England is highly industrialised , but since the 1970s there has been a decline in traditional heavy and manufacturing industries , and an increasing emphasis on a more service industry oriented economy . Tourism has become a significant industry , attracting millions of visitors to England each year . The export part of the economy is dominated by pharmaceuticals , cars ( although many English marques are now foreign - owned , such as Land Rover , Lotus , Jaguar and Bentley ) , crude oil and petroleum from the English parts of North Sea oil along with Wytch Farm , aircraft engines and alcoholic beverages . Most of the UK 's £ 30 billion aerospace industry is primarily based in England . The global market opportunity for UK aerospace manufacturers over the next two decades is estimated at £ 3.5 trillion . GKN Aerospace -- an expert in metallic and composite aerostructures is involved in almost every civil and military fixed and rotary wing aircraft in production is based in Redditch . BAE Systems makes large sections of the Typhoon Eurofighter at its sub-assembly plant in Salmesbury and assembles the aircraft for the RAF at its Warton plant , near Preston . It is also a principal subcontractor on the F35 Joint Strike Fighter -- the world 's largest single defence project -- for which it designs and manufactures a range of components including the aft fuselage , vertical and horizontal tail and wing tips and fuel system . It also manufactures the Hawk , the world 's most successful jet training aircraft . Rolls - Royce PLC is the world 's second - largest aero - engine manufacturer . Its engines power more than 30 types of commercial aircraft , and it has more 30,000 engines currently in service across both the civil and defence sectors . With a workforce of over 12,000 people , Derby has the largest concentration of Rolls - Royce employees in the UK . Rolls - Royce also produces low - emission power systems for ships ; makes critical equipment and safety systems for the nuclear industry and powers offshore platforms and major pipelines for the oil and gas industry . Much of the UK 's space industry is centred on EADS Astrium , based in Stevenage and Portsmouth . The company builds the buses -- the underlying structure onto which the payload and propulsion systems are built -- for most of the European Space Agency 's spacecraft , as well as commercial satellites . The world leader in compact satellite systems , Surrey Satellites , is also part of Astrium . Reaction Engines Limited , the company planning to build Skylon , a single - stage - to - orbit spaceplane using their SABRE rocket engine , a combined - cycle , air - breathing rocket propulsion system is based Culham . Agriculture is intensive and highly mechanised , producing 60 % of food needs with only 2 % of the labour force . Two thirds of production is devoted to livestock , the other to arable crops . Science and technology Main articles : List of English inventions and discoveries and Royal Society Sir Isaac Newton is one of the most influential figures in the history of science Prominent English figures from the field of science and mathematics include Sir Isaac Newton , Michael Faraday , Charles Darwin , Robert Hooke , James Prescott Joule , John Dalton , Joseph Priestley , Lord Rayleigh , J.J. Thomson , James Chadwick , Charles Babbage , George Boole , Alan Turing , Tim Berners - Lee , Paul Dirac , Stephen Hawking , Peter Higgs , Roger Penrose , John Horton Conway , Thomas Bayes , Arthur Cayley , G.H. Hardy , Oliver Heaviside , Andrew Wiles , Francis Crick , Joseph Lister , Christopher Wren and Richard Dawkins . Some experts claim that the earliest concept of a metric system was invented by John Wilkins , the first secretary of the Royal Society , in 1668 . As the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution , England was home to many significant inventors during the late 18th and early 19th centuries . Famous English engineers include Isambard Kingdom Brunel , best known for the creation of the Great Western Railway , a series of famous steamships , and numerous important bridges , hence revolutionising public transport and modern - day engineering . Thomas Newcomen 's steam engine helped spawn the Industrial Revolution . The Father of Railways , George Stephenson , built the first public inter-city railway line in the world , the Liverpool and Manchester Railway , which opened in 1830 . With his role in the marketing and manufacturing of the steam engine , and invention of modern coinage , Matthew Boulton ( business partner of James Watt ) is regarded as one of the most influential entrepreneurs in history . The physician Edward Jenner 's smallpox vaccine is said to have `` saved more lives ... than were lost in all the wars of mankind since the beginning of recorded history . '' Inventions and discoveries of the English include : the jet engine , the first industrial spinning machine , the first computer and the first modern computer , the World Wide Web along with HTML , the first successful human blood transfusion , the motorised vacuum cleaner , the lawn mower , the seat belt , the hovercraft , the electric motor , steam engines , and theories such as the Darwinian theory of evolution and atomic theory . Newton developed the ideas of universal gravitation , Newtonian mechanics , and calculus , and Robert Hooke his eponymously named law of elasticity . Other inventions include the iron plate railway , the thermosiphon , tarmac , the rubber band , the mousetrap , `` cat 's eye '' road marker , joint development of the light bulb , steam locomotives , the modern seed drill and many modern techniques and technologies used in precision engineering . Transport Main article : Transport in England London Heathrow Airport has more international passenger traffic than any other airport in the world . The Department for Transport is the government body responsible for overseeing transport in England . There are many motorways in England , and many other trunk roads , such as the A1 Great North Road , which runs through eastern England from London to Newcastle ( much of this section is motorway ) and onward to the Scottish border . The longest motorway in England is the M6 , from Rugby through the North West up to the Anglo - Scottish border , a distance of 232 miles ( 373 km ) . Other major routes include : the M1 from London to Leeds , the M25 which encircles London , the M60 which encircles Manchester , the M4 from London to South Wales , the M62 from Liverpool via Manchester to East Yorkshire , and the M5 from Birmingham to Bristol and the South West . Bus transport across the country is widespread ; major companies include National Express , Arriva and Go - Ahead Group . The red double - decker buses in London have become a symbol of England . There is a rapid transit network in two English cities : the London Underground ; and the Tyne and Wear Metro in Newcastle , Gateshead and Sunderland . There are several tram networks , such as the Blackpool tramway , Manchester Metrolink , Sheffield Supertram and Midland Metro , and the Tramlink system centred on Croydon in South London . The Metropolitan Railway , now part of the London Underground was the first underground railway in the world Rail transport in England is the oldest in the world : passenger railways originated in England in 1825 . Much of Britain 's 10,000 miles ( 16,000 km ) of rail network lies in England , covering the country fairly extensively , although a high proportion of railway lines were closed in the second half of the 20th century . There are plans to reopen lines such as the Varsity Line between Oxford and Cambridge . These lines are mostly standard gauge ( single , double or quadruple track ) though there are also a few narrow gauge lines . There is rail transport access to France and Belgium through an undersea rail link , the Channel Tunnel , which was completed in 1994 . England has extensive domestic and international aviation links . The largest airport is London Heathrow , which is the world 's busiest airport measured by number of international passengers . Other large airports include Manchester Airport , London Stansted Airport , Luton Airport and Birmingham Airport . By sea there is ferry transport , both local and international , including to Ireland , the Netherlands and Belgium . There are around 4,400 miles ( 7,100 km ) of navigable waterways in England , half of which is owned by the Canal and River Trust , however water transport is very limited . The Thames is the major waterway in England , with imports and exports focused at the Port of Tilbury in the Thames Estuary , one of the United Kingdom 's three major ports . Healthcare Main article : Healthcare in England Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham , an NHS hospital , has the largest single floor critical care unit in the world The National Health Service ( NHS ) is the publicly funded healthcare system in England responsible for providing the majority of healthcare in the country . The NHS began on 5 July 1948 , putting into effect the provisions of the National Health Service Act 1946 . It was based on the findings of the Beveridge Report , prepared by economist and social reformer William Beveridge . The NHS is largely funded from general taxation including National Insurance payments , and it provides most of its services free at the point of use , although there are charges for some people for eye tests , dental care , prescriptions and aspects of personal care . The government department responsible for the NHS is the Department of Health , headed by the Secretary of State for Health , who sits in the British Cabinet . Most of the expenditure of the Department of Health is spent on the NHS -- £ 98.6 billion was spent in 2008 -- 2009 . In recent years the private sector has been increasingly used to provide more NHS services despite opposition by doctors and trade unions . The average life expectancy of people in England is 77.5 years for males and 81.7 years for females , the highest of the four countries of the United Kingdom . Demography Main article : Demography of England Population Main article : English people See also : English diaspora , Cornish people , and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom The metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties , colour - coded to show population Population of England and Wales by administrative areas . Their size is approximately in proportion to their population . Colours by quints ( 1 / 5th ) of number of districts classified by population density with division of extreme quints With over 53 million inhabitants , England is by far the most populous country of the United Kingdom , accounting for 84 % of the combined total . England taken as a unit and measured against international states has the fourth largest population in the European Union and would be the 25th largest country by population in the world . With a density of 407 people per square kilometre , it would be the second most densely populated country in the European Union after Malta . The English people are a British people . Some genetic evidence suggests that 75 -- 95 % descend in the paternal line from prehistoric settlers who originally came from the Iberian Peninsula , as well as a 5 % contribution from Angles and Saxons , and a significant Scandinavian ( Viking ) element . However , other geneticists place the Germanic estimate up to half . Over time , various cultures have been influential : Prehistoric , Brythonic , Roman , Anglo - Saxon , Viking ( North Germanic ) , Gaelic cultures , as well as a large influence from Normans . There is an English diaspora in former parts of the British Empire ; especially the United States , Canada , Australia , South Africa and New Zealand . Since the late 1990s , many English people have migrated to Spain . 2009 estimates of ethnic groups in England In 1086 , when the Domesday Book was compiled , England had a population of two million . About 10 % lived in urban areas . By 1801 , the population was 8.3 million , and by 1901 30.5 million . Due in particular to the economic prosperity of South East England , it has received many economic migrants from the other parts of the United Kingdom . There has been significant Irish migration . The proportion of ethnically European residents totals at 87.50 % , including Germans and Poles . Other people from much further afield in the former British colonies have arrived since the 1950s : in particular , 6 % of people living in England have family origins in the Indian subcontinent , mostly India , Pakistan and Bangladesh. 2.90 % of the population are black , from Africa and the Caribbean , especially former British colonies . There is a significant number of Chinese and British Chinese . In 2007 , 22 % of primary school children in England were from ethnic minority families , and in 2011 that figure was 26.5 % . About half of the population increase between 1991 and 2001 was due to immigration . Debate over immigration is politically prominent ; according to a 2009 Home Office poll , 80 % of people want to cap it . The ONS has projected that the population will grow by nine million between 2014 and 2039 . England contains one indigenous national minority , the Cornish people , recognised by the UK government under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities in 2014 . Language Further information : English language in England See also : English language , History of the English language , and Cornish language Language Native speakers English 46,936,780 Polish 529,173 Punjabi 271,580 Urdu 266,330 Bengali 216,196 Gujarati 212,217 Arabic 152,490 French 145,026 Welsh 8,248 Cornish 554 Other 2,267,016 Population 51,005,610 English - speaking world Majority native language Official , but not majority language Note : English is also an official language of the EU As its name suggests , the English language , today spoken by hundreds of millions of people around the world , originated as the language of England , where it remains the principal tongue spoken by 98 % of the population . It is an Indo - European language in the Anglo - Frisian branch of the Germanic family . After the Norman conquest , the Old English language was displaced and confined to the lower social classes as Norman French and Latin were used by the aristocracy . By the 15th century , English was back in fashion among all classes , though much changed ; the Middle English form showed many signs of French influence , both in vocabulary and spelling . During the English Renaissance , many words were coined from Latin and Greek origins . Modern English has extended this custom of flexibility , when it comes to incorporating words from different languages . Thanks in large part to the British Empire , the English language is the world 's unofficial lingua franca . English language learning and teaching is an important economic activity , and includes language schooling , tourism spending , and publishing . There is no legislation mandating an official language for England , but English is the only language used for official business . Despite the country 's relatively small size , there are many distinct regional accents , and individuals with particularly strong accents may not be easily understood everywhere in the country . As well as English , England has two other indigenous languages , Cornish and Welsh . Cornish died out as a community language in the 18th century but is being revived , and is now protected under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages . It is spoken by 0.1 % of people in Cornwall , and is taught to some degree in several primary and secondary schools . When the modern border between Wales and England was established by the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 , many Welsh - speaking communities found themselves on the English side of the border . Welsh was spoken in Archenfield in Herefordshire into the nineteenth century . Welsh was spoken by natives of parts of western Shropshire until the middle of the twentieth century if not later . State schools teach students a second language , usually French , German or Spanish . Due to immigration , it was reported in 2007 that around 800,000 school students spoke a foreign language at home , the most common being Punjabi and Urdu . However , following the 2011 census data released by the Office for National Statistics , figures now show that Polish is the main language spoken in England after English . Religion Canterbury Cathedral , seat of the Archbishop of Canterbury Main article : Religion in England Further information : History of Christianity in England In the 2011 census , 59.4 % of the population of England specified their religion as Christian , 24.7 % answered that they had no religion , 5 % specified that they were Muslim , while 3.7 % of the population belongs to other religions and 7.2 % did not give an answer . Christianity is the most widely practised religion in England , as it has been since the Early Middle Ages , although it was first introduced much earlier in Gaelic and Roman times . This Celtic Church was gradually joined to the Catholic hierarchy following the 6th - century Gregorian mission to Kent led by St Augustine . The established church of England is the Church of England , which left communion with Rome in the 1530s when Henry VIII was unable to annul his divorce to the aunt of the king of Spain . The church regards itself as both Catholic and Protestant . Saint George is the patron saint of England There are High Church and Low Church traditions , and some Anglicans regard themselves as Anglo - Catholics , following the Tractarian movement . The monarch of the United Kingdom is the Supreme Governor of the church , which has around 26 million baptised members ( of whom the vast majority are not regular churchgoers ) . It forms part of the Anglican Communion with the Archbishop of Canterbury acting as its symbolic worldwide head . Many cathedrals and parish churches are historic buildings of significant architectural importance , such as Westminster Abbey , York Minster , Durham Cathedral , and Salisbury Cathedral . The 2nd - largest Christian practice is the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church . Since its reintroduction after the Catholic Emancipation , the Church has organised ecclesiastically on an England and Wales basis where there are 4.5 million members ( most of whom are English ) . There has been one Pope from England to date , Adrian IV ; while saints Bede and Anselm are regarded as Doctors of the Church . Westminster Abbey is a notable example of English Gothic architecture . The coronation of the British monarch traditionally takes place at the Abbey A form of Protestantism known as Methodism is the third largest Christian practice and grew out of Anglicanism through John Wesley . It gained popularity in the mill towns of Lancashire and Yorkshire , and amongst tin miners in Cornwall . There are other non-conformist minorities , such as Baptists , Quakers , Congregationalists , Unitarians and The Salvation Army . The patron saint of England is Saint George ; his symbolic cross is included in the flag of England , as well as in the Union Flag as part of a combination . There are many other English and associated saints ; some of the best - known are : Cuthbert , Edmund , Alban , Wilfrid , Aidan , Edward the Confessor , John Fisher , Thomas More , Petroc , Piran , Margaret Clitherow and Thomas Becket . There are non-Christian religions practised . Jews have a history of a small minority on the island since 1070 . They were expelled from England in 1290 following the Edict of Expulsion , only to be allowed back in 1656 . Especially since the 1950s , religions from the former British colonies have grown in numbers , due to immigration . Islam is the most common of these , now accounting for around 5 % of the population in England . Hinduism , Sikhism and Buddhism are next in number , adding up to 2.8 % combined , introduced from India and South East Asia . A small minority of the population practise ancient Pagan religions . Neopaganism in the United Kingdom is primarily represented by Wicca and Witchcraft religions , Druidry , and Heathenry . According to the 2011 UK Census , there are roughly 53,172 people who identify as Pagan in England , and 3,448 in Wales , including 11,026 Wiccans in England and 740 in Wales . Education Main article : Education in England See also : List of universities in England The frontage of Warwick School , one of the oldest independent schools in England The Department for Education is the government department responsible for issues affecting people in England up to the age of 19 , including education . State - run and state - funded schools are attended by approximately 93 % of English schoolchildren . Of these , a minority are faith schools ( primarily Church of England or Roman Catholic schools ) . Children who are between the ages of 3 and 5 attend nursery or an Early Years Foundation Stage reception unit within a primary school . Children between the ages of 5 and 11 attend primary school , and secondary school is attended by those aged between 11 and 16 . After finishing compulsory education , students take GCSE examinations . Students may then opt to continue into further education for two years . Further education colleges ( particularly sixth form colleges ) often form part of a secondary school site . A-level examinations are sat by a large number of further education students , and often form the basis of an application to university . Although most English secondary schools are comprehensive , in some areas there are selective intake grammar schools , to which entrance is subject to passing the eleven - plus exam . Around 7.2 % of English schoolchildren attend private schools , which are funded by private sources . Standards in state schools are monitored by the Office for Standards in Education , and in private schools by the Independent Schools Inspectorate . King 's College , University of Cambridge Higher education students normally attend university from age 18 onwards , where they study for an academic degree . There are over 90 universities in England , all but one of which are public institutions . The Department for Business , Innovation and Skills is the government department responsible for higher education in England . Students are generally entitled to student loans to cover the cost of tuition fees and living costs . The first degree offered to undergraduates is the Bachelor 's degree , which usually takes three years to complete . Students are then able to work towards a postgraduate degree , which usually takes one year , or towards a doctorate , which takes three or more years . King 's College London 's Maughan Library , the biggest university library in the UK England 's universities include some of the highest - ranked universities in the world ; University of Cambridge , Imperial College London , University of Oxford , University College London and King 's College London are all ranked in the global top 30 in the 2018 QS World University Rankings . The London School of Economics has been described as the world 's leading social science institution for both teaching and research . The London Business School is considered one of the world 's leading business schools and in 2010 its MBA programme was ranked best in the world by the Financial Times . Academic degrees in England are usually split into classes : first class ( 1st ) , upper second class ( 2 : 1 ) , lower second class ( 2 : 2 ) , third ( 3rd ) , and unclassified . The King 's School , Canterbury and King 's School , Rochester are the oldest schools in the English - speaking world . Many of England 's most well - known schools , such as Winchester College , Eton , St Paul 's School , Harrow School and Rugby School are fee - paying institutions . Culture Main article : Culture of England Further information : English Renaissance Architecture A red telephone box in front of St Paul 's Cathedral , one of the most important buildings of the English Baroque period Many ancient standing stone monuments were erected during the prehistoric period , amongst the best - known are Stonehenge , Devil 's Arrows , Rudston Monolith and Castlerigg . With the introduction of Ancient Roman architecture there was a development of basilicas , baths , amphitheaters , triumphal arches , villas , Roman temples , Roman roads , Roman forts , stockades and aqueducts . It was the Romans who founded the first cities and towns such as London , Bath , York , Chester and St Albans . Perhaps the best - known example is Hadrian 's Wall stretching right across northern England . Another well - preserved example is the Roman Baths at Bath , Somerset . Early Medieval architecture 's secular buildings were simple constructions mainly using timber with thatch for roofing . Ecclesiastical architecture ranged from a synthesis of Hiberno -- Saxon monasticism , to Early Christian basilica and architecture characterised by pilaster - strips , blank arcading , baluster shafts and triangular headed openings . After the Norman conquest in 1066 various Castles in England were created so law lords could uphold their authority and in the north to protect from invasion . Some of the best - known medieval castles are the Tower of London , Warwick Castle , Durham Castle and Windsor Castle . Bodiam Castle is a 14th - century moated castle near Robertsbridge in East Sussex Throughout the Plantagenet era an English Gothic architecture flourished -- the medieval cathedrals such as Canterbury Cathedral , Westminster Abbey and York Minster are prime examples . Expanding on the Norman base there was also castles , palaces , great houses , universities and parish churches . Medieval architecture was completed with the 16th - century Tudor style ; the four - centred arch , now known as the Tudor arch , was a defining feature as were wattle and daub houses domestically . In the aftermath of the Renaissance a form of architecture echoing classical antiquity , synthesised with Christianity appeared -- the English Baroque style , architect Christopher Wren was particularly championed . Georgian architecture followed in a more refined style , evoking a simple Palladian form ; the Royal Crescent at Bath is one of the best examples of this . With the emergence of romanticism during Victorian period , a Gothic Revival was launched -- in addition to this around the same time the Industrial Revolution paved the way for buildings such as The Crystal Palace . Since the 1930s various modernist forms have appeared whose reception is often controversial , though traditionalist resistance movements continue with support in influential places . Folklore Main article : English folklore Robin Hood illustrated in 1912 wearing Lincoln green English folklore developed over many centuries . Some of the characters and stories are present across England , but most belong to specific regions . Common folkloric beings include pixies , giants , elves , bogeymen , trolls , goblins and dwarves . While many legends and folk - customs are thought to be ancient , for instance the tales featuring Offa of Angel and Wayland the Smith , others date from after the Norman invasion ; Robin Hood and his Merry Men of Sherwood and their battles with the Sheriff of Nottingham being , perhaps , the best known . During the High Middle Ages tales originating from Brythonic traditions entered English folklore -- the Arthurian myth . These were derived from Anglo - Norman , Welsh and French sources , featuring King Arthur , Camelot , Excalibur , Merlin and the Knights of the Round Table such as Lancelot . These stories are most centrally brought together within Geoffrey of Monmouth 's Historia Regum Britanniae ( History of the Kings of Britain ) . Another early figure from British tradition , King Cole , may have been based on a real figure from Sub-Roman Britain . Many of the tales and pseudo-histories make up part of the wider Matter of Britain , a collection of shared British folklore . Some folk figures are based on semi or actual historical people whose story has been passed down centuries ; Lady Godiva for instance was said to have ridden naked on horseback through Coventry , Hereward the Wake was a heroic English figure resisting the Norman invasion , Herne the Hunter is an equestrian ghost associated with Windsor Forest and Great Park and Mother Shipton is the archetypal witch . On 5 November people make bonfires , set off fireworks and eat toffee apples in commemoration of the foiling of the Gunpowder Plot centred on Guy Fawkes . The chivalrous bandit , such as Dick Turpin , is a recurring character , while Blackbeard is the archetypal pirate . There are various national and regional folk activities , participated in to this day , such as Morris dancing , Maypole dancing , Rapper sword in the North East , Long Sword dance in Yorkshire , Mummers Plays , bottle - kicking in Leicestershire , and cheese - rolling at Cooper 's Hill . There is no official national costume , but a few are well established such as the Pearly Kings and Queens associated with cockneys , the Royal Guard , the Morris costume and Beefeaters . Cuisine Main article : English cuisine Fish and chips is a very popular dish in England Since the early modern period the food of England has historically been characterised by its simplicity of approach and a reliance on the high quality of natural produce . During the Middle Ages and through the Renaissance period , English cuisine enjoyed an excellent reputation , though a decline began during the Industrial Revolution with the move away from the land and increasing urbanisation of the populace . The cuisine of England has , however , recently undergone a revival , which has been recognised by the food critics with some good ratings in Restaurant 's best restaurant in the world charts . An early book of English recipes is the Forme of Cury from the royal court of Richard II . Apple pie has been consumed in England since the Middle Ages Traditional examples of English food include the Sunday roast , featuring a roasted joint ( usually beef , lamb , chicken or pork ) served with assorted vegetables , Yorkshire pudding , and gravy . Other prominent meals include fish and chips and the full English breakfast ( generally consisting of bacon , sausages , grilled tomatoes , fried bread , black pudding , baked beans , mushrooms , and eggs ) . Various meat pies are consumed such as steak and kidney pie , steak and ale pie , cottage pie , pork pie ( the latter usually eaten cold ) and the Cornish Pasty . Sausages are commonly eaten , either as bangers and mash or toad in the hole . Lancashire hotpot is a well known stew in the northwest . Some of the more popular cheeses are Cheddar , Red Leicester and Wensleydale together with Blue Stilton . Many Anglo - Indian hybrid dishes , curries , have been created such as chicken tikka masala and balti . Traditional English dessert dishes include apple pie or other fruit pies ; spotted dick -- all generally served with custard ; and , more recently , sticky toffee pudding . Sweet pastries include scones ( either plain or containing dried fruit ) served with jam and / or cream , dried fruit loaves , Eccles cakes and mince pies as well as a wide range of sweet or spiced biscuits . Common drinks include tea , whose popularity was increased by Catherine of Braganza , whilst frequently consumed alcoholic drinks include wines , ciders and English beers , such as bitter , mild , stout , and brown ale . Visual arts Main article : English art See also : Arts Council England The Lady of Shalott by John William Waterhouse in the Pre-Raphaelite style The earliest known examples are the prehistoric rock and cave art pieces , most prominent in North Yorkshire , Northumberland and Cumbria , but also feature further south , for example at Creswell Crags . With the arrival of Roman culture in the 1st century , various forms of art utilising statues , busts , glasswork and mosaics were the norm . There are numerous surviving artefacts , such as those at Lullingstone and Aldborough . During the Early Middle Ages the style favoured sculpted crosses and ivories , manuscript painting , gold and enamel jewellery , demonstrating a love of intricate , interwoven designs such as in the Staffordshire Hoard discovered in 2009 . Some of these blended Gaelic and Anglian styles , such as the Lindisfarne Gospels and Vespasian Psalter . Later Gothic art was popular at Winchester and Canterbury , examples survive such as Benedictional of St. Æthelwold and Luttrell Psalter . The Tudor era saw prominent artists as part of their court , portrait painting which would remain an enduring part of English art , was boosted by German Hans Holbein , natives such as Nicholas Hilliard built on this . Under the Stuarts , Continental artists were influential especially the Flemish , examples from the period include -- Anthony van Dyck , Peter Lely , Godfrey Kneller and William Dobson . The 18th century was a time of significance with the founding of the Royal Academy , a classicism based on the High Renaissance prevailed -- Thomas Gainsborough and Joshua Reynolds became two of England 's most treasured artists . The Norwich School continued the landscape tradition , while the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood with their vivid and detailed style revived the Early Renaissance style -- Holman Hunt , Dante Gabriel Rossetti and John Everett Millais were leaders . Prominent amongst 20th - century artists was Henry Moore , regarded as the voice of British sculpture , and of British modernism in general . Contemporary painters include Lucian Freud , whose work Benefits Supervisor Sleeping in 2008 set a world record for sale value of a painting by a living artist . Literature , poetry and philosophy Main article : English literature Geoffrey Chaucer was an English author , poet and philosopher , best remembered for his unfinished frame narrative The Canterbury Tales Early authors such as Bede and Alcuin wrote in Latin . The period of Old English literature provided the epic poem Beowulf and the secular prose of the Anglo - Saxon Chronicle , along with Christian writings such as Judith , Cædmon 's Hymn and hagiographies . Following the Norman conquest Latin continued amongst the educated classes , as well as an Anglo - Norman literature . Middle English literature emerged with Geoffrey Chaucer , author of The Canterbury Tales , along with Gower , the Pearl Poet and Langland . William of Ockham and Roger Bacon , who were Franciscans , were major philosophers of the Middle Ages . Julian of Norwich , who wrote Revelations of Divine Love , was a prominent Christian mystic . With the English Renaissance literature in the Early Modern English style appeared . William Shakespeare , whose works include Hamlet , Romeo and Juliet , Macbeth , and A Midsummer Night 's Dream , remains one of the most championed authors in English literature . Christopher Marlowe , Edmund Spenser , Philip Sydney , Thomas Kyd , John Donne , and Ben Jonson are other established authors of the Elizabethan age . Francis Bacon and Thomas Hobbes wrote on empiricism and materialism , including scientific method and social contract . Filmer wrote on the Divine Right of Kings . Marvell was the best - known poet of the Commonwealth , while John Milton authored Paradise Lost during the Restoration . This royal throne of kings , this sceptred isle , this earth of majesty , this seat of Mars , this other Eden , demi - paradise ; this fortress , built by nature for herself . This blessed plot , this earth , this realm , this England . William Shakespeare . Some of the most prominent philosophers of the Enlightenment were John Locke , Thomas Paine , Samuel Johnson and Jeremy Bentham . More radical elements were later countered by Edmund Burke who is regarded as the founder of conservatism . The poet Alexander Pope with his satirical verse became well regarded . The English played a significant role in romanticism : Samuel Taylor Coleridge , Lord Byron , John Keats , Mary Shelley , Percy Bysshe Shelley , William Blake and William Wordsworth were major figures . In response to the Industrial Revolution , agrarian writers sought a way between liberty and tradition ; William Cobbett , G.K. Chesterton and Hilaire Belloc were main exponents , while the founder of guild socialism , Arthur Penty , and cooperative movement advocate G.D.H. Cole are somewhat related . Empiricism continued through John Stuart Mill and Bertrand Russell , while Bernard Williams was involved in analytics . Authors from around the Victorian era include Charles Dickens , the Brontë sisters , Jane Austen , George Eliot , Rudyard Kipling , Thomas Hardy , H.G. Wells and Lewis Carroll . Since then England has continued to produce novelists such as George Orwell , D.H. Lawrence , Virginia Woolf , C.S. Lewis , Enid Blyton , Aldous Huxley , Agatha Christie , Terry Pratchett , J.R.R. Tolkien , and J.K. Rowling . Performing arts Further information : Folk music of England See also : Music of the United Kingdom Thomas Tallis ' `` Lamentations I '' `` Greensleeves '' Henry Purcell 's `` The Queen 's Dolour ( A Farewell ) '' Elgar 's `` Pomp & Circumstance March No. 1 '' The Rolling Stones ' `` Paint It , Black '' Problems playing these files ? See media help . The traditional folk music of England is centuries old and has contributed to several genres prominently ; mostly sea shanties , jigs , hornpipes and dance music . It has its own distinct variations and regional peculiarities . Wynkyn de Worde printed ballads of Robin Hood from the 16th century are an important artefact , as are John Playford 's The Dancing Master and Robert Harley 's Roxburghe Ballads collections . Some of the best - known songs are Greensleeves , Pastime with Good Company , Maggie May and Spanish Ladies amongst others . Many nursery rhymes are of English origin such as Twinkle Twinkle Little Star , Roses are red , Jack and Jill , London Bridge Is Falling Down , The Grand Old Duke of York , Hey Diddle Diddle and Humpty Dumpty . Traditional English Christmas carols include `` We Wish You a Merry Christmas '' , `` The First Noel '' and `` God Rest You Merry , Gentlemen '' . The Beatles are the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed band in popular music . Early English composers in classical music include Renaissance artists Thomas Tallis and William Byrd , followed up by Henry Purcell from the Baroque period . German - born George Frideric Handel became a British subject and spent most of his composing life in London , creating some of the most well - known works of classical music , The Messiah , Water Music , and Music for the Royal Fireworks . One of his four Coronation Anthems , Zadok the Priest , composed for the coronation of George II , has been performed at every subsequent British coronation , traditionally during the sovereign 's anointing . There was a revival in the profile of composers from England in the 20th century led by Edward Elgar , Benjamin Britten , Frederick Delius , Gustav Holst , Ralph Vaughan Williams and others . Present - day composers from England include Michael Nyman , best known for The Piano , and Andrew Lloyd Webber , whose musicals have achieved enormous success in the West End and worldwide . In the field of popular music , many English bands and solo artists have been cited as the most influential and best - selling musicians of all time . Acts such as The Beatles , Led Zeppelin , Pink Floyd , Elton John , Queen , Rod Stewart and The Rolling Stones are among the highest selling recording artists in the world . Many musical genres have origins in ( or strong associations with ) England , such as British invasion , progressive rock , hard rock , Mod , glam rock , heavy metal , Britpop , indie rock , gothic rock , shoegazing , acid house , garage , trip hop , drum and bass and dubstep . Large outdoor music festivals in the summer and autumn are popular , such as Glastonbury , V Festival , and the Reading and Leeds Festivals . The most prominent opera house in England is the Royal Opera House at Covent Garden . The Proms -- a season of orchestral classical concerts held at the Royal Albert Hall in London -- is a major cultural event in the English calendar , and takes place yearly . The Royal Ballet is one of the world 's foremost classical ballet companies , its reputation built on two prominent figures of 20th - century dance , prima ballerina Margot Fonteyn and choreographer Frederick Ashton . Cinema See also : Cinema of the United Kingdom Ridley Scott was among a group of English filmmakers , including Tony Scott , Alan Parker , Hugh Hudson and Adrian Lyne , who emerged from making 1970s UK television commercials . England ( and the UK as a whole ) has had a considerable influence on the history of the cinema , producing some of the greatest actors , directors and motion pictures of all time , including Alfred Hitchcock , Charlie Chaplin , David Lean , Laurence Olivier , Vivien Leigh , John Gielgud , Peter Sellers , Julie Andrews , Michael Caine , Gary Oldman , Helen Mirren , Kate Winslet and Daniel Day - Lewis . Hitchcock and Lean are among the most critically acclaimed filmmakers . Hitchcock 's first thriller , The Lodger : A Story of the London Fog ( 1926 ) , helped shape the thriller genre in film , while his 1929 film , Blackmail , is often regarded as the first British sound feature film . Major film studios in England include Pinewood , Elstree and Shepperton . Some of the most commercially successful films of all time have been produced in England , including two of the highest - grossing film franchises ( Harry Potter and James Bond ) . Ealing Studios in London has a claim to being the oldest continuously working film studio in the world . Famous for recording many motion picture film scores , the London Symphony Orchestra first performed film music in 1935 . The BFI Top 100 British films includes Monty Python 's Life of Brian ( 1979 ) , a film regularly voted the funniest of all time by the UK public . English producers are also active in international co-productions and English actors , directors and crew feature regularly in American films . The UK film council ranked David Yates , Christopher Nolan , Mike Newell , Ridley Scott and Paul Greengrass the five most commercially successful English directors since 2001 . Other contemporary English directors include Sam Mendes , Guy Ritchie and Steve McQueen . Current actors include Tom Hardy , Daniel Craig , Benedict Cumberbatch and Emma Watson . Acclaimed for his motion capture work , Andy Serkis opened The Imaginarium Studios in London in 2011 . The visual effects company Framestore in London has produced some of the most critically acclaimed special effects in modern film . Many successful Hollywood films have been based on English people , stories or events . The ' English Cycle ' of Disney animated films include Alice in Wonderland , The Jungle Book and Winnie the Pooh . Museums , libraries , and galleries Further information : List of museums in England The Natural History Museum in London English Heritage is a governmental body with a broad remit of managing the historic sites , artefacts and environments of England . It is currently sponsored by the Department for Culture , Media and Sport . The charity National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty holds a contrasting role . 17 of the 25 United Kingdom UNESCO World Heritage Sites fall within England . Some of the best - known of these are : Hadrian 's Wall , Stonehenge , Avebury and Associated Sites , Tower of London , Jurassic Coast , Saltaire , Ironbridge Gorge , Studley Royal Park and various others . There are many museums in England , but perhaps the most notable is London 's British Museum . Its collection of more than seven million objects is one of the largest and most comprehensive in the world , sourced from every continent , illustrating and documenting the story of human culture from its beginning to the present . The British Library in London is the national library and is one of the world 's largest research libraries , holding over 150 million items in all known languages and formats ; including around 25 million books . The most senior art gallery is the National Gallery in Trafalgar Square , which houses a collection of over 2,300 paintings dating from the mid-13th century to 1900 . The Tate galleries house the national collections of British and international modern art ; they also host the famously controversial Turner Prize . Sports Main article : Sport in England Queen Elizabeth II presenting the World Cup trophy to 1966 World Cup winning England captain Bobby Moore England has a strong sporting heritage , and during the 19th century codified many sports that are now played around the world . Sports originating in England include association football , cricket , rugby union , rugby league , tennis , boxing , badminton , squash , rounders , hockey , snooker , billiards , darts , table tennis , bowls , netball , thoroughbred horseracing , greyhound racing and fox hunting . It has helped the development of golf , sailing and Formula One . Football is the most popular of these sports . The England national football team , whose home venue is Wembley Stadium , played Scotland in the first ever international football match in 1872 . Referred to as the `` home of football '' by FIFA , England hosted the 1966 FIFA World Cup , and won the tournament by defeating West Germany 4 -- 2 in the final , with Geoff Hurst scoring a hat - trick . With a British television audience peak of 32.30 million viewers , the final is the most watched television event ever in the UK . Wembley Stadium , home of the England football team , has a 90,000 capacity . It is the biggest stadium in the UK At club level England is recognised by FIFA as the birthplace of club football , due to Sheffield F.C. founded in 1857 being the world 's oldest club . The Football Association is the oldest governing body in the sport , with the rules of football first drafted in 1863 by Ebenezer Cobb Morley . The FA Cup and The Football League were the first cup and league competitions respectively . In the modern day the Premier League is the world 's most - watched football league , most lucrative , and amongst the elite . As is the case throughout the UK , football in England is renowned for the intense rivalries between clubs and the passion of the supporters , which includes a tradition of football chants , such as , `` You 're Not Singing Any More '' ( or its variant `` We Can See You Sneaking Out ! '' ) , sung by jubilant fans towards the opposition fans who have gone silent ( or left early ) . The European Cup ( now UEFA Champions League ) has been won by Liverpool , Manchester United , Nottingham Forest , Aston Villa and Chelsea , while Arsenal , and Leeds United have reached the final . Other English clubs have enjoyed success , Tottenham Hotspur , Ipswich Town , Chelsea , and Liverpool have won the UEFA Cup , renamed UEFA Europa League . England on the way to victory against Australia in the 2009 Ashes series at Lord 's Cricket Ground Cricket is generally thought to have been developed in the early medieval period among the farming and metalworking communities of the Weald . The England cricket team is a composite England and Wales team . One of the game 's top rivalries is The Ashes series between England and Australia , contested since 1882 . The climax of the 2005 Ashes was viewed by 7.4 million as it was available on terrestrial television . England has hosted four Cricket World Cups ( 1975 , 1979 , 1983 , 1999 ) and will host the 2019 edition , but never won the tournament , reaching the final 3 times . However they have hosted the ICC World Twenty20 in 2009 , winning this format in 2010 beating rivals Australia in the final . In the domestic competition , the County Championship , Yorkshire are by far the most successful club having won the competition 31 times . Lord 's Cricket Ground situated in London is sometimes referred to as the `` Mecca of Cricket '' . William Penny Brookes was prominent in organising the format for the modern Olympic Games . In 1994 , then President of the IOC , Juan Antonio Samaranch , laid a wreath on Brooke 's grave , and said , `` I came to pay homage and tribute to Dr Brookes , who really was the founder of the modern Olympic Games '' . London has hosted the Summer Olympic Games three times , in 1908 , 1948 , and 2012 . England competes in the Commonwealth Games , held every four years . Sport England is the governing body responsible for distributing funds and providing strategic guidance for sporting activity in England . The England rugby union team during their victory parade after winning the 2003 Rugby World Cup Rugby union originated in Rugby School , Warwickshire in the early 19th century . The England rugby union team won the 2003 Rugby World Cup , with Jonny Wilkinson scoring the winning drop goal in the last minute of extra time against Australia . England was one of the host nations of the competition in the 1991 Rugby World Cup and also hosted the 2015 Rugby World Cup . The top level of club participation is the English Premiership . Leicester Tigers , London Wasps , Bath Rugby and Northampton Saints have had success in the Europe - wide Heineken Cup . Rugby league was born in Huddersfield in 1895 . Since 2008 , the England national rugby league team has been a full test nation in lieu of the Great Britain national rugby league team , which won three World Cups but is now retired . Club sides play in Super League , the present - day embodiment of the Rugby Football League Championship . Rugby League is most popular among towns in the northern English counties of Lancashire , Yorkshire and Cumbria . All eleven English clubs in Super League are based in the north of England . Some of the most successful clubs include Wigan Warriors , Hull F.C. St. Helens , Leeds Rhinos and Huddersfield Giants ; the former three have all won the World Club Challenge previously . Golf has been prominent in England ; due in part to its cultural and geographical ties to Scotland , the home of Golf . There are both professional tours for men and women , in two main tours : the PGA and the European Tour . England has produced grand slam winners : Cyril Walker , Tony Jacklin , Nick Faldo , and Justin Rose in the men 's and Laura Davies , Alison Nicholas , and Karen Stupples in the women 's . The world 's oldest golf tournament , and golf 's first major , is The Open Championship , played both in England and Scotland . The biennial golf competition , the Ryder Cup , is named after English businessman Samuel Ryder who sponsored the event and donated the trophy . Nick Faldo is the most successful Ryder Cup player ever , having won the most points ( 25 ) of any player on either the European or US teams . Centre Court at Wimbledon . First played in 1877 , the Wimbledon Championships is the oldest tennis tournament in the world . Tennis was created in Birmingham , England in the late 19th century , and the Wimbledon Championships is the oldest tennis tournament in the world , and widely considered the most prestigious . Wimbledon is a tournament that has a major place in the British cultural calendar . Fred Perry was the last Englishman to win Wimbledon in 1936 . He was the first player to win all four Grand Slam singles titles and helped lead the Great Britain team to four Davis Cup wins . English women who have won Wimbledon include : Ann Haydon Jones in 1969 and Virginia Wade in 1977 . In boxing , under the Marquess of Queensberry Rules , England has produced many world champions across the weight divisions internationally recognised by the governing bodies . World champions include Bob Fitzsimmons , Ted `` Kid '' Lewis , Randolph Turpin , Nigel Benn , Chris Eubank , Frank Bruno , Lennox Lewis , Ricky Hatton , Naseem Hamed , Amir Khan , Carl Froch , and David Haye . In women 's boxing , Nicola Adams became the world 's first woman to win an Olympic boxing Gold medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics . Originating in 17th and 18th - century England , the thoroughbred is a horse breed best known for its use in horse racing . The National Hunt horse race the Grand National , is held annually at Aintree Racecourse in early April . It is the most watched horse race in the UK , attracting casual observers , and three - time winner Red Rum is the most successful racehorse in the event 's history . Red Rum is also the best - known racehorse in the country . Former Formula One world champion Nigel Mansell driving at Silverstone in 1990 . The circuit hosted the first ever Formula One race in 1950 The 1950 British Grand Prix at Silverstone was the first race in the newly created Formula One World Championship . Since then , England has produced some of the greatest drivers in the sport , including ; John Surtees , Stirling Moss , Graham Hill ( only driver to have won the Triple Crown ) , Nigel Mansell ( only man to hold F1 and IndyCar titles at the same time ) , Damon Hill , Lewis Hamilton and Jenson Button . It has manufactured some of the most technically advanced racing cars , and many of today 's racing companies choose England as their base of operations for its engineering knowledge and organisation . McLaren Automotive , Williams F1 , Team Lotus , Honda , Brawn GP , Benetton , Renault , and Red Bull Racing are all , or have been , located in the south of England . England also has a rich heritage in Grand Prix motorcycle racing , the premier championship of motorcycle road racing , and produced several World Champions across all the various class of motorcycle : Mike Hailwood , John Surtees , Phil Read , Geoff Duke , and Barry Sheene . Mo Farah is the most successful British track athlete in modern Olympic Games history , winning the 5000 m and 10,000 m events at two Olympic Games Darts is a widely popular sport in England ; a professional competitive sport , darts is a traditional pub game . The sport is governed by the World Darts Federation , one of its member organisations is the BDO , which annually stages the Lakeside World Professional Championship , the other being the Professional Darts Corporation ( PDC ) , which runs its own world championship at Alexandra Palace in London . Phil Taylor is widely regarded as the best darts player of all time , having won 187 professional tournaments , and a record 16 World Championships . Trina Gulliver is the ten - time Women 's World Professional Darts Champion of the British Darts Organisation . Another popular sport commonly associated with pub games is Snooker , and England has produced several world champions , including Steve Davis and Ronnie O'Sullivan . The English are keen sailors and enjoy competitive sailing ; founding and winning some of the worlds most famous and respected international competitive tournaments across the various race formats , including the match race , a regatta , and the America 's Cup . England has produced some of the world 's greatest sailors , including , Francis Chichester , Herbert Hasler , John Ridgway , Robin Knox - Johnston , Ellen MacArthur , Mike Golding , Paul Goodison , and the most successful Olympic sailor ever Ben Ainslie . National symbols Main article : National symbols of England The Royal Arms of England The St George 's Cross has been the national flag of England since the 13th century . Originally the flag was used by the maritime Republic of Genoa . The English monarch paid a tribute to the Doge of Genoa from 1190 onwards , so that English ships could fly the flag as a means of protection when entering the Mediterranean . A red cross was a symbol for many Crusaders in the 12th and 13th centuries . It became associated with Saint George , along with countries and cities , which claimed him as their patron saint and used his cross as a banner . Since 1606 the St George 's Cross has formed part of the design of the Union Flag , a Pan-British flag designed by King James I . The Tudor rose , England 's national floral emblem There are numerous other symbols and symbolic artefacts , both official and unofficial , including the Tudor rose , the nation 's floral emblem , and the Three Lions featured on the Royal Arms of England . The Tudor rose was adopted as a national emblem of England around the time of the Wars of the Roses as a symbol of peace . It is a syncretic symbol in that it merged the white rose of the Yorkists and the red rose of the Lancastrians -- cadet branches of the Plantagenets who went to war over control of the nation . It is also known as the Rose of England . The oak tree is a symbol of England , representing strength and endurance . The Royal Oak symbol and Oak Apple Day commemorate the escape of King Charles II from the grasp of the parliamentarians after his father 's execution : he hid in an oak tree to avoid detection before safely reaching exile . The Royal Arms of England , a national coat of arms featuring three lions , originated with its adoption by Richard the Lionheart in 1198 . It is blazoned as gules , three lions passant guardant or and it provides one of the most prominent symbols of England ; it is similar to the traditional arms of Normandy . England does not have an official designated national anthem , as the United Kingdom as a whole has God Save the Queen . However , the following are often considered unofficial English national anthems : Jerusalem , Land of Hope and Glory ( used for England during the 2002 Commonwealth Games ) , and I Vow to Thee , My Country . England 's National Day is 23 April which is St George 's Day : St George is the patron saint of England . See also England portal United Kingdom portal Outline of England Outline of the United Kingdom Notes Jump up ^ According to the European Statistical Agency , London is the largest Larger Urban Zone in the EU , a measure of metropolitan area which comprises a city 's urban core as well as its surrounding commuting zone . London 's municipal population is also the largest in the EU . Jump up ^ As Roger Scruton explains , `` The Reformation must not be confused with the changes introduced into the Church of England during the ' Reformation Parliament ' of 1529 -- 36 , which were of a political rather than a religious nature , designed to unite the secular and religious sources of authority within a single sovereign power : the Anglican Church did not make substantial change in doctrine until later . '' Jump up ^ Figure of 550,000 military deaths is for England and Wales Jump up ^ For instance , in 1980 around 50 million Americans claimed English ancestry . In Canada there are around 6.5 million Canadians who claim English ancestry . Around 70 % of Australians in 1999 denoted their origins as Anglo - Celtic , a category which includes all peoples from Great Britain and Ireland . Chileans of English descent are somewhat of an anomaly in that Chile itself was never part of the British Empire , but today there are around 420,000 people of English origins living there . ^ Jump up to : People who strictly identified as `` Pagan '' . Other Pagan paths , such as Wicca or Druidism , have not been included in this number . Jump up ^ People who strictly identified as `` Wiccan '' . Other Pagan paths , such as Druidism , and general `` Pagan '' have not been included in this number . Jump up ^ Students attending English universities now have to pay tuition fees towards the cost of their education , as do English students who choose to attend university in Scotland . Scottish students attending Scottish universities have their fees paid by the devolved Scottish Parliament . Jump up ^ While people such as Norman Foster and Richard Rogers represent the modernist movement , Prince Charles since the 1980s has voiced strong views against it in favour of traditional architecture and put his ideas into practice at his Poundbury development in Dorset . Architects like Raymond Erith , Francis Johnson and Quinlan Terry continued to practise in the classical style . Jump up ^ These tales may have come to prominence , at least in part , as an attempt by the Norman ruling elite to legitimise their rule of the British Isles , finding Anglo - Saxon history ill - suited to the task during an era when members of the deposed House of Wessex , especially Edgar the Ætheling and his nephews of the Scottish House of Dunkeld , were still active in the isles . Also Michael Wood explains ; `` Over the centuries the figure of Arthur became a symbol of British history -- a way of explaining the matter of Britain , the relationship between the Saxons and the Celts , and a way of exorcising ghosts and healing the wounds of the past . '' References Jump up ^ `` 2011 Census : KS201EW Ethnic group : local authorities in England and Wales '' . Office for National Statistics . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Region and Country Profiles , Key Statistics and Profiles , October 2013 , ONS . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Population Estimates for UK , England and Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland : mid-2015 '' . ^ Jump up to : Office for National Statistics . `` Regional gross value added ( income approach ) , UK : 1997 to 2015 , December 2015 '' . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Office for National Statistics . `` The Countries of the UK '' . statistics.gov.uk . Archived from the original on 20 December 2008 . Retrieved 1 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Countries within a country '' . number-10.gov.uk . Archived from the original on 9 February 2008 . Retrieved 1 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Changes in the list of subdivision names and code elements ( Page 11 ) '' ( PDF ) . International Organization for Standardization . Retrieved 1 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` England -- Culture '' . britainusa.com . Archived from the original on 16 May 2008 . Retrieved 1 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Country profile : United Kingdom '' . BBC News . news.bbc.co.uk. 26 October 2009 . Retrieved 1 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Industrial Revolution '' . Ace.mmu.ac.uk . Archived from the original on 27 April 2008 . Retrieved 1 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : 2011 Census -- Population and household estimates for England and Wales , March 2011 . Accessed 31 May 2013 . Jump up ^ William E. Burns , A Brief History of Great Britain , p. xxi Jump up ^ Acts of Union 1707 parliament.uk . Retrieved 27 January 2011 Jump up ^ `` England '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved 21 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Ripley 1869 , p. 570 . Jump up ^ Molyneaux 2015 , pp. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ `` England '' . Oxford English Dictionary . Retrieved 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Germania '' . Tacitus . Retrieved 5 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Angle '' . Oxford English Dictionary . Archived from the original on 24 May 2011 . Retrieved 5 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Crystal 2004 , pp. 26 -- 27 Jump up ^ Forbes , John ( 1848 ) . The Principles of Gaelic Grammar . Edinburgh : Oliver , Boyd and Tweeddale . ^ Jump up to : Massey 2007 , p. 440 . Jump up ^ Greek `` ... ἐν τούτῳ γε μὴν νῆσοι μέγιστοι τυγχάνουσιν οὖσαι δύο , Βρεττανικαὶ λεγόμεναι , Ἀλβίων καὶ Ἰέρνη , ... '' , transliteration `` ... en toutoi ge men nesoi megistoi tynchanousin ousai dyo , Brettanikai legomenai , Albion kai Ierne , ... '' , translation `` ... There are two very large islands in it , called the British Isles , Albion and Ierne ; ... '' ; Aristotle or Pseudo-Aristotle . `` On the Cosmos , 393b12 '' . On Sophistical Refutations . On Coming - to - be and Passing Away . On the Cosmos . Translated by Forster , E.S. ; Furley , D.J. William Heinemann LTD , Harvard University Press . pp. 360 -- 361 . at the Open Library Project. DjVu Jump up ^ Room 2006 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Major 2004 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Avienus ' Ora Maritima , verses 111 -- 112 , i.e. eamque late gens Hiernorum colit ; propinqua rursus insula Albionum patet . Jump up ^ Foster 1988 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` 500,000 BC -- Boxgrove '' . Current Archaeology . Current Publishing . Retrieved 20 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Palaeolithic Archaeology Teaching Resource Box '' ( PDF ) . Palaeolithic Rivers of South - West Britain Project ( 2006 ) . Retrieved 20 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chalk east '' . A Geo East Project . Archived from the original on 5 March 2011 . 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Retrieved 5 September 2009 . Bibliography Ackroyd , Peter ( 2000 ) . London : the biography . Chatto & Windus . ISBN 1 - 85619 - 716 - 6 . Arlotto , Anthony ( 1971 ) . Introduction to historical linguistics . Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 395 - 12615 - 0 . Atkinson , T.D. ( 2008 ) . English Architecture . Read Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4097 - 2581 - 7 . Axford , Barrie ( 2002 ) . Politics : an introduction . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 25181 - 8 . Ball , Martin ( 1993 ) . The Celtic Languages . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 01035 - 7 . Bartlett , Robert ( 1999 ) . England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings , 1075 -- 1225 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 925101 - 0 . Bennett , James ( 2004 ) . The Anglosphere Challenge . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 3333 - 6 . Brewer , Ebenezer ( 2006 ) . Wordsworth Dictionary of Phrase and Fable . Wordsworth Editions . ISBN 1 - 84022 - 310 - 3 . Briggs , Katharine ( 2004 ) . A Dictionary of British Folk - tales in the English Language . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 203 - 39737 - 1 . Chappell , William ( 1966 ) . The Roxburghe Ballads . New York : AMS Press . OCLC 488599560 . Clark , David M. ; Steed , Michael ; Marshall , Sally ( 1973 ) . Greater Manchester Votes : A Guide to the New Metropolitan Authorities . Stockport : Redrose . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9502932 - 0 - 2 . Clemoes , Peter ( 2007 ) . Anglo - Saxon England , Volume 12 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 03834 - 0 . Cole , George ( 1947 ) . The Life of William Cobbett . Home & Van Thal . ISBN 0 - 8492 - 2139 - 0 . Colgrave , Bertram ( 1985 ) . Two lives of Saint Cuthbert . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 31385 - 6 . Colley , Linda ( 1992 ) . Britons : Forging the Nation , 1701 -- 1837 . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 05737 - 9 . Cox , Peter ( 1970 ) . Demography . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 09612 - 6 . Crouch , David ( 2006 ) . Normans : The History of a Dynasty . Hambledon Continuum . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85285 - 595 - 6 . Crofton , Ian ( 2007 ) . The Kings and Queens of England . Quercus . ISBN 1 - 84724 - 065 - 8 . Crystal , David ( 2004 ) . The Stories of English . The Overlook Press . ISBN 1 - 58567 - 601 - 2 . Downes , Kerry ( 2007 ) . Christopher Wren . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 921524 - 3 . Eccleshare , Julia ( 2002 ) . Beatrix Potter to Harry Potter . National Portrait Gallery . ISBN 1 - 85514 - 342 - 9 . Else , David ( 2007 ) . Inghilterra . EDT srl . ISBN 978 - 88 - 6040 - 136 - 6 . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2009 ) . Encyclopædia Britannica . BiblioBazaar . ISBN 0 - 559 - 09589 - 9 . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2002 ) . The New Encyclopædia Britannica . University of Michigan . ISBN 0 - 85229 - 787 - 4 . Fafinski , Stefan ( 2007 ) . English legal system . Pearson Education . ISBN 1 - 4058 - 2358 - 5 . Foreman , Susan ( 2005 ) . London : a musical gazetteer . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 10402 - 2 . Foster , Damon ( 1988 ) . A Blake dictionary . UPNE . ISBN 0 - 87451 - 436 - 3 . Fowler , Kenneth ( 1967 ) . The Age of Plantagenet and Valois : The Struggle for Supremacy , 1328 -- 1498 . Putnam . ISBN 0 - 236 - 30832 - 7 . Gallagher , Michael ( 2006 ) . The United Kingdom Today . London : Franklin Watts . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7496 - 6488 - 6 . Gearon , Liam ( 2002 ) . Education in the United Kingdom . David Fulton . ISBN 1 - 85346 - 715 - 4 . Goldberg , Jeremy ( 1996 ) . `` Introduction '' . In Mark Ormrod & P.G. Lindley . The Black Death in England . Stamford : Paul Watkins . ISBN 1 - 871615 - 56 - 9 . Green , Tamara ( 2003 ) . The Greek & Latin roots of English . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 1466 - 8 . Hawkins - Dady , Mark ( 1996 ) . Reader 's guide to literature in English . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 1 - 884964 - 20 - 6 . Heywood , Andrew ( 2007 ) . Political Ideologies : An Introduction . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 230 - 52179 - 7 . Higham , NJ ( 2002 ) . King Arthur : myth - making and history . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 21305 - 3 . Kaufman , Will ; Macpherson , Heidi ( 2005 ) . Britain and the Americas : Culture , Politics , and History . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 431 - 8 . Kirby , D.P. ( 2000 ) . The earliest English kings . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 24210 - X . Keary , Charles Francis ( 1882 ) . Outlines of primitive belief among the Indo - European races . C Scribner 's Sons . ISBN 0 - 7905 - 4982 - 4 . Kenny , Michael ; English , Richard ; Hayton , Richard ( 2008 ) . Beyond the Constitution ? Englishness in a post-devolved Britain . Institute for Public Policy Research . Koch , John ( 2006 ) . Celtic Culture : A Historical Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 440 - 7 . Lacy , Norris ( 1986 ) . The Arthurian Encyclopedia . Garland Pub . ISBN 0 - 8240 - 8745 - 3 . Lax , Roger ( 1989 ) . The Great Song Thesaurus . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505408 - 3 . Levine , Israel E. ( 1960 ) . Conqueror of smallpox : Dr. Edward Jenner . Messner . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 63888 - 7 . Lowe , Roy ( 1971 ) . The English school . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0 - 7100 - 6882 - 4 . Lyon , Bryce Dale ( 1960 ) . A constitutional and legal history of medieval England . University of Michigan . ISBN 0 - 393 - 95132 - 4 . Major , John ( 2004 ) . History in Quotations . Cassell . ISBN 0 - 304 - 35387 - 6 . Marden , Orison ( 2003 ) . Home Lover 's Library . Kessinger Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7661 - 5324 - X . Massey , Gerald ( 2007 ) . A Book of the Beginnings , Vol. 1 . Cosimo . ISBN 1 - 60206 - 829 - 1 . McNeil , Robina ; Nevell , Michael ( 2000 ) . A Guide to the Industrial Archaeology of Greater Manchester . Association for Industrial Archaeology . ISBN 0 - 9528930 - 3 - 7 . Molyneaux , George ( 2015 ) . The Formation of the English Kingdom in the Tenth Century . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 871791 - 1 . Norbrook , David ( 2000 ) . Writing the English Republic : Poetry , Rhetoric and Politics , 1627 -- 1660 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 78569 - 3 . O'Hanlon , Ardal ( 2008 ) . Global Airlines . Elsevier . ISBN 0 - 7506 - 6439 - 8 . Oakes , Elizabeth H. ( 2002 ) . A to Z of STS scientists . Facts on File Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 4606 - 5 . Office for National Statistics ( 2000 ) . Britain 2001 : The Official Handbook of the United Kingdom . London : Stationery Office Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 11 - 621278 - 8 . Oppenheimer , Stephen ( 2006 ) . Origins of the British . Carroll & Graf . ISBN 0 - 7867 - 1890 - 0 . Pevsner , Nikolaus ( 1942 ) . An outline of European architecture . University of Michigan . ISBN 0 - 14 - 061613 - 6 . Pollard , A.J. ( 2004 ) . Imagining Robin Hood . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 22308 - 3 . Rankov , Boris ( 1994 ) . The Praetorian Guard . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 85532 - 361 - 3 . Redcliffe - Maud , John ; Wood , Bruce ( 1974 ) . English Local Government Reformed . London : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 885091 - 3 . Reitan , Earl Aaron ( 2003 ) . The Thatcher Revolution . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 2203 - 2 . Ripley , George ( 1869 ) . The New American Cyclopædia . D. Appleton . Rogers , Pat ( 2001 ) . The Oxford illustrated history of English literature . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 285437 - 2 . Room , Adrian ( 2006 ) . Placenames of the World . McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 2248 - 3 . Rowse , Alfred ( 1971 ) . Elizabethan Renaissance . Scribner . ISBN 0 - 684 - 12682 - 6 . Saunders , Paul ( 1982 ) . Edward Jenner , the Cheltenham years , 1795 -- 1823 . University Press of New England . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87451 - 215 - 1 . Scruton , Roger ( 1982 ) . A dictionary of political thought . Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 33439 - 6 . Singh , Udai ( 2009 ) . Decentralized democratic governance in new millennium . Concept Publishing Company . ISBN 81 - 8069 - 540 - 9 . Stradling , R.A. ( 1993 ) . The English musical Renaissance , 1860 -- 1940 . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0 - 415 - 03493 - 0 . UK Parliament ( 2007 ) . Department for Transport annual report 2007 . Stationery Office . ISBN 978 - 0 - 10 - 170952 - 1 . Underdown , David ( 2000 ) . Start of Play : Cricket and Culture in Eighteenth - Century England . Allen Lane . ISBN 0 - 7139 - 9330 - 8 . Ward , Paul ( 2004 ) . Britishness Since 1870 . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 49472 - 1 . Warner , Charles ( 1902 ) . Library of the world 's best literature , ancient and modern . International society . ISBN 1 - 60520 - 202 - 9 . Watson , John ( 1985 ) . English poetry of the Romantic period , 1789 -- 1830 . Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 49259 - 9 . Webster , Frederick A.M. ( 1937 ) . Our great public schools : their traditions , customs and games . London : Ward , Lock . OCLC 638146843 . West , Anne ( 2003 ) . Underachievement in schools . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 24132 - 8 . White , Fred ( 2009 ) . Physical Signs in Medicine and Surgery : An Atlas of Rare , Lost and Forgotten Physical Signs . Xlibris Corp . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4415 - 0829 - 4 . White , Peter ( 2002 ) . Public transport . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0 - 415 - 25772 - 7 . Wilson , David ; Game , Chris ( 2002 ) . Local Government in the United Kingdom ( 3rd ed . ) . Basingstoke : Palgrave MacMillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 94859 - 0 . Withington , Robert ( 2008 ) . English Pageantry ; An Historical Outline . Read Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4086 - 8062 - 9 . World Book ( 2007 ) . The World Book Encyclopedia , Volume 6 . University of Michigan . ISBN 0 - 7166 - 0102 - 8 . Wright , Kevin J ( 2008 ) . The Christian Travel Planner . Thomas Nelson Inc . ISBN 1 - 4016 - 0374 - 2 . Young , Robert JC ( 2008 ) . The Idea of English Ethnicity . Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 0129 - 5 . Ziegler , Philip ( 2003 ) . The Black Death ( New ed . ) . Sutton : Sutton Publishing Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7509 - 3202 - 8 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England

how many different magic the gathering cards are there

Deck building requires strategy as players must choose among thousands of cards which they want to play . This requires players to evaluate the power of their cards , as well as the possible synergies between them , and their possible interactions with the cards they expect to play against ( this `` metagame '' can vary in different locations or time periods ) . The choice of cards is usually narrowed by the player deciding which colors they want to include in the deck . This decision is a key part of creating a deck . In general , reducing the number of colors used increases the consistency of play and the probability of drawing the lands needed to cast one 's spells , at the expense of restricting the range of tactics available to the player .

thousands

Magic : the Gathering

magic : the gathering

Magic : The Gathering is a both a trading card and digital collectible card game created by Richard Garfield . Released in 1993 by Wizards of the Coast , Magic was the first trading card game created and it continues to thrive , with approximately twenty million players as of 2015 .

Magic can be played by two or more players in various formats , which fall into two categories : constructed and limited . Limited formats involve players building a deck spontaneously out of a pool of random cards with a minimum deck size of 40 cards . In constructed , players created decks from cards they own , usually 60 cards with no more than 4 of any given card . Magic is played in person with printed cards , or using a deck of virtual cards through the Internet - based Magic : The Gathering Online , or on a smartphone or tablet , or through other programs . Each game represents a battle between wizards known as `` planeswalkers '' , who employ spells , artifacts , and creatures depicted on individual Magic cards to defeat their opponents . Although the original concept of the game drew heavily from the motifs of traditional fantasy role - playing games such as Dungeons & Dragons , the gameplay of Magic bears little similarity to pencil - and - paper adventure games , while having substantially more cards and more complex rules than many other card games . New cards are released on a regular basis through expansion sets . An organized tournament system played at an international level and a worldwide community of professional Magic players has developed , as well as a substantial secondary market for Magic cards . Certain Magic cards can be valuable due to their rarity and utility in game play , with prices ranging from a few cents to thousands of dollars . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Reception 3 Awards 4 Gameplay 4.1 Deck construction 4.2 Colors of Magic 4.3 Luck vs. skill 4.4 Gambling 5 Organized play 5.1 Constructed 5.2 Limited 5.3 Other formats 5.4 Tournament structure 6 Product and marketing 6.1 Spin - offs 6.2 Video games 6.3 Film 6.4 Parodies 7 Secondary market 8 Artwork 9 Storyline 10 Academic research 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links History Richard Garfield was a doctoral candidate in combinatorial mathematics at University of Pennsylvania when he first started to design the game . During his free time he worked with local volunteer playtesters to help refine the game . He had been brought on as an adjunct professor at Whitman College in 1991 when Peter Adkison ( then CEO of Wizards of the Coast games company ) first met with Garfield to discuss Garfield 's new game RoboRally . Adkison saw the game as very promising , but decided that Wizards of the Coast lacked the resources to produce it at that point . He did like Garfield 's ideas and mentioned that he was looking for a portable game that could be played in the downtime that frequently occurs at gaming conventions . Garfield returned and presented the general outline of the concept of a trading card game . It was based on Garfield 's game Five Magics from 1982 . Adkison immediately saw the potential of this idea and agreed to produce it . Magic : The Gathering underwent a general release on August 5 , 1993 . While the game was simply called Magic through most of playtesting , when the game had to be officially named a lawyer informed them that the name Magic was too generic to be trademarked . Mana Clash was instead chosen to be the name used in the first solicitation of the game , however , everybody involved with the game continued to refer to it as Magic . After further consultation with the lawyer , it was decided to rename the game Magic : The Gathering , thus enabling the name to be trademarked . A patent was granted to Wizards of the Coast in 1997 for `` a novel method of game play and game components that in one embodiment are in the form of trading cards '' that includes claims covering games whose rules include many of Magic 's elements in combination , including concepts such as changing orientation of a game component to indicate use ( referred to in the Magic and Vampire : The Eternal Struggle rules as `` tapping '' ) and constructing a deck by selecting cards from a larger pool . The patent has aroused criticism from some observers , who believe some of its claims to be invalid . In 2003 , the patent was an element of a larger legal dispute between Wizards of the Coast and Nintendo , regarding trade secrets related to Nintendo 's Pokémon Trading Card Game . The legal action was settled out of court , and its terms were not disclosed . Magic was an immediate success for Wizards of the Coast . Early on they were even reluctant to advertise the game because they were unable to keep pace with existing demand . Initially Magic attracted many Dungeons & Dragons players , but the following included all types of other people as well . The success of the game quickly led to the creation of similar games by other companies as well as Wizards of the Coast themselves . Companion Games produced the Galactic Empires CCG ( the first science fiction trading card game ) , which allowed players to pay for and design their own promotional cards , while TSR created the Spellfire game , which eventually included five editions in six languages , plus twelve expansion sets . Wizards of the Coast produced Jyhad ( now called Vampire : The Eternal Struggle ) , a game about modern - day vampires . Other similar games included trading card games based on Star Trek and Star Wars . Magic is often cited as an example of a 1990s collecting fad , though the game 's makers were able to overcome the bubble traditionally associated with collecting fads . The success of the initial edition prompted a reissue later in 1993 , along with expansions to the game . Arabian Nights was released as the first expansion in December 1993 . New expansions and revisions of the base game ( `` Core Sets '' ) have since been released on a regular basis , amounting to four releases a year . By the end of 1994 , the game had printed over a billion cards . Until the release of Mirage in 1996 , expansions were released on an irregular basis . Beginning in 2009 one revision of the core set and a set of three related expansions called a `` block '' were released every year . This system was revised in 2015 , with the Core Set being eliminated and blocks now consisting of two sets , released biannually . While the essence of the game has always stayed the same , the rules of Magic have undergone three major revisions with the release of the Revised Edition in 1994 , Classic Edition in 1999 , and Magic 2010 in July 2009 . With the release of the Eighth Edition in 2003 , Magic also received a major visual redesign . In 1996 , Wizards of the Coast established the `` Pro Tour '' , a circuit of tournaments where players can compete for sizeable cash prizes over the course of a single weekend - long tournament . In 2009 the top prize at a single tournament was US $ 40,000 . Sanctioned through the DCI , the tournaments added an element of prestige to the game by virtue of the cash payouts and media coverage from within the community . For a brief period of time , ESPN2 televised the tournaments . In 1999 , Wizards of The Coast was acquired by Hasbro for $325 million , making Magic a Hasbro game . While unofficial methods of online play existed previously , Magic Online ( `` MTGO '' or `` Modo '' ) , an official online version of the game , was released in 2002 . A new , updated version of Magic Online was released in April 2008 . In January 2014 , Hasbro announced a franchise film deal with 20th Century Fox for Magic : The Gathering , saying that they wanted `` to launch a massive franchise on the scale of Harry Potter and The Lord of the Rings . '' Simon Kinberg was to serve as a producer for the project . In June 2014 , Fox hired screenwriter Bryan Cogman to write the script for the film . As of 2017 , no film has entered production . In February 2018 , Wizards noted that between the years of 2008 and 2016 they had printed over 20 billion Magic : the Gathering cards . Reception A 2004 article in USA Today suggested that playing Magic might help improve the social and mental skills of some of the players . The article interviewed players ' parents who believe that the game , similar to sports , teaches children how to more gracefully win and lose . Magic also contains a great amount of strategy and vocabulary that children may not be exposed to on a regular basis . Parents also claimed that playing Magic helped keep their children out of trouble , such as using illegal drugs or joining criminal gangs . On the other hand , the article also briefly mentions that Magic can be highly addictive , leading to parents worried about their children 's Magic obsession . In addition , until 2007 , some of the better players had opportunities to compete for a small number of scholarships . Jordan Weisman , an American game designer and entrepreneur , commented , `` I love games that challenge and change our definition of adventure gaming , and Magic : The Gathering is definitely one of a very short list of titles that has accomplished that elusive goal . By combining the collecting and trading elements of baseball cards with the fantasy play dynamics of roleplaying games , Magic created a whole new genre of product that changed our industry forever . '' Awards 1994 : Mensa Select Award winner 1994 : Origins Awards for Best Fantasy or Science Fiction Board game of 1993 and Best Graphic Presentation of a Board game of 1993 1994 : Origins Award for the Legends expansion as Best Game Accessory 1995 : Deutscher Spiele Preis special award for new game mechanics 1995 : Italian Gaming Society Gioco dell'Anno award winner 1996 : Super As d'Or award for `` Best New Game Concept and Genre Introduced in France '' 1997 : InQuest Fan Award for Best CCG Expansion for the Weatherlight expansion 1998 : Origins Award for the Urza 's Saga expansion as Collectible Card Game Expansion of the Year 1999 : Inducted alongside Richard Garfield into the Origins Hall of Fame 2003 : Games Magazine selected Magic for its Games Hall of Fame 2005 : Origins Award for the Ravnica : City of Guilds expansion as Collectible Card Game Expansion of the Year 2009 : Origins Award for the Shards of Alara expansion as Collectible Card Game Expansion of the Year 2012 : Origins Award for the Innistrad expansion as Collectible Card Game Expansion of the Year 2015 : Origins Award for the Khans of Tarkir expansion as Best Collectible Card Game of the Year In addition several individuals including Richard Garfield and Donato Giancola won personal awards for their contributions to Magic . Gameplay Main article : Magic : The Gathering rules A game of Magic involves two or more players who are engaged in a battle acting as powerful wizards called planeswalkers . Each player has their own deck , either one previously constructed or made from a limited pool of cards for the event . A player starts the game with twenty `` life points '' and loses the game when their life total is reduced to zero . A player can also lose if they must draw from an empty deck . In addition , some cards specify other ways to win or lose the game . Garfield has stated that two major influences in his creation of Magic : the Gathering were the games Cosmic Encounter , which first used the concept that normal rules could sometimes be overridden , and Dungeons & Dragons . The `` Golden Rule of Magic '' states that `` Whenever a card 's text directly contradicts the rules , the card takes precedence . '' The Comprehensive Rules , a detailed rulebook , exists to clarify conflicts . Play media The basic setup for a single player in a game of Magic the Gathering . Players begin the game by shuffling their decks and then drawing seven cards . Players draw one card at the beginning of each of their turns , except the first player on their first turn unless there are more than 2 players . Players alternate turns . The two basic kinds of cards are `` spells '' and `` lands '' . Lands provide `` mana '' , or magical energy , which is used as magical fuel when the player attempts to cast spells . Players may only play one land per turn . More powerful spells cost more mana , so as the game progresses more mana becomes available , and the quantity and relative power of the spells played tends to increase . Spells come in several varieties : `` sorceries '' and `` instants '' have a single , one - time effect before they go to the `` graveyard '' ( discard pile ) ; `` enchantments '' and `` artifacts '' are `` permanents '' that remain in play after being cast to provide a lasting magical effect ; `` creature '' spells ( also a type of permanent ) summon creatures that can attack and damage an opponent . The set Lorwyn introduced the new `` planeswalker '' card type , which represents powerful allies who fight with their own magic abilities . Deck construction See also : Magic : The Gathering deck types In most Constructed tournament formats , decks are required to be a minimum of sixty cards , with no upper limit . Players may use no more than four copies of any named card , with the exception of `` basic lands '' , which act as a standard resource in Magic , and some specific cards that state otherwise . For example , the card Relentless Rats states that a deck may contain any number of itself . Certain formats such as Commander may limit the number of iterations of a single card players may have in their decks . These are colloquially known as singleton formats . In most Constructed formats , there exists a list of individual cards which have been `` restricted '' ( the card is limited to a single copy per deck ) or `` banned '' ( the card is no longer legal for tournament play ) . These limitations are usually for balance of power reasons , but have been occasionally made because of gameplay mechanics . In `` Limited '' tournament formats , a small number of cards are opened for play from booster packs or tournament packs , and a minimum deck size of forty cards is enforced . The most popular limited format is draft , in which players open a booster pack , choose a card from it , and pass it to the player seated next to them . This continues until all the cards have been picked , and then a new pack is opened . Three packs are opened altogether , and the direction of passing alternates left - right - left . Deck building requires strategy as players must choose among thousands of cards which they want to play . This requires players to evaluate the power of their cards , as well as the possible synergies between them , and their possible interactions with the cards they expect to play against ( this `` metagame '' can vary in different locations or time periods ) . The choice of cards is usually narrowed by the player deciding which colors they want to include in the deck . This decision is a key part of creating a deck . In general , reducing the number of colors used increases the consistency of play and the probability of drawing the lands needed to cast one 's spells , at the expense of restricting the range of tactics available to the player . Colors of Magic The five colors of Magic : The Gathering Most spells come in one of five colors . The colors can be seen on the back of the cards , in a pentagonal design , called the `` Color Wheel '' or `` Color Pie '' . Clockwise from the top , they are : white ( W ) , blue ( U ) , black ( B ) , red ( R ) , and green ( G ) . To play a spell of a given color , at least one mana of that color is required . This mana is normally generated by a basic land : plains for white , island for blue , swamp for black , mountain for red , and forest for green . The balances and distinctions among the five colors form one of the defining aspects of the game . Each color has strengths and weaknesses based on the `` style '' of magic it represents . White is the color of order , equality , righteousness , healing , law , community , peace , and light . White 's strengths include a roster of smaller creatures , as well as the ability to create creature tokens , both of which are strong collectively ; protecting and enhancing those creatures with enchantments ; increasing one 's life points ; preventing damage to creatures or players ; imposing restrictions on players ; disabling the capabilities of opposing creatures ; and powerful spells that `` equalize '' the playing field by destroying all cards of a given type . White creatures are renowned for their defense - favoring abilities , many of which include `` Protection '' and `` Vigilance '' . White magic opposes artificial fabrication , this being represented by many of its spells that can destroy artifacts and enchantments . White 's weaknesses include the fact that many of its spells favor smaller creatures ; its passive playing style in which it relies on an opponent 's actions to maximize its own effects ; and the nature of its most powerful spells that usually affect all players equally -- including the casting player . Blue is the color of intellect , reason , illusion , logic , knowledge , manipulation , and trickery , as well as the classical elements of air and water . Blue 's strengths include allowing a player to draw additional cards ; permanently taking control of an opponent 's cards ; returning cards from the battlefield to their owner 's hand ; forcing cards to go directly from a player 's deck to their graveyard ; and negating spells before they are successfully cast . Blue 's creatures tend to be weaker than those of the other colors , but commonly have abilities which make them difficult to block , `` Flying '' being the most common evasive ability among Blue creatures . Blue 's power of extra-sensory perception is represented by the ability `` Scry '' , which allows the player to look at the top cards of his or her deck and choose whether he or she will draw those cards the subsequent turns . Since Blue magic revolves around advancement and technology , it has the highest number of cards having beneficial interactions with artifacts . Blue 's weaknesses include its inability to destroy spells already placed on the field , having them returned to the hand instead ; the fixation of negating and delaying enemy actions , while itself lacking an aggressive plan ; and the way it prolongs the game and victory , thus allowing the opponent a possibility for a sudden comeback . Black is the color of power , ambition , death , illness , corruption , selfishness , amorality , and sacrifice . It is not necessarily evil , though many of its cards refer directly or indirectly to this concept . Black 's strengths include the ability to destroy creatures instantly ; forcing players to discard cards from their hand ; decreasing a player 's life while you usually gain that same amount lost ; evasive abilities are common among Black creatures ; and resurrecting creatures from a player 's graveyard . Furthermore , because Black seeks to win at all costs , it has limited access to many abilities or effects that are normally available only to one of the other colors ; but these abilities often require large sacrifices of life totals , creatures , cards in hand , cards in library , and other difficult - to - replace resources . One of the most notable abilities among Black creatures is `` Deathtouch '' , which always causes creatures damaged by those possessing this ability to be sent to the graveyard , regardless of the damage amount assigned . Black 's main weaknesses include an almost complete inability to deal with enchantments and artifacts ; the tendency to inflict itself with severe negative effects in order to defeat the opponent ; the way in which it overly relies on cards inside the graveyards ; and difficulties in removing other Black creatures . Red is the color of freedom , chaos , passion , creativity , impulse , fury , warfare , lightning , the classical element of fire , and the abiotic geological aspects of the classical element earth . Red 's strengths include the ability to directly damage creatures or players ; destroying opposing lands and artifacts ; and sacrificing permanent resources for temporary but high - profit power . Red has a wide array of creatures , but ( with the exception of late - game powerhouses , such as Red 's notable dragons ) most tend to be defensively weak , rendering them easier to destroy . As a trade - off , some of these weaker creatures have the ability to temporarily raise their offense value , leaving their defense value unaffected ; many other Red spells focus on this concept of glass cannon offense . Much like Blue , Red explores the element of trickery , this being represented by spells that are able to temporarily steal an opponent 's creatures ; divert or copy other spells ; and those involving random chance . In terms of keyword abilities , Red tends to focus on quickness and speed , this being represented by the popular abilities `` Haste '' and `` First Strike '' . Red 's weaknesses include its inability to destroy enchantments ; the self - destructive , single - use nature of many of its spells ; the overall lack of defense value or toughness of its creatures ; and the way in which it trades early - game speed and vulnerability for late - game staying power , in which it may not last that long . Green is the color of life , nature , evolution / adaptability , ecology , interdependence , instinct , and indulgence . Green 's strengths are on the battlefield , usually winning by means of combat with creatures , of which it has a broad menagerie . These tend to be notably strong at a low mana cost and have abilities that make them more survivable , the two most common being `` Regenerate '' and `` Hexproof '' . Many of Green 's creatures also possess the ability `` Trample '' , which allows the attacking creature to deal combat damage to an opponent even if blocked by a weaker creature . Recurring elements among Green spells include increasing a creature 's offense and defense value , temporarily or permanently ; forcing two or more creature to fight with each other head - on ; the opposition against creatures with `` Flying '' ; and the ability to create creature tokens . Green spells often focus on growth , this being represented by gaining life points ; generating extra quantities of mana ; and directly obtaining land cards , thus allowing the player to cast their more expensive spells quicker than usual . Since Green magic revolves around natural order , many of its spells can destroy opposing artifacts and enchantments ; notably , Green has the fewest cards having beneficial interactions with artifacts . Green 's weaknesses include its inability to prevent non-combat - related attacks , namely actions that affect the hand , library , or graveyard ; its one - track method of destroying enemy creatures through combat only ; and its trouble stopping attacking creatures that have bypassed Green 's own powerful creatures , beyond them being very little protection left . The colors adjacent to each other on the pentagon are `` allied '' and often have similar , complementary abilities . For example , Blue has a relatively large number of flying creatures , as do White and Black , which are next to it . The two non-adjacent colors to a particular color are `` enemy '' colors , and are thematically opposed . For instance , Red tends to be very aggressive , while White and Blue are often more defensive in nature . The Research and Development ( R&D ) team at Wizards of the Coast aims to balance power and abilities among the five colors by using the `` Color Pie '' to differentiate the strengths and weaknesses of each . This guideline lays out the capabilities , themes , and mechanics of each color and allows for every color to have its own distinct attributes and gameplay . The Color Pie is used to ensure new cards are thematically in the correct color and do not infringe on the territory of other colors . Multi-color cards were introduced in the Legends set and typically use a gold frame to distinguish them from mono - color cards . These cards require mana from two or more different colors to be played and count as belonging to each of the colors used to play them . Multi-color cards typically combine the philosophy and mechanics of all the colors used in the spell 's cost , and tend to be proportionally more powerful compared to single - color or hybrid cards , as requiring multiple colors of mana makes them harder to cast . More recently , two - color `` hybrid '' cards were introduced in the Ravnica set , and appeared extensively throughout the Shadowmoor and Eventide sets . Hybrid cards are distinguished by a gradient frame with those two colors , and can be paid with either of the card 's colors ; for instance , a card with two hybrid - red / white icons can be cast using two red mana , two white mana , or one of each . Several sets have made multi-colored cards a theme , including Invasion , Shards of Alara , both Ravnica blocks and others . Core sets do not typically include multi-color cards in them , although the Core 2013 set was the first to do so . Colorless or Devoid cards belong to no color , and most often appear in the form of Lands , Artifacts , or cards related to the Eldrazi creature type . Unlike the five colors , Colorless cards do not have a specific personality or style of play . Sometimes , colorless cards will imitate the mechanics of a particular color , though in a less - efficient manner than a similar colored card . Often colorless cards are linked to one or more colors via their abilities , through story references , or through flavor text on the cards themselves . With the Rise of the Eldrazi expansion , however , colorless cards that are neither artifacts nor lands have been introduced for the first time in larger quantities . These cards have been more recently featured in the Battle for Zendikar set that was released in 2015 . Luck vs. skill Magic , like many other games , combines chance and skill . One frequent complaint about the game involves the notion that there is too much luck involved , especially concerning possessing too many or too few lands . Early in the game especially , too many or too few lands could ruin a player 's chance at victory without the player having made a mistake . This in - game statistical variance can be minimized by proper deck construction , as an appropriate land count can reduce mana problems . In Duels of the Planeswalkers 2012 , the land count is automatically adjusted to 40 % of the total deck size . A `` mulligan '' rule was introduced into the game , first informally in casual play and then in the official game rules . The most current mulligan rule allows players to shuffle an unsatisfactory opening hand back into the deck at the start of the game , draw a new hand with one fewer card , and repeat until satisfied , after which any player who has less than seven cards may look at the top card of his or her deck and either return it or put it at the bottom of the deck . In multiplayer , a player may take one mulligan without penalty , while subsequent mulligans will still cost one card ( a rule known as `` Partial Paris mulligan '' ) . The original mulligan allowed a player a single redraw of seven new cards if that player 's initial hand contained seven or zero lands . A variation of this rule called a `` forced mulligan '' is still used in some casual play circles and in multiplayer formats on Magic Online , and allows a single `` free '' redraw of seven new cards if a player 's initial hand contains seven , six , one or zero lands . Confessing his love for games combining both luck and skill , Magic creator Richard Garfield admitted its influence in his design of Magic . In addressing the complaint about luck influencing a game , Garfield points out that new and casual players tend to appreciate luck as a leveling field , in which a random effect increases their chances of winning . Meanwhile , a player with higher skills appreciates a game with less chance , as the higher degree of control increases their chances of winning . According to Garfield , Magic has and would likely continue decreasing its degree of luck as the game matured . The `` Mulligan rule '' , as well as card design , past vs. present , are good examples of this trend . He feels that this is a universal trend for maturing games . Garfield explained using chess as an example , that unlike modern chess , in predecessors , players would use dice to determine which chess piece to move . Gambling The original set of rules prescribed that all games were to be played for ante . Garfield was partly inspired by the game of marbles and wanted folks to play with the cards rather than collect them . For Magic , each player removed a card at random from the deck they wished to play with and the two cards would be set aside as the ante . At the end of the match , the winner would take and keep both cards . Early sets included a few cards with rules designed to interact with this gambling aspect , allowing replacements of cards up for ante , adding more cards to the ante , or even permanently trading cards in play . The ante concept became controversial because many regions had restrictions on games of chance . The rule was later made optional because of these restrictions and because of players ' reluctance to possibly lose a card that they owned . The gambling rule is forbidden at sanctioned events and is now mostly a relic of the past , though it still sees occasional usage in friendly games as well as the prismatic format . The last card to mention ante was printed in the 1995 expansion set Homelands . Organized play Officially sanctioned Magic tournaments attract participants of all ages and are held around the world . These players in Rostock , Germany competed for an invitation to a professional tournament in Nagoya , Japan . Main article : The DCI Magic tournaments regularly occur in gaming stores and other venues . Larger tournaments with hundreds of competitors from around the globe sponsored by Wizards of the Coast are arranged many times every year , with substantial cash prizes for the top finishers . A number of websites report on tournament news , give complete lists for the most currently popular decks , and feature articles on current issues of debate about the game . The DCI , which is owned and operated by Wizards of the Coast , is the organizing body for sanctioned Magic events . The two major categories of tournament play are `` Constructed '' and `` Limited '' . Constructed In `` Constructed '' tournaments , each player arrives with a pre-built deck , which must have a minimum of sixty cards and follow other deck construction rules . The deck may also have up to a fifteen card sideboard , which allows players to modify their deck . Normally the first player to win two games is the winner of the match . Different formats of Constructed Magic exist , each allowing different cards . The DCI maintains a `` Banned and Restricted List '' for each format ; players may not use banned cards at all , and restricted cards are limited to one copy per deck . The DCI bans cards that it determines are damaging the health of a format ; it seeks to use this remedy as infrequently as possible , and only a handful of cards have been banned in recent years . Block Constructed formats are defined by the cycle of three sets of cards in a given block . For example , the Ravnica block format consists of Ravnica : City of Guilds , Guildpact , and Dissension . Only cards that were printed in one of the sets in the appropriate block can be used in these formats . Standard , formerly known as Type 2 , contains anywhere from five to eight sets . The Standard card pool undergoes a `` rotation '' once a year , usually in October , when older sets rotate out of the format and the fall set is released . As of 19 January 2018 , the Standard card pool consists of Kaladesh , Aether Revolt , Amonkhet , Hour of Devastation , Ixalan , and Rivals of Ixalan , with seven cards banned . For the history of Standard , see Timeline of Magic : the Gathering Standard ( Type II ) . Modern is a format that was first played at the Magic Online 2011 Community Cup , a response to players ' desire for a non-rotating format that is more accessible to newer players . Wizards of the Coast introduced Modern as a legal format on August 12 , 2011 , and saw its first paper magic play at Pro Tour Philadelphia 2011 . Modern consists of every block and core set using the modern card frame since the release of 8th Edition to the present . Certain cards that released in products that are not standard legal such as Planechase or Commander series cards , are not legal in Modern , even if they have the modern card frame . Legacy Is a format that allows every card ever printed except the Legacy banned list . It is distinguished from Vintage in that certain cards are banned for power reasons . Vintage , previously known as Type 1 , is an Eternal format . The only banned cards in Vintage are cards using the `` ante '' mechanic and a few other cards that the DCI considers inappropriate for competitive Magic . Because of the expense in acquiring the scarce old cards to play competitive Vintage , some unsanctioned Vintage tournaments permit players to proxy a certain number of cards . Currently , the only format with a Restricted List is Vintage . Proxy cards are forbidden in DCI - sanctioned tournaments , except as replacements for damaged cards when created by the event judge . Commander ( originally known as Elder Dragon Highlander or EDH ) is a casual format , but can be played competitively . In this format each player constructs a 100 singleton deck that has a legendary creature that acts as a commander . The deck construction is limited to the colors that are represented by the chosen commander and there can not be two or more cards with the same name with the exception of basic lands . The legendary creature chosen as commander is kept in a special `` command zone '' and may be cast at any time you can afford to cast the creature . If the commander card would enter any zone other than the battlefield from anywhere , its owner has the choice to return that card to the `` command zone '' , where it can be cast again for an additional two generic mana to its regular cost . The banned list and unique rules are governed by an independent body ( not by Wizards of the Coast ) . Wizards of the Coast releases pre-built commander decks on a yearly basis . Limited In `` Limited '' tournaments , players construct decks using booster packs plus any additional basic lands of their choice . The decks in Limited tournaments must be a minimum of forty cards . All unused cards function as the sideboard , which , as in `` Constructed '' formats , can be freely exchanged between games of a match , as long as the deck continues to adhere to the forty card minimum . The rule that a player may use only four copies of any given card does not apply . Sealed Deck tournaments give each player six 15 - card booster packs from which to build his or her deck . Booster Draft is usually played with eight players . The players are seated around a table and each player is given three booster packs . Each player opens a pack , selects a card from it , and passes the remaining cards to the next player . Each player then selects one of the remaining cards from the pack he or she just received , and passes the remaining cards again . This continues until all of the cards are depleted . Players pass left for the first and third packs , and right for the second . Players then build decks out of any of the cards that they selected during the drafting . Talking , signaling , and showing cards is forbidden during the drafting process , except for double faced cards from the Innistrad and Shadows over Innistrad blocks and `` Magic Origins '' , which can not be hidden as each side of the physical card has a spell printed on it . By winning a yearly Invitational tournament , Jon Finkel won the right for this card to feature his design and likeness . Other formats Main article : Magic : The Gathering formats Players often create their own formats based on any number of criteria . Sometimes these can be based on limiting the financial value of a deck , mixing and matching different blocks or sets , or taking an existing format and modifying the DCI Banned List . Commander ( formerly Elder Dragon Highlander ) was one such format , before being officially supported by wizards . One of the most popular player created formats for Limited is Cube Drafting . Similar in structure to Draft , players will instead use a collection of pre-selected cards instead of random boosters to draft from . Since 2014 player created formats are allowed as Friday Night Magic events , so long as they follow basic Magic Tournament Rules ( no fake cards , no gambling etc . ) Tournament structure The DCI maintains a set of rules for being able to sanction tournaments , as well as runs its own circuit . Local shops often offer `` Friday Night Magic '' tournaments as a stepping - stone to more competitive play . The DCI runs the Pro Tour as a series of major tournaments to attract interest . The right to compete in a Pro Tour has to be earned by either winning a Pro Tour Qualifier Tournament or being successful in a previous tournament on a similar level . A Pro Tour is usually structured into two days of individual competition played in the Swiss format . On the final day , the top eight players compete with each other in an elimination format to select the winner . At the end of the competition in a Pro Tour , players are awarded Pro Points depending on their finishing place . If the player finishes high enough , they will also be awarded prize money . Frequent winners of these events have made names for themselves in the Magic community , such as Gabriel Nassif , Kai Budde and Jon Finkel . As a promotional tool , the DCI launched the Hall of Fame in 2005 to honor selected players . At the end of the year the Magic World Championship is held . The World Championship functions like a Pro Tour , except that competitors have to present their skill in three different formats ( usually Standard , booster draft and a second constructed format ) rather than one . Another difference is that invitation to the World Championship can be gained not through Pro Tour Qualifiers , but via the national championship of a country . Most countries send their top four players of the tournament as representatives , though nations with minor Magic playing communities may send just one player . The World Championship also has a team - based competition , where the national teams compete with each other . At the beginning of the World Championship , new members are inducted into the Hall of Fame . The tournament also concludes the current season of tournament play and at the end of the event , the player who earned the most Pro Points during the year is awarded the title `` Pro Player of the Year '' . The player who earned the most Pro Points and did not compete in any previous season is awarded the title `` Rookie of the Year '' . Invitation to a Pro Tour , Pro Points and prize money can also be earned in lesser tournaments called Grand Prix that are open to the general public and are held more frequently throughout the year . Grand Prix events are usually the largest Magic tournaments , sometimes drawing more than 2,000 players . The largest Magic tournament ever held was Grand Prix : Las Vegas in June 2013 with a total of 4,500 players . Product and marketing See also : List of Magic : The Gathering sets Magic : The Gathering cards are produced in much the same way as normal playing cards . Each Magic card , approximately 63 × 88 mm in size ( 2.5 by 3.5 inches ) , has a face which displays the card 's name and rules text as well as an illustration appropriate to the card 's concept . 16,203 unique cards have been produced for the game as of September 2016 , many of them with variant editions , artwork , or layouts , and 600 -- 1000 new ones are added each year . The first Magic cards were printed exclusively in English , but current sets are also printed in Simplified Chinese , Traditional Chinese , French , German , Italian , Japanese , Korean , Portuguese , Russian , and Spanish . The overwhelming majority of Magic cards are issued and marketed in the form of sets . For the majority of its history there were two types : the Core Set and the themed expansion sets . Under Wizards of the Coast 's current production and marketing scheme , a new set is released quarterly . Various products are released with each set to appeal to different segments of the Magic playing community : The majority of cards are sold in booster packs , which contain fifteen cards normally divided into four rarities , which can be differentiated by the color of the expansion symbol . A fifteen - card Booster Pack will typically contain one rare ( gold ) , three uncommons ( silver ) , ten commons ( black ) , and one basic land ( colored black , as commons ) . Sets prior to Shards of Alara contained eleven commons instead of a basic land . Shards of Alara also debuted mythic rares ( red - orange ) , which replace one in eight rare cards on average . There are also premium versions of every card with holographic foil , randomly inserted into some boosters in place of a common , which replace about one in seventy cards . Each set since Kaladesh features two Planeswalker decks . They contain a 60 - card pre-constructed deck with an exclusive Planeswalker , as well as several exclusive cards , two booster packs from the set they accompany , as well as a rule guide and a card board box with an image of the included Planeswalker . Each set from Shards of Alara to Eldritch Moon featured five Intro Packs . They contained a 60 - card pre-constructed deck , as well as two booster packs from the set they accompany and a rule guide . Each set from Mirrodin Besieged to Gatecrash featured two Event Decks , which were pre-constructed decks designed as an introduction to tournament play . Beginning with Dragon 's Maze , each set featured only one Event Deck . However , event decks were discontinued after the set `` Battle for Zendikar '' . Previously , cards were also sold in Tournament Packs typically containing three rares , ten uncommons , thirty - two commons , and thirty basic lands . Tournament Packs were discontinued after Shards of Alara . Expansion sets are currently released in a two - set block , starting with a large set and ending with a smaller one three months later . Prior to 2016 , expansion sets were released in a three - set block ( again , beginning with a larger set followed by two smaller sets ) . These sets consist almost exclusively of newly designed cards . Contrasting with the wide - ranging Core Set , each expansion is focused around a subset of mechanics and ties into a set storyline . Expansions also dedicate several cards to a handful of particular , often newly introduced , game mechanics . The Core Sets began to be released annually ( previously biennially ) in July 2009 coinciding with the name change from 10th Edition to Magic 2010 . This shift also introduced new , never before printed cards into the core set , something that previously had never been done . However , core sets were discontinued following the release of Magic Origins , on July 17 , 2015 , at the same time that two - set blocks were introduced . Wizards of Coast announced on June 12 , 2017 that they plan on revamping and reintroducing a revamped core set for the year 2018 . In addition to the quarterly set releases , Magic cards are released in other products as well , such as the Planechase and Archenemy spin - off games . These combine reprinted Magic cards with new , oversize cards with new functionality . Magic cards are also printed specifically for collectors , such as the From the Vault and Premium Deck Series sets , which contain exclusively premium foil cards . In 2003 , starting with the Eighth Edition Core Set , the game went through its biggest visual change since its creation -- a new card frame layout was developed to allow more rules text and larger art on the cards , while reducing the thick , colored border to a minimum . The new frame design aimed to improve contrast and readability using black type instead of the previous white , a new font , and partitioned areas for the name , card type , and power and toughness . For the first few years of its production , Magic : The Gathering featured a small number of cards with names or artwork with demonic or occultist themes , in 1995 the company elected to remove such references from the game . In 2002 , believing that the depiction of demons was becoming less controversial and that the game had established itself sufficiently , Wizards of the Coast reversed this policy and resumed printing cards with `` demon '' in their names . Spin - offs Magic : The Gathering video games , comics , and books have been produced under licensing or directly by Wizards of the Coast . In September 2011 , Hasbro and IDW Publishing accorded to make a four - issue mini-series about Magic : The Gathering with a new story but heavily based on MTG elements and with a new Planeswalker called Dack Fayden , which story is mainly developed in the planes of Ravnica and Innistrad . The ongoing series started in February 2012 . In 2015 Wizards of the Coast and Hasbro published Magic : The Gathering -- Arena of the Planeswalkers . Arena of the Planeswalkers is a tactical boardgame where the players maneuver miniatures over a customizable board game , and the ruleset and terrain is based on Heroscape , but with an addition of spell cards and summoning . The original master set includes miniatures that represent the five Planeswalkers Gideon , Jace , Liliana , Chandra , and Nissa as well as select creatures from the Magic : The Gathering universe . They later released an expansion Battle for Zendikar featuring multi-color Planeswalkers Kiora and Ob Nixilis and a colorless Eldrazi Ruiner , and a second master set Shadows Over Innistrad which has 4 new Planeswalkers and also includes the addition of cryptoliths . Video games While comics and books have mostly been supplements to develop a background story for the game , several video games have been produced which lean in varying degree on the original game . For the first computer games Wizards of the Coast had sold licenses to Acclaim and MicroProse roughly at the same time . While MicroProse 's Magic : The Gathering received favorable reviews , Acclaim 's Magic : The Gathering : BattleMage was mostly dismissed with negative reaction . With Magic : The Gathering Online or MTGO for short , Wizards developed and released a computer version of the game themselves that allows players to compete online against other players using the original Magic cards and rules . Players purchase digital cards , and are able to play online against each other using their digital collections . Magic : The Gathering Online is the closest to paper magic of the digital alternatives . A stripped down version of MTGO is Magic : The Gathering -- Duels of the Planeswalkers which was developed by Stainless Games and released for the Xbox 360 in June 2009 . The game was ported to Windows in June of the next year . Six months after the PC release of Duels of the Planeswalkers , the game was ported to the PlayStation 3 platform . The game was the most - played Xbox Live title for two weeks after its release . Stainless continued to release yearly updates to this , culminating in Magic Duels , a free - to - play title released in 2015 . Hiberium and D3 Publisher licensed Magic : the Gathering for its mobile game , Magic : The Gathering - Puzzle Quest , combining deck building with match - 3 - style casual gaming . This was released in December 2015 and continues to be updated with new card sets from the physical game . Cryptic Studios and Perfect World Entertainment have announced plans to create a Magic : The Gathering massively multiplayer online role - playing game , to be released for personal computers and consoles . Film This section possibly contains unsourced predictions , speculative material , or accounts of events that might not occur . Information must be verifiable and based on reliable published sources . Please help improve it by removing unsourced speculative content . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In January 2014 , 20th Century Fox acquired the rights to produce a Magic : The Gathering film with Simon Kinberg as producer and TSG Entertainment ( its co-financing partner ) , Hasbro Studios and subsidiary company Allspark Pictures as co-financers , after Universal Pictures allegedly dropped the film from their schedule ( Both Universal and Hasbro had been developing the original Magic : The Gathering film since 2009 ) . In April , 2016 , Enter the Battlefield , a documentary about life on the Magic Pro Tour was released . The film was written by Greg Collins , Nathan Holt , and Shawn Kornhauser . Parodies In 1998 , PGI Limited created Havic : The Bothering , which was a parody of Magic : The Gathering . Wizards of the Coast , which owned the rights to Magic : The Gathering , took active steps to hinder the distribution of the game and successfully shut out PGI Limited from attending GenCon in July 1998 . In an attempt to avoid breaching copyright and Richard Garfield 's patent , each starter deck of Havic had printed on the back side , `` This is a Parody '' , and on the bottom of the rule card was printed , `` Do not have each player : construct their own library of predetermined number of game components by examining and selecting ( the ) game components from ( a ) reservoir of game components or you may infringe on U.S. Patent No. 5,662,332 to Garfield . '' Three official parody expansions of Magic exist : Unglued , Unhinged , and Unstable . Most of the cards in these sets feature silver borders and humorous themes . The silver - bordered cards are not legal for play in DCI - sanctioned tournaments . Secondary market The Alpha version of the Black Lotus card ( here , signed by the artist ) is usually considered to be the most valuable non-promotional Magic card ever printed , aside from misprinted cards . There is an active secondary market in individual cards among players and game shops . Many physical and online stores sell single cards or `` playsets '' of four of a card . Common cards rarely sell for more than a few cents and are usually sold in bulk . Uncommon cards and weak rare cards typically sell from 10 ¢ up to $1 . The more expensive cards in standard tournament play are typically priced between $1 to $25 , although many commonly played cards in the modern and legacy formats sell for $60 to $180 . Foil versions of rare and mythic rare cards are typically priced at about twice as much as the regular versions . Some of the more sought - after rare and mythic rare cards can have foil versions that cost up to three or four times more than the non-foil versions . A few of the oldest cards , due to smaller printings and limited distribution , are highly valued and rare . This is partly due to the `` Reserved List '' , a list of cards from the sets Alpha to Urza 's Destiny ( 1994 -- 1999 ) that Wizards has promised never to reprint . The most expensive card that was in regular print ( as opposed to being a promotional or special printing ) is Black Lotus . In 2013 , a `` Pristine 9.5 grade '' Beckett Grading Services graded Alpha Black Lotus was bought by an anonymous buyer , for a record $27,302 . The secondary market started with comic book stores , and hobby shops displaying and selling cards , with the cards ' values determined somewhat arbitrarily by the employees of the store . With the expansion of the internet , prices of cards were determined by the amount of tournament deck lists a given card would appear in . If a card was played in a tournament more frequently , the cost of the card would be higher ( in addition to the market availability of the card ) . When eBay , Amazon , and other large online markets started to gain popularity , the Magic secondary market evolved substantially . Buying and selling Magic cards online became a source of income for people who learned how to manipulate the market . Today , the secondary market is so large and complex , it has become an area of study for consumer research , and some people make a career out of market manipulation , creating mathematical models to analyze the growth of cards ' worth , and predict the market value of both individual cards , and entire sets of cards . As of late 2013 , Wizards of the Coast has expressed concern over the increasing number of counterfeit cards in the secondary market . Wizards of the Coast has since made an effort to counteract the rise of counterfeits by introducing a new holofoil stamp on all rare and mythic rare cards as of Magic 2015 . Artwork See also : List of Magic : The Gathering artists Each card has an illustration to represent the flavor of the card , often reflecting the setting of the expansion for which it was designed . Much of Magic 's early artwork was commissioned with little specific direction or concern for visual cohesion . One infamous example was the printing of the creature Whippoorwill without the `` flying '' ability even though its art showed a bird in flight . The art direction team later decided to impose a few constraints so that the artistic vision more closely aligned with the design and development of the cards . Each block of cards now has its own style guide with sketches and descriptions of the various races and places featured in the setting . A few early sets experimented with alternate art for cards . However , Wizards came to believe that this impeded easy recognition of a card and that having multiple versions caused confusion when identifying a card at a glance . Consequently , alternate art is now only used sparingly and mostly for promotional cards . When older cards are reprinted in new sets , however , Wizards of the Coast has guaranteed that they will be printed with new art to make the older cards more collectible . As Magic has expanded across the globe , its artwork has had to change for its international audience . Artwork has been edited or given alternate art to comply with the governmental standards . For example , the portrayal of skeletons and most undead in artwork was prohibited by the Chinese government until 2008 . Storyline Main article : Multiverse ( Magic : The Gathering ) The way Magic storylines are conceived and deployed has changed considerably over the years . The main premise of Magic is that countless possible worlds ( planes ) exist in the Multiverse , and only unique and rare beings called Planeswalkers are capable of traversing the Multiverse . This allows the game to frequently change worlds so as to renew its mechanical inspiration , while maintaining planeswalkers as recurrent , common elements across worlds . An intricate storyline underlies the cards released in each expansion and is shown in the art and flavor text of the cards , as well as in novels and anthologies published by Wizards of the Coast ( and formerly by Harper Prism ) . Important storyline characters , objects and locations often appear as cards in Magic sets , usually as `` Legendary '' creatures , artifacts , and lands , or as `` Planeswalker '' cards . The original Magic : The Gathering Limited Edition has no overarching storyline , and the cards only have unconnected bits of lore and trivia to give the cards some individual depth . In the early expansion sets until Visions there is usually no real story arc either . Instead , some of these sets are inspired from mythologies of various cultures . This is most apparent in Arabian Nights , that takes some of the One Thousand and One Nights characters and makes them into Magic cards . Norse mythological influences can be seen worked into Ice Age and African influences into Mirage . However , not all of the early sets can be linked as directly to earth mythology . Antiquities touches on an independent storyline about two warring brothers , Urza and Mishra . Homelands is the exception in that period . For this set , a back story was first conceived and the cards in the set were designed afterwards to fit the storyline . Beginning with the Weatherlight expansion there was a shift in the way Magic storylines were used . For the blocks Weatherlight through Apocalypse , the story was laid out in a character driven story , following the events of the Weatherlight ship and its crew . With help of the planeswalking capabilities of the Weatherlight , the protagonists travel through the multiverse to fight Yawgmoth and his army of Phyrexians . Odyssey through Scourge are an unconnected storyline set 100 years later on Dominaria where multiple factions battle for control of the Mirari , a powerful magical artifact left by Karn . After Scourge , Magic storylines have mostly panned away from Dominaria . New planes were created to set the scene for new storylines . In contrast to the previous character driven stories , these releases focused on thematic worlds . This was the model from Mirrodin through Alara , a world split into five magically and culturally distinct `` shards '' but later reunited . After Alara , Magic visited Zendikar , a world used as a prison to entrap a race of interplanar parasitic monsters called the Eldrazi , which were inspired by H.P. Lovecraft 's Old Ones . Beginning with Zendikar the world - centric storytelling was complemented by an overlying story layer . Planeswalker cards had been introduced in Lorwyn and these Planeswalker characters were used to give the overarching storyline a sense of continuity , despite the constant change of setting . The block following Zendikar , Scars of Mirrodin , revisited the plane of Mirrodin , where the Mirran natives battled against an invading Phyrexian corruption unwittilingly left by Karn ( again interconnecting various storylines ) . To further integrate the storyline into the gameplay , certain events for the second set , Mirrodin Besieged , encouraged players to affiliate themselves with either the Mirran or Phyrexian faction . Much of the recent focus has been on both integrating the play experience with the story line and on making mechanics and individual cards which represent pivotal points in the story . On Innistrad , a plane inspired heavily by gothic horror , its guardian angel has gone missing . Darkness has started to consume the plane , and the players must discover that the Helvault , a magical prison , has been holding the archangel Avacyn as well as demons . Thalia , a cathar of the Church of Avacyn , broke open the Helvault and released Avacyn as well as all of the demons . In the Return to Ravnica block , players were encouraged to affiliate themselves with a guild and take control of the city of Ravnica by completing the maze discovered by Niv - Mizzet . Theros was a plane inspired by Greek mythology , containing many references to Greek mythological figures such as Prometheus and the pantheon of gods . Tarkir would have been a plane where dragons had long since died , controlled by five clans ruled by khans . Through time travel , the result of the struggle between the ancient clans and the dragons was reversed and the dragons now reign over each of the five clans , which are both similar and different to their alternate - timeline predecessors . Battle for Zendikar was a return to the plane of Zendikar , which had been ravaged by the Eldrazi horrors . This marks a change in Magic 's storytelling , where each block 's story is shown from the perspective of a group of planeswalkers called the Gatewatch . Shadows Over Innistrad is a return to Innistrad , where Avacyn has been corrupted . The next set , Eldritch Moon , focuses on the fact that Emrakul , the most powerful Eldrazi titan who had been missing from the Battle for Zendikar storyline , is now on Innistrad . Together , the Gatewatch must find a way to save the plane from Emrakul 's influence . This story also focuses on cosmic horror instead of the traditional gothic horror of old Innistrad . Kaladesh has the Gatewatch go to Chandra Nalaar 's home world , the titular plane of Kaladesh , where she finds her mother ( presumed dead ) and almost kills Tezzeret . Tezzeret later kidnaps Rashmi , winner of the famous Inventor 's Fair , and begins a dastardly plot to control the ruling Consulate . With the Consulate imprisoning inventors and confiscating their devices following the Fair , tensions between the populace and the government reach a boiling point , as depicted in Aether Revolt . The block focuses on a Steampunk aesthetic , with the steam replaced by the powerful material aether . Amonkhet has the Gatewatch set out to destroy the evil dragon planeswalker Nicol Bolas after learning of his dominion over the titular desert plane Amonkhet . In the desert , they find a city ( Naktamun ) teeming with food , water , and life , ruled by five gods , with Bolas seemingly absent altogether . The people of Naktamun train their entire lives to die in ritual combat , hoping to experience pure bliss in the afterlife when the God - Pharaoh ( Bolas ) returns to Amonkhet . In Hour of Devastation , Bolas returns as prophesied , only to raze Naktamun and reveal the true purpose of the training and combat : to create an army of physically - perfect and combat - adept mummies to serve as an unquestionably loyal army . The block 's setting is based ancient Egypt , with themes of social hierarchy and contrast between life and death . Academic research There are several examples of academic , peer - reviewed research concerning different aspects of Magic : The Gathering . One study examined how players use their imaginations when playing . This research studied hobby players and showed how players sought to create and participate in an epic fantasy narrative . Another example used online auctions for Magic cards to test revenue outcomes for various auction types . A final example uses probability to examine Magic card - collecting strategies . Using a specific set of cards in a specialized manner has shown Magic : The Gathering to be Turing complete . Notes Jump up ^ Notably , the Apprentice program . See Magic : The Gathering video games . Jump up ^ For cards released prior to Exodus , rarities must be checked against an external cardlist or database , as all expansion symbols were black . Jump up ^ `` Typically '' is used due to a change in card distribution in Time Spiral which allows premium cards of any rarity to replace Common cards instead of cards of their own rarity . See Purple Reign for more information . Jump up ^ A notable exception are Basic Land cards , but those are easily identifiable due to the oversized mana symbol in their text boxes . References Jump up ^ `` Magic : The Gathering Online Review '' . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Kotha , Suresh ( October 19 , 1998 ) , Wizards of the Coast ( PDF ) , archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 1 , 2006 , retrieved August 11 , 2013 Jump up ^ Lang , Eric ( January 27 , 2008 ) , Design Decisions and Concepts in Licensed Collectible Card Games , retrieved November 22 , 2014 Jump up ^ Owen Duffy ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` How Magic : the Gathering became a pop - culture hit -- and where it goes next '' . Theguardian.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2015 . The original card game has 20 million players worldwide ( ... ) Jump up ^ Tumbusch , T.M. ( 1995 ) , Tomart 's Photo Checklist & Price Guide to Collectible Card Games , Volume One , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Adkison , Peter ( June 1 , 2009 ) . `` In The Beginning '' . Wizards of the Coast . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alpha , Beta , and Unlimited Editions '' . Wizards of the Coast . 2008 . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rosewater , Mark ( February 16 , 2009 ) . `` 25 Random Things about Magic '' . Wizards of the Coast . Retrieved August 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ US 5662332 Jump up ^ Varney , Allen ( January 9 , 1998 ) . `` The Year in Gaming '' . The Austin Chronicle . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pokemon USA , Inc. and Wizards of the Coast , Inc . Resolve Dispute '' . Businesswire . December 29 , 2003 . Retrieved September 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Zane , J. Peder ( 14 August 1994 ) . `` Trumps , Shmumps : I 'll Play My Unicorn '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 22 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hannagan , Charley ( March 31 , 1994 ) . `` Magic Playing Cards Conjure Up Big Business -- The Cards Turn Player Into Sorcerers Who Cast Spells And Control Creatures '' . The Post-Standard ( Syracuse ) . p . A1 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Gaslin , Glenn ( October 23 , 1994 ) . `` Magic : The Gathering '' . Newport News . p . G1 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Episode 609 : The Curse Of The Black Lotus '' . Planet Money . National Public Radio . March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved 9 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Chalk , Titus ( July 31 , 2013 ) , 20 Years Of Magic : The Gathering , A Game That Changed The World , retrieved August 11 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Magic 2010 Rules Changes '' . Wizards of the Coast . June 10 , 2009 . Retrieved June 14 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Galvin , Chris ( June 6 , 2005 ) . `` The Magic Pro Tour Hall of Fame '' . Wizards of the Coast . Retrieved September 30 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2009 Pro Tour Prize Structures '' . The DCI. 2009 . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Neglect and Reversion '' . The Hardball Times . 2009 . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ West , Adam ( 7 July 2017 ) . `` Magic : The Gathering -- How Wizards of the Coast Created the First Trading Card Game and Keeps Its Community of 20M+ Players Coming Back for More '' . DealCrunch.com . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Magic Online III Launch Blog '' . Wizards of the Coast . April 16 , 2008 . Retrieved June 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . ( January 13 , 2014 ) . Fox to Bring ' Magic : The Gathering ' to the Big Screen . Hollywood Reporter . Accessed on January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Scribe Bryan Cogman Takes On ' Magic The Gathering ' For Fox '' . deadline.com . June 12 , 2014 . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Magic : the Gathering 25th anniversary Facts & Figures '' . Magic.Wizards.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Slavin , Barbara ( June 20 , 2004 ) . `` Magic the Gathering casts its spell '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Magic Scholarship Series : Daily MTG : Magic : The Gathering '' . Wizards.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Weisman , Jordan ( 2007 ) . `` Magic : The Gathering '' . In Lowder , James . Hobby Games : The 100 Best . Green Ronin Publishing . pp. 192 -- 195 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932442 - 96 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` Awards '' . Wizards of the Coast . 2006 . Retrieved August 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Origins Award Winners ( 1993 ) '' . Academy of Adventure Gaming Arts & Design . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2008 . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Preisträger '' ( in German ) . Friedhelm Merz Verlag . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2010 . Retrieved March 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Origins Award Winners ( 1998 ) '' . Academy of Adventure Gaming Arts & Design . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2007 . Retrieved November 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` GAMES Hall of Fame '' . GAMES Magazine . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2010 . Retrieved April 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Origins Award Winners ( 2005 ) '' . Academy of Adventure Gaming Arts & Design . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2008 . Retrieved March 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chalker , Dave . `` Origins Awards 2009 '' . critical-hits.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 38th Annual Origins Awards Winners '' . The Game Manufacturers Association . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2013 . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Origins Award Winners 2015 '' . The Academy of Adventure Gaming Arts & Design . 2015 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2016 . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Magic : The Gathering Comprehensive Rules '' ( PDF ) . The DCI . July 11 , 2009 . pp. 7 -- 8 . Retrieved July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Game design workshop : a playcentric approach to creating innovative games . Books.google.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Magic : The Gathering Comprehensive Rules '' ( PDF ) . The DCI . July 11 , 2009 . pp. 5 -- 6 . Retrieved July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Magic : The Gathering Rules '' . The DCI . February 1 , 2009 . Retrieved September 24 , 2009 . This website contains a link to the most up - to - date version of the Comprehensive Rules . Jump up ^ `` Magic : The Gathering Comprehensive Rules '' ( PDF ) . The DCI . July 11 , 2009 . p. 7 . Retrieved July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Magic : The Gathering Comprehensive Rules '' ( PDF ) . The DCI . July 11 , 2009 . pp. 35 -- 40 . Retrieved July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Magic : The Gathering Comprehensive Rules '' ( PDF ) . The DCI . July 11 , 2009 . p. 5 . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Standard Format Deck Construction '' . mtgoacademy . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Commander Format '' . Wizards of the Coast . 2015 . Retrieved May 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Why Magic : The Gathering struggles to remain relevant to casual players '' . Steve Heisler. 2013 . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Magic : The Gathering Tournament Rules '' ( PDF ) . The DCI . July 1 , 2009 . Retrieved July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ LaPille , Tom ( July 26 , 2009 ) . `` Crafting a Vintage '' . Wizards of the Coast . Retrieved July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` BOOSTER DRAFT '' . MAGIC : THE GATHERING . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` A Beginners Guide to Magic the Gathering '' . Kim E Lumbard. 2003 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2015 . Retrieved July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Magic The Gathering Tips '' . oshkoshmagic . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2013 . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Howell , Dave . `` Collector 's Card Checklist '' . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2013 . Retrieved October 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : A series of articles written by Mark Rosewater describing each color in depth ( as well as multicolor cards , artifact or colorless cards , and color - hybrid cards ) can be found at the game 's official site at MagicTheGathering.com : The Great White Way , True Blue , In the Black , Seeing Red , It 's Not Easy Being Green , Just the Artifacts , Ma'am , and Midas Touch . Jump up ^ `` Card of the Day -- July , 2006 '' . Wizards of the Coast . July 27 , 2006 . Retrieved September 30 , 2006 . Black removal spells like Murder or Dark Banishing that could take out large - sized creatures historically had the drawback of not being able to affect other black creatures , and sometimes not artifact creatures either . Since then this drawback has been tweaked in many ways that no longer limit the cards to just non-black or non-artifact . Jump up ^ Brady Dommermuth ( February 1 , 2006 ) . `` Ask Wizards '' . Wizards of the Coast . Retrieved September 26 , 2006 . The particular issue of red 's connection to earth and stone has another aspect as well , though . Red has and will continue to have earth / stone - themed cards . But green wants to be connected to earth as well , in the soil sense . So red gives up a few of its ' earth ' cards for green 's sake . Jump up ^ Mark Rosewater ( August 18 , 2003 ) . `` The Value of Pie '' . Wizards of the Coast . Retrieved September 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Knutson , Ted ( September 9 , 2006 ) . `` Magic Jargon '' . Wizards of the Coast . Retrieved July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Moldenhauer - Salazar , Jay ( March 23 , 2000 ) . `` Mmmmmmmmmana ... Five Rules For Avoiding Mana - Screw '' . starcitygames.com . Retrieved July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Forsythe , Aaron ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` New Mulligan Rule Starting from Battle for Zendikar Prereleases '' . Wizards of the Coast . Retrieved November 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosewater , Mark ( February 23 , 2004 ) . `` Starting Over '' . Wizards of the Coast . Retrieved February 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Smith , Bennie ( April 27 , 2006 ) . `` Nephilim Are Prismatastic ! '' . Wizards of the Coast . Retrieved February 11 , 2007 . This article explains this mulligan rule in the Prismatic format , where it is called a `` big deck '' mulligan . The rule was added to all multiplayer Magic Online later , as explained in this official announcement . ^ Jump up to : Garfield , Richard ( 2012 ) . Magic TV : Extra -- Dr. Richard Garfield on `` Luck Versus Skill '' ( Magic Cruise 2012 ) ( Video ) ( Lecture ) . Seattle to Alaska cruise : www.channelfireball.com . Event occurs at July 10 , 2012 . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Owens , Thomas S. ; Helmer , Diana Star ( 1996 ) , Inside Collectible Card Games , p. 142 . Jump up ^ `` The Original Magic Rulebook '' . Wizards of the Coast . December 25 , 2004 . Retrieved June 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Magic : The Gathering Comprehensive Rules '' ( PDF ) . The DCI . July 11 , 2009 . p. 45 . Retrieved April 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 5 - Color Magic '' . 5-color.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wizards of the Coast / DCI . `` Banned and Restricted Lists '' . Jump up ^ Pro Tour Philadelphia Format Change : Daily MTG : Magic : The Gathering . Wizards.com ( August 12 , 2011 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Avi Flamholz ( July 13 , 2004 ) . `` Money , Proxies , and the Must - Have List -- A Case for Vintage '' . Starcitygames . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved September 30 , 2006 . More and more , the larger U.S. Vintage tournaments are unsanctioned and allow growing numbers of proxies ( usually five to ten , sometimes unlimited ) . In fact , I would be hard pressed to find a sanctioned Type 1 tournament ( A.K.A. proxy - free ) in the last year or so that drew more than thirty people ( other than major conventions like GenCon ) . Jump up ^ Haenig , Greg ( December 14 , 2011 ) . `` New counterfeit and proxy policy '' . Wizards of the Coast . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chase , Elaine ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` On Proxies , Policy , and Communication '' . Wizards of the Coast . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pre-Built Commander Decks '' . Wizards of the Coast . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Night Magic Changes '' . Wizards of the Coast . October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Night Magic '' . Wizards of the Coast . June 2009 . Retrieved June 14 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pro Tour '' . Wizards of the Coast . 2009 . Retrieved June 14 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2009 Magic : The Gathering Worlds Championships '' . Wizards of the Coast . 2009 . Retrieved June 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Prix '' . Wizards of the Coast . 2009 . Retrieved June 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Oliver is the Modern Master in Las Vegas '' . Wizards of the Coast . June 23 , 2013 . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gatherer '' . Wizards of the Coast . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . , the official Magic card database . Jump up ^ `` Magic in Korean '' . Wizards of the Coast . July 23 , 2011 . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . shows the return to 11 languages as of the late release of Magic 2011 in Korean . ^ Jump up to : Mark Rosewater ( August 25 , 2014 ) . `` Metamorphosis '' . Wizards of the Coast . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Aaron Forsythe ( February 23 , 2009 ) . `` Recapturing the Magic with Magic 2010 '' . Wizards of the Coast . Retrieved October 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mark Rosewater . `` Metamorphosis 2.0 Decks '' . Wizards of the Coast . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Card Face Redesign FAQ '' . Wizards of the Coast . January 20 , 2003 . Retrieved September 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Rosewater , Mark ( July 5 , 2004 ) . `` Where Have All The Demons Gone Today '' . Wizards of the Coast . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hasbro , Inc. , and IDW Publishing to launch Magic : The Gathering Comic Books '' . IDW Publishing . September 1 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2012 . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Preview : Magic : The Gathering # 1 '' . Comic Book Resources . February 1 , 2012 . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Magic : The Gathering -- Arena of the Planeswalkers '' . boardgamegeek. 2015 . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Dennis ( March 20 , 1997 ) . `` Two companies offer The Gathering , but only one is spellbinding '' . Chicago Tribune . p. 8 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Langley , Ryan ( July 23 , 2009 ) . `` XBLA : Magic : The Gathering Sells 170,000 in 5 Weeks '' . Gamer Bytes . Retrieved August 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Minotti , Mike ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Magic : The Gathering is becoming an MMO '' . Venture Beat . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` Fox to Bring ' Magic : The Gathering ' to the Big Screen ( Exclusive ) '' . hollywoodreporter . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon '' . Retrieved 28 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home - company.wizards.com '' . Jump up ^ Havic : The Bothering Skool Daze by Peter L. Gray , Sist - Airs , Vinyl Vineshtein Cards , 60 Pages , Published 1998 , 1st Edition , starter decks rule card printed by PGI Limited , 30 Shorhaven Rd. , Norwalk , CT 06855 , ISBN 0966700503 Jump up ^ `` Most Expensive Magic : The Gathering Card '' . Most Expensive Journal . March 17 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2010 . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Price Change List - Recent Magic The Gathering / MTG Card Price Changes '' . MTG PeerTrader . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2016 . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Reprint Policy '' . Wizards of the Coast . 2002 . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Luke Plunkett . `` Rare Magic Card Sells For $27,000 '' . Kotaku . Gawker Media . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bajari , Patrick ; Hortaçsu , Ali ( January 1 , 2004 ) . `` Economic Insights from Internet Auctions '' . Journal of Economic Literature. 42 ( 2 ) : 457 -- 486 . doi : 10.1257 / 0022051041409075 . JSTOR 3217179 . Jump up ^ Bosch , R.A. ( 2000 ) . `` Optimal Card - Collecting Strategies for Magic : The Gathering '' . The College Mathematics Journal . 31 : 15 . doi : 10.2307 / 2687095 . JSTOR 2687095 . Jump up ^ David Lucking - Reiley ( September 2000 ) . `` Auctions on the Internet : What 's Being Auctioned , and How ? '' ( 1 Jan 2017 ) . The Journal of Industrial Economics . 48 ( 3 ) : 227 -- 252 . doi : 10.2307 / 117554 . JSTOR 117554 . Jump up ^ Patrick Bajari and Ali Hortaçsu ( June 2004 ) . `` Economic Insights from Internet Auctions '' ( 1 Jan 2017 ) . Journal of Economic Literature. 42 ( 2 ) : 457 -- 486 . doi : 10.2307 / 3217179 . JSTOR 3217179 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Martin , B.A.S. ( 2004 ) . `` Using the Imagination : Consumer Evoking and Thematizing of the Fantastic Imaginary '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Consumer Research . 31 : 136 -- 149 . doi : 10.1086 / 383430 . Jump up ^ `` StarCityGames.com - Counterfeit Cards '' . StarCityGames.com . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MAGIC : THE GATHERING '' . Jump up ^ Jarvis , Jeremy ( January 1 , 2007 ) . `` Ask Wizards '' . Wizards of the Coast . Retrieved April 21 , 2007 . In the ' old days ' , art descriptions were vague suggestions of images ... Neither continuity nor the idea of worldbuilding ( creating distinctive and unique worlds and settings ) would become issues until some time later . Jump up ^ Buehler , Randy ( November 21 , 2003 ) . `` Flight of Fancy '' . Wizards of the Coast . Retrieved April 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cavotta , Matt ( September 7 , 2005 ) . `` The Magic Style Guide '' . Wizards of the Coast . Retrieved April 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Chase , Elaine ( June 17 , 2002 ) . `` Ask Wizards '' . Wizards of the Coast . Retrieved February 15 , 2007 . While we do n't like to completely rule anything out , there currently are not any plans to repeat the alternate art within a set model . The main reason is that most players recognize cards through the artwork . Jump up ^ Rosewater , Mark ( April 26 , 2004 ) . `` Collecting My Thoughts '' . Wizards of the Coast . Retrieved June 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese Skeleton '' . Wizards of the Coast . March 13 , 2002 . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Alternate Chinese Art in Ravnica Part 1 '' . Wizards of the Coast . November 14 , 2005 . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` And Carnage Shall Follow '' . Wizards of the Coast . Retrieved March 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Announcing Scars of Mirrodin '' . Wizards of the Coast . Retrieved March 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Martin , Brett A.S. ( 2004 ) , `` Using the Imagination : Consumer Evoking and Thematizing of the Fantastic Imaginary '' , Journal of Consumer Research , 31 ( June ) , 136 - 149 . Jump up ^ Lucking - Reiley , D ( 1999 ) . `` Using Field Experiments to Test Equivalence between Auction Formats : Magic on the Internet '' ( PDF ) . American Economic Review . 89 ( 5 ) : 1063 -- 1080 . doi : 10.1257 / aer. 89.5. 1063 . JSTOR 117047 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 24 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Bosch , R.A. ( 2000 ) . `` Optimal Card - Collecting Strategies for Magic : The Gathering '' . College Mathematics Journal . 31 ( 1 ) : 15 -- 21 . doi : 10.2307 / 2687095 . JSTOR 2687095 . Jump up ^ `` Magic : the Gathering is Turing Complete '' . Retrieved January 9 , 2013 . Further reading Baldwin & Waters ( 1998 ) . The Art of Magic : A Fantasy of World Building and the Art of the Rath Cycle . Renton , WA : Wizards of the Coast . ISBN 0 - 7869 - 1178 - 6 . Flores , Michael J. ( 2006 ) . Deckade : 10 Years of Decks , Thoughts and Theory . New York : top8magic.com . ISBN 0 - 9778395 - 0 - 8 . Moursund , Beth ( 2002 ) . The Complete Encyclopedia of Magic : The Gathering . New York : Thunder 's Mouth Press . ISBN 1 - 56025 - 443 - 2 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Magic : The Gathering . 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when did rome split into east and west

Though the Empire had seen periods with more than one Emperor ruling jointly before , the view that it was impossible for a single emperor to govern the entire Empire was established by Emperor Diocletian following the disastrous civil wars and disintegrations of the Crisis of the 3rd century . His ideas were instituted in Roman law by the introduction of the Tetrarchy in AD 286 , which divided the position of Augustus ( Emperor ) into two ; one in the East and one in the West , each with an appointed Caesar ( junior Emperor and designated successor ) . Though the tetrarchic system would collapse in a matter of years , the East - West administrative division would endure in one form or another for centuries to come . As such , the Western Roman Empire would exist intermittently in several periods between the 3rd and 5th centuries . Though some emperors , such as Constantine I and Theodosius I , would manage to rise to the position of Augustus in both parts and as such reunify the Empire , it would often divide again upon their deaths . After the death of Theodosius I in AD 395 , the Empire was divided between his sons and would not be reunified . Eighty - five years later , in 480 , following various invasions and the collapse of central control in the West , Emperor Zeno of the Eastern Empire recognized the reality of the Western Empire 's reduced domain . Effective central control had ceased to exist even in the Italian Peninsula after the depositions of Julius Nepos and Romulus Augustulus -- and Zeno therefore abolished the Western court and proclaimed himself the sole emperor of the Roman Empire .

Western Roman Empire

western roman empire

In historiography , the Western Roman Empire refers to the western provinces of the Roman Empire at any time during which they were administered by a separate independent Imperial court , coequal with that administering the eastern provinces , referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire . The terms `` Western Roman Empire '' and `` Eastern Roman Empire '' are modern inventions that describe political entities that were de facto independent . At no point did the Romans themselves consider the Empire to have been split into two separate Empires . They considered it remained a single state that was governed by two separate Imperial courts as an administrative expediency . A system of government of this kind is known as a diarchy .

Though the Empire had seen periods with more than one Emperor ruling jointly before , the view that it was impossible for a single emperor to govern the entire Empire was established by Emperor Diocletian following the disastrous civil wars and disintegrations of the Crisis of the 3rd century . His ideas were instituted in Roman law by the introduction of the Tetrarchy in AD 286 , which divided the position of Augustus ( Emperor ) into two ; one in the East and one in the West , each with an appointed Caesar ( junior Emperor and designated successor ) . Though the tetrarchic system would collapse in a matter of years , the East - West administrative division would endure in one form or another for centuries to come . As such , the Western Roman Empire would exist intermittently in several periods between the 3rd and 5th centuries . Though some emperors , such as Constantine I and Theodosius I , would manage to rise to the position of Augustus in both parts and as such reunify the Empire , it would often divide again upon their deaths . After the death of Theodosius I in AD 395 , the Empire was divided between his sons and would not be reunified . Eighty - five years later , in 480 , following various invasions and the collapse of central control in the West , Emperor Zeno of the Eastern Empire recognized the reality of the Western Empire 's reduced domain . Effective central control had ceased to exist even in the Italian Peninsula after the depositions of Julius Nepos and Romulus Augustulus -- and Zeno therefore abolished the Western court and proclaimed himself the sole emperor of the Roman Empire . The rise of Odoacer and his Germanic foederati to rule over Italy in 476 was popularized by the eighteenth - century historian Edward Gibbon as a demarcating event for the end of the Western Empire and is sometimes used to mark the transition from Antiquity to the Middle Ages . Odoacer 's Italy , and other barbarian kingdoms , would maintain a pretense of Roman continuity through the continued use of the old Roman administrative systems and nominal subservience to the Eastern Roman court . Direct Imperial rule would be reimposed in large parts of the West , including the prosperous regions of North Africa and the ancient Roman heartland of Italy as well as parts of Hispania , in the sixth century by the armies of the Eastern Empire under Emperor Justinian I. Political upheaval in the Eastern heartlands , combined with foreign invasions and religious issues , made efforts to retain control of these territories difficult and they were gradually lost , this time for good . Though the Eastern Empire retained territories in the south of Italy until the eleventh century , the influence that the Empire had over Western Europe had diminished significantly with the papal coronation of the Frankish King Charlemagne as `` Roman Emperor '' in AD 800 . His imperial line would evolve into the Holy Roman Empire , which presented a revival of the Imperial title in Western Europe but was in no meaningful sense an extension of Roman traditions or institutions . The Great Schism of 1054 between the churches of Rome and Constantinople further diminished the authority the Emperor in Constantinople could hope to exert in the west . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Rebellions and political developments 1.2 Crisis of the Third Century 1.3 Tetrarchy 1.4 Further divisions 2 History 2.1 Reign of Honorius 2.2 Escalating barbarian conflicts 2.3 Internal unrest and Majorian 2.4 Collapse 2.5 Fall of the Empire 3 Political aftermath 3.1 Germanic Italy 3.2 Barbarian Kingdoms 3.3 Imperial reconquest 4 Economic decline 5 Legacy 5.1 Nomenclature 5.2 Attempted restorations of a Western court 5.3 Later claims to the Imperial title in the West 6 List of Western Roman Emperors 6.1 Tetrarchy ( 286 -- 313 ) 6.2 Constantinian dynasty ( 309 -- 363 ) 6.3 Non-dynastic ( 363 -- 364 ) 6.4 Valentinian dynasty ( 364 -- 392 ) 6.5 Theodosian dynasty ( 392 -- 455 ) 6.6 Non-dynastic ( 455 -- 480 ) 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Citations 8.2 Bibliography 8.2. 1 Websites 9 Further reading 10 External links Background ( edit ) Further information : History of the Roman Empire and First division of the Roman Empire As the Roman Republic expanded , it reached a point where the central government in Rome could not effectively rule the distant provinces . Communications and transportation were especially problematic given the vast extent of the Empire . News of invasion , revolt , natural disasters , or epidemic outbreak was carried by ship or mounted postal service , often requiring much time to reach Rome and for Rome 's orders to be return and be acted upon . Therefore , provincial governors had de facto autonomy in the name of the Roman Republic . Governors had several duties , including the command of armies , handling the taxes of the province and serving as the province 's chief judges . Prior to the establishment of the Empire , the territories of the Roman Republic had been divided in 43 BC among the members of the Second Triumvirate : Mark Antony , Octavian and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus . Antony received the provinces in the East : Achaea , Macedonia and Epirus ( roughly modern Greece , Albania and the coast of Croatia ) , Bithynia , Pontus and Asia ( roughly modern Turkey ) , Syria , Cyprus , and Cyrenaica . These lands had previously been conquered by Alexander the Great ; thus , much of the aristocracy was of Greek origin . The whole region , especially the major cities , had been largely assimilated into Greek culture , Greek often serving as the lingua franca . The Roman Republic before the conquests of Octavian Octavian obtained the Roman provinces of the West : Italia ( modern Italy ) , Gaul ( modern France ) , Gallia Belgica ( parts of modern Belgium , the Netherlands and Luxembourg ) , and Hispania ( modern Spain and Portugal ) . These lands also included Greek and Carthaginian colonies in the coastal areas , though Celtic tribes such as Gauls and Celtiberians were culturally dominant . Lepidus received the minor province of Africa ( roughly modern Tunisia ) . Octavian soon took Africa from Lepidus , while adding Sicilia ( modern Sicily ) to his holdings . Upon the defeat of Mark Antony , a victorious Octavian controlled a united Roman Empire . The Empire featured many distinct cultures , all experienced a gradual Romanization . While the predominantly Greek culture of the East and the predominantly Latin culture of the West functioned effectively as an integrated whole , political and military developments would ultimately realign the Empire along those cultural and linguistic lines . More often than not , Greek and Latin practices ( and to some extent the languages themselves ) would be combined in fields such as history ( for example those by Cato the Elder ) , philosophy and rhetoric . Rebellions and political developments ( edit ) Minor rebellions and uprisings were fairly common events throughout the Empire . Conquered tribes or oppressed cities would revolt , and the legions would be detached to crush the rebellion . While this process was simple in peacetime , it could be considerably more complicated in wartime . In a full - blown military campaign , the legions were far more numerous . As for example in the Great Jewish Revolt where the Roman general was Vespasian . To ensure a commander 's loyalty , a pragmatic emperor might hold some members of the general 's family hostage . To this end , Nero effectively held Domitian and Quintus Petillius Cerialis , Governor of Ostia , who were respectively the younger son and brother - in - law of Vespasian . Nero rule was ended by a revolt of the Praetorian Guard , who had been bribed in the name of Galba . The Praetorian Guard , a figurative `` sword of Damocles '' , were often perceived as being of dubious loyalty , primarily due their roles in court intrigues and their participation in overthrowing several emperors , including Pertinax and Aurelian . Following their example , the legions at the borders increasingly participated in civil wars . For instance , legions stationed in Egypt and the eastern provinces would see significant participation in the civil war of 218 between Emperor Macrinus and Elagabalus . As the Empire expanded , two key frontiers revealed themselves . In the West , behind the rivers Rhine and Danube , Germanic tribes formed an important enemy . Augustus , the first emperor of the Roman Empire , had tried to conquer them but had pulled back after the disastrous Battle of the Teutoburg Forest . Whilst the Germanic tribes were formidable foes , the Parthian Empire in the East presented the greatest threat to the Empire . The Parthians were too remote and powerful to be conquered and there was a constant Parthian threat of invasion . The Parthians repelled several Roman invasions , and even after successful wars of conquest , such as those implemented by Trajan or Septimius Severus , the conquered territories were forsaken in attempts to ensure a lasting peace with the Parthians . The Parthian Empire would be succeeded by the Sasanian Empire , which continued hostilities with the Roman Empire . Controlling the western border of Rome was reasonably easy because it was relatively close to Rome itself and also because of the disunity between the Germans . However , controlling both frontiers altogether during wartime was difficult . If the emperor was near the border in the East , the chances were high that an ambitious general would rebel in the West and vice versa . This wartime opportunism plagued many ruling emperors and indeed paved the road to power for several future emperors . By the time of the Crisis of the Third Century , usurpation became a common method of succession , Philip the Arab , Trebonianus Gallus and Aemilianus were all usurping generals - turned - emperors whose rule would end with the usurpation by another powerful general . Crisis of the third century ( edit ) Main article : Crisis of the Third Century The Roman , Gallic and Palmyrene Empires in 271 AD . With the assassination of the Emperor Alexander Severus on 18 March 235 , the Roman Empire sank into a 50 - year period of civil war , now known as the Crisis of the Third Century . The rise of the bellicose Sasanian Empire in place of Parthia posed a major threat to Rome in the east . Demonstrating the increased danger , Emperor Valerian was captured by Shapur I in 259 . His eldest son and heir - apparent , Gallienus , succeeded and took up the fight on the eastern frontier . Gallienus ' son , Saloninus , and the Praetorian Prefect Silvanus were residing in Colonia Agrippina ( modern Cologne ) to solidify the loyalty of the local legions . Nevertheless , Marcus Cassianius Latinius Postumus -- the local governor of the German provinces -- rebelled ; his assault on Colonia Agrippina resulted in the deaths of Saloninus and the prefect . In the confusion that followed , an independent state known in modern historiography as the Gallic Empire emerged . Its capital was Augusta Treverorum ( modern Trier ) , and it quickly expanded its control over the German and Gaulish provinces , all of Hispania and Britannia . It had its own senate , and a partial list of its consuls still survives . It maintained Roman religion , language , and culture , and was far more concerned with fighting the Germanic tribes , fending off germanic incursions and restoring the security the Gallic provinces had enjoyed in the past than the Roman central government . However , in the reign of Claudius Gothicus ( 268 to 270 ) , large expanses of the Gallic Empire were restored to Roman rule . At roughly the same time , several eastern provinces seceded under the Palmyrene Empire , under the rule of Queen Zenobia . In 272 , Emperor Aurelian finally managed to reclaim Palmyra and its territory for the empire . With the East secure , his attention turned to the West , invading the Gallic Empire a year later . Aurelian decisively defeated Tetricus I in the Battle of Châlons , and soon captured Tetricus and his son Tetricus II . Both Zenobia and the Tetricus ' were pardoned , although they were first paraded in a triumph . Tetrarchy ( edit ) Main article : Tetrarchy The organization of the Empire under the Tetrarchy Diocletian was the first Emperor to divide the Roman Empire into a Tetrarchy . In 286 he elevated Maximian to the rank of augustus ( emperor ) and gave him control of the Western Empire . In 293 , Galerius and Constantius Chlorus were appointed as their subordinates ( caesars ) , creating the First Tetrarchy . This system effectively divided the Empire into four major regions , as a way to avoid the civil unrest that had marked the 3rd century . In the West , Maximiam made Mediolanum ( now Milan ) his capital , and Constantius made Trier his . In the East , Galerius made his capital Sirmium and Diocletian made Nicomedia his . On 1 May 305 , Diocletian and Maximian abdicated , replaced by Galerius and Constantius , who appointed Maximinus II and Valerius Severus , respectively , as their caesars , creating the Second Tetrarchy . The Tetrarchy collapsed after the unexpected death of Constantius in 306 . His son , Constantine the Great , was declared Western Emperor by the British legions , but several other claimants arose and attempted to seize the Western Empire . In 308 , Galerius held a meeting at Carnuntum , where he revived the Tetrarchy by dividing the Western Empire between Constantine and Licinius . However , Constantine was more interested in conquering the whole empire than he was in the stability of the Tetrarchy , and by 314 began to compete against Licinius . Constantine defeated Licinius in 324 , at the Battle of Chrysopolis , where he was taken prisoner , and later murdered . After Constantine unified the empire , he refounded the city of Byzantium in modern - day Turkey as Nova Roma ( `` New Rome '' ) , later called Constantinople , and made it the capital of the Roman Empire . The Tetrarchy was ended , although the concept of physically splitting the Roman Empire between two emperors remained . Although several powerful emperors unified both parts of the empire , this generally reverted into shared control of East and West upon their deaths , such as happened after the deaths of both Constantine and Theodosius I . Further divisions ( edit ) Division of the Roman Empire among the Caesars appointed by Constantine I : from west to east , the territories of Constantine II , Constans I , Dalmatius and Constantius II . After the death of Constantine I ( May 337 ) , this was the formal division of the Empire , until Dalmatius was killed and his territory divided between Constans and Constantius . Constantius was born in 317 at Sirmium , Pannonia . He was the third son of Constantine the Great , the second by his second wife Fausta , the daughter of Maximian . Constantius was made Caesar by his father on 13 November 324 . The Roman Empire was under the rule of a single Emperor , but , with the death of Constantine in 337 , the empire was partitioned between his surviving male heirs . Constantius received the eastern provinces , including Constantinople , Thrace , Asia Minor , Syria , Egypt , and Cyrenaica ; Constantine II received Britannia , Gaul , Hispania , and Mauretania ; and Constans , initially under the supervision of Constantine II , received Italy , Africa , Illyricum , Pannonia , Macedonia , and Achaea . The provinces of Thrace , Achaea and Macedonia were shortly controlled by Dalmatius , nephew of Constantine I and a caesar , not an Augustus , until his murder by his own soldiers in 337 . The West was unified in 340 under Constans , who was assassinated in 350 under the order of the usurper Magnentius . After Magnentius lost the Battle of Mursa Major and committed suicide , a complete reunification of the whole Empire occurred under Constantius in 353 . Constantius II focused most of his power in the East . Under his rule , the city of Byzantium -- only recently re-founded as Constantinople -- was fully developed as a capital . In 361 , Constantius II became ill and died , and Constantius Chlorus ' grandson Julian , who had served as Constantius II 's Caesar , assumed power . Julian was killed in 363 in the Battle of Samarra against the Persian Empire and was succeeded by Jovian , who ruled for only nine months . The division of the Empire after the death of Theodosius I , c. 395 AD , superimposed on modern borders Western Court under Honorius Eastern Court under Arcadius Following the death of Jovian , Valentinian I emerged as Emperor in 364 . He immediately divided the Empire once again , giving the eastern half to his brother Valens . Stability was not achieved for long in either half , as the conflicts with outside forces ( barbarian tribes ) intensified . In 376 , the Visigoths , fleeing before the Ostrogoths , who in turn were fleeing before the Huns , were allowed to cross the river Danube and settle in the Balkans by the Eastern government . Mistreatment caused a full - scale rebellion , and in 378 they inflicted a crippling defeat on the Eastern Roman field army in the Battle of Adrianople , in which Emperor Valens also died . The defeat at Adrianople was shocking to the Romans , and forced them to negotiate with and settle the Visigoths within the borders of the Empire , where they would become semi-independent foederati under their own leaders . More than in the East , there was also opposition to the Christianizing policy of the Emperors in the western part of the Empire . In 379 , Valentinian I 's son and successor Gratian declined to wear the mantle of Pontifex Maximus , and in 382 he rescinded the rights of pagan priests and removed the Altar of Victory from the Roman Curia , a decision which caused dissatisfaction among the traditionally pagan aristocracy of Rome . Theodosius I later decreed the Edict of Thessalonica , which banned all religions except Christianity . The political situation was unstable . In 383 , a powerful and popular general named Magnus Maximus seized power in the West and forced Gratian 's half - brother Valentinian II to flee to the East for aid ; in a destructive civil war the Eastern Emperor Theodosius I restored him to power . In 392 , the Frankish and pagan magister militum Arbogast assassinated Valentinian II and proclaimed an obscure senator named Eugenius as Emperor . In 394 the forces of the two halves of the Empire again clashed with great loss of life . Again Theodosius I won , and he briefly ruled a united Empire until his death in 395 . He was the last Emperor to rule both parts of the Roman Empire before the West fragmented and collapsed . Theodosius I 's older son Arcadius inherited the eastern half while the younger Honorius got the western half . Both were still minors and neither was capable of ruling effectively . Honorius was placed under the tutelage of the half - Roman / half - barbarian magister militum Flavius Stilicho , while Rufinus became the power behind the throne in the east . Rufinus and Stilicho were rivals , and their disagreements would be exploited by the Gothic leader Alaric I who again rebelled in 408 following the massacre by Roman legions of thousands of barbarian families who were trying to assimilate into the Roman empire . Neither half of the Empire could raise forces sufficient even to subdue Alaric 's men , and both tried to use Alaric against the other half . Alaric himself tried to establish a long - term territorial and official base , but was never able to do so . Stilicho tried to defend Italy and bring the invading Goths under control , but to do so he stripped the Rhine frontier of troops and the Vandals , Alans , and Suevi invaded Gaul in large numbers in 406 . Stilicho became a victim of court intrigues and was killed in 408 . While the East began a slow recovery and consolidation , the West began to collapse entirely . Alaric 's men sacked Rome in 410 . History ( edit ) Reign of Honorius ( edit ) Main article : Honorius ( emperor ) Solidus of Emperor Honorius Honorius , the younger son of Theodosius I , was declared Augustus ( and as such co-emperor with his father ) on January 23 in 393 . Upon the death of Theodosius , Honorius inherited the throne of the West at the age of ten whilst his older brother Arcadius inherited the East . The western capital was initially Mediolanum , as it had been during previous divisions , but it was moved to Ravenna in 402 upon the entry of the Visigothic king Alaric I into Italy . Ravenna , protected by abundant marshes and strong fortifications , was far easier to defend but made it more difficult for the Roman military to defend the central parts of Italy from regular barbarian incursions . Ravenna would remain the western capital 74 years until the deposition of Romulus Augustus and would later be the capital of both the Ostrogothic Kingdom and the Exarchate of Ravenna . The reign of Honorius was , even by Western Roman standards , chaotic and plagued by both internal and external struggles . The Visigothic foederati under Alaric , magister militum in Illyricum , rebelled in 395 . Gildo , the Comes Africae and Magister utriusque militiae per Africam , rebelled in 397 and initiated the Gildonic War . Stilicho managed to subdue Gildo but was campaigning in Raetia when the Visigoths entered Italy in 402 . Stilicho , hurrying back to aid in defending Italy , summoned legions in Gaul and Britain with which he managed to defeat Alaric twice before agreeing to allow him to retreat back to Illyria . Barbarian invasions and the invasion of usurper Constantine III in the Western Roman Empire during the reign of Honorius 407 -- 409 The weakening of the frontiers in Britain and Gaul had dire consequences for the Empire . Numerous usurpers arose in Britain , including Marcus ( 406 -- 407 ) , Gratian ( 407 ) , and Constantine III who invaded Gaul in 407 . Britain was effectively abandoned by the empire by 410 due to the lack of resources and the need to look after more important frontiers . The weakening of the Rhine frontier allowed multiple barbarian tribes , including the Vandals , Alans and Suebi , to cross the river and enter Roman territory in 406 . Honorius was convinced by the minister Olympius that Stilicho was conspiring to overthrow him , and so arrested and executed Stilicho in 408 . Olympius headed a conspiracy that successfully orchestrated the deaths of key individuals related to the faction of Stilicho , including his son and the families of many of his federated troops . This led many of the soldiers to instead join with Alaric , who returned to Italy in 409 and met little opposition . Despite attempts by Honorius to reach a settlement and six legions of Eastern Roman soldiers sent to support him , the negotiations between Alaric and Honorius broke down in 410 and Alaric sacked the city of Rome . Though the sack was relatively mild and Rome was no longer the capital of even the Western Empire , the event shocked people across both halves of the Empire as this was the first time Rome ( viewed at least as the symbolic heart of the Empire ) had fallen to a foreign enemy since the Gallic invasions of the 4th century BC . The Eastern Roman Emperor Theodosius II , the successor of Arcadius , declared three days of mourning in Constantinople . Without Stilicho and following the sack of Rome , Honorius ' reign grew more chaotic . The usurper Constantine III had stripped Roman Britain of its defenses when he crossed over to Gaul in 407 , leaving the Romanized population subject to invasions , first by the Picts and then by the Saxons , Angli , and the Jutes who began to settle permanently from about 440 onwards . After Honorius accepted Constantine as co-emperor , Constantine 's general in Hispania , Gerontius , proclaimed Maximus as Emperor . With the aid of general Constantius , Honorius successfully defeated Gerontius and Maximus in 411 and shortly thereafter captured and executed Constantine III . With Constantius back in Italy , the Gallo - Roman senator Jovinus revolted after proclaiming himself Emperor , with the support of the Gallic nobility and the barbarian Burgundians and Alans . Honorius turned to the Visigoths under King Ataulf for support . Ataulf defeated and executed Jovinus and his proclaimed co-emperor Sebastianus in 413 , around the same time as another usurper arose in Africa , Heraclianus . Heraclianus attempted to invade Italy but failed and retreated to Carthage , where he was killed . With the Roman legions withdrawn , northern Gaul became increasingly subject to Frankish influence , the Franks naturally adopting a leading role in the region . In 418 , Honorius granted southwestern Gaul ( Gallia Aquitania ) to the Visigoths as a vassal federation . Removing the local imperial governors , the Visigoths and the provincial Roman inhabitants were left to conduct their own affairs . As such , the first of the `` barbarian kingdoms '' , the Visigothic Kingdom , was formed . Escalating barbarian conflicts ( edit ) Germanic and Hunnic invasions of the Roman Empire , 100 -- 500 AD Honorius ' death in 423 was followed by turmoil until the Eastern Roman government installed Valentinian III as Western Emperor in Ravenna by force of arms , with Galla Placidia acting as regent during her son 's minority . Theodosius II , the Eastern Emperor , had hesitated to announce the death of Honorius and in the ensuing interregnum , Joannes was nominated as Western Emperor . Joannes `` rule '' was short and the forces of the East defeated and executed him in 425 . After a violent struggle with several rivals , and against Placidia 's wish , Aetius rose to the rank of magister militum . Aetius was able to stabilize the Western Empire 's military situation somewhat , relying heavily on his Hunnic allies . With their help Aetius undertook extensive campaigns in Gaul , defeating the Visigoths in 437 and 438 but suffering a defeat himself in 439 , ending the conflict in a status quo ante with a treaty . Meanwhile , pressure from the Visigoths and a rebellion by Bonifacius , the governor of Africa , induced the Vandals under King Gaiseric to cross from Spain to Tingitana in what is now Morocco in 429 . They temporarily halted in Numidia in 435 before moving eastward . With Aetius occupied in Gaul , the Western Roman government could do nothing to prevent the Vandals conquering the wealthy African provinces , culminating in the fall of Carthage on 19 October 439 and the establishment of the Vandal Kingdom . By the 400s , Italy and Rome itself were dependent on the taxes and foodstuffs from these provinces , leading to an economic crisis . With Vandal fleets becoming an increasing danger to Roman sea trade and the coasts and islands of the western and central Mediterranean , Aetius coordinated a counterattack against the Vandals in 440 , organizing a large army in Sicily . However , the plans for retaking Africa had to be abandoned due to the immediate need to combat the invading Huns , who in 444 were united under their ambitious king Attila . Turning against their former ally , the Huns became a formidable threat to the Empire . Aetius transferred his forces to the Danube , though Attila concentrated on raiding the Eastern Roman provinces in the Balkans , providing temporary relief to the Western Empire . In 449 , Attila received a message from Honoria , Valentinian III 's sister , offering him half the western empire if he would rescue her from an unwanted marriage that her brother was forcing her into . With a pretext to invade the West , Attila secured peace with the Eastern court and crossed the Rhine in early 451 . With Attila wreaking havoc in Gaul , Aetius gathered a coalition of Roman and Germanic forces , including Visigoths and Burgundians , and prevented the Huns from taking the city of Aurelianum , forcing them into retreat . At the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains , the Roman - Germanic coalition met and defeated the Hunnic forces , though Attila escaped . Attila regrouped and invaded Italy in 452 . With Aetius not having enough forces to attack him , the road to Rome was open . Valentinian sent Pope Leo I and two leading senators to negotiate with Attila . This embassy , combined with a plague among Attila 's troops , the threat of famine , and news that the Eastern Emperor Marcian had launched an attack on the Hun homelands along the Danube , forced Attila to turn back and leave Italy . When Attila dying unexpectedly in 453 , the power struggle that erupted between his sons ended the threat posed by the Huns . Internal unrest and Majorian ( edit ) The Western Roman Empire during the reign of Majorian in 460 AD . During his four - year - long reign from 457 to 461 , Majorian successfully restored Western Roman authority in Hispania and most of Gaul . Despite his accomplishments , Roman rule in the west would last less than two more decades . Valentinian III was intimidated by Aetius and was encouraged by the Roman senator Petronius Maximus and the chamberlain Heraclius to assassinate him . When Aetius was at court in Ravenna delivering a financial account , Valentinian suddenly leaped from his seat and declared that he would no longer be the victim of Aetius ' drunken depravities . Aetius attempted to defend himself from the charges , but Valentinian drew his sword and struck the weaponless Aetius on the head , killing him on the spot . On March 16 the following year , Valentinian himself was killed by supporters of the dead general , possibly acting for by Petronius Maximus . With the end of the Theodosian dynasty , Petronius Maximus proclaimed himself emperor during the ensuing period of unrest . Petronius was not able to take effective control of the significantly weakened and unstable Empire . He broke the betrothal between Huneric , son of the Vandal king Gaiseric , and Eudocia , daughter of Valentinian III . This was seen as a just cause of war by King Gaiseric , who set sail to attack Rome . Petronius and his supporters attempted to flee the city at the sight of the approaching Vandals , only to be stoned to death by a Roman mob . Petronius had reigned only 11 weeks . With the Vandals at the gates , Pope Leo I requested that the King not destroy the ancient city or murder its inhabitants , to which Gaiseric agreed and the city gates were opened to him . Though keeping his promise , Gaiseric looted great amounts of treasure and damaged objects of cultural significance such as the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus . The severity of the Vandal sack of 455 is disputed , though with the Vandals plundering the city for a full fourteen days as opposed to the Visigothic sack of 410 , where the Visigoths only spent three days in the city , it was likely more thorough . Avitus , a prominent general under Petronius , was proclaimed emperor by the Visigothic king Theoderic II and accepted as such by the Roman Senate . Though supported by the Gallic provinces and the Visigoths , Avitus was resented in Italy due to ongoing food shortages caused by Vandal control of trade routes , and for using a Visigothic imperial guard . He disbanded his guard due to popular pressure , and the Suebian general Ricimer used the opportunity to depose Avitus , counting on popular discontent . After the deposition of Avitus , the Eastern Emperor Leo I did not select a new western Augustus . The prominent general Majorian defeated an invading force of Alemanni and was subsequently proclaimed Western Emperor by the army and eventually accepted as such by Eastern Emperor Leo I . Majorian was the last Western Emperor to attempt to recover the Western Empire with his own military forces . To prepare , Majorian significantly strengthened the Western Roman army by recruiting large numbers of barbarian mercenaries , among them the Gepids , Ostrogoths , Rugii , Burgundians , Huns , Bastarnae , Suebi , Scythians and Alans , and built two fleets , one at Ravenna , to combat the strong Vandalic fleet . Majorian personally led the army to wage war in Gaul , leaving Ricimer in Italy . The Gallic provinces and the Visigothic Kingdom had rebelled following the deposition of Avitus , refusing to acknowledge Majorian as lawful emperor . At the Battle of Arelate , Majorian decisively defeated the Visigoths under Theoderic II and forced them to relinquish their great conquests in Hispania and return to foederati status . Majorian then entered the Rhone Valley , where he defeated the Burgundians and reconquered the rebel city of Lugdunum . With Gaul back under Roman control , Majorian turned his eyes to the Vandals and Africa . Not only did the Vandals pose a constant danger to coastal Italy and trade in the Mediterranean , but the province they ruled was economically vital to the survival of the West . Majorian began a campaign to fully reconquer Hispania to use it as a base for the reconquest of Africa . Throughout 459 , Majorian campaigned against the Suebi in northwestern Hispania . The Vandals began to increasingly fear a Roman invasion . King Gaiseric tried to negotiate a peace with Majorian , who rejected the proposal . In the wake of this , Gaiseric devastated Mauretania , part of his own kingdom , fearing that the Roman army would land there . Having regained control of Hispania , Majorian intended to use his fleet at Carthaginiensis to attack the Vandals . Before he could , the fleet was destroyed , allegedly by traitors paid by the Vandals . Deprived of his fleet , Majorian had to cancel his attack on the Vandals and conclude a peace with Gaiseric . Disbanding his barbarian forces , Majorian intended to return to Rome and issue reforms , stopping at Arelate on his way . Here , Ricimer deposed and arrested him in 461 , having gathered significant aristocratic opposition against Majorian . After five days of beatings and torture , Majorian was beheaded near the river Iria . Collapse ( edit ) See also : Fall of the Western Roman Empire The Western and Eastern Roman Empire by 476 The final collapse of the Empire in the West was marked by increasingly ineffectual puppet Emperors dominated by their Germanic magister militums . The most pointed example of this is Ricimer , who effectively became a `` shadow Emperor '' following the depositions of Avitus and Majorian . Unable to take the throne for himself due to his barbarian heritage , Ricimer appointed a series of puppet Emperors who could do little to halt the collapse of Roman authority and the loss of the territories re-conquered by Majorian . The first of these puppet emperors , Libius Severus , had no recognition outside of Italy , with the Eastern Emperor Leo I and provincial governors in Gaul and Illyria all refusing to recognize him . Severus died in 465 and Leo I , with the consent of Ricimer , appointed the capable Eastern general Anthemius as Western Emperor following an eighteen - month interregnum . The relationship between Anthemius and the East was good , Anthemius is the last Western Emperor recorded in an Eastern law , and the two courts conducted a joint operation to retake Africa from the Vandals , culminating in the disastrous Battle of Cap Bon in 468 . In addition Anthemius conducted failed campaigns against the Visigoths , hoping to halt their expansion . The trial and subsequent execution of Romanus , an Italian senator and friend of Ricimer , on the grounds of treachery in 470 made Ricimer hostile to Anthemius . Following two years of ill feelimg , Ricimer successfully deposed and killed Anthemius in 472 , elevating Olybrius to the Western throne . During the brief reign of Olybrius , Ricimer died and his nephew Gundobad succeeded him as magister militum . After only seven months of rule , Olybrius died of dropsy . Gundobad elevated Glycerius to Western Emperor . The Eastern Empire had rejected Olybrius and also rejected Glycerius , instead supporting a candidate of their own , Julius Nepos , magister militum in Dalmatia . With the support of Eastern Emperors Leo II and Zeno , Julius Nepos crossed the Adriatic Sea in the spring of 474 to depose Glycerius . At the arrival of Nepos in Italy , Glycerius abdicated without a fight and was allowed to live out his life as the Bishop of Salona . The brief rule of Nepos in Italy ended in 475 when Orestes , a former secretary of Attila and the magister militum of Julius Nepos , took control of Ravenna and forced Nepos to flee by ship to Dalmatia . Later in the same year , Orestes crowned his own young son as Western Emperor under the name Romulus Augustus . Romulus Augustus was not recognised as Western Emperor by the Eastern Court , who maintained that Nepos was the only legal Western Emperor , reigning in exile from Dalmatia . On September 4 , 476 , Odoacer , leader of the Germanic foederati in Italy , captured Ravenna , killed Orestes and deposed Romulus . Though Romulus was deposed , Nepos did not return to Italy and continued to reign as Western Emperor from Dalmatia , with support from Constantinople . Odoacer proclaimed himself ruler of Italy and began to negotiate with the Eastern Emperor Zeno . Zeno eventually granted Odoacer patrician status as recognition of his authority and accepted him as his viceroy of Italy . Zeno , however , insisted that Odoacer had to pay homage to Julius Nepos as the Emperor of the Western Empire . Odoacer accepted this condition and issued coins in the name of Julius Nepos throughout Italy . This , however , was mainly an empty political gesture , as Odoacer never returned any real power or territories to Nepos . The murder of Nepos in 480 prompted Odoacer to invade Dalmatia , annexing it to his Kingdom of Italy . Fall of the Empire ( edit ) See also : Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire The city of Ravenna , Western Roman capital , on the Tabula Peutingeriana , a 13th - century medieval map possibly copied from a 4th - or 5th - century Roman original . By convention , the Western Roman Empire is deemed to have ended on 4 September 476 , when Odoacer deposed Romulus Augustus , but the historical record calls this determination into question . Indeed , the deposition of Romulus Augustus received very little attention in contemporary times . Romulus was a usurper in the eyes of the Eastern Roman Empire and the remaining territories of Western Roman control outside of Italy , with the previous emperor Julius Nepos still being alive and claiming to rule the Western Empire in Dalmatia . Furthermore , the Western court had lacked true power and had been subject to Germanic aristocrats for decades , with most of its legal territory being under control of various barbarian kingdoms . With Odoacer recognising Julius Nepos , and later the Eastern Emperor Zeno , as his sovereign , nominal Roman control continued in Italy . Syagrius , who had managed to preserve Roman sovereignty in an exclave in northern Gaul ( a realm today known as the Domain of Soissons ) also recognized Nepos as his sovereign and the legitimate Western Emperor . The authority of Julius Nepos as Emperor was accepted not only by Odoacer in Italy , but by the Eastern Empire and Syagrius in Gaul ( who had not recognized Romulus Augustulus ) . Nepos was murdered by his own soldiers in 480 , a plot some attribute to Odoacer or the previous , deposed emperor Glycerius , and the Eastern Emperor Zeno chose not to appoint a new western emperor . Zeno , recognizing that no true Roman control remained over the territories legally governed by the Western court , instead chose to abolish the juridical division of the position of Emperor and declared himself the sole emperor of the Roman Empire . Zeno became the first sole Roman emperor since the division after Theodosius I , 85 years prior , and the position would never again be divided . As such , the ( eastern ) Roman emperors after 480 are the successors of the western ones , albeit only in a juridical sense . These emperors would continue to rule the Roman Empire until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 , nearly a thousand years later . As 480 marks the end of the juridical division of the empire into two separate imperial courts , some historians refer to the death of Nepos and abolition of the Western Empire by Zeno as the end of the Western Roman Empire . Despite the fall , or abolition , of the Western Empire , many of the new Barbarian kings of western Europe continued to operate firmly within a Roman administrative framework . This is especially true in the case of the Ostrogoths , who came to rule Italy after Odoacer . They continued to use the administrative systems of Odoacer 's kingdom , essentially those of the Western Roman Empire , and administrative positions continued to be staffed exclusively by Romans . The senate continued to function as it always had and the laws of the Empire were recognized as ruling the Roman population , though the Goths were ruled by their own traditional laws . Western Roman administrative institutions , in particular those of Italy , thus continued to be used during `` barbarian '' rule and after the forces of the Eastern Roman empire re-conquered some of the formerly imperial territories . Some historians thus refer to the reorganizations of Italy and abolishment of the old and separate Western Roman administrative units , such as the Praetorian prefecture of Italy , during the sixth century as the `` true '' fall of the Western Roman Empire . Roman cultural traditions continued throughout the territory of the Western Empire for long after its disappearance , and a recent school of interpretation argues that the great political changes can more accurately be described as a complex cultural transformation , rather than a fall . Political aftermath ( edit ) Europe in 477 AD . Highlighted areas are Roman lands that survived the deposition of Romulus Augustulus . Some territories under Roman control continued to exist in the West even after 480 . The Domain of Soissons , a rump state in Northern Gaul ruled by Syagrius , survived until 486 when it was conquered by the Franks under King Clovis I after the Battle of Soissons . Syagrius was known as the `` King of the Romans '' by the Germanic peoples of the region an repeatedly claimed that he was merely governing a Roman province , not an independent realm . A Roman - Moor realm survived in the province of Mauretania Caesariensis until the early 8th century . An inscription on a fortification at the ruined city of Altava from the year 508 identifies a man named Masuna as the king of `` Regnum Maurorum et Romanarum '' , the Kingdom of the Moors and Romans . It is possible that Masuna is the same man as the `` Massonas '' who allied himself with the forces of the Eastern Roman Empire against the Vandals in 535 . As the Mauro - Roman realm shrank it eventually became known as the Kingdom of Altava after its capital city and it is believed that it fell during the Islamic conquests of the 700s . Alternatively , the kingdom may have been defeated by the Eastern Roman magister militum Gennadius in 578 and incorporated into the Empire once more . Germanic Italy ( edit ) Odoacer 's Italy in 480 AD , following the annexation of Dalmatia The deposition of Romulus Augustus and the rise of Odoacer as ruler of Italy in 476 received very little attention at the time . Overall , very little changed for the people ; there was still a Roman Emperor in Constantinople who Odoacer had subordinated himself to . Throne vacancies had been experienced at many points in the West before and the deposition of Romulus Augustus was nothing out of the ordinary . Odoacer saw his rule as entirely in the tradition of the Roman Empire , his role was not unlike that of Ricimer , and he effectively ruled as an imperial `` governor '' of Italy and was even awarded the title of patricius . Odoacer ruled using the Roman administrative systems already in place and continued to mint coins with the name and portrait of Julius Nepos until 480 and later with the name and portrait of the Eastern Augustus , rather than in his own name . When Nepos was murdered in Dalmatia in 480 , Odoacer assumed the duty of pursuing and executing the assassins and established his own rule in Dalmatia at the same time . Odoacer established his power with the loyal support of the Roman Senate , a legislative body that had continued even without an emperor residing in Italy . Indeed , the Senate seems to have increased in power under Odoacer . For the first time since the mid-3rd century , copper coins were issued with the legend SC ( Senatus Consulto ) . These coins were copied by Vandals in Africa and also formed the basis of the currency reform carried out by Emperor Anastasius in the East . Solidus minted under Odoacer with the name and portrait of the Eastern Emperor Zeno Under Odoacer , Western consuls continued to be appointed as they had been under the Western Roman Empire and were accepted by the Eastern Court , the first of these were Caecina Decius Maximus Basilus in 480 . Basilus was made the praetorian prefect of Italy in 483 , another traditional position which continued to exist under Odoacer. 11 further consuls were appointed by the Senate under Odoacer from 480 to 493 and one further Praetorian Prefect of Italy was appointed , Caecina Mavortius Basilius Decius ( 486 -- 493 ) . Though Odoacer ruled as a Roman governor would have and maintained himself as a subordinate to the remaining Empire , the Eastern Emperor Zeno began to increasingly see him as a rival . Thus , Zeno promised Theoderic the Great of the Ostrogoths , foederati of the Eastern Court , control over the Italian peninsula if they were able to defeat Odoacer . Theoderic led the Ostrogoths across the Julian Alps and into Italy and defeated Odoacer in battle twice in 489 . Following four years of hostilities between them , John , the Bishop of Ravenna , was able to negotiate a treaty in 493 between Odoacer and Theodoric whereby they agreed to rule Ravenna and Italy jointly . Theoderic entered Ravenna on 5 March and Odoacer was dead ten days later , killed by Theodoric after sharing a meal with him . Map of the realm of Theoderic the Great at its height in 523 , following the annexation of the southern parts of the Burgundian kingdom . Theoderic ruled both the Visigothic and Ostrogothic kingdoms and exerted hegemony over the Burgundians and Vandals . Theoderic inherited the role of Odoacer , the acting viceroy for Italy and ostensibly a patricius and subject of the emperor in Constantinople . This position was recognized by Emperor Anastasius in 497 , four years after Theoderic had defeated Odoacer . Though Theodoric acted as an independent ruler , he meticulously preserved the outward appearance of his subordinate position . Theoderic continued to use the administrative systems of Odoacer 's kingdom , essentially those of the Western Roman Empire , and administrative positions continued to be staffed exclusively by Romans . The senate continued to function as it always had and the laws of the Empire were recognized as ruling the Roman population , though the Goths were ruled by their own traditional laws . As a subordinate , Theodoric did not have the right to issue his own laws , only edicts or clarifications . The army and military offices were exclusively staffed by the Goths , however , who largely settled in northern Italy . Though acting as a subordinate in domestic affairs , Theodoric acted increasingly independent in his foreign policies . Seeking to counterbalance the influence of the Empire in the East , Theodoric married his daughters to the Visigothic king Alaric II and the Burgundian prince Sigismund . His sister Amalfrida was married to the Vandal king Thrasamund and he married Audofleda , sister of the Frankish king Clovis I , himself . Through these alliances and occasional conflicts , the territory controlled by Theoderic in the early sixth century nearly constituted a restored Western Roman Empire . Ruler of Italy since 493 , Theodoric became king of the Visigoths in 511 and exerted hegemony over the Vandals in North Africa between 521 and 523 . As such , his rule extended throughout the western Mediterranean . The Western imperial regalia , housed in Constantinople since the deposition of Romulus Augustulus in 476 , were returned to Ravenna by Emperor Anastasius in 497 . Theoderic , by now Western Emperor in all but name , could however not assume an imperial title not only because the notion of a separate Western court had been abolished but also due to his `` barbarian '' heritage , which like that of Ricimer before him would have barred him from assuming the throne . With the death of Theodoric in 526 , his network of alliances began to collapse . The Visigoths regained autonomy under King Amalaric and the Ostrogoth 's relations with the Vandals turned increasingly hostile under the reign of their new king Athalaric , a child under the regency of his mother Amalasuntha . Amalasuntha continued the policies of conciliation between the Goths and Romans , supporting the new Eastern Emperor Justinian I and allowing him to use Sicily as a staging point during the reconquest of Africa in the Vandalic War . With the death of Athalaric in 534 , Amalasuntha crowned her cousin and only relative Theodahad as king , hoping for his support . Instead , Amalasuntha was imprisoned and even though Theodahad assured Emperor Justinian of her safety , she was executed shortly after . This served as an ideal cause of war for Justinian , who prepared to invade and reclaim the Italian peninsula for the Roman Empire . Barbarian kingdoms ( edit ) Main article : Barbarian kingdoms Map of the Barbarian Kingdoms of the western Mediterranean in 526 , seven years before the campaigns of reconquest under Justinian I In the context of the Western Roman Empire , the term `` barbarian kingdoms '' most often refers to the Germanic kingdoms that sprang up in the former Western Roman territory . Their beginnings , together with the end of the Western Roman Empire , mark the transition from Late Antiquity to the Middle Ages . The practices of the barbarian kingdoms gradually replaced the old Roman institutions , specifically in the praetorian prefectures of Gaul and Italy , during the sixth and seventh centuries . 6th - century Visigothic coin , struck in the name of Emperor Justinian I There were several different kingdoms of differing size , power , and origins . The Visigothic Kingdom was the earliest established , founded as a vassal state to the Western Roman Empire through the Visigoths being granted land in southern Gaul by Emperor Honorius in 418 . After its establishment , relations between the Visigoths and the Western court were mixed . Though federated vassals , the Visigoths remained de facto independent and began a rapid period of expansion at the expense of the Western Empire . The Visigoths were thus periodically enemies with the Western court , though they had allied with the Western Roman army against the Huns and assisted in defeating Attila at the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains in 451 . At the time of the collapse of the Western Empire in 476 -- 480 , the Visigoths controlled large areas of southern Gaul as well as a majority of Hispania . Their increased domain had been partly conquered and partly awarded to them by the Western Emperor Avitus in the 450s -- 60s . Like the Germanic kingdoms of Italy , the Visigoths continued to recognise the Emperor in Constantinople as a somewhat nominal sovereign , including minting coins in their names until the reign of Justinian I in the sixth century . The Visigothic Kingdom continued to control most of the Iberian peninsula until it fell to the Umayyad Caliphate in the 720s . The Kingdom of Asturias was founded by a Visigoth nobleman around the same time and was the first Christian realm to be established in Iberia following the defeat of the Visigoths . Asturias would be transformed into the Kingdom of León in 924 , which would develop into the predecessors of modern - day Spain . The Vandal Kingdom was founded through Vandal conquests in the provinces of Roman Africa , culminating in a siege and capture of Carthage in 439 . The Vandals continually used an impressive fleet to loot the coasts of both the Western and Eastern parts of the Empire , becoming an increasingly strong naval power . After the death of Attila , the Romans made repeated efforts to recapture Africa and destroy the Vandals , since they were in control of some of the richest ex-imperial lands . With several planned campaigns never being carried out or with the Imperial forces being destroyed in naval battles , the Vandals remained a power and even sacked Rome in 455 . Unlike the Visigoths , the Vandals minted their own coinage and were both de facto and de jure independent . Like the Ostrogoths of Italy , the Vandalic Kingdom would reconquered during the western campaigns of Emperor Justinian I . After the collapse of Theoderic the Great 's control of the western Mediterranean , the Frankish Kingdom rose to become the most powerful of the barbarian kingdoms , having taken control of most of Gaul in the absence of Roman governance . Under Clovis I from the 480s to 511 , the Franks would come to develop into a great regional power . They conquered the Domain of Soissons in 481 , defeated the Alemanni in 504 and conquered all Visigothic territory north of the Pyrenees other than Septimania in 507 . Relations between the Franks and the Eastern Empire appear to have been positive , with Emperor Anastasius granting Clovis the title of consul following his victory against the Visigoths . At the time of its dissolution in the 800s , the Frankish Kingdom had lasted far longer than the other migration period barbarian kingdoms . Its divided successors would develop into the medieval states of France ( initially known as West Francia ) and Germany ( initially known as East Francia ) . Imperial reconquest ( edit ) Further information : Vandalic War and Gothic War ( 535 -- 554 ) The Eastern Roman Empire , by reoccupying some of the former Western Roman Empire 's lands , enlarged its territory considerably during Justinian 's reign from 527 ( red ) to 565 ( orange ) . With Emperor Zeno having juridically reunified the Empire into one imperial court , the remaining Eastern Roman Empire continued to lay claim to the areas previously controlled by the Western court throughout Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages . Though military campaigns had been conducted by the Western court prior to 476 with the aim of recapturing lost territory , most notably under Majorian , the reconquests , if successful at all , were only momentary . It was as a result of the campaigns of the generals Belisarius and Narses on behalf of the Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I from 533 to 554 that long - lasting reconquests of Roman lands were witnessed . During the 6th century , the Eastern Roman Empire under Justinian reconquered large areas of the former Western Roman Empire . With the pro-Roman Vandal king Hilderic having been deposed by Gelimer in 530 , Justinian prepared an expedition led by prominent general Belisarius . It swiftly retook North Africa between June 533 and March 534 , returning the wealthy province to Roman rule . Following the reconquest , Justinian swiftly reintroduced the Roman administrations of the province , establishing a new Praetorian Prefecture of Africa and taking measures to decrease Vandal influence , eventually leading to the complete disappearance of the Vandalic people . Justinian I ( left ) was the first Eastern Emperor to attempt to reconquer the territories of the Western Roman Empire , undertaking successful campaigns in Africa and Italy in the 500s . Manuel I Komnenos ( right ) was the last , campaigning in southern Italy in the 1150s . Following the execution of the pro-Roman Ostrogoth queen Amalasuntha and the refusal of Ostrogoth King Theodahad to renounce his control of Italy , Justinian ordered the expedition to move on to reconquer Italy , ancient heartland of the Empire . From 534 to 540 , the Roman forces campaigned in Italy and captured Ravenna , the Ostrogothic and formerly Western Roman capital , in 540 . The Gothic resistance revived under King Totila in 541 . They were finally defeated following campaigns by the Roman general Narses , who also repelled invasions into Italy by the Franks and Alemanni , though some cities in northern Italy continued to hold out until the 560s . Justinian promulgated the Pragmatic Sanction to reorganize the governance of Italy and the province was returned to Roman rule . The end of the conflict saw Italy devastated and considerably depopulated , which combined with the disastrous effects of the Plague of Justinian made it difficult to retain over the following centuries . Justinian also undertook limited campaigns against the Visigoths , recovering portions of the southern coast of the Iberian peninsula . Here , the province of Spania would last until the 620s , when the Visigoths under King Suintila reconquered the south coast . These regions remained under Roman control throughout the reign of Justinian . Three years after his death , the Lombards invaded Italy . The Lombards conquered large parts of the devastated peninsula in the late 500s , establishing the Lombard Kingdom . They were in constant conflict with the Exarchate of Ravenna , a polity established to replace the old Praetorian Prefecture of Italy and enforce Roman rule in Italy . The wealthiest parts of the province , including the cities of Rome and Ravenna , remained securely in Roman hands under the Exarchate throughout the seventh century . Map of the Eastern Roman Empire in 717 AD . Over the course of the seventh and eighth centuries , Islamic expansion had ended Roman rule in Africa and though some bastions of Roman rule remained , most of Italy was controlled by the Lombards . Although other Eastern emperors occasionally attempted to campaign in the West , none were as successful as Justinian . After 600 , events conspired to drive the Western provinces out of Constantinople 's control , with imperial attention focused on the pressing issues of war with Sasanian Persia and then the rise of Islam . For a while , the West remained important , with Emperor Constans II ruling from Syracuse in Sicily a Roman Empire that still stretched from North Africa to the Caucasus in the 660s . Thereafter , imperial attention declined , with Constantinople itself being besieged in the 670s , renewed war with the Arabs in the 680s , and then a period of chaos between 695 and 717 , during which time Africa was finally lost once and for all , being conquered by the Umayyad Caliphate . Through reforms and military campaigns , Emperor Leo III attempted to restore order in the Empire , but his doctrinal reforms , known as the Iconoclastic Controversy , were extremely unpopular in the West and were condemned by Pope Gregory III . This led to the final breakdown in imperial rule over Rome itself , and the gradual transition of the Exarchate of Ravenna into the independent Papal States , led by the Pope . In an attempt to gain support against the Lombards , the Pope called for aid from the Frankish Kingdom instead of the Eastern Empire , eventually crowning the Frankish king Charlemagne as `` Roman Emperor '' in 800 AD . Though this coronation was strongly opposed by the Eastern Empire , there was little they could do as their influence in Western Europe decreased . After a series of small wars in the 810s , Emperor Michael I recognized Charlemagne as an `` Emperor '' with authority in Western Europe . He refused to recognize him as a `` Roman Emperor '' ( a title which Michael reserved for himself and his successors ) , instead recognizing him as the slightly less prestigious `` Emperor of the Franks '' . Imperial rule continued in Sicily throughout the eighth century , with the island slowly being overrun by the Arabs during the course of the ninth century . In Italy , a few strongholds in Calabria provided a base for a later , modest imperial expansion , which reached its peak in the early eleventh century , with most of southern Italy under Roman rule of a sort . This , however , was undone by further civil wars in the Empire , and the slow conquest of the region by the Empire 's former mercenaries , the Normans , who finally put an end to imperial rule in Western Europe in 1071 with the conquest of Bari . The last Emperor to attempt reconquests in the West was Manuel I Komnenos , who invaded southern Italy during a war with the Norman Kingdom of Sicily in the 1150s . The city of Bari willingly opened its gates to the Emperor and after successes in taking other cities in the region , Manuel dreamed of a restored Roman Empire and a union between the churches of Rome and Constantinople , separated since the schism of 1054 . Despite initial successes and Papal support , the campaign was unsuccessful and Manuel was forced to return east . Economic Decline ( edit ) Stone - carved relief depicting the liberation of a besieged city by a relief force , with those defending the walls making a sortie . Western Roman Empire , early 5th century AD The Western Roman Empire , less urbanized than the Eastern and more thinly populated , may have experienced an economic decline throughout the Late Empire in some provinces . Southern Italy , northern Gaul ( except for large towns and cities ) , and to some extent Spain and the Danubian areas may have suffered . The East fared better economically , especially as Emperors such as Constantine the Great and Constantius II had invested heavily in the eastern economy . As a result , the Eastern Empire could afford large numbers of professional soldiers and to augment them with mercenaries , while the Western Roman Empire could not afford this to the same extent . Even after major defeats , the East could , although not without difficulties , buy off its enemies with a ransom or `` protection money '' . The political , economic and military control of the Eastern Empire 's resources remained safe in Constantinople , which was well fortified and located at the crossroads of several major trade and military routes . The site of Constantinople , previously known as Byzantium , was acknowledged for its strategic importance by emperors Septimius Severus and Caracalla . In contrast , the Western Empire was more fragmented . Its capital was transferred to Ravenna in 402 largely for defensive reasons . Ravenna had easy access to the imperial fleet of the Eastern Empire but was isolated in other respects as it was surrounded by swamps and marshes . This isolation was intentional , as Ravenna had been chosen as capital due to being more defensible against the increasing barbarian incursions . Economic power remained focused on Rome and its hyper - rich senatorial aristocracy which dominated much of Italy and Africa in particular . After Gallienus banned senators from army commands in the mid-3rd century , the senatorial elite lost all experience of -- and interest in -- military life . In the early 5th century the wealthy landowning elite of the Roman Senate largely barred its tenants from military service , but it also refused to approve sufficient funding for maintaining a sufficiently powerful mercenary army to defend the entire Western Empire . The West 's most important military area had been northern Gaul and the Rhine frontier in the 4th century , when Trier frequently served as the capital of the Empire . Many leading Western generals were barbarians . After the civil war in 394 between Theodosius I and the usurper Eugenius , the new Western government installed by Theodosius I increasingly had to divert military resources from Britain and the Rhine to protect Italy . This , in turn , led to further rebellions and civil wars because the Western imperial government was not providing the military protection the northern provinces expected and needed against the barbarians . The Western Empire 's resources were limited , and the lack of available manpower forced the government to rely ever more on confederate barbarian troops operating under their own commanders , who the Western Empire would often have difficulties paying . In certain cases , deals were struck with the leaders of barbaric mercenaries rewarding them with land , which led to the Empire 's decline as less land meant there would be less tax revenue to support the military . As the central power weakened , the State gradually lost control of its borders and provinces , as well as control over the Mediterranean Sea . Roman Emperors tried to maintain control of the sea , but , once the Vandals conquered North Africa , imperial authorities had to cover too much ground with too few resources . The loss of the African provinces might have been the worse reversal on the West 's fortunes , since they were among its wealthiest territories and supplied the essential grain imports to Italy . In many places , the Roman institutions collapsed along with the economic stability . In some regions , such as Gaul and Italy , the settlement of barbarians on former Roman lands seems to have caused relatively little disruption , with barbarian rulers using and modifying the Roman systems already in place . Legacy ( edit ) Further information : Legacy of the Roman Empire , Romance languages , Corpus Juris Civilis , Civil law ( legal system ) , Latin alphabet , Literature , Bust ( sculpture ) , Concrete , and Cities On the left : Emperor Honorius on the consular diptych of Anicius Petronius Probus ( 406 ) On the right : Consular diptych of Constantius III ( a co-emperor with Honorius in 421 ) , produced for his consulate in 413 or 417 . As the Western Roman Empire crumbled , the new Germanic rulers who conquered its constituent provinces maintained most Roman laws and traditions . Many of the invading Germanic tribes were already Christianized , although most were followers of Arianism . They quickly changed their adherence to the state church of the Roman Empire . This helped cement the loyalty of the local Roman populations , as well as the support of the powerful Bishop of Rome . Although they initially continued to recognize indigenous tribal laws , they were more influenced by Roman Law and gradually incorporated it . Roman law , particularly the Corpus Juris Civilis collected on the orders of Justinian I , is the basis of modern English , and hence Commonwealth and US , civil law . In contrast , common law is based on Germanic Anglo - Saxon law . Civil law is by far the most widespread system of law in the world , in force in some form in about 150 countries . Romance languages , languages that developed from Latin following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire , are spoken in Western Europe to this day and their extent almost reflects the continental borders of the old Empire . Latin as a language did not disappear . Vulgar Latin combined with neighboring Germanic and Celtic languages , giving rise to modern Romance languages such as Italian , French , Spanish , Portuguese , Romanian , and a large number of minor languages and dialects . Today , more than 900 million people are native speakers of Romance languages worldwide . In addition , many Romance languages are used as lingua francas by non-native speakers . Latin also influenced Germanic languages such as English and German . It survives in a `` purer '' form as the language of the Catholic Church ; the Catholic Mass was spoken exclusively in Latin until 1969 ) . As such it was also used as a lingua franca by ecclesiasticals . It remained the language of medicine , law , and diplomacy ( most treaties were written in Latin ) , as well as of intellectuals and scholarship , well into the 18th century . Since then the use of Latin has declined with the growth of other lingua francas , especially English and French . The Latin alphabet was expanded due to the split of I into I and J , and of V into U , V , and , in places ( especially Germanic languages and Polish ) , W. It is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today . Roman numerals continue to be used in some fields and situations , though they have largely been replaced by Arabic numerals . A very visible legacy of the Western Roman Empire is the Roman Catholic Church . Church institutions slowly began to replace Roman ones in the West , even helping to negotiate the safety of Rome during the late 5th century . As Rome was invaded by Germanic tribes , many assimilated , and by the middle of the medieval period ( c. 9th and 10th centuries ) the central , western , and northern parts of Europe had been largely converted to Roman Catholicism and acknowledged the Pope as the Vicar of Christ . The first of the Barbarian kings to convert to the Church of Rome was Clovis I of the Franks ; other kingdoms , such as the Visigoths , later followed suit to garner favor with the papacy . When Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as `` Roman Emperor '' in 800 , he both severed ties with the outraged Eastern Empire and established the precedent that no man in Western Europe would be emperor without a papal coronation . Although the power the Pope wielded changed significantly throughout the subsequent periods , the office itself has remained as the head of the Roman Catholic Church and the head of state of the Vatican City . The Pope has consistently held the title of `` Pontifex Maximus '' since before the fall of the Western Roman Empire and retains it to this day ; this title formerly used by the high priest of Roman polytheism . ( It was once held by Julius Caesar . ) The Roman Senate survived the initial collapse of the Western Roman Empire . Its authority increased under the rule of Odoacer and later the Ostrogoths , evident by the Senate in 498 managing to install Symmachus as pope despite both Theodoric of Italy and Emperor Anastasius supporting another candidate , Laurentius . Exactly when the senate disappeared is unclear , but the institution is known to have survived at least into the 6th century , inasmuch as gifts from the senate were received by Emperor Tiberius II in 578 and 580 . The traditional senate building , Curia Julia , was rebuilt into a church under Pope Honorius I in 630 , probably with permission from the eastern emperor , Heraclius . Nomenclature ( edit ) Marcellinus Comes , a sixth - century Eastern Roman historian and a courtier of Justinian I , mentions the Western Roman Empire in his Chronicle , which primarily covers the Eastern Roman Empire from 379 to 534 . In the Chronicle , it is clear that Marcellinus made a clear divide between East and West , with mentions of a geographical east ( `` Oriens '' ) and west ( `` Occidens '' ) and an of imperial east ( `` Orientale imperium '' and `` Orientale respublica '' ) and an imperial west ( `` Occidentalie imperium '' , `` Occidentale regnum '' , `` Occidentalis respublica '' , `` Hesperium regnum '' , `` Hesperium imperium '' and `` principatum Occidentis '' ) . Furthermore , Marcellinus specifically designates some emperors and consuls as being `` Eastern '' , `` Orientalibus principibus '' and `` Orientalium consulum '' respectively . The term Hesperium Imperium , translating to `` Western Empire '' , has sometimes been applied to the Western Roman Empire by modern historians as well . Though Marcellinus does not refer to the Empire as a whole after 395 , only to its separate parts , he clearly identifies the term `` Roman '' as applying to the Empire as a whole . When using terms such as `` us '' , `` our generals '' , and `` our emperor '' , Marcellinus distinguished both divisions of the Empire from outside foes such as the Sasanian Persians and the Huns . This view is consistent with the view that contemporary Romans of the 4th and 5th centuries continued to consider the Empire as a single unit , although more often than not with two rulers instead of one . Under Diocletian was the first time the Empire was divided geographically , but there was precedent for there being more than one emperor . Before Diocletian and the Tetrarchy with there had been several periods where there were more than one co-emperor , such as with Caracalla and Geta 210 -- 211 AD . Attempted restorations of a Western court ( edit ) Maps of the Exarchates within the Roman Empire in 600 AD . The Exarchates of Ravenna ( left ) and Africa ( right ) were established by the Eastern Empire to better administrate the reconquered Western territories . The positions of Eastern and Western Augustus , established under Emperor Diocletian in 286 as the Tetrarchy , had been abolished by Emperor Zeno in 480 following the loss of direct control over the western territories . Declaring himself the sole Augustus , Zeno only exercised true control over the largely intact Eastern Empire and over Italy as the nominal overlord of Odoacer . The reconquests under Justinian I would bring back large formerly Western Roman territories into Imperial control , and with them the Empire would begin to face the same problems it had faced under previous periods prior to the Tetrarchy when there had been only one ruler . Shortly after the reconquest of North Africa a usurper , Stotzas , appeared in the province ( though he was quickly defeated ) . As such , the idea of dividing the Empire into two courts out of administrative necessity would see a limited revival during the period that the Eastern Empire controlled large parts of the former West , both by courtiers in the East and enemies in the West . The earliest attempt at crowning a new Western Emperor after the abolition of the title occurred already during the Gothic Wars under Justinian . Belisarius , an accomplished general that had already successfully campaigned to restore Roman control over North Africa and large parts of Italy , including Rome itself , was offered the position of Western Roman Emperor by the Ostrogoths during his siege of Ravenna ( the Ostrogothic , and previously Western Roman , capital ) in 540 . The Ostrogoths , desperate to avoid losing their control of Italy , offered the title and their fealty to Belisarius as Western Augustus . Justinian had expected to rule over a restored Roman Empire alone , with the Codex Justinianus explicitly designating the new Praetorian Prefect of Africa as the subject of Justinian in Constantinople . Belisarius , loyal to Justinian , feigned acceptance of the title to enter the city , whereupon he immediately relinquished it . Despite Belisarius relinquishing the title , the offer had made Justinian suspicious and Belisarius was ordered to return east . At the end of Emperor Tiberius II 's reign in 582 , the Eastern Roman Empire retained control over relatively large parts of the regions reconquered under Justinian . Tiberius chose two Caesares , the general Maurice and the governor Germanus , and married his two daughters to them . Germanus had clear connections to the western provinces , and Maurice to the eastern provinces . It is possible that Tiberius was planning to divide the empire into western and eastern administrative units once more . If so , the plan was never realized . At the death of Tiberius , Maurice inherited the entire empire as Germanus had refused the throne . Maurice established a new type of administrative unit , the Exarchate , and organized the remaining western territories under his control into the Exarchate of Ravenna and the Exarchate of Africa . Later claims to the imperial title in the West ( edit ) Denarius of Frankish king Charlemagne , who was crowned as Roman Emperor Karolus Imperator Augustus in the year 800 by Pope Leo III in opposition to the Roman Empire in the East , which was ruled by Irene , a woman . His coronation was strongly opposed by the Eastern Empire . In addition to remaining as a concept for an administrative unit in the remaining Empire , the ideal of the Roman Empire as a mighty Christian Empire with a single ruler further continued to appeal to many powerful rulers in western Europe . With the papal coronation of Charlemagne as `` Emperor of the Romans '' in 800 AD , his realm was explicitly proclaimed as a restoration of the Roman Empire in Western Europe under the concept of translatio imperii . Though the Carolingian Empire collapsed in 888 and Berengar , the last `` Emperor '' claiming succession from Charlemagne , died in 924 , the concept of a papacy - and Germanic - based Roman Empire in the West would resurface in the form of the Holy Roman Empire in 962 . The Holy Roman Emperors would uphold the notion that they had inherited the supreme power and prestige of the Roman Emperors of old until the downfall of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 . Charlemagne , and the subsequent Holy Roman Emperors , were not , and did not claim to be , rulers of a restored Western Roman Empire . Pope Leo III and contemporary historians were fully aware of that the notion of a separate Western court had been abolished over three centuries prior and considered the Roman Empire to be `` one and indivisible '' . The ruler of the Roman Empire at the time of Charlemagne 's coronation was Irene , the mother of emperor Constantine VI who she had deposed . Leo III considered Irene to be a usurper and illegitimate to rule due to her gender and as such considered the imperial throne to be vacant . Thus , Charlemagne was not crowned as the ruler of the Western Roman Empire and successor to Romulus Augustulus , but rather as the successor of Constantine VI and as sole Roman Emperor . Irene was deposed and replaced by Emperor Nikephoros soon after , and the Eastern Empire refused to recognize the Imperial title of Charlemagne . Following several wars in the 810s Emperor Michael I Rangabe eventually recognized Charlemagne as an `` Emperor '' , but as the slightly humiliating `` Emperor of the Franks '' rather than `` Roman Emperor '' , a title he reserved for himself . For centuries to come , the `` revived '' Western court and the Eastern court , in direct succession to the Roman Emperors of old , would make competing claims to be rulers of the whole Roman Empire . With the Eastern Empire terming the Holy Roman Empire as an `` Empire of the Franks '' , the term `` Empire of the Greeks '' was popularized in the Frankish court as a way to refer to the Empire centered in Constantinople . Following the end of the Eastern Roman Empire after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 , the title of `` Emperor '' became widespread among European monarchs . The Austrian Empire laid claim to be the heir of the Holy Roman Empire as Austria 's Habsburgs attempted to unite Germany under their rule . The German Empire , established in 1871 , also claimed to be a successor of Rome through the lineage of the Holy Roman Empire . Both of these empires used the imperial title Kaiser ( derived from the Latin word `` Caesar '' ) , the German word for emperor . The German Empire and Austria - Hungary , successor of the Austrian Empire , would both fall in the aftermath of the First World War along with the Russian and Ottoman Empires who had both claimed succession from the Eastern Roman Empire . List of Western Roman emperors ( edit ) Tetrarchy ( 286 -- 313 ) ( edit ) Main article : Tetrarchy Bust of Emperor Maximian , the first Western Roman Emperor . Maximian : 286 -- 305 Constantius Chlorus : 293 -- 305 Maximian was elevated to caesar by Diocletian in 285 , after Diocletian defeated Carinus . He became Western Emperor in 286 , with the establishment of the Tetrarchy . On 1 May 305 , both Maximian and Diocletian abdicated , leaving Constantius and Galerius as emperors . Constantius I Chlorus : 305 -- 306 Valerius Severus : 305 -- 306 Constantius Chlorus was elevated to caesar in 293 , under Maximiam . Constantius became the Western Emperor in 305 , after the abdication of Maximian . Constantius died on 25 July 306 , leaving a highly contested succession in his wake . Valerius Severus : 306 -- 307 Constantine : 306 -- 307 Valerius Severus was elevated to caesar by Constantius in 305 , after the abdication of Maximian and Diocletian . After the death of Constantius in 306 , Severus became Western Emperor . Severus was forced to deal with the revolt of Maxentius , the son of Maximian . Maxentius invaded in early 307 , and successfully captured the Western Empire . He had Severus put to death soon after his capture . Maxentius : 307 -- 312 Maxentius was proclaimed emperor in 306 , in opposition to Valerius Severus . He succeeded in capturing the Western Empire in 307 , and had Severus killed soon after . The Western Empire was invaded in 312 by Constantine , who decisively defeated Maxentius on 28 October 312 , who drowned when his forces were pushed back into the Tiber river . Licinius : 308 -- 313 Licinius was made Emperor of the Eastern Empire , and parts of the Western Empire , all of which was actually held by Maxentius , at the Council of Carnuntum , which was held in 308 in order to try and end the civil war in the Western Empire . Constantine invaded Licinius ' section of the Western Empire in 313 , and forced him to sign a treaty in which he forfeited his claim to the Western Empire , and only controlled the Eastern Empire . Constantinian dynasty ( 309 -- 363 ) ( edit ) Main article : Constantinian dynasty Bust of Emperor Constantine I , the founder of the Constantinian dynasty . Constantine I : 309 -- 337 ( Sole Emperor : 324 -- 337 ) . Constantine I was proclaimed caesar of the Western Empire on 25 July 306 . After 309 he proclaimed himself as the Western Emperor , in opposition to Maxentius and Licinius . He was the sole Western Emperor from 312 -- 324 , when he became both Western Emperor and Eastern Emperor . Constantine II 337 -- 340 ( Emperor of Gaul , Britannia and Hispania : 337 -- 340 ) . Constantine II was proclaimed caesar of the Eastern Empire in late 317 . In 335 , Constantine I allotted the inheritance his sons would receive after his death , which would take place two years later in 337 , giving Constantine II control of Gaul , Britannia and Hispania . Constantine II 's relationship with Constans I was tense , and in 340 , Constantine took advantage of Constans absence from Italy and invaded it . However , in the same year , he was ambushed by Constans ' forces in Aquilea , and was killed . Constans I 337 -- 350 ( Emperor of Italy and Africa : 337 -- 340 , Western Emperor : 340 -- 350 ) . Constans was proclaimed emperor of Italy and Africa in 337 , after the death of Constantine I. After Constantine II was killed in 340 , while attempting to invade Constans ' territory in Italy , Constans took control of the entire Western Empire . Constans was contemptuous of his army , who as a result proclaimed Magnentius as emperor in 350 . Constans fled toward Hispania , but was captured and executed by an agent of Magnentius on the border . Constantius II 351 -- 361 ( Eastern Emperor : 337 -- 351 , Sole Emperor : 351 -- 361 ) . Julian : 355 -- 361 Constantius II was proclaimed caesar in 334 , and became Eastern Emperor in 337 , after the death of Constantine I. After Constans was killed by the usurper Magnentius , Constantius laid claim to the Western Empire , and after defeating Magnentius in 351 , took possession of it , becoming sole emperor . Constantius II died in 361 , of a violent fever . Julian : 361 -- 363 ( Sole Emperor ) . Julian was proclaimed caesar in 355 , before becoming emperor in 361 , after Constantius II died of a violent fever in 361 . Julian died in March 363 , of wounds sustained during the Battle of Samarra . Non-dynastic ( 363 -- 364 ) ( edit ) Jovian : 363 -- 364 ( Sole Emperor ) . When Julian died in 363 , he left no heir , causing a succession crisis . The Roman Army elected Jovian as sole emperor . Jovian reigned only seven months , in which he signed a humiliating peace treaty with the Sasanian Empire , under Shapur II . In this agreement , Rome surrendered five provinces and 18 fortresses to the Sasanians , in exchange for a 30 year truce . Jovian died on 16 February 364 , due to either indigestion or charcoal vapour inhalation . Valentinian dynasty ( 364 -- 392 ) ( edit ) Main article : Valentinian dynasty Bust of Emperor Valentinian II , the last reigning member of the Valentinian dynasty . Valentinian I : 364 -- 375 Gratian : 367 -- 375 After the death of Jovian , Valentinian I was elected . He divided the Empire between himself and his younger brother , Valens , giving himself the West and Valens the East . Valentinian spent much of his reign defending Gaul against repeated attacks by barbarian tribes , only leaving the region in 373 . In 375 , while meeting with the Quadi , he suffered a stroke brought on by rage . Gratian : 375 -- 383 Valentinian II : 375 -- 383 Valentinian elevated his son , Gratian , to caesar in 367 , however on his deathbed he elevated his much younger son , Valentinian II , to caesar along with Gratian , and Valens who was emperor in the East . Gratian showed a strong preference for the barbarian mercenaries in his army , especially his Alanic guard , which inflamed the Roman population , to the point that in 383 , Roman troops in Britain declared Magnus Maximus emperor , in opposition to Gratian . Maximus landed troops in Gaul , and attacked Gratian 's troops near Paris . Gratian was defeated , and fled to Lyons , where he was murdered on 25 August 383 . Valentinian II : 383 -- 392 After the death of Gratian , Valentinian II succeeded him , although he only controlled Italy itself , with all other Western Roman provinces recognizing Maximus . In 387 Maximus invaded Italy , to depose Valentinian . Valentinian fled to the court of Theodosius , where he succeeded in convincing Theodosius to attack Maximus , and to reinstate himself as Western Emperor , which was done after Maximus was defeated in battle near Aquileia . Valentinian continued to rule the Western Empire until 392 , when he was murdered by Arbogast . Magnus Maximus : 384 -- 388 Flavius Victor : 383 / 387 -- 388 Magnus Maximus was elected emperor by his men in 384 , in opposition to Gratian , who defeated him in battle in 383 . Maximus was briefly recognized as the Western Emperor by Eastern Emperor Theodosius I , however this recognition was revoked by both when Maximus invaded Italy and deposed Valentinian II in 387 . Valentinian II fled to the Eastern Roman Empire , and convinced Theodosius to invade the Western Roman Empire and restore him to the Western Roman throne , which he did in 388 . Maximus was defeated in battle near Aquileia , and executed . Theodosian dynasty ( 392 -- 455 ) ( edit ) Main article : Theodosian dynasty Emperor Honorius , as depicted by Jean - Paul Laurens in 1880 . Theodosius I : 394 -- 395 ( Eastern Roman Emperor : 379 -- 394 , sole Emperor : 392 -- 395 ) Theodosius was proclaimed Eastern Emperor by Gratian on 19 January 379 , after securing victory against invading barbarians along the Danube . He became sole emperor in August 394 , after defeating the usurper Eugenius . Theodosius died of edema in January 395 . Honorius : 395 -- 423 Constantine III : 409 -- 411 Constans II : 409 -- 411 Constantius III : 421 . Honorius became Western Emperor in 395 , after the death of his father Theodosius . His reign was beset by barbarian invasions , and for much of his early reign , until 408 , he was controlled by Stilicho , whose influence over Honorius would create a standard for puppet Western Emperors . Honorius died of edema in 423 . Valentinian III : 425 -- 455 Valentinian III was designated Honorius ' heir in 421 , although he was not proclaimed caesar , only given the title of nobilissimus puer . In 423 , after the death of Honorius , a usurper named Joannes rose up , forcing Valentinian III to flee with his family to the court of the Eastern Emperor Theodosius II . He was installed as Western Emperor in 425 , after Joannes was defeated by Theodosius in Ravenna . Valentinian was killed on 16 March 455 , by Optila , a friend of Flavius Aetius , whom Valentinian had killed . Non-dynastic ( 455 -- 480 ) ( edit ) Petronius Maximus : 455 ( Not recognized by Eastern Emperor ) Palladius : 455 . Petronius Maximus became the Western Roman Emperor on 17 March 455 , after assassinating Valentinian III . During his short reign , he provoked Genseric , the Vandal king , into invading the Western Empire and sacking Rome , by breaking a marriage agreement made between Genseric and Valentinian III . Maximus and his son Palladius attempted to flee on 31 May 455 , however they were apprehended by a group of peasants , and either killed by them , or by palace servants wishing to curry favor with them . Avitus : 455 -- 456 Avitus was proclaimed Western Emperor on 9 July 455 , with the support of the Visigoth King Theodoric II . While he held support from the Visigoths , his rule alienated both the Roman Senate and people . In 456 Ricimer , a senior officer , had Avitus deposed , and ruled the Western Empire through a series of puppet emperors until his death in 472 . Majorian : 457 -- 461 Majorian was proclaimed Western Emperor 1 April 456 , officially by Eastern Emperor Leo I , however in reality Leo 's decision was swayed by the influence of Ricimer . On 7 August 461 , Majorian was compelled to abdicate , and reportedly died five days later of dysentery , although modern historians have asserted he was likely murdered . Libius Severus : 461 -- 465 ( Not recognized by Eastern Emperor ) Libius Severus was proclaimed Western Emperor on 19 November 461 . His rule , even as a puppet emperor , extended little beyond Italy , with Aegidius splitting off from the Western Empire , and establishing the Kingdom of Soissons . Libius Severus incited the hostility of the Vandals , who invaded Italy and Sicily . During these events , Libius Severus died on 14 November 465 , possibly due to being poisoned by Ricimer . Anthemius : 467 -- 472 Anthemius was proclaimed Western Emperor on 12 April 467 by Leo I. Under Anthemius , the Western Empire , which had become increasingly isolated from the Eastern Empire , grew closer , although this collaboration came too late to save the Western Empire . Anthemius ' friendly attitude towards the Eastern Empire angered Ricimer , who deposed him in March or April of 472 . Olybrius : 472 ( Not recognized by Eastern Emperor ) Olybrius was proclaimed emperor in April 472 . His brief reign , lasting only five or six months , was dominated by Gundobad , who had replaced his uncle Ricimer as the true power behind the throne , after the former 's death . Olybrius died in October or November 472 , of edema . Glycerius : 473 -- 474 ( Not recognized by Eastern Emperor ) After the death of both Olybrius and Ricimer , Glycerius was proclaimed Western Emperor by the Western Roman Army , on 3 or 5 May 473 . He was deposed by Julius Nepos in July 474 , and sent to live in a monastery , where he remained until his death . Julius Nepos : 474 -- 475 ( In exile 475 -- 480 ) The Eastern Roman Empire had rejected the coronation of both Olybrius and Glycerius , instead supporting Julius Nepos , magister militum in Dalmatia as Western Roman Emperor . Nepos , with support from the East , deposed Glycerius in the spring of 474 . Orestes , magister militum of Nepos , deposed him a year later in 475 , forcing Nepos to flee Ravenna to his estates in Dalmatia . Orestes crowned his son Romulus as Western Emperor , though the Eastern Empire and the Western possessions outside of Italy maintained recognition of Nepos as the legitimate Emperor . Nepos continued to rule as `` Western Emperor '' in exile in Dalmatia until his murder in 480 and would be the last holder of the title . Romulus Augustus : 475 -- 476 ( Not recognized by Eastern Emperor ) Romulus Augustus was crowned as Western Emperor after his father Orestes deposed Julius Nepos . The rule of Romulus would be brief ; in the autumn of 476 the foederati under the control of Odoacer rebelled when their demands for a third of the land of Italy were ignored . Orestes was captured and executed on 28 August the same year and Romulus was deposed by Odoacer a week later . Romulus was spared and allowed to live out his life in the Castellum Lucullanum in Campania , where he might have been alive as late as 507 AD . With the deposition of Romulus Augustus by Odoacer , direct roman control ceased to exist in Italy . Odoacer assumed control of the peninsula as a de jure representative of Western Roman Emperor Nepos . With the death of Nepos in 480 , the Eastern Roman Emperor Zeno abolished the title and position of Western Roman Emperor and assumed the role of Odoacer 's sovereign . The position of Roman Emperor would never again be divided , though some new candidates for the position of Western emperor were proposed during and after the Eastern Roman re-conquests of the sixth century , such as Belisarius in 540 and Germanus in 582 . See also ( edit ) Fall of the Western Roman Empire Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire Byzantine Empire Legacy of the Roman Empire Carolingian Empire Holy Roman Empire References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Taagepera , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Roman Governors . ^ Jump up to : Eck 2002 , p. 15f . Jump up ^ Samarin 1968 , pp. 662 -- 663 . Jump up ^ Weigel 1992 , p. 88f . Jump up ^ Curchin 2004 , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Grant 1954 , pp. 91 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Grant 1954 , pp. 30 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Tenney 1930 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Bowman 2005 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Aurelian . Jump up ^ Downey 1961 , pp. 249 -- 250 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2010 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Sasanian Dynasty . Jump up ^ Bowman 2005 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Bray 1997 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Potter 2004 , p. 322 . Jump up ^ Bourne 2000 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Postumus . Jump up ^ Smith 2013 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Southern 2015 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Vagi 2000 , p. 386 . Jump up ^ Barnes 2006 , pp. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Potter 2014 , p. 282 . Jump up ^ Southern 2007 , pp. 141 -- 142 . Jump up ^ Cameron , Ward - Perkins & Whitby 2000 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Barnes 2006 , pp. 27 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Odahl , pp. 78 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Jones 1992 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Lenski 2007 , pp. 61 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Gibbons & Bury 1974 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Grant 1997 , pp. 47 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Limberis 2012 , p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Odahl , p. 275 . ^ Jump up to : Carr 2015 , pp. 40 -- 43 . ^ Jump up to : Constantius . Jump up ^ Potter 2008 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Lascaratos & Voros , pp. 615 -- 619 . Jump up ^ Katz 1955 , pp. 88 -- 89 . ^ Jump up to : Pontifex Maximus . Jump up ^ Kaylor & Phillips 2012 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Bauer 2010 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Vogt 1993 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Frassetto 2003 , pp. 214 -- 217 . Jump up ^ Burns 1994 , p. 244 . ^ Jump up to : Bury 2005 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Deliyannis 2010 , pp. 153 -- 156 . Jump up ^ Hallenbeck 1982 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Bury 2005 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Bury 2005 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Heather 2005 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Bury 2005 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Norwich 1989 , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Cline & Graham 2011 , p. 303 . Jump up ^ Bury 2005 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Bury 2005 , p. 146 . ^ Jump up to : Bury 2005 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Goldsworthy 2010 , p. 305 . Jump up ^ Hughes 2012 , pp. 102 -- 103 . ^ Jump up to : Heather 2000 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Heather 2000 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Bury 2005 , p. 292 . Jump up ^ Heather 2007 , p. 339 . ^ Jump up to : Heather 2000 , pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Given 2014 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Given 2014 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Bury 2005 , pp. 324 -- 325 . Jump up ^ Heather 2000 , p. 379 . ^ Jump up to : Majorian . ^ Jump up to : Anthemius . Jump up ^ Gordon 2013 , p. 122f . ^ Jump up to : Glycerius . ^ Jump up to : Bury 2005 , p. 408 . Jump up ^ MacGeorge 2002 , p. 62 . ^ Jump up to : Börm 2008 , p. 47ff . ^ Jump up to : Elton 1992 , pp. 288 -- 297 . ^ Jump up to : Martindale 1980 , p. 514 . ^ Jump up to : Williams & Friell 1998 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Nicol 2002 , p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Bury 2015 , p. 278 . Jump up ^ Bury 1923 , pp. 422 -- 424 . Jump up ^ Hunt et al. 2001 , p. 256 . Jump up ^ Merills 2016 , pp. 199 -- 224 . Jump up ^ Martindale 1980 , p. 734 . Jump up ^ Martindale 1980 , pp. 509 -- 510 . Jump up ^ Bury 2005 , p. 410 . Jump up ^ Jones 1992 , p. 254f . Jump up ^ Moorhead 1994 , pp. 107 -- 115 . Jump up ^ Barnish 1992 , pp. 35 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Bury 1923 , p. 422 . Jump up ^ Wolfram 1990 , p. 283 . Jump up ^ Bury 2005 , pp. 422 -- 424 . Jump up ^ Bury 2005 , p. 459 . Jump up ^ Bury 2005 , pp. 461 -- 462 . Jump up ^ Amory 1997 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Norwich 1989 , p. 215 . ^ Jump up to : Kidner et al. 2008 , pp. 198 -- 203 . Jump up ^ Fourace 2015 , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Frassetto 2013 , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Fourace 2015 , pp. 256 -- 258 . Jump up ^ Fourace 2015 , pp. 275 -- 276 . Jump up ^ Collins 1989 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Collins 1983 , p. 238 . Jump up ^ Thomas 2010 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Merills & Miles 2007 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Cameron , Ward - Perkins & Whitby 2000 , p. 553 . Jump up ^ Merills 2016 , pp. 11 -- 12 . ^ Jump up to : Bury 2005 , pp. 139 -- 140 . Jump up ^ Goldberg 2006 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Haldon 1997 , pp. 17 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Bury 2005 , pp. 125 -- 132 . Jump up ^ Treadgold 1997 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1969 , p. 325 . Jump up ^ Noble 1984 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Knowles & Obolensky 1978 , pp. 108 -- 109 . ^ Jump up to : Klewitz , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Ravegnani 2004 , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Norwich 1989 , pp. 112 -- 113 . Jump up ^ Norwich 1989 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Gunderson , pp. 43 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Luttwak 2009 , p. 512 . Jump up ^ Dagron 1984 , pp. 15 & 19 . Jump up ^ Bury 2005 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Heather 2005 , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Legal system . Jump up ^ Samarin 1968 , p. 666 . Jump up ^ Gottlieb 2006 , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Beveridge 2016 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Satow 2011 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Bulliet et al. 2010 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Le Goff 1994 , p. 14 & 21 . Jump up ^ Durant 1950 , pp. 517 -- 551 . Jump up ^ Annuario Pontificio , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Levillain 2002 , p. 907 . Jump up ^ Kaegi 2004 , p. 196 . ^ Jump up to : Croke 2001 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Wienand 2014 , p. 260 . Jump up ^ Goldsworthy 2009 , pp. 68 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Martindale 1980 , pp. 1199 -- 1200 . ^ Jump up to : Moorhead 1994 , pp. 84 -- 86 . ^ Jump up to : Whitby 1988 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ The Code of Justinian . Jump up ^ Herrin 1987 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Whaley 2012 , pp. 17 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Fourace & Gerberding 1996 , p. 345 . Jump up ^ White 2007 , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Ball 2001 , p. 449 . Jump up ^ Watson 2014 , pp. 536 -- 540 . Jump up ^ Tames 1972 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Glazer 1996 , pp. 54 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Potter 2008 , pp. 260 -- 261 . Jump up ^ Potter 2008 , p. 344 . Jump up ^ Grant 1997 , p. 209 . ^ Jump up to : Grant 1997 , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Potter 2008 , p. 342 . ^ Jump up to : Norwich 1989 , p. 384 . Jump up ^ Grant 1997 , pp. 217 -- 218 . Jump up ^ Grant 1997 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Grant 1997 , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Grant 1997 , pp. 224 -- 225 . Jump up ^ Grant 1997 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Grant 1997 , pp. 235 -- 236 . Jump up ^ Odahl , pp. 79 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Grant 1997 , pp. 240 -- 242 . Jump up ^ Grant 1997 , pp. 247 -- 248 . Jump up ^ Grant 1997 , pp. 242 -- 246 . Jump up ^ Grant 1997 , pp. 251 -- 254 . Jump up ^ Norwich 1989 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Norwich 1989 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Norwich 1989 , p. 31 . ^ Jump up to : Norwich 1989 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Norwich 1989 , p. 34 . ^ Jump up to : Adkins & Adkins 1998 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Hebblewhite 2016 , p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : Errington 2006 , pp. 36 -- 37 . ^ Jump up to : Birley 2005 , p. 450 . Jump up ^ Grant 1997 , pp. 270 -- 274 . Jump up ^ Grant 1997 , pp. 282 -- 285 . Jump up ^ Grant 1997 , pp. 298 -- 302 . ^ Jump up to : Drinkwater & Elton 2002 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Burns & Jensen 2014 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Collins 2010 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Grant 1997 , pp. 310 -- 312 . Jump up ^ Grant 1997 , pp. 315 -- 317 . Jump up ^ Grant 1997 , pp. 317 -- 319 . Jump up ^ Grant 1997 , pp. 319 -- 321 . Jump up ^ Grant 1997 , pp. 322 -- 323 . Jump up ^ Norwich 1989 , p. 171 . Jump up ^ Bury 1923 , p. 274 . ^ Jump up to : Norwich 1989 , p. 385 . Jump up ^ Gibbons & Womersley 1994 , p. 402 . Jump up ^ Burns 1991 , p. 74 . Bibliography ( edit ) Adkins , Lesley ; Adkins , Roy A. ( 1998 ) . Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195123326 . Amory , Patrick ( 1997 ) . People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy , 489 -- 554 . 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The Fragmentary History of Priscus : Attila , the Huns and the Roman Empire , AD 430 -- 476 ( Christian Roman Empire ) . Arx Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1935228141 . Glazer , Steven A. ( 1996 ) ( Research completed January 1995 ) . Metz , Helen Chapin , ed . A Country Study : Turkey . Country Studies ( 5th ed . ) . Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8444 - 0864 - 4 . OCLC 33898522 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 22 . Goldberg , Eric J. ( 2006 ) . Struggle for Empire : Kingship and Conflict Under Louis the German , 817 -- 876 . Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0801475290 . Goldsworthy , Adrian ( 2009 ) . How Rome Fell : death of a superpower . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 16426 - 8 . Goldsworthy , Adrian ( 2010 ) . The Fall of the West : The Slow Death of the Roman Superpower . Orion Books Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0753826928 . Gordon , C.D. ( 2013 ) . The Age of Attila : Fifth - Century Byzantium and the Barbarians . University of Michigan Press . 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Smith , Andrew M. ( 2013 ) . Roman Palmyra : Identity , Community , and State Formation . OUP USA . ISBN 978 - 0199861101 . Southern , Pat ( 2007 ) . The Roman Army : a Social and Institutional History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0195328783 . Southern , Patricia ( 2015 ) . The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine . Routledge . ISBN 9781317496946 . Taagepera , Rein ( 1979 ) . `` Size and Duration of Empires : Growth - Decline Curves , 600 B.C. to 600 A.D '' . Social Science History . Duke University Press . 3 ( 3 / 4 ) . doi : 10.2307 / 1170959 . JSTOR 1170959 . Tames , Richard ( 1972 ) . Last of the Tsars . Pan Books Ltd . ISBN 9780330029025 . Tenney , Frank ( 1930 ) . Life and Literature in the Roman Republic . Berkeley California : University of California Press . OCLC 321827 . Thomas , Hugh ( 2010 ) . Rivers of Gold : The Rise of the Spanish Empire . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0141034485 . Thompson , E.A. ( 1969 ) . The Goths in Spain . Clarendon . OCLC 186003872 . Treadgold , Warren ( 1997 ) . A History of the Byzantine State and Society . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0804726306 . Tucker , Spencer ( 2010 ) . Battles That Changed History : An Encyclopedia of World Conflict . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1598844296 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Vagi , David L. ( 2000 ) . Coinage and History of the Roman Empire , c. 82 B.C. - A.D. 480 . Fitzroy Dearborn . ISBN 9781579583163 . Vogt , Joseph ( 1993 ) . The Decline of Rome : The Metamorphosis of Ancient Civilization . Weidenfeld . ISBN 978 - 0297813927 . Watson , Alexander ( 2014 ) . Ring of Steel : Germany and Austria - Hungary in World War I. Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0465018727 . Weigel , Richard D. ( 1992 ) . Lepidus : The Tarnished Triumvir . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0415076807 . Whaley , Joachim ( 2012 ) . Joachim Whaley , Germany and the Holy Roman Empire : Volume I : Maximilian I to the Peace of Westphalia , 1493 -- 1648 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0199688821 . Whitby , Michael ( 1988 ) . The Emperor Maurice and his historian : Theophylact Simocatta on Persian and Balkan warfare . Clarendon Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 822945 - 3 . White , Craig ( 2007 ) . The Great German Nation : Origins and Destiny . AuthorHouse . ISBN 978 - 1434325495 . Wienand , Johannes ( 2014 ) . Contested Monarchy : Integrating the Roman Empire in the Fourth Century AD . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0199768994 . Williams , Stephen ; Friell , Gerard ( 1998 ) . The Rome That Did Not Fall the Phoenix in the East . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 203 - 98231 - 2 . Wolfram , Herwig ( 1990 ) . History of the Goths . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0520069831 . Websites ( edit ) Ralph W. , Mathisen . `` Anthemius - De Imperatoribus Romanis '' . www.roman-emperors.org . Archived from the original on 30 July 2017 . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Ralph W. , Mathisen . `` Glycerius -- De Imperatoribus Romanis '' . www.roman-emperors.org . Archived from the original on 3 September 2017 . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Ralph W. , Mathisen . `` Majorian -- De Imperatoribus Romanis '' . www.roman-emperors.org . Archived from the original on 22 August 2017 . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Michael , DiMaio . `` Constantius II -- De Imperatoribus Romanis '' . www.roman-emperors.org . Archived from the original on 11 September 2017 . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Körner , Christian . `` Aurelian -- De Imperatoribus Romanis '' . www.roman-emperors.org . Archived from the original on 9 July 2017 . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . `` Legal System -- The World Factbook , Central Intelligence Agency '' . www.cia.gov . Archived from the original on 1 December 2017 . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Lendering , Jona . `` Governor ( Roman ) -- Livius '' . www.livius.org . Archived from the original on 22 February 2018 . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Lendering , Jona . `` Pontifex Maximus -- Livius '' . www.livius.org . Archived from the original on 22 February 2018 . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Polfer , Michael . `` Postumus -- De Imperatoribus Romanis '' . www.roman-emperors.org . Archived from the original on 5 August 2017 . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Scott , Samuel P . `` The Code of Justinian -- Book 1 '' . droitromain.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr . Archived from the original on 25 February 2018 . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . Shapur Shahbazi , A. `` Sasanian Dynasty -- Encyclopedia Iranica '' . www.iranicaonline.org . Archived from the original on 17 November 2017 . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Further reading ( edit ) Heather , Peter ( 2003 ) . The Visigoths from the Migration Period to the Seventh Century : An Ethnographic Perspective . Boydell & Brewer Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1843830337 . Kolb , von Frank ( 1987 ) . Diocletian und die Erste Tetrarchie : Improvisation oder Experiment in der Organisation monarchischer Herrschaft ? . Walter de Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 010934 - 4 . 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what kind of horse is bob on free rein

Jaylen Barron as Zoe Phillips , a 15 year old girl from LA who spends the summer in her mother 's hometown island in England , where she develops a kinship with a horse named Raven . Freddy Carter as Peter `` Pin '' Hawthorne , a quiet , mysterious and brooding stable boy whom initially Zoe finds suspicious . Pin is the son of Ted , while Pin 's mother left the family when Pin was five to travel the world . Pin is the one who encourages Zoe to ride . Pin ultimately dates Zoe by the end of season 2 . It 's also revealed in the end of season 2 that he is a duke and inherits a fortune which he uses to buy Raven and Bright Fields Stables . He has a horse named Elvis . Manpreet Bambra as Jade , Zoe and Becky 's best friend who rides at Bright Fields . She is very logical and practical . Kerry Ingram as Rebecca `` Becky '' Lavinia Sidebottom , Zoe and Jade 's best friend who rides at Bright Fields . She is convinced of the existence of `` Ghost Pony '' and is Ben 's older sister . Becky is impractical and hyper . Becky works part time at The Barley Bag Cafe . Becky and her brother own a black and white Pinto horse Gypsy horse named Bob . Bruce Herbelin - Earle as Marcus Greenbridge , a handsome , well - liked rider and trainer at Bright Fields , who has a past with Mia . He is Sam 's cousin . He dates Zoe , but later they break up , and she begins to date Pin . At the end of season 1 , he gets accepted into the academy ; being the person from the island to go . Céline Buckens as Amelia `` Mia '' MacDonald , a snobby girl whose father financially supports Bright Fields . She and Zoe immediately clash . Mia is jealous of Zoe . After Episode 9 , Mia and Zoe put aside their differences and become acqaintances . Mia owns Firefly . Navia Robinson as Rosie Phillips , Zoe 's younger sister who has difficulty adjusting to England , but becomes friends with Ben . Natalie Gumede as Margaret `` Maggie '' Steel Phillips , Zoe and Rosie 's overprotective mother . Maggie is a former equestrian . As a child she had a horse named Emerald . Maggie does n't allow her daughters to be around horses out of fear that they 'll get hurt . Maggie wants to keep her daughters safe and protect Zoe from Raven . Maggie forbids Zoe from riding because she and Emerald had an accident and they were both badly hurt . Emerald broke his leg in their accident after Maggie had a fight with her mom and ran away with him . Emerald could n't be saved and died . Maggie blamed herself for Emerald 's death . After their accident Maggie became afraid of horses and riding . Maggie eventually started riding again to help her accept the fact that Zoe was going to ride whether she liked it or not . Maggie reluctantly lets Zoe ride on the condition that she 's careful . In season 2 , she becomes the manager of Bright Fields . Caroline Ford as Samantha `` Sam '' Myers ( season 1 ) , the sensible owner of Bright Fields and one of the trainers . She is Marcus ' cousin . However , it is revealed that she had been working with the horse thieves who were trying to steal Raven . Noah Huntley as Elliot MacDonald , Mia 's wealthy , but often absent , father . Elliot is a childhood friend of Maggie and Ted . Elliot encourages Maggie to ride again . He gives Maggie riding lessons at night . Geoffrey McGivern as Francis `` Frank '' Steel , Maggie 's father , Huck 's father - in - law , and Zoe and Rosie 's grandfather . Frank is fun loving . Upon the arrival of Zoe 's family Frank is recovering from a broken foot . When Meredith arrives with papers proving that she 's Raven 's legal owner he tries to assure Zoe that Raven will always be in her heart . Carla Woodcock as Susie , Mia 's best friend who is often bossed around by Mia . Billy Angel as Benjamin `` Ben '' Sidebottom , Becky 's younger brother , who befriends Rosie . Milo Twomey as Edward `` Ted '' Hawthorne , Pin 's shifty father who has a past with Maggie . Ted is the one who buried Emerald when he died . Ted wants Pin to stay away from Zoe 's family . Ted believes that Zoe will hurt Pin . Holly Hayes as Meredith Moore , Raven 's rightful owner . The final episode of Season 1 reveals that Raven was stolen from Meredith as a foal . Meredith explains that Raven 's registered name is Midnight Blue and he 's a racehorse . Meredith informs the gang that Raven is the offspring of the famous race horse Ruby Dawn . When Meredith shows up to legally take Raven home with her , he refuses to leave Bright Fields and Zoe . After Zoe reasons with Meredith , she agrees to board Raven at Bright Fields . She asks Zoe to train Raven for her despite the fact that she 's flying home to LA . Zoe has to choose whether she is going to stay in England or return to LA , in which she chooses to stay . Ryan Sands as Huck Phillips , Zoe and Rosie 's laid back father , Maggie 's husband , and Frank 's son - in - law . Huck supports the fact that Zoe wants to ride . Paul Luebke as Derek Wrigley ( season 1 ) , a police officer who comes to the stables occasionally and has a crush on Sam . In the Season 1 finale Derek is disappointed in Sam when he has to arrest her for helping a gang of horse thieves steal Raven and Firefly .

a black and white Pinto horse Gypsy horse

Free Rein

free rein

Opening theme `` No Matter '' by Basic Tape versus Frances Ending theme `` No Matter '' by Basic Tape versus Frances ( Ep. 10 only ) Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 20 Production Executive producer ( s ) Rebecca Hodgson Kate Little Claire Poyser Production location ( s ) United Kingdom Running time 25 -- 33 minutes Production company ( s ) Lime Pictures Netflix Release Original network Netflix Original release 22 June 2017 - present Free Rein is a British television series created and written by Vicki Lutas and Anna McCleery . The series stars Jaylen Barron , Céline Buckens , and Kerry Ingram . The ten - part series premiered on Netflix on 22 June 2017 . The show is produced in the UK by Lime Pictures . Although the island where the series is set is fictional and unnamed , it is based on the Isle of Wight but referred to as `` an island off the coast of England '' throughout the show . The scenes on the pier are shot in a town called Beaumaris , located on the isle of Anglesey . The series has been renewed , and a second season of ten episodes will be produced . The second season premiered on 6 July 2018 . Shortly after , the show was renewed for a third season , as well as two feature length special episodes . Contents 1 Cast 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2018 ) 3 Awards and nominations 4 References 5 External Links Cast ( edit ) Jaylen Barron as Zoe Phillips , a 15 year old girl from LA who spends the summer in her mother 's hometown island in England , where she develops a kinship with a horse named Raven . Freddy Carter as Peter `` Pin '' Hawthorne , a quiet , mysterious and brooding stable boy whom initially Zoe finds suspicious . Pin is the son of Ted , while Pin 's mother left the family when Pin was five to travel the world . Pin is the one who encourages Zoe to ride . Pin ultimately dates Zoe by the end of season 2 . It 's also revealed in the end of season 2 that he is a duke and inherits a fortune which he uses to buy Raven and Bright Fields Stables . He has a horse named Elvis . Manpreet Bambra as Jade , Zoe and Becky 's best friend who rides at Bright Fields . She is very logical and practical . Kerry Ingram as Rebecca `` Becky '' Lavinia Sidebottom , Zoe and Jade 's best friend who rides at Bright Fields . She is convinced of the existence of `` Ghost Pony '' and is Ben 's older sister . Becky is impractical and hyper . Becky works part time at The Barley Bag Cafe . Becky and her brother own a black and white Pinto horse Gypsy horse named Bob . Bruce Herbelin - Earle as Marcus Greenbridge , a handsome , well - liked rider and trainer at Bright Fields , who has a past with Mia . He is Sam 's cousin . He dates Zoe , but later they break up , and she begins to date Pin . At the end of season 1 , he gets accepted into the academy ; being the person from the island to go . Céline Buckens as Amelia `` Mia '' MacDonald , a snobby girl whose father financially supports Bright Fields . She and Zoe immediately clash . Mia is jealous of Zoe . After Episode 9 , Mia and Zoe put aside their differences and become acqaintances . Mia owns Firefly . Navia Robinson as Rosie Phillips , Zoe 's younger sister who has difficulty adjusting to England , but becomes friends with Ben . Natalie Gumede as Margaret `` Maggie '' Steel Phillips , Zoe and Rosie 's overprotective mother . Maggie is a former equestrian . As a child she had a horse named Emerald . Maggie does n't allow her daughters to be around horses out of fear that they 'll get hurt . Maggie wants to keep her daughters safe and protect Zoe from Raven . Maggie forbids Zoe from riding because she and Emerald had an accident and they were both badly hurt . Emerald broke his leg in their accident after Maggie had a fight with her mom and ran away with him . Emerald could n't be saved and died . Maggie blamed herself for Emerald 's death . After their accident Maggie became afraid of horses and riding . Maggie eventually started riding again to help her accept the fact that Zoe was going to ride whether she liked it or not . Maggie reluctantly lets Zoe ride on the condition that she 's careful . In season 2 , she becomes the manager of Bright Fields . Caroline Ford as Samantha `` Sam '' Myers ( season 1 ) , the sensible owner of Bright Fields and one of the trainers . She is Marcus ' cousin . However , it is revealed that she had been working with the horse thieves who were trying to steal Raven . Noah Huntley as Elliot MacDonald , Mia 's wealthy , but often absent , father . Elliot is a childhood friend of Maggie and Ted . Elliot encourages Maggie to ride again . He gives Maggie riding lessons at night . Geoffrey McGivern as Francis `` Frank '' Steel , Maggie 's father , Huck 's father - in - law , and Zoe and Rosie 's grandfather . Frank is fun loving . Upon the arrival of Zoe 's family Frank is recovering from a broken foot . When Meredith arrives with papers proving that she 's Raven 's legal owner he tries to assure Zoe that Raven will always be in her heart . Carla Woodcock as Susie , Mia 's best friend who is often bossed around by Mia . Billy Angel as Benjamin `` Ben '' Sidebottom , Becky 's younger brother , who befriends Rosie . Milo Twomey as Edward `` Ted '' Hawthorne , Pin 's shifty father who has a past with Maggie . Ted is the one who buried Emerald when he died . Ted wants Pin to stay away from Zoe 's family . Ted believes that Zoe will hurt Pin . Holly Hayes as Meredith Moore , Raven 's rightful owner . The final episode of Season 1 reveals that Raven was stolen from Meredith as a foal . Meredith explains that Raven 's registered name is Midnight Blue and he 's a racehorse . Meredith informs the gang that Raven is the offspring of the famous race horse Ruby Dawn . When Meredith shows up to legally take Raven home with her , he refuses to leave Bright Fields and Zoe . After Zoe reasons with Meredith , she agrees to board Raven at Bright Fields . She asks Zoe to train Raven for her despite the fact that she 's flying home to LA . Zoe has to choose whether she is going to stay in England or return to LA , in which she chooses to stay . Ryan Sands as Huck Phillips , Zoe and Rosie 's laid back father , Maggie 's husband , and Frank 's son - in - law . Huck supports the fact that Zoe wants to ride . Paul Luebke as Derek Wrigley ( season 1 ) , a police officer who comes to the stables occasionally and has a crush on Sam . In the Season 1 finale Derek is disappointed in Sam when he has to arrest her for helping a gang of horse thieves steal Raven and Firefly . Episodes ( edit ) Series Episodes Originally released 10 23 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) 10 6 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . Title Original air date `` Raven '' 23 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) When her sister Rosie goes missing after arriving at their grandfather 's home , Zoe scours the area , meets some locals and has a scary encounter . `` Close Up '' 23 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) When Mia insists on mounting Raven for a photo shoot , Zoe must calm the wild horse so he can be saddled . Rosie snoops in her mom 's childhood diary . `` Spying on Pin '' 23 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) To investigate her suspicions , Zoe defies her mom and sneaks off to the stables , where she has her first riding lesson and catches Pin red - handed . `` Pony Camp ! '' 23 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) When Pin refuses to tell Zoe why he was stealing from the medical cabinet , she follows him home and finds out . Mia learns Zoe is not allowed to ride . 5 `` The Sleepover '' 23 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) Mia invites Rosie to a sleepover . Zoe and her friends find an engraved riding crop that may have been left behind by the horse thief . 6 `` Horse Thief Hero '' 23 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) Zoe learns why her mom forbade her from riding . Jade uncovers a secret about Raven 's past . Becky proves to Ben that horses are better than quad bikes . 7 `` Emerald '' 23 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) Zoe learns more about Raven 's mysterious origins . After finding what may be the real horse behind the ghost pony legend , Rosie realizes who `` E '' is . 8 `` Pony Prom '' 23 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) Mia sabotages Zoe 's plans for the barn dance . Becky sets a trap for the ghost pony , but she and her friends catch a suspected horse thief instead ! 9 `` The Search '' 23 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) Ben helps Rosie trick her dad into calling her mom . While leading the kids on an islandwide search on horseback for Raven , Zoe has it out with Mia . 10 `` Show Down '' 23 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) The kids compete at the county show . An odd comment leads Zoe to realize who helped the horse thief , and sends her racing off to rescue Raven in time . Season 2 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . Title Original air date `` Rivals '' 6 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) `` Golden Boy '' 6 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) `` Maid of the Island '' 6 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) `` Truth or Dare '' 6 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) 5 `` Sweet 16 '' 6 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) 6 `` Runaway '' 6 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) 7 `` Bob '' 6 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) 8 `` Gaby '' 6 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) 9 `` Road Trip '' 6 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) 10 `` Nationals '' 6 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2018 NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Children 's Program Free Rein Nominated Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2018 Daytime Emmy Awards Outstanding Children 's or Family Viewing Series Free Rein Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Netflix Sets Tween Series ' Worst Witch , ' ' Horse Mystery Project ' For 2017 '' . Variety . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New on Netflix UK : June 2017 '' . The List . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix funds first British children 's series as kids streaming battle intensifies '' . Telegraph . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Isle of Wight writer 's Netflix series Free Rein '' . July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix commissions Lime Pictures for second season of tween drama Free Rein '' . Prolific North . 2017 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 28 . 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when did world war 1 and 2 begin and end

World War I

world war i

1914 -- 1918 global war originating in Europe `` World War One '' , `` Great War '' , and `` WW1 '' redirect here . For other uses , see World War One ( disambiguation ) , Great War ( disambiguation ) , and WW1 ( album ) . World War I Clockwise from the top : The aftermath of shelling during the Battle of the Somme , Mark V tanks cross the Hindenburg Line , HMS Irresistible sinks after hitting a mine in the Dardanelles , a British Vickers machine gun crew wears gas masks during the Battle of the Somme , Albatros D. III fighters of Jagdstaffel 11 Date 28 July 1914 -- 11 November 1918 ( 1914 - 07 - 28 -- 1918 - 11 - 11 ) ( 4 years , 3 months and 2 weeks ) Peace treaties ( show ) Treaty of Versailles Signed 28 June 1919 ( 4 years and 11 months ) Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye Signed 10 September 1919 ( 5 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days ) Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine Signed 27 November 1919 ( 4 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days ) Treaty of Trianon Signed 4 June 1920 ( 5 years , 10 months and 1 week ) Treaty of Sèvres Signed 10 August 1920 ( 6 years , 1 week and 6 days ) United States -- Austria Peace Treaty Signed 24 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 2 weeks and 3 days ) United States -- Germany Peace Treaty Signed 25 August 1921 ( 4 years , 4 months , 2 weeks and 5 days ) United States -- Hungary Peace Treaty Signed 29 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 1 day ) Treaty of Lausanne Signed 24 July 1923 ( 8 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 4 days ) Location Europe , Africa , the Middle East , the Pacific Islands , China , Indian Ocean , and off the coast of South and North America Result Allied Powers victory Central Powers ' victory on the Eastern Front nullified by defeat on the Western Front Fall of all of the continental European ( German , Russian , Ottoman , and Austro - Hungarian ) empires Russian Civil War and foundation of the Soviet Union Establishment of the League of Nations ( more ... ) Territorial changes Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East Transfer of German colonies and regions of the former Ottoman Empire to other powers Belligerents Allied Powers : France British Empire Russia ( 1914 -- 17 ) Serbia Belgium Montenegro Japan Italy ( 1915 -- 18 ) United States ( 1917 -- 18 ) Romania ( 1916 -- 18 ) Portugal ( 1916 -- 18 ) Hejaz ( 1916 -- 18 ) China ( 1917 -- 18 ) Greece ( 1917 -- 18 ) Siam ( 1917 -- 18 ) ... and others Central Powers : German Empire Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria ( 1915 -- 18 ) ... and co-belligerents Commanders and leaders Allied Powers leaders : Raymond Poincaré Georges Clemenceau H.H. Asquith David Lloyd George Albert I Nicholas II Victor Emmanuel III Vittorio Orlando Woodrow Wilson Yoshihito Peter I Ferdinand I Eleftherios Venizelos ... and others Central Powers leaders : Wilhelm II Franz Joseph I † Karl I Mehmed V † Mehmed VI Three Pashas Ferdinand I ... and others Strength 12,000,000 8,841,541 8,660,000 5,615,140 4,743,826 1,234,000 800,000 707,343 380,000 250,000 80,000 50,000 Total : 42,959,850 13,250,000 7,800,000 2,998,321 1,200,000 Total : 25,248,321 Casualties and losses Military dead : 5,525,000 Military wounded : 12,831,500 Total : 18,356,500 KIA , WIA and MIA Civilian dead : 4,000,000 ... further details . 1,397,800 killed 1,114,914 killed 651,000 killed 1,811,000 killed 250,000 - 335,000 killed 415 killed 275,000 killed 58,637 - 87,500 killed 116,708 killed 26,000 killed 7,222 killed 3,000 killed Military dead : 4,386,000 Military wounded : 8,388,000 Total : 12,774,000 KIA , WIA and MIA Civilian dead : 3,700,000 ... further details . 2,050,897 killed 1,200,000 killed 771,844 killed 87,500 killed Theatres of World War I European Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Balkans Middle Eastern Caucasus Persia Gallipoli Mesopotamia Sinai and Palestine Arab Revolt South Arabia African South - West Africa Togoland Cameroon East Africa North Africa Asian and Pacific theatre Naval theaters U-boat Atlantic Ocean Mediterranean Events leading to World War I Triple Alliance 1882 Franco - Russian Alliance 1894 Anglo - German naval arms race 1898 -- 1912 Venezuela Naval Blockade 1902 -- 1903 Entente Cordiale 1904 Russo - Japanese War 1904 -- 1905 First Moroccan Crisis 1905 -- 1906 Anglo - Russian Entente 1907 Bosnian crisis 1908 -- 1909 Agadir Crisis 1911 Italo - Turkish War 1911 -- 1912 Balkan Wars 1912 -- 1913 Assassination of Franz Ferdinand 1914 July Crisis 1914 World War I ( often abbreviated as WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . Contemporaneously described as the `` war to end all wars '' , it led to the mobilization of more than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , making it one of the largest wars in history . An estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a direct result of the war , while it is also considered a contributory factor in a number of genocides and the 1918 influenza epidemic , which caused between 50 and 100 million deaths worldwide . Military losses were exacerbated by new technological and industrial developments and the tactical stalemate caused by grueling trench warfare . It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history and precipitated major political changes , including the Revolutions of 1917 -- 1923 , in many of the nations involved . Unresolved rivalries at the end of the conflict contributed to the start of the Second World War about twenty years later . By 1914 , the European powers were divided into two coalitions : the Triple Entente , consisting of France , Russia and Britain and the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria - Hungary and Italy . The Triple Alliance was primarily defensive in nature , allowing Italy to stay out of the war in 1914 , while many of the terms of both agreements were informal and contradicted by others ; for example , Italy renewed the Triple Alliance in 1902 but secretly agreed with France to remain neutral if it was attacked by Germany . As the war widened , the Entente added Italy , Japan and eventually the United States to form the Allied Powers , while the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined Germany and Austria to create the Central Powers . Between 1908 and 1914 , the Balkans had been destabilised by the combination of a weakened Ottoman Empire , the 1912 -- 1913 Balkan Wars and competing Russian and Austro - Hungarian objectives . On 28 June 1914 , Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist , assassinated the Austro - Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo , leading to the July Crisis . On 23 July , Austria - Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia ; interlocking alliances quickly drew in all the major European powers with their respective colonial empires and the conflict rapidly spread across the globe . On 25 July , the Russian government issued orders for the ' period preparatory to war ' ; after Austria - Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28th , partial mobilisation was approved of the military districts nearest to Austria , including Kiev , Kazan , Odessa and Moscow . General Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July ; on the 31st , Austria - Hungary and Germany did the same , while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within 12 hours . When Russia failed to comply , Germany declared war on 1 August , with Austria - Hungary following suit on 6th ; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August . French entry into the war stemmed from a combination of the desire to regain the provinces of Alsace - Lorraine ceded after the 1870 -- 1871 Franco - Prussian War , concern at Germany 's increasing power and military commitments agreed with Russia . German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within four weeks , then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise ; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan . On 2 August , Germany demanded free passage through Belgium , an essential element in achieving a quick victory over France . When this was refused , German forces entered Belgium early on the morning of 3 August and declared war with France the same day ; the Belgian government invoked the 1839 Treaty of London and in compliance with its obligations under this , Britain declared war on Germany on 4 August . On 12 August , Britain and France also declared war on Austria - Hungary ; on the 23rd , the Empire of Japan joined the Allied Powers , seizing the opportunity to expand its sphere of influence by capturing German possessions in China and the Pacific . On 24 August , Serbia won a major victory over the Austro - Hungarians at the Battle of Cer . The German advance into France was halted at the Battle of the Marne and by the end of 1914 , the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition , marked by a long series of trench lines that changed little until 1917 . On the Eastern Front , two Russian armies entered East Prussia on 17 August , in compliance with their 1912 agreement with France to attack Germany within 15 days of mobilisation . The Germans were forced to divert troops from the West , but successfully repulsed this invasion by victories at Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes ; however , the Russians occupied the Austro - Hungarian province of Eastern Galicia . In November 1914 , the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers , opening fronts in the Caucasus , Mesopotamia and the Sinai Peninsula . In 1915 , Italy joined the Allied Powers and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers . Romania joined the Allied Powers in 1916 . After the sinking of seven US merchant ships by German submarines , and the revelation that the Germans were trying to incite Mexico to make war on the United States , the US declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917 . The 1917 February Revolution in Russia replaced the Tsarist autocracy with the Provisional Government , but continuing discontent at the cost of the war led to the October Revolution and the creation of the Soviet Socialist Republic . Russian military resistance collapsed , allowing the transfer of large numbers of German troops to the Western Front and in April , 1918 , Russia signed the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk with the Central Powers . The German March 1918 Offensive was initially successful but the Allies rallied and drove them back in the Hundred Days Offensive ; on 28 September , German military leaders asked for an Armistice . On 4 November 1918 , the Austro - Hungarian empire agreed the Armistice of Villa Giusti ; with Revolution at home , and the military no longer willing to fight , Kaiser Wilhelm abdicated on 9 November and Germany also signed an Armistice on 11 November 1918 . As a result of the war , the Russian , German , Austro - Hungarian and Ottoman empires were replaced by new states , based on nationalities . The Four Powers of Britain , France , the US and Italy , imposed their terms in a series of treaties agreed at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference . The formation of the League of Nations was intended to prevent another world war , but for various reasons failed to do so . The central role of the Nazi Party in World War II led to a focus on how the Treaty of Versailles impacted Germany but it also transformed large parts of Europe and the Middle East , in ways that remain relevant today . Contents 1 Names 2 Background 2.1 Political and military alliances 2.2 Arms race 2.3 Conflicts in the Balkans 3 Prelude 3.1 Sarajevo assassination 3.2 Expansion of violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina 3.3 July Crisis 4 Progress of the war 4.1 Opening hostilities 4.1. 1 Confusion among the Central Powers 4.1. 2 Serbian campaign 4.1. 3 German Offensive in Belgium and France 4.1. 4 Asia and the Pacific 4.1. 5 African campaigns 4.1. 6 Indian support for the Allies 4.2 Western Front 4.2. 1 Trench warfare begins 4.2. 2 Continuation of trench warfare 4.3 Naval war 4.4 Southern theatres 4.4. 1 War in the Balkans 4.4. 2 Ottoman Empire 4.4. 3 Italian participation 4.4. 4 Romanian participation 4.5 Eastern Front 4.5. 1 Initial actions 4.5. 2 Russian Revolution 4.5. 3 Czechoslovak Legion 4.6 Central Powers peace overtures 4.7 1917 -- 1918 4.7. 1 Developments in 1917 4.7. 2 Ottoman Empire conflict , 1917 -- 1918 4.7. 3 15 August 1917 : Peace offer by the Pope 4.7. 4 Entry of the United States 4.7. 5 German Spring Offensive of 1918 4.7. 6 New states enter the war 4.8 Allied victory : summer 1918 onwards 4.8. 1 Hundred Days Offensive 4.8. 2 Armistices and capitulations 5 Aftermath 5.1 Formal end of the war 5.2 Peace treaties and national boundaries 5.3 National identities 5.4 Health effects 6 Technology 6.1 Ground warfare 6.1. 1 Areas taken in major attacks 6.2 Naval 6.3 Aviation 7 War crimes 7.1 Baralong incidents 7.2 Torpedoing of HMHS Llandovery Castle 7.3 Chemical weapons in warfare 7.4 Genocide and ethnic cleansing 7.4. 1 Russian Empire 7.5 Rape of Belgium 8 Soldiers ' experiences 8.1 Prisoners of war 8.2 Military attachés and war correspondents 9 Support and opposition to the war 9.1 Support 9.2 Opposition 9.2. 1 Conscription 9.2. 2 Conscription in Canada 9.2. 3 Conscription in Australia 9.2. 4 Conscription in Britain 9.2. 5 United States 9.2. 6 Austria - Hungary 9.3 Diplomacy 10 Legacy and memory 10.1 Historiography 10.2 Memorials 10.3 Cultural memory 10.4 Social trauma 10.5 Discontent in Germany 10.6 Economic effects 11 See also 12 Footnotes 13 References 14 Bibliography 14.1 Primary sources 14.2 Historiography and memory 15 External links 15.1 Animated maps 15.2 Library guides Names The term `` First World War '' was first used in September 1914 by German biologist and philosopher Ernst Haeckel , who claimed that `` there is no doubt that the course and character of the feared ' European War ' ... will become the first world war in the full sense of the word , '' citing a wire service report in The Indianapolis Star on 20 September 1914 . Prior to World War II , the events of 1914 -- 1918 were generally known as the Great War or simply the World War . Contemporary Europeans also referred to it as `` the war to end war '' or `` the war to end all wars '' due to their perception of its then - unparalleled scale and devastation . After World War II began in 1939 , the terms became more standard , with British Empire historians , including Canadians , favouring `` The First World War '' and Americans `` World War I '' . In October 1914 , the Canadian magazine Maclean 's wrote , `` Some wars name themselves . This is the Great War . '' However , while certainly accurate in Canada , this was not so even in Britain ; historian John Holland Rose 's 1911 account of the 1793 -- 1815 wars against France was titled William Pitt and the Great War . This was validated by Gareth Glover 's 2015 book , Waterloo in 100 Objects , in which he states : `` This opening statement will cause some bewilderment to many who have grown up with the appellation of the Great War firmly applied to the 1914 -- 18 First World War . But to anyone living before 1918 , the title of the Great War was applied to the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars in which Britain fought France almost continuously for twenty - two years from 1793 to 1815 . '' In Germany , `` The Great War '' was historically used for the 1618 -- 1648 Thirty Years ' War , also known as the `` Great German War '' or `` Great Schism '' . One of the longest and most destructive conflicts in human history , it resulted in eight million fatalities from military action , violence , famine and plague , the vast majority of them in the German states of the Holy Roman Empire . In terms of proportional German casualties and destruction , it was only surpassed by the period from January to May 1945 ; its enduring visibility is partly the result of 19th - century Pan-Germanism , as an example of the dangers of a divided Germany and a driver in the 1871 creation of the Deutsches Kaiserreich or German Empire . Regardless of terminology , the Thirty Years ' War remains the single greatest war trauma in German memory , as demonstrated in debates over naming conventions during the centenary of 1914 -- 1918 . Background Main article : Causes of World War I Political and military alliances Rival military coalitions in 1914 : Triple Entente in green ; Triple Alliance in brown . Only the Triple Alliance was a formal `` alliance '' ; the others listed were informal patterns of support . For much of the 19th century , the major European powers had tried to maintain a tenuous balance of power among themselves , resulting in a complex network of political and military alliances . The biggest challenges to this were Britain 's withdrawal into so - called splendid isolation , the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the post-1848 rise of Prussia under Otto von Bismarck . Victory in the 1866 Austro - Prussian War established Prussian hegemony in Germany , while victory over France in the 1870 -- 1871 Franco - Prussian War unified the German states into a German Reich under Prussian leadership . In 1873 , to isolate France and avoid a war on two fronts , Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors ( German : Dreikaiserbund ) between Austria - Hungary , Russia and Germany . Concerned by Russia 's victory in the 1877 -- 1878 Russo - Turkish War and their influence in the Balkans , the League was dissolved in 1878 , with Germany and Austria - Hungary subsequently forming the 1879 Dual Alliance ; this became the Triple Alliance when Italy joined in 1882 . The practical details of these alliances were limited , since their primary purpose was to ensure cooperation between the three Imperial Powers and isolate France . Attempts by Britain in 1880 to resolve colonial tensions with Russia and diplomatic moves by France led to Bismarck reforming the League in 1881 . When the League finally lapsed in 1887 , it was replaced by the Reinsurance Treaty , a secret agreement between Germany and Russia to remain neutral if either were attacked by France or Austria - Hungary . In 1890 , the new German Emperor , Kaiser Wilhelm II , forced Bismarck to retire and was persuaded not to renew the Reinsurance Treaty by the new Chancellor , Leo von Caprivi . This allowed France to counteract the Triple Alliance with the Franco - Russian Alliance of 1894 and the 1904 Entente Cordiale with Britain , while in 1907 Britain and Russia signed the Anglo - Russian Convention . The agreements did not constitute formal alliances , but by settling long - standing colonial disputes , they made British entry into any future conflict involving France or Russia a possibility ; these interlocking bilateral agreements became known as the Triple Entente . Arms race SMS Rheinland , a Nassau - class battleship , Germany 's first response to the British Dreadnought Victory in the 1871 Franco - Prussian War and the creation of the German Reich led to a massive increase in Germany 's economic and industrial strength . Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz and Wilhelm II , who became Emperor in 1890 , sought to use that to create a Kaiserliche Marine or Imperial German Navy to compete with Britain 's Royal Navy for world naval supremacy . Their rationale was based on the ideas of US naval strategist Alfred Mahan , who argued that whoever ruled the sea also ruled the world ; Tirpitz had Mahan 's books translated into German , while Wilhelm made them required reading for his officers . However , Wilhelm annoyed his ministers by publicly declaring one motive to be his childhood admiration of the Royal Navy , which he had visited `` with kind aunts and friendly admirals . '' The result was the Anglo - German naval arms race . With the launch of HMS Dreadnought in 1906 , the Royal Navy increased its advantage over its German rival and continued to do so . By 1912 , the German economy could no longer support both naval expansion and the largest permanent army in Europe , with Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann - Hollweg acknowledging defeat . In many ways , it was a strategic disaster for Germany , diverting huge resources to create a navy large enough to antagonise Britain but not defeat it . Ending the naval arms race reduced tensions between Britain and Germany but did not lead to reductions elsewhere ; in 1913 , Germany approved an increase in its standing army by 170,000 men , Russia committed to another 500,000 men over the next three years , while France extended compulsory military service from two to three years . Between 1870 and 1914 , total military spending by Austria , Germany , Italy , and Russia increased from £ 94 million to £ 394 million ( equivalent to £ 35 billion in 2016 ) . The largest proportional increases occurred in Germany ( + 73 % ) and Russia ( + 39 % ) . Conflicts in the Balkans Sarajevo citizens reading a poster with the proclamation of the Austrian annexation in 1908 In October 1908 , Austria - Hungary precipitated the Bosnian crisis of 1908 -- 1909 by officially annexing the former Ottoman territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina , which it had occupied since 1878 . This angered the Kingdom of Serbia and its patron , the Pan-Slavic and Orthodox Russian Empire . Russian political manoeuvring in the region destabilised peace accords that were already fracturing in the Balkans , which came to be known as the `` powder keg of Europe '' . In 1912 and 1913 , the First Balkan War was fought between the Balkan League and the fracturing Ottoman Empire . The resulting Treaty of London further shrank the Ottoman Empire , creating an independent Albanian state while enlarging the territorial holdings of Bulgaria , Serbia , Montenegro , and Greece . When Bulgaria attacked Serbia and Greece on 16 June 1913 , it sparked the 33 - day Second Balkan War , by the end of which it lost most of Macedonia to Serbia and Greece , and Southern Dobruja to Romania , further destabilising the region . The Great Powers were able to keep these Balkan conflicts contained , but the next one would spread throughout Europe and beyond . Prelude Sarajevo assassination Main article : Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria This picture is usually associated with the arrest of Gavrilo Princip , although some believe it depicts Ferdinand Behr , a bystander . On 28 June 1914 , Archduke Franz Ferdinand , heir presumptive to the Austro - Hungarian Empire , visited the Bosnian capital , Sarajevo . A group of six assassins ( Cvjetko Popović , Gavrilo Princip , Muhamed Mehmedbašić , Nedeljko Čabrinović , Trifko Grabež , and Vaso Čubrilović ) from the Yugoslavist group Mlada Bosna , supplied with arms by the Serbian Black Hand , gathered on the street where the Archduke 's motorcade was to pass , with the intention of assassinating him . Čabrinović threw a grenade at the car , but missed . Some nearby were injured by the blast , but Ferdinand 's convoy carried on . The other assassins failed to act as the cars drove past them . About an hour later , when Ferdinand was returning from a visit at the Sarajevo Hospital with those wounded in the assassination attempt , the convoy took a wrong turn into a street where , by coincidence , Princip stood . With a pistol , Princip shot and killed Ferdinand and his wife Sophie . Although they were reportedly not personally close , the Emperor Franz Joseph was profoundly shocked and upset . The reaction among the people in Austria , however , was mild , almost indifferent . As historian Zbyněk Zeman later wrote , `` the event almost failed to make any impression whatsoever . On Sunday and Monday ( 28 and 29 June ) , the crowds in Vienna listened to music and drank wine , as if nothing had happened . '' Nevertheless , the political impact of the murder of the heir to the throne was significant , and was described by historian Christopher Clark on the BBC Radio 4 series Month of Madness as a `` 9 / 11 effect , a terrorist event charged with historic meaning , transforming the political chemistry in Vienna . '' Expansion of violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina Crowds on the streets in the aftermath of the anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo , 29 June 1914 The Austro - Hungarian authorities encouraged the subsequent anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo , in which Bosnian Croats and Bosniaks killed two Bosnian Serbs and damaged numerous Serb - owned buildings . Violent actions against ethnic Serbs were also organised outside Sarajevo , in other cities in Austro - Hungarian - controlled Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia and Slovenia . Austro - Hungarian authorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina imprisoned and extradited approximately 5,500 prominent Serbs , 700 to 2,200 of whom died in prison . A further 460 Serbs were sentenced to death . A predominantly Bosniak special militia known as the Schutzkorps was established and carried out the persecution of Serbs . July crisis Main article : July Crisis The assassination led to a month of diplomatic manoeuvring between Austria - Hungary , Germany , Russia , France and Britain , called the July Crisis . Austria - Hungary correctly believed that Serbian officials ( especially the officers of the Black Hand ) were involved in the plot to murder the Archduke , and wanted to finally end Serbian interference in Bosnia . On 23 July , Austria - Hungary delivered to Serbia the July Ultimatum , a series of ten demands that were made intentionally unacceptable , in an effort to provoke a war with Serbia . Serbia decreed general mobilisation on the 25th . Serbia accepted all of the terms of the ultimatum except for article six , which demanded that Austrian delegates be allowed in Serbia for the purpose of participation in the investigation into the assassination . Following this , Austria broke off diplomatic relations with Serbia and , the next day , ordered a partial mobilisation . Finally , on 28 July 1914 , a month after the assassination , Austria - Hungary declared war on Serbia . Ethno - linguistic map of Austria - Hungary , 1910 . Bosnia - Herzegovina was annexed in 1908 . On 29 July , Russia , in support of Serbia , declared partial mobilisation against Austria - Hungary . On the 30th , Russia ordered general mobilisation . German Chancellor Bethmann - Hollweg waited until the 31st for an appropriate response , when Germany declared Erklärung des Kriegszustandes , or `` State of danger of war '' . Kaiser Wilhelm II asked his cousin , Tsar Nicolas II , to suspend the Russian general mobilisation . When he refused , Germany issued an ultimatum demanding its mobilisation be stopped , and a commitment not to support Serbia . Another was sent to France , asking her not to support Russia if it were to come to the defence of Serbia . On 1 August , after the Russian response , Germany mobilised and declared war on Russia . This also led to the general mobilisation in Austria - Hungary on 4 August . The German government issued demands to France that it remain neutral as they had to decide which deployment plan to implement , it being difficult if not impossible to change the deployment whilst it was underway . The modified German Schlieffen Plan , Aufmarsch II West , would deploy 80 % of the army in the west , and Aufmarsch I Ost and Aufmarsch II Ost would deploy 60 % in the west and 40 % in the east as this was the maximum that the East Prussian railway infrastructure could carry . The French did not respond , but sent a mixed message by ordering their troops to withdraw 10 km ( 6 mi ) from the border to avoid any incidents , and at the same time ordered the mobilisation of their reserves . Germany responded by mobilising its own reserves and implementing Aufmarsch II West . On 1 August , Wilhelm ordered General Helmuth von Moltke the Younger to `` march the whole of the ... army to the East '' after being wrongly informed the British would remain neutral if France was not attacked . Moltke told the Kaiser that attempting to redeploy a million men was unthinkable , and that making it possible for the French to attack the Germans `` in the rear '' would prove disastrous . Yet Wilhelm insisted that the German army should not march into Luxembourg until he received a telegram sent by his cousin George V , who made it clear that there had been a misunderstanding . Eventually the Kaiser told Moltke , `` Now you can do what you want . '' On 2 August , Germany occupied Luxembourg , and on 3 August declared war on France ; on the same day , they sent the Belgian government an ultimatum demanding unimpeded right of way through any part of Belgium , which was refused . Early on the morning of 4 August , the Germans invaded ; King Albert ordered his military to resist and called for assistance under the 1839 Treaty of London . Britain demanded Germany comply with the Treaty and respect Belgian neutrality ; it declared war on Germany at 19 : 00 UTC on 4 August 1914 ( effective from 23 : 00 ) , following an `` unsatisfactory reply '' . Progress of the War Further information : Diplomatic history of World War I Opening hostilities Confusion among the Central Powers The strategy of the Central Powers suffered from miscommunication . Germany had promised to support Austria - Hungary 's invasion of Serbia , but interpretations of what this meant differed . Previously tested deployment plans had been replaced early in 1914 , but those had never been tested in exercises . Austro - Hungarian leaders believed Germany would cover its northern flank against Russia . Germany , however , envisioned Austria - Hungary directing most of its troops against Russia , while Germany dealt with France . This confusion forced the Austro - Hungarian Army to divide its forces between the Russian and Serbian fronts . Serbian Campaign Main article : Serbian Campaign of World War I Serbian Army Blériot XI `` Oluj '' , 1915 Austria invaded and fought the Serbian army at the Battle of Cer and Battle of Kolubara beginning on 12 August . Over the next two weeks , Austrian attacks were thrown back with heavy losses , which marked the first major Allied victories of the war and dashed Austro - Hungarian hopes of a swift victory . As a result , Austria had to keep sizeable forces on the Serbian front , weakening its efforts against Russia . Serbia 's defeat of the Austro - Hungarian invasion of 1914 has been called one of the major upset victories of the twentieth century . German offensive in Belgium and France Main article : Western Front ( World War I ) When the war began , the German Order of Battle placed 80 % of the army in the West , with the remainder acting as a screening force in the East . The plan was to quickly knock France out of the war , then redeploy to the East and do the same to Russia . German soldiers in a railway goods wagon on the way to the front in 1914 . Early in the war , all sides expected the conflict to be a short one . The German offensive in the West was officially titled Aufmarsch I West , but is better known as the Schlieffen Plan , after its original creator . Schlieffen deliberately kept the left weak to lure the French into attacking across the Rhine , while the German right swept through Belgium , encircled Paris and trapped the French armies against the Swiss border ; by charging into Alsace - Lorraine as envisaged by Plan XVII , the French were actually helping that . However , his successor Moltke grew concerned by the danger of the French pushing too hard on his left flank and as the German Army increased in size , the allocation of forces between right and left wings changed from 85 : 15 to 70 : 30 . Ultimately , Moltke 's changes meant insufficient forces to achieve decisive success and thus unrealistic goals and timings . It also assumed Russia could not mobilise quickly enough to force victory in the East , which again proved not to be the case . French bayonet charge , Battle of the Frontiers ; by the end of August , French casualties exceeded 260,000 , including 75,000 dead By the end of August , the Allied left , which included the British Expeditionary Force or BEF was in full retreat ; French casualties in the first month exceeded 260,000 , including 27,000 killed on 22 August during the Battle of the Frontiers . German planning provided broad strategic guidance , while allowing army commanders considerable freedom in carrying them out ; this worked well in 1866 and 1870 but in 1914 , von Kluck used this freedom to disobey orders , opening a gap between the German armies on the right . The French and British exploited this to halt the German advance east of Paris at the First Battle of the Marne from 5 to 12 September and push the German forces back some 50 km ( 31 mi ) . In 1911 , the Russian Stavka had agreed with the French to attack Germany within 15 days of mobilisation , which was unrealistic and the two Russian armies that entered East Prussia on 17 August did so without many of their support elements . The Russian Second Army was effectively destroyed at the Battle of Tannenberg on 26 - 30 August but the Germans had been forced to re-route the 8th Field Army from France to East Prussia , a factor in Allied victory on the Marne . By the end of 1914 , German troops held strong defensive positions inside France , controlled the bulk of France 's domestic coalfields and had inflicted 230,000 more casualties than it lost itself . However , communications problems and questionable command decisions cost Germany the chance of a decisive outcome while it had failed to achieve the primary objective of avoiding a long , two - front war . This amounted to a strategic defeat ; shortly after the Marne , Crown Prince Wilhelm told an American reporter ; ' We have lost the war . It will go on for a long time but lost it is already . ' Asia and the Pacific Main article : Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I Military recruitment in Melbourne , Australia , 1914 New Zealand occupied German Samoa ( later Western Samoa ) on 30 August 1914 . On 11 September , the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force landed on the island of Neu Pommern ( later New Britain ) , which formed part of German New Guinea . On 28 October , the German cruiser SMS Emden sank the Russian cruiser Zhemchug in the Battle of Penang . Japan seized Germany 's Micronesian colonies and , after the Siege of Tsingtao , the German coaling port of Qingdao on the Chinese Shandong peninsula . As Vienna refused to withdraw the Austro - Hungarian cruiser SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth from Tsingtao , Japan declared war not only on Germany , but also on Austria - Hungary ; the ship participated in the defence of Tsingtao where it was sunk in November 1914 . Within a few months , the Allied forces had seized all the German territories in the Pacific ; only isolated commerce raiders and a few holdouts in New Guinea remained . African campaigns Main article : African theatre of World War I Military recruitment near Tiberias , Ottoman Empire , 1914 Some of the first clashes of the war involved British , French , and German colonial forces in Africa . On 6 -- 7 August , French and British troops invaded the German protectorate of Togoland and Kamerun . On 10 August , German forces in South - West Africa attacked South Africa ; sporadic and fierce fighting continued for the rest of the war . The German colonial forces in German East Africa , led by Colonel Paul von Lettow - Vorbeck , fought a guerrilla warfare campaign during World War I and only surrendered two weeks after the armistice took effect in Europe . Indian support for the Allies Further information : Hindu -- German Conspiracy , Niedermayer -- Hentig Expedition , and Third Anglo - Afghan War Germany attempted to use Indian nationalism and pan-Islamism to its advantage , instigating uprisings in India , and sending a mission that urged Afghanistan to join the war on the side of Central powers . However , contrary to British fears of a revolt in India , the outbreak of the war saw an unprecedented outpouring of loyalty and goodwill towards Britain . Indian political leaders from the Indian National Congress and other groups were eager to support the British war effort , since they believed that strong support for the war effort would further the cause of Indian Home Rule . The Indian Army in fact outnumbered the British Army at the beginning of the war ; about 1.3 million Indian soldiers and labourers served in Europe , Africa , and the Middle East , while the central government and the princely states sent large supplies of food , money , and ammunition . In all , 140,000 men served on the Western Front and nearly 700,000 in the Middle East . Casualties of Indian soldiers totalled 47,746 killed and 65,126 wounded during World War I . The suffering engendered by the war , as well as the failure of the British government to grant self - government to India after the end of hostilities , bred disillusionment and fuelled the campaign for full independence that would be led by Mohandas K. Gandhi and others . Western front Main article : Western Front ( World War I ) Trench warfare begins Military tactics developed before World War I failed to keep pace with advances in technology and had become obsolete . These advances had allowed the creation of strong defensive systems , which out - of - date military tactics could not break through for most of the war . Barbed wire was a significant hindrance to massed infantry advances , while artillery , vastly more lethal than in the 1870s , coupled with machine guns , made crossing open ground extremely difficult . Commanders on both sides failed to develop tactics for breaching entrenched positions without heavy casualties . In time , however , technology began to produce new offensive weapons , such as gas warfare and the tank . After the First Battle of the Marne ( 5 -- 12 September 1914 ) , Allied and German forces unsuccessfully tried to outflank each other , a series of manoeuvres later known as the `` Race to the Sea '' . By the end of 1914 , the opposing forces were left confronting each other along an uninterrupted line of entrenched positions from Lorraine to Belgium 's coast . Since the Germans were able to choose where to stand , they normally had the advantage of the high ground ; in addition , their trenches tended to be better built , since Anglo - French trenches were initially intended as `` temporary , '' preparatory to breaking the German defences . Both sides tried to break the stalemate using scientific and technological advances . On 22 April 1915 , at the Second Battle of Ypres , the Germans ( violating the Hague Convention ) used chlorine gas for the first time on the Western Front . Several types of gas soon became widely used by both sides , and though it never proved a decisive , battle - winning weapon , poison gas became one of the most - feared and best - remembered horrors of the war . Tanks were developed by Britain and France and were first used in combat by the British during the Battle of Flers -- Courcelette ( part of the Battle of the Somme ) on 15 September 1916 , with only partial success . However , their effectiveness would grow as the war progressed ; the Allies built tanks in large numbers , whilst the Germans employed only a few of their own design , supplemented by captured Allied tanks . Continuation of trench warfare French 87th regiment near Verdun , 1916 Neither side proved able to deliver a decisive blow for the next two years . Throughout 1915 -- 17 , the British Empire and France suffered more casualties than Germany , because of both the strategic and tactical stances chosen by the sides . Strategically , while the Germans only mounted one major offensive , the Allies made several attempts to break through the German lines . In February 1916 the Germans attacked French defensive positions at the Battle of Verdun , lasting until December 1916 . The Germans made initial gains , before French counter-attacks returned matters to near their starting point . Casualties were greater for the French , but the Germans bled heavily as well , with anywhere from 700,000 to 975,000 casualties suffered between the two combatants . Verdun became a symbol of French determination and self - sacrifice . Royal Irish Rifles in a communications trench , first day on the Somme , 1916 The Battle of the Somme was an Anglo - French offensive of July to November 1916 . The opening day of the offensive ( 1 July 1916 ) was the bloodiest day in the history of the British Army , suffering 57,470 casualties , including 19,240 dead . The entire Somme offensive cost the British Army some 420,000 casualties . The French suffered another estimated 200,000 casualties and the Germans an estimated 500,000 . Gun fire was n't the only factor taking lives ; the diseases that emerged in the trenches were a major killer on both sides . The living conditions made it so that countless diseases and infections occurred , such as trench foot , shell shock , blindness / burns from mustard gas , lice , trench fever , cooties ( body lice ) and the ' Spanish Flu ' . To maintain morale , wartime censors minimized early reports of widespread influenza illness and mortality in Germany , the United Kingdom , France , and the United States . Papers were free to report the epidemic 's effects in neutral Spain ( such as the grave illness of King Alfonso XIII ) . This created a false impression of Spain as especially hard hit , thereby giving rise to the pandemic 's nickname , `` Spanish Flu '' . Canadian troops advancing with a British Mark II tank at the Battle of Vimy Ridge , 1917 Protracted action at Verdun throughout 1916 , combined with the bloodletting at the Somme , brought the exhausted French army to the brink of collapse . Futile attempts using frontal assault came at a high price for both the British and the French and led to the widespread French Army Mutinies , after the failure of the costly Nivelle Offensive of April -- May 1917 . The concurrent British Battle of Arras was more limited in scope , and more successful , although ultimately of little strategic value . A smaller part of the Arras offensive , the capture of Vimy Ridge by the Canadian Corps , became highly significant to that country : the idea that Canada 's national identity was born out of the battle is an opinion widely held in military and general histories of Canada . The last large - scale offensive of this period was a British attack ( with French support ) at Passchendaele ( July -- November 1917 ) . This offensive opened with great promise for the Allies , before bogging down in the October mud . Casualties , though disputed , were roughly equal , at some 200,000 -- 400,000 per side . The years of trench warfare on the Western front achieved no major exchanges of territory and , as a result , are often thought of as static and unchanging . However , throughout this period , British , French , and German tactics constantly evolved to meet new battlefield challenges . Naval War Main article : Naval warfare of World War I King George V ( front left ) and a group of officials inspect a British munitions factory in 1917 At the start of the war , the German Empire had cruisers scattered across the globe , some of which were subsequently used to attack Allied merchant shipping . The British Royal Navy systematically hunted them down , though not without some embarrassment from its inability to protect Allied shipping . Before the beginning of the war , it was widely understood that Britain held the position of strongest , most influential navy in the world . The publishing of the book The Influence of Sea Power upon History by Alfred Thayer Mahan in 1890 was intended to encourage the United States to increase their naval power . Instead , this book made it to Germany and inspired its readers to try to over-power the British Royal Navy . For example , the German detached light cruiser SMS Emden , part of the East Asia Squadron stationed at Qingdao , seized or destroyed 15 merchantmen , as well as sinking a Russian cruiser and a French destroyer . However , most of the German East - Asia squadron -- consisting of the armoured cruisers SMS Scharnhorst and Gneisenau , light cruisers Nürnberg and Leipzig and two transport ships -- did not have orders to raid shipping and was instead underway to Germany when it met British warships . The German flotilla and Dresden sank two armoured cruisers at the Battle of Coronel , but was virtually destroyed at the Battle of the Falkland Islands in December 1914 , with only Dresden and a few auxiliaries escaping , but after the Battle of Más a Tierra these too had been destroyed or interned . Battleships of the Hochseeflotte , 1917 U-155 exhibited near Tower Bridge in London , after the 1918 Armistice Soon after the outbreak of hostilities , Britain began a naval blockade of Germany . The strategy proved effective , cutting off vital military and civilian supplies , although this blockade violated accepted international law codified by several international agreements of the past two centuries . Britain mined international waters to prevent any ships from entering entire sections of ocean , causing danger to even neutral ships . Since there was limited response to this tactic of the British , Germany expected a similar response to its unrestricted submarine warfare . The Battle of Jutland ( German : Skagerrakschlacht , or `` Battle of the Skagerrak '' ) in May / June 1916 developed into the largest naval battle of the war . It was the only full - scale clash of battleships during the war , and one of the largest in history . The Kaiserliche Marine 's High Seas Fleet , commanded by Vice Admiral Reinhard Scheer , fought the Royal Navy 's Grand Fleet , led by Admiral Sir John Jellicoe . The engagement was a stand off , as the Germans were outmanoeuvred by the larger British fleet , but managed to escape and inflicted more damage to the British fleet than they received . Strategically , however , the British asserted their control of the sea , and the bulk of the German surface fleet remained confined to port for the duration of the war . German U-boats attempted to cut the supply lines between North America and Britain . The nature of submarine warfare meant that attacks often came without warning , giving the crews of the merchant ships little hope of survival . The United States launched a protest , and Germany changed its rules of engagement . After the sinking of the passenger ship RMS Lusitania in 1915 , Germany promised not to target passenger liners , while Britain armed its merchant ships , placing them beyond the protection of the `` cruiser rules '' , which demanded warning and movement of crews to `` a place of safety '' ( a standard that lifeboats did not meet ) . Finally , in early 1917 , Germany adopted a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare , realising that the Americans would eventually enter the war . Germany sought to strangle Allied sea lanes before the United States could transport a large army overseas , but after initial successes eventually failed to do so . The U-boat threat lessened in 1917 , when merchant ships began travelling in convoys , escorted by destroyers . This tactic made it difficult for U-boats to find targets , which significantly lessened losses ; after the hydrophone and depth charges were introduced , accompanying destroyers could attack a submerged submarine with some hope of success . Convoys slowed the flow of supplies , since ships had to wait as convoys were assembled . The solution to the delays was an extensive program of building new freighters . Troopships were too fast for the submarines and did not travel the North Atlantic in convoys . The U-boats had sunk more than 5,000 Allied ships , at a cost of 199 submarines . World War I also saw the first use of aircraft carriers in combat , with HMS Furious launching Sopwith Camels in a successful raid against the Zeppelin hangars at Tondern in July 1918 , as well as blimps for antisubmarine patrol . Southern theatres War in the Balkans Main articles : Balkans Campaign ( World War I ) , Bulgaria during World War I , Serbian Campaign ( World War I ) , and Macedonian Front Refugee transport from Serbia in Leibnitz , Styria , 1914 Bulgarian soldiers in a trench , preparing to fire against an incoming aeroplane Austro - Hungarian troops executing captured Serbians , 1917 . Serbia lost about 850,000 people during the war , a quarter of its pre-war population . Faced with Russia in the east , Austria - Hungary could spare only one - third of its army to attack Serbia . After suffering heavy losses , the Austrians briefly occupied the Serbian capital , Belgrade . A Serbian counter-attack in the Battle of Kolubara succeeded in driving them from the country by the end of 1914 . For the first ten months of 1915 , Austria - Hungary used most of its military reserves to fight Italy . German and Austro - Hungarian diplomats , however , scored a coup by persuading Bulgaria to join the attack on Serbia . The Austro - Hungarian provinces of Slovenia , Croatia and Bosnia provided troops for Austria - Hungary in the fight with Serbia , Russia and Italy . Montenegro allied itself with Serbia . Bulgaria declared war on Serbia on 12 October 1915 and joined in the attack by the Austro - Hungarian army under Mackensen 's army of 250,000 that was already underway . Serbia was conquered in a little more than a month , as the Central Powers , now including Bulgaria , sent in 600,000 troops total . The Serbian army , fighting on two fronts and facing certain defeat , retreated into northern Albania . The Serbs suffered defeat in the Battle of Kosovo . Montenegro covered the Serbian retreat towards the Adriatic coast in the Battle of Mojkovac in 6 -- 7 January 1916 , but ultimately the Austrians also conquered Montenegro . The surviving Serbian soldiers were evacuated by ship to Greece . After conquest , Serbia was divided between Austro - Hungary and Bulgaria . In late 1915 , a Franco - British force landed at Salonica in Greece to offer assistance and to pressure its government to declare war against the Central Powers . However , the pro-German King Constantine I dismissed the pro-Allied government of Eleftherios Venizelos before the Allied expeditionary force arrived . The friction between the King of Greece and the Allies continued to accumulate with the National Schism , which effectively divided Greece between regions still loyal to the king and the new provisional government of Venizelos in Salonica . After intense negotiations and an armed confrontation in Athens between Allied and royalist forces ( an incident known as Noemvriana ) , the King of Greece resigned and his second son Alexander took his place ; Greece officially joined the war on the side of the Allies in June 1917 . The Macedonian Front was initially mostly static . French and Serbian forces retook limited areas of Macedonia by recapturing Bitola on 19 November 1916 following the costly Monastir Offensive , which brought stabilisation of the front . Serbian and French troops finally made a breakthrough in September 1918 in the Vardar Offensive , after most of the German and Austro - Hungarian troops had been withdrawn . The Bulgarians were defeated at the Battle of Dobro Pole , and by 25 September British and French troops had crossed the border into Bulgaria proper as the Bulgarian army collapsed . Bulgaria capitulated four days later , on 29 September 1918 . The German high command responded by despatching troops to hold the line , but these forces were far too weak to reestablish a front . The disappearance of the Macedonian Front meant that the road to Budapest and Vienna was now opened to Allied forces . Hindenburg and Ludendorff concluded that the strategic and operational balance had now shifted decidedly against the Central Powers and , a day after the Bulgarian collapse , insisted on an immediate peace settlement . Ottoman Empire Main article : History of the Ottoman Empire during World War I See also : Middle Eastern theatre of World War I Australian troops charging near a Turkish trench during the Gallipoli Campaign The Ottomans threatened Russia 's Caucasian territories and Britain 's communications with India via the Suez Canal . As the conflict progressed , the Ottoman Empire took advantage of the European powers ' preoccupation with the war and conducted large - scale ethnic cleansing of the indigenous Armenian , Greek , and Assyrian Christian populations , known as the Armenian Genocide , Greek Genocide , and Assyrian Genocide . The British and French opened overseas fronts with the Gallipoli ( 1915 ) and Mesopotamian campaigns ( 1914 ) . In Gallipoli , the Ottoman Empire successfully repelled the British , French , and Australian and New Zealand Army Corps ( ANZACs ) . In Mesopotamia , by contrast , after the defeat of the British defenders in the Siege of Kut by the Ottomans ( 1915 -- 16 ) , British Imperial forces reorganised and captured Baghdad in March 1917 . The British were aided in Mesopotamia by local Arab and Assyrian tribesmen , while the Ottomans employed local Kurdish and Turcoman tribes . Mehmed V greeting Wilhelm II on his arrival at Constantinople Further to the west , the Suez Canal was defended from Ottoman attacks in 1915 and 1916 ; in August , a German and Ottoman force was defeated at the Battle of Romani by the ANZAC Mounted Division and the 52nd ( Lowland ) Infantry Division . Following this victory , an Egyptian Expeditionary Force advanced across the Sinai Peninsula , pushing Ottoman forces back in the Battle of Magdhaba in December and the Battle of Rafa on the border between the Egyptian Sinai and Ottoman Palestine in January 1917 . Russian armies generally had success in the Caucasus . Enver Pasha , supreme commander of the Ottoman armed forces , was ambitious and dreamed of re-conquering central Asia and areas that had been lost to Russia previously . He was , however , a poor commander . He launched an offensive against the Russians in the Caucasus in December 1914 with 100,000 troops , insisting on a frontal attack against mountainous Russian positions in winter . He lost 86 % of his force at the Battle of Sarikamish . Kaiser Wilhelm II inspecting Turkish troops of the 15th Corps in East Galicia , Austria - Hungary ( now Poland ) . Prince Leopold of Bavaria , the Supreme Commander of the German Army on the Eastern Front , is second from the left . The Ottoman Empire , with German support , invaded Persia ( modern Iran ) in December 1914 in an effort to cut off British and Russian access to petroleum reservoirs around Baku near the Caspian Sea . Persia , ostensibly neutral , had long been under the spheres of British and Russian influence . The Ottomans and Germans were aided by Kurdish and Azeri forces , together with a large number of major Iranian tribes , such as the Qashqai , Tangistanis , Luristanis , and Khamseh , while the Russians and British had the support of Armenian and Assyrian forces . The Persian Campaign was to last until 1918 and end in failure for the Ottomans and their allies . However , the Russian withdrawal from the war in 1917 led to Armenian and Assyrian forces , who had hitherto inflicted a series of defeats upon the forces of the Ottomans and their allies , being cut off from supply lines , outnumbered , outgunned and isolated , forcing them to fight and flee towards British lines in northern Mesopotamia . Russian forest trench at the Battle of Sarikamish , 1914 -- 1915 General Yudenich , the Russian commander from 1915 to 1916 , drove the Turks out of most of the southern Caucasus with a string of victories . In 1917 , Russian Grand Duke Nicholas assumed command of the Caucasus front . Nicholas planned a railway from Russian Georgia to the conquered territories , so that fresh supplies could be brought up for a new offensive in 1917 . However , in March 1917 ( February in the pre-revolutionary Russian calendar ) , the Czar abdicated in the course of the February Revolution , and the Russian Caucasus Army began to fall apart . The Arab Revolt , instigated by the Arab bureau of the British Foreign Office , started June 1916 with the Battle of Mecca , led by Sherif Hussein of Mecca , and ended with the Ottoman surrender of Damascus . Fakhri Pasha , the Ottoman commander of Medina , resisted for more than two and half years during the Siege of Medina before surrendering in January 1919 . The Senussi tribe , along the border of Italian Libya and British Egypt , incited and armed by the Turks , waged a small - scale guerrilla war against Allied troops . The British were forced to dispatch 12,000 troops to oppose them in the Senussi Campaign . Their rebellion was finally crushed in mid-1916 . Total Allied casualties on the Ottoman fronts amounted 650,000 men . Total Ottoman casualties were 725,000 ( 325,000 dead and 400,000 wounded ) . Italian participation Main articles : Italian Front ( World War I ) and Albania during World War I Further information : Battles of the Isonzo A pro-war demonstration in Bologna , Italy , 1914 Italy had been allied with the German and Austro - Hungarian Empires since 1882 as part of the Triple Alliance . However , the nation had its own designs on Austrian territory in Trentino , the Austrian Littoral , Fiume ( Rijeka ) and Dalmatia . Rome had a secret 1902 pact with France , effectively nullifying its part in the Triple Alliance . At the start of hostilities , Italy refused to commit troops , arguing that the Triple Alliance was defensive and that Austria - Hungary was an aggressor . The Austro - Hungarian government began negotiations to secure Italian neutrality , offering the French colony of Tunisia in return . The Allies made a counter-offer in which Italy would receive the Southern Tyrol , Austrian Littoral and territory on the Dalmatian coast after the defeat of Austria - Hungary . This was formalised by the Treaty of London . Further encouraged by the Allied invasion of Turkey in April 1915 , Italy joined the Triple Entente and declared war on Austria - Hungary on 23 May . Fifteen months later , Italy declared war on Germany . Austro - Hungarian troops , Tyrol The Italians had numerical superiority , but this advantage was lost , not only because of the difficult terrain in which the fighting took place , but also because of the strategies and tactics employed . Field Marshal Luigi Cadorna , a staunch proponent of the frontal assault , had dreams of breaking into the Slovenian plateau , taking Ljubljana and threatening Vienna . On the Trentino front , the Austro - Hungarians took advantage of the mountainous terrain , which favoured the defender . After an initial strategic retreat , the front remained largely unchanged , while Austrian Kaiserschützen and Standschützen engaged Italian Alpini in bitter hand - to - hand combat throughout the summer . The Austro - Hungarians counterattacked in the Altopiano of Asiago , towards Verona and Padua , in the spring of 1916 ( Strafexpedition ) , but made little progress . Beginning in 1915 , the Italians under Cadorna mounted eleven offensives on the Isonzo front along the Isonzo ( Soča ) River , northeast of Trieste . All eleven offensives were repelled by the Austro - Hungarians , who held the higher ground . In the summer of 1916 , after the Battle of Doberdò , the Italians captured the town of Gorizia . After this minor victory , the front remained static for over a year , despite several Italian offensives , centred on the Banjšice and Karst Plateau east of Gorizia . Depiction of the Battle of Doberdò , fought in August 1916 between the Italian and the Austro - Hungarian armies The Central Powers launched a crushing offensive on 26 October 1917 , spearheaded by the Germans , and achieved a victory at Caporetto ( Kobarid ) . The Italian Army was routed and retreated more than 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) to reorganise , stabilising the front at the Piave River . Since the Italian Army had suffered heavy losses in the Battle of Caporetto , the Italian Government ordered conscription of the so - called ' 99 Boys ( Ragazzi del ' 99 ) : all males born in 1899 and prior , who were 18 years old or older . In 1918 , the Austro - Hungarians failed to break through in a series of battles on the Piave and were finally decisively defeated in the Battle of Vittorio Veneto in October . On 1 November , the Italian Navy destroyed much of the Austro - Hungarian fleet stationed in Pula , preventing it from being handed over to the new State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs . On 3 November , the Italians invaded Trieste from the sea . On the same day , the Armistice of Villa Giusti was signed . By mid-November 1918 , the Italian military occupied the entire former Austrian Littoral and had seized control of the portion of Dalmatia that had been guaranteed to Italy by the London Pact . By the end of hostilities in November 1918 , Admiral Enrico Millo declared himself Italy 's Governor of Dalmatia . Austria - Hungary surrendered on 11 November 1918 . Romanian participation Main article : Romania during World War I Marshal Joffre inspecting Romanian troops , 1916 Romania had been allied with the Central Powers since 1882 . When the war began , however , it declared its neutrality , arguing that because Austria - Hungary had itself declared war on Serbia , Romania was under no obligation to join the war . When the Entente Powers promised Romania Transylvania and Banat , large territories of eastern Hungary , in exchange for Romania 's declaring war on the Central Powers , the Romanian government renounced its neutrality . On 27 August 1916 , the Romanian Army launched an attack against Austria - Hungary , with limited Russian support . The Romanian offensive was initially successful , against the Austro - Hungarian troops in Transylvania , but a counterattack by the forces of the Central Powers drove them back . As a result of the Battle of Bucharest , the Central Powers occupied Bucharest on 6 December 1916 . Fighting in Moldova continued in 1917 , resulting in a costly stalemate for the Central Powers . Russian withdrawal from the war in late 1917 as a result of the October Revolution meant that Romania was forced to sign an armistice with the Central Powers on 9 December 1917 . Romanian troops during the Battle of Mărăşeşti , 1917 In January 1918 , Romanian forces established control over Bessarabia as the Russian Army abandoned the province . Although a treaty was signed by the Romanian and Bolshevik Russian governments following talks between 5 and 9 March 1918 on the withdrawal of Romanian forces from Bessarabia within two months , on 27 March 1918 Romania formally attached Bessarabia to its territory , based on a resolution passed by the local assembly of that territory on its unification with Romania . Romania officially made peace with the Central Powers by signing the Treaty of Bucharest on 7 May 1918 . Under the treaty , Romania was obliged to end the war with the Central Powers and make small territorial concessions to Austria - Hungary , ceding control of some passes in the Carpathian Mountains , and to grant oil concessions to Germany . In exchange , the Central Powers recognised the sovereignty of Romania over Bessarabia . The treaty was renounced in October 1918 by the Alexandru Marghiloman government , and Romania nominally re-entered the war on 10 November 1918 . The next day , the Treaty of Bucharest was nullified by the terms of the Armistice of Compiègne . Total Romanian deaths from 1914 to 1918 , military and civilian , within contemporary borders , were estimated at 748,000 . Eastern front Main article : Eastern Front ( World War I ) Initial actions Heir presumptive Karl visiting the fortress of Przemyśl after the first siege . The Russian Siege of Przemyśl was the longest siege of the war . While the Western Front had reached stalemate , the war continued in East Europe . Initial Russian plans called for simultaneous invasions of Austrian Galicia and East Prussia . Although Russia 's initial advance into Galicia was largely successful , it was driven back from East Prussia by Hindenburg and Ludendorff at the battles of Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes in August and September 1914 . Russia 's less developed industrial base and ineffective military leadership were instrumental in the events that unfolded . By the spring of 1915 , the Russians had retreated to Galicia , and , in May , the Central Powers achieved a remarkable breakthrough on Poland 's southern frontiers . On 5 August , they captured Warsaw and forced the Russians to withdraw from Poland . Russian Revolution Main article : Russian Revolution Allied troops parade through Vladivostok in armed support of the anti-communist White Army , September 1918 Despite Russia 's success in the June 1916 Brusilov Offensive in eastern Galicia , dissatisfaction with the Russian government 's conduct of the war grew . The success of the offensive was undermined by the reluctance of other generals to commit their forces to support the victory . Allied and Russian forces were revived only temporarily by Romania 's entry into the war on 27 August . German forces came to the aid of embattled Austro - Hungarian units in Transylvania while a German - Bulgarian force attacked from the south , and Bucharest was retaken by the Central Powers on 6 December . Meanwhile , unrest grew in Russia as the Tsar remained at the front . The increasingly incompetent rule of Empress Alexandra drew protests and resulted in the murder of her favourite , Rasputin , at the end of 1916 . In March 1917 , demonstrations in Petrograd culminated in the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and the appointment of a weak Provisional Government , which shared power with the Petrograd Soviet socialists . This arrangement led to confusion and chaos both at the front and at home . The army became increasingly ineffective . Treaty of Brest - Litovsk , 1918 Count Ottokar von Czernin Richard von Kühlmann Vasil Radoslavov Following the Tsar 's abdication , Vladimir Lenin was ushered by train from Switzerland into Russia 16 April 1917 . Discontent and the weaknesses of the Provisional Government led to a rise in the popularity of the Bolshevik Party , led by Lenin , which demanded an immediate end to the war . The Revolution of November was followed in December by an armistice and negotiations with Germany . At first , the Bolsheviks refused the German terms , but when German troops began marching across Ukraine unopposed , the new government acceded to the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk on 3 March 1918 . The treaty ceded vast territories , including Finland , the Baltic provinces , parts of Poland and Ukraine to the Central Powers . Despite this enormous apparent German success , the manpower required for German occupation of former Russian territory may have contributed to the failure of the Spring Offensive and secured relatively little food or other materiel for the Central Powers war effort . With the adoption of the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk , the Entente no longer existed . The Allied powers led a small - scale invasion of Russia , partly to stop Germany from exploiting Russian resources , and to a lesser extent , to support the `` Whites '' ( as opposed to the `` Reds '' ) in the Russian Civil War . Allied troops landed in Arkhangelsk and in Vladivostok as part of the North Russia Intervention . Czechoslovak Legion Main article : Czechoslovak Legion Czechoslovak Legion , Vladivostok , 1918 The Czechoslovak Legion fought with the Entente ; its goal was to win support for the independence of Czechoslovakia . The Legion in Russia was established in September 1914 , in December 1917 in France ( including volunteers from America ) and in April 1918 in Italy . Czechoslovak Legion troops defeated the Austro - Hungarian army at the Ukrainian village of Zborov , in July 1917 . After this success , the number of Czechoslovak legionaries increased , as well as Czechoslovak military power . In the Battle of Bakhmach , the Legion defeated the Germans and forced them to make a truce . In Russia , they were heavily involved in the Russian Civil War , siding with the Whites against the Bolsheviks , at times controlling most of the Trans - Siberian railway and conquering all the major cities of Siberia . The presence of the Czechoslovak Legion near Yekaterinburg appears to have been one of the motivations for the Bolshevik execution of the Tsar and his family in July 1918 . Legionaries arrived less than a week afterwards and captured the city . Because Russia 's European ports were not safe , the corps was evacuated by a long detour via the port of Vladivostok . The last transport was the American ship Heffron in September 1920 . Central Powers peace overtures `` They shall not pass '' , a phrase typically associated with the defence of Verdun In December 1916 , after ten brutal months of the Battle of Verdun and a successful offensive against Romania , the Germans attempted to negotiate a peace with the Allies . Soon after , the US President , Woodrow Wilson , attempted to intervene as a peacemaker , asking in a note for both sides to state their demands . Lloyd George 's War Cabinet considered the German offer to be a ploy to create divisions amongst the Allies . After initial outrage and much deliberation , they took Wilson 's note as a separate effort , signalling that the United States was on the verge of entering the war against Germany following the `` submarine outrages '' . While the Allies debated a response to Wilson 's offer , the Germans chose to rebuff it in favour of `` a direct exchange of views '' . Learning of the German response , the Allied governments were free to make clear demands in their response of 14 January . They sought restoration of damages , the evacuation of occupied territories , reparations for France , Russia and Romania , and a recognition of the principle of nationalities . This included the liberation of Italians , Slavs , Romanians , Czecho - Slovaks , and the creation of a `` free and united Poland '' . On the question of security , the Allies sought guarantees that would prevent or limit future wars , complete with sanctions , as a condition of any peace settlement . The negotiations failed and the Entente powers rejected the German offer on the grounds that Germany had not put forward any specific proposals . 1917 -- 1918 Events of 1917 proved decisive in ending the war , although their effects were not fully felt until 1918 . Developments in 1917 French Army lookout at his observation post , Haut - Rhin , France , 1917 The British naval blockade began to have a serious impact on Germany . In response , in February 1917 , the German General Staff convinced Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann - Hollweg to declare unrestricted submarine warfare , with the goal of starving Britain out of the war . German planners estimated that unrestricted submarine warfare would cost Britain a monthly shipping loss of 600,000 tons . The General Staff acknowledged that the policy would almost certainly bring the United States into the conflict , but calculated that British shipping losses would be so high that they would be forced to sue for peace after 5 to 6 months , before American intervention could make an impact . Tonnage sunk rose above 500,000 tons per month from February to July . It peaked at 860,000 tons in April . After July , the newly re-introduced convoy system became effective in reducing the U-boat threat . Britain was safe from starvation , while German industrial output fell , and the United States joined the war far earlier than Germany had anticipated . On 3 May 1917 , during the Nivelle Offensive , the French 2nd Colonial Division , veterans of the Battle of Verdun , refused orders , arriving drunk and without their weapons . Their officers lacked the means to punish an entire division , and harsh measures were not immediately implemented . The French Army Mutinies eventually spread to a further 54 French divisions , and 20,000 men deserted . However , appeals to patriotism and duty , as well as mass arrests and trials , encouraged the soldiers to return to defend their trenches , although the French soldiers refused to participate in further offensive action . Robert Nivelle was removed from command by 15 May , replaced by General Philippe Pétain , who suspended bloody large - scale attacks . German film crew recording the action The victory of the Central Powers at the Battle of Caporetto led the Allies to convene the Rapallo Conference at which they formed the Supreme War Council to co-ordinate planning . Previously , British and French armies had operated under separate commands . In December , the Central Powers signed an armistice with Russia , thus freeing large numbers of German troops for use in the west . With German reinforcements and new American troops pouring in , the outcome was to be decided on the Western Front . The Central Powers knew that they could not win a protracted war , but they held high hopes for success based on a final quick offensive . Furthermore , both sides became increasingly fearful of social unrest and revolution in Europe . Thus , both sides urgently sought a decisive victory . In 1917 , Emperor Charles I of Austria secretly attempted separate peace negotiations with Clemenceau , through his wife 's brother Sixtus in Belgium as an intermediary , without the knowledge of Germany . Italy opposed the proposals . When the negotiations failed , his attempt was revealed to Germany , resulting in a diplomatic catastrophe . Ottoman Empire conflict , 1917 -- 1918 Main article : Sinai and Palestine Campaign 10.5 cm Feldhaubitze 98 / 09 and Ottoman artillerymen at Hareira in 1917 before the Southern Palestine offensive British artillery battery on Mount Scopus in the Battle of Jerusalem , 1917 . Foreground , a battery of 16 heavy guns . Background , conical tents and support vehicles . In March and April 1917 , at the First and Second Battles of Gaza , German and Ottoman forces stopped the advance of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force , which had begun in August 1916 at the Battle of Romani . At the end of October , the Sinai and Palestine Campaign resumed , when General Edmund Allenby 's XXth Corps , XXI Corps and Desert Mounted Corps won the Battle of Beersheba . Two Ottoman armies were defeated a few weeks later at the Battle of Mughar Ridge and , early in December , Jerusalem was captured following another Ottoman defeat at the Battle of Jerusalem . About this time , Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein was relieved of his duties as the Eighth Army 's commander , replaced by Djevad Pasha , and a few months later the commander of the Ottoman Army in Palestine , Erich von Falkenhayn , was replaced by Otto Liman von Sanders . Ottoman troops during the Mesopotamian campaign British troops on the march during the Mesopotamian campaign , 1917 In early 1918 , the front line was extended and the Jordan Valley was occupied , following the First Transjordan and the Second Transjordan attacks by British Empire forces in March and April 1918 . In March , most of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force 's British infantry and Yeomanry cavalry were sent to the Western Front as a consequence of the Spring Offensive . They were replaced by Indian Army units . During several months of reorganisation and training of the summer , a number of attacks were carried out on sections of the Ottoman front line . These pushed the front line north to more advantageous positions for the Entente in preparation for an attack and to acclimatise the newly arrived Indian Army infantry . It was not until the middle of September that the integrated force was ready for large - scale operations . The reorganised Egyptian Expeditionary Force , with an additional mounted division , broke Ottoman forces at the Battle of Megiddo in September 1918 . In two days the British and Indian infantry , supported by a creeping barrage , broke the Ottoman front line and captured the headquarters of the Eighth Army ( Ottoman Empire ) at Tulkarm , the continuous trench lines at Tabsor , Arara , and the Seventh Army ( Ottoman Empire ) headquarters at Nablus . The Desert Mounted Corps rode through the break in the front line created by the infantry . During virtually continuous operations by Australian Light Horse , British mounted Yeomanry , Indian Lancers , and New Zealand Mounted Rifle brigades in the Jezreel Valley , they captured Nazareth , Afulah and Beisan , Jenin , along with Haifa on the Mediterranean coast and Daraa east of the Jordan River on the Hejaz railway . Samakh and Tiberias on the Sea of Galilee were captured on the way northwards to Damascus . Meanwhile , Chaytor 's Force of Australian light horse , New Zealand mounted rifles , Indian , British West Indies and Jewish infantry captured the crossings of the Jordan River , Es Salt , Amman and at Ziza most of the Fourth Army ( Ottoman Empire ) . The Armistice of Mudros , signed at the end of October , ended hostilities with the Ottoman Empire when fighting was continuing north of Aleppo . 15 August 1917 : peace offer by the Pope See also : Pope Benedict XV § Peace efforts On or shortly before 15 August 1917 Pope Benedict XV made a peace proposal suggesting : No annexations No indemnities , except to compensate for severe war damage in Belgium and parts of France and of Serbia A solution to the problems of Alsace - Lorraine , Trentino and Trieste Restoration of the Kingdom of Poland Germany to pull out of Belgium and France Germany 's overseas colonies to be returned to Germany General disarmament A Supreme Court of arbitration to settle future disputes between nations The freedom of the seas Abolish all retaliatory economic conflicts No point in ordering reparations , because so much damage had been caused to all belligerents Entry of the United States Main article : American entry into World War I At the outbreak of the war , the United States pursued a policy of non-intervention , avoiding conflict while trying to broker a peace . When the German U-boat U-20 sank the British liner RMS Lusitania on 7 May 1915 with 128 Americans among the dead , President Woodrow Wilson insisted that America is `` too proud to fight '' but demanded an end to attacks on passenger ships . Germany complied . Wilson unsuccessfully tried to mediate a settlement . However , he also repeatedly warned that the United States would not tolerate unrestricted submarine warfare , in violation of international law . Former president Theodore Roosevelt denounced German acts as `` piracy '' . Wilson was narrowly re-elected in 1916 after campaigning with the slogan `` he kept us out of war '' . President Wilson before Congress , announcing the break in official relations with Germany on 3 February 1917 In January 1917 , Germany decided to resume unrestricted submarine warfare , realising it would mean American entry . The German Foreign Minister , in the Zimmermann Telegram , invited Mexico to join the war as Germany 's ally against the United States . In return , the Germans would finance Mexico 's war and help it recover the territories of Texas , New Mexico , and Arizona . The United Kingdom intercepted the message and presented it to the US embassy in the UK . From there it made its way to President Wilson who released the Zimmermann note to the public , and Americans saw it as casus belli . Wilson called on anti-war elements to end all wars , by winning this one and eliminating militarism from the globe . He argued that the war was so important that the US had to have a voice in the peace conference . After the sinking of seven US merchant ships by submarines and the publication of the Zimmermann telegram , Wilson called for war on Germany on 2 April 1917 , which the US Congress declared 4 days later . The United States was never formally a member of the Allies but became a self - styled `` Associated Power '' . The United States had a small army , but , after the passage of the Selective Service Act , it drafted 2.8 million men , and , by summer 1918 , was sending 10,000 fresh soldiers to France every day . In 1917 , the US Congress granted US citizenship to Puerto Ricans to allow them to be drafted to participate in World War I , as part of the Jones -- Shafroth Act . German General Staff assumptions that it would be able to defeat the British and French forces before American troops reinforced them were proven incorrect . The United States Navy sent a battleship group to Scapa Flow to join with the British Grand Fleet , destroyers to Queenstown , Ireland , and submarines to help guard convoys . Several regiments of US Marines were also dispatched to France . The British and French wanted American units used to reinforce their troops already on the battle lines and not waste scarce shipping on bringing over supplies . General John J. Pershing , American Expeditionary Forces ( AEF ) commander , refused to break up American units to be used as filler material . As an exception , he did allow African - American combat regiments to be used in French divisions . The Harlem Hellfighters fought as part of the French 16th Division , and earned a unit Croix de Guerre for their actions at Château - Thierry , Belleau Wood , and Sechault . AEF doctrine called for the use of frontal assaults , which had long since been discarded by British Empire and French commanders due to the large loss of life that resulted . German Spring offensive of 1918 Main article : Spring Offensive French soldiers under General Gouraud , with machine guns amongst the ruins of a cathedral near the Marne , 1918 Ludendorff drew up plans ( codenamed Operation Michael ) for the 1918 offensive on the Western Front . The Spring Offensive sought to divide the British and French forces with a series of feints and advances . The German leadership hoped to end the war before significant US forces arrived . The operation commenced on 21 March 1918 with an attack on British forces near Saint - Quentin . German forces achieved an unprecedented advance of 60 kilometres ( 37 mi ) . British and French trenches were penetrated using novel infiltration tactics , also named Hutier tactics after General Oskar von Hutier , by specially trained units called stormtroopers . Previously , attacks had been characterised by long artillery bombardments and massed assaults . In the Spring Offensive of 1918 , however , Ludendorff used artillery only briefly and infiltrated small groups of infantry at weak points . They attacked command and logistics areas and bypassed points of serious resistance . More heavily armed infantry then destroyed these isolated positions . This German success relied greatly on the element of surprise . British 55th Division soldiers blinded by tear gas during the Battle of Estaires , 10 April 1918 The front moved to within 120 kilometres ( 75 mi ) of Paris . Three heavy Krupp railway guns fired 183 shells on the capital , causing many Parisians to flee . The initial offensive was so successful that Kaiser Wilhelm II declared 24 March a national holiday . Many Germans thought victory was near . After heavy fighting , however , the offensive was halted . Lacking tanks or motorised artillery , the Germans were unable to consolidate their gains . The problems of re-supply were also exacerbated by increasing distances that now stretched over terrain that was shell - torn and often impassable to traffic . General Foch pressed to use the arriving American troops as individual replacements , whereas Pershing sought to field American units as an independent force . These units were assigned to the depleted French and British Empire commands on 28 March . A Supreme War Council of Allied forces was created at the Doullens Conference on 5 November 1917 . General Foch was appointed as supreme commander of the Allied forces . Haig , Petain , and Pershing retained tactical control of their respective armies ; Foch assumed a co-ordinating rather than a directing role , and the British , French , and US commands operated largely independently . Following Operation Michael , Germany launched Operation Georgette against the northern English Channel ports . The Allies halted the drive after limited territorial gains by Germany . The German Army to the south then conducted Operations Blücher and Yorck , pushing broadly towards Paris . Germany launched Operation Marne ( Second Battle of the Marne ) on 15 July , in an attempt to encircle Reims . The resulting counter-attack , which started the Hundred Days Offensive , marked the first successful Allied offensive of the war . By 20 July , the Germans had retreated across the Marne to their starting lines , having achieved little , and the German Army never regained the initiative . German casualties between March and April 1918 were 270,000 , including many highly trained storm troopers . Meanwhile , Germany was falling apart at home . Anti-war marches became frequent and morale in the army fell . Industrial output was half the 1913 levels . New States enter the War In the late spring of 1918 , three new states were formed in the South Caucasus : the First Republic of Armenia , the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic , and the Democratic Republic of Georgia , which declared their independence from the Russian Empire . Two other minor entities were established , the Centrocaspian Dictatorship and South West Caucasian Republic ( the former was liquidated by Azerbaijan in the autumn of 1918 and the latter by a joint Armenian - British task force in early 1919 ) . With the withdrawal of the Russian armies from the Caucasus front in the winter of 1917 -- 18 , the three major republics braced for an imminent Ottoman advance , which commenced in the early months of 1918 . Solidarity was briefly maintained when the Transcaucasian Federative Republic was created in the spring of 1918 , but this collapsed in May , when the Georgians asked for and received protection from Germany and the Azerbaijanis concluded a treaty with the Ottoman Empire that was more akin to a military alliance . Armenia was left to fend for itself and struggled for five months against the threat of a full - fledged occupation by the Ottoman Turks before defeating them at the Battle of Sardarabad . Allied victory : summer 1918 onwards Hundred days offensive Main articles : Hundred Days Offensive and Weimar Republic Between April and November 1918 , the Allies increased their front - line rifle strength while German strength fell by half The Allied counteroffensive , known as the Hundred Days Offensive , began on 8 August 1918 , with the Battle of Amiens . The battle involved over 400 tanks and 120,000 British , Dominion , and French troops , and by the end of its first day a gap 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) long had been created in the German lines . The defenders displayed a marked collapse in morale , causing Ludendorff to refer to this day as the `` Black Day of the German army '' . After an advance as far as 23 kilometres ( 14 mi ) , German resistance stiffened , and the battle was concluded on 12 August . Rather than continuing the Amiens battle past the point of initial success , as had been done so many times in the past , the Allies shifted attention elsewhere . Allied leaders had now realised that to continue an attack after resistance had hardened was a waste of lives , and it was better to turn a line than to try to roll over it . They began to undertake attacks in quick order to take advantage of successful advances on the flanks , then broke them off when each attack lost its initial impetus . Aerial view of ruins of Vaux - devant - Damloup , France , 1918 Canadian Scottish , advancing during the Battle of the Canal du Nord , 1918 British and Dominion forces launched the next phase of the campaign with the Battle of Albert on 21 August . The assault was widened by French and then further British forces in the following days . During the last week of August the Allied pressure along a 110 - kilometre ( 68 mi ) front against the enemy was heavy and unrelenting . From German accounts , `` Each day was spent in bloody fighting against an ever and again on - storming enemy , and nights passed without sleep in retirements to new lines . '' Faced with these advances , on 2 September the German Supreme Army Command issued orders to withdraw to the Hindenburg Line in the south . This ceded without a fight the salient seized the previous April . According to Ludendorff , `` We had to admit the necessity ... to withdraw the entire front from the Scarpe to the Vesle . In September the Allies advanced to the Hindenburg Line in the north and centre . The Germans continued to fight strong rear - guard actions and launched numerous counterattacks on lost positions , but only a few succeeded , and those only temporarily . Contested towns , villages , heights , and trenches in the screening positions and outposts of the Hindenburg Line continued to fall to the Allies , with the BEF alone taking 30,441 prisoners in the last week of September . On 24 September an assault by both the British and French came within 3 kilometres ( 2 mi ) of St. Quentin . The Germans had now retreated to positions along or behind the Hindenburg Line . An American major , piloting an observation balloon near the front , 1918 In nearly four weeks of fighting beginning on 8 August , over 100,000 German prisoners were taken . The German High Command realised that the war was lost and made attempts to reach a satisfactory end . The day after the Offensive began , Ludendorff said : `` We can not win the war any more , but we must not lose it either . '' On 11 August he offered his resignation to the Kaiser , who refused it , replying , `` I see that we must strike a balance . We have nearly reached the limit of our powers of resistance . The war must be ended . '' On 13 August , at Spa , Hindenburg , Ludendorff , the Chancellor , and Foreign Minister Hintz agreed that the war could not be ended militarily and , on the following day , the German Crown Council decided that victory in the field was now most improbable . Austria and Hungary warned that they could only continue the war until December , and Ludendorff recommended immediate peace negotiations . Prince Rupprecht warned Prince Max of Baden : `` Our military situation has deteriorated so rapidly that I no longer believe we can hold out over the winter ; it is even possible that a catastrophe will come earlier . '' On 10 September Hindenburg urged peace moves to Emperor Charles of Austria , and Germany appealed to the Netherlands for mediation . On 14 September Austria sent a note to all belligerents and neutrals suggesting a meeting for peace talks on neutral soil , and on 15 September Germany made a peace offer to Belgium . Both peace offers were rejected , and on 24 September Supreme Army Command informed the leaders in Berlin that armistice talks were inevitable . The final assault on the Hindenburg Line began with the Meuse - Argonne Offensive , launched by French and American troops on 26 September . The following week , co-operating French and American units broke through in Champagne at the Battle of Blanc Mont Ridge , forcing the Germans off the commanding heights , and closing towards the Belgian frontier . On 8 October the line was pierced again by British and Dominion troops at the Battle of Cambrai . The German army had to shorten its front and use the Dutch frontier as an anchor to fight rear - guard actions as it fell back towards Germany . When Bulgaria signed a separate armistice on 29 September , Ludendorff , having been under great stress for months , suffered something similar to a breakdown . It was evident that Germany could no longer mount a successful defence . Men of US 64th Regiment , 7th Infantry Division , celebrate the news of the Armistice , 11 November 1918 News of Germany 's impending military defeat spread throughout the German armed forces . The threat of mutiny was rife . Admiral Reinhard Scheer and Ludendorff decided to launch a last attempt to restore the `` valour '' of the German Navy . Knowing the government of Prince Maximilian of Baden would veto any such action , Ludendorff decided not to inform him . Nonetheless , word of the impending assault reached sailors at Kiel . Many , refusing to be part of a naval offensive , which they believed to be suicidal , rebelled and were arrested . Ludendorff took the blame ; the Kaiser dismissed him on 26 October . The collapse of the Balkans meant that Germany was about to lose its main supplies of oil and food . Its reserves had been used up , even as US troops kept arriving at the rate of 10,000 per day . The Americans supplied more than 80 % of Allied oil during the war , and there was no shortage . With the military faltering and with widespread loss of confidence in the Kaiser , Germany moved towards surrender . Prince Maximilian of Baden took charge of a new government as Chancellor of Germany to negotiate with the Allies . Negotiations with President Wilson began immediately , in the hope that he would offer better terms than the British and French . Wilson demanded a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary control over the German military . There was no resistance when the Social Democrat Philipp Scheidemann on 9 November declared Germany to be a republic . The Kaiser , kings and other hereditary rulers all were removed from power and Wilhelm fled to exile in the Netherlands . Imperial Germany was dead ; a new Germany had been born as the Weimar Republic . Armistices and capitulations Main article : Armistice of 11 November 1918 The New York Times , 11 November 1918 The collapse of the Central Powers came swiftly . Bulgaria was the first to sign an armistice , the Armistice of Salonica on 29 September 1918 . On 30 October , the Ottoman Empire capitulated , signing the Armistice of Mudros . Italian troops reaching Trento during the Battle of Vittorio Veneto , 1918 . Italy 's victory marked the end of the war on the Italian Front , secured the dissolution of the Austro - Hungarian Empire and contributed to the end of the entire war just one week later . On 24 October , the Italians began a push that rapidly recovered territory lost after the Battle of Caporetto . This culminated in the Battle of Vittorio Veneto , which marked the end of the Austro - Hungarian Army as an effective fighting force . The offensive also triggered the disintegration of the Austro - Hungarian Empire . During the last week of October , declarations of independence were made in Budapest , Prague , and Zagreb . On 29 October , the imperial authorities asked Italy for an armistice , but the Italians continued advancing , reaching Trento , Udine , and Trieste . On 3 November , Austria - Hungary sent a flag of truce to ask for an armistice ( Armistice of Villa Giusti ) . The terms , arranged by telegraph with the Allied Authorities in Paris , were communicated to the Austrian commander and accepted . The Armistice with Austria was signed in the Villa Giusti , near Padua , on 3 November . Austria and Hungary signed separate armistices following the overthrow of the Habsburg Monarchy . In the following days the Italian Army occupied Innsbruck and all Tyrol with 20 to 22,000 soldiers . Ferdinand Foch , second from right , pictured outside the carriage in Compiègne after agreeing to the armistice that ended the war there . The carriage was later chosen by Nazi Germany as the symbolic setting of Pétain 's June 1940 armistice . On 11 November , at 5 : 00 am , an armistice with Germany was signed in a railroad carriage at Compiègne . At 11 am on 11 November 1918 -- `` the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month '' -- a ceasefire came into effect . During the six hours between the signing of the armistice and its taking effect , opposing armies on the Western Front began to withdraw from their positions , but fighting continued along many areas of the front , as commanders wanted to capture territory before the war ended . The occupation of the Rhineland took place following the Armistice . The occupying armies consisted of American , Belgian , British and French forces . In November 1918 , the Allies had ample supplies of men and materiel to invade Germany . Yet at the time of the armistice , no Allied force had crossed the German frontier , the Western Front was still some 720 kilometres ( 450 mi ) from Berlin , and the Kaiser 's armies had retreated from the battlefield in good order . These factors enabled Hindenburg and other senior German leaders to spread the story that their armies had not really been defeated . This resulted in the stab - in - the - back legend , which attributed Germany 's defeat not to its inability to continue fighting ( even though up to a million soldiers were suffering from the 1918 flu pandemic and unfit to fight ) , but to the public 's failure to respond to its `` patriotic calling '' and the supposed intentional sabotage of the war effort , particularly by Jews , Socialists , and Bolsheviks . The Allies had much more potential wealth they could spend on the war . One estimate ( using 1913 US dollars ) is that the Allies spent $58 billion on the war and the Central Powers only $25 billion . Among the Allies , the UK spent $21 billion and the US $17 billion ; among the Central Powers Germany spent $20 billion . Aftermath Main article : Aftermath of World War I In the aftermath of the war , four empires disappeared : the German , Austro - Hungarian , Ottoman , and Russian . Numerous nations regained their former independence , and new ones were created . Four dynasties , together with their ancillary aristocracies , fell as a result of the war : the Romanovs , the Hohenzollerns , the Habsburgs , and the Ottomans . Belgium and Serbia were badly damaged , as was France , with 1.4 million soldiers dead , not counting other casualties . Germany and Russia were similarly affected . Formal end of the War The Italian War Memorial of Redipuglia , which contains the remains of 100,187 soldiers The French military cemetery at the Douaumont ossuary , which contains the remains of more than 130,000 unknown soldiers A formal state of war between the two sides persisted for another seven months , until the signing of the Treaty of Versailles with Germany on 28 June 1919 . The United States Senate did not ratify the treaty despite public support for it , and did not formally end its involvement in the war until the Knox -- Porter Resolution was signed on 2 July 1921 by President Warren G. Harding . For the United Kingdom and the British Empire , the state of war ceased under the provisions of the Termination of the Present War ( Definition ) Act 1918 with respect to : Germany on 10 January 1920 . Austria on 16 July 1920 . Bulgaria on 9 August 1920 . Hungary on 26 July 1921 . Turkey on 6 August 1924 . After the Treaty of Versailles , treaties with Austria , Hungary , Bulgaria , and the Ottoman Empire were signed . However , the negotiation of the treaty with the Ottoman Empire was followed by strife , and a final peace treaty between the Allied Powers and the country that would shortly become the Republic of Turkey was not signed until 24 July 1923 , at Lausanne . Some war memorials date the end of the war as being when the Versailles Treaty was signed in 1919 , which was when many of the troops serving abroad finally returned home ; by contrast , most commemorations of the war 's end concentrate on the armistice of 11 November 1918 . Legally , the formal peace treaties were not complete until the last , the Treaty of Lausanne , was signed . Under its terms , the Allied forces left Constantinople on 23 August 1923 . Peace treaties and national boundaries Greek prime minister Eleftherios Venizelos signing the Treaty of Sèvres After the war , the Paris Peace Conference imposed a series of peace treaties on the Central Powers officially ending the war . The 1919 Treaty of Versailles dealt with Germany and , building on Wilson 's 14th point , brought into being the League of Nations on 28 June 1919 . The Central Powers had to acknowledge responsibility for `` all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by '' their aggression . In the Treaty of Versailles , this statement was Article 231 . This article became known as the War Guilt clause as the majority of Germans felt humiliated and resentful . Overall the Germans felt they had been unjustly dealt with by what they called the `` diktat of Versailles '' . German historian Hagen Schulze said the Treaty placed Germany `` under legal sanctions , deprived of military power , economically ruined , and politically humiliated . '' Belgian historian Laurence Van Ypersele emphasises the central role played by memory of the war and the Versailles Treaty in German politics in the 1920s and 1930s : Active denial of war guilt in Germany and German resentment at both reparations and continued Allied occupation of the Rhineland made widespread revision of the meaning and memory of the war problematic . The legend of the `` stab in the back '' and the wish to revise the `` Versailles diktat '' , and the belief in an international threat aimed at the elimination of the German nation persisted at the heart of German politics . Even a man of peace such as ( Gustav ) Stresemann publicly rejected German guilt . As for the Nazis , they waved the banners of domestic treason and international conspiracy in an attempt to galvanize the German nation into a spirit of revenge . Like a Fascist Italy , Nazi Germany sought to redirect the memory of the war to the benefit of its own policies . The signing of the Treaty of Versailles in the Hall of Mirrors , Versailles , 28 June 1919 Meanwhile , new nations liberated from German rule viewed the treaty as recognition of wrongs committed against small nations by much larger aggressive neighbours . The Peace Conference required all the defeated powers to pay reparations for all the damage done to civilians . However , owing to economic difficulties and Germany being the only defeated power with an intact economy , the burden fell largely on Germany . Austria - Hungary was partitioned into several successor states , including Austria , Hungary , Czechoslovakia , and Yugoslavia , largely but not entirely along ethnic lines . Transylvania was shifted from Hungary to Greater Romania . The details were contained in the Treaty of Saint - Germain and the Treaty of Trianon . As a result of the Treaty of Trianon , 3.3 million Hungarians came under foreign rule . Although the Hungarians made up 54 % of the population of the pre-war Kingdom of Hungary , only 32 % of its territory was left to Hungary . Between 1920 and 1924 , 354,000 Hungarians fled former Hungarian territories attached to Romania , Czechoslovakia , and Yugoslavia . The Russian Empire , which had withdrawn from the war in 1917 after the October Revolution , lost much of its western frontier as the newly independent nations of Estonia , Finland , Latvia , Lithuania , and Poland were carved from it . Romania took control of Bessarabia in April 1918 . The Ottoman Empire disintegrated , with much of its Levant territory awarded to various Allied powers as protectorates . The Turkish core in Anatolia was reorganised as the Republic of Turkey . The Ottoman Empire was to be partitioned by the Treaty of Sèvres of 1920 . This treaty was never ratified by the Sultan and was rejected by the Turkish National Movement , leading to the victorious Turkish War of Independence and the much less stringent 1923 Treaty of Lausanne . National identities Further information : Sykes -- Picot Agreement Map of territorial changes in Europe after World War I ( as of 1923 ) After 123 years , Poland re-emerged as an independent country . The Kingdom of Serbia and its dynasty , as a `` minor Entente nation '' and the country with the most casualties per capita , became the backbone of a new multinational state , the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes , later renamed Yugoslavia . Czechoslovakia , combining the Kingdom of Bohemia with parts of the Kingdom of Hungary , became a new nation . Russia became the Soviet Union and lost Finland , Estonia , Lithuania , and Latvia , which became independent countries . The Ottoman Empire was soon replaced by Turkey and several other countries in the Middle East . In the British Empire , the war unleashed new forms of nationalism . In Australia and New Zealand the Battle of Gallipoli became known as those nations ' `` Baptism of Fire '' . It was the first major war in which the newly established countries fought , and it was one of the first times that Australian troops fought as Australians , not just subjects of the British Crown . Anzac Day , commemorating the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps , celebrates this defining moment . After the Battle of Vimy Ridge , where the Canadian divisions fought together for the first time as a single corps , Canadians began to refer to their country as a nation `` forged from fire '' . Having succeeded on the same battleground where the `` mother countries '' had previously faltered , they were for the first time respected internationally for their own accomplishments . Canada entered the war as a Dominion of the British Empire and remained so , although it emerged with a greater measure of independence . When Britain declared war in 1914 , the dominions were automatically at war ; at the conclusion , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , and South Africa were individual signatories of the Treaty of Versailles . Lobbying by Chaim Weizmann and fear that American Jews would encourage the United States to support Germany culminated in the British government 's Balfour Declaration of 1917 , endorsing creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine . A total of more than 1,172,000 Jewish soldiers served in the Allied and Central Power forces in World War I , including 275,000 in Austria - Hungary and 450,000 in Tsarist Russia . The establishment of the modern state of Israel and the roots of the continuing Israeli -- Palestinian conflict are partially found in the unstable power dynamics of the Middle East that resulted from World War I. Before the end of the war , the Ottoman Empire had maintained a modest level of peace and stability throughout the Middle East . With the fall of the Ottoman government , power vacuums developed and conflicting claims to land and nationhood began to emerge . The political boundaries drawn by the victors of World War I were quickly imposed , sometimes after only cursory consultation with the local population . These continue to be problematic in the 21st - century struggles for national identity . While the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I was pivotal in contributing to the modern political situation of the Middle East , including the Arab - Israeli conflict , the end of Ottoman rule also spawned lesser known disputes over water and other natural resources . Health effects Transporting Ottoman wounded at Sirkeci The war had profound consequences on the health of soldiers . Of the 60 million European military personnel who were mobilised from 1914 to 1918 , 8 million were killed , 7 million were permanently disabled , and 15 million were seriously injured . Germany lost 15.1 % of its active male population , Austria - Hungary lost 17.1 % , and France lost 10.5 % . In Germany , civilian deaths were 474,000 higher than in peacetime , due in large part to food shortages and malnutrition that weakened resistance to disease . By the end of the war , starvation caused by famine had killed approximately 100,000 people in Lebanon . Between 5 and 10 million people died in the Russian famine of 1921 . By 1922 , there were between 4.5 million and 7 million homeless children in Russia as a result of nearly a decade of devastation from World War I , the Russian Civil War , and the subsequent famine of 1920 -- 1922 . Numerous anti-Soviet Russians fled the country after the Revolution ; by the 1930s , the northern Chinese city of Harbin had 100,000 Russians . Thousands more emigrated to France , England , and the United States . Emergency military hospital during the Spanish flu pandemic , which killed about 675,000 people in the United States alone , Camp Funston , Kansas , 1918 The Australian prime minister , Billy Hughes , wrote to the British prime minister , Lloyd George , `` You have assured us that you can not get better terms . I much regret it , and hope even now that some way may be found of securing agreement for demanding reparation commensurate with the tremendous sacrifices made by the British Empire and her Allies . '' Australia received £ 5,571,720 war reparations , but the direct cost of the war to Australia had been £ 376,993,052 , and , by the mid-1930s , repatriation pensions , war gratuities , interest and sinking fund charges were £ 831,280,947 . Of about 416,000 Australians who served , about 60,000 were killed and another 152,000 were wounded . Diseases flourished in the chaotic wartime conditions . In 1914 alone , louse - borne epidemic typhus killed 200,000 in Serbia . From 1918 to 1922 , Russia had about 25 million infections and 3 million deaths from epidemic typhus . In 1923 , 13 million Russians contracted malaria , a sharp increase from the pre-war years . In addition , a major influenza epidemic spread around the world . Overall , the 1918 flu pandemic killed at least 50 million people . The social disruption and widespread violence of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the ensuing Russian Civil War sparked more than 2,000 pogroms in the former Russian Empire , mostly in Ukraine . An estimated 60,000 -- 200,000 civilian Jews were killed in the atrocities . In the aftermath of World War I , Greece fought against Turkish nationalists led by Mustafa Kemal , a war that eventually resulted in a massive population exchange between the two countries under the Treaty of Lausanne . According to various sources , several hundred thousand Greeks died during this period , which was tied in with the Greek Genocide . Technology See also : Technology during World War I and Weapons of World War I Ground warfare See also : Tanks in World War I Tanks on parade in London at the end of World War I World War I began as a clash of 20th - century technology and 19th - century tactics , with the inevitably large ensuing casualties . By the end of 1917 , however , the major armies , now numbering millions of men , had modernised and were making use of telephone , wireless communication , armoured cars , tanks , and aircraft . Infantry formations were reorganised , so that 100 - man companies were no longer the main unit of manoeuvre ; instead , squads of 10 or so men , under the command of a junior NCO , were favoured . Artillery also underwent a revolution . In 1914 , cannons were positioned in the front line and fired directly at their targets . By 1917 , indirect fire with guns ( as well as mortars and even machine guns ) was commonplace , using new techniques for spotting and ranging , notably aircraft and the often overlooked field telephone . Counter-battery missions became commonplace , also , and sound detection was used to locate enemy batteries . A Russian armoured car , 1919 Germany was far ahead of the Allies in using heavy indirect fire . The German Army employed 150 mm ( 6 in ) and 210 mm ( 8 in ) howitzers in 1914 , when typical French and British guns were only 75 mm ( 3 in ) and 105 mm ( 4 in ) . The British had a 6 - inch ( 152 mm ) howitzer , but it was so heavy it had to be hauled to the field in pieces and assembled . The Germans also fielded Austrian 305 mm ( 12 in ) and 420 mm ( 17 in ) guns and , even at the beginning of the war , had inventories of various calibres of Minenwerfer , which were ideally suited for trench warfare . 38 - cm `` Lange Max '' of Koekelare ( Leugenboom ) , biggest gun in the world in 1917 On 27 June 1917 the Germans used the biggest gun in the world , Batterie Pommern , nicknamed `` Lange Max '' . This gun from Krupp was able to shoot 750 kg shells from Koekelare to Dunkirk , a distance of about 50 km ( 31 mi ) . Much of the combat involved trench warfare , in which hundreds often died for each metre gained . Many of the deadliest battles in history occurred during World War I. Such battles include Ypres , the Marne , Cambrai , the Somme , Verdun , and Gallipoli . The Germans employed the Haber process of nitrogen fixation to provide their forces with a constant supply of gunpowder despite the British naval blockade . Artillery was responsible for the largest number of casualties and consumed vast quantities of explosives . The large number of head wounds caused by exploding shells and fragmentation forced the combatant nations to develop the modern steel helmet , led by the French , who introduced the Adrian helmet in 1915 . It was quickly followed by the Brodie helmet , worn by British Imperial and US troops , and in 1916 by the distinctive German Stahlhelm , a design , with improvements , still in use today . Gas ! GAS ! Quick , boys ! -- An ecstasy of fumbling , Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time ; But someone still was yelling out and stumbling , And flound'ring like a man in fire or lime ... Dim , through the misty panes and thick green light , As under a green sea , I saw him drowning . -- Wilfred Owen , Dulce et Decorum est , 1917 A Canadian soldier with mustard gas burns , c. 1917 -- 1918 The widespread use of chemical warfare was a distinguishing feature of the conflict . Gases used included chlorine , mustard gas and phosgene . Relatively few war casualties were caused by gas , as effective countermeasures to gas attacks were quickly created , such as gas masks . The use of chemical warfare and small - scale strategic bombing were both outlawed by the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 , and both proved to be of limited effectiveness , though they captured the public imagination . The most powerful land - based weapons were railway guns , weighing dozens of tons apiece . The German version were nicknamed Big Berthas , even though the namesake was not a railway gun . Germany developed the Paris Gun , able to bombard Paris from over 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) , though shells were relatively light at 94 kilograms ( 210 lb ) . British Vickers machine gun , 1917 Trenches , machine guns , air reconnaissance , barbed wire , and modern artillery with fragmentation shells helped bring the battle lines of World War I to a stalemate . The British and the French sought a solution with the creation of the tank and mechanised warfare . The British first tanks were used during the Battle of the Somme on 15 September 1916 . Mechanical reliability was an issue , but the experiment proved its worth . Within a year , the British were fielding tanks by the hundreds , and they showed their potential during the Battle of Cambrai in November 1917 , by breaking the Hindenburg Line , while combined arms teams captured 8,000 enemy soldiers and 100 guns . Meanwhile , the French introduced the first tanks with a rotating turret , the Renault FT , which became a decisive tool of the victory . The conflict also saw the introduction of light automatic weapons and submachine guns , such as the Lewis Gun , the Browning automatic rifle , and the Bergmann MP18 . Another new weapon , the flamethrower , was first used by the German army and later adopted by other forces . Although not of high tactical value , the flamethrower was a powerful , demoralising weapon that caused terror on the battlefield . Trench railways evolved to supply the enormous quantities of food , water , and ammunition required to support large numbers of soldiers in areas where conventional transportation systems had been destroyed . Internal combustion engines and improved traction systems for automobiles and trucks / lorries eventually rendered trench railways obsolete . Areas taken in major attacks On the Western Front neither side made impressive gains in the first three years of the war with attacks at Verdun , the Somme , Passchendaele , and Cambrai -- the exception was Nivelle 's Offensive in which the German defence gave ground while mauling the attackers so badly that there were mutinies in the French Army . In 1918 the Germans smashed through the defence lines in three great attacks : Michael , on the Lys , and on the Aisne , which displayed the power of their new tactics . The Allies struck back at Soissons , which showed the Germans that they must return to the defensive , and at Amiens ; tanks played a prominent role in both of these assaults , as they had the year before at Cambrai . The areas in the East were larger . The Germans did well at the First Masurian Lakes driving the invaders from East Prussia , and at Riga , which led the Russians to sue for peace . The Austro - Hungarians and Germans joined for a great success at Gorlice -- Tarnów , which drove the Russians out of Poland . In a series of attacks along with the Bulgarians they occupied Serbia , Albania , Montenegro and most of Romania . The Allies successes came later in Palestine , the beginning of the end for the Ottomans , in Macedonia , which drove the Bulgarians out of the war , and at Vittorio Veneto , the final blow for the Austro - Hungarians . The area occupied in East by the Central powers on 11 November 1918 was 1,042,600 km ( 402,600 sq mi ) . Naval The Moltke - class Ottoman battlecruiser Yavûz Sultân Selîm Germany deployed U-boats ( submarines ) after the war began . Alternating between restricted and unrestricted submarine warfare in the Atlantic , the Kaiserliche Marine employed them to deprive the British Isles of vital supplies . The deaths of British merchant sailors and the seeming invulnerability of U-boats led to the development of depth charges ( 1916 ) , hydrophones ( passive sonar , 1917 ) , blimps , hunter - killer submarines ( HMS R - 1 , 1917 ) , forward - throwing anti-submarine weapons , and dipping hydrophones ( the latter two both abandoned in 1918 ) . To extend their operations , the Germans proposed supply submarines ( 1916 ) . Most of these would be forgotten in the interwar period until World War II revived the need . Aviation Main article : Aviation in World War I RAF Sopwith Camel . In April 1917 , the average life expectancy of a British pilot on the Western Front was 93 flying hours . Fixed - wing aircraft were first used militarily by the Italians in Libya on 23 October 1911 during the Italo - Turkish War for reconnaissance , soon followed by the dropping of grenades and aerial photography the next year . By 1914 , their military utility was obvious . They were initially used for reconnaissance and ground attack . To shoot down enemy planes , anti-aircraft guns and fighter aircraft were developed . Strategic bombers were created , principally by the Germans and British , though the former used Zeppelins as well . Towards the end of the conflict , aircraft carriers were used for the first time , with HMS Furious launching Sopwith Camels in a raid to destroy the Zeppelin hangars at Tondern in 1918 . Manned observation balloons , floating high above the trenches , were used as stationary reconnaissance platforms , reporting enemy movements and directing artillery . Balloons commonly had a crew of two , equipped with parachutes , so that if there was an enemy air attack the crew could parachute to safety . At the time , parachutes were too heavy to be used by pilots of aircraft ( with their marginal power output ) , and smaller versions were not developed until the end of the war ; they were also opposed by the British leadership , who feared they might promote cowardice . Recognised for their value as observation platforms , balloons were important targets for enemy aircraft . To defend them against air attack , they were heavily protected by antiaircraft guns and patrolled by friendly aircraft ; to attack them , unusual weapons such as air - to - air rockets were tried . Thus , the reconnaissance value of blimps and balloons contributed to the development of air - to - air combat between all types of aircraft , and to the trench stalemate , because it was impossible to move large numbers of troops undetected . The Germans conducted air raids on England during 1915 and 1916 with airships , hoping to damage British morale and cause aircraft to be diverted from the front lines , and indeed the resulting panic led to the diversion of several squadrons of fighters from France . War crimes Baralong incidents Main article : Baralong incidents HMS Baralong On 19 August 1915 , the German submarine U-27 was sunk by the British Q - ship HMS Baralong . All German survivors were summarily executed by Baralong 's crew on the orders of Lieutenant Godfrey Herbert , the captain of the ship . The shooting was reported to the media by American citizens who were on board the Nicosia , a British freighter loaded with war supplies , which was stopped by U-27 just minutes before the incident . On 24 September , Baralong destroyed U-41 , which was in the process of sinking the cargo ship Urbino . According to Karl Goetz , the submarine 's commander , Baralong continued to fly the US flag after firing on U-41 and then rammed the lifeboat -- carrying the German survivors -- sinking it . Torpedoing of HMHS Llandovery Castle The Canadian hospital ship HMHS Llandovery Castle was torpedoed by the German submarine SM U-86 on 27 June 1918 in violation of international law . Only 24 of the 258 medical personnel , patients , and crew survived . Survivors reported that the U-boat surfaced and ran down the lifeboats , machine - gunning survivors in the water . The U-boat captain , Helmut Patzig , was charged with war crimes in Germany following the war , but escaped prosecution by going to the Free City of Danzig , beyond the jurisdiction of German courts . Chemical weapons in warfare Main article : Chemical weapons in World War I French soldiers making a gas and flame attack on German trenches in Flanders The first successful use of poison gas as a weapon of warfare occurred during the Second Battle of Ypres ( 22 April -- 25 May 1915 ) . Gas was soon used by all major belligerents throughout the war . It is estimated that the use of chemical weapons employed by both sides throughout the war had inflicted 1.3 million casualties . For example , the British had over 180,000 chemical weapons casualties during the war , and up to one - third of American casualties were caused by them . The Russian Army reportedly suffered roughly 500,000 chemical weapon casualties in World War I . The use of chemical weapons in warfare was in direct violation of the 1899 Hague Declaration Concerning Asphyxiating Gases and the 1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare , which prohibited their use . The effect of poison gas was not limited to combatants . Civilians were at risk from the gases as winds blew the poison gases through their towns , and they rarely received warnings or alerts of potential danger . In addition to absent warning systems , civilians often did not have access to effective gas masks . An estimated 100,000 -- 260,000 civilian casualties were caused by chemical weapons during the conflict and tens of thousands more ( along with military personnel ) died from scarring of the lungs , skin damage , and cerebral damage in the years after the conflict ended . Many commanders on both sides knew such weapons would cause major harm to civilians but nonetheless continued to use them . British Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig wrote in his diary , `` My officers and I were aware that such weapons would cause harm to women and children living in nearby towns , as strong winds were common in the battlefront . However , because the weapon was to be directed against the enemy , none of us were overly concerned at all . '' Genocide and ethnic cleansing See also : Armenian Genocide , Assyrian genocide , Greek genocide , and Genocide denial Armenians killed during the Armenian Genocide . Image taken from Ambassador Morgenthau 's Story , written by Henry Morgenthau , Sr. and published in 1918 . Austro - Hungarian soldiers executing men and women in Serbia , 1916 The ethnic cleansing of the Ottoman Empire 's Armenian population , including mass deportations and executions , during the final years of the Ottoman Empire is considered genocide . The Ottomans carried out organised and systematic massacres of the Armenian population at the beginning of the war and portrayed deliberately provoked acts of Armenian resistance as rebellions to justify further extermination . In early 1915 , a number of Armenians volunteered to join the Russian forces and the Ottoman government used this as a pretext to issue the Tehcir Law ( Law on Deportation ) , which authorised the deportation of Armenians from the Empire 's eastern provinces to Syria between 1915 and 1918 . The Armenians were intentionally marched to death and a number were attacked by Ottoman brigands . While an exact number of deaths is unknown , the International Association of Genocide Scholars estimates 1.5 million . The government of Turkey has consistently denied the genocide , arguing that those who died were victims of inter-ethnic fighting , famine , or disease during World War I ; these claims are rejected by most historians . Other ethnic groups were similarly attacked by the Ottoman Empire during this period , including Assyrians and Greeks , and some scholars consider those events to be part of the same policy of extermination . Russian Empire Main article : Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire See also : Russian occupation of Eastern Galicia , 1914 -- 1915 ; Volhynia ; Volga Germans ; and Urkun Many pogroms accompanied the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the ensuing Russian Civil War . 60,000 -- 200,000 civilian Jews were killed in the atrocities throughout the former Russian Empire ( mostly within the Pale of Settlement in present - day Ukraine ) . Rape of Belgium Main article : Rape of Belgium The German invaders treated any resistance -- such as sabotaging rail lines -- as illegal and immoral , and shot the offenders and burned buildings in retaliation . In addition , they tended to suspect that most civilians were potential francs - tireurs ( guerrillas ) and , accordingly , took and sometimes killed hostages from among the civilian population . The German army executed over 6,500 French and Belgian civilians between August and November 1914 , usually in near - random large - scale shootings of civilians ordered by junior German officers . The German Army destroyed 15,000 -- 20,000 buildings -- most famously the university library at Louvain -- and generated a wave of refugees of over a million people . Over half the German regiments in Belgium were involved in major incidents . Thousands of workers were shipped to Germany to work in factories . British propaganda dramatising the Rape of Belgium attracted much attention in the United States , while Berlin said it was both lawful and necessary because of the threat of franc - tireurs like those in France in 1870 . The British and French magnified the reports and disseminated them at home and in the United States , where they played a major role in dissolving support for Germany . Soldiers ' experiences Main articles : List of last surviving World War I veterans by country , World War I casualties , Commonwealth War Graves Commission , and American Battle Monuments Commission The First Contingent of the Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps to the 1 Lincolns , training in Bermuda for the Western Front , winter 1914 -- 1915 . The two BVRC contingents suffered 75 % casualties . The British soldiers of the war were initially volunteers but increasingly were conscripted into service . Surviving veterans , returning home , often found they could discuss their experiences only amongst themselves . Grouping together , they formed `` veterans ' associations '' or `` Legions '' . A small number of personal accounts of American veterans have been collected by the Library of Congress Veterans History Project . Prisoners of War Main article : World War I prisoners of war in Germany German prisoners in a French prison camp during the later part of the war About eight million men surrendered and were held in POW camps during the war . All nations pledged to follow the Hague Conventions on fair treatment of prisoners of war , and the survival rate for POWs was generally much higher than that of combatants at the front . Individual surrenders were uncommon ; large units usually surrendered en masse . At the siege of Maubeuge about 40,000 French soldiers surrendered , at the battle of Galicia Russians took about 100,000 to 120,000 Austrian captives , at the Brusilov Offensive about 325,000 to 417,000 Germans and Austrians surrendered to Russians , and at the Battle of Tannenberg 92,000 Russians surrendered . When the besieged garrison of Kaunas surrendered in 1915 , some 20,000 Russians became prisoners , at the battle near Przasnysz ( February -- March 1915 ) 14,000 Germans surrendered to Russians , and at the First Battle of the Marne about 12,000 Germans surrendered to the Allies. 25 -- 31 % of Russian losses ( as a proportion of those captured , wounded , or killed ) were to prisoner status ; for Austria - Hungary 32 % , for Italy 26 % , for France 12 % , for Germany 9 % ; for Britain 7 % . Prisoners from the Allied armies totalled about 1.4 million ( not including Russia , which lost 2.5 -- 3.5 million men as prisoners ) . From the Central Powers about 3.3 million men became prisoners ; most of them surrendered to Russians . Germany held 2.5 million prisoners ; Russia held 2.2 -- 2.9 million ; while Britain and France held about 720,000 . Most were captured just before the Armistice . The United States held 48,000 . The most dangerous moment was the act of surrender , when helpless soldiers were sometimes gunned down . Once prisoners reached a camp , conditions were , in general , satisfactory ( and much better than in World War II ) , thanks in part to the efforts of the International Red Cross and inspections by neutral nations . However , conditions were terrible in Russia : starvation was common for prisoners and civilians alike ; about 15 -- 20 % of the prisoners in Russia died , and in Central Powers imprisonment 8 % of Russians . In Germany , food was scarce , but only 5 % died . British prisoners guarded by Ottoman forces after the First Battle of Gaza in 1917 The Ottoman Empire often treated POWs poorly . Some 11,800 British Empire soldiers , most of them Indians , became prisoners after the Siege of Kut in Mesopotamia in April 1916 ; 4,250 died in captivity . Although many were in a poor condition when captured , Ottoman officers forced them to march 1,100 kilometres ( 684 mi ) to Anatolia . A survivor said : `` We were driven along like beasts ; to drop out was to die . '' The survivors were then forced to build a railway through the Taurus Mountains . In Russia , when the prisoners from the Czech Legion of the Austro - Hungarian army were released in 1917 , they re-armed themselves and briefly became a military and diplomatic force during the Russian Civil War . While the Allied prisoners of the Central Powers were quickly sent home at the end of active hostilities , the same treatment was not granted to Central Power prisoners of the Allies and Russia , many of whom served as forced labour , e.g. , in France until 1920 . They were released only after many approaches by the Red Cross to the Allied Supreme Council . German prisoners were still being held in Russia as late as 1924 . Military attachés and War correspondents Main article : Military attachés and war correspondents in the First World War Military and civilian observers from every major power closely followed the course of the war . Many were able to report on events from a perspective somewhat akin to modern `` embedded '' positions within the opposing land and naval forces . Support and opposition to the War Support Poster urging women to join the British war effort , published by the Young Women 's Christian Association In the Balkans , Yugoslav nationalists such as the leader , Ante Trumbić , strongly supported the war , desiring the freedom of Yugoslavs from Austria - Hungary and other foreign powers and the creation of an independent Yugoslavia . The Yugoslav Committee , led by Trumbić , was formed in Paris on 30 April 1915 but shortly moved its office to London . In April 1918 , the Rome Congress of Oppressed Nationalities met , including Czechoslovak , Italian , Polish , Transylvanian , and Yugoslav representatives who urged the Allies to support national self - determination for the peoples residing within Austria - Hungary . In the Middle East , Arab nationalism soared in Ottoman territories in response to the rise of Turkish nationalism during the war , with Arab nationalist leaders advocating the creation of a pan-Arab state . In 1916 , the Arab Revolt began in Ottoman - controlled territories of the Middle East in an effort to achieve independence . In East Africa , Iyasu V of Ethiopia was supporting the Dervish state who were at war with the British in the Somaliland Campaign . Von Syburg , the German envoy in Addis Ababa , said , `` now the time has come for Ethiopia to regain the coast of the Red Sea driving the Italians home , to restore the Empire to its ancient size . '' The Ethiopian Empire was on the verge of entering World War I on the side of the Central Powers before Iyasu 's overthrow due to Allied pressure on the Ethiopian aristocracy . A number of socialist parties initially supported the war when it began in August 1914 . But European socialists split on national lines , with the concept of class conflict held by radical socialists such as Marxists and syndicalists being overborne by their patriotic support for the war . Once the war began , Austrian , British , French , German , and Russian socialists followed the rising nationalist current by supporting their countries ' intervention in the war . Italian nationalism was stirred by the outbreak of the war and was initially strongly supported by a variety of political factions . One of the most prominent and popular Italian nationalist supporters of the war was Gabriele d'Annunzio , who promoted Italian irredentism and helped sway the Italian public to support intervention in the war . The Italian Liberal Party , under the leadership of Paolo Boselli , promoted intervention in the war on the side of the Allies and used the Dante Alighieri Society to promote Italian nationalism . Italian socialists were divided on whether to support the war or oppose it ; some were militant supporters of the war , including Benito Mussolini and Leonida Bissolati . However , the Italian Socialist Party decided to oppose the war after anti-militarist protestors were killed , resulting in a general strike called Red Week . The Italian Socialist Party purged itself of pro-war nationalist members , including Mussolini . Mussolini , a syndicalist who supported the war on grounds of irredentist claims on Italian - populated regions of Austria - Hungary , formed the pro-interventionist Il Popolo d'Italia and the Fasci Rivoluzionario d'Azione Internazionalista ( `` Revolutionary Fasci for International Action '' ) in October 1914 that later developed into the Fasci di Combattimento in 1919 , the origin of fascism . Mussolini 's nationalism enabled him to raise funds from Ansaldo ( an armaments firm ) and other companies to create Il Popolo d'Italia to convince socialists and revolutionaries to support the war . Opposition Main articles : Opposition to World War I and French Army Mutinies Sackville Street ( now O'Connell Street ) after the 1916 Easter Rising in Dublin Once war was declared , many socialists and trade unions backed their governments . Among the exceptions were the Bolsheviks , the Socialist Party of America , the Italian Socialist Party , and people like Karl Liebknecht , Rosa Luxemburg , and their followers in Germany . Benedict XV , elected to the papacy less than three months into World War I , made the war and its consequences the main focus of his early pontificate . In stark contrast to his predecessor , five days after his election he spoke of his determination to do what he could to bring peace . His first encyclical , Ad beatissimi Apostolorum , given 1 November 1914 , was concerned with this subject . Benedict XV found his abilities and unique position as a religious emissary of peace ignored by the belligerent powers . The 1915 Treaty of London between Italy and the Triple Entente included secret provisions whereby the Allies agreed with Italy to ignore papal peace moves towards the Central Powers . Consequently , the publication of Benedict 's proposed seven - point Peace Note of August 1917 was roundly ignored by all parties except Austria - Hungary . The Deserter , 1916 : Anti-war cartoon depicting Jesus facing a firing squad with soldiers from five European countries In Britain in 1914 , the Public Schools Officers ' Training Corps annual camp was held at Tidworth Pennings , near Salisbury Plain . Head of the British Army , Lord Kitchener , was to review the cadets , but the imminence of the war prevented him . General Horace Smith - Dorrien was sent instead . He surprised the two - or - three thousand cadets by declaring ( in the words of Donald Christopher Smith , a Bermudian cadet who was present ) , that war should be avoided at almost any cost , that war would solve nothing , that the whole of Europe and more besides would be reduced to ruin , and that the loss of life would be so large that whole populations would be decimated . In our ignorance I , and many of us , felt almost ashamed of a British General who uttered such depressing and unpatriotic sentiments , but during the next four years , those of us who survived the holocaust -- probably not more than one - quarter of us -- learned how right the General 's prognosis was and how courageous he had been to utter it . Voicing these sentiments did not hinder Smith - Dorrien 's career , or prevent him from doing his duty in World War I to the best of his abilities . Possible execution at Verdun at the time of the mutinies in 1917 . The original French text accompanying this photograph notes however that the uniforms are those of 1914 / 15 and that the execution may be that of a spy at the beginning of the war . Many countries jailed those who spoke out against the conflict . These included Eugene Debs in the United States and Bertrand Russell in Britain . In the US , the Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918 made it a federal crime to oppose military recruitment or make any statements deemed `` disloyal '' . Publications at all critical of the government were removed from circulation by postal censors , and many served long prison sentences for statements of fact deemed unpatriotic . A number of nationalists opposed intervention , particularly within states that the nationalists were hostile to . Although the vast majority of Irish people consented to participate in the war in 1914 and 1915 , a minority of advanced Irish nationalists staunchly opposed taking part . The war began amid the Home Rule crisis in Ireland that had resurfaced in 1912 , and by July 1914 there was a serious possibility of an outbreak of civil war in Ireland . Irish nationalists and Marxists attempted to pursue Irish independence , culminating in the Easter Rising of 1916 , with Germany sending 20,000 rifles to Ireland to stir unrest in Britain . The UK government placed Ireland under martial law in response to the Easter Rising , though once the immediate threat of revolution had dissipated , the authorities did try to make concessions to nationalist feeling . However , opposition to involvement in the war increased in Ireland , resulting in the Conscription Crisis of 1918 . Other opposition came from conscientious objectors -- some socialist , some religious -- who refused to fight . In Britain , 16,000 people asked for conscientious objector status . Some of them , most notably prominent peace activist Stephen Henry Hobhouse , refused both military and alternative service . Many suffered years of prison , including solitary confinement and bread and water diets . Even after the war , in Britain many job advertisements were marked `` No conscientious objectors need apply '' . The Central Asian Revolt started in the summer of 1916 , when the Russian Empire government ended its exemption of Muslims from military service . In 1917 , a series of French Army Mutinies led to dozens of soldiers being executed and many more imprisoned . German Revolution , Kiel , 1918 In Milan , in May 1917 , Bolshevik revolutionaries organised and engaged in rioting calling for an end to the war , and managed to close down factories and stop public transportation . The Italian army was forced to enter Milan with tanks and machine guns to face Bolsheviks and anarchists , who fought violently until 23 May when the army gained control of the city . Almost 50 people ( including three Italian soldiers ) were killed and over 800 people arrested . In September 1917 , Russian soldiers in France began questioning why they were fighting for the French at all and mutinied . In Russia , opposition to the war led to soldiers also establishing their own revolutionary committees , which helped foment the October Revolution of 1917 , with the call going up for `` bread , land , and peace '' . The Bolsheviks agreed to a peace treaty with Germany , the peace of Brest - Litovsk , despite its harsh conditions . In northern Germany , the German Revolution of 1918 -- 1919 began at the end of October 1918 . Units of the German Navy refused to set sail for a last , large - scale operation in a war they believed to be as good as lost , initiating the uprising . The sailors ' revolt , which then ensued in the naval ports of Wilhelmshaven and Kiel , spread across the whole country within days and led to the proclamation of a republic on 9 November 1918 and shortly thereafter to the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II . Conscription Young men registering for conscription , New York City , 5 June 1917 Conscription was common in most European countries . However , it was controversial in English - speaking countries . It was especially unpopular among minority ethnic groups -- especially the Irish Catholics in Ireland and Australia , and the French Catholics in Canada . Conscription in Canada Main article : Conscription Crisis of 1917 In Canada the issue produced a major political crisis that permanently alienated the Francophones . It opened a political gap between French Canadians , who believed their true loyalty was to Canada and not to the British Empire , and members of the Anglophone majority , who saw the war as a duty to their British heritage . Conscription in Australia Main article : Conscription in Australia In Australia , a sustained pro-conscription campaign by Billy Hughes , the Prime Minister , caused a split in the Australian Labor Party , so Hughes formed the Nationalist Party of Australia in 1917 to pursue the matter . Farmers , the labour movement , the Catholic Church , and the Irish Catholics successfully opposed Hughes ' push , which was rejected in two plebiscites . Conscription in Britain Main article : Conscription in the United Kingdom See also : Recruitment to the British Army during the First World War In Britain , conscription resulted in the calling up of nearly every physically fit man in Britain -- six of ten million eligible . Of these , about 750,000 lost their lives . Most deaths were to young unmarried men ; however , 160,000 wives lost husbands and 300,000 children lost fathers . Conscription during the First World War began when the British government passed the Military Service Act in 1916 . The act specified that single men aged 18 to 40 years old were liable to be called up for military service unless they were widowed with children or ministers of a religion . There was a system of Military Service Tribunals to adjudicate upon claims for exemption upon the grounds of performing civilian work of national importance , domestic hardship , health , and conscientious objection . The law went through several changes before the war ended . Married men were exempt in the original Act , although this was changed in June 1916 . The age limit was also eventually raised to 51 years old . Recognition of work of national importance also diminished , and in the last year of the war there was some support for the conscription of clergy . Conscription lasted until mid-1919 . Due to the political situation in Ireland , conscription was never applied there ; only in England , Scotland and Wales . United States Main article : Conscription in the United States § World War I In the United States , conscription began in 1917 and was generally well received , with a few pockets of opposition in isolated rural areas . The administration decided to rely primarily on conscription , rather than voluntary enlistment , to raise military manpower for when only 73,000 volunteers enlisted out of the initial 1 million target in the first six weeks of the war . In 1917 10 million men were registered . This was deemed to be inadequate , so age ranges were increased and exemptions reduced , and so by the end of 1918 this increased to 24 million men that were registered with nearly 3 million inducted into the military services . The draft was universal and included blacks on the same terms as whites , although they served in different units . In all 367,710 black Americans were drafted ( 13.0 % of the total ) , compared to 2,442,586 white ( 86.9 % ) . Forms of resistance ranged from peaceful protest to violent demonstrations and from humble letter - writing campaigns asking for mercy to radical newspapers demanding reform . The most common tactics were dodging and desertion , and many communities sheltered and defended their draft dodgers as political heroes . Many socialists were jailed for `` obstructing the recruitment or enlistment service '' . The most famous was Eugene Debs , head of the Socialist Party of America , who ran for president in 1920 from his prison cell . In 1917 a number of radicals and anarchists challenged the new draft law in federal court , arguing that it was a direct violation of the Thirteenth Amendment 's prohibition against slavery and involuntary servitude . The Supreme Court unanimously upheld the constitutionality of the draft act in the Selective Draft Law Cases on January 7 , 1918 . Austria - Hungary Like all of the armies of mainland Europe , Austria - Hungary relied on conscription to fill its ranks . Officer recruitment , however , was voluntary . The effect of this at the start of the war was that well over a quarter of the rank and file were Slavs , while more than 75 % of the officers were ethnic Germans . This was much resented . The army has been described as being `` run on colonial lines '' and the Slav soldiers as `` disaffected '' . Thus conscription contributed greatly to Austria 's disastrous performance on the battlefield . Diplomacy Main article : Diplomatic history of World War I The non-military diplomatic and propaganda interactions among the nations were designed to build support for the cause , or to undermine support for the enemy . For the most part , wartime diplomacy focused on five issues : propaganda campaigns ; defining and redefining the war goals , which became harsher as the war went on ; luring neutral nations ( Italy , Ottoman Empire , Bulgaria , Romania ) into the coalition by offering slices of enemy territory ; and encouragement by the Allies of nationalistic minority movements inside the Central Powers , especially among Czechs , Poles , and Arabs . In addition , there were multiple peace proposals coming from neutrals , or one side or the other ; none of them progressed very far . Legacy and memory ... `` Strange , friend , '' I said , `` Here is no cause to mourn . '' `` None , '' said the other , `` Save the undone years '' ... -- Wilfred Owen , Strange Meeting , 1918 The War was an unprecedented triumph for natural science . ( Francis ) Bacon had promised that knowledge would be power , and power it was : power to destroy the bodies and souls of men more rapidly than had ever been done by human agency before . This triumph paved the way to other triumphs : improvements in transport , in sanitation , in surgery , medicine , and psychiatry , in commerce and industry , and , above all , in preparations for the next war . -- R.G. Collingwood , writing in 1939 . The first tentative efforts to comprehend the meaning and consequences of modern warfare began during the initial phases of the war , and this process continued throughout and after the end of hostilities , and is still underway , more than a century later . Historiography Historian Heather Jones argues that the historiography has been reinvigorated by the cultural turn in recent years . Scholars have raised entirely new questions regarding military occupation , radicalisation of politics , race , and the male body . Furthermore , new research has revised our understanding of five major topics that historians have long debated : Why the war began , why the Allies won , whether generals were responsible for high casualty rates , how the soldiers endured the horrors of trench warfare , and to what extent the civilian homefront accepted and endorsed the war effort . Memorials Main article : World War I memorials A typical village war memorial to soldiers killed in World War I Memorials were erected in thousands of villages and towns . Close to battlefields , those buried in improvised burial grounds were gradually moved to formal graveyards under the care of organisations such as the Commonwealth War Graves Commission , the American Battle Monuments Commission , the German War Graves Commission , and Le Souvenir français . Many of these graveyards also have central monuments to the missing or unidentified dead , such as the Menin Gate memorial and the Thiepval Memorial to the Missing of the Somme . In 1915 John McCrae , a Canadian army doctor , wrote the poem In Flanders Fields as a salute to those who perished in the Great War . Published in Punch on 8 December 1915 , it is still recited today , especially on Remembrance Day and Memorial Day . National World War I Museum and Memorial in Kansas City , Missouri , is a memorial dedicated to all Americans who served in World War I . The Liberty Memorial was dedicated on 1 November 1921 , when the supreme Allied commanders spoke to a crowd of more than 100,000 people . The UK Government has budgeted substantial resources to the commemoration of the war during the period 2014 to 2018 . The lead body is the Imperial War Museum . On 3 August 2014 , French President Francois Hollande and German President Joachim Gauck together marked the centenary of Germany 's declaration of war on France by laying the first stone of a memorial in Vieil Armand , known in German as Hartmannswillerkopf , for French and German soldiers killed in the war . Cultural memory Further information : World War I in popular culture The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with Britain and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Left : John McCrae , author of In Flanders Fields Right : Siegfried Sassoon World War I had a lasting impact on social memory . It was seen by many in Britain as signalling the end of an era of stability stretching back to the Victorian period , and across Europe many regarded it as a watershed . Historian Samuel Hynes explained : A generation of innocent young men , their heads full of high abstractions like Honour , Glory and England , went off to war to make the world safe for democracy . They were slaughtered in stupid battles planned by stupid generals . Those who survived were shocked , disillusioned and embittered by their war experiences , and saw that their real enemies were not the Germans , but the old men at home who had lied to them . They rejected the values of the society that had sent them to war , and in doing so separated their own generation from the past and from their cultural inheritance . This has become the most common perception of World War I , perpetuated by the art , cinema , poems , and stories published subsequently . Films such as All Quiet on the Western Front , Paths of Glory and King & Country have perpetuated the idea , while war - time films including Camrades , Poppies of Flanders , and Shoulder Arms indicate that the most contemporary views of the war were overall far more positive . Likewise , the art of Paul Nash , John Nash , Christopher Nevinson , and Henry Tonks in Britain painted a negative view of the conflict in keeping with the growing perception , while popular war - time artists such as Muirhead Bone painted more serene and pleasant interpretations subsequently rejected as inaccurate . Several historians like John Terraine , Niall Ferguson and Gary Sheffield have challenged these interpretations as partial and polemical views : These beliefs did not become widely shared because they offered the only accurate interpretation of wartime events . In every respect , the war was much more complicated than they suggest . In recent years , historians have argued persuasively against almost every popular cliché of World War I. It has been pointed out that , although the losses were devastating , their greatest impact was socially and geographically limited . The many emotions other than horror experienced by soldiers in and out of the front line , including comradeship , boredom , and even enjoyment , have been recognised . The war is not now seen as a ' fight about nothing ' , but as a war of ideals , a struggle between aggressive militarism and more or less liberal democracy . It has been acknowledged that British generals were often capable men facing difficult challenges , and that it was under their command that the British army played a major part in the defeat of the Germans in 1918 : a great forgotten victory . Though these views have been discounted as `` myths '' , they are common . They have dynamically changed according to contemporary influences , reflecting in the 1950s perceptions of the war as `` aimless '' following the contrasting Second World War and emphasising conflict within the ranks during times of class conflict in the 1960s . The majority of additions to the contrary are often rejected . Social trauma A 1919 book for veterans , from the US War Department The social trauma caused by unprecedented rates of casualties manifested itself in different ways , which have been the subject of subsequent historical debate . The optimism of la belle époque was destroyed , and those who had fought in the war were referred to as the Lost Generation . For years afterwards , people mourned the dead , the missing , and the many disabled . Many soldiers returned with severe trauma , suffering from shell shock ( also called neurasthenia , a condition related to posttraumatic stress disorder ) . Many more returned home with few after - effects ; however , their silence about the war contributed to the conflict 's growing mythological status . Though many participants did not share in the experiences of combat or spend any significant time at the front , or had positive memories of their service , the images of suffering and trauma became the widely shared perception . Such historians as Dan Todman , Paul Fussell , and Samuel Heyns have all published works since the 1990s arguing that these common perceptions of the war are factually incorrect . Discontent in Germany The rise of Nazism and Fascism included a revival of the nationalist spirit and a rejection of many post-war changes . Similarly , the popularity of the stab - in - the - back legend ( German : Dolchstoßlegende ) was a testament to the psychological state of defeated Germany and was a rejection of responsibility for the conflict . This conspiracy theory of betrayal became common , and the German populace came to see themselves as victims . The widespread acceptance of the `` stab - in - the - back '' theory delegitimised the Weimar government and destabilised the system , opening it to extremes of right and left . Communist and fascist movements around Europe drew strength from this theory and enjoyed a new level of popularity . These feelings were most pronounced in areas directly or harshly affected by the war . Adolf Hitler was able to gain popularity by using German discontent with the still controversial Treaty of Versailles . World War II was in part a continuation of the power struggle never fully resolved by World War I. Furthermore , it was common for Germans in the 1930s to justify acts of aggression due to perceived injustices imposed by the victors of World War I. American historian William Rubinstein wrote that : The ' Age of Totalitarianism ' included nearly all of the infamous examples of genocide in modern history , headed by the Jewish Holocaust , but also comprising the mass murders and purges of the Communist world , other mass killings carried out by Nazi Germany and its allies , and also the Armenian Genocide of 1915 . All these slaughters , it is argued here , had a common origin , the collapse of the elite structure and normal modes of government of much of central , eastern and southern Europe as a result of World War I , without which surely neither Communism nor Fascism would have existed except in the minds of unknown agitators and crackpots . Economic effects See also : Economic history of World War I Poster showing women workers , 1915 One of the most dramatic effects of the war was the expansion of governmental powers and responsibilities in Britain , France , the United States , and the Dominions of the British Empire . To harness all the power of their societies , governments created new ministries and powers . New taxes were levied and laws enacted , all designed to bolster the war effort ; many have lasted to this day . Similarly , the war strained the abilities of some formerly large and bureaucratised governments , such as in Austria - Hungary and Germany . Gross domestic product ( GDP ) increased for three Allies ( Britain , Italy , and the United States ) , but decreased in France and Russia , in neutral Netherlands , and in the three main Central Powers . The shrinkage in GDP in Austria , Russia , France , and the Ottoman Empire ranged between 30 % and 40 % . In Austria , for example , most pigs were slaughtered , so at war 's end there was no meat . In all nations , the government 's share of GDP increased , surpassing 50 % in both Germany and France and nearly reaching that level in Britain . To pay for purchases in the United States , Britain cashed in its extensive investments in American railroads and then began borrowing heavily from Wall Street . President Wilson was on the verge of cutting off the loans in late 1916 , but allowed a great increase in US government lending to the Allies . After 1919 , the US demanded repayment of these loans . The repayments were , in part , funded by German reparations that , in turn , were supported by American loans to Germany . This circular system collapsed in 1931 and some loans were never repaid . Britain still owed the United States $4.4 billion of World War I debt in 1934 , the last instalment was finally paid in 2015 Macro - and micro-economic consequences devolved from the war . Families were altered by the departure of many men . With the death or absence of the primary wage earner , women were forced into the workforce in unprecedented numbers . At the same time , industry needed to replace the lost labourers sent to war . This aided the struggle for voting rights for women . World War I further compounded the gender imbalance , adding to the phenomenon of surplus women . The deaths of nearly one million men during the war in Britain increased the gender gap by almost a million : from 670,000 to 1,700,000 . The number of unmarried women seeking economic means grew dramatically . In addition , demobilisation and economic decline following the war caused high unemployment . The war increased female employment ; however , the return of demobilised men displaced many from the workforce , as did the closure of many of the wartime factories . In Britain , rationing was finally imposed in early 1918 , limited to meat , sugar , and fats ( butter and margarine ) , but not bread . The new system worked smoothly . From 1914 to 1918 , trade union membership doubled , from a little over four million to a little over eight million . Britain turned to her colonies for help in obtaining essential war materials whose supply from traditional sources had become difficult . Geologists such as Albert Ernest Kitson were called on to find new resources of precious minerals in the African colonies . Kitson discovered important new deposits of manganese , used in munitions production , in the Gold Coast . Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles ( the so - called `` war guilt '' clause ) stated Germany accepted responsibility for `` all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies . '' It was worded as such to lay a legal basis for reparations , and a similar clause was inserted in the treaties with Austria and Hungary . However neither of them interpreted it as an admission of war guilt . '' In 1921 , the total reparation sum was placed at 132 billion gold marks . However , `` Allied experts knew that Germany could not pay '' this sum . The total sum was divided into three categories , with the third being `` deliberately designed to be chimerical '' and its `` primary function was to mislead public opinion ... into believing the `` total sum was being maintained . '' Thus , 50 billion gold marks ( 12.5 billion dollars ) `` represented the actual Allied assessment of German capacity to pay '' and `` therefore ... represented the total German reparations '' figure that had to be paid . This figure could be paid in cash or in kind ( coal , timber , chemical dyes , etc . ) . In addition , some of the territory lost -- via the treaty of Versailles -- was credited towards the reparation figure as were other acts such as helping to restore the Library of Louvain . By 1929 , the Great Depression arrived , causing political chaos throughout the world . In 1932 the payment of reparations was suspended by the international community , by which point Germany had only paid the equivalent of 20.598 billion gold marks in reparations . With the rise of Adolf Hitler , all bonds and loans that had been issued and taken out during the 1920s and early 1930s were cancelled . David Andelman notes `` refusing to pay does n't make an agreement null and void . The bonds , the agreement , still exist . '' Thus , following the Second World War , at the London Conference in 1953 , Germany agreed to resume payment on the money borrowed . On 3 October 2010 , Germany made the final payment on these bonds . The war contributed to the evolution of the wristwatch from women 's jewellery to a practical everyday item , replacing the pocketwatch , which requires a free hand to operate . Military funding of advancements in radio contributed to the postwar popularity of the medium . See also Outline of World War I Death rates in the 20th century Diplomatic history of World War I European Civil War Lists of wars List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll Lists of World War I topics Timeline of World War I World War I casualties World War I medal abbreviations Footnotes Jump up ^ The United States did not ratify any of the treaties agreed to at the Paris Peace Conference . Jump up ^ Bulgaria joined the Central Powers on 14 October 1915 . Jump up ^ The Ottoman Empire agreed to a secret alliance with Germany on 2 August 1914 . It joined the war on the side of the Central Powers on 29 October 1914 . Jump up ^ The United States declared war on Austria - Hungary on 7 December 1917 . Jump up ^ Austria was considered one of the successor states to Austria - Hungary . Jump up ^ The United States declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917 . Jump up ^ Hungary was considered one of the successor states to Austria - Hungary . Jump up ^ Although the Treaty of Sèvres was intended to end the war between the Allied Powers and the Ottoman Empire , the Allied Powers and the Republic of Turkey , the successor state of the Ottoman Empire , agreed to the Treaty of Lausanne . Jump up ^ World War I officially ended when Germany paid off the final amount of reparations imposed on it by the Allies . References Jump up ^ `` British Army statistics of the Great War '' . 1914-1918.net . Retrieved 13 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Figures are for the British Empire Jump up ^ Figures are for Metropolitan France and its colonies ^ Jump up to : Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 273 ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Nash ( 1976 ) . Darkest Hours . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 9781590775264 . Jump up ^ `` The war to end all wars '' . BBC News . 10 November 1998 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1998 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Bade & Brown 2003 , pp. 167 -- 168 . Jump up ^ Williams , Rachel ( 2014 ) . Dual Threat : The Spanish Influenza and World War I. University of Tennessee Thesis : Trace : Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange . pp. 4 -- 10 . Retrieved 10 September 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Willmott 2003 , p. 307 . Jump up ^ Charles Seymour ( 1916 ) . The Diplomatic Background of the War . Yale University Press . pp. 35 , 147 . Jump up ^ Crampton , R.J ( July 1974 ) . `` The Decline of the Concert of Europe in the Balkans , 1913 - 1914 '' . The Slavonic and East European Review . 52 ( 128 ) : 395 -- 398 . JSTOR 4206914 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor 1998 , pp. 80 -- 93 Jump up ^ Djokić 2003 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Lieven , Dominic ( 2016 ) . Towards the Flame : Empire , War and the End of Tsarist Russia . Penguin . p. 326 . ISBN 978 - 0141399744 . Jump up ^ Martel , Gordon ( 2014 ) . The Month that Changed the World : July 1914 and WWI ( Kindle ed . ) . 6286 : OUP . Jump up ^ `` Le Président de la République , R. ( Raymond ) Poincaré et al. , ' A La Nation Française ' '' ( PDF ) . Journal Officiel de la République Française : 7053 -- 7054 . 2 August 1914 . Retrieved 26 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Bovykin , V.I , Spring , D.W. ( 1979 ) . `` The Franco - Russian Alliance '' . History . 64 ( 210 ) : 32 -- 33 . JSTOR 24411365 . Jump up ^ Zuber , Terence ( 2011 ) . Inventing the Schlieffen Plan : German War Planning 1871 - 1914 ( 2014 ed . ) . OUP . pp. 46 -- 49 . ISBN 978 - 0198718055 . Jump up ^ Note Given August 2 , 1914 , at 19 hours , by M. de Below Saleske ( Klaus von Below - Saleske ) , Minister of Germany , to M. Davignon , Minister of Foreign Affairs ) ( 1914 ) . Documents Diplomatiques 1914 : La Guerre Européenne Diplomatic Documents 1914 : The European War ( PDF ) . Ministère des Affaires Étrangères ( Ministry of Foreign Affairs ) . p. 201 . Retrieved 26 August 2018 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Evans 2004 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Martel 2003 , p. xii ff . Jump up ^ Lieven , Dominic ( 2016 ) . Towards the Flame : Empire , War and the End of Tsarist Russia . Penguin . p. 327 . ISBN 978 - 0141399744 . Jump up ^ Sheffield , Gary ( 2002 ) . Forgotten Victory . Review . p. 251 . ISBN 978 - 0747271574 . Jump up ^ Gerwath , Robert ( 2016 ) . The Vanquished : Why the First World War Failed to End , 1917 - 1923 ( Kindle ed . ) . 3323 - 3342 : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0141976372 . Jump up ^ Shapiro & Epstein 2006 , p. 329 . Jump up ^ `` Were they always called World War I and World War II ? '' . Ask History . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Braybon 2004 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` The war to end all wars '' . BBC News . 10 November 1998 . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Margery Fee and Janice McAlpine . Guide to Canadian English Usage . ( Oxford UP , 1997 ) , p. 210 . Jump up ^ `` great , adj. , adv. , and n '' . Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ Holland Rose , John ( 1911 ) . William Pitt and the Great War ( Kindle ed . ) . Amazon Media EU S. à r.l. ASIN B0082P4MSQ . Jump up ^ Glover , Gareth ( 2015 ) . Waterloo in 100 Objects . The History Press . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7509 - 6289 - 6 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Peter ( 2009 ) . Europe 's Tragedy : A New History of the Thirty Years War ( 2010 ed . ) . Penguin . p. 787 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 100614 - 7 . Jump up ^ Cramer , Kevin ( 2007 ) . The Thirty Years ' War and German Memory in the Nineteenth Century ( Studies in War , Society , and the Military ) . University of Nebraska Press . pp. 18 -- 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 1562 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Der Dreißigjährige Krieg - die Urkatastrophe der deutschen Geschichte ? '' . Der Teckbote ( in German ) . 2014 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Clark 2014 , pp. 121 -- 152 . Jump up ^ H.P. Willmott , World War I , Dorling Kindersley , 2003 Jump up ^ Keegan 1998 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Medlicott , WN ( 1945 ) . `` Bismarck and the Three Emperors ' Alliance , 1881 - 87 '' . Transactions of the Royal Historical Society . 27 : 66 -- 70 . doi : 10.2307 / 3678575 . JSTOR 3678575 . Jump up ^ Keenan , George ( 1986 ) . The Fateful Alliance : France , Russia and the Coming of the First World War . Manchester University Press . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0719017070 . Jump up ^ Willmott 2003 , p. 15 ^ Jump up to : Willmott 2003 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Holger Herwig , `` The Failure of German Sea Power , 1914 -- 1945 : Mahan , Tirpitz , and Raeder Reconsidered '' , The International History Review , 10 : 1 ( February 1988 ) , 72 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Moll , Kendall , Luebbert , Gregory ( 1980 ) . `` Arms Race and Military Expenditure Models : A Review '' . The Journal of Conflict Resolution . 24 ( 1 ) : 153 . JSTOR 173938 . Jump up ^ Poon , HW . `` Militarism ; the Arms Race '' ( PDF ) . The Corner ; World War I. University of Arizona . Retrieved 22 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1998 , pp. 48 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Willmott 2003 , pp. 2 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Finestone , Jeffrey ; Massie , Robert K. ( 1981 ) . The last courts of Europe . Dent . p. 247 . Jump up ^ Smith 2010 . Jump up ^ `` European powers maintain focus despite killings in Sarajevo -- History.com This Day in History '' . History.com. 30 June 1914 . Retrieved 26 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Willmott 2003 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Clark , Christopher ( 25 June 2014 ) . Month of Madness . BBC Radio 4 . Jump up ^ Djordjević , Dimitrije ; Spence , Richard B. ( 1992 ) . Scholar , patriot , mentor : historical essays in honor of Dimitrije Djordjević . East European Monographs . p. 313 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88033 - 217 - 0 . Following the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in June 1914 , Croats and Muslims in Sarajevo joined forces in an anti-Serb pogrom . Jump up ^ Reports Service : Southeast Europe series . American Universities Field Staff . 1964 . p. 44 . Retrieved 7 December 2013 ... the assassination was followed by officially encouraged anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo ... Jump up ^ Kröll , Herbert ( 28 February 2008 ) . Austrian - Greek encounters over the centuries : history , diplomacy , politics , arts , economics . Studienverlag . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 7065 - 4526 - 6 . Retrieved 1 September 2013 ... arrested and interned some 5.500 prominent Serbs and sentenced to death some 460 persons , a new Schutzkorps , an auxiliary militia , widened the anti-Serb repression . Jump up ^ Tomasevich 2001 , p. 485 . Jump up ^ Schindler , John R. ( 2007 ) . Unholy Terror : Bosnia , Al - Qa'ida , and the Rise of Global Jihad . Zenith Imprint . p. 29 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61673 - 964 - 5 . Jump up ^ Velikonja 2003 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Stevenson 1996 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Willmott 2003 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Fromkin , David ; Europe 's Last Summer : Why the World Went to War in 1914 , Heinemann , 2004 ; pp. 196 -- 97 . Jump up ^ ( Levy & Vasques 2014 , p. 250 ) Jump up ^ Martel , Gordon ( 2014 ) . The Month that Changed the World : July 1914 and WWI ( Kindle ed . ) . 6286 : OUP . Jump up ^ `` Verordnung , betreffend die Erklärung des Kriegszustandes '' . Reichs - gesetzblatt ( in German ) . 31 July 1914 . LCCN 14013198 . Jump up ^ The Telegraph , First World War centenary : how the events of 1 August 1914 unfolded Jump up ^ McMeekin , Sean , July 1914 : Countdown to War , Basic Books , 2014 , 480 p. , ISBN 978 - 0465060740 , pp. 342,349 Jump up ^ Crowe 2001 , p. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Dell , Pamela ( 2013 ) . A World War I Timeline ( Smithsonian War Timelines Series ) . Capstone . pp. 10 -- 12 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4765 - 4159 - 4 . Jump up ^ Willmott 2003 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Mirror Headlines : The Declaration of War , Published 4 August 1914 '' . BBC . Retrieved 9 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Strachan 2003 , pp. 292 -- 296 , 343 -- 354 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Schindler , John R. ( 1 April 2002 ) . `` Disaster on the Drina : The Austro - Hungarian Army in Serbia , 1914 '' . Wih.sagepub.com . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Horne , Alistair ( 1964 ) . The Price of Glory ( 1993 ed . ) . Penguin . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 0140170412 . Jump up ^ Holmes 2014 , pp. 194 , 211 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , David ( 2012 ) . 1914 - 1918 : The History of the First World War . Penguin . p. 54 . ISBN 978 - 0718197957 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Julian ( 2018 ) . A Certain Idea of France : The Life of Charles de Gaulle . Allen Lane . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 1846143519 . Jump up ^ Lieven , Dominic ( 2016 ) . Towards the Flame : Empire , War and the End of Tsarist Russia . Penguin . p. 327 . ISBN 978 - 0141399744 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , pp. 376 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Horne , Alistair ( 1964 ) . The Price of Glory ( 1993 ed . ) . Penguin . p. 221 . ISBN 978 - 0140170412 . Jump up ^ DONKO , Wilhelm M. : `` A Brief History of the Austrian Navy '' epubli GmbH , Berlin , 2012 , page 79 Jump up ^ Keegan 1998 , pp. 224 -- 232 . Jump up ^ Falls 1960 , pp. 79 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Farwell 1989 , p. 353 . Jump up ^ Brown 1994 , pp. 197 -- 198 . Jump up ^ Brown 1994 , pp. 201 -- 203 . Jump up ^ `` Participants from the Indian subcontinent in the First World War '' . Memorial Gates Trust . Retrieved 12 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Horniman , Benjamin Guy . British administration and the Amritsar massacre . Mittal Publications , 1984 . Pg. 45 . Jump up ^ Raudzens 1990 , pp. 424 . Jump up ^ Raudzens 1990 , pp. 421 -- 423 . Jump up ^ Goodspeed 1985 , p. 199 ( footnote ) . Jump up ^ Duffy , Michael ( 22 August 2009 ) . `` Weapons of War : Poison Gas '' . Firstworldwar.com . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Love 1996 . Jump up ^ Dupuy 1993 , pp. 1042 . Jump up ^ Grant 2005 , pp. 276 . 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( The numerical strength of the Italian contingent varied with the passing of months and at its peak reached 20 -- 22,000 men . ) ← see http://www.agiati.it/ara_context.jsp?ID_LINK=113344&area=196 for metadata -- > Jump up ^ `` Clairière de l'Armistice '' ( in French ) . Ville de Compiègne . Archived from the original on 27 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Baker 2006 . Jump up ^ Chickering 2004 , pp. 185 -- 188 . Jump up ^ Gerd Hardach , The First World War , 1914 -- 1918 ( 1977 ) p 153 , using estimated made by H. Menderhausen , The Economics of War ( 1941 ) p 305 Jump up ^ `` France 's oldest WWI veteran dies '' Archived 28 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , BBC News , 20 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of World War I. ABC - CLIO . p. 273 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 420 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hastedt , Glenn P. ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy . Infobase Publishing . p. 483 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 0989 - 3 . 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( 28 February 1999 ) . Future War and Counterproliferation : US Military Responses to NBC . Praeger , p. 84 ; ISBN 0 - 275 - 96278 - 4 Jump up ^ Taylor , Telford ( 1 November 1993 ) . The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials : A Personal Memoir. Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 83400 - 1 . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Graham , Thomas ; Lavera , Damien J. ( May 2003 ) . Cornerstones of Security : Arms Control Treaties in the Nuclear Era . University of Washington Press . pp. 7 -- 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 295 - 98296 - 0 . Retrieved 5 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Haber , L.F. ( 20 February 1986 ) . The Poisonous Cloud : Chemical Warfare in the First World War . Clarendon Press . pp. 106 -- 108 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 858142 - 0 . Jump up ^ Vilensky , Joel A. ( 20 February 1986 ) . Dew of Death : The Story of Lewisite , America 's World War I Weapon of Mass destruction . Indiana University Press . pp. 78 -- 80 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 34612 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ellison , D. 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A German officer during the Armenian genocide : a biography of Max von Scheubner - Richter . translated by Alasdair Lean ; with a preface by Jorge and a historical introduction by Hilmar . London : Taderon Press for the Gomidas Institute . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903656 - 81 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ferguson 2006 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ `` International Association Of Genocide Scholars '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Fromkin 1989 , pp. 212 -- 215 . Jump up ^ International Association of Genocide Scholars . `` Resolution on genocides committed by the Ottoman empire '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Gaunt , David ( 2006 ) . Massacres , Resistance , Protectors : Muslim - Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I. Piscataway , New Jersey : Gorgias Press . 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Jump up ^ Chelmsford , J.E. `` Clergy and Man - Power '' , The Times 15 April 1918 , p. 12 Jump up ^ John Whiteclay Chambers , To raise an army : The draft comes to modern America ( 1987 ) . Jump up ^ Howard Zinn , People 's History of the United States . ( Harper Collins , 2003 ) : 134 Jump up ^ Hastings , Max ( 2013 ) . Catastrophe : Europe goes to War 1914 . London : Collins . pp. 30 , 140 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 746764 - 8 . Jump up ^ David Stevenson , The First World War and International Politics ( 1988 ) . Jump up ^ Z.A.B. Zeman , Diplomatic History of the First World War ( 1971 ) Jump up ^ See * Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . Official Statements of War Aims and Peace Proposals : December 1916 to November 1918 , edited by James Brown Scott . ( 1921 ) 515pp online free Jump up ^ R.G. Collingwood An Autobiography , 1939 , page 90 . Jump up ^ Heather Jones , `` As the centenary approaches : the regeneration of First World War historiography '' . Historical Journal ( 2013 ) 56 # 3 pp : 857 -- 878 , esp . p. 858 Jump up ^ `` John McCrae '' . Historica . Archived from the original on 9 June 2011 . Jump up ^ David , Evans . `` John McCrae '' . Canadian Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ `` Monumental Undertaking '' . kclibrary.org . Jump up ^ `` Commemoration website '' . 1914.org . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` French , German Presidents Mark World War I Anniversary '' . France News.Net . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Sheftall , Mark David ( 2010 ) . Altered Memories of the Great War : Divergent Narratives of Britain , Australia , New Zealand , and Canada . ^ Jump up to : Hynes , Samuel Lynn ( 1991 ) . A war imagined : the First World War and English culture . Atheneum . pp. i -- xii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 689 - 12128 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Todman 2005 , p. 153 - 221 . Jump up ^ Fussell , Paul ( 2000 ) . The Great War and modern memory . Oxford University Press . pp. 1 -- 78 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 513332 - 5 . Retrieved 18 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Todman 2005 , p. xi -- xv . Jump up ^ Roden . Jump up ^ Wohl 1979 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , pp. 108 -- 1086 . Jump up ^ Kitchen , Martin . `` The Ending of World War One , and the Legacy of Peace '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` World War II '' . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Archived from the original on 24 June 2008 . Retrieved 12 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Baker , Kevin ( June 2006 ) . `` Stabbed in the Back ! The past and future of a right - wing myth '' . Harper 's Magazine . Archived from the original on 15 July 2006 . Jump up ^ Chickering 2004 . Jump up ^ Rubinstein , W.D. ( 2004 ) . Genocide : a history . Pearson Education . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 50601 - 5 . Jump up ^ 10 in this context -- see Long and short scales Jump up ^ Henn , Peter ( 9 March 2015 ) . `` Britain FINALLY pays off last of First World War debt as George Osborne redeems £ 1.9 bn '' . Jump up ^ Noakes , Lucy ( 2006 ) . Women in the British Army : War and the Gentle Sex , 1907 -- 1948 . Abingdon , England : Routledge . p. 48 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 39056 - 9 . Jump up ^ Green 1938 , pp. CXXVI . Jump up ^ Anton Kaes ; Martin Jay ; Edward Dimendberg , eds. ( 1994 ) . `` The Treaty of Versailles : The Reparations Clauses '' . The Weimar Republic Sourcebook . University of California Press . p. 8 . ISBN 9780520909601 . Jump up ^ Marls , The Myths of Reparations , pp. 231 -- 2 ^ Jump up to : Marks , p. 237 Jump up ^ Marks , pp. 223 -- 234 Jump up ^ World War One : A Short History By Norman Stone Jump up ^ Marks , p. 233 Jump up ^ Hall , Allan ( 28 September 2010 ) . `` First World War officially ends '' . The Telegraph . Berlin . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . The final payment of £ 59.5 million , writes off the crippling debt that was the price for one world war and laid the foundations for another . Jump up ^ Suddath , Claire ( 4 October 2010 ) . `` Why Did World War I Just End ? '' . Time . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . World War I ended over the weekend . Germany made its final reparations - related payment for the Great War on Oct. 3 , nearly 92 years after the country 's defeat by the Allies . Jump up ^ `` World War I to finally end for Germany this weekend '' . CNN . 30 September 2010 . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Germany and the Allies can call it even on World War I this weekend . Jump up ^ MacMillan , Margaret ( 25 December 2010 ) . `` Ending the War to End All Wars '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . NOT many people noticed at the time , but World War I ended this year . ^ Jump up to : `` From Wristwatches To Radio , How World War I Ushered In The Modern World '' . NPR . Bibliography For a comprehensive bibliography see Bibliography of World War I American Battle Monuments Commission ( 1938 ) . American Armies and Battlefields in Europe : A History , Guide , and Reference Book . US Government Printing Office . OCLC 59803706 . Army Art of World War I. United States Army Center of Military History : Smithsonian Institution , National Museum of American History . 1993 . OCLC 28608539 . Ayers , Leonard Porter ( 1919 ) . The War with Germany : A Statistical Summary . Government Printing Office . Bade , Klaus J ; Brown , Allison ( tr . ) ( 2003 ) . Migration in European History . The making of Europe . Oxford : Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 18939 - 8 . OCLC 52695573 . ( translated from the German ) Balakian , Peter ( 2003 ) . The Burning Tigris : The Armenian Genocide and America 's Response . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 019840 - 4 . OCLC 56822108 . Ball , Alan M ( 1996 ) . And Now My Soul Is Hardened : Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia , 1918 -- 1930 . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 20694 - 6 . , reviewed in Hegarty , Thomas J ( March -- June 1998 ) . `` And Now My Soul Is Hardened : Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia , 1918 -- 1930 '' . Canadian Slavonic Papers . ( via Highbeam.com ) Bass , Gary Jonathan ( 2002 ) . Stay the Hand of Vengeance : The Politics of War Crimes Tribunals . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . pp. 424pp . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 09278 - 2 . OCLC 248021790 . Blair , Dale ( 2005 ) . No Quarter : Unlawful Killing and Surrender in the Australian War Experience , 1915 -- 1918 . Charnwood , Australia : Ginninderra Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74027 - 291 - 9 . OCLC 62514621 . Bond , Brian . `` The First World War '' in C.L. Mowat , ed . The New Cambridge Modern History : Vol . XII : The Shifting Balance of World Forces 1898 - 1945 ( 2nd ed. 1968 ) online pp 171 -- 208 . scholarly summary . Brands , Henry William ( 1997 ) . T.R. : The Last Romantic . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 06958 - 3 . OCLC 36954615 . Braybon , Gail ( 2004 ) . Evidence , History , and the Great War : Historians and the Impact of 1914 -- 18 . Berghahn Books . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57181 - 801 - 0 . Brown , Judith M. ( 1994 ) . Modern India : The Origins of an Asian Democracy . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 873113 - 9 . Chickering , Rodger ( 2004 ) . Imperial Germany and the Great War , 1914 -- 1918 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 83908 - 2 . OCLC 55523473 . Clark , Charles Upson ( 1927 ) . Bessarabia , Russia and Roumania on the Black Sea . New York : Dodd , Mead . OCLC 150789848 . Clark , Christopher ( 2013 ) . The Sleepwalkers : How Europe Went to War in 1914 . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 219922 - 5 . Clark , Christopher ( 2014 ) . The Sleepwalkers : How Europe Went to War in 1914 . New York : Harper Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 114666 - 4 . Cockfield , Jamie H ( 1997 ) . With snow on their boots : The tragic odyssey of the Russian Expeditionary Force in France during World War I. Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 22082 - 2 . Conlon , Joseph M. The historical impact of epidemic typhus ( PDF ) . Montana State University . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 June 2010 . Retrieved 21 April 2009 . Cook , Tim ( 2006 ) . `` The politics of surrender : Canadian soldiers and the killing of prisoners in the First World War '' . The Journal of Military History . 70 ( 3 ) : 637 -- 665 . doi : 10.1353 / jmh. 2006.0158 . Cross , Wilbur L ( 1991 ) . Zeppelins of World War I. New York : Paragon Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55778 - 382 - 0 . OCLC 22860189 . Crowe , David ( 2001 ) . The Essentials of European History : 1914 to 1935 , World War I and Europe in crisis . Research and Education Association . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87891 - 710 - 5 . DiNardo , Richard ( 2015 ) . Invasion : The Conquest of Serbia , 1915 . Santa Barbara , California : Praeger . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4408 - 0092 - 4 . Djokić , Dejan ( 2003 ) . Yugoslavism : histories of a failed idea , 1918 -- 1992 . London : Hurst . OCLC 51093251 . Doughty , Robert A. ( 2005 ) . Pyrrhic victory : French strategy and operations in the Great War . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01880 - 8 . Duffy , Michael ( 2006 ) . Somme . First World War.com . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 84689 - 5 . Retrieved 25 February 2007 . Dupuy , R. Ernest and Trevor N. ( 1993 ) . The Harper 's Encyclopedia of Military History , 4th Edition . Harper Collins Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 270056 - 8 . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 12th ed. 1922 ) comprises the 11th edition plus three new volumes 30 - 31 - 32 that cover events since 1911 with thorough coverage of the war as well as every country and colony . partly online and list of article titles ABBE to ENGLISH HISTORY online free . scans of each page of vol 30 - 31 - 32 Evans , David ( 2004 ) . The First World War . Teach yourself . London : Hodder Arnold . ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 88489 - 8 . OCLC 224332259 . Evans , Leslie ( 27 May 2005 ) . Future of Iraq , Israel - Palestine Conflict , and Central Asia Weighed at International Conference . UCLA International Institute . Archived from the original on 24 May 2008 . Retrieved 30 December 2008 . Falls , Cyril Bentham ( 1960 ) . The First World War . London : Longmans . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84342 - 272 - 3 . OCLC 460327352 . Farwell , Byron ( 1989 ) . The Great War in Africa , 1914 -- 1918 . W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 30564 - 7 . Ferguson , Niall ( 1999 ) . The Pity of War . New York : Basic Books . pp. 563pp . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 05711 - 5 . OCLC 41124439 . Ferguson , Niall ( 2006 ) . The War of the World : Twentieth - Century Conflict and the Descent of the West . New York : Penguin Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 100 - 4 . Fortescue , Granville Roland ( 28 October 1915 ) . London in Gloom over Gallipoli ; Captain Fortescue in Book and Ashmead - Bartlett in Lecture Declare Campaign Lost . New York Times . Fromkin , David ( 1989 ) . A Peace to End All Peace : The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East . New York : Henry Holt and Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 0857 - 9 . Fromkin , David ( 2004 ) . Europe 's Last Summer : Who Started the Great War in 1914 ? . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 41156 - 4 . OCLC 53937943 . Gelvin , James L ( 2005 ) . The Israel - Palestine Conflict : One Hundred Years of War . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 85289 - 0 . OCLC 59879560 . Grant , R.G. ( 2005 ) . Battle : A Visual Journey Through 5,000 Years of Combat . DK Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 5578 - 5 . Gray , Randal ; Argyle , Christopher ( 1990 ) . Chronicle of the First World War . New York : Facts on File . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 2595 - 4 . OCLC 19398100 . Gilbert , Martin ( 1994 ) . First World War . Stoddart Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7737 - 2848 - 6 . Gilbert , Martin ( 2004 ) . The First World War : A Complete History . Clearwater , Florida : Owl Books . p. 306 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 7617 - 2 . OCLC 34792651 . Goodspeed , Donald James ( 1985 ) . The German Wars 1914 -- 1945 . New York : Random House ; Bonanza . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 46790 - 9 . Gray , Randal ( 1991 ) . Kaiserschlacht 1918 : the final German offensive . Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 157 - 1 . Green , John Frederick Norman ( 1938 ) . `` Obituary : Albert Ernest Kitson '' . Geological Society Quarterly Journal . 94 . Halpern , Paul G ( 1995 ) . A Naval History of World War I. New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85728 - 498 - 0 . OCLC 60281302 . Harris , J.P. ( 2008 ) . Douglas Haig and the First World War ( 2009 ed . ) . Cambridge : CUP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 89802 - 7 . Hartcup , Guy ( 1988 ) . The War of Invention ; Scientific Developments , 1914 -- 18 . Brassey 's Defence Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 08 - 033591 - 9 . Havighurst , Alfred F ( 1985 ) . Britain in transition : the twentieth century ( 4 ed . ) . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 31971 - 1 . Heller , Charles E ( 1984 ) . Chemical warfare in World War I : the American experience , 1917 -- 1918 . Fort Leavenworth , Kansas : Combat Studies Institute . OCLC 123244486 . Archived from the original on 4 July 2007 . Heyman , Neil M ( 1997 ) . World War I. Guides to historic events of the twentieth century . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29880 - 6 . OCLC 36292837 . Hickey , Michael ( 2003 ) . The Mediterranean Front 1914 -- 1923 . The First World War . 4 . New York : Routledge . pp. 60 -- 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 96844 - 7 . OCLC 52375688 . Hinterhoff , Eugene ( 1984 ) . Young , Peter , ed . The Campaign in Armenia . Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War I. ii . New York : Marshall Cavendish . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86307 - 181 - 2 . Hirschfeld , Gerhard et al. eds . Brill 's Encyclopedia of the First World War ( 2012 ) , 1105pp Holmes , T.M. ( April 2014 ) . `` Absolute Numbers : The Schlieffen Plan as a Critique of German Strategy in 1914 '' . War in History . XXI ( 2 ) : 194 , 211 . ISSN 1477 - 0385 . Hooker , Richard ( 1996 ) . The Ottomans . Washington State University . Archived from the original on 8 October 1999 . Horne , John ; Kramer , Alan ( 2001 ) . German Atrocities , 1914 : A History of Denial . Yale University Press . OCLC 47181922 . Hovannisian , Richard G. ( 1967 ) . Armenia on the Road to Independence , 1918 . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 00574 - 7 . Hull , Isabel Virginia ( 2006 ) . Absolute destruction : military culture and the practices of war in Imperial Germany . Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 7293 - 0 . Humphries , Mark Osborne ( 2007 ) . `` '' Old Wine in New Bottles `` : A Comparison of British and Canadian Preparations for the Battle of Arras '' . In Hayes , Geoffrey ; Iarocci , Andrew ; Bechthold , Mike . Vimy Ridge : A Canadian Reassessment . Waterloo : Wilfrid Laurier University Press . pp. 65 -- 85 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88920 - 508 - 6 . Inglis , David ( 1995 ) . Vimy Ridge : 1917 -- 1992 , A Canadian Myth over Seventy Five Years ( PDF ) . Burnaby : Simon Fraser University . Isaac , Jad ; Hosh , Leonardo ( 7 -- 9 May 1992 ) . Roots of the Water Conflict in the Middle East . University of Waterloo . Archived from the original on 28 September 2006 . Jenkins , Burris A ( 2009 ) . Facing the Hindenburg Line . BiblioBazaar . ISBN 978 - 1 - 110 - 81238 - 7 . Johnson , James Edgar ( 2001 ) . Full Circle : The Story of Air Fighting . London : Cassell . ISBN 978 - 0 - 304 - 35860 - 1 . OCLC 45991828 . Jones , Howard ( 2001 ) . Crucible of Power : A History of US Foreign Relations Since 1897 . Wilmington , Delaware : Scholarly Resources Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8420 - 2918 - 6 . OCLC 46640675 . Kaplan , Robert D ( February 1993 ) . Syria : Identity Crisis . The Atlantic . Retrieved 30 December 2008 . Karp , Walter ( 1979 ) . The Politics of War ( 1st ed . ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 012265 - 2 . OCLC 4593327 . , Wilson 's manoeuvring US into war Keegan , John ( 1998 ) . The First World War . Hutchinson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 180178 - 6 . , general military history Keene , Jennifer D ( 2006 ) . World War I. Daily Life Through History Series . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33181 - 7 . OCLC 70883191 . Kernek , Sterling ( December 1970 ) . `` The British Government 's Reactions to President Wilson 's ' Peace ' Note of December 1916 '' . The Historical Journal . 13 ( 4 ) : 721 -- 766 . doi : 10.1017 / S0018246X00009481 . JSTOR 2637713 . Kitchen , Martin ( 2000 ) ( 1980 ) . Europe Between the Wars . New York : Longman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 41869 - 1 . OCLC 247285240 . Knobler , Stacey L , ed. ( 2005 ) . The Threat of Pandemic Influenza : Are We Ready ? Workshop Summary . Washington DC : National Academies Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 309 - 09504 - 4 . OCLC 57422232 . Kurlander , Eric ( 2006 ) . Steffen Bruendel . Volksgemeinschaft oder Volksstaat : Die `` Ideen von 1914 '' und die Neuordnung Deutschlands im Ersten Weltkrieg . H - net . Archived from the original ( Book review ) on 10 June 2007 . Retrieved 17 November 2009 . Lehmann , Hartmut ; van der Veer , Peter , eds. ( 1999 ) . Nation and religion : perspectives on Europe and Asia . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 01232 - 2 . OCLC 39727826 . Love , Dave ( May 1996 ) . `` The Second Battle of Ypres , April 1915 '' . Sabretasche. 26 ( 4 ) . Lyons , Michael J ( 1999 ) . World War I : A Short History ( 2nd ed . ) . Prentice Hall . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 020551 - 3 . Ludendorff , Erich ( 1919 ) . My War Memories , 1914 -- 1918 . OCLC 60104290 . also published by Harper as `` Ludendorff 's Own Story , August 1914 -- November 1918 : The Great War from the Siege of Liège to the Signing of the Armistice as Viewed from the Grand Headquarters of the German Army '' OCLC 561160 ( original title Meine Kriegserinnerungen , 1914 -- 1918 ) Magliveras , Konstantinos D ( 1999 ) . Exclusion from Participation in International Organisations : The Law and Practice behind Member States ' Expulsion and Suspension of Membership . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . ISBN 978 - 90 - 411 - 1239 - 2 . Martel , Gordon ( 2003 ) . The Origins of the First World War . Pearson Longman , Harlow . Mawdsley , Evan ( 2008 ) . The Russian Civil War ( Edinburgh ed . ) . Birlinn location . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84341 - 041 - 6 . McLellan , Edwin N. The United States Marine Corps in the World War . Meyer , Gerald J ( 2006 ) . A World Undone : The Story of the Great War 1914 to 1918 . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 80354 - 9 . Millett , Allan Reed ; Murray , Williamson ( 1988 ) . Military Effectiveness . Boston : Allen Unwin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 04 - 445053 - 5 . OCLC 220072268 . Moon , John Ellis van Courtland ( July 1996 ) . `` United States Chemical Warfare Policy in World War II : A Captive of Coalition Policy ? '' . The Journal of Military History . 60 ( 3 ) : 495 -- 511 . doi : 10.2307 / 2944522 . JSTOR 2944522 . Morton , Desmond ( 1992 ) . Silent Battle : Canadian Prisoners of War in Germany , 1914 -- 1919 . Toronto : Lester Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 895555 - 17 - 2 . OCLC 29565680 . Mosier , John ( 2001 ) . `` Germany and the Development of Combined Arms Tactics '' . Myth of the Great War : How the Germans Won the Battles and How the Americans Saved the Allies . New York : Harper Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 019676 - 9 . Muller , Jerry Z ( March -- April 2008 ) . `` Us and Them -- The Enduring Power of Ethnic Nationalism '' . Foreign Affairs . Council on Foreign Relations . Retrieved 30 December 2008 . Neiberg , Michael S ( 2005 ) . Fighting the Great War : A Global History . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01696 - 5 . OCLC 56592292 . Nicholson , Gerald WL ( 1962 ) . Canadian Expeditionary Force , 1914 -- 1919 : Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War ( 1st ed . ) . Ottawa : Queens Printer and Controller of Stationary . OCLC 2317262 . Archived from the original on 16 May 2007 . Northedge , FS ( 1986 ) . The League of Nations : Its Life and Times , 1920 -- 1946 . New York : Holmes & Meier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7185 - 1316 - 0 . Page , Thomas Nelson . `` Italy and the World War '' . Brigham Young University . Chapter XI . cites `` Cf . articles signed XXX in La Revue de Deux Mondes , 1 and 15 March 1920 '' Painter , David S. ( 2012 ) . `` Oil and the American Century '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of American History . 99 ( 1 ) : 24 -- 39 . doi : 10.1093 / jahist / jas073 . 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ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 03295 - 2 . OCLC 53075929 . Taylor , Alan John Percivale ( 1963 ) . The First World War : An Illustrated History . Hamish Hamilton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 399 - 50260 - 6 . OCLC 2054370 . Taylor , Alan John Percivale ( 1998 ) . The First World War and its aftermath , 1914 -- 1919 . Century of Conflict , 1848 -- 1948 . London : Folio Society . OCLC 49988231 . Taylor , John M ( Summer 2007 ) . `` Audacious Cruise of the Emden '' . The Quarterly Journal of Military History . 19 ( 4 ) : 38 -- 47 . doi : 10.1353 / jmh. 2007.0331 ( inactive 2018 - 09 - 19 ) . ISSN 0899 - 3718 . Terraine , John ( 1963 ) . Ordeal of Victory . Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott . pp. 508pp . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 068120 - 4 . OCLC 1345833 . Todman , Dan ( 2005 ) . The Great War : Myth and Memory . A & C Black . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 6728 - 7 . Tomasevich , Jozo ( 2001 ) . War and Revolution in Yugoslavia : 1941 - 1945 . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 7924 - 1 . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Tschanz , David W. Typhus fever on the Eastern front in World War I. Montana State University . Archived from the original on 11 June 2010 . Retrieved 12 November 2009 . Tuchman , Barbara Wertheim ( 1966 ) . The Zimmermann Telegram ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 620320 - 3 . OCLC 233392415 . Tucker , Spencer C ; Roberts , Priscilla Mary ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of World War I. Santa Barbara : ABC - Clio . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 420 - 2 . OCLC 61247250 . Tucker , Spencer C ; Wood , Laura Matysek ; Murphy , Justin D ( 1999 ) . The European powers in the First World War : an encyclopedia . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 3351 - 7 . Velikonja , Mitja ( 2003 ) . Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia - Herzegovina . Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58544 - 226 - 3 . von der Porten , Edward P ( 1969 ) . German Navy in World War II . New York : T.Y. Crowell . ISBN 978 - 0 - 213 - 17961 - 8 . OCLC 164543865 . Westwell , Ian ( 2004 ) . World War I Day by Day . St. Paul , Minnesota : MBI Publishing . pp. 192pp . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 1937 - 6 . OCLC 57533366 . Wilgus , William John ( 1931 ) . Transporting the A.E.F. in Western Europe , 1917 -- 1919 . New York : Columbia University Press . OCLC 1161730 . Willmott , H.P. ( 2003 ) . World War I. New York : Dorling Kindersley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7894 - 9627 - 0 . OCLC 52541937 . Winegard , Timothy . `` Here at Vimy : A Retrospective -- The 90th Anniversary of the Battle of Vimy Ridge '' . Canadian Military Journal . 8 ( 2 ) . Winter , Denis ( 1983 ) . The First of the Few : Fighter Pilots of the First World War . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 005256 - 5 . Wohl , Robert ( 1979 ) . The Generation of 1914 ( 3 ed . ) . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 34466 - 2 . Zieger , Robert H ( 2001 ) . America 's Great War : World War I and the American experience . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8476 - 9645 - 1 . `` History in brief ( Israel ) '' . The Economist. 28 July 2005 . Retrieved 30 December 2008 . Israeli Foreign Ministry . `` Ottoman Rule '' . Jewish Virtual Library . Retrieved 30 December 2008 . De Groot , Gerard J ( 2001 ) . The First World War . Basingstoke : Palgrave . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 74534 - 2 . Turner , Leonard Charles Frederick ( 1976 ) . Origins of the First World War . London : Edward Arnold . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 09947 - 8 . Henig , Ruth B. ( Ruth Beatrice ) ( 1994 ) . The origins of the First World War . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 10233 - 9 . Stevenson , David ( 1988 ) . The First World War and international politics . Oxford : University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 873049 - 1 . Primary sources Collins , Ross F. ed . World War I : Primary Documents on Events from 1914 to 1919 ( Greenwood Press , 2008 ) online Historiography and memory Baker , Kevin ( June 2006 ) . `` Stabbed in the Back ! The past and future of a right - wing myth '' . Harper 's Magazine . Deak , John . `` The Great War and the Forgotten Realm : The Habsburg Monarchy and the First World War '' Journal of Modern History ( 2014 ) 86 # 2 pp : 336 -- 380 . Iriye , Akira . `` The Historiographic Impact of the Great War '' . Diplomatic History ( July 2014 ) doi : 10.1093 / dh / dhu035 Jones , Heather . `` As the centenary approaches : the regeneration of First World War historiography '' . Historical Journal ( 2013 ) 56 # 3 pp : 857 -- 878 . Jones , Heather . `` Goodbye to all that ? : Memory and meaning in the commemoration of the first world war '' . Juncture ( 2014 ) 20 # 4 pp : 287 -- 291 . Kitchen , James E. , Alisa Miller and Laura Rowe , eds . Other Combatants , Other Fronts : Competing Histories of the First World War ( 2011 ) excerpt Kramer , Alan . `` Recent Historiography of the First World War -- Part I '' , Journal of Modern European History ( Feb. 2014 ) 12 # 1 pp 5 -- 27 ; `` Recent Historiography of the First World War ( Part II ) '' , ( May 2014 ) 12 # 2 pp 155 -- 174 Mulligan , William . `` The Trial Continues : New Directions in the Study of the Origins of the First World War '' . English Historical Review ( 2014 ) 129 # 538 pp : 639 -- 666 . Reynolds , David . The Long Shadow : The Legacies of the Great War in the Twentieth Century ( 2014 ) Excerpt and text search Sanborn , Joshua . `` Russian Historiography on the Origins of the First World War Since the Fischer Controversy '' . Journal of Contemporary History ( 2013 ) 48 # 2 pp : 350 -- 362 . Sharp , Heather . `` Representing Australia 's Involvement in the First World War : Discrepancies between Public Discourses and School History Textbooks from 1916 to 1936 '' . Journal of Educational Media , Memory , and Society ( 2014 ) 6 # 1 pp : 1 -- 23 . Trout , Stephen . `` On the Battlefield of Memory : The First World War and American Remembrance , 1919 -- 1941 ( 2013 ) Turan , Ömer . `` Turkish Historiography of the First World War '' . Middle East Critique ( 2014 ) 23 # 2 pp : 241 -- 257 . Winter , Jay , ed . The Cambridge History of the First World War ( 2 vol . Cambridge University Press , 2014 ) External links Listen to this article ( 3 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` World War I '' dated 2006 - 06 - 24 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles 1914 -- 1918 - online International Encyclopedia of the First World War The Heritage of the Great War / First World War . Graphic color photos , pictures and music A multimedia history of World War I European Newspapers from the start of the First World War and the end of the war Powerpoint summary of the war The World War I Document Archive Wiki , Brigham Young University Maps of Europe covering the history of World War I at omniatlas.com Maps of Africa covering the history of World War I in Africa at omniatlas.com `` World War I Crossroads '' current discussions by scholars World War I ( First World War ) Guide to websites Documents from Mount Holyoke College EFG1914 -- Film digitisation project on First World War WWI Films on the European Film Gateway The British Pathé WW1 Film Archive World War I British press photograph collection -- A sampling of images distributed by the British government during the war to diplomats overseas , from the UBC Library Digital Collections Personal accounts of American World War I veterans , Veterans History Project , Library of Congress . Animated maps `` Europe plunges into war '' Europe at the end of the war Library Guides National Library of New Zealand State Library of New South Wales US Library of Congress Indiana University Bloomington , USA New York University , USA University of Alberta , Canada History of World War I by region and country Africa Angola East Africa Egypt Liberia Morocco South Africa South West Africa Southern Rhodesia North America Canada United States South America Brazil Asia Caucasus India Iran Iraq Japan Levant Siam Vietnam Yemen Europe Austria - Hungary Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Estonia France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Luxembourg Poland Ottoman Empire Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Battle of Goychay Battle of Aghsu Battle of Kyurdamir Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Central Asian Revolt ( 1916 - 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Egyptian Revolution ( 1919 ) Polish -- Ukrainian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 21 ) Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 21 ) Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 22 ) Turkish -- Armenian War ( 1920 ) Iraqi revolt ( 1920 ) Polish -- Lithuanian War ( 1920 ) Vlora War ( 1920 ) Franco - Syrian War ( 1920 ) Soviet -- Georgian War ( 1921 ) Irish Civil War ( 1922 -- 23 ) Aspects Opposition Pacifism Anti-war movement Deployment Schlieffen Plan ( German ) Plan XVII ( French ) Warfare Military engagements Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Cryptography Room 40 Horse use Poison gas Railways Strategic bombing Technology Trench warfare Total war Christmas truce Last surviving veterans Civilian impact Atrocities Prisoners Casualties Economic history 1918 flu pandemic Destruction of Kalisz Rape of Belgium German occupation of Belgium German occupation of Luxembourg German occupation of northeastern France Ober Ost Ottoman people Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Pontic Greek genocide Urkun ( Kyrgyzstan ) Blockade of Germany Women Australia Popular culture German prisoners of war in the United States Agreements Partition of the Ottoman Empire Sykes -- Picot Agreement Agreement of Saint - Jean - de-Maurienne French - Armenian Agreement Damascus Protocol Paris Peace Conference Venizelos -- Tittoni agreement Treaties Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Treaty of Lausanne Treaty of London Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Versailles Consequences Aftermath `` Fourteen Points '' League of Nations World War I memorials In popular culture Centenary outbreak Portal History of Europe Prehistory Paleolithic Europe Neolithic Europe Bronze Age Europe Iron Age Europe Classical antiquity Classical Greece Roman Republic Hellenistic period Roman Empire Early Christianity Crisis of the Third Century Fall of the Western Roman Empire Late antiquity Middle Ages Early Middle Ages Migration Period Christianization Francia Byzantine Empire Bulgarian Empire First Second Maritime republics Viking Age Kievan Rus ' Holy Roman Empire High Middle Ages Feudalism Crusades Mongol invasion Serbian Empire Late Middle Ages Hundred Years ' War Kalmar Union Renaissance Early modern Reformation Age of Discovery Baroque Thirty Years ' War Absolute monarchy Ottoman Empire Portuguese Empire Spanish Empire Early modern France Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth Swedish Empire Dutch Republic British Empire Habsburg Monarchy Russian Empire Age of Enlightenment Modern Great Divergence Industrial Revolution French Revolution Napoleonic Wars Nationalism Revolutions of 1848 World War I Russian Revolution Interwar period World War II Cold War European integration See also Art of Europe Genetic history of Europe History of Christianity History of the Mediterranean region History of the European Union History of Western civilization Maritime history of Europe Military history of Europe Books View or order collections of articles World War I Portals Access related topics World War I portal War portal History portal Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons News stories from Wikinews Definitions from Wiktionary Textbooks from Wikibooks Quotations from Wikiquote Learning resources from Wikiversity BNF : cb11939093g ( data ) GND : 4079163 - 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name of utensils used in kitchen in english

List of food preparation utensils Name Alternative names Purpose in food preparation Design Image Apple corer To remove the core and pips from apples and similar fruits Apple cutter To cut apple and similar fruits easily while simultaneously removing the core and pips . Cf . peeler Baster Used during cooking to cover meat in its own juices or with a sauce . An implement resembling a simple pipette , consisting of a tube to hold the liquid , and a rubber top which makes use of a partial vacuum to control the liquid 's intake and release . The process of drizzling the liquid over meat is called basting -- when a pastry brush is used in place of a baster , it is known as a basting brush . Beanpot A deep , wide - bellied , short - necked vessel used to cook bean - based dishes Beanpots are typically made of ceramic , though pots made of other materials , like cast iron , can also be found . The relatively narrow mouth of the beanpot minimizes evaporation and heat loss , while the deep , wide , thick - walled body of the pot facilitates long , slow cooking times . They are typically glazed both inside and out , and so can not be used for clay pot cooking . Biscuit cutter Biscuit mould , Cookie cutter , Cookie mould Shaping biscuit dough Generally made of metal or plastic , with fairly sharp edges to cut through dough . Some biscuit cutters simply cut through dough that has been rolled flat , others also imprint or mould the dough 's surface . Biscuit press Cookie press A device for making pressed cookies such as spritzgebäck . It consists of a cylinder with a plunger on one end which is used to extrude cookie dough through a small hole at the other end . Typically the cookie press has interchangeable perforated plates with holes in different shapes , such as a star shape or a narrow slit to extrude the dough in ribbons . Blow torch Blowtorch , blowlamp Commonly used to create a hard layer of caramelized sugar in a crème brûlée . Boil over preventer Milk watcher , Milk guard , Pot minder Preventing liquids from boiling over outside of the pot A disc with a raised rim , designed to ensure an even distribution of temperature throughout the pot . This preventing bubbles from forming in liquids such as milk , or water which contains starch ( for instance if used to cook pasta ) . Can be made of metal , glass or ceramic materials . Bottle opener Twists the metal cap off of a bottle Bowl To hold food , including food that is ready to be served A round , open topped container , capable of holding liquid . Materials used to make bowls vary considerably , and include wood , glass and ceramic materials . Bread knife To cut soft bread A serrated blade made of metal , and long enough to slice across a large loaf of bread . Using a sawing motion , instead of pushing force as with most knives , it is possible to slice the loaf without squashing it . Browning tray Browning plate , Browning bowl Used in a microwave oven to help turn food brown Generally made of glass or porcelain to absorb heat , which helps colour the layer of food in contact with its surface . Butter curler Used to produce decorative butter shapes . Cake and pie server Cake shovel , pie cutter To cut slices in pies or cakes , and then transfer to a plate or container This utensil typically features a thin edge to assist with slicing , and a large face , to hold the slice whilst transferring to a plate , bowl or other container . Cheese cutter Designed to cut soft , sticky cheeses ( moist and oily ) . The cutting edge of cheese cutters are typically a fine gauge stainless steel or aluminium wire . Cheese knife Used to cut cheese . Cheese slicer Used to cut semi-hard and hard cheeses . It produces thin , even slices . Cheesecloth To assist in the formation of cheese A gauzed cotton cloth , used to remove whey from cheese curds , and to help hold the curds together as the cheese is formed . Chef 's knife Originally used to slice large cuts of beef , it is now the general utility knife for most Western cooks . Cherry pitter Olive stoner Used for the removal of pits ( stones ) from cherries or olives . Chinois Chinoise Straining substances such as custards , soups and sauces , or to dust food with powder A conical sieve Clay pot Cleaver Hacking through bone or slicing large vegetables ( such as squash ) . The knife 's broad side can also be used for crushing in food preparation ( such as garlic ) . A large broad bladed knife . Colander Used for draining substances cooked in water A bowl - shaped container with holes , typically made from plastic or metal . It differs from a sieve due to its larger holes , allowing larger pieces of food , such as pasta , to be drained quickly . Corkscrew Pierces and removes a cork from a bottle . Crab cracker Lobster cracker Used to crack the shell of a crab or lobster A clamping device , similar in design to a nutcracker but larger , with ridges on the inside to grip the shell . Cutting board A portable board on which food can be cut . Usually smaller and lighter than butcher 's blocks , generally made from wood or plastic . Dough scraper Bench scraper , Scraper , Bench knife To shape or cut dough , and remove dough from a worksurface Most dough scrapers consist of handle wide enough to be held in one or two hands , and an equally wide , flat , steel face . Edible tableware Tableware , such as plates , glasses , utensils and cutlery , that is edible Egg piercer Pierces the air pocket of an eggshell with a small needle to keep the shell from cracking during hard - boiling . If both ends of the shell are pierced , the egg can be blown out while preserving the shell ( for crafts ) . Egg poacher Holds a raw egg , and is placed inside a pot of boiling water to poach an egg . Egg separator A slotted spoon - like utensil used to separate the yolk of an egg from the egg white . Egg slicer Slicing peeled , hard - boiled eggs quickly and evenly . Consists of a slotted dish for holding the egg and a hinged plate of wires or blades that can be closed to slice . Egg timer Used to correctly time the process of boiling eggs . Historical designs range considerably , from hourglasses , to mechanical or electronic timers , to electronic devices which sense the water temperature and calculate the boiling rate . Fillet knife A long , narrow knife with a finely serrated blade , used to slice fine filet cuts of fish or other meat . Fish scaler Urokotori Used to remove the scales from the skin of fish before cooking Fish slice Spatula , turner Used for lifting or turning food during cooking Flour sifter Blends flour with other ingredients and aerates it in the process . Food mill Used to mash or sieve soft foods . Typically consists of a bowl , a plate with holes like a colander , and a crank with a bent metal blade which crushes the food and forces it through the holes . Funnel Used to channel liquid or fine - grained substances into containers with a small opening . A pipe with a wide , conical mouth and a narrow stem . Garlic press Presses garlic cloves to create a puree , functioning like a specialized ricer . Grapefruit knife Finely serrated knife for separating segments of grapefruit or other citrus fruit . Grater Cheese grater , Shredder Gravy strainer Gravy separator A small pouring jug that separates roast meat drippings from melted fat , for making gravy . Herb chopper Chops or minces raw herbs . Honey dipper Drizzles honey . Ladle A ladle is a type of serving spoon used for soup , stew , or other foods . Lame Used to slash the tops of bread loaves in artisan baking . Lemon reamer A juicer with a fluted peak at the end of a short handle , where a half a lemon is pressed to release the juice . Lemon squeezer A juicer , similar in function to a lemon reamer , with an attached bowl . Operated by pressing the fruit against a fluted peak to release the juice into the bowl . Lobster pick Lobster fork A long - handled , narrow pick , used to pull meat out of narrow legs and other parts of a lobster or crab . Mandoline Mated colander pot Measuring cup Measuring jug , Measuring jar The Pyrex - brand traditional measuring cup ( the Anchor Hocking - brand look - alike is shown , right ) is available in 1 cup ( 8 ounce ) , 2 cup ( 16 ounce ) , 4 cup ( 32 ounce ) and 8 cup ( 64 ounce ) sizes and includes U.S. customary units in quarter , third , half and two - thirds cup increments , as well as metric units . Measuring spoon Typically sold in a set that measures dry or wet ingredients in amounts from 1 / 4 teaspoon ( 1.25 ml ) up to 1 tablespoon ( 15 ml ) . Meat grinder Mincer Operated with a hand - crank , this presses meat through a chopping or pureeing attachment . Meat tenderiser Meat thermometer Melon baller Small scoop used to make smooth balls of melon or other fruit , or potatoes . Mezzaluna To finely and consistently chop / mince foods , especially herbs . Microplane To zest citrus fruits or finely grate hard foods such as cheese . Mortar and pestle Molcajete To crush food , releasing flavours and aromas Generally made from either porcelain or wood , the mortar is shaped as a bowl . The pestle , generally shaped like a small club , is used to forcefully squeeze ingredients such as herbs against the mortar . Nutcracker To crack open the hard outer shell of various nuts . Nutmeg grater A small , specialized grating blade for nutmeg . Oven glove Oven mitt To protect hands from burning when handling hot pots or trays . Pastry bag To evenly dispense soft substances ( doughs , icings , fillings , etc . ) . Pastry blender Cuts into pastry ingredients , such as flour and butter , for blending and mixing while they are in a bowl . It is made of wires curved into a crescent shape and held by a rigid handle . Pastry brush Basting brush To spread oil , juices , sauce or glaze on food . Some brushes have wooden handles and natural or plastic bristles , whilst others have metal or plastic handles and silicone bristles . Pastry wheel Cuts straight or crimped lines through dough for pastry or pasta . Peel Pizza shovel Peeler Potato peeler Pepper mill Burr mill , burr grinder , pepper grinder Pie bird Pie vent , pie funnel Pizza cutter Pizza slicer Potato masher Potato ricer Ricer Presses very smooth vegetable mashes or purees , operates similar to a meat grinder / mincer . Pot - holder Poultry shears Used for dejointing and cutting uncooked poultry ; reinforced with a spring , they have one serrated blade and pointed tips . Roller docker Rolling pin A long , rounded wooden or marble tool rolled across dough to flatten it . Salt shaker Scales Kitchen scales , Weighing scales Scissors Kitchen scissors Scoop Ice cream scoop Sieve Sifter , Strainer Slotted spoon Skimmer Spatula Spider Sieve , spoon sieve , spoon skimmer , basket skimmer For removing hot food from a liquid or skimming foam off when making broths A wide shallow wire - mesh basket with a long handle Sugar thermometer Candy thermometer Measuring the temperature , or stage , of sugar Tamis Drum sieve Used as a strainer , grater , or food mill . A tamis has a cylindrical edge , made of metal or wood , that supports a disc of fine metal , nylon , or horsehair mesh . Ingredients are pushed through the mesh . Tin opener Can opener To open tins or cans Designs vary considerably ; the earliest tin openers were knives , adapted to open a tin as easily as possible . Tomato knife Used to slice through tomatoes . A small serrated knife . Tongs For gripping and lifting . Usually used to move items on hot surfaces , such as barbecues , or to select small or grouped items , such as sugar cubes or salad portions . Two long arms with a pivot near the handle . Trussing needle For pinning , or sewing up , poultry and other meat . Needle , about 20 cm long and about 3mm in diameter , sometimes with a blade at end for pushing through poultry Twine Butcher 's twine , Cooking twine , Kitchen string , Kitchen twine For trussing roasts of meat or poultry . Twine must be cotton -- never synthetic -- and must be natural -- never bleached -- in order to be `` food grade '' . Whisk Balloon whisk , gravy whisk , flat whisk , flat coil whisk , bell whisk , and other types . To blend ingredients smooth , or to incorporate air into a mixture , in a process known as whisking or whipping Most whisks consist of a long , narrow handle with a series of wire loops joined at the end . Whisks are also made from bamboo . Wooden spoon For mixing and stirring during cooking and baking . Zester For obtaining zest from lemons and other citrus fruit . A handle and a curved metal end , the top of which is perforated with a row of round holes with sharpened rims .

List of food preparation utensils

list of food preparation utensils

A kitchen utensil is a hand - held , typically small tool that is designed for food - related functions . Food preparation utensils are a specific type of kitchen utensil , designed for use in the preparation of food . Some utensils are both food preparation utensils and eating utensils ; for instance some implements of cutlery -- especially knives -- can be used for both food preparation in a kitchen and as eating utensils when dining .

In the Western world , utensil invention accelerated in the 19th and 20th centuries . It was fuelled in part by the emergence of technologies such as the kitchen stove and refrigerator , but also by a desire to save time in the kitchen , in response to the demands of modern lifestyles . Contents : A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z See also References List ( edit ) List of food preparation utensils Name Alternative names Purpose in food preparation Design Image Apple corer To remove the core and pips from apples and similar fruits Apple cutter To cut apple and similar fruits easily while simultaneously removing the core and pips . Cf . peeler Baster Used during cooking to cover meat in its own juices or with a sauce . An implement resembling a simple pipette , consisting of a tube to hold the liquid , and a rubber top which makes use of a partial vacuum to control the liquid 's intake and release . The process of drizzling the liquid over meat is called basting -- when a pastry brush is used in place of a baster , it is known as a basting brush . Beanpot A deep , wide - bellied , short - necked vessel used to cook bean - based dishes Beanpots are typically made of ceramic , though pots made of other materials , like cast iron , can also be found . The relatively narrow mouth of the beanpot minimizes evaporation and heat loss , while the deep , wide , thick - walled body of the pot facilitates long , slow cooking times . They are typically glazed both inside and out , and so can not be used for clay pot cooking . Biscuit cutter Biscuit mould , Cookie cutter , Cookie mould Shaping biscuit dough Generally made of metal or plastic , with fairly sharp edges to cut through dough . Some biscuit cutters simply cut through dough that has been rolled flat , others also imprint or mould the dough 's surface . Biscuit press Cookie press A device for making pressed cookies such as spritzgebäck . It consists of a cylinder with a plunger on one end which is used to extrude cookie dough through a small hole at the other end . Typically the cookie press has interchangeable perforated plates with holes in different shapes , such as a star shape or a narrow slit to extrude the dough in ribbons . Blow torch Blowtorch , blowlamp Commonly used to create a hard layer of caramelized sugar in a crème brûlée . Boil over preventer Milk watcher , Milk guard , Pot minder Preventing liquids from boiling over outside of the pot A disc with a raised rim , designed to ensure an even distribution of temperature throughout the pot . This preventing bubbles from forming in liquids such as milk , or water which contains starch ( for instance if used to cook pasta ) . Can be made of metal , glass or ceramic materials . Bottle opener Twists the metal cap off of a bottle Bowl To hold food , including food that is ready to be served A round , open topped container , capable of holding liquid . Materials used to make bowls vary considerably , and include wood , glass and ceramic materials . Bread knife To cut soft bread A serrated blade made of metal , and long enough to slice across a large loaf of bread . Using a sawing motion , instead of pushing force as with most knives , it is possible to slice the loaf without squashing it . Browning tray Browning plate , Browning bowl Used in a microwave oven to help turn food brown Generally made of glass or porcelain to absorb heat , which helps colour the layer of food in contact with its surface . Butter curler Used to produce decorative butter shapes . Cake and pie server Cake shovel , pie cutter To cut slices in pies or cakes , and then transfer to a plate or container This utensil typically features a thin edge to assist with slicing , and a large face , to hold the slice whilst transferring to a plate , bowl or other container . Cheese cutter Designed to cut soft , sticky cheeses ( moist and oily ) . The cutting edge of cheese cutters are typically a fine gauge stainless steel or aluminium wire . Cheese knife Used to cut cheese . Cheese slicer Used to cut semi-hard and hard cheeses . It produces thin , even slices . Cheesecloth To assist in the formation of cheese A gauzed cotton cloth , used to remove whey from cheese curds , and to help hold the curds together as the cheese is formed . Chef 's knife Originally used to slice large cuts of beef , it is now the general utility knife for most Western cooks . Cherry pitter Olive stoner Used for the removal of pits ( stones ) from cherries or olives . Chinois Chinoise Straining substances such as custards , soups and sauces , or to dust food with powder A conical sieve Clay pot Cleaver Hacking through bone or slicing large vegetables ( such as squash ) . The knife 's broad side can also be used for crushing in food preparation ( such as garlic ) . A large broad bladed knife . Colander Used for draining substances cooked in water A bowl - shaped container with holes , typically made from plastic or metal . It differs from a sieve due to its larger holes , allowing larger pieces of food , such as pasta , to be drained quickly . Corkscrew Pierces and removes a cork from a bottle . Crab cracker Lobster cracker Used to crack the shell of a crab or lobster A clamping device , similar in design to a nutcracker but larger , with ridges on the inside to grip the shell . Cutting board A portable board on which food can be cut . Usually smaller and lighter than butcher 's blocks , generally made from wood or plastic . Dough scraper Bench scraper , Scraper , Bench knife To shape or cut dough , and remove dough from a worksurface Most dough scrapers consist of handle wide enough to be held in one or two hands , and an equally wide , flat , steel face . Edible tableware Tableware , such as plates , glasses , utensils and cutlery , that is edible Egg piercer Pierces the air pocket of an eggshell with a small needle to keep the shell from cracking during hard - boiling . If both ends of the shell are pierced , the egg can be blown out while preserving the shell ( for crafts ) . Egg poacher Holds a raw egg , and is placed inside a pot of boiling water to poach an egg . Egg separator A slotted spoon - like utensil used to separate the yolk of an egg from the egg white . Egg slicer Slicing peeled , hard - boiled eggs quickly and evenly . Consists of a slotted dish for holding the egg and a hinged plate of wires or blades that can be closed to slice . Egg timer Used to correctly time the process of boiling eggs . Historical designs range considerably , from hourglasses , to mechanical or electronic timers , to electronic devices which sense the water temperature and calculate the boiling rate . Fillet knife A long , narrow knife with a finely serrated blade , used to slice fine filet cuts of fish or other meat . Fish scaler Urokotori Used to remove the scales from the skin of fish before cooking Fish slice Spatula , turner Used for lifting or turning food during cooking Flour sifter Blends flour with other ingredients and aerates it in the process . Food mill Used to mash or sieve soft foods . Typically consists of a bowl , a plate with holes like a colander , and a crank with a bent metal blade which crushes the food and forces it through the holes . Funnel Used to channel liquid or fine - grained substances into containers with a small opening . A pipe with a wide , conical mouth and a narrow stem . Garlic press Presses garlic cloves to create a puree , functioning like a specialized ricer . Grapefruit knife Finely serrated knife for separating segments of grapefruit or other citrus fruit . Grater Cheese grater , Shredder Gravy strainer Gravy separator A small pouring jug that separates roast meat drippings from melted fat , for making gravy . Herb chopper Chops or minces raw herbs . Honey dipper Drizzles honey . Ladle A ladle is a type of serving spoon used for soup , stew , or other foods . Lame Used to slash the tops of bread loaves in artisan baking . Lemon reamer A juicer with a fluted peak at the end of a short handle , where a half a lemon is pressed to release the juice . Lemon squeezer A juicer , similar in function to a lemon reamer , with an attached bowl . Operated by pressing the fruit against a fluted peak to release the juice into the bowl . Lobster pick Lobster fork A long - handled , narrow pick , used to pull meat out of narrow legs and other parts of a lobster or crab . Mandoline Mated colander pot Measuring cup Measuring jug , Measuring jar The Pyrex - brand traditional measuring cup ( the Anchor Hocking - brand look - alike is shown , right ) is available in 1 cup ( 8 ounce ) , 2 cup ( 16 ounce ) , 4 cup ( 32 ounce ) and 8 cup ( 64 ounce ) sizes and includes U.S. customary units in quarter , third , half and two - thirds cup increments , as well as metric units . Measuring spoon Typically sold in a set that measures dry or wet ingredients in amounts from 1 / 4 teaspoon ( 1.25 ml ) up to 1 tablespoon ( 15 ml ) . Meat grinder Mincer Operated with a hand - crank , this presses meat through a chopping or pureeing attachment . Meat tenderiser Meat thermometer Melon baller Small scoop used to make smooth balls of melon or other fruit , or potatoes . Mezzaluna To finely and consistently chop / mince foods , especially herbs . Microplane To zest citrus fruits or finely grate hard foods such as cheese . Mortar and pestle Molcajete To crush food , releasing flavours and aromas Generally made from either porcelain or wood , the mortar is shaped as a bowl . The pestle , generally shaped like a small club , is used to forcefully squeeze ingredients such as herbs against the mortar . Nutcracker To crack open the hard outer shell of various nuts . Nutmeg grater A small , specialized grating blade for nutmeg . Oven glove Oven mitt To protect hands from burning when handling hot pots or trays . Pastry bag To evenly dispense soft substances ( doughs , icings , fillings , etc . ) . Pastry blender Cuts into pastry ingredients , such as flour and butter , for blending and mixing while they are in a bowl . It is made of wires curved into a crescent shape and held by a rigid handle . Pastry brush Basting brush To spread oil , juices , sauce or glaze on food . Some brushes have wooden handles and natural or plastic bristles , whilst others have metal or plastic handles and silicone bristles . Pastry wheel Cuts straight or crimped lines through dough for pastry or pasta . Peel Pizza shovel Peeler Potato peeler Pepper mill Burr mill , burr grinder , pepper grinder Pie bird Pie vent , pie funnel Pizza cutter Pizza slicer Potato masher Potato ricer Ricer Presses very smooth vegetable mashes or purees , operates similar to a meat grinder / mincer . Pot - holder Poultry shears Used for dejointing and cutting uncooked poultry ; reinforced with a spring , they have one serrated blade and pointed tips . Roller docker Rolling pin A long , rounded wooden or marble tool rolled across dough to flatten it . Salt shaker Scales Kitchen scales , Weighing scales Scissors Kitchen scissors Scoop Ice cream scoop Sieve Sifter , Strainer Slotted spoon Skimmer Spatula Spider Sieve , spoon sieve , spoon skimmer , basket skimmer For removing hot food from a liquid or skimming foam off when making broths A wide shallow wire - mesh basket with a long handle Sugar thermometer Candy thermometer Measuring the temperature , or stage , of sugar Tamis Drum sieve Used as a strainer , grater , or food mill . A tamis has a cylindrical edge , made of metal or wood , that supports a disc of fine metal , nylon , or horsehair mesh . Ingredients are pushed through the mesh . Tin opener Can opener To open tins or cans Designs vary considerably ; the earliest tin openers were knives , adapted to open a tin as easily as possible . Tomato knife Used to slice through tomatoes . A small serrated knife . Tongs For gripping and lifting . Usually used to move items on hot surfaces , such as barbecues , or to select small or grouped items , such as sugar cubes or salad portions . Two long arms with a pivot near the handle . Trussing needle For pinning , or sewing up , poultry and other meat . Needle , about 20 cm long and about 3mm in diameter , sometimes with a blade at end for pushing through poultry Twine Butcher 's twine , Cooking twine , Kitchen string , Kitchen twine For trussing roasts of meat or poultry . Twine must be cotton -- never synthetic -- and must be natural -- never bleached -- in order to be `` food grade '' . Whisk Balloon whisk , gravy whisk , flat whisk , flat coil whisk , bell whisk , and other types . To blend ingredients smooth , or to incorporate air into a mixture , in a process known as whisking or whipping Most whisks consist of a long , narrow handle with a series of wire loops joined at the end . Whisks are also made from bamboo . Wooden spoon For mixing and stirring during cooking and baking . Zester For obtaining zest from lemons and other citrus fruit . A handle and a curved metal end , the top of which is perforated with a row of round holes with sharpened rims . See also ( edit ) Technology portal Food portal Cookware and bakeware Home appliance Kitchen utensil List of cooking appliances List of cooking techniques List of eating utensils List of food preparation techniques List of Japanese cooking utensils List of serving utensils References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Kitchen technology '' . Cornell University Library . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Conran , Caroline ; Conran , Terence & Hopkinson , Simon ( 1997 ) . The Conran Cookbook . Conran Octopus Ltd. p. 229 . ISBN 1840911824 . Jump up ^ `` Egg slicer , '' in Charles G. Sinclair , ed. , The International Dictionary of Food and Cooking , p. 184 . Peter Collin Pub. , 1998 . Google Book Search . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Conran , Caroline ; Conran , Terence & Hopkinson , Simon ( 1997 ) . The Conran Cookbook . Conran Octopus Ltd. p. 237 . ISBN 1840911824 . ^ Jump up to : Cunningham , Marion ( 2008 ) . The Fannie Farmer Cookbook . Alfred A. Knopf . p. 27 . ISBN 0679450815 . Jump up ^ Conran , Caroline ; Conran , Terence & Hopkinson , Simon ( 1997 ) . The Conran Cookbook . Conran Octopus Ltd. p. 233 . ISBN 1840911824 . Jump up ^ Roots , Levi ( 14 November 2009 ) . `` Best kitchen gadget : pestle and mortar '' . The Independent . Retrieved 5 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Marion ( 2008 ) . The Fannie Farmer Cookbook . Alfred A. Knopf . p. 30 . ISBN 0679450815 . 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does cutting a pill in half make it stronger

Pill splitting

pill splitting

Pill - splitting refers to the practice of splitting a tablet or pill to provide a lower dose of the active ingredient , or to obtain multiple smaller doses , either to reduce cost or because the pills available provide a larger dose than required . Many pills that are suitable for splitting ( aspirin tablets for instance ) come pre-scored so that they may easily be halved .

It is unsafe to split some prescription medications . Blade ( right of center ) and V - shaped pill positioner . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pill splitters 2 Pill scoring 3 Dosage uniformity 4 Cost savings 4.1 Some potentially suitable medications 4.2 Uniformity of split 4.3 Alternative purpose 5 Risks 6 Lawsuits 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Pill splitters ( edit ) A pill - splitter is a simple and inexpensive device to split medicinal pills or tablets , comprising some means of holding the tablet in place , a blade , and usually a compartment in which to store the unused part . The tablet is positioned , and the blade pressed down to split it . With care it is often possible to cut a tablet into quarters . Also available as consumer items are multiple pill splitters , which cut numerous round or oblong pills in one operation . Pill scoring ( edit ) A drug manufacturer may score pills with a groove to both indicate that a pill may be split and to aid the practice of splitting pills . When manufacturers do create grooves in pills , the groove must be consistent for consumers to be able to use them effectively . Many manufacturers choose to not use grooves . The United States government Center for Drug Evaluation and Research makes the following recommendations for manufacturers when scoring pills with grooves : Pills should only have grooves if the split dosage is at least the minimum therapeutic dosage of the medication The split pill should not create a toxicity hazard Drugs which should not be split should not be scored with a groove The split pill should be stable for the expected temperature and humidity The split pill should have an equivalent effect to a full pill at an equivalent dose Dosage uniformity ( edit ) In the U.S. `` uniformity of dosage units '' is defined by the United States Pharmacopeia ( USP ) , which describes itself as `` the official public standards - setting authority for all prescription and over-the - counter medicines , dietary supplements , and other healthcare products manufactured and sold in the United States . '' More than 140 countries develop or rely upon US pharmaceutical standards according to the USP . The USP standard for dosage uniformity expresses statistical criteria in the complex language of sampling protocols . The pharmaceutical dosage literature sometimes boils this down as requiring a standard deviation in dosage weight of less than 6 % , which roughly corresponds to the weaker rule - of - thumb offered for public consumption that the vast majority of dosage units should be within 15 % of the dosage target . `` Dosage unit '' is a technical term which covers oral medications ( tablets , pills , capsules ) , as well as non-oral delivery methods . A 2002 study of pill - splitting as conducted in four American long - term care facilities determined that 15 of the 22 dispensed prescriptions evaluated ( 68 % ) had fragment weight variance in excess of USP standards . Cost savings ( edit ) Pill - splitting can be used to save money on pharmaceutical costs , as many prescription pharmaceuticals are sold at prices less than proportional to the dose . For example , a 10 mg tablet of a drug might be sold for the same or nearly the same price as a 5 mg tablet . Splitting 10 mg tablets allows the patient to purchase half the number of tablets at a lower price than the same weight of 5 mg tablets . U.S. medications suitable for pill splitting As listed in 2002 Stanford study Medication Drug class clonazepam psychiatric doxazosin blood pressure atorvastatin cholesterol pravastatin cholesterol citalopram psychiatric sertraline psychiatric paroxetine psychiatric lisinopril blood pressure nefazodone * psychiatric olanzapine psychiatric sildenafil erectile dysfunction * Serzone brand discontinued 2004 in U.S. Both specialist and generalist physicians are not sufficiently aware of and do not communicate with patients about the cost to them of medication . Some potentially suitable medications ( edit ) Randall Stafford of the Stanford School of Medicine published a study in 2002 of common prescription medications in the United States in which he evaluates pill splitting for `` potential cost savings and clinical appropriateness '' . The study identifies eleven prescription medications that satisfied the study criteria , based on the American pharmaceutical cost structure , pill formulation , and dosages of the time . Most of the medications listed in the table from the psychiatric drug class are antidepressants . Uniformity of split ( edit ) Not all tablets split equally well . In a 2002 study , Paxil , Zestril and Zoloft split cleanly with 0 % rejects . Glucophage was described as a hard tablet , requiring significant force , causing tablet halves to fly . Glyburide exhibited very poor splitting with many splitting into multiple pieces . Hydrodiuril and Oretic crumbled . Lipitor did not split cleanly , and the coating peeled . The diamond shaped Viagra tablets made location of the midline difficult . The worst result reported was Oretic 25 mg in which 60 % of tablets failed to split to within 15 % of target weight . Alternative purpose ( edit ) Some drugs have few different uses , and are usually sold in different packages and different doses for different applications . The price for some applications may be very different from that for other purposes . One example is Minoxidil , which is well known as a hair - growth stimulant ; the same drug under the name Loniten is used for blood pressure control in much larger doses at a much lower price per unit weight . Risks ( edit ) The Food and Drug Administration has called pill splitting `` risky '' . At the same time , the FDA approves the manufacture of pills which are intended to be split . Splitting pills may result in uneven splitting and creating pieces which will not deliver accurate dosage . Pills which are split might not be correctly halved , making the cut pieces unequal in size . Some pills are difficult to split . Some pills ( particularly some time release drugs ) are unsafe to split , and there could be mistakes in identifying when pills should not be split . Lawsuits ( edit ) In a California court filing dated April 2001 , Trial Lawyers for Public Justice ( TLPJ ) brought a class - action lawsuit against Kaiser Permanente ( Timmis v. Kaiser Permanente ) on the grounds that `` Kaiser 's mandatory pill - splitting policy endangers patients ' health solely to enhance the HMO 's profits '' in violation of the California Unfair Competition Law ( UCL ) and the California Consumer Legal Remedies Act ( CLRA ) . In December 2004 , the California Court of Appeal affirmed the trial court ruling that Kaiser 's policy did not violate UCL or CLRA , noting the suit had failed to present evidence that the policy was unsafe . See also ( edit ) Inverse benefit law References ( edit ) Jump up ^ FDA viewpoint on pill splitting Jump up ^ Center for Drug Evaluation and Research ( March 2013 ) , Guidance for Industry -- Tablet Scoring : Nomenclature , Labeling , and Data for Evaluation ( PDF ) , Silver Spring , MD : Food and Drug Administration , retrieved 3 August 2016 Jump up ^ About USP , USP web site , undated , accessed 25 Nov 2007 Jump up ^ Explanatory Note : USP -- NF General Chapter Uniformity of Dosage Units , United States Pharmacopeial Convention , 20 April 2007 Jump up ^ Rosenberg JM , Nathan JP , Plakogiannis F ( 2002 ) . `` Weight variability of pharmacist - dispensed split tablets '' . J Am Pharm Assoc ( Wash ) . 42 ( 2 ) : 200 -- 5 . doi : 10.1331 / 108658002763508498 . PMID 11926663 . Jump up ^ Alexander GC , Casalino LP , Metlzer DO . Physician strategies to reduce patients ' out - of - pocket prescription costs . Archives of Internal Medicine . 2005 ; 165 : 633 - 636 ( alexander.uchicago.edu/publications/image/ ... / OOPC % 20mail % 20survey. pdf ) Jump up ^ Stafford RS , Radley DC ( August 2002 ) . `` The potential of pill splitting to achieve cost savings '' . Am J Manag Care . 8 ( 8 ) : 706 -- 12 . PMID 12212758 . Jump up ^ Cross M ( February 2003 ) . `` Two for the price of one beauty of pill - splitting catches on '' . Manag Care . 12 ( 2 ) : 36 -- 8 . PMID 12658856 . Jump up ^ Cohen JS ( 2002 ) . `` Tablet splitting : imperfect perhaps , but better than excessive dosing '' . J Am Pharm Assoc ( Wash ) . 42 ( 2 ) : 160 -- 2 . doi : 10.1331 / 108658002763508443 . PMID 11926659 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Food and Drug Administration ( 21 July 2009 ) . `` Tablet Splitting : A Risky Practice '' . fda.gov . Retrieved 3 August 2016 . Jump up ^ See here for more info and references Jump up ^ TLPJ -- Press -- Timmis v. Kaiser Permanente ( pill splitting ) - Dec. 6 , 2000 Jump up ^ TLPJ -- Briefs -- Timmis v. Kaiser Permanente ( pill splitting ) - April 22 , 2001 Jump up ^ http://www.aishealth.com/ManagedCare/HMOLawsuitWatch/TimmisvKaiser.html External links ( edit ) This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Devon Herrick ( June 2 , 2003 ) . `` Shopping for Drugs -- Study # 262 '' . NCPA . Hareyan , Armen ( August 17 2005 ) , `` Pill Splitting : Know When To Avoid Splitting The Difference '' , Emaxhealth.com Lawrence , Sarah M. ( 25 July 2007 ) , Health Care Hot Topic : Tablet Splitting , studentdoctor.net , adapted from Journal of Clinical Psychology 62 : 10 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pill_splitting&oldid=832226045 '' Categories : Consumer goods Medical equipment Drug delivery devices Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 Wikipedia external links cleanup from September 2015 Wikipedia spam cleanup from September 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 16 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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how many times has germany won the word cup

The 21 World Cup tournaments have been won by eight national teams . Brazil have won five times , and they are the only team to have played in every tournament . The other World Cup winners are Germany and Italy , with four titles each ; Argentina , France and inaugural winner Uruguay , with two titles each ; and England and Spain with one title each .

four

FIFA World Cup

fifa world cup

FIFA World Cup Founded 1930 ; 88 years ago ( 1930 ) Region International ( FIFA ) Number of teams 32 ( finals ) 211 ( eligible to enter qualification ) Related competitions FIFA Confederations Cup Current champions France ( 2nd title ) Most successful team ( s ) Brazil ( 5 titles ) Television broadcasters List of broadcasters Website fifa.com/worldcup/ The 2018 FIFA World Cup opening ceremony Tournaments 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 2022 2026 2030 2034 The FIFA World Cup , often simply called the World Cup , is an international association football competition contested by the senior men 's national teams of the members of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) , the sport 's global governing body . The championship has been awarded every four years since the inaugural tournament in 1930 , except in 1942 and 1946 when it was not held because of the Second World War . The current champion is France , which won its second title at the 2018 tournament in Russia . The current format of the competition involves a qualification phase , which currently takes place over the preceding three years , to determine which teams qualify for the tournament phase , which is often called the World Cup Finals . After this , 32 teams , including the automatically qualifying host nation ( s ) , compete in the tournament phase for the title at venues within the host nation ( s ) over a period of about a month . The 21 World Cup tournaments have been won by eight national teams . Brazil have won five times , and they are the only team to have played in every tournament . The other World Cup winners are Germany and Italy , with four titles each ; Argentina , France and inaugural winner Uruguay , with two titles each ; and England and Spain with one title each . The World Cup is the most prestigious association football tournament in the world , as well as the most widely viewed and followed sporting event in the world , exceeding even the Olympic Games ; the cumulative audience of all matches of the 2006 World Cup was estimated to be 26.29 billion with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the final match , a ninth of the entire population of the planet . 17 countries have hosted the World Cup . Brazil , France , Italy , Germany and Mexico have each hosted twice , while Uruguay , Switzerland , Sweden , Chile , England , Argentina , Spain , the United States , Japan and South Korea ( jointly ) , South Africa and Russia have each hosted once . Qatar are planned as hosts of the 2022 finals , and 2026 will be a joint hosted finals between Canada , the United States and Mexico , which will give Mexico the distinction of being the first country to have hosted games in three different finals . Contents 1 History 1.1 Previous international competitions 1.2 World Cups before World War II 1.3 World Cups after World War II 1.4 Expansion to 32 teams 1.5 Expansion to 48 teams 1.6 2015 FIFA corruption case 1.7 Other FIFA tournaments 2 Trophy 3 Format 3.1 Qualification 3.2 Final tournament 4 Hosts 4.1 Selection process 4.2 Performances 5 Attendance 6 Broadcasting and promotion 7 Results 7.1 Teams reaching the top four 7.2 Best performances by continental zones 8 Awards 9 Records and statistics 9.1 Top goalscorers 9.2 All - time table for champions 10 See also 11 Notes and references 12 Bibliography 13 External links History Main article : History of the FIFA World Cup Previous international competitions The world 's first international football match was a challenge match played in Glasgow in 1872 between Scotland and England , which ended in a 0 -- 0 draw . The first international tournament , the inaugural British Home Championship , took place in 1884 . As football grew in popularity in other parts of the world at the start of the 20th century , it was held as a demonstration sport with no medals awarded at the 1900 and 1904 Summer Olympics ( however , the IOC has retroactively upgraded their status to official events ) , and at the 1906 Intercalated Games . After FIFA was founded in 1904 , it tried to arrange an international football tournament between nations outside the Olympic framework in Switzerland in 1906 . These were very early days for international football , and the official history of FIFA describes the competition as having been a failure . At the 1908 Summer Olympics in London , football became an official competition . Planned by The Football Association ( FA ) , England 's football governing body , the event was for amateur players only and was regarded suspiciously as a show rather than a competition . Great Britain ( represented by the England national amateur football team ) won the gold medals . They repeated the feat at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm . With the Olympic event continuing to be contested only between amateur teams , Sir Thomas Lipton organised the Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy tournament in Turin in 1909 . The Lipton tournament was a championship between individual clubs ( not national teams ) from different nations , each one of which represented an entire nation . The competition is sometimes described as The First World Cup , and featured the most prestigious professional club sides from Italy , Germany and Switzerland , but the FA of England refused to be associated with the competition and declined the offer to send a professional team . Lipton invited West Auckland , an amateur side from County Durham , to represent England instead . West Auckland won the tournament and returned in 1911 to successfully defend their title . In 1914 , FIFA agreed to recognise the Olympic tournament as a `` world football championship for amateurs '' , and took responsibility for managing the event . This paved the way for the world 's first intercontinental football competition , at the 1920 Summer Olympics , contested by Egypt and 13 European teams , and won by Belgium . Uruguay won the next two Olympic football tournaments in 1924 and 1928 . Those were also the first two open world championships , as 1924 was the start of FIFA 's professional era . World Cups before World War II FIFA president Jules Rimet convinced the confederations to promote an international football tournament . Due to the success of the Olympic football tournaments , FIFA , with President Jules Rimet as the driving force , again started looking at staging its own international tournament outside of the Olympics . On 28 May 1928 , the FIFA Congress in Amsterdam decided to stage a world championship itself . With Uruguay now two - time official football world champions and to celebrate their centenary of independence in 1930 , FIFA named Uruguay as the host country of the inaugural World Cup tournament . The national associations of selected nations were invited to send a team , but the choice of Uruguay as a venue for the competition meant a long and costly trip across the Atlantic Ocean for European sides . Indeed , no European country pledged to send a team until two months before the start of the competition . Rimet eventually persuaded teams from Belgium , France , Romania , and Yugoslavia to make the trip . In total , 13 nations took part : seven from South America , four from Europe and two from North America . Estadio Centenario , the location of the first World Cup final in 1930 in Montevideo , Uruguay The first two World Cup matches took place simultaneously on 13 July 1930 , and were won by France and the USA , who defeated Mexico 4 -- 1 and Belgium 3 -- 0 respectively . The first goal in World Cup history was scored by Lucien Laurent of France . In the final , Uruguay defeated Argentina 4 -- 2 in front of 93,000 people in Montevideo , and became the first nation to win the World Cup . After the creation of the World Cup , FIFA and the IOC disagreed over the status of amateur players , and so football was dropped from the 1932 Summer Olympics . Olympic football returned at the 1936 Summer Olympics , but was now overshadowed by the more prestigious World Cup . The issues facing the early World Cup tournaments were the difficulties of intercontinental travel , and war . Few South American teams were willing to travel to Europe for the 1934 World Cup and all North and South American nations except Brazil and Cuba boycotted the 1938 tournament . Brazil was the only South American team to compete in both . The 1942 and 1946 competitions , which Germany and Brazil sought to host , were cancelled due to World War II and its aftermath . World Cups after World War II The opening game of the Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro , shortly before the 1950 FIFA World Cup . From the National Archives of Brazil The 1950 World Cup , held in Brazil , was the first to include British participants . British teams withdrew from FIFA in 1920 , partly out of unwillingness to play against the countries they had been at war with , and partly as a protest against foreign influence on football , but rejoined in 1946 following FIFA 's invitation . The tournament also saw the return of 1930 champions Uruguay , who had boycotted the previous two World Cups . Uruguay won the tournament again after defeating the host nation Brazil , in the match called `` Maracanazo '' ( Portuguese : Maracanaço ) . In the tournaments between 1934 and 1978 , 16 teams competed in each tournament , except in 1938 , when Austria was absorbed into Germany after qualifying , leaving the tournament with 15 teams , and in 1950 , when India , Scotland , and Turkey withdrew , leaving the tournament with 13 teams . Most of the participating nations were from Europe and South America , with a small minority from North America , Africa , Asia , and Oceania . These teams were usually defeated easily by the European and South American teams . Until 1982 , the only teams from outside Europe and South America to advance out of the first round were : USA , semi-finalists in 1930 ; Cuba , quarter - finalists in 1938 ; North Korea , quarter - finalists in 1966 ; and Mexico , quarter - finalists in 1970 . Expansion to 32 teams Interior view of the Soccer City in Johannesburg , South Africa , during a match at the 2010 FIFA World Cup The tournament was expanded to 24 teams in 1982 , and then to 32 in 1998 , also allowing more teams from Africa , Asia and North America to take part . Since then , teams from these regions have enjoyed more success , with several having reached the quarter - finals : Mexico , quarter - finalists in 1986 ; Cameroon , quarter - finalists in 1990 ; South Korea , finishing in fourth place in 2002 ; Senegal , along with USA , both quarter - finalists in 2002 ; Ghana , quarter - finalists in 2010 ; and Costa Rica , quarter - finalists in 2014 . Nevertheless , European and South American teams continue to dominate , e.g. , the quarter - finalists in 1994 , 1998 , 2006 and 2018 were all from Europe or South America and so were the finalists of all tournaments so far . Two hundred teams entered the 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification rounds ; 198 nations attempted to qualify for the 2006 FIFA World Cup , while a record 204 countries entered qualification for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Expansion to 48 teams In October 2013 , Sepp Blatter spoke of guaranteeing the Caribbean Football Union 's region a position in the World Cup . In the edition of 25 October 2013 of the FIFA Weekly Blatter wrote that : `` From a purely sporting perspective , I would like to see globalisation finally taken seriously , and the African and Asian national associations accorded the status they deserve at the FIFA World Cup . It can not be that the European and South American confederations lay claim to the majority of the berths at the World Cup . '' Those two remarks suggested to commentators that Blatter could be putting himself forward for re-election to the FIFA Presidency . Following the magazine 's publication , Blatter 's would - be opponent for the FIFA Presidency , UEFA President Michel Platini , responded that he intended to extend the World Cup to 40 national associations , increasing the number of participants by eight . Platini said that he would allocate an additional berth to UEFA , two to the Asian Football Confederation and the Confederation of African Football , two shared between CONCACAF and CONMEBOL , and a guaranteed place for the Oceania Football Confederation . Platini was clear about why he wanted to expand the World Cup . He said : `` ( The World Cup is ) not based on the quality of the teams because you do n't have the best 32 at the World Cup ... but it 's a good compromise ... It 's a political matter so why not have more Africans ? The competition is to bring all the people of all the world . If you do n't give the possibility to participate , they do n't improve . '' In October 2016 FIFA president Gianni Infantino stated his support for a 48 - team World Cup in 2026 . On 10 January 2017 , FIFA confirmed the 2026 World Cup will have 48 finalist teams . 2015 FIFA corruption case Main article : 2015 FIFA corruption case By May 2015 , the games were under a particularly dark cloud because of the 2015 FIFA corruption case , allegations and criminal charges of bribery , fraud and money laundering to corrupt the issuing of media and marketing rights ( rigged bids ) for FIFA games , with FIFA officials accused of taking bribes totaling more than $150 million over 24 years . In late May , the U.S. Justice Department announced a 47 - count indictment with charges of racketeering , wire fraud and money laundering conspiracy against 14 people . Arrests of over a dozen FIFA officials were made since that time , particularly on 29 May and 3 December . By the end of May 2015 , a total of nine FIFA officials and five executives of sports and broadcasting markets had already been charged on corruption . At the time , FIFA president Sepp Blatter announced he would relinquish his position in February 2016 . On 4 June 2015 Chuck Blazer while co-operating with the FBI and the Swiss authorities admitted that he and the other members of FIFA 's then - executive committee were bribed in order to promote the 1998 and 2010 World Cups . On 10 June 2015 Swiss authorities seized computer data from the offices of Sepp Blatter . The same day , FIFA postponed the bidding process for the 2026 FIFA World Cup in light of the allegations surrounding bribery in the awarding of the 2018 and 2022 tournaments . Then - secretary general Jérôme Valcke stated , `` Due to the situation , I think it 's nonsense to start any bidding process for the time being . '' On 28 October 2015 , Blatter and FIFA VP Michel Platini , a potential candidate for presidency , were suspended for 90 days ; both maintained their innocence in statements made to the news media . On 3 December 2015 two FIFA vice-presidents were arrested on suspicion of bribery in the same Zurich hotel where seven FIFA officials had been arrested in May . An additional 16 indictments by the U.S. Department of Justice were announced on the same day . Other FIFA tournaments The BC Place in Vancouver hosting a 2015 Women 's World Cup match An equivalent tournament for women 's football , the FIFA Women 's World Cup , was first held in 1991 in China . The women 's tournament is smaller in scale and profile than the men 's , but is growing ; the number of entrants for the 2007 tournament was 120 , more than double that of 1991 . Men 's football has been included in every Summer Olympic Games except 1896 and 1932 . Unlike many other sports , the men 's football tournament at the Olympics is not a top - level tournament , and since 1992 , an under - 23 tournament with each team allowed three over-age players . Women 's football made its Olympic debut in 1996 . The FIFA Confederations Cup is a tournament held one year before the World Cup at the World Cup host nation ( s ) as a dress rehearsal for the upcoming World Cup . It is contested by the winners of each of the six FIFA confederation championships , along with the FIFA World Cup champion and the host country . FIFA also organises international tournaments for youth football ( FIFA U-20 World Cup , FIFA U-17 World Cup , FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup , FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup ) , club football ( FIFA Club World Cup ) , and football variants such as futsal ( FIFA Futsal World Cup ) and beach soccer ( FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup ) . The latter three do not have a women 's version , although a FIFA Women 's Club World Cup has been proposed . The FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup is held the year before each Women 's World Cup and both tournaments are awarded in a single bidding process . The U-20 tournament serves as a dress rehearsal for the larger competition . Trophy Main article : FIFA World Cup Trophy Queen Elizabeth II presenting the Jules Rimet trophy to 1966 World Cup winning England captain Bobby Moore From 1930 to 1970 , the Jules Rimet Trophy was awarded to the World Cup winning team . It was originally simply known as the World Cup or Coupe du Monde , but in 1946 it was renamed after the FIFA president Jules Rimet who set up the first tournament . In 1970 , Brazil 's third victory in the tournament entitled them to keep the trophy permanently . However , the trophy was stolen in 1983 and has never been recovered , apparently melted down by the thieves . The current World Cup trophy , presented since 1974 After 1970 , a new trophy , known as the FIFA World Cup Trophy , was designed . The experts of FIFA , coming from seven countries , evaluated the 53 presented models , finally opting for the work of the Italian designer Silvio Gazzaniga . The new trophy is 36 cm ( 14.2 in ) high , made of solid 18 carat ( 75 % ) gold and weighs 6.175 kg ( 13.6 lb ) . The base contains two layers of semi-precious malachite while the bottom side of the trophy bears the engraved year and name of each FIFA World Cup winner since 1974 . The description of the trophy by Gazzaniga was : `` The lines spring out from the base , rising in spirals , stretching out to receive the world . From the remarkable dynamic tensions of the compact body of the sculpture rise the figures of two athletes at the stirring moment of victory . '' This new trophy is not awarded to the winning nation permanently . World Cup winners retain the trophy only until the post-match celebration is finished . They are awarded a gold - plated replica rather than the solid gold original immediately afterwards . Currently , all members ( players , coaches , and managers ) of the top three teams receive medals with an insignia of the World Cup Trophy ; winners ' ( gold ) , runners - up ' ( silver ) , and third - place ( bronze ) . In the 2002 edition , fourth - place medals were awarded to hosts South Korea . Before the 1978 tournament , medals were only awarded to the eleven players on the pitch at the end of the final and the third - place match . In November 2007 , FIFA announced that all members of World Cup - winning squads between 1930 and 1974 were to be retroactively awarded winners ' medals . Format Qualification Main article : FIFA World Cup qualification Since the second World Cup in 1934 , qualifying tournaments have been held to thin the field for the final tournament . They are held within the six FIFA continental zones ( Africa , Asia , North and Central America and Caribbean , South America , Oceania , and Europe ) , overseen by their respective confederations . For each tournament , FIFA decides the number of places awarded to each of the continental zones beforehand , generally based on the relative strength of the confederations ' teams . The qualification process can start as early as almost three years before the final tournament and last over a two - year period . The formats of the qualification tournaments differ between confederations . Usually , one or two places are awarded to winners of intercontinental play - offs . For example , the winner of the Oceanian zone and the fifth - placed team from the Asian zone entered a play - off for a spot in the 2010 World Cup . From the 1938 World Cup onwards , host nations receive automatic qualification to the final tournament . This right was also granted to the defending champions between 1938 and 2002 , but was withdrawn from the 2006 FIFA World Cup onward , requiring the champions to qualify . Brazil , winners in 2002 , were the first defending champions to play qualifying matches . Final tournament For the various formats used in previous tournaments , see History of the FIFA World Cup § Format of each final tournament . The current final tournament has been used since 1998 and features 32 national teams competing over the course of a month in the host nation ( s ) . There are two stages : the group stage followed by the knockout stage . In the group stage , teams compete within eight groups of four teams each . Eight teams are seeded , including the hosts , with the other seeded teams selected using a formula based on the FIFA World Rankings and / or performances in recent World Cups , and drawn to separate groups . The other teams are assigned to different `` pots '' , usually based on geographical criteria , and teams in each pot are drawn at random to the eight groups . Since 1998 , constraints have been applied to the draw to ensure that no group contains more than two European teams or more than one team from any other confederation . Each group plays a round - robin tournament , in which each team is scheduled for three matches against other teams in the same group . This means that a total of six matches are played within a group . The last round of matches of each group is scheduled at the same time to preserve fairness among all four teams . The top two teams from each group advance to the knockout stage . Points are used to rank the teams within a group . Since 1994 , three points have been awarded for a win , one for a draw and none for a loss ( before , winners received two points ) . If one considers all possible outcomes ( win , draw , loss ) for all six matches in a group , there are 729 ( = 3 ) outcome combinations possible . However , 207 of these combinations lead to ties between the second and third places . In such case , the ranking among these teams is determined as follows : Greatest combined goal difference in all group matches Greatest combined number of goals scored in all group matches If more than one team remain level after applying the above criteria , their ranking will be determined as follows : Greatest number of points in head - to - head matches among those teams Greatest goal difference in head - to - head matches among those teams Greatest number of goals scored in head - to - head matches among those teams Fair play points , defined by the number of yellow and red cards received in the group stage : Yellow card : minus 1 point Indirect red card ( as a result of a second yellow card ) : minus 3 points Direct red card : minus 4 points Yellow card and direct red card : minus 5 points If any of the teams above remain level after applying the above criteria , their ranking will be determined by the drawing of lots The knockout stage is a single - elimination tournament in which teams play each other in one - off matches , with extra time and penalty shootouts used to decide the winner if necessary . It begins with the round of 16 ( or the second round ) in which the winner of each group plays against the runner - up of another group . This is followed by the quarter - finals , the semi-finals , the third - place match ( contested by the losing semi-finalists ) , and the final . On 10 January 2017 , FIFA approved a new format , the 48 - team World Cup ( to accommodate more teams ) , which consists of 16 groups of three teams each , with two teams qualifying from each group , to form a round of 32 knockout stage , to be implemented by 2026 . Hosts Main article : FIFA World Cup hosts Map of FIFA World Cup final hosts , 1930 -- 2022 . Green : once ; dark green : twice ; light green : planned Selection process Early World Cups were given to countries at meetings of FIFA 's congress . The locations were controversial because South America and Europe were by far the two centres of strength in football and travel between them required three weeks by boat . The decision to hold the first World Cup in Uruguay , for example , led to only four European nations competing . The next two World Cups were both held in Europe . The decision to hold the second of these in France was disputed , as the South American countries understood that the location would alternate between the two continents . Both Argentina and Uruguay thus boycotted the 1938 FIFA World Cup . Since the 1958 FIFA World Cup , to avoid future boycotts or controversy , FIFA began a pattern of alternating the hosts between the Americas and Europe , which continued until the 1998 FIFA World Cup . The 2002 FIFA World Cup , hosted jointly by South Korea and Japan , was the first one held in Asia , and the first tournament with multiple hosts . South Africa became the first African nation to host the World Cup in 2010 . The 2014 FIFA World Cup was hosted by Brazil , the first held in South America since Argentina 1978 , and was the first occasion where consecutive World Cups were held outside Europe . Russian delegates celebrate being chosen as the host of the 2018 FIFA World Cup The host country is now chosen in a vote by FIFA 's Council . This is done under an exhaustive ballot system . The national football association of a country desiring to host the event receives a `` Hosting Agreement '' from FIFA , which explains the steps and requirements that are expected from a strong bid . The bidding association also receives a form , the submission of which represents the official confirmation of the candidacy . After this , a FIFA designated group of inspectors visit the country to identify that the country meets the requirements needed to host the event and a report on the country is produced . The decision on who will host the World Cup is usually made six or seven years in advance of the tournament . However , there have been occasions where the hosts of multiple future tournaments were announced at the same time , as was the case for the 2018 and 2022 World Cups , which were awarded to Russia and Qatar , with Qatar becoming the first Middle Eastern country to host the tournament . For the 2010 and 2014 World Cups , the final tournament is rotated between confederations , allowing only countries from the chosen confederation ( Africa in 2010 , South America in 2014 ) to bid to host the tournament . The rotation policy was introduced after the controversy surrounding Germany 's victory over South Africa in the vote to host the 2006 tournament . However , the policy of continental rotation will not continue beyond 2014 , so any country , except those belonging to confederations that hosted the two preceding tournaments , can apply as hosts for World Cups starting from 2018 . This is partly to avoid a similar scenario to the bidding process for the 2014 tournament , where Brazil was the only official bidder . The 2026 FIFA World Cup was chosen to be held in the United States , Canada and Mexico , marking the first time a World Cup has been shared by three host nations . The 2026 tournament will be the biggest World Cup ever held , with 48 teams playing 80 matches . Sixty matches will take place in the US , including all matches from the quarter - finals onward , while Canada and Mexico will host 10 games each . Performances See also : Results of host nations in the FIFA World Cup Six of the eight champions have won one of their titles while playing in their own homeland , the exceptions being Brazil , who finished as runners - up after losing the deciding match on home soil in 1950 and lost their semi-final against Germany in 2014 , and Spain , which reached the second round on home soil in 1982 . England ( 1966 ) won its only title while playing as a host nation . Uruguay ( 1930 ) , Italy ( 1934 ) , Argentina ( 1978 ) and France ( 1998 ) won their first titles as host nations but have gone on to win again , while Germany ( 1974 ) won their second title on home soil . Other nations have also been successful when hosting the tournament . Switzerland ( quarter - finals 1954 ) , Sweden ( runners - up in 1958 ) , Chile ( third place in 1962 ) , South Korea ( fourth place in 2002 ) , and Mexico ( quarter - finals in 1970 and 1986 ) all have their best results when serving as hosts . So far , South Africa ( 2010 ) has been the only host nation to fail to advance beyond the first round . Attendance See also : List of sports attendance figures Year Hosts Venues / Cities Total attendance Matches Avg . attendance Highest attendances † Number Venue Game ( s ) 1930 Uruguay 3 / 1 590,549 18 32,808 93,000 Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Uruguay 6 -- 1 Yugoslavia , Semi-final 1934 Italy 8 / 8 363,000 17 21,353 55,000 Stadio Nazionale PNF , Rome Italy 2 -- 1 Czechoslovakia , Final 1938 France 10 / 9 375,700 18 20,872 58,455 Olympique de Colombes , Paris France 1 -- 3 Italy , Quarter - final 1950 Brazil 6 / 6 1,045,246 22 47,511 173,850 Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro Brazil 1 -- 2 Uruguay , Deciding match 1954 Switzerland 6 / 6 768,607 26 29,562 63,000 Wankdorf Stadium , Bern West Germany 3 -- 2 Hungary , Final 1958 Sweden 12 / 12 819,810 35 23,423 50,928 Ullevi Stadium , Gothenburg Brazil 2 -- 0 Soviet Union , Group stage 1962 Chile 4 / 4 893,172 32 27,912 68,679 Estadio Nacional , Santiago Brazil 4 -- 2 Chile , Semi-final 1966 England 8 / 7 1,563,135 32 48,848 98,270 Wembley Stadium , London England 4 -- 2 West Germany , Final 1970 Mexico 5 / 5 1,603,975 32 50,124 108,192 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Mexico 1 -- 0 Belgium , Group stage West Germany 9 / 9 1,865,753 38 49,099 83,168 Olympiastadion , West Berlin West Germany 1 -- 0 Chile , Group stage 1978 Argentina 6 / 5 1,545,791 38 40,679 71,712 River Plate Stadium , Buenos Aires Italy 1 -- 0 Argentina , Group stage 1982 Spain 17 / 14 2,109,723 52 40,572 95,500 Camp Nou , Barcelona Argentina 0 -- 1 Belgium , Opening match 1986 Mexico 12 / 11 2,394,031 52 46,039 114,600 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Mexico 1 -- 1 Paraguay , Group stage Argentina 3 -- 2 West Germany , Final 1990 Italy 12 / 12 2,516,215 52 48,389 74,765 San Siro , Milan West Germany 4 -- 1 Yugoslavia , Group stage 1994 United States 9 / 9 3,587,538 52 68,991 94,194 Rose Bowl , Pasadena , California Brazil 0 ( 3 ) -- ( 2 ) 0 Italy , Final 1998 France 10 / 10 2,785,100 64 43,517 80,000 Stade de France , Saint - Denis Brazil 0 -- 3 France , Final 2002 South Korea Japan 10 / 10 10 / 10 2,705,197 64 42,269 69,029 International Stadium , Yokohama , Japan Brazil 2 -- 0 Germany , Final 2006 Germany 12 / 12 3,359,439 64 52,491 72,000 Olympiastadion , Berlin Germany 1 ( 4 ) -- ( 2 ) 1 Argentina , Quarter - final South Africa 10 / 9 3,178,856 64 49,670 84,490 Soccer City , Johannesburg Spain 1 -- 0 Netherlands , Final 2014 Brazil 12 / 12 3,429,873 64 53,592 74,738 Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina , Final 2018 Russia 12 / 11 3,031,768 64 47,371 78,011 Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Seven matches at the Luzhniki , including France 4 -- 2 Croatia , Final Overall 40,532,478 900 45,036 171,772 Maracanã Stadium , Rio ( 1950 ) The best - attended single match , shown in the last three columns , has been the final in half of the 20 World Cups as of 2014 . Another match or matches drew more attendance than the final in 1930 , 1938 , 1958 , 1962 , 1970 -- 1982 , 1990 and 2006 . Source : FIFA Broadcasting and promotion See also : List of FIFA World Cup broadcasters A Coca - Cola bottle promoting the 2002 World Cup in South Korea and Japan The World Cup was first televised in 1954 and is now the most widely viewed and followed sporting event in the world . The cumulative audience of all matches of the 2006 World Cup is estimated to be 26.29 billion . 715.1 million individuals watched the final match of this tournament ( a ninth of the entire population of the planet ) . The 2006 World Cup draw , which decided the distribution of teams into groups , was watched by 300 million viewers . The World Cup attracts many sponsors such as Coca - Cola , McDonald 's and Adidas . For these companies and many more , being a sponsor strongly impacts their global brands . Host countries typically experience a multimillion - dollar revenue increase from the month - long event . The governing body of the sport , FIFA , generated $4.8 billion in revenue from the 2014 tournament . Each FIFA World Cup since 1966 has its own mascot or logo . World Cup Willie , the mascot for the 1966 competition , was the first World Cup mascot . World Cups have also featured official match balls specially designed for each tournament . The World Cup even has a statistically significant effect on birth rates , the male / female sex ratio of newborns , and heart attacks in nations whose national teams are competing . Results See also : List of FIFA World Cup finals # Year Hosts Champions Score and Venue Runners - up Third place Score and Venue Fourth place Number of Teams 1930 Details Uruguay Uruguay 4 -- 2 Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Argentina United States Yugoslavia 13 1934 Details Italy Italy 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Stadio Nazionale PNF , Rome Czechoslovakia Germany 3 -- 2 Stadio Giorgio Ascarelli , Naples Austria 16 1938 Details France Italy 4 -- 2 Stade de Colombes , Paris Hungary Brazil 4 -- 2 Parc Lescure , Bordeaux Sweden 15 1942 Editions not organized because of World War II . 1946 1950 Details Brazil Uruguay 2 -- 1 Maracanã , Rio de Janeiro Brazil Sweden 3 -- 1 Pacaembu , São Paulo Spain 13 5 1954 Details Switzerland West Germany 3 -- 2 Wankdorfstadion , Bern Hungary Austria 3 -- 1 Hardturm , Zürich Uruguay 16 6 1958 Details Sweden Brazil 5 -- 2 Råsundastadion , Solna Sweden France 6 -- 3 Ullevi , Gothenburg West Germany 16 7 1962 Details Chile Brazil 3 -- 1 Estadio Nacional , Santiago Czechoslovakia Chile 1 -- 0 Estadio Nacional , Santiago Yugoslavia 16 8 1966 Details England England 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Wembley Stadium , London West Germany Portugal 2 -- 1 Wembley Stadium , London Soviet Union 16 9 1970 Details Mexico Brazil 4 -- 1 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Italy West Germany 1 -- 0 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Uruguay 16 10 Details West Germany West Germany 2 -- 1 Olympiastadion , Munich Netherlands Poland 1 -- 0 Olympiastadion , Munich Brazil 16 11 1978 Details Argentina Argentina 3 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Monumental de Núñez , Buenos Aires Netherlands Brazil 2 -- 1 Monumental de Núñez , Buenos Aires Italy 16 12 1982 Details Spain Italy 3 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu , Madrid West Germany Poland 3 -- 2 Estadio José Rico Pérez , Alicante France 24 13 1986 Details Mexico Argentina 3 -- 2 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City West Germany France 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Estadio Cuauhtémoc , Puebla Belgium 24 14 1990 Details Italy West Germany 1 -- 0 Stadio Olimpico , Rome Argentina Italy 2 -- 1 Stadio San Nicola , Bari England 24 15 1994 Details United States Brazil 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) ( 3 -- 2 PSO ) Rose Bowl , Pasadena Italy Sweden 4 -- 0 Rose Bowl , Pasadena Bulgaria 24 16 1998 Details France France 3 -- 0 Stade de France , Saint - Denis Brazil Croatia 2 -- 1 Parc des Princes , Paris Netherlands 32 17 2002 Details South Korea Japan Brazil 2 -- 0 International Stadium , Yokohama Germany Turkey 3 -- 2 Daegu Stadium , Daegu South Korea 32 18 2006 Details Germany Italy 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) ( 5 -- 3 PSO ) Olympiastadion , Berlin France Germany 3 -- 1 Gottlieb - Daimler - Stadion , Stuttgart Portugal 32 19 Details South Africa Spain 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Soccer City , Johannesburg Netherlands Germany 3 -- 2 Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium , Port Elizabeth Uruguay 32 20 2014 Details Brazil Germany 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Maracanã , Rio de Janeiro Argentina Netherlands 3 -- 0 Estádio Nacional , Brasília Brazil 32 21 2018 Details Russia France 4 -- 2 Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Croatia Belgium 2 -- 0 Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg England 32 a.e.t. : after extra time PSO : after penalty shoot - out TBD : to be determined Notes Jump up ^ There was no third place match in 1930 ; the United States and Yugoslavia lost in the semi-finals . FIFA now recognises the United States as the third - placed team and Yugoslavia as the fourth - placed team , using the overall records of the teams in the tournament . ^ Jump up to : There was no official World Cup final match in 1950 . The tournament winner was decided by a final round - robin group contested by four teams ( Uruguay , Brazil , Sweden , and Spain ) . Coincidentally , one of the last two matches of the tournament pitted the two top ranked teams against each other , with Uruguay 's 2 -- 1 victory over Brazil thus often being considered as the de facto final of the 1950 World Cup . Likewise , the game between the lowest ranked teams , played at the same time as Uruguay vs Brazil , can be considered equal to a 3rd place match , with Sweden 's 3 -- 1 victory over Spain ensuring that they finished third . In all , 79 nations have played in at least one World Cup . Of these , eight national teams have won the World Cup , and they have added stars to their badges , with each star representing a World Cup victory . ( Uruguay , however , choose to display four stars on their badge , representing their two gold medals at the 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics and their two World Cup titles in 1930 and 1950 ) . With five titles , Brazil are the most successful World Cup team and also the only nation to have played in every World Cup ( 21 ) to date . Brazil were also the first team to win the World Cup for the third ( 1970 ) , fourth ( 1994 ) and fifth ( 2002 ) time . Italy ( 1934 and 1938 ) and Brazil ( 1958 and 1962 ) are the only nations to have won consecutive titles . West Germany ( 1982 -- 1990 ) and Brazil ( 1994 -- 2002 ) are the only nations to appear in three consecutive World Cup finals . Germany has made the most top - four finishes ( 13 ) , medals ( 12 ) , as well as the most finals ( 8 ) . Map of countries ' best results Teams reaching the top four See also : National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup § Comprehensive team results by tournament Teams reaching the top four Team Titles Runners - up Third place Fourth place Top 4 Finishes Top 3 Finishes Top 2 Finishes Brazil 5 ( 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1994 , 2002 ) 2 ( 1950 * , 1998 ) 2 ( 1938 , 1978 ) 2 ( 1974 , 2014 * ) 11 9 7 Germany ^ 4 ( 1954 , 1974 * , 1990 , 2014 ) 4 ( 1966 , 1982 , 1986 , 2002 ) 4 ( 1934 , 1970 , 2006 * , 2010 ) 1 ( 1958 ) 13 12 8 Italy 4 ( 1934 * , 1938 , 1982 , 2006 ) 2 ( 1970 , 1994 ) 1 ( 1990 * ) 1 ( 1978 ) 8 7 6 Argentina 2 ( 1978 * , 1986 ) 3 ( 1930 , 1990 , 2014 ) 5 5 5 France 2 ( 1998 * , 2018 ) 1 ( 2006 ) 2 ( 1958 , 1986 ) 1 ( 1982 ) 6 5 Uruguay 2 ( 1930 * , 1950 ) 3 ( 1954 , 1970 , 2010 ) 5 England 1 ( 1966 * ) 2 ( 1990 , 2018 ) Spain 1 ( 2010 ) 1 ( 1950 ) Netherlands 3 ( 1974 , 1978 , 2010 ) 1 ( 2014 ) 1 ( 1998 ) 5 Hungary 2 ( 1938 , 1954 ) Czechoslovakia 2 ( 1934 , 1962 ) Sweden 1 ( 1958 * ) 2 ( 1950 , 1994 ) 1 ( 1938 ) Croatia 1 ( 2018 ) 1 ( 1998 ) Poland 2 ( 1974 , 1982 ) Austria 1 ( 1954 ) 1 ( 1934 ) Portugal 1 ( 1966 ) 1 ( 2006 ) Belgium 1 ( 2018 ) 1 ( 1986 ) United States 1 ( 1930 ) Chile 1 ( 1962 * ) Turkey 1 ( 2002 ) Yugoslavia 2 ( 1930 , 1962 ) Soviet Union 1 ( 1966 ) Bulgaria 1 ( 1994 ) South Korea 1 ( 2002 * ) * = hosts ^ = includes results representing West Germany between 1954 and 1990 # = states that have since split into two or more independent nations Best performances by continental zones See also : FIFA World Cup results by confederation To date , the final of the World Cup has only been contested by teams from the UEFA ( Europe ) and CONMEBOL ( South America ) confederations . European nations have won twelve titles , while South American have won nine . Only two teams from outside these two continents have ever reached the semi-finals of the competition : United States ( North , Central America and Caribbean ) in 1930 and South Korea ( Asia ) in 2002 . The best result of an African team is reaching the quarter - finals : Cameroon in 1990 , Senegal in 2002 and Ghana in 2010 . Only one Oceanian qualifier , Australia in 2006 , has advanced to the second round . Brazil , Argentina , Spain and Germany are the only teams to win a World Cup outside their continental confederation ; Brazil came out victorious in Europe ( 1958 ) , North America ( 1970 and 1994 ) and Asia ( 2002 ) . Argentina won a World Cup in North America in 1986 , while Spain won in Africa in 2010 . In 2014 , Germany became the first European team to win in the Americas . Only on five occasions have consecutive World Cups been won by teams from the same continent , and currently it is the first time with four champions in a row from the same continental confederation . Italy and Brazil successfully defended their titles in 1938 and 1962 respectively , while Italy 's triumph in 2006 has been followed by wins for Spain in 2010 , Germany in 2014 and France in 2018 . Currently , it is also the first time that one of the currently winning continents ( Europe ) is ahead of the other ( South America ) by more than one championship . Total times teams qualified by confederation Confederation AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Total Teams 37 44 42 85 245 457 Top 16 6 9 14 35 91 156 Top 8 5 34 0 100 144 Top 4 0 22 0 60 84 Top 2 0 0 0 14 0 28 42 1st 0 0 0 9 0 12 21 2nd 0 0 0 5 0 16 21 3rd 0 0 0 17 21 4th 0 0 5 0 15 21 Awards Main article : FIFA World Cup awards At the end of each World Cup , awards are presented to the players and teams for accomplishments other than their final team positions in the tournament . There are currently six awards : The Golden Ball for the best player , determined by a vote of media members ( first awarded in 1982 ) ; the Silver Ball and the Bronze Ball are awarded to the players finishing second and third in the voting respectively ; The Golden Boot ( sometimes called the Golden Shoe ) for the top goalscorer ( first awarded in 1982 , but retrospectively applied to all tournaments from 1930 ) ; most recently , the Silver Boot and the Bronze Boot have been awarded to the second and third top goalscorers respectively ; The Golden Glove Award ( formerly the Yashin Award ) for the best goalkeeper , decided by the FIFA Technical Study Group ( first awarded in 1994 ) ; The Best Young Player Award for the best player aged 21 or younger at the start of the calendar year , decided by the FIFA Technical Study Group ( first awarded in 2006 ) ; The FIFA Fair Play Trophy for the team with the best record of fair play , according to the points system and criteria established by the FIFA Fair Play Committee ( first awarded in 1978 ) ; The Most Entertaining Team for the team that has entertained the public the most during the World Cup , determined by a poll of the general public ( first awarded in 1994 ) ; An All - Star Team consisting of the best players of the tournament has also been announced for each tournament since 1998 . Records and Statistics Main article : List of FIFA World Cup records See also : List of FIFA World Cup winners Lothar Matthäus played a record 25 World Cup matches across a joint record five tournaments . Three players share the record for playing in the most World Cups ; Mexico 's Antonio Carbajal ( 1950 -- 1966 ) and Rafael Márquez ( 2002 - 2018 ) ; and Germany 's Lothar Matthäus ( 1982 -- 1998 ) all played in five tournaments . Matthäus has played the most World Cup matches overall , with 25 appearances . Brazil 's Djalma Santos ( 1954 -- 1962 ) , West Germany 's Franz Beckenbauer ( 1966 -- 1974 ) and Germany 's Philipp Lahm ( 2006 -- 2014 ) are the only players to be named to three Finals All - Star Teams . Miroslav Klose of Germany ( 2002 -- 2014 ) is the all - time top scorer at the finals , with 16 goals . He broke Ronaldo of Brazil 's record of 15 goals ( 1998 -- 2006 ) during the 2014 semi-final match against Brazil . West Germany 's Gerd Müller ( 1970 -- 1974 ) is third , with 14 goals . The fourth placed goalscorer , France 's Just Fontaine , holds the record for the most goals scored in a single World Cup ; all his 13 goals were scored in the 1958 tournament . In November 2007 , FIFA announced that all members of World Cup - winning squads between 1930 and 1974 were to be retroactively awarded winners ' medals . This made Brazil 's Pelé the only player to have won three World Cup winners ' medals ( 1958 , 1962 , and 1970 , although he did not play in the 1962 final due to injury ) , with 20 other players who have won two winners ' medals . Seven players have collected all three types of World Cup medals ( winners ' , runner - ups ' , and third - place ) ; five players were from West Germany 's squad of 1966 -- 1974 including Franz Beckenbauer , Jürgen Grabowski , Horst - Dieter Höttges , Sepp Maier and Wolfgang Overath ( 1966 -- 1974 ) , Italy 's Franco Baresi ( 1982 , 1990 , 1994 ) and the most recent has been Miroslav Klose of Germany ( 2002 -- 2014 ) with four consecutive medals . Brazil 's Mário Zagallo , West Germany 's Franz Beckenbauer and France 's Didier Deschamps are the only people to date to win the World Cup as both player and head coach . Zagallo won in 1958 and 1962 as a player and in 1970 as head coach . Beckenbauer won in 1974 as captain and in 1990 as head coach , and Deschamps repeated the feat in 2018 , after having won in 1998 as captain . Italy 's Vittorio Pozzo is the only head coach to ever win two World Cups ( 1934 and 1938 ) . All World Cup - winning head coaches were natives of the country they coached to victory . Among the national teams , Germany and Brazil have played the most World Cup matches ( 109 ) , Germany appeared in the most finals ( 8 ) , semi-finals ( 13 ) , quarter - finals ( 16 ) , while Brazil has appeared in the most World Cups ( 21 ) , has the most wins ( 73 ) and has scored the most goals ( 229 ) . The two teams have played each other twice in the World Cup , in the 2002 final and in the 2014 semi-final . Top goalscorers Main article : FIFA World Cup top goalscorers Miroslav Klose scored a record 16 goals across four World Cups . Players with more than 10 goals at World Cup tournaments Rank Nation Player Goals scored Miroslav Klose 16 Ronaldo 15 Gerd Müller 14 Just Fontaine 13 5 Pelé 12 6 Jürgen Klinsmann 11 Sándor Kocsis 11 All - time table for champions Main article : All - time table of the FIFA World Cup Position Name of Team Participations Pld GF GA GD Pts Avg Pts Trophies Brazil 21 109 73 18 18 229 105 124 237 2.17 5 Germany 19 109 67 20 22 226 125 101 221 2.03 Italy 18 83 45 21 17 128 77 51 156 1.88 Argentina 17 81 43 15 23 137 93 44 144 1.78 5 France 15 66 34 13 19 120 77 43 115 1.74 6 England 15 69 29 21 19 91 64 27 108 1.59 7 Spain 15 63 30 15 18 99 72 27 105 1.67 8 Uruguay 13 56 24 12 20 87 74 13 84 1.50 See also Book : FIFA World Cup Association football portal Wikinews has related news : FIFA receives eleven bids for 2018 and 2022 World Cups Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA World Cup . List of FIFA World Cup finals FIFA World Cup referees National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup FIFA U-20 World Cup FIFA U-17 World Cup FIFA Club World Cup FIFA Women 's World Cup FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup FIFA Futsal World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup Notes and references ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 FIFA World Cup broadcast wider , longer and farther than ever before '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 6 February 2007 . Retrieved 11 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Tom Dunmore , Historical Dictionary of Soccer , page 235 , quote `` The World Cup is now the most - watched sporting event in the world on television , above even the Olympic Games . '' Jump up ^ Stephen Dobson and John Goddard , The Economics of Football , page 407 , quote `` The World Cup is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world : the estimated cumulative television audience for the 2006 World Cup in Germany was 26.2 billion , an average of 409 million viewers per match . '' Jump up ^ Glenn M. Wong , The Comprehensive Guide to Careers in Sports , page 144 , quote `` The World Cup is the most - watched sporting event in the world . In 2006 , more than 30 billion viewers in 214 countries watched the World Cup on television , and more than 3.3 million spectators attended the 64 matches of the tournament . '' Jump up ^ `` England National Football Team Match No. 1 '' . England Football Online . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` British PM backs return of Home Nations championship '' . Agence France - Presse . Retrieved 16 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Elbech , Søren ; Stokkermans , Karel ( 26 June 2008 ) . `` Intermediate Games of the IV . Olympiad '' . rec. sport. soccer Statistics Foundation . Jump up ^ `` History of FIFA -- FIFA takes shape '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' The First World Cup ' . The Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy '' . Shrewsbury and Atcham Borough Council . 10 October 2003 . Archived from the original on 29 November 2003 . Retrieved 11 April 2006 . Jump up ^ `` History of FIFA -- More associations follow '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Reyes , Macario ( 18 October 1999 ) . `` VII . Olympiad Antwerp 1920 Football Tournament '' . rec. sport. soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 10 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` History of FIFA -- The first FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Molinaro , John F. `` The World Cup 's 1st goal scorer '' . CBC . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Origin '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 June 2010 . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Olympic Odyssey so far ... ( Part 1 : 1908 -- 1964 ) '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 9 June 2004 . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Los datos más curiosos de la Fiesta del Fútbol - Brasil 1950 '' . Archived from the original on 1 July 2012 . Retrieved 17 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Scotland and the 1950 World Cup '' . BBC . Retrieved 13 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Glanville Jump up ^ Glanville , p45 Jump up ^ Glanville , p238 Jump up ^ Glanville , p359 Jump up ^ `` Record number of 204 teams enter preliminary competition '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Whittaker , James ( 23 October 2013 ) . `` Caribbean pro league can work '' . Cayman Islands : CompassCayman.com . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Blatter , Sepp ( 25 October 2013 ) . `` A level playing field for Africa ! '' ( PDF ) . FIFA Weekly . p. 29 . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Morley , Gary ( 25 October 2013 ) . `` Sepp Blatter calls for more African nations at World Cup finals '' . CNN . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dickinson , Matt ( 28 October 2013 ) . `` Michel Platini sets out his plan for the new world order '' . The Times . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ World Cup could expand to 48 teams , Fifa 's Gianni Infantino suggests - The Guardian , 3 October 2016 Jump up ^ `` Ab 2026 : 48 Teams - Fifa vergrößert die WM '' . SPIEGEL ONLINE . Jump up ^ No byline ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` The FIFA Investigation , Explained '' . New York Times . New York , NY , USA . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Eliott C. ; Botelho , Greg ( 28 May 2015 ) . `` FIFA corruption probe targets ' World Cup of fraud , ' IRS chief says '' . CNN . Cable News Network . Turner Broadcasting System , Inc . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa crisis : US charges 16 more officials after earlier Zurich arrests '' . BBC News . 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Blazer : Bribes accepted for 1998 and 2010 World Cups - Telegraph '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss police seize IT data from Fifa headquarters '' , The BBC , 10 June 2015 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 Jump up ^ `` Fifa World Cup 2026 bidding process delayed '' . BBC Sport. 10 June 2015 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 8 October 2015 ) . `` Sepp Blatter , Michel Platini handed 90 - day FIFA suspensions '' . CBC Sports . CBC / Radio Canada . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Ruiz , Rebecca ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` FIFA Corruption : Top Officials Arrested at Zurich Hotel '' . New York Times . New York , USA . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ no byline ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` Fifa crisis : US charges 16 more officials after earlier Zurich arrests '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Women 's World Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` We Are the World ... Cup '' Archived 9 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine ... China Post . Retrieved 8 September 2017 Jump up ^ `` Regulations Men 's Olympic Football Tournament 2008 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 February 2008 . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Confederations Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Task Force for Women 's Football proposes a FIFA Women 's Club World Cup '' . fifa.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Women 's World Cup next up for Canada in 2015 '' . CBC Sports . Retrieved 8 September 2017 Jump up ^ `` Jules Rimet Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup TM Trophy '' . FIFA.com. 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Trophy '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Assets -- Trophy '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original on 4 November 2007 . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` 122 forgotten heroes get World Cup medals '' . ESPNSoccernet.com . ESPN . 25 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 1966 winners honoured '' . BBC Sport. 10 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Greaves finally gets his 1966 World Cup medal '' . Mirror.co.uk . MGN . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup qualifying : Treasure - trove of the weird and wonderful '' . FIFA . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 World Cup Qualifying '' . ESPNSoccernet.com . ESPN . 26 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 23 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` History of the FIFA World Cup Preliminary Competition ( by year ) '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Formats of the FIFA World Cup final competitions 1930 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 1 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup : seeded teams 1930 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Previously , due to there being fewer finals places and a bigger ratio of European finalists , there had been several occasions where three European teams were in a single group , for example , 1986 ( West Germany , Scotland , and Denmark ) , 1990 ( Italy , Czechoslovakia , and Austria ) , and 1994 ( Italy , Republic of Ireland , and Norway ) . ( `` History of the World Cup Final Draw '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014. ) Jump up ^ This practice has been installed since the 1986 FIFA World Cup . In some cases during previous tournaments , for example , Argentina 6 -- 0 Peru in Argentina 1978 and West Germany 1 -- 0 Austria in Spain 1982 , teams that played the latter match were perceived to gain an unfair advantage by knowing the score of the earlier match , and subsequently obtaining a result that ensured advancement to the next stage . ( `` 1978 Argentina '' . CBC. ; `` 1982 Spain '' . CBC. ) Jump up ^ `` Regulations - 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . p. 43 . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Turner , Stephen ( 10 January 2017 ) . `` FIFA approves 48 - team World Cup '' . Sky Sports News . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay 1930 '' . BBC Sport. 11 April 2002 . Retrieved 13 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` France 1938 '' . BBC Sport. 17 April 2002 . Retrieved 13 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Asia takes World Cup center stage '' . CNN . 3 June 2002 . Retrieved 1 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil will stage 2014 World Cup '' . BBC Sport. 10 October 2007 . Retrieved 1 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` England beaten as Russia win 2018 World Cup bid '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Jamie ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` Qatar win 2022 World Cup bid '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rotation ends in 2018 '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 29 October 2007 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Collett , Mike ( 30 October 2007 ) , `` Brazil officially named 2014 World Cup hosts '' . Reuters . Retrieved 6 July 2018 ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup 2026 : Canada , US & Mexico joint bid wins right to host tournament '' . BBC Sport. 13 June 2018 . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 1974 - West Germany win on home soil '' . BBC . Retrieved 2 December 2017 Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris . `` France 1 - 2 South Africa '' . BBC . Retrieved 2 December 2017 Jump up ^ `` World Cup Rewind : Largest attendance at a match in the 1950 Brazil final '' . Guinness World Records . 12 June 2018 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Officially , 173,850 paid spectators crammed into Rio de Janeiro 's Maracanã Stadium on July 16 ( ... ) Some estimates have even pegged the attendance as high as 199,000 or 210,000 unofficially Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup competition records '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . p. 2 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Socceroos face major challenge : Hiddink '' . ABC Sport. 10 December 2005 . Archived from the original on 30 April 2006 . Retrieved 13 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Financial Report 2014 : Frequently Asked Questions '' . FIFA.com. 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Assets -- Mascots '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original on 4 November 2007 . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Footballs during the FIFA World Cup '' . Football Facts . FIFA . Archived from the original on 28 November 2013 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Brachfeld , Aaron ( 2 December 2015 ) . `` World Cup affects sex ratio in newborns '' . the Loka Review ( November 2015 ) . Loka Hatha Yoga . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Masukume , Gwinyai . `` Possible Effect of the World Cup on Births '' . Improbable Research . Harvard University . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Masukume , Gwinyai . `` The sex ratio at birth in South Africa increased 9 months after the 2010 FIFA World Cup '' . Early Human Development . Journal of Early Human Development . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Finals since 1930 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : FIFA considers that the national team of Russia succeeds the USSR , the national team of Serbia succeeds the Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro , and the national team of Czech Republic succeeds the Czechoslovakia . ( `` Russia '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . ; `` Serbia '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . ; `` Czech Republic '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . ) . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Australia 's qualification in 2006 was through the Oceanian zone as they were a member of the OFC member during qualifying . However , on 1 January 2006 , they left the Oceania Football Confederation and joined the Asian Football Confederation . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup awards '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 June 2016 . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Ball for Zinedine Zidane '' . Soccerway. 10 July 2006 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` adidas Golden Shoe -- FIFA World Cup Final '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kahn named top keeper '' . BBC Sport. 30 June 2002 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Pierrend , José Luis ( 18 May 2007 ) . `` FIFA Awards '' . rec. sport. soccer Statistics Foundation . Archived from the original on 12 January 2016 . Retrieved 8 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Yannis , Alex ( 10 November 1999 ) . `` Matthaus Is the Latest MetroStars Savior '' . New York Times . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Hall of Fame : Lothar Matthaeus '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 27 December 2013 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Downie , Andrew ( 24 July 2013 ) . `` Brazil 's twice World Cup winner Djalma Santos dies at 84 '' . Reuters . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Chowdhury , Saj ( 27 June 2006 ) . `` Ronaldo 's riposte '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Goal machine was Just superb '' . BBC Sport. 4 April 2002 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Kirby , Gentry ( 5 July 2006 ) . `` Pele , King of Futbol '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil , Germany & Every World Cup Winner from 1930 to 2014 '' . Goal. 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 11 March 1998 ) . `` No Alternative to Victory for National Coach : 150 Million Brazilians Keep Heat on Zagalo '' . International Herald Tribune . Archived from the original on 26 February 2008 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Brewin , John ( 21 December 2001 ) . `` World Cup Legends -- Franz Beckenbauer '' . ESPNSoccernet.com . ESPN . Archived from the original on 19 November 2009 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Cross , Jeremy ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` France boss Didier Deschamps makes history with World Cup final victory over Croatia '' . Daily Star . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1938 World Cup : Italy repeats as champions '' . CBC. 21 November 2009 . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Curse of the Foreign - Born Coach '' . Wall Street Journal . 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Football -- All time table '' . World Football . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil pass Germany as all - time top scorers at the World Cup '' . ESPN . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Five Aside : Germany - Brazil preview '' . ESPN . 7 July 2014 . Retrieved 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ includes results of West Germany from 1954 to 1990 Bibliography Glanville , Brian ( 2005 ) . The Story of the World Cup . Faber . ISBN 0 - 571 - 22944 - 1 . External links Official website Previous FIFA World Cups FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . FIFA World Cup champions 1930 : Uruguay 1934 : Italy 1938 : Italy 1950 : Uruguay 1954 : West Germany 1958 : Brazil 1962 : Brazil 1966 : England 1970 : Brazil 1974 : West Germany 1978 : Argentina 1982 : Italy 1986 : Argentina 1990 : West Germany 1994 : Brazil 1998 : France 2002 : Brazil 2006 : Italy 2010 : Spain 2014 : Germany 2018 : France FIFA World Cup symbols Albums ( official ) 1994 : Gloryland 1998 : Allez ! Ola ! Ole ! 2002 : The Official Album 2006 : Voices 2010 : Listen Up ! 2014 : One Love , One Rhythm Anthems ( official ) 1998 : `` La Cour des Grands ( Do You Mind If I Play ) '' 2002 : `` Anthem '' 2006 : `` Celebrate the Day '' 2010 : `` Sign of a Victory '' 2014 : `` Dar um Jeito ( We Will Find a Way ) '' 2018 : `` Komanda '' 2022 : TBA Songs ( official ) 1962 : `` El Rock del Mundial '' 1966 : `` World Cup Willie ( Where in this World are We Going ) '' 1970 : `` Fútbol México 70 '' 1974 : `` Futbol '' 1978 : `` El Mundial '' 1982 : `` Mundial ' 82 '' 1986 : `` A Special Kind of Hero '' 1990 : `` Un'estate italiana '' 1994 : `` Gloryland '' 1998 : `` The Cup of Life '' 2002 : `` Boom '' 2006 : `` The Time of Our Lives '' 2010 : `` Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) '' 2014 : `` We Are One ( Ole Ola ) '' 2018 : `` Live It Up '' 2022 : TBA Films ( official ) 1954 : German Giants 1958 : Hinein ! 1962 : Viva Brazil 1966 : Goal ! 1970 : The World at Their Feet 1974 : Heading for glory 1978 : Campeones 1982 : G'olé ! 1986 : Hero 1990 : Soccer Shoot - Out 1994 : Two Billion Hearts 1998 : La Coupe de la Gloire 2002 : Seven Games from Glory 2006 : The Grand Finale 2010 : The Official 2010 FIFA World Cup Film in 3D 2014 : Brasil ! : FIFA World Cup Brazil 2018 : TBA 2022 : TBA Mascots ( official ) 1966 : World Cup Willie 1970 : Juanito 1974 : Tip and Tap 1978 : Gauchito 1982 : Naranjito 1986 : Pique 1990 : Ciao 1994 : Striker , the World Cup Pup 1998 : Footix 2002 : Ato , Kaz , and Nik 2006 : Goleo VI and Pille 2010 : Zakumi 2014 : Fuleco 2018 : Zabivaka 2022 : TBA Balls ( official ) 1970 : Telstar 1974 : Telstar Durlast 1978 : Tango Durlast 1982 : Tango España 1986 : Azteca 1990 : Etrusco Unico 1994 : Questra 1998 : Tricolore 2002 : Fevernova 2006 : + Teamgeist 2010 : Jabulani 2014 : Brazuca 2018 : Telstar 18 2022 : TBA Video games 1986 : World Cup Carnival 1990 : World Cup Soccer : Italia ' 90 World Cup Italia ' 90 1994 : World Cup USA ' 94 1998 : World Cup 98 Jikkyou World Soccer : World Cup France ' 98 World Soccer Jikkyou Winning Eleven 3 : World Cup France ' 98 2002 : 2002 FIFA World Cup 2006 : 2006 FIFA World Cup 2010 : 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa 2014 : 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil 2018 : FIFA 18 FIFA World Cup DLC 2022 : TBA Instruments 2010 : Vuvuzela 2014 : Caxirola 2018 : Spoon 2022 : TBA FIFA History of FIFA FIFA Anthem FIFA Congress FIFA Council FIFA Ethics Committee FIFA headquarters Football at the Summer Olympics List of football federations International Football Association Board Timeline of association football Football codes Association football Beach soccer Futsal Confederations AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Men 's tournaments FIFA World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup FIFA U-20 World Cup FIFA U-17 World Cup FIFA Club World Cup FIFA Futsal World Cup FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup Blue Stars / FIFA Youth Cup Women 's tournaments FIFA Women 's World Cup FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup FIFA Women 's Club World Cup Other tournaments FIFA eWorld Cup Presidents Robert Guérin ( 1904 -- 1906 ) Daniel Burley Woolfall ( 1906 -- 1918 ) Jules Rimet ( 1921 -- 1954 ) Rodolphe Seeldrayers ( 1954 -- 1955 ) Arthur Drewry ( 1955 -- 1961 ) Stanley Rous ( 1961 -- 1974 ) João Havelange ( 1974 -- 1998 ) Sepp Blatter ( 1998 -- 2015 ) Issa Hayatou ( 2015 -- 2016 , acting ) Gianni Infantino ( 2016 -- present ) General Secretaries Louis Muhlinghaus ( 1904 -- 1906 ) Wilhelm Hirschman ( 1906 -- 1931 ) Ivo Schricker ( 1932 -- 1951 ) Kurt Gassmann ( 1951 -- 1960 ) Helmut Käser ( 1961 -- 1981 ) Sepp Blatter ( 1981 -- 1998 ) Michel Zen - Ruffinen ( 1998 -- 2002 ) Urs Linsi ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Jérôme Valcke ( 2007 -- 2015 ) Markus Kattner ( 2015 -- 2016 , acting ) Fatma Samoura ( 2016 -- present ) Awards FIFA 100 FIFA Ballon d'Or FIFA Club of the Century FIFA Development Award FIFA Fair Play Award FIFA Female Player of the Century FIFA FIFPro World XI FIFA Order of Merit FIFA Player of the Century FIFA Presidential Award FIFA Puskás Award FIFA Women 's World Cup awards FIFA World Coach of the Year FIFA World Cup All - Time Team FIFA World Cup Dream Team FIFA World Cup awards FIFA World Player of the Year The Best FIFA Football Awards Rankings FIFA World Rankings ( Former systems : 1999 -- 2006 2006 -- 2018 ) FIFA Women 's World Rankings Congresses 51st ( Paris 1998 ) 53rd ( Seoul 2002 ) 61st ( Zürich 2011 ) 65th ( Zürich 2015 ) Extraordinary ( Zürich 2016 ) Corruption `` FIFA 's Dirty Secrets '' Garcia Report 2015 FIFA corruption case List of banned football officials Others FIFA ( video game series ) List of FIFA country codes FIFA Disciplinary Code FIFA Fan Fest FIFA Futbol Mundial FIFA eligibility rules FIFA International Match Calendar FIFA International Referees List FIFA Master FIFA Transfer Matching System FIFA World Cup Trophy Non-FIFA United Passions World association football championships Football at the Summer Olympics Football at the Youth Olympics Men National FIFA World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup FIFA U-20 World Cup FIFA U-17 World Cup Club FIFA Club World Cup ( Intercontinental Cup ) Women National FIFA Women 's World Cup FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup Club FIFA Women 's Club World Cup ( International Women 's Club Championship ) Variants FIFA Futsal World Cup FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup FIFA eWorld Cup International association football FIFA Federations Teams Competitions World Cup U-20 U-17 Confederations Cup Olympics Youth Olympics Universiade World Rankings The Best FIFA Football Awards Timeline of association football Comparison of association football and futsal Africa CAF -- Africa Cup of Nations U-23 U-20 U-17 Regional ( CECAFA , CEMAC , COSAFA , WAFU ) Intercontinental ( UAFA ) Asia AFC -- Asian Cup U-23 U-19 U-16 U-14 Regional ( ASEAN , EAFF , SAFF , CAFA , WAFF ) Intercontinental ( UAFA ) Europe UEFA -- European Championship U-21 U-19 U-17 Nations League North America , Central America and the Caribbean CONCACAF -- Gold Cup U-20 U-17 U-15 Nations League Regional ( CFU , UNCAF ) Oceania OFC -- Nations Cup U-19 U-17 South America CONMEBOL -- Copa América U-20 U-17 U-15 Non-FIFA NF - Board -- Viva World Cup CONIFA -- ConIFA World Football Cup ConIFA European Football Cup IIGA -- Island Games Games African Games Asian Games Central America Central America and Caribbean East Asian Games Francophonie Games Indian Ocean Island Lusophony Games Mediterranean Games Pan American Games Pan Arab Games Pacific Games South Asian Games Southeast Asian Games West Asian Games See also Geography Codes Player / Club of the Century Women 's football National association football teams FIFA FIFA World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup Summer Olympics Football AFC Asian Cup Africa Cup of Nations CONCACAF Gold Cup Copa América OFC Nations Cup UEFA Euro AFC Afghanistan Australia Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Darussalam Cambodia China PR Chinese Taipei Guam Hong Kong India Indonesia IR Iran Iraq Japan Jordan Korea DPR Korea Republic Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Macau Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Northern Mariana Islands Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Timor - 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where are the badlands located in south dakota

Badlands National Park ( Lakota : Makȟóšiča ) is a national park of the United States located in southwestern South Dakota . It protects 242,756 acres ( 379.306 sq mi ; 98,240 ha ) of sharply eroded buttes , pinnacles , and spires blended with the largest undisturbed mixed grass prairie in the United States . The park is managed by the National Park Service .

southwestern South Dakota

Badlands National Park

badlands national park

Badlands National Park ( Lakota : Makȟóšiča ) is a national park of the United States located in southwestern South Dakota . It protects 242,756 acres ( 379.306 sq mi ; 98,240 ha ) of sharply eroded buttes , pinnacles , and spires blended with the largest undisturbed mixed grass prairie in the United States . The park is managed by the National Park Service .

The Badlands Wilderness protects 64,144 acres ( 100.225 sq mi ; 25,958 ha ) of the park as a designated wilderness area and is the site of the reintroduction of the black - footed ferret , the most endangered land mammal in North America . The South Unit , or Stronghold Unit , is co-managed with the Oglala Lakota tribe and includes sites of 1890s Ghost Dances , a former United States Air Force bomb and gunnery range , and Red Shirt Table , the park 's highest point at 3,340 feet ( 1,020 m ) . Authorized as Badlands National Monument on March 4 , 1929 , it was not established until January 25 , 1939 . It was redesignated a national park on November 10 , 1978 . Under the Mission 66 plan , the Ben Reifel Visitor Center was constructed for the monument in 1957 -- 58 . The park also administers the nearby Minuteman Missile National Historic Site . Movies such as Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) and Thunderheart ( 1992 ) were shot in Badlands National Park . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prehistory 1.1 Genera found in the area 2 Wildlife 3 Climate 4 Human history 4.1 Native Americans 4.2 Fossil hunters 4.3 Homesteaders 4.4 Pine Ridge Indian Reservation 5 Visiting the park 6 References 7 External links Prehistory ( edit ) Genera found in the area ( edit ) Alligator ( Crocodilian ) Archaeotherium ( Entelodont ) Dinictis ( Nimravid ) Eporeodon ( Oreodont ) Eusmilus ( Nimravid ) Hoplophoneus ( Nimravid ) Hyaenodon ( Creodont ) Hyracodon ( Running Rhino ) Ischyromys ( Ground Squirrel - like Rodent ) Leptomeryx ( Tragulid ) Merycoidodon ( Oreodont ) Mesohippus ( Horse ) Metamynodon ( Aquatic Rhino ) Miniochoerus ( Oreodont ) Poebrotherium ( Camel ) Subhyracodon ( Rhinoceros ) For a list of fossil animals discovered in the formations that make up Badlands National Park and surrounding areas , see Category : White River Fauna . Wildlife ( edit ) Animals that inhabit this park include : badger bighorn sheep bison black - billed magpie black - footed ferret black - tailed prairie dog bobcat coyote elk mule deer pronghorn prairie rattlesnake porcupine swift fox white - tailed deer Wildlife in the park Prairie dogs Bighorn sheep Bison bull Climate ( edit ) ( hide ) Climate data for Interior , SD Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 71 ( 22 ) 75 ( 24 ) 85 ( 29 ) 94 ( 34 ) 94 ( 34 ) 109 ( 43 ) 114 ( 46 ) 110 ( 43 ) 106 ( 41 ) 97 ( 36 ) 84 ( 29 ) 72 ( 22 ) 114 ( 46 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 36.0 ( 2.2 ) 40.4 ( 4.7 ) 50.2 ( 10.1 ) 62.6 ( 17 ) 72.8 ( 22.7 ) 83 ( 28 ) 91.4 ( 33 ) 90.9 ( 32.7 ) 80.7 ( 27.1 ) 66.9 ( 19.4 ) 48.9 ( 9.4 ) 38.4 ( 3.6 ) 63.52 ( 17.49 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 13.1 ( − 10.5 ) 16.4 ( − 8.7 ) 25.5 ( − 3.6 ) 36.1 ( 2.3 ) 46.8 ( 8.2 ) 56.3 ( 13.5 ) 62.8 ( 17.1 ) 61.1 ( 16.2 ) 50.7 ( 10.4 ) 38.8 ( 3.8 ) 25.4 ( − 3.7 ) 15.9 ( − 8.9 ) 37.41 ( 3.01 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 28 ( − 33 ) − 31 ( − 35 ) − 23 ( − 31 ) ( − 16 ) 20 ( − 7 ) 32 ( 0 ) 42 ( 6 ) 35 ( 2 ) 25 ( − 4 ) ( − 17 ) − 21 ( − 29 ) − 31 ( − 35 ) − 31 ( − 35 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 0.33 ( 8.4 ) 0.45 ( 11.4 ) 0.94 ( 23.9 ) 1.98 ( 50.3 ) 3.05 ( 77.5 ) 3.10 ( 78.7 ) 2.22 ( 56.4 ) 1.54 ( 39.1 ) 1.32 ( 33.5 ) 1.20 ( 30.5 ) 0.49 ( 12.4 ) 0.34 ( 8.6 ) 16.96 ( 430.7 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 3.6 ( 9.1 ) 4.8 ( 12.2 ) 5.6 ( 14.2 ) 3.8 ( 9.7 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.6 ( 1.5 ) 3.2 ( 8.1 ) 4.2 ( 10.7 ) 25.8 ( 65.5 ) Source : http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?sd4184 Human history ( edit ) Native Americans ( edit ) False - color satellite image of the park ( more information ) For 11,000 years , Native Americans have used this area for their hunting grounds . Long before the Lakota were the little - studied paleo - Indians , followed by the Arikara people . Their descendants live today in North Dakota as a part of the Three Affiliated Tribes . Archaeological records combined with oral traditions indicate that these people camped in secluded valleys where fresh water and game were available year round . Eroding out of the stream banks today are the rocks and charcoal of their campfires , as well as the arrowheads and tools they used to butcher bison , rabbits , and other game . From the top of the Badlands Wall , they could scan the area for enemies and wandering herds . If hunting was good , they might hang on into winter , before retracing their way to their villages along the Missouri River . The Lakota people were the first to call this place `` mako sica '' or `` land bad . '' Extreme temperatures , lack of water , and the exposed rugged terrain led to this name . In the early 1900 's , French - Canadian fur trappers called it `` les mauvais terres pour traverse , '' or `` bad lands to travel through . ( https://www.nps.gov/badl/faqs.htm ) By one hundred and fifty years ago , the Great Sioux Nation consisting of seven bands including the Oglala Lakota , had displaced the other tribes from the northern prairie . The next great change came toward the end of the 19th century as homesteaders moved into South Dakota . The U.S. government stripped Native Americans of much of their territory and forced them to live on reservations . In the fall and early winter of 1890 , thousands of Native American followers , including many Oglala Sioux , became followers of the Indian prophet Wovoka . His vision called for the native people to dance the Ghost Dance and wear Ghost shirts , which would be impervious to bullets . Wovoka had predicted that the white man would vanish and their hunting grounds would be restored . One of the last known Ghost Dances was conducted on Stronghold Table in the South Unit of Badlands National Park . As winter closed in , the ghost dancers returned to Pine Ridge Agency . The climax of the struggle came in late December , 1890 . Headed south from the Cheyenne River , a band of Minneconjou Sioux crossed a pass in the Badlands Wall . Pursued by units of the U.S. Army , they were seeking refuge in the Pine Ridge Reservation . The band , led by Chief Spotted Elk , was finally overtaken by the soldiers near Wounded Knee Creek in the Reservation and ordered to camp there overnight . The troops attempted to disarm Big Foot 's band the next morning . Gunfire erupted . Before it was over , nearly three hundred Indians and thirty soldiers lay dead . The Wounded Knee Massacre was the last major clash between Plains Indians and the U.S. military until the advent of the American Indian Movement in the 1970s , most notably in the 1973 standoff at Wounded Knee , South Dakota . Wounded Knee is not within the boundaries of Badlands National Park . It is located approximately 45 miles ( 72 km ) south of the park on Pine Ridge Reservation . The U.S. government and the Oglala Lakota Nation have agreed that this is a story to be told by the Oglala of Pine Ridge and Minneconjou of Standing Rock Reservation . The interpretation of the site and its tragic events are held as the primary responsibility of these survivors . White River Badlands . See source for a discussion of the geology and fossils there . Fossil hunters ( edit ) The history of the White River Badlands as a significant paleontological resource goes back to the traditional Native American knowledge of the area . The Lakota found large fossilized bones , fossilized seashells and turtle shells . They correctly assumed that the area had once been under water , and that the bones belonged to creatures which no longer existed . Paleontological interest in this area began in the 1840s . Trappers and traders regularly traveled the 300 miles ( 480 km ) from Fort Pierre to Fort Laramie along a path which skirted the edge of what is now Badlands National Park . Fossils were occasionally collected , and in 1843 a fossilized jaw fragment collected by Alexander Culbertson of the American Fur Company found its way to a physician in St. Louis by the name of Dr. Hiram A. Prout . In 1846 , Prout published a paper about the jaw in the American Journal of Science in which he stated that it had come from a creature he called a Paleotherium . Shortly after the publication , the White River Badlands became popular fossil hunting grounds and , within a couple of decades , numerous new fossil species had been discovered in the White River Badlands . In 1849 , Dr. Joseph Leidy published a paper on an Oligocene camel and renamed Prout 's Paleotherium , Titanotherium prouti . By 1854 when he published a series of papers about North American fossils , 84 distinct species had been discovered in North America -- 77 of which were found in the White River Badlands . In 1870 a Yale professor , O.C. Marsh , visited the region and developed more refined methods of extracting and reassembling fossils into nearly complete skeletons . From 1899 to today , the South Dakota School of Mines has sent people almost every year and remains one of the most active research institutions working in the White River Badlands . Throughout the late 19th century and continuing today , scientists and institutions from all over the world have benefited from the fossil resources of the White River Badlands . The White River Badlands have developed an international reputation as a fossil - rich area . They contain the richest deposits of Oligocene mammals known , providing a glimpse of life in the area 33 million years ago . Homesteaders ( edit ) Aspects of American homesteading began before the end of the American Civil War ; however , it did not affect the Badlands until the 20th century . Then , many hopeful farmers traveled to South Dakota from Europe or the eastern United States to try to seek out a living in the area . In 1929 , the South Dakota Dept. of Agriculture published an advertisement to lure settlers to the state . On this map they called the Badlands , `` The Wonderlands '' , promising `` ... marvelous scenic and recreational advantages ''. The standard size for a homestead was 160 acres ( 65 ha ) . Being in a semi-arid , wind - swept environment , this proved far too small of a holding to support a family . In 1916 , in the western Dakotas , the size of a homestead was increased to 640 acres ( 260 ha ) . Cattle grazed the land , and crops such as winter wheat and hay were cut annually . However , the Great Dust Bowl events of the 1930s , combined with waves of grasshoppers , proved too much for most of the settlers of the Badlands . Houses , which had been built out of sod blocks and heated by buffalo chips , were abandoned . Those who remained today ranch and raise wheat . Pine Ridge Indian Reservation ( edit ) Tenting in the Cedar Pass Campground As part of the World War II effort , the U.S. Army Air Force ( USAAF ) took possession of 341,726 acres ( 138,292 ha ) of land on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation , home of the Oglala Sioux people , for a gunnery range . Included in this range was 337 acres ( 136 ha ) from the Badlands National Monument . This land was used extensively from 1942 through 1945 as an air - to - air and air - to - ground gunnery range including both precision and demolition bombing exercises . After the war , portions of the bombing range were used as an artillery range by the South Dakota National Guard . In 1968 , most of the range was declared excess property by the USAF though 2,500 acres ( 1,000 ha ) are retained by the USAF but no longer used , the majority of the land was turned over to the National Park Service . Firing took place within most of the present day Stronghold District . Land was bought or leased from individual landowners and the Tribe in order to clear the area of human occupation . Old car bodies and 55 gallon drums painted bright yellow were used as targets . Bulls - eyes 250 feet ( 76 m ) across were plowed into the ground and used as targets by bombardiers . Small automatic aircraft called `` target drones '' and 60 - by - 8 - foot ( 18 by 2 m ) screens dragged behind planes served as mobile targets . Today , the ground is littered with discarded bullet cases and unexploded ordnance . In the 1940s , 125 families were forcibly relocated from their farms and ranches , including Dewey Beard , a survivor of the Wounded Knee Massacre . Those that remained nearby recall times when they had to dive under tractors while out cutting hay to avoid bombs dropped by planes miles outside of the boundary . In the town of Interior , both a church and the building housing the current post office were struck by six inch ( 152 mm ) shells through the roof . Pilots operating out of Ellsworth Air Force Base near Rapid City found it a real challenge to determine the exact boundaries of the range . Fortunately , there were no civilian casualties . However , at least a dozen flight crew personnel lost their lives in plane crashes . The Stronghold District of Badlands National Park is co-managed by the National Park Service and the Oglala Lakota Tribe , and is a 133,300 - acre ( 53,900 ha ) area steeped in history . Deep draws , high tables and rolling prairie hold the stories of the earliest plains hunters , the paleo - Indians , as well as the present day Lakota Nation . Visiting the Park ( edit ) Badlands National Park has two campgrounds for overnight visits . The Ben Reifel Visitor Center within the park offers a bookstore , special programs , and exhibits . Pinnacles and spires Sunset Trails Cliff Shelf Nature Trail Boardwalk through the Cedar ( Juniper ) Forest . Door Trail boardwalk ' Brule Formation ' is the surface ( 30 - 34 MYA ) Eocene The ladder on the Notch trail Boardwalk to the Windows Overlooks Big Badlands overlook peaks above the upper grasslands . Changing Scenes Overlook Prairie Wind Overlook in the Badlands of South Dakota . This is a boardwalk through the prairie grass to an information sign . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Listing of acreage as of December 31 , 2011 '' . Land Resource Division , National Park Service . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NPS Annual Recreation Visits Report '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Ullrich , Jan , ed. ( 2011 ) . New Lakota Dictionary ( 2nd ed . ) . Bloomington , IN : Lakota Language Consortium . p. 855 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9761082 - 9 - 0 . LCCN 2008922508 . Jump up ^ `` Badlands Wilderness '' . Wilderness.net . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Badlands Visitor Guide '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . 2008 . p. 2 . Retrieved March 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Badlands Visitor Guide : The official newspaper of Badlands National Park '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Badlands National Park '' . Rand McNally . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2011 . Retrieved March 12 , 2011 . The cultural centerpiece of this section is the Stronghold Table , where the Oglala Sioux danced the Ghost Dance for the last time in 1890 . Jump up ^ `` Pine Ridge Gunnery Range / Badlands Bombing Range '' . South Dakota Department of Environment & Natural Resources . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2011 . Retrieved March 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. National Park High Points '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved March 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The National Parks : Index 2009 -- 2011 '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2012 . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Maddrey , Joseph ( 2016 ) . The Quick , the Dead and the Revived : The Many Lives of the Western Film . McFarland . Page 184 . ISBN 9781476625492 . Jump up ^ Chief Spotted Elk on u-s-history.com Jump up ^ `` How Did Badlands National Park Get Its Name ? '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.nps.gov/badl/planyourvisit/camping.htm External links ( edit ) Find more aboutBadlands National Parkat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Travel guide from Wikivoyage Badlands National Park - official National Park Service website Geology of Badlands National Park by NPS Badlands Visitor Information website Badlands Bombing Range - U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Badlands National Park travel guide from Wikivoyage National parks of the United States Acadia American Samoa Arches Badlands Big Bend Biscayne Black Canyon of the Gunnison Bryce Canyon Canyonlands Capitol Reef Carlsbad Caverns Channel Islands Congaree Crater Lake Cuyahoga Valley Death Valley Denali Dry Tortugas Everglades Gates of the Arctic Glacier Glacier Bay Grand Canyon Grand Teton Great Basin Great Sand Dunes Great Smoky Mountains Guadalupe Mountains Haleakalā Hawaiʻi Volcanoes Hot Springs Isle Royale Joshua Tree Katmai Kenai Fjords Kings Canyon Kobuk Valley Lake Clark Lassen Volcanic Mammoth Cave Mesa Verde Mount Rainier North Cascades Olympic Petrified Forest Pinnacles Redwood Rocky Mountain Saguaro Sequoia Shenandoah Theodore Roosevelt Virgin Islands Voyageurs Wind Cave Wrangell -- St. Elias Yellowstone Yosemite Zion List of national parks of the United States ( by elevation ) Protected areas of South Dakota Federal National Parks Badlands Wind Cave National Historic Sites and Memorials Minuteman Missile NHS Mount Rushmore NMem National Monument Jewel Cave National Forests Black Hills Custer National Grasslands Buffalo Gap Dakota Prairie Fort Pierre Grand River National Historic Trail Lewis and Clark National Recreational River Missouri National Wildlife Refuges Huron WMD Karl E. Mundt Lacreek Lake Andes Madison WMD Sand Lake Sand Lake WMD Waubay Waubay WMD National Wilderness Areas Badlands Black Elk State State Parks Adams Homestead and Nature Preserve Bear Butte Custer Fisher Grove Fort Sisseton Good Earth Hartford Beach Lake Herman Newton Hills Oakwood Lakes Palisades Roy Lake Sica Hollow Union Grove State Recreation Areas Angostura Beaver Creek Big Sioux Big Stone Island Burke Lake Buryanek Chief White Crane Cow Creek Farm Island George S. Mickelson Trail Indian Creek LaFramboise Island Lake Alvin Lake Cochrane Lake Hiddenwood Lake Louise Lake Poinsett Lake Thompson Lake Vermillion Lewis and Clark Little Moreau Llewellyn Johns Mina Lake North Point North Wheeler Oahe Downstream Okobojo Point Pease Creek Pelican Lake Pickerel Lake Pierson Ranch Platte Creek Randall Creek Richmond Lake Sandy Shore Shadehill Snake Creek Spirit Mound Historic Prairie Springfield Swan Creek Walker 's Point West Bend West Pollack West Whitlock State of South Dakota Pierre ( capital ) Topics Bibliography Cities Delegations Famous South Dakotans Geography Government History Timeline Towns & Villages Townships Transportation State Parks Symbols Universities Tourist attractions Seal of South Dakota Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Regions Badlands Black Hills Coteau des Prairies Coteau du Missouri Dissected Till Plains Drift Prairie East River Pine Ridge Siouxland West River Larger cities pop . over 5,000 Aberdeen Belle Fourche Box Elder Brandon Brookings Harrisburg Huron Madison Mitchell Pierre Rapid City Sioux Falls Spearfish Sturgis Tea Vermillion Watertown Yankton Smaller cities pop . 1,000 - 5,000 Baltic Beresford Britton Canton Chamberlain Clark Clear Lake Crooks Custer De Smet Deadwood Dell Rapids Eagle Butte Elk Point Flandreau Fort Pierre Freeman Garretson Gettysburg Gregory Groton Hartford Hill City Hot Springs Lead Lemmon Lennox Martin Milbank Miller Mission Mobridge North Sioux City Parker Parkston Platte Redfield Salem Sisseton Springfield Summerset Tyndall Volga Wagner Webster Winner Largest CDPs pop . over 1,000 Blackhawk Colonial Pine Hills Dakota Dunes Fort Thompson North Eagle Butte North Spearfish Oglala Pine Ridge Porcupine Rapid Valley Rosebud Largest towns pop . over 500 Aurora Humboldt St. Francis Wall Counties Aurora Beadle Bennett Bon Homme Brookings Brown Brule Buffalo Butte Campbell Charles Mix Clark Clay Codington Corson Custer Davison Day Deuel Dewey Douglas Edmunds Fall River Faulk Grant Gregory Haakon Hamlin Hand Hanson Harding Hughes Hutchinson Hyde Jackson Jerauld Jones Kingsbury Lake Lawrence Lincoln Lyman Marshall McCook McPherson Meade Mellette Miner Minnehaha Moody Oglala Lakota Pennington Perkins Potter Roberts Sanborn Spink Stanley Sully Todd Tripp Turner Union Walworth Yankton Ziebach VIAF : 207073253 GND : 4460751 - 9 SUDOC : 082988676 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badlands_National_Park&oldid=818365843 '' Categories : IUCN Category II Badlands National Park Badlands National parks in South Dakota Archaeological sites in South Dakota Oligocene mammals Protected areas of Jackson County , South Dakota Protected areas of Pennington County , South Dakota Protected areas of Oglala Lakota County , South Dakota Protected areas established in 1939 1939 establishments in South Dakota Paleontology in South Dakota Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2012 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Lakota - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Shqip Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 January 2018 , at 03 : 40 . 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explain ieee 802.11 standards for wireless lan (wlan) communications

IEEE 802.11

ieee 802. 11

IEEE 802.11 is a set of media access control ( MAC ) and physical layer ( PHY ) specifications for implementing wireless local area network ( WLAN ) computer communication in the 900 MHz and 2.4 , 3.6 , 5 , and 60 GHz frequency bands . They are created and maintained by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE ) LAN / MAN Standards Committee ( IEEE 802 ) . The base version of the standard was released in 1997 , and has had subsequent amendments . The standard and amendments provide the basis for wireless network products using the Wi - Fi brand . While each amendment is officially revoked when it is incorporated in the latest version of the standard , the corporate world tends to market to the revisions because they concisely denote capabilities of their products . As a result , in the marketplace , each revision tends to become its own standard .

Contents ( hide ) 1 General description 2 History 3 Protocol 3.1 802.11 - 1997 ( 802.11 legacy ) 3.2 802.11 a ( OFDM waveform ) 3.3 802.11 b 3.4 802.11 g 3.5 802.11 - 2007 3.6 802.11 n 3.7 802.11 - 2012 3.8 802.11 ac 3.9 802.11 ad 3.10 802.11 af 3.11 802.11 ah 3.12 802.11 ai 3.13 802.11 aj 3.14 802.11 aq 3.15 802.11 ax 3.16 802.11 ay 3.17 802.11 - 2016 4 Common misunderstandings about achievable throughput 5 Channels and frequencies 5.1 Channel spacing within the 2.4 GHz band 5.2 Regulatory domains and legal compliance 6 Layer 2 -- Datagrams 6.1 Management frames 6.1. 1 Information Elements 6.2 Control frames 6.3 Data frames 7 Standards and amendments 7.1 In process 7.2 Standard vs. amendment 8 Nomenclature 9 Community networks 10 Security 11 Non-standard 802.11 extensions and equipment 12 See also 13 References 14 Footnotes 15 External links General description ( edit ) The 802.11 family consists of a series of half - duplex over-the - air modulation techniques that use the same basic protocol . 802.11 - 1997 was the first wireless networking standard in the family , but 802.11 b was the first widely accepted one , followed by 802.11 a , 802.11 g , 802.11 n , and 802.11 ac . Other standards in the family ( c -- f , h , j ) are service amendments that are used to extend the current scope of the existing standard , which may also include corrections to a previous specification . 802.11 b and 802.11 g use the 2.4 GHz ISM band , operating in the United States under Part 15 of the U.S. Federal Communications Commission Rules and Regulations . Because of this choice of frequency band , 802.11 b and g equipment may occasionally suffer interference from microwave ovens , cordless telephones , and Bluetooth devices . 802.11 b and 802.11 g control their interference and susceptibility to interference by using direct - sequence spread spectrum ( DSSS ) and orthogonal frequency - division multiplexing ( OFDM ) signaling methods , respectively . 802.11 a uses the 5 GHz U-NII band , which , for much of the world , offers at least 23 non-overlapping channels rather than the 2.4 GHz ISM frequency band offering only three non-overlapping channels , where other adjacent channels overlap -- see list of WLAN channels . Better or worse performance with higher or lower frequencies ( channels ) may be realized , depending on the environment . 802.11 n can use either the 2.4 GHz or the 5 GHz band ; 802.11 ac uses only the 5 GHz band . The segment of the radio frequency spectrum used by 802.11 varies between countries . In the US , 802.11 a and 802.11 g devices may be operated without a license , as allowed in Part 15 of the FCC Rules and Regulations . Frequencies used by channels one through six of 802.11 b and 802.11 g fall within the 2.4 GHz amateur radio band . Licensed amateur radio operators may operate 802.11 b / g devices under Part 97 of the FCC Rules and Regulations , allowing increased power output but not commercial content or encryption . History ( edit ) 802.11 technology has its origins in a 1985 ruling by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission that released the ISM band for unlicensed use . In 1991 NCR Corporation / AT&T ( now Nokia Labs and LSI Corporation ) invented a precursor to 802.11 in Nieuwegein , the Netherlands . The inventors initially intended to use the technology for cashier systems . The first wireless products were brought to the market under the name WaveLAN with raw data rates of 1 Mbit / s and 2 Mbit / s . Vic Hayes , who held the chair of IEEE 802.11 for 10 years , and has been called the `` father of Wi - Fi '' , was involved in designing the initial 802.11 b and 802.11 a standards within the IEEE . In 1999 , the Wi - Fi Alliance was formed as a trade association to hold the Wi - Fi trademark under which most products are sold . Protocol ( edit ) ( hide ) 802.11 network PHY standards 802.11 protocol Release date Fre - quency Band - width Stream data rate Allowable MIMO streams Modulation Approximate range Indoor Outdoor ( GHz ) ( MHz ) ( Mbit / s ) 802.11 - 1997 Jun 1997 2.4 22 1 , 2 N / A DSSS , FHSS 20 m ( 66 ft ) 100 m ( 330 ft ) Sep 1999 5 20 6 , 9 , 12 , 18 , 24 , 36 , 48 , 54 N / A OFDM 35 m ( 115 ft ) 120 m ( 390 ft ) 3.7 5,000 m ( 16,000 ft ) Sep 1999 2.4 22 1 , 2 , 5.5 , 11 N / A DSSS 35 m ( 115 ft ) 140 m ( 460 ft ) g Jun 2003 2.4 20 6 , 9 , 12 , 18 , 24 , 36 , 48 , 54 N / A OFDM 38 m ( 125 ft ) 140 m ( 460 ft ) n Oct 2009 2.4 / 5 20 Up to 288.8 MIMO - OFDM 70 m ( 230 ft ) 250 m ( 820 ft ) 40 Up to 600 ac Dec 2013 5 20 Up to 346.8 8 35 m ( 115 ft ) 40 Up to 800 80 Up to 1733.2 160 Up to 3466.8 0.054 - 0.79 6 - 8 Up to 568.9 ad Dec 2012 60 2,160 Up to 6,757 ( 6.7 Gbit / s ) N / A OFDM , single carrier , low - power single carrier 3.3 m ( 11 ft ) ah Dec 2016 0.9 1 - 16 Up to 347 MIMO - OFDM aj Est . Jul 2017 45 / 60 ax Est . Dec 2018 2.4 / 5 Up to 10.53 Gbit / s MIMO - OFDM ay Est . Nov 2019 60 8000 Up to 20,000 ( 20 Gbit / s ) OFDM , single carrier , 10 m ( 33 ft ) 100 m ( 328 ft ) az Est . Mar 2021 60 802.11 Standard rollups 802.11 - 2007 Mar 2007 2.4 , 5 Up to 54 DSSS , OFDM 802.11 - 2012 Mar 2012 2.4 , 5 Up to 150 DSSS , OFDM 802.11 - 2016 Dec 2016 2.4 , 5 , 60 Up to 866.7 or 6,757 DSSS , OFDM IEEE 802.11 y - 2008 extended operation of 802.11 a to the licensed 3.7 GHz band . Increased power limits allow a range up to 5,000 m . As of 2009 , it is only being licensed in the United States by the FCC . Based on short guard interval ; standard guard interval is ~ 10 % slower . Rates vary widely based on distance , obstructions , and interference . IEEE 802.11 af about using white space spectrum for WiFi based on the PHY layer of 802.11 ac 802.11 - 1997 ( 802.11 legacy ) ( edit ) Main article : IEEE 802.11 ( legacy mode ) The original version of the standard IEEE 802.11 was released in 1997 and clarified in 1999 , but is now obsolete . It specified two net bit rates of 1 or 2 megabits per second ( Mbit / s ) , plus forward error correction code . It specified three alternative physical layer technologies : diffuse infrared operating at 1 Mbit / s ; frequency - hopping spread spectrum operating at 1 Mbit / s or 2 Mbit / s ; and direct - sequence spread spectrum operating at 1 Mbit / s or 2 Mbit / s . The latter two radio technologies used microwave transmission over the Industrial Scientific Medical frequency band at 2.4 GHz . Some earlier WLAN technologies used lower frequencies , such as the U.S. 900 MHz ISM band . Legacy 802.11 with direct - sequence spread spectrum was rapidly supplanted and popularized by 802.11 b . 802.11 a ( OFDM waveform ) ( edit ) Main article : IEEE 802.11 a-1999 Originally described as clause 17 of the 1999 specification , the OFDM waveform at 5.8 GHz is now defined in clause 18 of the 2012 specification , and provides protocols that allow transmission and reception of data at rates of 1.5 to 54 Mbit / s . It has seen widespread worldwide implementation , particularly within the corporate workspace . While the original amendment is no longer valid , the term 802.11 a is still used by wireless access point ( cards and routers ) manufacturers to describe interoperability of their systems at 5 GHz , 54 Mbit / s . The 802.11 a standard uses the same data link layer protocol and frame format as the original standard , but an OFDM based air interface ( physical layer ) . It operates in the 5 GHz band with a maximum net data rate of 54 Mbit / s , plus error correction code , which yields realistic net achievable throughput in the mid-20 Mbit / s . Since the 2.4 GHz band is heavily used to the point of being crowded , using the relatively unused 5 GHz band gives 802.11 aa significant advantage . However , this high carrier frequency also brings a disadvantage : the effective overall range of 802.11 a is less than that of 802.11 b / g . In theory , 802.11 a signals are absorbed more readily by walls and other solid objects in their path due to their smaller wavelength , and , as a result , can not penetrate as far as those of 802.11 b . In practice , 802.11 b typically has a higher range at low speeds ( 802.11 b will reduce speed to 5.5 Mbit / s or even 1 Mbit / s at low signal strengths ) . 802.11 a also suffers from interference , but locally there may be fewer signals to interfere with , resulting in less interference and better throughput . 802.11 b ( edit ) Main article : IEEE 802.11 b - 1999 The 802.11 b standard has a maximum raw data rate of 11 Mbit / s , and uses the same media access method defined in the original standard . 802.11 b products appeared on the market in early 2000 , since 802.11 b is a direct extension of the modulation technique defined in the original standard . The dramatic increase in throughput of 802.11 b ( compared to the original standard ) along with simultaneous substantial price reductions led to the rapid acceptance of 802.11 b as the definitive wireless LAN technology . Devices using 802.11 b experience interference from other products operating in the 2.4 GHz band . Devices operating in the 2.4 GHz range include microwave ovens , Bluetooth devices , baby monitors , cordless telephones , and some amateur radio equipment . 802.11 g ( edit ) Main article : IEEE 802.11 g - 2003 In June 2003 , a third modulation standard was ratified : 802.11 g . This works in the 2.4 GHz band ( like 802.11 b ) , but uses the same OFDM based transmission scheme as 802.11 a . It operates at a maximum physical layer bit rate of 54 Mbit / s exclusive of forward error correction codes , or about 22 Mbit / s average throughput . 802.11 g hardware is fully backward compatible with 802.11 b hardware , and therefore is encumbered with legacy issues that reduce throughput by ~ 21 % when compared to 802.11 a . The then - proposed 802.11 g standard was rapidly adopted in the market starting in January 2003 , well before ratification , due to the desire for higher data rates as well as to reductions in manufacturing costs . By summer 2003 , most dual - band 802.11 a / b products became dual - band / tri-mode , supporting a and b / g in a single mobile adapter card or access point . Details of making b and g work well together occupied much of the lingering technical process ; in an 802.11 g network , however , activity of an 802.11 b participant will reduce the data rate of the overall 802.11 g network . Like 802.11 b , 802.11 g devices suffer interference from other products operating in the 2.4 GHz band , for example wireless keyboards . 802.11 - 2007 ( edit ) In 2003 , task group TGma was authorized to `` roll up '' many of the amendments to the 1999 version of the 802.11 standard . REVma or 802.11 ma , as it was called , created a single document that merged 8 amendments ( 802.11 a , b , d , e , g , h , i , j ) with the base standard . Upon approval on March 8 , 2007 , 802.11 REVma was renamed to the then - current base standard IEEE 802.11 - 2007 . 802.11 n ( edit ) Main article : IEEE 802.11 n - 2009 802.11 n is an amendment that improves upon the previous 802.11 standards by adding multiple - input multiple - output antennas ( MIMO ) . 802.11 n operates on both the 2.4 GHz and the 5 GHz bands . Support for 5 GHz bands is optional . It operates at a maximum net data rate from 54 Mbit / s to 600 Mbit / s . The IEEE has approved the amendment , and it was published in October 2009 . Prior to the final ratification , enterprises were already migrating to 802.11 n networks based on the Wi - Fi Alliance 's certification of products conforming to a 2007 draft of the 802.11 n proposal . 802.11 - 2012 ( edit ) In May 2007 , task group TGmb was authorized to `` roll up '' many of the amendments to the 2007 version of the 802.11 standard . REVmb or 802.11 mb , as it was called , created a single document that merged ten amendments ( 802.11 k , r , y , n , w , p , z , v , u , s ) with the 2007 base standard . In addition much cleanup was done , including a reordering of many of the clauses . Upon publication on March 29 , 2012 , the new standard was referred to as IEEE 802.11 - 2012 . 802.11 ac ( edit ) Main article : IEEE 802.11 ac IEEE 802.11 ac - 2013 is an amendment to IEEE 802.11 , published in December 2013 , that builds on 802.11 n . Changes compared to 802.11 n include wider channels ( 80 or 160 MHz versus 40 MHz ) in the 5 GHz band , more spatial streams ( up to eight versus four ) , higher - order modulation ( up to 256 - QAM vs. 64 - QAM ) , and the addition of Multi-user MIMO ( MU - MIMO ) . As of October 2013 , high - end implementations support 80 MHz channels , three spatial streams , and 256 - QAM , yielding a data rate of up to 433.3 Mbit / s per spatial stream , 1300 Mbit / s total , in 80 MHz channels in the 5 GHz band . Vendors have announced plans to release so - called `` Wave 2 '' devices with support for 160 MHz channels , four spatial streams , and MU - MIMO in 2014 and 2015 . 802.11 ad ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( November 2013 ) Main article : IEEE 802.11 ad IEEE 802.11 ad is an amendment that defines a new physical layer for 802.11 networks to operate in the 60 GHz millimeter wave spectrum . This frequency band has significantly different propagation characteristics than the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands where Wi - Fi networks operate . Products implementing the 802.11 ad standard are being brought to market under the WiGig brand name . The certification program is now being developed by the Wi - Fi Alliance instead of the now defunct WiGig Alliance . The peak transmission rate of 802.11 ad is 7 Gbit / s . TP - Link announced the world 's first 802.11 ad router in January 2016 . 802.11 af ( edit ) Main article : IEEE 802.11 af IEEE 802.11 af , also referred to as `` White - Fi '' and `` Super Wi - Fi '' , is an amendment , approved in February 2014 , that allows WLAN operation in TV white space spectrum in the VHF and UHF bands between 54 and 790 MHz . It uses cognitive radio technology to transmit on unused TV channels , with the standard taking measures to limit interference for primary users , such as analog TV , digital TV , and wireless microphones . Access points and stations determine their position using a satellite positioning system such as GPS , and use the Internet to query a geolocation database ( GDB ) provided by a regional regulatory agency to discover what frequency channels are available for use at a given time and position . The physical layer uses OFDM and is based on 802.11 ac . The propagation path loss as well as the attenuation by materials such as brick and concrete is lower in the UHF and VHF bands than in the 2.4 and 5 GHz bands , which increases the possible range . The frequency channels are 6 to 8 MHz wide , depending on the regulatory domain . Up to four channels may be bonded in either one or two contiguous blocks . MIMO operation is possible with up to four streams used for either space -- time block code ( STBC ) or multi-user ( MU ) operation . The achievable data rate per spatial stream is 26.7 Mbit / s for 6 and 7 MHz channels , and 35.6 Mbit / s for 8 MHz channels . With four spatial streams and four bonded channels , the maximum data rate is 426.7 Mbit / s for 6 and 7 MHz channels and 568.9 Mbit / s for 8 MHz channels . 802.11 ah ( edit ) Main article : IEEE 802.11 ah IEEE 802.11 ah defines a WLAN system operating at sub-1 GHz license - exempt bands , with final approval slated for September 2016 . Due to the favorable propagation characteristics of the low frequency spectra , 802.11 ah can provide improved transmission range compared with the conventional 802.11 WLANs operating in the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands . 802.11 ah can be used for various purposes including large scale sensor networks , extended range hotspot , and outdoor Wi - Fi for cellular traffic offloading , whereas the available bandwidth is relatively narrow . The protocol intends consumption to be competitive with low power Bluetooth , at a much wider range . 802.11 ai ( edit ) Main article : IEEE 802.11 ai IEEE 802.11 ai is an amendment to the 802.11 standard that added new mechanisms for a faster initial link setup time . 802.11 aj ( edit ) IEEE 802.11 aj is a rebanding of 802.11 ad for use in the 45 GHz unlicensed spectrum available in some regions of the world ( specifically China ) . 802.11 aq ( edit ) IEEE 802.11 aq is an amendment to the 802.11 standard that will enable pre-association discovery of services . This extends some of the mechanisms in 802.11 u that enabled device discovery to further discover the services running on a device , or provided by a network . 802.11 ax ( edit ) Main article : IEEE 802.11 ax IEEE 802.11 ax is the successor to 802.11 ac , and will increase the efficiency of WLAN networks . Currently in development , this project has the goal of providing 4x the throughput of 802.11 ac . 802.11 ay ( edit ) Main article : IEEE 802.11 ay This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( March 2015 ) IEEE 802.11 ay is a standard that is being developed . It is an amendment that defines a new physical layer for 802.11 networks to operate in the 60 GHz millimeter wave spectrum . It will be an extension of the existing 11ad , aimed to extend the throughput , range and use - cases . The main use - cases include : indoor operation , out - door back - haul and short range communications . The peak transmission rate of 802.11 ay is 20 Gbit / s . The main extensions include : channel bonding ( 2 , 3 and 4 ) , MIMO and higher modulation schemes . 802.11 - 2016 ( edit ) IEEE 802.11 - 2016 is a revision based on IEEE 802.11 - 2012 , incorporating 5 amendments ( 11ae , 11aa , 11ad , 11ac , 11af ) . In addition , existing MAC and PHY functions have been enhanced and obsolete features were removed or marked for removal . Some clauses and annexes have been renumbered . Common misunderstandings about achievable throughput ( edit ) Graphical representation of Wi - Fi application specific ( UDP ) performance envelope 2.4 GHz band , with 802.11 g Across all variations of 802.11 , maximum achievable throughputs are given either based on measurements under ideal conditions or in the layer - 2 data rates . However , this does not apply to typical deployments in which data is being transferred between two endpoints , of which at least one is typically connected to a wired infrastructure and the other endpoint is connected to an infrastructure via a wireless link . Graphical representation of Wi - Fi application specific ( UDP ) performance envelope 2.4 GHz band , with 802.11 n with 40MHz This means that , typically , data frames pass an 802.11 ( WLAN ) medium , and are being converted to 802.3 ( Ethernet ) or vice versa . Due to the difference in the frame ( header ) lengths of these two media , the application 's packet size determines the speed of the data transfer . This means applications that use small packets ( e.g. , VoIP ) create dataflows with high - overhead traffic ( i.e. , a low goodput ) . Other factors that contribute to the overall application data rate are the speed with which the application transmits the packets ( i.e. , the data rate ) and , of course , the energy with which the wireless signal is received . The latter is determined by distance and by the configured output power of the communicating devices . The same references apply to the attached graphs that show measurements of UDP throughput . Each represents an average ( UDP ) throughput ( please note that the error bars are there , but barely visible due to the small variation ) of 25 measurements . Each is with a specific packet size ( small or large ) and with a specific data rate ( 10 kbit / s -- 100 Mbit / s ) . Markers for traffic profiles of common applications are included as well . These figures assume there are no packet errors , which if occurring will lower transmission rate further . Channels and frequencies ( edit ) See also : List of WLAN channels 802.11 b , 802.11 g , and 802.11 n - 2.4 utilize the 2.400 -- 2.500 GHz spectrum , one of the ISM bands . 802.11 a and 802.11 n use the more heavily regulated 4.915 -- 5.825 GHz band . These are commonly referred to as the `` 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands '' in most sales literature . Each spectrum is sub-divided into channels with a center frequency and bandwidth , analogous to the way radio and TV broadcast bands are sub-divided . The 2.4 GHz band is divided into 14 channels spaced 5 MHz apart , beginning with channel 1 , which is centered on 2.412 GHz . The latter channels have additional restrictions or are unavailable for use in some regulatory domains . Graphical representation of Wi - Fi channels in the 2.4 GHz band The channel numbering of the 5.725 -- 5.875 GHz spectrum is less intuitive due to the differences in regulations between countries . These are discussed in greater detail on the list of WLAN channels . Channel spacing within the 2.4 GHz band ( edit ) In addition to specifying the channel center frequency , 802.11 also specifies ( in Clause 17 ) a spectral mask defining the permitted power distribution across each channel . The mask requires the signal be attenuated a minimum of 20 dB from its peak amplitude at ± 11 MHz from the centre frequency , the point at which a channel is effectively 22 MHz wide . One consequence is that stations can use only every fourth or fifth channel without overlap . Availability of channels is regulated by country , constrained in part by how each country allocates radio spectrum to various services . At one extreme , Japan permits the use of all 14 channels for 802.11 b , and 1 -- 13 for 802.11 g / n - 2.4 . Other countries such as Spain initially allowed only channels 10 and 11 , and France allowed only 10 , 11 , 12 , and 13 ; however , they now allow channels 1 through 13 . North America and some Central and South American countries allow only 1 through 11 . Spectral masks for 802.11 g channels 1 -- 14 in the 2.4 GHz band Since the spectral mask defines only power output restrictions up to ± 11 MHz from the center frequency to be attenuated by − 50 dBr , it is often assumed that the energy of the channel extends no further than these limits . It is more correct to say that , given the separation between channels , the overlapping signal on any channel should be sufficiently attenuated to minimally interfere with a transmitter on any other channel . Due to the near - far problem a transmitter can impact ( desense ) a receiver on a `` non-overlapping '' channel , but only if it is close to the victim receiver ( within a meter ) or operating above allowed power levels . Confusion often arises over the amount of channel separation required between transmitting devices . 802.11 b was based on DSSS modulation and utilized a channel bandwidth of 22 MHz , resulting in three `` non-overlapping '' channels ( 1 , 6 , and 11 ) . 802.11 g was based on OFDM modulation and utilized a channel bandwidth of 20 MHz . This occasionally leads to the belief that four `` non-overlapping '' channels ( 1 , 5 , 9 , and 13 ) exist under 802.11 g , although this is not the case as per 17.4. 6.3 Channel Numbering of operating channels of the IEEE Std 802.11 ( 2012 ) , which states `` In a multiple cell network topology , overlapping and / or adjacent cells using different channels can operate simultaneously without interference if the distance between the center frequencies is at least 25 MHz . '' and section 18.3. 9.3 and Figure 18 - 13 . This does not mean that the technical overlap of the channels recommends the non-use of overlapping channels . The amount of interference seen on a configuration using channels 1 , 5 , 9 , and 13 can have very small difference from a three - channel configuration , and in the paper entitled `` Effect of adjacent - channel interference in IEEE 802.11 WLANs '' by Villegas this is also demonstrated . 802.11 non-overlapping channels for 2.4 GHz . Covers 802.11 b , g , n Although the statement that channels 1 , 5 , 9 , and 13 are `` non-overlapping '' is limited to spacing or product density , the concept has some merit in limited circumstances . Special care must be taken to adequately space AP cells , since overlap between the channels may cause unacceptable degradation of signal quality and throughput . If more advanced equipment such as spectral analyzers are available , overlapping channels may be used under certain circumstances . This way , more channels are available . Regulatory domains and legal compliance ( edit ) IEEE uses the phrase regdomain to refer to a legal regulatory region . Different countries define different levels of allowable transmitter power , time that a channel can be occupied , and different available channels . Domain codes are specified for the United States , Canada , ETSI ( Europe ) , Spain , France , Japan , and China . Most Wi - Fi certified devices default to regdomain 0 , which means least common denominator settings , i.e. , the device will not transmit at a power above the allowable power in any nation , nor will it use frequencies that are not permitted in any nation . The regdomain setting is often made difficult or impossible to change so that the end users do not conflict with local regulatory agencies such as the United States ' Federal Communications Commission . Layer 2 -- datagrams ( edit ) The datagrams are called frames . Current 802.11 standards specify frame types for use in transmission of data as well as management and control of wireless links . Frames are divided into very specific and standardized sections . Each frame consists of a MAC header , payload , and frame check sequence ( FCS ) . Some frames may not have a payload . The first two bytes of the MAC header form a frame control field specifying the form and function of the frame . This frame control field is subdivided into the following sub-fields : Protocol Version : Two bits representing the protocol version . Currently used protocol version is zero . Other values are reserved for future use . Type : Two bits identifying the type of WLAN frame . Control , Data , and Management are various frame types defined in IEEE 802.11 . Subtype : Four bits providing additional discrimination between frames . Type and Subtype are used together to identify the exact frame . ToDS and FromDS : Each is one bit in size . They indicate whether a data frame is headed for a distribution system . Control and management frames set these values to zero . All the data frames will have one of these bits set . However communication within an independent basic service set ( IBSS ) network always set these bits to zero . More Fragments : The More Fragments bit is set when a packet is divided into multiple frames for transmission . Every frame except the last frame of a packet will have this bit set . Retry : Sometimes frames require retransmission , and for this there is a Retry bit that is set to one when a frame is resent . This aids in the elimination of duplicate frames . Power Management : This bit indicates the power management state of the sender after the completion of a frame exchange . Access points are required to manage the connection , and will never set the power - saver bit . More Data : The More Data bit is used to buffer frames received in a distributed system . The access point uses this bit to facilitate stations in power - saver mode . It indicates that at least one frame is available , and addresses all stations connected . Protected Frame : The Protected Frame bit is set to one if the frame body is encrypted by a protection mechanism such as Wired Equivalent Privacy ( WEP ) , Wi - Fi Protected Access ( WPA ) , or Wi - FI Protected Access II ( WPA2 ) . Order : This bit is set only when the `` strict ordering '' delivery method is employed . Frames and fragments are not always sent in order as it causes a transmission performance penalty . The next two bytes are reserved for the Duration ID field . This field can take one of three forms : Duration , Contention - Free Period ( CFP ) , and Association ID ( AID ) . An 802.11 frame can have up to four address fields . Each field can carry a MAC address . Address 1 is the receiver , Address 2 is the transmitter , Address 3 is used for filtering purposes by the receiver . The remaining fields of the header are : The Sequence Control field is a two - byte section used for identifying message order as well as eliminating duplicate frames . The first 4 bits are used for the fragmentation number , and the last 12 bits are the sequence number . An optional two - byte Quality of Service control field that was added with 802.11 e . The payload or frame body field is variable in size , from 0 to 2304 bytes plus any overhead from security encapsulation , and contains information from higher layers . The Frame Check Sequence ( FCS ) is the last four bytes in the standard 802.11 frame . Often referred to as the Cyclic Redundancy Check ( CRC ) , it allows for integrity check of retrieved frames . As frames are about to be sent , the FCS is calculated and appended . When a station receives a frame , it can calculate the FCS of the frame and compare it to the one received . If they match , it is assumed that the frame was not distorted during transmission . Management frames ( edit ) Management frames are not always authenticated , and allow for the maintenance , or discontinuance , of communication . Some common 802.11 subtypes include : Authentication frame : 802.11 authentication begins with the wireless network interface card ( WNIC ) sending an authentication frame to the access point containing its identity . With an open system authentication , the WNIC sends only a single authentication frame , and the access point responds with an authentication frame of its own indicating acceptance or rejection . With shared key authentication , after the WNIC sends its initial authentication request it will receive an authentication frame from the access point containing challenge text . The WNIC sends an authentication frame containing the encrypted version of the challenge text to the access point . The access point ensures the text was encrypted with the correct key by decrypting it with its own key . The result of this process determines the WNIC 's authentication status . Association request frame : Sent from a station it enables the access point to allocate resources and synchronize . The frame carries information about the WNIC , including supported data rates and the SSID of the network the station wishes to associate with . If the request is accepted , the access point reserves memory and establishes an association ID for the WNIC . Association response frame : Sent from an access point to a station containing the acceptance or rejection to an association request . If it is an acceptance , the frame will contain information such an association ID and supported data rates . Beacon frame : Sent periodically from an access point to announce its presence and provide the SSID , and other parameters for WNICs within range . Deauthentication frame : Sent from a station wishing to terminate connection from another station . Disassociation frame : Sent from a station wishing to terminate connection . It 's an elegant way to allow the access point to relinquish memory allocation and remove the WNIC from the association table . Probe request frame : Sent from a station when it requires information from another station . Probe response frame : Sent from an access point containing capability information , supported data rates , etc. , after receiving a probe request frame . Reassociation request frame : A WNIC sends a reassociation request when it drops from range of the currently associated access point and finds another access point with a stronger signal . The new access point coordinates the forwarding of any information that may still be contained in the buffer of the previous access point . Reassociation response frame : Sent from an access point containing the acceptance or rejection to a WNIC reassociation request frame . The frame includes information required for association such as the association ID and supported data rates . Information elements ( edit ) 2 . In terms of information and communication technologies ( ICT ) , an Information Element ( IE ) is a part of management frames in the IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN protocol . IEs are a device 's way to transfer descriptive information about itself inside management frames . There are usually several IEs inside each such frame , and each is built of type - length - value ( TLVs ) mostly defined outside the basic IEEE 802.11 specification . The common structure of an IE is as follows : ← 1 → ← 1 → ← 3 → ← 1 - 252 → -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Type Length OUI Data -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Whereas the OUI ( organizationally unique identifier ) is used only when necessary to the protocol being used , and the data field holds the TLVs relevant to that IE . Control frames ( edit ) Control frames facilitate in the exchange of data frames between stations . Some common 802.11 control frames include : Acknowledgement ( ACK ) frame : After receiving a data frame , the receiving station will send an ACK frame to the sending station if no errors are found . If the sending station does n't receive an ACK frame within a predetermined period of time , the sending station will resend the frame . Request to Send ( RTS ) frame : The RTS and CTS frames provide an optional collision reduction scheme for access points with hidden stations . A station sends a RTS frame as the first step in a two - way handshake required before sending data frames . Clear to Send ( CTS ) frame : A station responds to an RTS frame with a CTS frame . It provides clearance for the requesting station to send a data frame . The CTS provides collision control management by including a time value for which all other stations are to hold off transmission while the requesting station transmits . Data frames ( edit ) Data frames carry packets from web pages , files , etc. within the body . The body begins with an IEEE 802.2 header , with the Destination Service Access Point ( DSAP ) specifying the protocol ; however , if the DSAP is hex AA , the 802.2 header is followed by a Subnetwork Access Protocol ( SNAP ) header , with the organizationally unique identifier ( OUI ) and protocol ID ( PID ) fields specifying the protocol . If the OUI is all zeroes , the protocol ID field is an EtherType value . Almost all 802.11 data frames use 802.2 and SNAP headers , and most use an OUI of 00 : 00 : 00 and an EtherType value . Similar to TCP congestion control on the internet , frame loss is built into the operation of 802.11 . To select the correct transmission speed or Modulation and Coding Scheme , a rate control algorithm may test different speeds . The actual packet loss rate of an Access points vary widely for different link conditions . There are variations in the loss rate experienced on production Access points , between 10 % and 80 % , with 30 % being a common average . It is important to be aware that the link layer should recover these lost frames . If the sender does not receive an Acknowledgement ( ACK ) frame , then it will be resent . Standards and amendments ( edit ) Within the IEEE 802.11 Working Group , the following IEEE Standards Association Standard and Amendments exist : IEEE 802.11 - 1997 : The WLAN standard was originally 1 Mbit / s and 2 Mbit / s , 2.4 GHz RF and infrared ( IR ) standard ( 1997 ) , all the others listed below are Amendments to this standard , except for Recommended Practices 802.11 F and 802.11 T . IEEE 802.11 a : 54 Mbit / s , 5 GHz standard ( 1999 , shipping products in 2001 ) IEEE 802.11 b : Enhancements to 802.11 to support 5.5 Mbit / s and 11 Mbit / s ( 1999 ) IEEE 802.11 c : Bridge operation procedures ; included in the IEEE 802.1 D standard ( 2001 ) IEEE 802.11 d : International ( country - to - country ) roaming extensions ( 2001 ) IEEE 802.11 e : Enhancements : QoS , including packet bursting ( 2005 ) IEEE 802.11 F : Inter-Access Point Protocol ( 2003 ) IEEE 802.11 g : 54 Mbit / s , 2.4 GHz standard ( backwards compatible with b ) ( 2003 ) IEEE 802.11 h : Spectrum Managed 802.11 a ( 5 GHz ) for European compatibility ( 2004 ) IEEE 802.11 i : Enhanced security ( 2004 ) IEEE 802.11 j : Extensions for Japan ( 2004 ) IEEE 802.11 - 2007 : A new release of the standard that includes amendments a , b , d , e , g , h , i , and j. ( July 2007 ) IEEE 802.11 k : Radio resource measurement enhancements ( 2008 ) IEEE 802.11 n : Higher - throughput improvements using MIMO ( multiple - input , multiple - output antennas ) ( September 2009 ) IEEE 802.11 p : WAVE -- Wireless Access for the Vehicular Environment ( such as ambulances and passenger cars ) ( July 2010 ) IEEE 802.11 r : Fast BSS transition ( FT ) ( 2008 ) IEEE 802.11 s : Mesh Networking , Extended Service Set ( ESS ) ( July 2011 ) IEEE 802.11 T : Wireless Performance Prediction ( WPP ) -- test methods and metrics Recommendation IEEE 802.11 u : Improvements related to HotSpots and 3rd - party authorization of clients , e.g. , cellular network offload ( February 2011 ) IEEE 802.11 v : Wireless network management ( February 2011 ) IEEE 802.11 w : Protected Management Frames ( September 2009 ) IEEE 802.11 y : 3650 -- 3700 MHz Operation in the U.S. ( 2008 ) IEEE 802.11 z : Extensions to Direct Link Setup ( DLS ) ( September 2010 ) IEEE 802.11 - 2012 : A new release of the standard that includes amendments k , n , p , r , s , u , v , w , y , and z ( March 2012 ) IEEE 802.11 aa : Robust streaming of Audio Video Transport Streams ( June 2012 ) IEEE 802.11 ac : Very High Throughput < 6 GHz ; potential improvements over 802.11 n : better modulation scheme ( expected ~ 10 % throughput increase ) , wider channels ( estimate in future time 80 to 160 MHz ) , multi user MIMO ; ( December 2013 ) IEEE 802.11 ad : Very High Throughput 60 GHz ( December 2012 ) -- see WiGig IEEE 802.11 ae : Prioritization of Management Frames ( March 2012 ) IEEE 802.11 af : TV Whitespace ( February 2014 ) IEEE 802.11 ah : Sub-1 GHz license exempt operation ( e.g. , sensor network , smart metering ) ( December 2016 ) IEEE 802.11 ai : Fast Initial Link Setup ( December 2016 ) IEEE 802.11 - 2016 : A new release of the standard that includes amendments ae , aa , ad , ac , and af ( December 2016 ) In process ( edit ) IEEE 802.11 aj : China Millimeter Wave ( ~ December 2017 for RevCom approval ) IEEE 802.11 ak : General Links ( ~ March 2018 for RevCom approval ) IEEE 802.11 aq : Pre-association Discovery ( ~ March 2018 for RevCom approval ) IEEE 802.11 ax : High Efficiency WLAN ( ~ December 2019 for RevCom submittal ) IEEE 802.11 ay : Enhancements for Ultra High Throughput in and around the 60 GHz Band ( ~ November 2019 for final EC approval ) IEEE 802.11 az : Next Generation Positioning ( ~ March 2021 for . 11az final ) IEEE 802.11 ba : Wake Up Radio ( ~ July 2020 for RevCom submittal ) 802.11 F and 802.11 T are recommended practices rather than standards , and are capitalized as such . 802.11 m is used for standard maintenance . 802.11 ma was completed for 802.11 - 2007 , 802.11 mb for 802.11 - 2012 , and 802.11 mc for 802.11 - 2016 . Standard vs. amendment ( edit ) Both the terms `` standard '' and `` amendment '' are used when referring to the different variants of IEEE standards . As far as the IEEE Standards Association is concerned , there is only one current standard ; it is denoted by IEEE 802.11 followed by the date that it was published . IEEE 802.11 - 2016 is the only version currently in publication , superseding previous releases . The standard is updated by means of amendments . Amendments are created by task groups ( TG ) . Both the task group and their finished document are denoted by 802.11 followed by a non-capitalized letter , for example , IEEE 802.11 a and IEEE 802.11 b . Updating 802.11 is the responsibility of task group m . In order to create a new version , TGm combines the previous version of the standard and all published amendments . TGm also provides clarification and interpretation to industry on published documents . New versions of the IEEE 802.11 were published in 1999 , 2007 , 2012 , and 2016 . Nomenclature ( edit ) Various terms in 802.11 are used to specify aspects of wireless local - area networking operation , and may be unfamiliar to some readers . For example , Time Unit ( usually abbreviated TU ) is used to indicate a unit of time equal to 1024 microseconds . Numerous time constants are defined in terms of TU ( rather than the nearly equal millisecond ) . Also the term `` Portal '' is used to describe an entity that is similar to an 802.1 H bridge . A Portal provides access to the WLAN by non-802.11 LAN STAs . Community networks ( edit ) With the proliferation of cable modems and DSL , there is an ever - increasing market of people who wish to establish small networks in their homes to share their broadband Internet connection . Many hotspot or free networks frequently allow anyone within range , including passersby outside , to connect to the Internet . There are also efforts by volunteer groups to establish wireless community networks to provide free wireless connectivity to the public . Security ( edit ) In 2001 , a group from the University of California , Berkeley presented a paper describing weaknesses in the 802.11 Wired Equivalent Privacy ( WEP ) security mechanism defined in the original standard ; they were followed by Fluhrer , Mantin , and Shamir 's paper titled `` Weaknesses in the Key Scheduling Algorithm of RC4 '' . Not long after , Adam Stubblefield and AT&T publicly announced the first verification of the attack . In the attack , they were able to intercept transmissions and gain unauthorized access to wireless networks . The IEEE set up a dedicated task group to create a replacement security solution , 802.11 i ( previously this work was handled as part of a broader 802.11 e effort to enhance the MAC layer ) . The Wi - Fi Alliance announced an interim specification called Wi - Fi Protected Access ( WPA ) based on a subset of the then current IEEE 802.11 i draft . These started to appear in products in mid-2003 . IEEE 802.11 i ( also known as WPA2 ) itself was ratified in June 2004 , and uses the Advanced Encryption Standard AES , instead of RC4 , which was used in WEP . The modern recommended encryption for the home / consumer space is WPA2 ( AES Pre-Shared Key ) , and for the enterprise space is WPA2 along with a RADIUS authentication server ( or another type of authentication server ) and a strong authentication method such as EAP - TLS . In January 2005 , the IEEE set up yet another task group `` w '' to protect management and broadcast frames , which previously were sent unsecured . Its standard was published in 2009 . In December 2011 , a security flaw was revealed that affects some wireless routers with a specific implementation of the optional Wi - Fi Protected Setup ( WPS ) feature . While WPS is not a part of 802.11 , the flaw allows an attacker within the range of the wireless router to recover the WPS PIN and , with it , the router 's 802.11 i password in a few hours . In late 2014 , Apple announced that its iOS 8 mobile operating system would scramble MAC addresses during the pre-association stage to thwart retail footfall tracking made possible by the regular transmission of uniquely identifiable probe requests . Non-standard 802.11 extensions and equipment ( edit ) Main article : 802.11 non-standard equipment Many companies implement wireless networking equipment with non-IEEE standard 802.11 extensions either by implementing proprietary or draft features . These changes may lead to incompatibilities between these extensions . See also ( edit ) Comparison of wireless data standards Fujitsu Ltd. v. Netgear Inc . Gi - Fi , a term used by some trade press to refer to faster versions of the IEEE 802.11 standards LTE - WLAN Aggregation OFDM system comparison table TU ( time unit ) TV White Space Database Ultra-wideband White spaces ( radio ) Wi - Fi operating system support Wibree or Bluetooth low energy Wireless Gigabit Alliance -- also known as WiGig Wireless USB -- another wireless protocol primarily designed for shorter - range applications References ( edit ) `` IEEE 802.11 : Wireless LAN Medium Access Control ( MAC ) and Physical Layer ( PHY ) Specifications '' ( PDF ) . ( 2012 revision ) . IEEE - SA . 5 April 2012 . doi : 10.1109 / IEEESTD. 2012.6178212 . `` IEEE 802.11 k - 2008 -- Amendment 1 : Radio Resource Measurement of Wireless LANs '' ( PDF ) . IEEE - SA . 12 June 2008 . doi : 10.1109 / IEEESTD. 2008.4544755 . `` IEEE 802.11 r - 2008 -- Amendment 2 : Fast Basic Service Set ( BSS ) Transition '' ( PDF ) . IEEE - SA . 15 July 2008 . doi : 10.1109 / IEEESTD. 2008.4573292 . `` IEEE 802.11 y - 2008 -- Amendment 3 : 3650 -- 3700 MHz Operation in USA '' ( PDF ) . IEEE - SA . 6 November 2008 . doi : 10.1109 / IEEESTD. 2008.4669928 . Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` IEEE - SA Standards Board Operations Manual '' . IEEE - SA . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` ARRLWeb : Part 97 - Amateur Radio Service '' . American Radio Relay League . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Wolter Lemstra , Vic Hayes , John Groenewegen , The Innovation Journey of Wi - Fi : The Road To Global Success , Cambridge University Press , 2010 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 19971 - 9 Jump up ^ Ben Charny ( December 6 , 2002 ) . `` Vic Hayes - Wireless Vision '' . CNET . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Wi - Fi Alliance : Organization '' . Official industry association web site . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2009 . Retrieved August 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Official IEEE 802.11 working group project timelines '' . January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Wi - Fi CERTIFIED n : Longer - Range , Faster - Throughput , Multimedia - Grade Wi - Fi ® Networks '' ( registration required ) . Wi - Fi Alliance . September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 802.11 n Delivers Better Range '' . Wi - Fi Planet . 2007 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` IEEE 802.11 ac : What Does it Mean for Test ? '' ( PDF ) . LitePoint . October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Wookbong ; Kwak , Jin - Sam ; Kafle , Padam ; Tingleff , Jens ; Yucek , Tevfik ; Porat , Ron ; Erceg , Vinko ; Lan , Zhou ; Harada , Hiroshi ( 2012 - 07 - 10 ) . `` TGaf PHY proposal '' . IEEE P802. 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 802.11 ad - WLAN at 60 GHz : A Technology Introduction '' ( PDF ) . Rohde & Schwarz GmbH . November 21 , 2013 . p. 14 . Jump up ^ 802.11 ad Antenna Differences : Beamsteering , Gain and Range Jump up ^ Sun , Weiping ; Choi , Munhwan ; Choi , Sunghyun ( July 2013 ) . `` IEEE 802.11 ah : A Long Range 802.11 WLAN at Sub 1 GHz '' ( PDF ) . Journal of ICT Standardization. 1 ( 1 ) : 83 -- 108 . doi : 10.13052 / jicts2245 - 800X. 125 . Jump up ^ Sun , Rob ; Xin , Yan ; Aboul - Maged , Osama ; Calcev , George ; Wang , Lei ; Au , Edward ; Cariou , Laurent ; Cordeiro , Carlos ; Abu - Surra , Shadi ; Chang , Sanghyun ; Taori , Rakesh ; Kim , TaeYoung ; Oh , Jongho ; Cho , JanGyu ; Motozuka , Hiroyuki ; Wee , Gaius . `` P802. 11 Wireless LANs '' . IEEE . pp. 2 , 3 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wireless throughput '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 03 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 29 . 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Archived from the original on 2017 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Why did 802.11 - 2012 renumber clauses ? '' . Matthew Gast , Aerohive Networks . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Vivian ( 2014 - 01 - 07 ) . `` New IEEE 802.11 ac TM Specification Driven by Evolving Market Need for Higher , Multi-User Throughput in Wireless LANs '' . IEEE . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Higgins , Tim ( 2013 - 10 - 08 ) . `` AC1900 : Innovation or 3D Wi - Fi ? '' . SmallNetBuilder . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Hachman , Mark ( 2014 - 01 - 05 ) . `` Quantenna chipset to anchor speedy first ' Wave 2 ' Asus router '' . PCWorld . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Gilby , Christian ( 2012 - 12 - 02 ) . `` What Wave of 802.11 ac is Right for You ? '' . Aruba Networks . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Rubino , Bill ( 2013 - 05 - 07 ) . `` Cisco will ride the 802.11 ac Wave2 '' . Cisco Systems . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Fitchard , Kevin . `` Wi - Fi Alliance gobbles up WiGig ; plans to certify devices this year '' . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IEEE Standard Association - IEEE Get Program '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 24 December 2015 . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TP - Link unveils world 's first 802.11 ad WiGig router '' . Ars Technica . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Lekomtcev , Demain ; Maršálek , Roman ( June 2012 ) . `` Comparison of 802.11 af and 802.22 standards -- physical layer and cognitive functionality '' . elektrorevue . 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This amendment defines standardized modifications to both the IEEE 802.11 physical layers ( PHY ) and the IEEE 802.11 medium access control layer ( MAC ) that enables at least one mode of operation capable of supporting a maximum throughput of at least 20 gigabits per second ( measured at the MAC data service access point ) , while maintaining or improving the power efficiency per station . Jump up ^ `` IEEE 802.11 - 2016 '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Towards Energy - Awareness in Managing Wireless LAN Applications '' . IEEE / IFIP NOMS 2012 : IEEE / IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Application Level Energy and Performance Measurements in a Wireless LAN '' . The 2011 IEEE / ACM International Conference on Green Computing and Communications . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 11 . 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Archived from the original on December 13 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Status of Project IEEE 802.11 aj - China Milli - Meter Wave ( CMMW ) '' . Archived from the original on 2018 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 802.11 ak November 2017 Minutes '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Status of Project IEEE 802.11 aq '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Status of Project IEEE 802.11 ax '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Status of Project IEEE 802.11 ay '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Status of IEEE 802.11 az '' . Archived from the original on 2018 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Status of Project IEEE 802.11 ba '' . Archived from the original on 2018 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` MU - MIMO MAC Protocols for Wireless Local Area Networks : A Survey '' . IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials . IEEE . PP ( 99 ) . December 4 , 2014 . doi : 10.1109 / COMST. 2014.2377373 . 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External links ( edit ) IEEE 802.11 working group Official timelines of 802.11 standards from IEEE List of all Wi - Fi Chipset Vendors -- Including historical timeline of mergers and acquisitions IEEE standards Current 488 730 754 Revision 854 828 829 896 1003 1014 1016 1076 1149.1 1154 1164 1275 1278 1284 1355 1394 1451 1497 1516 1541 1547 1584 1588 1596 1603 1613 1666 1667 1675 1685 1800 1801 1815 1850 1900 1901 1902 1904 1905 2030 11073 12207 14764 16085 16326 29148 42010 802 series 802.1 p Q Qat Qay w X ab ad AE ag ah ak aq ax az 802.11 d f g h i j k n p r s u w y ac ad af ah ai ax ay . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 . 10 . 12 . 14 . 15 . 1 . 4 . 4a . 16 d e . 17 . 18 . 20 . 21 . 22 Proposed P1363 P1619 P1699 P1823 P1906. 1 Superseded 754 - 1985 830 1219 1233 1362 1364 1471 See also IEEE Standards Association Category : IEEE standards Spread spectrum in digital communications Main articles Spread spectrum Code - division multiple access ( CDMA ) History Hedy Lamarr Commercial use More ... Spread spectrum methods Direct - sequence spread spectrum ( DSSS ) Frequency - hopping spread spectrum ( FHSS ) Chirp spread spectrum ( CSS ) Time - hopping spread spectrum ( THSS ) CDMA schemes W - CDMA TD - CDMA TD - SCDMA DS - CDMA FH - CDMA MC - CDMA Major implementations Space Network ( NASA ) GPS Galileo GLONASS Bluetooth Cordless phones : DECT Cellular EV - DO Mobile IS - 95 ( aka cdmaOne ) CDMA2000 ( aka IS - 2000 ) Also Qualcomm Verizon Major concepts PN ( pseudorandom noise ) code Chip Near -- far problem Power spectral density ( PSD ) Process gain Rake receiver Low probability of intercept See also Digital communication Modulation Statistical multiplexing Waveform Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11&oldid=827511371 '' Categories : Channel access methods IEEE 802.11 Computer - related introductions in 1997 Wireless networking standards Local area networks Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2013 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from December 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Македонски Malagasy Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 03 : 47 . 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when did they start speaking english in england

English is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now a global lingua franca . Named after the Angles , one of the Germanic tribes that migrated to England , it ultimately derives its name from the Anglia ( Angeln ) peninsula in the Baltic Sea . It is closely related to the Frisian languages , but its vocabulary has been significantly influenced by other Germanic languages , particularly Norse ( a North Germanic language ) , as well as by Latin and Romance languages , especially French .

early medieval England

English language

english language

English Pronunciation / ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ / Region Worldwide Native speakers 360 -- 400 million ( 2006 ) L2 speakers : 400 million ; as a foreign language : 600 -- 700 million Language family Indo - European Germanic West Germanic Anglo - Frisian Anglic English Early forms Old English Middle English Early Modern English Writing system Latin script ( English alphabet ) English Braille , Unified English Braille Signed forms Manually coded English ( multiple systems ) Official status Official language in 67 countries 27 non-sovereign entities Various organisations ( show ) United Nations European Union Commonwealth of Nations Council of Europe ICC IMF IOC ISO NATO WTO NAFTA OAS OECD OIC OPEC GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development PIF UKUSA Agreement ASEAN ASEAN Economic Community SAARC CARICOM Turkic Council ECO Language codes ISO 639 - 1 en ISO 639 - 2 eng ISO 639 - 3 eng Glottolog stan1293 Linguasphere 52 - ABA Countries of the world where English is a majority native language Countries where English is official but not a majority native language This article contains IPA phonetic symbols . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols instead of Unicode characters . For an introductory guide on IPA symbols , see Help : IPA . English is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now a global lingua franca . Named after the Angles , one of the Germanic tribes that migrated to England , it ultimately derives its name from the Anglia ( Angeln ) peninsula in the Baltic Sea . It is closely related to the Frisian languages , but its vocabulary has been significantly influenced by other Germanic languages , particularly Norse ( a North Germanic language ) , as well as by Latin and Romance languages , especially French . English has developed over the course of more than 1,400 years . The earliest forms of English , a set of Anglo - Frisian dialects brought to Great Britain by Anglo - Saxon settlers in the 5th century , are called Old English . Middle English began in the late 11th century with the Norman conquest of England and was a period in which the language was influenced by French . Early Modern English began in the late 15th century with the introduction of the printing press to London , the printing of the King James Bible and the start of the Great Vowel Shift . Through the worldwide influence of the British Empire , modern English spread around the world from the 17th to mid-20th centuries . Through all types of printed and electronic media , and spurred by the emergence of the United States as a global superpower , English has become the leading language of international discourse and the lingua franca in many regions and professional contexts such as science , navigation and law . English is the third most spoken native language in the world , after Standard Chinese and Spanish . It is the most widely learned second language and is either the official language or one of the official languages in almost 60 sovereign states . There are more people who have learned it as a second language than there are native speakers . English is the most commonly spoken language in the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada , Australia , Ireland and New Zealand , and it is widely spoken in some areas of the Caribbean , Africa and South Asia . It is a co-official language of the United Nations , the European Union and many other world and regional international organisations . It is the most widely spoken Germanic language , accounting for at least 70 % of speakers of this Indo - European branch . English has a vast vocabulary , though counting how many words any language has is impossible . Modern English grammar is the result of a gradual change from a typical Indo - European dependent marking pattern with a rich inflectional morphology and relatively free word order to a mostly analytic pattern with little inflection , a fairly fixed SVO word order and a complex syntax . Modern English relies more on auxiliary verbs and word order for the expression of complex tenses , aspect and mood , as well as passive constructions , interrogatives and some negation . Despite noticeable variation among the accents and dialects of English used in different countries and regions -- in terms of phonetics and phonology , and sometimes also vocabulary , grammar and spelling -- English - speakers from around the world are able to communicate with one another with relative ease . Contents ( hide ) 1 Classification 2 History 2.1 Proto - Germanic to Old English 2.2 Middle English 2.3 Early Modern English 2.4 Spread of Modern English 3 Geographical distribution 3.1 Three circles of English - speaking countries 3.2 Pluricentric English 3.3 English as a global language 4 Phonology 4.1 Consonants 4.2 Vowels 4.3 Phonotactics 4.4 Stress , rhythm and intonation 4.5 Regional variation 5 Grammar 5.1 Nouns and noun phrases 5.1. 1 Adjectives 5.1. 2 Pronouns , case , and person 5.1. 3 Prepositions 5.2 Verbs and verb phrases 5.2. 1 Tense , aspect and mood 5.2. 2 Phrasal verbs 5.2. 3 Adverbs 5.3 Syntax 5.3. 1 Basic constituent order 5.3. 2 Clause syntax 5.3. 3 Auxiliary verb constructions 5.3. 4 Questions 5.3. 5 Discourse level syntax 6 Vocabulary 6.1 Word formation processes 6.2 Word origins 6.3 English loanwords and calques in other languages 7 Writing system 8 Dialects , accents , and varieties 8.1 United Kingdom and Ireland 8.2 North America 8.3 Australia and New Zealand 8.4 Africa , the Caribbean , and South Asia 8.5 The Philippines 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Classification Anglic languages English Scots Anglo - Frisian languages Anglic and Frisian North Sea Germanic languages Anglo - Frisian and Low German / Low Saxon West Germanic languages North Sea Germanic and Dutch German Phylogenetic tree showing the historical relations between the languages of the West Germanic branch of the Germanic languages English is an Indo - European language and belongs to the West Germanic group of the Germanic languages . Old English originated from a Germanic tribal and linguistic continuum along the coast of the North Sea , whose languages are now known as the Anglo - Frisian subgroup within West Germanic . As such , the modern Frisian languages are the closest living relatives of Modern English . Low German / Low Saxon is also closely related , and sometimes English , the Frisian languages , and Low German are grouped together as the Ingvaeonic ( North Sea Germanic ) languages , though this grouping remains debated . Old English evolved into Middle English , which in turn evolved into Modern English . Particular dialects of Old and Middle English also developed into a number of other Anglic languages , including Scots and the extinct Fingallian and Forth and Bargy ( Yola ) dialects of Ireland . Like Icelandic and Faroese , the development of English on the British Isles isolated it from the continental Germanic languages and influences , and has since undergone substantial evolution . English is thus not mutually intelligible with any continental Germanic language , differing in vocabulary , syntax , and phonology , although some , such as Dutch or Frisian , do show strong affinities with English , especially with its earlier stages . Unlike Icelandic or Faroese , the long history of invasions of the British Isles by other peoples and languages , particularly Old Norse and Norman French , left a profound mark of their own on the language , such that English shares substantial vocabulary and grammar similarities with many languages outside its linguistic clades , while also being unintelligible with any of those languages . Some scholars have even argued that English can be considered a mixed language or a creole -- a theory called the Middle English creole hypothesis . Although the high degree of influence from these languages on the vocabulary and grammar of Modern English is widely acknowledged , most specialists in language contact do not consider English to be a true mixed language . English is classified as a Germanic language because it shares innovations with other Germanic languages such as Dutch , German , and Swedish . These shared innovations show that the languages have descended from a single common ancestor called Proto - Germanic . Some shared features of Germanic languages include the use of modal verbs , the division of verbs into strong and weak classes , and the sound changes affecting Proto - Indo - European consonants , known as Grimm 's and Verner 's laws . English is classified as an Anglo - Frisian language because Frisian and English share other features , such as the palatalisation of consonants that were velar consonants in Proto - Germanic ( see Phonological history of Old English § Palatalization ) . English sing , sang , sung ; Dutch zingen , zong , gezongen ; German singen , sang , gesungen ( strong verb ) English laugh , laughed ; Dutch and German lachen , lachte ( weak verb ) English foot , Dutch voet , German Fuß , Norwegian and Swedish fot ( initial / f / derived from Proto - Indo - European * p through Grimm 's law ) ( Compare Latin pes , stem ped - ; Modern Greek πόδι pódi ; Russian под pod ; Sanskrit पद् pád ) English cheese , Frisian tsiis ( ch and ts from palatalisation ) ; German Käse and Dutch kaas ( k without palatalisation ) History Main article : History of English Proto - Germanic to Old English Main article : Old English The opening to the Old English epic poem Beowulf , handwritten in half - uncial script : Hƿæt ƿē Gārde / na ingēar dagum þēod cyninga / þrym ge frunon ... `` Listen ! We of the Spear - Danes from days of yore have heard of the glory of the folk - kings ... '' The earliest form of English is called Old English or Anglo - Saxon ( c. 550 -- 1066 CE ) . Old English developed from a set of North Sea Germanic dialects originally spoken along the coasts of Frisia , Lower Saxony , Jutland , and Southern Sweden by Germanic tribes known as the Angles , Saxons , and Jutes . In the fifth century , the Anglo - Saxons settled Britain as the Roman economy and administration collapsed . By the seventh century , the Germanic language of the Anglo - Saxons became dominant in Britain , replacing the languages of Roman Britain ( 43 -- 409 CE ) : Common Brittonic , a Celtic language , and Latin , brought to Britain by the Roman occupation . England and English ( originally Ænglaland and Ænglisc ) are named after the Angles . Old English was divided into four dialects : the Anglian dialects , Mercian and Northumbrian , and the Saxon dialects , Kentish and West Saxon . Through the educational reforms of King Alfred in the ninth century and the influence of the kingdom of Wessex , the West Saxon dialect became the standard written variety . The epic poem Beowulf is written in West Saxon , and the earliest English poem , Cædmon 's Hymn , is written in Northumbrian . Modern English developed mainly from Mercian , but the Scots language developed from Northumbrian . A few short inscriptions from the early period of Old English were written using a runic script . By the sixth century , a Latin alphabet was adopted , written with half - uncial letterforms . It included the runic letters wynn ⟨ ƿ ⟩ and thorn ⟨ þ ⟩ , and the modified Latin letters eth ⟨ ð ⟩ , and ash ⟨ æ ⟩ . Old English is very different from Modern English and difficult for 21st - century English speakers to understand . Its grammar was similar to that of modern German , and its closest relative is Old Frisian . Nouns , adjectives , pronouns , and verbs had many more inflectional endings and forms , and word order was much freer than in Modern English . Modern English has case forms in pronouns ( he , him , his ) and a few verb endings ( I have , he has ) , but Old English had case endings in nouns as well , and verbs had more person and number endings . The translation of Matthew 8 : 20 from 1000 CE shows examples of case endings ( nominative plural , accusative plural , genitive singular ) and a verb ending ( present plural ) : Foxas habbað holu and heofonan fuglas nest Fox - as habb - að hol - u and heofon - an fugl - as nest - ∅ fox-NOM.PL have-PRS.PL hole-ACC.PL and heaven-GEN.SG bird-NOM.PL nest-ACC.PL `` Foxes have holes and the birds of heaven nests '' Middle English Main article : Middle English Englischmen þeyz hy hadde fram þe bygynnyng þre manner speche , Souþeron , Northeron , and Myddel speche in þe myddel of þe lond , ... Noþeles by comyxstion and mellyng , furst wiþ Danes , and afterward wiþ Normans , in menye þe contray longage ys asperyed , and som vseþ strange wlaffyng , chyteryng , harryng , and garryng grisbytting . Although , from the beginning , Englishmen had three manners of speaking , southern , northern and midlands speech in the middle of the country , ... Nevertheless , through intermingling and mixing , first with Danes and then with Normans , amongst many the country language has arisen , and some use strange stammering , chattering , snarling , and grating gnashing . `` '' John of Trevisa , ca . 1385 In the period from the 8th to the 12th century , Old English gradually transformed through language contact into Middle English . Middle English is often arbitrarily defined as beginning with the conquest of England by William the Conqueror in 1066 , but it developed further in the period from 1200 -- 1450 . First , the waves of Norse colonisation of northern parts of the British Isles in the 8th and 9th centuries put Old English into intense contact with Old Norse , a North Germanic language . Norse influence was strongest in the Northeastern varieties of Old English spoken in the Danelaw area around York , which was the centre of Norse colonisation ; today these features are still particularly present in Scots and Northern English . However the centre of norsified English seems to have been in the Midlands around Lindsey , and after 920 CE when Lindsey was reincorporated into the Anglo - Saxon polity , Norse features spread from there into English varieties that had not been in intense contact with Norse speakers . Some elements of Norse influence that persist in all English varieties today are the pronouns beginning with th - ( they , them , their ) which replaced the Anglo - Saxon pronouns with h - ( hie , him , hera ) . With the Norman conquest of England in 1066 , the now norsified Old English language was subject to contact with the Old Norman language , a Romance language closely related to Modern French . The Norman language in England eventually developed into Anglo - Norman . Because Norman was spoken primarily by the elites and nobles , while the lower classes continued speaking Anglo - Saxon , the influence of Norman consisted of introducing a wide range of loanwords related to politics , legislation and prestigious social domains . Middle English also greatly simplified the inflectional system , probably in order to reconcile Old Norse and Old English , which were inflectionally different but morphologically similar . The distinction between nominative and accusative case was lost except in personal pronouns , the instrumental case was dropped , and the use of the genitive case was limited to describing possession . The inflectional system regularised many irregular inflectional forms , and gradually simplified the system of agreement , making word order less flexible . By the Wycliffe Bible of the 1380s , the passage Matthew 8 : 20 was written Foxis han dennes , and briddis of heuene han nestis Here the plural suffix - n on the verb have is still retained , but none of the case endings on the nouns are present . By the 12th century Middle English was fully developed , integrating both Norse and Norman features ; it continued to be spoken until the transition to early Modern English around 1500 . Middle English literature includes Geoffrey Chaucer 's The Canterbury Tales , and Malory 's Le Morte d'Arthur . In the Middle English period , the use of regional dialects in writing proliferated , and dialect traits were even used for effect by authors such as Chaucer . Early Modern English Main article : Early Modern English Graphic representation of the Great Vowel Shift , showing how the pronunciation of the long vowels gradually shifted , with the high vowels i : and u : breaking into diphthongs and the lower vowels each shifting their pronunciation up one level The next period in the history of English was Early Modern English ( 1500 -- 1700 ) . Early Modern English was characterised by the Great Vowel Shift ( 1350 -- 1700 ) , inflectional simplification , and linguistic standardisation . The Great Vowel Shift affected the stressed long vowels of Middle English . It was a chain shift , meaning that each shift triggered a subsequent shift in the vowel system . Mid and open vowels were raised , and close vowels were broken into diphthongs . For example , the word bite was originally pronounced as the word beet is today , and the second vowel in the word about was pronounced as the word boot is today . The Great Vowel Shift explains many irregularities in spelling since English retains many spellings from Middle English , and it also explains why English vowel letters have very different pronunciations from the same letters in other languages . English began to rise in prestige , relative to Norman French , during the reign of Henry V. Around 1430 , the Court of Chancery in Westminster began using English in its official documents , and a new standard form of Middle English , known as Chancery Standard , developed from the dialects of London and the East Midlands . In 1476 , William Caxton introduced the printing press to England and began publishing the first printed books in London , expanding the influence of this form of English . Literature from the Early Modern period includes the works of William Shakespeare and the translation of the Bible commissioned by King James I. Even after the vowel shift the language still sounded different from Modern English : for example , the consonant clusters / kn ɡn sw / in knight , gnat , and sword were still pronounced . Many of the grammatical features that a modern reader of Shakespeare might find quaint or archaic represent the distinct characteristics of Early Modern English . In the 1611 King James Version of the Bible , written in Early Modern English , Matthew 8 : 20 says : The Foxes haue holes and the birds of the ayre haue nests This exemplifies the loss of case and its effects on sentence structure ( replacement with Subject - Verb - Object word order , and the use of of instead of the non-possessive genitive ) , and the introduction of loanwords from French ( ayre ) and word replacements ( bird originally meaning `` nestling '' had replaced OE fugol ) . Spread of Modern English By the late 18th century , the British Empire had facilitated the spread of English through its colonies and geopolitical dominance . Commerce , science and technology , diplomacy , art , and formal education all contributed to English becoming the first truly global language . English also facilitated worldwide international communication . As England continued to form new colonies , these , in turn , became independent and developed their own norms for how to speak and write the language . English was adopted in North America , India , parts of Africa , Australasia , and many other regions . In the post-colonial period , some of the newly created nations that had multiple indigenous languages opted to continue using English as the official language to avoid the political difficulties inherent in promoting any one indigenous language above the others . In the 20th century the growing economic and cultural influence of the United States and its status as a superpower following the Second World War has , along with worldwide broadcasting in English by the BBC and other broadcasters , significantly accelerated the spread of the language across the planet . By the 21st century , English was more widely spoken and written than any language has ever been . A major feature in the early development of Modern English was the codification of explicit norms for standard usage , and their dissemination through official media such as public education and state - sponsored publications . In 1755 Samuel Johnson published his A Dictionary of the English Language which introduced a standard set of spelling conventions and usage norms . In 1828 , Noah Webster published the American Dictionary of the English language in an effort to establish a norm for speaking and writing American English that was independent from the British standard . Within Britain , non-standard or lower class dialect features were increasingly stigmatised , leading to the quick spread of the prestige varieties among the middle classes . In terms of grammatical evolution , Modern English has now reached a stage where the loss of case is almost complete ( case is now only found in pronouns , such as he and him , she and her , who and whom ) , and where SVO word - order is mostly fixed . Some changes , such as the use of do - support have become universalised . ( Earlier English did not use the word `` do '' as a general auxiliary as Modern English does ; at first it was only used in question constructions where it was not obligatory . Now , do - support with the verb have is becoming increasingly standardised . ) The use of progressive forms in - ing , appears to be spreading to new constructions , and forms such as had been being built are becoming more common . Regularisation of irregular forms also slowly continues ( e.g. dreamed instead of dreamt ) , and analytical alternatives to inflectional forms are becoming more common ( e.g. more polite instead of politer ) . British English is also undergoing change under the influence of American English , fuelled by the strong presence of American English in the media and the prestige associated with the US as a world power . Geographical distribution See also : List of territorial entities where English is an official language , List of countries by English - speaking population , and English - speaking world Percentage of English native speakers . Percentage of English speakers by country . 80 -- 100 % 60 -- 80 % 40 -- 60 % 20 -- 40 % 0 -- 20 % Not available As of 2016 , 400 million people spoke English as their first language , and 1.1 billion spoke it as a secondary language . English is probably the third largest language by number of native speakers , after Mandarin and Spanish . However , when combining native and non-native speakers it may depending on the estimate used , be the most commonly spoken language in the world . English is spoken by communities on every continent and on oceanic islands in all the major oceans . The countries in which English is spoken can be grouped into different categories by how English is used in each country . The `` inner circle '' countries with many native speakers of English share an international standard of written English and jointly influence speech norms of English around the world . English does not belong to just one country , and it does not belong solely to descendants of English settlers . English is an official language of countries populated by few descendants of native speakers of English . It has also become by far the most important language of international communication when people who share no native language meet anywhere in the world . Three circles of English - speaking countries Braj Kachru distinguishes countries where English is spoken with a three circles model . In his model , the `` inner circle '' countries are countries with large communities of native speakers of English , `` outer circle '' countries have small communities of native speakers of English but widespread use of English as a second language in education or broadcasting or for local official purposes , and `` expanding circle '' countries are countries where many learners learn English as a foreign language . Kachru bases his model on the history of how English spread in different countries , how users acquire English , and the range of uses English has in each country . The three circles change membership over time . Braj Kachru 's Three Circles of English . Countries with large communities of native speakers of English ( the inner circle ) include Britain , the United States , Australia , Canada , Ireland , and New Zealand , where the majority speaks English , and South Africa , where a significant minority speaks English . The countries with the most native English speakers are , in descending order , the United States ( at least 231 million ) , the United Kingdom ( 60 million ) , Canada ( 19 million ) , Australia ( at least 17 million ) , South Africa ( 4.8 million ) , Ireland ( 4.2 million ) , and New Zealand ( 3.7 million ) . In these countries , children of native speakers learn English from their parents , and local people who speak other languages or new immigrants learn English to communicate in their neighbourhoods and workplaces . The inner - circle countries provide the base from which English spreads to other countries in the world . Estimates of the number of English speakers who are second language and foreign - language speakers vary greatly from 470 million to more than 1,000 million depending on how proficiency is defined . Linguist David Crystal estimates that non-native speakers now outnumber native speakers by a ratio of 3 to 1 . In Kachru 's three - circles model , the `` outer circle '' countries are countries such as the Philippines , Jamaica , India , Pakistan , Singapore , and Nigeria with a much smaller proportion of native speakers of English but much use of English as a second language for education , government , or domestic business , and where English is routinely used for school instruction and official interactions with the government . Those countries have millions of native speakers of dialect continua ranging from an English - based creole to a more standard version of English . They have many more speakers of English who acquire English in the process of growing up through day by day use and listening to broadcasting , especially if they attend schools where English is the medium of instruction . Varieties of English learned by speakers who are not native speakers born to English - speaking parents may be influenced , especially in their grammar , by the other languages spoken by those learners . Most of those varieties of English include words little used by native speakers of English in the inner - circle countries , and they may have grammatical and phonological differences from inner - circle varieties as well . The standard English of the inner - circle countries is often taken as a norm for use of English in the outer - circle countries . In the three - circles model , countries such as Poland , China , Brazil , Germany , Japan , Indonesia , Egypt , and other countries where English is taught as a foreign language make up the `` expanding circle '' . The distinctions between English as a first language , as a second language , and as a foreign language are often debatable and may change in particular countries over time . For example , in the Netherlands and some other countries of Europe , knowledge of English as a second language is nearly universal , with over 80 percent of the population able to use it , and thus English is routinely used to communicate with foreigners and often in higher education . In these countries , although English is not used for government business , its widespread use puts them at the boundary between the `` outer circle '' and `` expanding circle '' . English is unusual among world languages in how many of its users are not native speakers but speakers of English as a second or foreign language . Many users of English in the expanding circle use it to communicate with other people from the expanding circle , so that interaction with native speakers of English plays no part in their decision to use English . Non-native varieties of English are widely used for international communication , and speakers of one such variety often encounter features of other varieties . Very often today a conversation in English anywhere in the world may include no native speakers of English at all , even while including speakers from several different countries . Pie chart showing the percentage of native English speakers living in `` inner circle '' English - speaking countries . Native speakers are now substantially outnumbered worldwide by second - language speakers of English ( not counted in this chart ) . US ( 64.3 % ) UK ( 16.7 % ) Canada ( 5.3 % ) Australia ( 4.7 % ) South Africa ( 1.3 % ) Ireland ( 1.1 % ) New Zealand ( 1 % ) Other ( 5.6 % ) Pluricentric English English is a pluricentric language , which means that no one national authority sets the standard for use of the language . But English is not a divided language , despite a long - standing joke originally attributed to George Bernard Shaw that the United Kingdom and the United States are `` two countries separated by a common language '' . Spoken English , for example English used in broadcasting , generally follows national pronunciation standards that are also established by custom rather than by regulation . International broadcasters are usually identifiable as coming from one country rather than another through their accents , but newsreader scripts are also composed largely in international standard written English . The norms of standard written English are maintained purely by the consensus of educated English - speakers around the world , without any oversight by any government or international organisation . American listeners generally readily understand most British broadcasting , and British listeners readily understand most American broadcasting . Most English speakers around the world can understand radio programmes , television programmes , and films from many parts of the English - speaking world . Both standard and non-standard varieties of English can include both formal or informal styles , distinguished by word choice and syntax and use both technical and non-technical registers . The settlement history of the English - speaking inner circle countries outside Britain helped level dialect distinctions and produce koineised forms of English in South Africa , Australia , and New Zealand . The majority of immigrants to the United States without British ancestry rapidly adopted English after arrival . Now the majority of the United States population are monolingual English speakers , although English has been given official status by only 30 of the 50 state governments of the US . English as a global language See also : Foreign language influences in English and Study of global communication English has ceased to be an `` English language '' in the sense of belonging only to people who are ethnically English . Use of English is growing country - by - country internally and for international communication . Most people learn English for practical rather than ideological reasons . Many speakers of English in Africa have become part of an `` Afro - Saxon '' language community that unites Africans from different countries . As decolonisation proceeded throughout the British Empire in the 1950s and 1960s , former colonies often did not reject English but rather continued to use it as independent countries setting their own language policies . For example , the view of the English language among many Indians has gone from associating it with colonialism to associating it with economic progress , and English continues to be an official language of India . English is also widely used in media and literature , and the number of English language books published annually in India is the third largest in the world after the US and UK . However English is rarely spoken as a first language , numbering only around a couple hundred thousand people , and less than 5 % of the population speak fluent English in India . David Crystal claimed in 2004 that , combining native and non-native speakers , India now has more people who speak or understand English than any other country in the world , but the number of English speakers in India is very uncertain , with most scholars concluding that the United States still has more speakers of English than India . Modern English , sometimes described as the first global lingua franca , is also regarded as the first world language . English is the world 's most widely used language in newspaper publishing , book publishing , international telecommunications , scientific publishing , international trade , mass entertainment , and diplomacy . English is , by international treaty , the basis for the required controlled natural languages Seaspeak and Airspeak , used as international languages of seafaring and aviation . English used to have parity with French and German in scientific research , but now it dominates that field . It achieved parity with French as a language of diplomacy at the Treaty of Versailles negotiations in 1919 . By the time of the foundation of the United Nations at the end of World War II , English had become pre-eminent and is now the main worldwide language of diplomacy and international relations . It is one of six official languages of the United Nations . Many other worldwide international organisations , including the International Olympic Committee , specify English as a working language or official language of the organisation . Many regional international organisations such as the European Free Trade Association , Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) , and Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) set English as their organisation 's sole working language even though most members are not countries with a majority of native English speakers . While the European Union ( EU ) allows member states to designate any of the national languages as an official language of the Union , in practice English is the main working language of EU organisations . Although in most countries English is not an official language , it is currently the language most often taught as a foreign language . In the countries of the EU , English is the most widely spoken foreign language in nineteen of the twenty - five member states where it is not an official language ( that is , the countries other than the UK , Ireland and Malta ) . In a 2012 official Eurobarometer poll , 38 percent of the EU respondents outside the countries where English is an official language said they could speak English well enough to have a conversation in that language . The next most commonly mentioned foreign language , French ( which is the most widely known foreign language in the UK and Ireland ) , could be used in conversation by 12 percent of respondents . A working knowledge of English has become a requirement in a number of occupations and professions such as medicine and computing . English has become so important in scientific publishing that more than 80 percent of all scientific journal articles indexed by Chemical Abstracts in 1998 were written in English , as were 90 percent of all articles in natural science publications by 1996 and 82 percent of articles in humanities publications by 1995 . Specialised subsets of English arise spontaneously in international communities , for example , among international business people , as an auxiliary language . This has led some scholars to develop the study of English as an auxiliary languages . Globish uses a relatively small subset of English vocabulary ( about 1500 words with highest use in international business English ) in combination with the standard English grammar . Other examples include Simple English . The increased use of the English language globally has had an effect on other languages , leading to some English words being assimilated into the vocabularies of other languages . This influence of English has led to concerns about language death , and to claims of linguistic imperialism , and has provoked resistance to the spread of English ; however the number of speakers continues to increase because many people around the world think that English provides them with opportunities for better employment and improved lives . Although some scholars mention a possibility of future divergence of English dialects into mutually unintelligible languages , most think a more likely outcome is that English will continue to function as a koineised language in which the standard form unifies speakers from around the world . English is used as the language for wider communication in countries around the world . Thus English has grown in worldwide use much more than any constructed language proposed as an international auxiliary language , including Esperanto . Phonology Main article : English phonology The phonetics and phonology of the English language differ from one dialect to another , usually without interfering with mutual communication . Phonological variation affects the inventory of phonemes ( i.e. speech sounds that distinguish meaning ) , and phonetic variation is differences in pronunciation of the phonemes . This overview mainly describes the standard pronunciations of the United Kingdom and the United States : Received Pronunciation ( RP ) and General American ( GA ) ( See Section below on `` Dialects , accents and varieties '' ) . The phonetic symbols used below are from the International Phonetic Alphabet ( IPA ) . Consonants Main article : English phonology § Consonants Most English dialects share the same 24 consonant phonemes . The consonant inventory shown below is valid for Californian American English , and for RP . Consonant phonemes Labial Dental Alveolar Post - alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Nasal m n ŋ Stop p d k ɡ Affricate tʃ dʒ Fricative f θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h Approximant l ɹ * j w * Conventionally transcribed / r / . In the table , when obstruents ( stops , affricates , and fricatives ) appear in pairs , such as / pb / , / tʃ dʒ / , and / sz / , the first is fortis ( strong ) and the second is lenis ( weak ) . Fortis obstruents , such as / p tʃ s / are pronounced with more muscular tension and breath force than lenis consonants , such as / b dʒ z / , and are always voiceless . Lenis consonants are partly voiced at the beginning and end of utterances , and fully voiced between vowels . Fortis stops such as / p / have additional articulatory or acoustic features in most dialects : they are aspirated ( ph ) when they occur alone at the beginning of a stressed syllable , often unaspirated in other cases , and often unreleased ( p̚ ) or pre-glottalised ( ˀp ) at the end of a syllable . In a single - syllable word , a vowel before a fortis stop is shortened : thus nip has a noticeably shorter vowel ( phonetically , but not phonemically ) than nib ( nɪˑp̬ ) ( see below ) . lenis stops : bin ( b̥ɪˑn ) , about ( əˈbaʊt ) , nib ( nɪˑb̥ ) fortis stops : pin ( ˈphɪn ) , spin ( spɪn ) , happy ( ˈhæpi ) , nip ( ˈnɪp̚ ) or ( ˈnɪˀp ) In RP , the lateral approximant / l / , has two main allophones ( pronunciation variants ) : the clear or plain ( l ) , as in light , and the dark or velarised ( ɫ ) , as in full . GA has dark l in most cases . clear l : RP light ( laɪt ) dark l : RP and GA full ( fʊɫ ) , GA light ( ɫaɪt ) All sonorants ( liquids / l , r / and nasals / m , n , ŋ / ) devoice when following a voiceless obstruent , and they are syllabic when following a consonant at the end of a word . voiceless sonorants : clay ( ˈkl̥ɛɪ̯ ) and snow ( ˈsn̥oʊ ) syllabic sonorants : paddle ( pad. l̩ ) , and button ( bʌt. n̩ ) Vowels Main article : English phonology § Vowels The pronunciation of vowels varies a great deal between dialects and is one of the most detectable aspects of a speaker 's accent . The table below lists the vowel phonemes in Received Pronunciation ( RP ) and General American ( GA ) , with examples of words in which they occur from lexical sets compiled by linguists . The vowels are represented with symbols from the International Phonetic Alphabet ; those given for RP are standard in British dictionaries and other publications . monophthongs RP GA word iː i need ɪ bid ɛ bed æ back monophthongs RP GA word ( ɪ ) ɨ roses ə comma ɜː ɜr bird ʌ but monophthongs RP GA word uː u food ʊ good ɔː ɔ paw ɒ cloth ɑ box ɑː bra diphthongs RP GA word eɪ bay əʊ oʊ road aɪ cry aʊ cow ɔɪ boy In RP , vowel length is phonemic ; long vowels are marked with a triangular colon ⟨ ː ⟩ in the table above , such as the vowel of need ( niːd ) as opposed to bid ( bɪd ) . GA does not have long vowels . In both RP and GA , vowels are phonetically shortened before fortis consonants in the same syllable , like / t tʃ f / , but not before lenis consonants like / d dʒ v / or in open syllables : thus , the vowels of rich ( rɪ̆tʃ ) , neat ( niˑt ) , and safe ( sĕɪ̆f ) are noticeably shorter than the vowels of ridge ( rɪdʒ ) , need ( niːd ) , and save ( seɪv ) , and the vowel of light ( lăɪ̆t ) is shorter than that of lie ( laɪ ) . Because lenis consonants are frequently voiceless at the end of a syllable , vowel length is an important cue as to whether the following consonant is lenis or fortis . The vowels / ɨ ə / only occur in unstressed syllables and are a result of vowel reduction . Some dialects do not distinguish them , so that roses and comma end in the same vowel , a dialect feature called weak - vowel merger . GA has an unstressed r - coloured schwa / ɚ / , as in butter ( ˈbʌtɚ ) , which in RP has the same vowel as the word - final vowel in comma . Phonotactics An English syllable includes a syllable nucleus consisting of a vowel sound . Syllable onset and coda ( start and end ) are optional . A syllable can start with up to three consonant sounds , as in sprint / sprɪnt / , and end with up to four , as in texts / teksts / . This gives an English syllable the following structure , ( CCC ) V ( CCCC ) where C represents a consonant and V a vowel ; the word strengths / strɛŋkθs / is thus an example of the most complex syllable possible in English . The consonants that may appear together in onsets or codas are restricted , as is the order in which they may appear . Onsets can only have four types of consonant clusters : a stop and approximant , as in play ; a voiceless fricative and approximant , as in fly or sly ; s and a voiceless stop , as in stay ; and s , a voiceless stop , and an approximant , as in string . Clusters of nasal and stop are only allowed in codas . Clusters of obstruents always agree invoicing , and clusters of sibilants and of plosives with the same point of articulation are prohibited . Furthermore , several consonants have limited distributions : / h / can only occur in syllable - initial position , and / ŋ / only in syllable - final position . Stress , rhythm and intonation See also : Stress and vowel reduction in English and Intonation in English Stress plays an important role in English . Certain syllables are stressed , while others are unstressed . Stress is a combination of duration , intensity , vowel quality , and sometimes changes in pitch . Stressed syllables are pronounced longer and louder than unstressed syllables , and vowels in unstressed syllables are frequently reduced while vowels in stressed syllables are not . Some words , primarily short function words but also some modal verbs such as can , have weak and strong forms depending on whether they occur in stressed or non-stressed position within a sentence . Stress in English is phonemic , and some pairs of words are distinguished by stress . For instance , the word contract is stressed on the first syllable ( / ˈkɒntrækt / KON - trakt ) when used as a noun , but on the last syllable ( / kənˈtrækt / kən - TRAKT ) for most meanings ( for example , `` reduce in size '' ) when used as a verb . Here stress is connected to vowel reduction : in the noun `` contract '' the first syllable is stressed and has the unreduced vowel / ɒ / , but in the verb `` contract '' the first syllable is unstressed and its vowel is reduced to / ə / . Stress is also used to distinguish between words and phrases , so that a compound word receives a single stress unit , but the corresponding phrase has two : e.g. to búrn óut versus a búrnout , and a hótdog versus a hót dóg . In terms of rhythm , English is generally described as a stress - timed language , meaning that the amount of time between stressed syllables tends to be equal . Stressed syllables are pronounced longer , but unstressed syllables ( syllables between stresses ) are shortened . Vowels in unstressed syllables are shortened as well , and vowel shortening causes changes in vowel quality : vowel reduction . Regional variation ( show ) Varieties of Standard English and their features Phonological features United States Canada Republic of Ireland Northern Ireland Scotland England Wales South Africa Australia New Zealand father -- bother merger yes yes / ɒ / is unrounded yes yes yes / ɜːr / is pronounced ( ɚ ) yes yes yes yes cot -- caught merger possibly yes possibly yes yes fool -- full merger yes yes / t , d / flapping ( latter - ladder merger ) yes yes possibly often rarely rarely rarely rarely yes often trap -- bath split possibly possibly yes yes yes often yes non-rhotic ( / r / - dropping after vowels ) yes yes yes yes yes close vowels for / æ , ɛ / yes yes yes / l / can always be pronounced ( ɫ ) yes yes yes yes yes yes / ɑːr / is fronted possibly yes yes Dialects and low vowels word RP GA Can sound change THOUGHT / ɔ / / ɔ / or / ɑ / / ɑ / cot -- caught merger CLOTH / ɒ / lot -- cloth split LOT / ɑ / father -- bother merger PALM / ɑː / PLANT / æ / / æ / trap -- bath split BATH TRAP / æ / Varieties of English vary the most in pronunciation of vowels . The best known national varieties used as standards for education in non English - speaking countries are British ( BrE ) and American ( AmE ) . Countries such as Canada , Australia , Ireland , New Zealand and South Africa have their own standard varieties which are less often used as standards for education internationally . Some differences between the various dialects are shown in the table `` Varieties of Standard English and their features '' . English has undergone many historical sound changes , some of them affecting all varieties , and others affecting only a few . Most standard varieties are affected by the Great Vowel Shift , which changed the pronunciation of long vowels , but a few dialects have slightly different results . In North America , a number of chain shifts such as the Northern Cities Vowel Shift and Canadian Shift have produced very different vowel landscapes in some regional accents . Some dialects have fewer or more consonant phonemes and phones than the standard varieties . Some conservative varieties like Scottish English have a voiceless ( ʍ ) sound in whine that contrasts with the voiced ( w ) in wine , but most other dialects pronounce both words with voiced ( w ) , a dialect feature called wine -- whine merger . The unvoiced velar fricative sound / x / is found in Scottish English , which distinguishes loch / lɔx / from lock / lɔk / . Accents like Cockney with `` h - dropping '' lack the glottal fricative / h / , and dialects with th - stopping and th - fronting like African American Vernacular and Estuary English do not have the dental fricatives / θ , ð / , but replace them with dental or alveolar stops / t , d / or labiodental fricatives / f , v / . Other changes affecting the phonology of local varieties are processes such as yod - dropping , yod - coalescence , and reduction of consonant clusters . General American and Received Pronunciation vary in their pronunciation of historical / r / after a vowel at the end of a syllable ( in the syllable coda ) . GA is a rhotic dialect , meaning that it pronounces / r / at the end of a syllable , but RP is non-rhotic , meaning that it loses / r / in that position . English dialects are classified as rhotic or non-rhotic depending on whether they elide / r / like RP or keep it like GA . There is complex dialectal variation in words with the open front and open back vowels / æ ɑː ɒ ɔː / . These four vowels are only distinguished in RP , Australia , New Zealand and South Africa . In GA , these vowels merge to three / æ ɑ ɔ / , and in Canadian English , they merge to two / æ ɑ / . In addition , the words that have each vowel vary by dialect . The table `` Dialects and open vowels '' shows this variation with lexical sets in which these sounds occur . Grammar Main article : English grammar As is typical of an Indo - European language , English follows accusative morphosyntactic alignment . Unlike other Indo - European languages though , English has largely abandoned the inflectional case system in favor of analytic constructions . Only the personal pronouns retain morphological case more strongly than any other word class . English distinguishes at least seven major word classes : verbs , nouns , adjectives , adverbs , determiners ( including articles ) , prepositions , and conjunctions . Some analyses add pronouns as a class separate from nouns , and subdivide conjunctions into subordinators and coordinators , and add the class of interjections . English also has a rich set of auxiliary verbs , such as have and do , expressing the categories of mood and aspect . Questions are marked by do - support , wh - movement ( fronting of question words beginning with wh - ) and word order inversion with some verbs . Some traits typical of Germanic languages persist in English , such as the distinction between irregularly inflected strong stems inflected through ablaut ( i.e. changing the vowel of the stem , as in the pairs speak / spoke and foot / feet ) and weak stems inflected through affixation ( such as love / loved , hand / hands ) . Vestiges of the case and gender system are found in the pronoun system ( he / him , who / whom ) and in the inflection of the copula verb to be . The seven word classes are exemplified in this sample sentence : The chairman of the committee and the loquacious politician clashed violently when the meeting started . Det . Noun Prep . Det . Noun Conj . Det . Adj . Noun Verb Advb . Conj . Det . Noun Verb Nouns and noun phrases English nouns are only inflected for number and possession . New nouns can be formed through derivation or compounding . They are semantically divided into proper nouns ( names ) and common nouns . Common nouns are in turn divided into concrete and abstract nouns , and grammatically into count nouns and mass nouns . Most count nouns are inflected for plural number through the use of the plural suffix - s , but a few nouns have irregular plural forms . Mass nouns can only be pluralised through the use of a count noun classifier , e.g. one loaf of bread , two loaves of bread . Regular plural formation : Singular : cat , dog Plural : cats , dogs Irregular plural formation : Singular : man , woman , foot , fish , ox , knife , mouse Plural : men , women , feet , fish , oxen , knives , mice Possession can be expressed either by the possessive enclitic - s ( also traditionally called a genitive suffix ) , or by the preposition of . Historically the - s possessive has been used for animate nouns , whereas the of possessive has been reserved for inanimate nouns . Today this distinction is less clear , and many speakers use - s also with inanimates . Orthographically the possessive - s is separated from the noun root with an apostrophe . Possessive constructions : With - s : The woman 's husband 's child With of : The child of the husband of the woman Nouns can form noun phrases ( NPs ) where they are the syntactic head of the words that depend on them such as determiners , quantifiers , conjunctions or adjectives . Noun phrases can be short , such as the man , composed only of a determiner and a noun . They can also include modifiers such as adjectives ( e.g. red , tall , all ) and specifiers such as determiners ( e.g. the , that ) . But they can also tie together several nouns into a single long NP , using conjunctions such as and , or prepositions such as with , e.g. the tall man with the long red trousers and his skinny wife with the spectacles ( this NP uses conjunctions , prepositions , specifiers , and modifiers ) . Regardless of length , an NP functions as a syntactic unit . For example , the possessive enclitic can , in cases which do not lead to ambiguity , follow the entire noun phrase , as in The President of India 's wife , where the enclitic follows India and not President . The class of determiners is used to specify the noun they precede in terms of definiteness , where the marks a definite noun and a or an an indefinite one . A definite noun is assumed by the speaker to be already known by the interlocutor , whereas an indefinite noun is not specified as being previously known . Quantifiers , which include one , many , some and all , are used to specify the noun in terms of quantity or number . The noun must agree with the number of the determiner , e.g. one man ( sg . ) but all men ( pl . ) . Determiners are the first constituents in a noun phrase . Adjectives Adjectives modify a noun by providing additional information about their referents . In English , adjectives come before the nouns they modify and after determiners . In Modern English , adjectives are not inflected , and they do not agree in form with the noun they modify , as adjectives in most other Indo - European languages do . For example , in the phrases the slender boy , and many slender girls , the adjective slender does not change form to agree with either the number or gender of the noun . Some adjectives are inflected for degree of comparison , with the positive degree unmarked , the suffix - er marking the comparative , and - est marking the superlative : a small boy , the boy is smaller than the girl , that boy is the smallest . Some adjectives have irregular comparative and superlative forms , such as good , better , and best . Other adjectives have comparatives formed by periphrastic constructions , with the adverb more marking the comparative , and most marking the superlative : happier or more happy , the happiest or most happy . There is some variation among speakers regarding which adjectives use inflected or periphrastic comparison , and some studies have shown a tendency for the periphrastic forms to become more common at the expense of the inflected form . Pronouns , case , and person English pronouns conserve many traits of case and gender inflection . The personal pronouns retain a difference between subjective and objective case in most persons ( I / me , he / him , she / her , we / us , they / them ) as well as a gender and animateness distinction in the third person singular ( distinguishing he / she / it ) . The subjective case corresponds to the Old English nominative case , and the objective case is used both in the sense of the previous accusative case ( in the role of patient , or direct object of a transitive verb ) , and in the sense of the Old English dative case ( in the role of a recipient or indirect object of a transitive verb ) . Subjective case is used when the pronoun is the subject of a finite clause , and otherwise , the objective case is used . While grammarians such as Henry Sweet and Otto Jespersen noted that the English cases did not correspond to the traditional Latin based system , some contemporary grammars , for example Huddleston & Pullum ( 2002 ) , retain traditional labels for the cases , calling them nominative and accusative cases respectively . Possessive pronouns exist in dependent and independent forms ; the dependent form functions as a determiner specifying a noun ( as in my chair ) , while the independent form can stand alone as if it were a noun ( e.g. the chair is mine ) . The English system of grammatical person no longer has a distinction between formal and informal pronouns of address ( the old 2nd person singular familiar pronoun thou acquired a pejorative or inferior tinge of meaning and was abandoned ) , and the forms for 2nd person plural and singular are identical except in the reflexive form . Some dialects have introduced innovative 2nd person plural pronouns such as y'all found in Southern American English and African American ( Vernacular ) English or youse and ye found in Irish English . English personal pronouns Person Subjective case Objective case Dependent possessive Independent possessive Reflexive 1st p. sg . me my mine myself 2nd p. sg . you you your yours yourself 3rd p. sg . he / she / it him / her / it his / her / its his / hers / its himself / herself / itself 1st p. pl . we us our ours ourselves 2nd p. pl . you you your yours yourselves 3rd p. pl they them their theirs themselves Pronouns are used to refer to entities deictically or anaphorically . A deictic pronoun points to some person or object by identifying it relative to the speech situation -- for example , the pronoun I identifies the speaker , and the pronoun you , the addressee . Anaphorical pronouns such as that refer back to an entity already mentioned or assumed by the speaker to be known by the audience , for example in the sentence I already told you that . The reflexive pronouns are used when the oblique argument is identical to the subject of a phrase ( e.g. `` he sent it to himself '' or `` she braced herself for impact '' ) . Prepositions Prepositional phrases ( PP ) are phrases composed of a preposition and one or more nouns , e.g. with the dog , for my friend , to school , in England . Prepositions have a wide range of uses in English . They are used to describe movement , place , and other relations between different entities , but they also have many syntactic uses such as introducing complement clauses and oblique arguments of verbs . For example , in the phrase I gave it to him , the preposition to marks the recipient , or Indirect Object of the verb to give . Traditionally words were only considered prepositions if they governed the case of the noun they preceded , for example causing the pronouns to use the objective rather than subjective form , `` with her '' , `` to me '' , `` for us '' . But some contemporary grammars such as that of Huddleston & Pullum ( 2002 : 598 -- 600 ) no longer consider government of case to be the defining feature of the class of prepositions , rather defining prepositions as words that can function as the heads of prepositional phrases . Verbs and verb phrases English verbs are inflected for tense and aspect and marked for agreement with third person singular subject . Only the copula verb to be is still inflected for agreement with the plural and first and second person subjects . Auxiliary verbs such as have and be are paired with verbs in the infinitive , past , or progressive forms . They form complex tenses , aspects , and moods . Auxiliary verbs differ from other verbs in that they can be followed by the negation , and in that they can occur as the first constituent in a question sentence . Most verbs have six inflectional forms . The primary forms are a plain present , a third person singular present , and a preterite ( past ) form . The secondary forms are a plain form used for the infinitive , a gerund - participle and a past participle . The copula verb to be is the only verb to retain some of its original conjugation , and takes different inflectional forms depending on the subject . The first person present tense form is am , the third person singular form is and the form are is used second person singular and all three plurals . The only verb past participle is been and its gerund - participle is being . English inflectional forms Inflection Strong Regular Plain present take love 3rd person sg . present takes loves Preterite took loved Plain ( infinitive ) take love Gerund -- participle taking loving Past participle taken loved Tense , aspect and mood English has two primary tenses , past ( preterit ) and non-past . The preterit is inflected by using the preterit form of the verb , which for the regular verbs includes the suffix - ed , and for the strong verbs either the suffix - t or a change in the stem vowel . The non-past form is unmarked except in the third person singular , which takes the suffix - s . Present Preterite First person I run I ran Second person You run You ran Third person John runs John ran English does not have a morphologised future tense . Futurity of action is expressed periphrastically with one of the auxiliary verbs will or shall . Many varieties also use a near future constructed with the phrasal verb be going to . Future First person I will run Second person You will run Third person John will run Further aspectual distinctions are encoded by the use of auxiliary verbs , primarily have and be , which encode the contrast between a perfect and non-perfect past tense ( I have run vs. I was running ) , and compound tenses such as preterite perfect ( I had been running ) and present perfect ( I have been running ) . For the expression of mood , English uses a number of modal auxiliaries , such as can , may , will , shall and the past tense forms could , might , would , should . There is also a subjunctive and an imperative mood , both based on the plain form of the verb ( i.e. without the third person singular - s ) , and which is used in subordinate clauses ( e.g. subjunctive : It is important that he run every day ; imperative Run ! ) . An infinitive form , that uses the plain form of the verb and the preposition to , is used for verbal clauses that are syntactically subordinate to a finite verbal clause . Finite verbal clauses are those that are formed around a verb in the present or preterit form . In clauses with auxiliary verbs , they are the finite verbs and the main verb is treated as a subordinate clause . For example , he has to go where only the auxiliary verb have is inflected for time and the main verb to go is in the infinitive , or in a complement clause such as I saw him leave , where the main verb is to see which is in a preterite form , and leave is in the infinitive . Phrasal verbs English also makes frequent use of constructions traditionally called phrasal verbs , verb phrases that are made up of a verb root and a preposition or particle which follows the verb . The phrase then functions as a single predicate . In terms of intonation the preposition is fused to the verb , but in writing it is written as a separate word . Examples of phrasal verbs are to get up , to ask out , to back up , to give up , to get together , to hang out , to put up with , etc . The phrasal verb frequently has a highly idiomatic meaning that is more specialised and restricted than what can be simply extrapolated from the combination of verb and preposition complement ( e.g. lay off meaning terminate someone 's employment ) . In spite of the idiomatic meaning , some grammarians , including Huddleston & Pullum ( 2002 ) : 274 , do not consider this type of construction to form a syntactic constituent and hence refrain from using the term `` phrasal verb '' . Instead , they consider the construction simply to be a verb with a prepositional phrase as its syntactic complement , i.e. he woke up in the morning and he ran up in the mountains are syntactically equivalent . Adverbs The function of adverbs is to modify the action or event described by the verb by providing additional information about the manner in which it occurs . Many adverbs are derived from adjectives with the suffix - ly , but not all , and many speakers tend to omit the suffix in the most commonly used adverbs . For example , in the phrase the woman walked quickly the adverb quickly derived from the adjective quick describes the woman 's way of walking . Some commonly used adjectives have irregular adverbial forms , such as good which has the adverbial form well . Syntax In the English sentence The cat sat on the mat , the subject is the cat ( a NP ) , the verb is sat , and on the mat is a prepositional phrase ( composed of an NP the mat , and headed by the preposition on ) . The tree describes the structure of the sentence . Modern English syntax language is moderately analytic . It has developed features such as modal verbs and word order as resources for conveying meaning . Auxiliary verbs mark constructions such as questions , negative polarity , the passive voice and progressive aspect . Basic constituent order English word order has moved from the Germanic verb - second ( V2 ) word order to being almost exclusively subject -- verb -- object ( SVO ) . The combination of SVO order and use of auxiliary verbs often creates clusters of two or more verbs at the centre of the sentence , such as he had hoped to try to open it . In most sentences , English only marks grammatical relations through word order . The subject constituent precedes the verb and the object constituent follows it . The example below demonstrates how the grammatical roles of each constituent is marked only by the position relative to the verb : The dog bites the man V O The man bites the dog V O An exception is found in sentences where one of the constituents is a pronoun , in which case it is doubly marked , both by word order and by case inflection , where the subject pronoun precedes the verb and takes the subjective case form , and the object pronoun follows the verb and takes the objective case form . The example below demonstrates this double marking in a sentence where both object and subject is represented with a third person singular masculine pronoun : He hit him V O Indirect objects ( IO ) of ditransitive verbs can be placed either as the first object in a double object construction ( SV IO O ) , such as I gave Jane the book or in a prepositional phrase , such as I gave the book to Jane Clause syntax Main article : English clause syntax In English a sentence may be composed of one or more clauses , that may , in turn , be composed of one or more phrases ( e.g. Noun Phrases , Verb Phrases , and Prepositional Phrases ) . A clause is built around a verb and includes its constituents , such as any NPs and PPs . Within a sentence , one clause is always the main clause ( or matrix clause ) whereas other clauses are subordinate to it . Subordinate clauses may function as arguments of the verb in the main clause . For example , in the phrase I think ( that ) you are lying , the main clause is headed by the verb think , the subject is I , but the object of the phrase is the subordinate clause ( that ) you are lying . The subordinating conjunction that shows that the clause that follows is a subordinate clause , but it is often omitted . Relative clauses are clauses that function as a modifier or specifier to some constituent in the main clause : For example , in the sentence I saw the letter that you received today , the relative clause that you received today specifies the meaning of the word letter , the object of the main clause . Relative clauses can be introduced by the pronouns who , whose , whom and which as well as by that ( which can also be omitted . ) In contrast to many other Germanic languages there is no major differences between word order in main and subordinate clauses . Auxiliary verb constructions Main articles : Do - support and Subject -- auxiliary inversion English syntax relies on auxiliary verbs for many functions including the expression of tense , aspect , and mood . Auxiliary verbs form main clauses , and the main verbs function as heads of a subordinate clause of the auxiliary verb . For example , in the sentence the dog did not find its bone , the clause find its bone is the complement of the negated verb did not . Subject -- auxiliary inversion is used in many constructions , including focus , negation , and interrogative constructions . The verb do can be used as an auxiliary even in simple declarative sentences , where it usually serves to add emphasis , as in `` I did shut the fridge . '' However , in the negated and inverted clauses referred to above , it is used because the rules of English syntax permit these constructions only when an auxiliary is present . Modern English does not allow the addition of the negating adverb not to an ordinary finite lexical verb , as in * I know not -- it can only be added to an auxiliary ( or copular ) verb , hence if there is no other auxiliary present when negation is required , the auxiliary do is used , to produce a form like I do not ( do n't ) know . The same applies in clauses requiring inversion , including most questions -- inversion must involve the subject and an auxiliary verb , so it is not possible to say * Know you him ? ; grammatical rules require Do you know him ? Negation is done with the adverb not , which precedes the main verb and follows an auxiliary verb . A contracted form of not - n't can be used as an enclitic attaching to auxiliary verbs and to the copula verb to be . Just as with questions , many negative constructions require the negation to occur with do - support , thus in Modern English I do n't know him is the correct answer to the question Do you know him ? , but not * I know him not , although this construction may be found in older English . Passive constructions also use auxiliary verbs . A passive construction rephrases an active construction in such a way that the object of the active phrase becomes the subject of the passive phrase , and the subject of the active phrase is either omitted or demoted to a role as an oblique argument introduced in a prepositional phrase . They are formed by using the past participle either with the auxiliary verb to be or to get , although not all varieties of English allow the use of passives with get . For example , putting the sentence she sees him into the passive becomes he is seen ( by her ) , or he gets seen ( by her ) . Questions Both yes -- no questions and wh - questions in English are mostly formed using subject -- auxiliary inversion ( Am I going tomorrow ? , Where can we eat ? ) , which may require do - support ( Do you like her ? , Where did he go ? ) . In most cases , interrogative words ( wh - words ; e.g. what , who , where , when , why , how ) appear in a fronted position . For example , in the question What did you see ? , the word what appears as the first constituent despite being the grammatical object of the sentence . ( When the wh - word is the subject or forms part of the subject , no inversion occurs : Who saw the cat ? . ) Prepositional phrases can also be fronted when they are the question 's theme , e.g. To whose house did you go last night ? . The personal interrogative pronoun who is the only interrogative pronoun to still show inflection for case , with the variant whom serving as the objective case form , although this form may be going out of use in many contexts . Discourse level syntax While English is a subject - prominent language , at the discourse level it tends to use a topic - comment structure , where the known information ( topic ) precedes the new information ( comment ) . Because of the strict SVO syntax , the topic of a sentence generally has to be the grammatical subject of the sentence . In cases where the topic is not the grammatical subject of the sentence , frequently the topic is promoted to subject position through syntactic means . One way of doing this is through a passive construction , the girl was stung by the bee . Another way is through a cleft sentence where the main clause is demoted to be a complement clause of a copula sentence with a dummy subject such as it or there , e.g. it was the girl that the bee stung , there was a girl who was stung by a bee . Dummy subjects are also used in constructions where there is no grammatical subject such as with impersonal verbs ( e.g. , it is raining ) or in existential clauses ( there are many cars on the street ) . Through the use of these complex sentence constructions with informationally vacuous subjects , English is able to maintain both a topic - comment sentence structure and a SVO syntax . Focus constructions emphasise a particular piece of new or salient information within a sentence , generally through allocating the main sentence level stress on the focal constituent . For example , the girl was stung by a bee ( emphasising it was a bee and not , for example , a wasp that stung her ) , or The girl was stung by a bee ( contrasting with another possibility , for example that it was the boy ) . Topic and focus can also be established through syntactic dislocation , either preposing or postposing the item to be focused on relative to the main clause . For example , That girl over there , she was stung by a bee , emphasises the girl by preposition , but a similar effect could be achieved by postposition , she was stung by a bee , that girl over there , where reference to the girl is established as an `` afterthought '' . Cohesion between sentences is achieved through the use of deictic pronouns as anaphora ( e.g. that is exactly what I mean where that refers to some fact known to both interlocutors , or then used to locate the time of a narrated event relative to the time of a previously narrated event ) . Discourse markers such as oh , so or well , also signal the progression of ideas between sentences and help to create cohesion . Discourse markers are often the first constituents in sentences . Discourse markers are also used for stance taking in which speakers position themselves in a specific attitude towards what is being said , for example , no way is that true ! ( the idiomatic marker no way ! expressing disbelief ) , or boy ! I 'm hungry ( the marker boy expressing emphasis ) . While discourse markers are particularly characteristic of informal and spoken registers of English , they are also used in written and formal registers . Vocabulary English is a rich language in terms of vocabulary . It is generally stated that English has around 170,000 words , or 220,000 if obsolete words are counted ; this estimate is based on the last full edition of the Oxford English Dictionary from 1989 . Over half of these words are nouns , a quarter adjectives , and a seventh verbs . There is one count that puts the English vocabulary at about 1 million words -- but that count presumably includes words such as Latin species names , scientific terminology , prefixed and suffixed words , jargon , foreign words of extremely limited English use and technical acronyms . Due to its status as an international language , English is expeditious when it comes to adopting foreign words , and borrows vocabulary from a large number of other sources . Early studies of English vocabulary by lexicographers , the scholars who formally study vocabulary , compile dictionaries , or both , were impeded by a lack of comprehensive data on actual vocabulary in use from good - quality linguistic corpora , collections of actual written texts and spoken passages . Many statements published before the end of the 20th century about the growth of English vocabulary over time , the dates of first use of various words in English , and the sources of English vocabulary will have to be corrected as new computerised analysis of linguistic corpus data becomes available . Word formation processes English forms new words from existing words or roots in its vocabulary through a variety of processes . One of the most productive processes in English is conversion , using a word with a different grammatical role , for example using a noun as a verb or a verb as a noun . Another productive word - formation process is nominal compounding , producing compound words such as babysitter or ice cream or homesick . A process more common in Old English than in Modern English , but still productive in Modern English , is the use of derivational suffixes ( - hood , - ness , - ing , - ility ) to derive new words from existing words ( especially those of Germanic origin ) or stems ( especially for words of Latin or Greek origin ) . Formation of new words , called neologisms , based on Greek or Latin roots ( for example television or optometry ) is a highly productive process in English and in most modern European languages , so much so that it is often difficult to determine in which language a neologism originated . For this reason , lexicographer Philip Gove attributed many such words to the `` international scientific vocabulary '' ( ISV ) when compiling Webster 's Third New International Dictionary ( 1961 ) . Another active word - formation process in English is acronyms , words formed by pronouncing as a single word abbreviations of longer phrases ( e.g. NATO , laser ) . Word origins Main article : Lists of English loanwords by country or language of origin Source languages of English vocabulary English , besides forming new words from existing words and their roots , also borrows words from other languages . This process of adding words from other languages is commonplace in many world languages , but English is characterised as being especially open to borrowing of foreign words throughout the last 1,000 years . The most commonly used words in English are West Germanic . The words in English learned first by children as they learn to speak , particularly the grammatical words that dominate the word count of both spoken and written texts , are the Germanic words inherited from the earliest periods of the development of Old English . But one of the consequences of long language contact between French and English in all stages of their development is that the vocabulary of English has a very high percentage of `` Latinate '' words ( derived from French , especially , and also from Latin or from other Romance languages ) . French words from various periods of the development of French now make up one - third of the vocabulary of English . Words of Old Norse origin have entered the English language primarily from the contact between Old Norse and Old English during colonisation of eastern and northern England . Many of these words are part of English core vocabulary , such as egg or knife . English has also borrowed many words directly from Latin , the ancestor of the Romance languages , during all stages of its development . Many of these words were earlier borrowed into Latin from Greek . Latin or Greek are still highly productive sources of stems used to form vocabulary of subjects learned in higher education such as the sciences , philosophy , and mathematics . English continues to gain new loanwords and calques ( `` loan translations '' ) from languages all over the world , and words from languages other than the ancestral Anglo - Saxon language make up about 60 percent of the vocabulary of English . English has formal and informal speech registers , and informal registers , including child - directed speech , tend to be made up predominantly of words of Anglo - Saxon origin , while the percentage of vocabulary that is of Latinate origin is higher in legal , scientific , and academic texts . English loanwords and calques in other languages English has a strong influence on the vocabulary of other languages . The influence of English comes from such factors as opinion leaders in other countries knowing the English language , the role of English as a world lingua franca , and the large number of books and films that are translated from English into other languages . That pervasive use of English leads to a conclusion in many places that English is an especially suitable language for expressing new ideas or describing new technologies . Among varieties of English , it is especially American English that influences other languages . Some languages , such as Chinese , write words borrowed from English mostly as calques , while others , such as Japanese , readily take in English loanwords written in sound - indicating script . Dubbed films and television programmes are an especially fruitful source of English influence on languages in Europe . Writing system See also : English alphabet , English braille , and English orthography Since the ninth century , English has been written in a Latin alphabet ( also called Roman alphabet ) . Earlier Old English texts in Anglo - Saxon runes are only short inscriptions . The great majority of literary works in Old English that survive to today are written in the Roman alphabet . The modern English alphabet contains 26 letters of the Latin script : a , b , c , d , e , f , g , h , i , j , k , l , m , n , o , p , q , r , s , t , u , v , w , x , y , z ( which also have capital forms : A , B , C , D , E , F , G , H , I , J , K , L , M , N , O , P , Q , R , S , T , U , V , W , X , Y , Z ) . The spelling system , or orthography , of English is multi-layered , with elements of French , Latin , and Greek spelling on top of the native Germanic system . Further complications have arisen through sound changes with which the orthography has not kept pace . Compared to European languages for which official organisations have promoted spelling reforms , English has spelling that is a less consistent indicator of pronunciation and standard spellings of words that are more difficult to guess from knowing how a word is pronounced . There are also systematic spelling differences between British and American English . These situations have prompted proposals for spelling reform in English . Although letters and speech sounds do not have a one - to - one correspondence in standard English spelling , spelling rules that take into account syllable structure , phonetic changes in derived words , and word accent are reliable for most English words . Moreover , standard English spelling shows etymological relationships between related words that would be obscured by a closer correspondence between pronunciation and spelling , for example the words photograph , photography , and photographic , or the words electricity and electrical . While few scholars agree with Chomsky and Halle ( 1968 ) that conventional English orthography is `` near - optimal '' , there is a rationale for current English spelling patterns . The standard orthography of English is the most widely used writing system in the world . Standard English spelling is based on a graphomorphemic segmentation of words into written clues of what meaningful units make up each word . Readers of English can generally rely on the correspondence between spelling and pronunciation to be fairly regular for letters or digraphs used to spell consonant sounds . The letters b , d , f , h , j , k , l , m , n , p , r , s , t , v , w , y , z represent , respectively , the phonemes / b , d , f , h , dʒ , k , l , m , n , p , r , s , t , v , w , j , z / . The letters c and g normally represent / k / and / ɡ / , but there is also a soft c pronounced / s / , and a soft g pronounced / dʒ / . The differences in the pronunciations of the letters c and g are often signalled by the following letters in standard English spelling . Digraphs used to represent phonemes and phoneme sequences include ch for / tʃ / , sh for / ʃ / , th for / θ / or / ð / , ng for / ŋ / , qu for / kw / , and ph for / f / in Greek - derived words . The single letter x is generally pronounced as / z / in word - initial position and as / ks / otherwise . There are exceptions to these generalisations , often the result of loanwords being spelled according to the spelling patterns of their languages of origin or proposals by pedantic scholars in the early period of Modern English to mistakenly follow the spelling patterns of Latin for English words of Germanic origin . For the vowel sounds of the English language , however , correspondences between spelling and pronunciation are more irregular . There are many more vowel phonemes in English than there are vowel letters ( a , e , i , o , u , w , y ) . As a result of a smaller set of single letter symbols than the set of vowel phonemes , some `` long vowels '' are often indicated by combinations of letters ( like the oa in boat , the ow in how , and the ay in stay ) , or the historically based silent e ( as in note and cake ) . The consequence of this complex orthographic history is that learning to read can be challenging in English . It can take longer for school pupils to become independently fluent readers of English than of many other languages , including Italian , Spanish , or German . Nonetheless , there is an advantage for learners of English reading in learning the specific sound - symbol regularities that occur in the standard English spellings of commonly used words . Such instruction greatly reduces the risk of children experiencing reading difficulties in English . Making primary school teachers more aware of the primacy of morpheme representation in English may help learners learn more efficiently to read and write English . English writing also includes a system of punctuation that is similar to the system of punctuation marks used in most alphabetic languages around the world . The purpose of punctuation is to mark meaningful grammatical relationships in sentences to aid readers in understanding a text and to indicate features important for reading a text aloud . Dialects , accents , and varieties Main articles : List of dialects of the English language , World Englishes , and regional accents of English Dialectologists identify many English dialects , which usually refer to regional varieties that differ from each other in terms of patterns of grammar , vocabulary , and pronunciation . The pronunciation of particular areas distinguishes dialects as separate regional accents . The major native dialects of English are often divided by linguists into the two extremely general categories of British English ( BrE ) and North American English ( NAE ) . There also exists a third common major grouping of English varieties : Southern Hemisphere English , the most prominent being Australian and New Zealand English . United Kingdom and Ireland See also : English language in England , Northern England English , Scots language , Scottish English , Welsh English , Estuary English , Ulster English , and Hiberno - English Map showing the main dialect regions in the UK and Ireland As the place where English first evolved , the British Isles , and particularly England , are home to the most diverse dialects . Within the United Kingdom , the Received Pronunciation ( RP ) , an educated dialect of South East England , is traditionally used as the broadcast standard and is considered the most prestigious of the British dialects . The spread of RP ( also known as BBC English ) through the media has caused many traditional dialects of rural England to recede , as youths adopt the traits of the prestige variety instead of traits from local dialects . At the time of the Survey of English Dialects , grammar and vocabulary differed across the country , but a process of lexical attrition has led most of this variation to disappear . Nonetheless this attrition has mostly affected dialectal variation in grammar and vocabulary , and in fact , only 3 percent of the English population actually speak RP , the remainder speaking regional accents and dialects with varying degrees of RP influence . There is also variability within RP , particularly along class lines between Upper and Middle - class RP speakers and between native RP speakers and speakers who adopt RP later in life . Within Britain , there is also considerable variation along lines of social class , and some traits though exceedingly common are considered `` non-standard '' and are associated with lower class speakers and identities . An example of this is H - dropping , which was historically a feature of lower - class London English , particularly Cockney , and can now be heard in the local accents of most parts of England -- yet it remains largely absent in broadcasting and among the upper crust of British society . Speech example An example of an Essex male with a working - class Estuary accent ( entertainer Russell Brand ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . Speech example An example of a Scottish male with a middle - class Renfrewshire accent Problems playing this file ? See media help . Speech example An example of an English female with a received pronunciation accent , which is also known as Standard English or ' BBC English ' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . English in England can be divided into four major dialect regions , Southwest English , South East English , Midlands English , and Northern English . Within each of these regions several local subdialects exist : Within the Northern region , there is a division between the Yorkshire dialects , and the Geordie dialect spoken in Northumbria around Newcastle , and the Lancashire dialects with local urban dialects in Liverpool ( Scouse ) and Manchester ( Mancunian ) . Having been the centre of Danish occupation during the Viking Invasions , Northern English dialects , particularly the Yorkshire dialect , retain Norse features not found in other English varieties . Since the 15th century , southeastern England varieties centred around London , which has been the centre from which dialectal innovations have spread to other dialects . In London , the Cockney dialect was traditionally used by the lower classes , and it was long a socially stigmatised variety . The spread of Cockney features across the south - east led the media to talk of Estuary English as a new dialect , but the notion was criticised by many linguists on the grounds that London had influencing neighbouring regions throughout history . Traits that have spread from London in recent decades include the use of intrusive R ( drawing is pronounced drawring / ˈdrɔːrɪŋ / ) , t - glottalisation ( Potter is pronounced with a glottal stop as Po'er / poʔʌ / ) , and the pronunciation of th - as / f / ( thanks pronounced fanks ) or / v / ( bother pronounced bover ) . Scots is today considered a separate language from English , but it has its origins in early Northern Middle English and developed and changed during its history with influence from other sources , particularly Scots Gaelic and Old Norse . Scots itself has a number of regional dialects . And in addition to Scots , Scottish English are the varieties of Standard English spoken in Scotland , most varieties are Northern English accents , with some influence from Scots . In Ireland , various forms of English have been spoken since the Norman invasions of the 11th century . In County Wexford , in the area surrounding Dublin , two extinct dialects known as Forth and Bargy and Fingallian developed as offshoots from Early Middle English , and were spoken until the 19th century . Modern Irish English , however , has its roots in English colonisation in the 17th century . Today Irish English is divided into Ulster English , the Northern Ireland dialect with strong influence from Scots , as well as various dialects of the Republic of Ireland . Like Scottish and most North American accents , almost all Irish accents preserve the rhoticity which has been lost in the dialects influenced by RP . North America Main articles : American English , General American , African American Vernacular English , Southern American English , and Canadian English Speech example An example of a southwestern Arkansas male with a rhotic accent ( Bill Clinton ) . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Rhoticity dominates in North American English . The Atlas of North American English found over 50 % non-rhoticity , though , in at least one local white speaker in each U.S. metropolitan area designated here by a red dot . Non-rhotic African American Vernacular English pronunciations may be found among African Americans regardless of location . American English is fairly homogeneous compared to British English . Today , American accent variation is often increasing at the regional level and decreasing at the very local level , though most Americans still speak within a phonological continuum of similar accents , known collectively as General American ( GA ) , with differences hardly noticed even among Americans themselves ( such as Midland and Western American English ) . In most American and Canadian English , rhoticity ( or r - fulness ) is dominant , with non-rhoticity ( r - dropping ) becoming associated with lower prestige and social class especially after World War II ; this contrasts with the situation in England , where non-rhoticity has become the standard . Separate from GA are American dialects with clearly distinct sound systems , historically including Southern American English , English of the coastal Northeast ( famously including Eastern New England English and New York City English ) , and African American Vernacular English , all of which are historically non-rhotic . Canadian English , except for the Atlantic provinces and perhaps Quebec , may be classified under GA as well , but it often shows raising of certain vowels , / aɪ / and / aʊ / , before voiceless consonants , as well as distinct norms for written and pronunciation standards . In Southern American English , the largest American `` accent group '' outside of GA , rhoticity now strongly prevails , replacing the region 's historical non-rhotic prestige . Southern accents are colloquially described as a `` drawl '' or `` twang , '' being recognised most readily by the Southern Vowel Shift that begins with glide - deleting in the / aɪ / vowel ( e.g. pronouncing spy almost like spa ) , the `` Southern breaking '' of several front pure vowels into a gliding vowel or even two syllables ( e.g. pronouncing the word `` press '' almost like `` pray - us '' ) , the pin -- pen merger , and other distinctive phonological , grammatical , and lexical features , many of which are actually recent developments of the 19th century or later . Today spoken primarily by working - and middle - class African Americans , African American Vernacular English ( AAVE ) is also largely non-rhotic and likely originated among enslaved Africans and African Americans influenced primarily by the non-rhotic , non-standard English dialects of the Old South . A minority of linguists , contrarily , propose that AAVE mostly traces back to African languages spoken by the slaves who had to develop a pidgin or Creole English to communicate with slaves of other ethnic and linguistic origins . AAVE shares important commonalities with older Southern American English and so probably developed to a highly coherent and homogeneous variety in the 19th or early 20th century . AAVE is commonly stigmatised in North America as a form of `` broken '' or `` uneducated '' English , also common of modern Southern American English , but linguists today recognise both as fully developed varieties of English with their own norms shared by a large speech community . Australia and New Zealand Main articles : Australian English and New Zealand English Speech example An example of an Australian male with a general Australian accent . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Since 1788 , English has been spoken in Oceania , and Australian English has developed as a first language of the vast majority of the inhabitants of the Australian continent , its standard accent being General Australian . The English of neighbouring New Zealand has to a lesser degree become an influential standard variety of the language . Australian and New Zealand English are each other 's closest relatives with few differentiating characteristics , followed by South African English and the English of southeastern England , all of which have similarly non-rhotic accents , aside from some accents in the South Island of New Zealand . Australian and New Zealand English stand out for their innovative vowels : many short vowels are fronted or raised , whereas many long vowels have diphthongised . Australian English also has a contrast between long and short vowels , not found in most other varieties . Australian English grammar aligns closely to British and American English ; like American English , collective plural subjects take on a singular verb ( as in the government is rather than are ) . New Zealand English uses front vowels that are often even higher than in Australian English . Africa , the Caribbean , and South Asia See also : South African English , Caribbean English , and Indian English Speech example An example of a black male with a South African accent . Problems playing this file ? See media help . English is spoken widely in South Africa and is an official or co-official language in several countries . In South Africa , English has been spoken since 1820 , co-existing with Afrikaans and various African languages such as the Khoe and Bantu languages . Today about 9 percent of the South African population speak South African English ( SAE ) as a first language . SAE is a non-rhotic variety , which tends to follow RP as a norm . It is alone among non-rhotic varieties in lacking intrusive r . There are different L2 varieties that differ based on the native language of the speakers . Most phonological differences from RP are in the vowels . Consonant differences include the tendency to pronounce / p , t , t͡ʃ , k / without aspiration ( e.g. pin pronounced ( pɪn ) rather than as ( phɪn ) as in most other varieties ) , while r is often pronounced as a flap ( ɾ ) instead of as the more common fricative . Several varieties of English are also spoken in the Caribbean Islands that were colonial possessions of Britain , including Jamaica , and the Leeward and Windward Islands and Trinidad and Tobago , Barbados , the Cayman Islands , and Belize . Each of these areas are home both to a local variety of English and a local English based creole , combining English and African languages . The most prominent varieties are Jamaican English and Jamaican Creole . In Central America , English based creoles are spoken in on the Caribbean coasts of Nicaragua and Panama . Locals are often fluent both in the local English variety and the local creole languages and code - switching between them is frequent , indeed another way to conceptualise the relationship between Creole and Standard varieties is to see a spectrum of social registers with the Creole forms serving as `` basilect '' and the more RP - like forms serving as the `` acrolect '' , the most formal register . Most Caribbean varieties are based on British English and consequently , most are non-rhotic , except for formal styles of Jamaican English which are often rhotic . Jamaican English differs from RP in its vowel inventory , which has a distinction between long and short vowels rather than tense and lax vowels as in Standard English . The diphthongs / ei / and / ou / are monophthongs ( eː ) and ( oː ) or even the reverse diphthongs ( ie ) and ( uo ) ( e.g. bay and boat pronounced ( bjeː ) and ( bwoːt ) ) . Often word - final consonant clusters are simplified so that `` child '' is pronounced ( t͡ʃail ) and `` wind '' ( win ) . As a historical legacy , Indian English tends to take RP as its ideal , and how well this ideal is realised in an individual 's speech reflects class distinctions among Indian English speakers . Indian English accents are marked by the pronunciation of phonemes such as / t / and / d / ( often pronounced with retroflex articulation as ( ʈ ) and ( ɖ ) ) and the replacement of / θ / and / ð / with dentals ( t̪ ) and ( d̪ ) . Sometimes Indian English speakers may also use spelling based pronunciations where the silent ⟨ h ⟩ found in words such as ghost is pronounced as an Indian voiced aspirated stop ( ɡɦ ) . 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Jump up ^ McArthur 1992 , pp. 64 , 610 -- 611 . Jump up ^ König 1994 , p. 553 . Jump up ^ König 1994 , p. 550 . Jump up ^ König 1994 , p. 551 . Jump up ^ Miller 2002 , pp. 60 -- 69 . Jump up ^ König 1994 , p. 545 . Jump up ^ König 1994 , p. 557 . Jump up ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , pp. 786 -- 790 . Jump up ^ Miller 2002 , pp. 26 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , pp. 7 - 8 . Jump up ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , pp. 1365 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , p. 1370 . Jump up ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , p. 1366 . Jump up ^ Halliday & Hasan 1976 . Jump up ^ Schiffrin 1988 . Jump up ^ https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/explore/how-many-words-are-there-in-the-english-language How many words are there in the English language ? , Oxford Dictionaries Jump up ^ Leech et al. 2009 , pp. 24 -- 50 . ^ Jump up to : Kastovsky 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Crystal 2003b , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Crystal 2003b , pp. 120 -- 121 . Jump up ^ `` Joseph M. Willams , Origins of the English Language at '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Denning , Kessler & Leben 2007 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Nation 2001 , p. 265 . ^ Jump up to : Gottlieb 2006 , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Denning , Kessler & Leben 2007 . Jump up ^ Romaine 1999 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Fasold & Connor - Linton 2014 , p. 302 . Jump up ^ Crystal 2003b , pp. 124 -- 127 . Jump up ^ Algeo 1999 , pp. 80 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Brutt - Griffler 2006 , p. 692 . Jump up ^ Gottlieb 2006 , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Gottlieb 2006 , p. 198 . ^ Jump up to : Gottlieb 2006 , p. 202 . ^ Jump up to : Swan 2006 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Mountford 2006 . Jump up ^ Neijt 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Daniels & Bright 1996 , p. 653 . ^ Jump up to : Abercrombie & Daniels 2006 . Jump up ^ Mountford 2006 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Mountford 2006 , pp. 157 -- 158 . Jump up ^ Daniels & Bright 1996 , p. 654 . Jump up ^ Dehaene 2009 . Jump up ^ McGuinness 1997 . Jump up ^ Shaywitz 2003 . 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PBS . Retrieved 15 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Erik R. ( 2003 ) , `` Rural White Southern Accents '' ( PDF ) , Atlas of North American English ( online ) , Mouton de Gruyter , p. 16 . ( Later published as a chapter in : Bernd Kortmann and Edgar W. Schneider ( eds ) ( 2004 ) . A Handbook of Varieties of English : A Multimedia Reference Tool . New York : Mouton de Gruyter , pp. 300 - 324 . ) Jump up ^ Levine & Crockett 1966 . Jump up ^ Schönweitz 2001 . Jump up ^ Montgomery 1993 . Jump up ^ Thomas 2008 , p. 95 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1997 . Jump up ^ McWhorter , John H. ( 2001 ) . Word on the Street : Debunking the Myth of a `` Pure '' Standard English . Basic Books . p. 162 . Jump up ^ Bailey 2001 . Jump up ^ Green 2002 . Jump up ^ Patrick 2006b . Jump up ^ Eagleson 1982 . Jump up ^ Trudgill & Hannah 2002 , pp. 16 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Burridge 2010 . Jump up ^ Trudgill & Hannah 2002 , pp. 24 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Maclagan 2010 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Campbell & Hay et al. 2004 . 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Controllers working on stations serving designated airports and routes used by international air services shall demonstrate language proficiency in English as well as in any other language ( s ) used by the station on the ground . International Maritime Organization ( 2011 ) . `` IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases '' . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . International Phonetic Association ( 1999 ) . Handbook of the International Phonetic Association : A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 65236 - 7 . Jambor , Paul Z. ( December 2007 ) . `` English Language Imperialism : Points of View '' . Journal of English as an International Language . 2 : 103 -- 123 . Jespersen , Otto ( 2007 ) ( 1924 ) . `` Case : The number of English cases '' . The Philosophy of Grammar . Routledge . Kachru , B. ( 2006 ) . `` English : World Englishes '' . In Brown , Keith . Encyclopedia of language & linguistics . 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who played the door gunner in full metal jacket

Tim Colceri ( born June 15 , 1951 ) is an American actor and comedian . He is most known for his role in the 1987 Stanley Kubrick film Full Metal Jacket , where he played the door gunner who uttered the much - quoted lines `` Get some ! '' ( adopted as the byline for the 2008 movie Tropic Thunder ) and `` Ai n't war hell ? '' He was originally cast to play Sergeant Hartman but was removed from the role in favor of R. Lee Ermey .

Tim Colceri

Tim Colceri

tim colceri

Tim Colceri ( born June 15 , 1951 ) is an American actor and comedian . He is most known for his role in the 1987 Stanley Kubrick film Full Metal Jacket , where he played the door gunner who uttered the much - quoted lines `` Get some ! '' ( adopted as the byline for the 2008 movie Tropic Thunder ) and `` Ai n't war hell ? '' He was originally cast to play Sergeant Hartman but was removed from the role in favor of R. Lee Ermey .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Early life and education 1.2 Career 2 Filmography 3 References 4 External links Biography ( edit ) Early life and education ( edit ) Tim was born on June 15 , 1951 in Canton , Ohio . When he was 2 years old , his parents moved to Phoenix , Arizona where he grew up . At age 18 , Tim enlisted in the United States Marine Corps and spent 13 months in Da Nang , Vietnam . He was discharged on his 20th birthday , and immediately enrolled at Arizona State University , majoring in physical education with his goal of being a wrestling coach . Career ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2009 ) Colceri became a professional golf player after graduating from college . Three years later , he cut a tendon in his little finger and was forced to find a new profession . He worked at the Victoria Station Restaurant near the Miami airport for three years , then got a job with Braniff Airlines as a flight attendant . He got into acting through a friend who was taking an acting class and insisted he try acting . Filmography ( edit ) Inside the Love House ( 1983 ) - Joe Never Too Young to Die ( 1986 ) - Grady Full Metal Jacket ( 1987 ) - Doorgunner Emanon ( 1987 ) - Construction Worker Talent for the Game ( 1991 ) - Baseball manager ( uncredited ) Silk Stalkings ( 1992 , TV Series ) - Pike Who 's the Boss ? ( 1992 , TV Series ) - Construction Worker To Protect and Serve ( 1992 ) - Franklin Slaughter of the Innocents ( 1993 ) - Warden Bates CIA II : Target Alexa ( 1993 ) - CIA Guard The Secret World of Alex Mack ( 1994 , TV Series ) - Mr. Heller Potion d'amour ( 1994 ) Rage ( 1995 ) - Parrish Leprechaun 4 : In Space ( 1996 ) - Metal Head Eraser ( 1996 ) - Lobby Guard Riot ( 1996 ) - Garrison The Underground ( 1997 ) - Palcone Against the Law ( 1997 ) - Officer I.Q. Babylon 5 : In The Beginning ( 1998 TV Movie ) Captain Jankowski Charades ( 1998 ) - Rich man ( uncredited ) Fallen Arches ( 1998 ) - Officer Harding Ultimate Target ( 2000 ) - Bob Weinerman Bad Guys ( 2000 ) - Special Agent Todd Megiddo ( 2001 ) - Adm. Hansen Reflections of Evil ( 2002 ) - Vietnam War Hero Soap Girl ( 2002 ) - Married Man Hitters ( 2002 ) - Torillo The Gun ( From 6 to 7 : 30 p.m. ) ( 2003 ) - AJ - Strip Club Owner Wounded Love ( 2004 ) - Rebecca 's father Raspberry & Lavender ( 2004 ) - Frank Whitworth The Last Eve ( 2005 ) - Priest Alibi ( 2007 ) - Costello Evilution ( 2008 ) - Sgt . Gabriel Collins Space Girls in Beverly Hills ( 2009 ) - Baron Von Benson Kimchi Warrior 2D Feast of Fury ( 2011 ) - Evil Lord Disease The Devil Inside ( 2012 ) - Priest Garbage ( 2013 ) - Associate Producer Cry of the Butterfly ( 2014 ) - Pollice Officer Retreat ! ( 2016 ) - Coleman References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) Tim Colceri on IMDb VIAF : 103060441 LCCN : no2009186085 Jump up ^ http://www.filmycks.com/films/full-metal-jacket/ Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tim_Colceri&oldid=834183161 '' Categories : 1951 births Living people Actors from Canton , Ohio American male film actors American male television actors Arizona State University alumni Male actors from Phoenix , Arizona United States Marines American Marine Corps personnel of the Vietnam War Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Articles to be expanded from July 2009 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 11 : 02 . About Wikipedia

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where does the final stage of carbohydrate digestion occur

Carbohydrates not digested in the small intestine , including resistant starch foods such as potato , bean , oat , wheat flour , and several monosaccharide oligosaccharides and starch , are digested in a variable when they reach the large intestine . The bacterial flora metabolize these compounds anaerobically in the absence of oxygen . This produces gases ( hydrogen , carbon dioxide and methane ) and short - chain fatty acids ( acetate , propionate , butyrate ) . The gases are absorbed and excreted by breathing or through the anus ( flatulence ) . Fatty acids are rapidly metabolized . Butyrate is used mainly by cells in the colon and acetate is absorbed into the blood and taken up by the liver , muscle and other tissue . Propionate is an important precursor of glucose in some animals , but not humans .

the large intestine

Carbohydrate digestion

carbohydrate digestion

All carbohydrates absorbed in the small intestine must be hydrolyzed to monosaccharides prior to absorption . Hydrolysis precedes transport of monosaccharides in hamster intestine . From sucrose , glucose is taken up much faster than fructose . Monosaccharide transport saturates with D - glucose at 30 mM .

Digestion of starch begins with the action of salivary alpha - amylase / ptyalin , although its activity is slight in comparison with that of pancreatic amylase in the small intestine . Amylase hydrolyzes starch to alpha - dextrin , which are then digested by gluco - amylase ( alpha - dextrinases ) to maltose and maltotriose . The products of digestion of alpha - amylase and alpha - dextrinase , along with dietary disaccharides are hydrolyzed to their corresponding monosaccharides by enzymes ( maltase , isomaltase , sucrase and lactase ) present in the brush border of the small intestine . In the typical Western diet , digestion and absorption of carbohydrates is fast and takes place usually in the upper small intestine . However , when the diet contains carbohydrates not easily digestible , digestion and absorption take place mainly in the ileal portion of the intestine . Digestion of food continues while simplest elements are absorbed . The absorption of most digested food occurs in the small intestine through the brush border of the epithelium covering the villi ( small hair - like structure ) . It is not a simple diffusion of substances , but is active and requires energy use by the epithelial cells . During the phase of carbohydrate absorption , fructose is transported into the intestinal cell 's cytosol , glucose and galactose competes with other sodium transporter required for operation . From the cytosol , monosaccharides pass into the capillaries by simple or facilitated diffusion . Carbohydrates not digested in the small intestine , including resistant starch foods such as potato , bean , oat , wheat flour , and several monosaccharide oligosaccharides and starch , are digested in a variable when they reach the large intestine . The bacterial flora metabolize these compounds anaerobically in the absence of oxygen . This produces gases ( hydrogen , carbon dioxide and methane ) and short - chain fatty acids ( acetate , propionate , butyrate ) . The gases are absorbed and excreted by breathing or through the anus ( flatulence ) . Fatty acids are rapidly metabolized . Butyrate is used mainly by cells in the colon and acetate is absorbed into the blood and taken up by the liver , muscle and other tissue . Propionate is an important precursor of glucose in some animals , but not humans . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alvarado , F ; Lherminier , M ; Phan , HH ( October 1984 ) . `` Hamster intestinal disaccharide absorption : extracellular hydrolysis precedes transport of the monosaccharide products '' . The Journal of Physiology. 355 : 493 -- 507 . doi : 10.1113 / jphysiol. 1984. sp015434 . PMC 1193506 . PMID 6492000 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbohydrate_digestion&oldid=852258260 '' Categories : Nutrition Carbohydrates Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2016 All articles needing additional references Orphaned articles from September 2014 All orphaned articles Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk About Wikipedia Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 27 July 2018 , at 17 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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indian railway network connects about how many stations

All main - line rail operations in India are handled by Indian Railways ( IR ) , a state - owned organization of the Ministry of Railways . As of March 2017 , the rail network comprises 121,407 km ( 75,439 mi ) of track over a route of 67,368 km ( 41,861 mi ) and 7,349 stations . It is the fourth - largest railway network in the world ( after those of the United States , Russia and China ) . Thirty eight percent of the routes are electrified with 25 KV AC electric traction while thirty - three percent of them are double or multi-tracked .

7,349

Rail transport in India

rail transport in india

Rail transport in India Operation National railway Indian Railways Statistics Ridership 9.116 billion ( 2018 ) Passenger km 1,149.835 billion ( 2017 ) Freight 1.106 billion tonnes ( 2017 ) System length Total 67,368 km ( 41,861 mi ) ( route ) 121,407 km ( 75,439 mi ) ( total track ) Electrified 25,367 km ( 15,762 mi ) ( route ) 48,239 km ( 29,974 mi ) ( running track ) Track gauge 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) broad gauge 61,680 km ( 38,330 mi ) 1,435 mm ( 4 ft 8 1 / 2 in ) standard gauge Not available 1,000 mm ( 3 ft 3 3 / 8 in ) metre gauge 3,479 km ( 2,162 mi ) Two narrow gauges , 762 mm ( 2 ft 6 in ) and 610 mm ( 2 ft ) 2,208 km ( 1,372 mi ) Features Longest tunnel Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel , 11.215 km ( 6.969 mi ) No. bridges 133,160 ( 2011 ) Longest bridge Vembanad Rail Bridge , 4.62 km ( 2.87 mi ) No. stations 7,349 Highest elevation 2,257 m ( 7,405 ft ) at Ghum on the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Lowest elevation 4 m ( 13 ft ) at Barra Bazar Passenger railways and airports in India ( interactive map ) Rail transport is an important mode of transport in India . All main - line rail operations in India are handled by Indian Railways ( IR ) , a state - owned organization of the Ministry of Railways . As of March 2017 , the rail network comprises 121,407 km ( 75,439 mi ) of track over a route of 67,368 km ( 41,861 mi ) and 7,349 stations . It is the fourth - largest railway network in the world ( after those of the United States , Russia and China ) . Thirty eight percent of the routes are electrified with 25 KV AC electric traction while thirty - three percent of them are double or multi-tracked . It is one of the busiest networks in the world , transporting 8.107 billion passengers and over 1.108 billion tonnes of freight annually , as of 2016 . Indian Railways is the world 's eighth largest employer , with more than 1.308 million employees as of March 2017 . As of March 2017 , IR 's rolling stock consisted of 277,987 freight wagons , 70,937 passenger coaches and 11,452 locomotives . IR owns locomotive and coach - production facilities at several locations in India . The urban rail transit systems across the country are operated independently of Indian Railways . There are currently 11 operational rapid transit ( also called ' metro ' ) systems in ten cities in India . As of November 2017 , India has 425 kilometres ( 264 miles ) of operational metro lines and 347 stations . A further 500 + km of lines are under construction . Contents 1 History 1.1 1832 -- 1852 : Industrial railways 1.2 1853 -- 1924 : Passenger railways and expansion 1.3 1925 -- 1950 : Electrification and further expansion 1.4 1951 -- 1983 : Zonal re-organisation and further developments 1.5 1984 -- present : Rapid transit and later developments 2 Rolling stock 2.1 Locomotives 2.2 Goods wagons 2.3 Passenger coaches 3 Manufacturing 4 Network 4.1 Tracks 4.2 Electrification 4.3 Signaling and telecommunication 4.4 Links with adjacent countries 5 Services 5.1 Passenger service 5.1. 1 Station categories 5.1. 2 Travel classes 5.1. 3 Train types 5.1. 4 Tourism 5.1. 5 Ticketing 5.2 Freight service 6 Urban rail 6.1 Suburban rail 6.2 Metro 6.3 Monorail 6.4 Light rail 6.5 Tram 7 Private railways 8 UNESCO World Heritage Sites 9 Issues 10 Future 10.1 Infrastructure 10.2 Electrification and power 10.3 Safety 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of rail transport in India Rail transport in India began in the early nineteenth century . 1832 -- 1852 : industrial Railways ( edit ) The first proposals for railways in India were made in Madras in 1832 . The first train in India ran from Red Hills to Chintadripet bridge in 1837 . It was called Red Hill Railway and used a rotary steam locomotive manufactured by William Avery . The railway was built by Sir Arthur Cotton and was mainly used for transporting granite stones for road - building work in Madras . In 1845 Cotton built the Godavari Dam Construction Railway at Dowleswaram in Rajahmundry , used to supply stones for construction of a dam over Godavari . On 8 May 1845 , Madras Railway was incorporated , and East India Railway ( EIR ) was incorporated the same year . On 1 August 1849 Great Indian Peninsular Railway ( GIPR ) was incorporated by an Act of Parliament . A `` Guarantee System '' providing free land and guaranteeing rates of return ( 5 % ) to private English companies building railways was finalized on 17 August 1849 . In 1851 the Solani Aqueduct Railway was built in Roorkee , hauled by a steam locomotive called Thomason , named after a British officer . It was used for transporting construction materials for an aqueduct over the Solani river . In 1852 the Madras Guaranteed Railway Company was incorporated . 1853 -- 1924 : passenger Railways and expansion ( edit ) India 's first passenger train between Bombay and Thane in 1853 The first passenger train in India ran between Bombay ( Bori Bunder ) and Thane on 16 April 1853 . The 14 - carriage train was hauled by three steam locomotives : Sahib , Sindh and Sultan . It could carry 400 people and ran on a line of 34 kilometres ( 21 mi ) built and operated by GIPR . This line was built in 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) broad gauge , which became the standard for railways in the country . In Eastern India , the first passenger railway train ran from Howrah ( near Calcutta ) to Hoogly on 15 August 1854 . The 39 - kilometre ( 24 mi ) line was built and operated by EIR . In May 1854 the Bombay -- Thane line was extended to Kalyan by building India 's first railway bridge , the Dapoorie viaduct , over Ulhas river . The line was extended to Khopoli in 1855 . In August 1855 , EIR Express and Fairy Queen steam locomotives started hauling trains . The first passenger train in South India ran from Royapuram and Veyasarapady ( Madras ) to Wallajah Road ( Arcot ) on 1 July 1856 on a 97 - kilometre ( 60 mi ) line built and operated by Madras Railway . On 24 February 1873 the first tramway , a 3.8 - kilometre ( 2.4 mi ) horse - drawn tramway , opened in Calcutta between Sealdah and Armenian Ghat Street . On 9 May 1874 a horse - drawn tramway began operation in Bombay between Colaba and Parel . In 1880 Calcutta Tramways Company was incorporated . GIPR started its first workshops in Byculla in 1854 and Madras Railway set up their first workshop at Perambur in 1856 . The railway boom continued with the incorporation of Bombay , Baroda , and Central India Railway ( BB&CI ) in 1855 , Eastern Bengal Railway in 1858 , and East Coast State Railway in 1890 . Great South Indian Railway ( GSIR ) and Carnatic Railway merged in 1874 to form the South Indian Railway . In 1897 lighting in passenger coaches was introduced by many railway companies . In 1902 the Jodhpur Railway became the first to introduce electric lights as standard fixtures . In 1920 electric lighting of signals was introduced between Dadar and Currey Road in Bombay . 1925 -- 1950 : electrification and further expansion ( edit ) The first railway budget was presented in 1925 . The Oudh and Rohilkhund Railway was merged with EIR in the same year . In 1930 , Hyderabad - Godavary Valley Railway was merged with Nizam 's state railway . On 3 February 1925 India 's first electric passenger train ran between Victoria terminus and Kurla , on 1500 V DC overhead traction with locomotives provided by Cammell Laird and Uerdingenwagonfabrik companies . Later that year the VT -- Bandra section was electrified with an elevated platform at Sandhurst Road . Kurla -- Kalyan and lines to Poona and Igatpuri were electrified in 1926 and the Bandra -- Virar section was electrified by January 1928 . On 1 June 1930 the Deccan Queen began running , hauled by a WCP - 1 ( No. 20024 , old No . EA / 1 4006 ) with 7 coaches , on the GIPR 's electrified route from Bombay VT to Poona ( Pune ) . The Frontier Mail made its inaugural run in 1928 between Bombay VT and Peshawar . In 1929 the Grand Trunk Express began running between Peshawar and Mangalore and Punjab Limited Express began running between Mumbai and Lahore . Technical advancements saw automatic colour - light signals first become operational on GIPR 's lines between Bombay VT and Byculla in 1928 and were extended to the Byculla -- Kurla section the following year . 1951 -- 1983 : zonal re-organisation and further developments ( edit ) India 's railways were re-organised into regional zones beginning in 1951 with the creation of Southern Railway on 14 April and Central Railway and Western Railway on 5 November . The post of Chief Commissioner of Railways was abolished and the Railway Board adopted the practice of making its senior-most member Chairman . Also in 1951 , the government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Calcutta Tramways Co. to take over its administrative functions . On 14 April 1952 Northern Railway , Eastern Railway and North - Eastern Railway were created . On 1 August 1955 South - Eastern Railway was split from Eastern Railway , and the following year divisional systems of administration were set up for the various regional zones . In 1958 the North - Eastern Railway split to form a new Northeast Frontier Railway . In 1952 fans and lights were mandated for all compartments in all classes of passenger accommodation and sleeping accommodation was introduced in coaches . In 1956 the first fully air - conditioned train was introduced between Howrah and Delhi . In 1966 the first containerized freight services began , between Bombay and Ahmedabad . In 1957 India Railways took a decision to adopt 25 kV AC electrification and chose SNCF ( French National Railway ) as technical consultant . The Main Line Electrification Project was established in the same year . Raj Kharswan -- Dongoposi became the first section to be electrified with 25 kV AC traction with the first train running on 11 August 1960 . In 1966 electrification of several suburban tracks around Delhi , Madras and Calcutta was completed with the 25 kV AC system . In 1979 the Main Line Electrification Project was reconstituted into Central Organization for Railway Electrification ( CORE ) . 1984 -- present : rapid transit and later developments ( edit ) Gatiman Express , India 's fastest train introduced in 2016 Calcutta Metro became the first metro in the country with the 24 October 1984 line between Esplanade and Bhowanipur ( now the Netaji Bhawan station ) . In 1988 the first Shatabdi Express was introduced between New Delhi and Jhansi ( later extended to Bhopal ) , and was the fastest train at the time . In 1993 air - conditioned 3 - tier coaches were introduced as well as a sleeper class separate from second class . In 1999 South East Central was constituted . On 6 July 2002 the East Coast , South Western , South East Central , North Central , and West Central zones were created . On 5 April 2016 Gatiman Express , India 's fastest train at a maximum speed of 160 km / h ( 99 mph ) , made its first run from Delhi to Agra . India 's first computerized ticketing and reservation was introduced at New Delhi in 1986 . In 1990 the first self - printing ticket machine ( SPTM ) was introduced . In September 1996 the CONCERT computerized reservation system was fully deployed at New Delhi , Mumbai and Chennai , and was completed nationwide on 18 April 1999 . In 1998 coupon validating machines ( CVMs ) were introduced at Mumbai CST . Credit cards were accepted for booking tickets and reservations starting in 1999 . Indian Railways launched its web site in February 2000 and began taking online train reservations and ticketing on 3 August 2002 , which was extended to many cities in December . On 26 September 2013 the Tatkal system of ticketing extended to ordinary trains . On 16 January 1995 the first regularly scheduled services using the 2 × 25 kV system of traction started on Bina -- Katni . On 5 February 2012 Western Railway switched completely to 25 kV AC traction , ending its use of 1.5 kV DC traction . On 11 April 2016 Central Railway completed switching to 25 kV AC traction , ending the use of DC traction on the country 's main - line rail network . Indian Railways announced on 31 March 2017 that the entire rail network would be electrified by 2022 . Rolling stock ( edit ) Locomotives ( edit ) Main article : Locomotives in India A WAP 7 class 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) broad gauge AC electric locomotive at Baiyyappanahalli . A WDM - 3D broad - gauge diesel locomotive The Nilgiri Mountain Railway , one of the few running steam locomotives , in India Locomotives in India largely consist of electric and diesel locomotives . The world 's first compressed natural gas ( CNG ) locomotives are also being used . Steam locomotives are used only in heritage trains . In India , locomotives are classified according to their gauge , motive power , the work they are suited for and their power or model number . The class name , composed of four or five letters , encodes this information . The first letter denotes the track gauge ; the second denotes their motive power , diesel or alternating current ( electric ) ; the third letter denotes the type of traffic for which they are suited ( goods , passenger , multi or shunting ) . The fourth letter used to denote the chronological model number but from 2002 denotes the horsepower range for diesel locomotives . Electric locomotives do n't come under this scheme and not all diesels are covered ; for these , the fourth letter denotes their chronological model number . A locomotive may have a fifth letter in its class name which denotes a technical variant , subclass or subtype , indicating a variation in the basic model or series , possibly different motors or a different manufacturer . With the new scheme for classifying diesel locomotives ( as mentioned above ) the fifth letter further refines the horsepower indication in 100 hp ( 75 kW ) increments : ' A ' for 100 hp , ' B ' for 200 hp , ' C ' for 300 hp , etc . In this scheme , a WDM - 3A refers to a wide - gauge diesel multi-use 3100 hp loco , while a WDM - 3D would be a 3400 hp loco and WDM - 3F would be 3600 hp loco . Note : This classification system does not apply to heritage steam locomotives which retain their historical class names such as M class or WP class . Diesel locomotives have been fitted with auxiliary power units which save nearly 88 % of fuel while idling . Goods wagons ( edit ) Main article : Wagon numbering system in India The number of goods wagons was 205,596 on 31 March 1951 and peaked at 405,183 on 31 March 1980 , after which it declined to 239,321 on 31 March 2012 . The number is far less than that required for demand and Indian Railways loses freight traffic to road carriers . The railway carried 93 million tonnes of goods in 1950 -- 51 , increasing to 1010 million tonnes in 2012 -- 13 . However , its share in goods traffic is much lower than road traffic . In 1951 , its share was 65 % , and the share of the road was 35 % . Now the shares have been reversed , and the proportion of railways has declined to 30 % while the share of road has increased to 70 % . Since the 1990s , Indian Railways has stopped single - wagon consignments and provides only full - rake freight trains . Wagon types include : BOXN = BOXN - HL , BOXN - HS , BOXN - HL , BOXN - CR , BOXN - LW , BOXN - AL , BOXN - EL , BOBYN , BCNA , BCNHL , BTPN , BCACBM , BCCN , BOBRN , BRH , BTPGLN , VVN . Passenger coaches ( edit ) IR has several types of passenger coaches . ( See § Passenger services , below . ) The coaches used in IR are produced at Integral Coach Factory , Rail Coach Factory , and Modern Coach Factory , Raebareli . This includes the new Linke - Hofmann ( LHB ) coaches . Electric multiple unit ( EMU ) coaches are used for suburban traffic in large cities -- mainly Mumbai , Chennai , Delhi , Kolkata , Pune , Hyderabad and Bangalore . These coaches numbered 7,793 on 31 March 2012 . They have second - class and first - class seating accommodation . Passenger coaches numbered 46,722 and other coaches ( luggage coach , parcel van , guard 's coach , mail coach , etc . ) numbered 6,560 on 31 March 2012 . Manufacturing ( edit ) The Chittaranjan Locomotive Works in Chittaranjan makes electric locomotives . The Diesel Locomotive Works in Varanasi makes diesel locomotives . The Integral Coach Factory in Perambur , Chennai makes integral coaches . These have a monocoque construction , and the floor is an integral unit with the undercarriage . The Rail Coach Factory in Kapurthala also makes coaches . The Rail Wheel Factory at Yelahanka , Bangalore and Rail Wheel Plant , Bela , Chhapra , Bihar manufacture wheels and axles . Diesel - Loco Modernisation Works , Patiala upgrades the WDM - 2 diesel loco from 2,600 to 3,100 hp ( 1,900 to 2,300 kW ) . Some electric locomotives have been supplied by BHEL , Jhansi and Palakkad , and locomotive components are manufactured in several other plants around the country . Network ( edit ) Tracks ( edit ) Comparison of gauges in India with the standard gauge See also : Project Unigauge As of March 2017 , IR network spans 121,407 km ( 75,439 mi ) of track length , while the route length is 67,368 km ( 41,861 mi ) . Track sections are rated for speeds ranging from 80 to 200 km / h ( 50 to 124 mph ) , though the maximum speed attained by passenger trains is 180 km / h ( 110 mph ) . As of March 2017 , most of the broad - gauge network is equipped with long - welded rails , pre-stressed concrete ( PSC ) sleepers and high tensile strength 52kg / 60kg 90 UTS rails . 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) broad gauge , is the predominant gauge used by IR and spans 61,680 km ( 38,330 mi ) of route ( 92 % of total route network ) . It is the broadest gauge in use across the world for passenger movement . Broad gauge generated 100 % of the freight output ( Net tonne - Kilometres ) and more than 99 % of the passenger output ( Passenger Kilometres ) in the fiscal year 2016 - 17 . The 1,000 mm ( 3 ft 3 ⁄ in ) metre gauge tracks ; 762 mm ( 2 ft 6 in ) and 610 mm ( 2 ft ) narrow gauge tracks are present on decreasing number of routes . All of these routes , except the heritage routes , are being converted to broad gauge . The metre gauge tracks were 3,479 kilometres ( 2,162 mi ) ( 5 % of total route network ) and narrow gauges tracks were 2,208 km ( 1,372 mi ) ( 3 % of total route network ) as of 31 March 2017 . Urban rail transit systems in India mostly use standard gauge tracks . These systems are operated by metro / tram rail corporations which are independent of Indian Railways . Trams in Kolkata , the only remaining tram service in the country uses standard gauge tracks . The Line 1 of Kolkata Metro and Delhi Metro use same broad gauge tracks as main - line railways . All other metro lines -- constructed , under construction , future -- use standard gauge tracks . Metro trains operate in Delhi , Bangalore , Chennai , Mumbai , Hyderabad , Jaipur , Kochi and Lucknow . Gurgaon has a Metro system operated by a private organisation . Metro tracks are being constructed or planned in all million - plus cities in the country . Electrification ( edit ) Main article : Central Organisation for Railway Electrification As of 31 March 2018 , IR has electrified 49 % or 33,057 km ( 20,541 mi ) of the route kilometers and 46 % or 55,240 km ( 34,320 mi ) of the total running track . India uses 25 kV AC traction on all of its electrified tracks . Railway electrification in India began with the first 1500 V DC electric train between Bombay Victoria Terminus and Kurla on Harbour Line in 1925 . Steep gradients on the Western Ghats necessitated the introduction of electric traction on the Great Indian Peninsula Railway ( GIPR ) up to Igatpuri on the North East line and to Pune on the South East line . 1500 V DC traction was introduced on the suburban section of the Bombay , Baroda and Central India Railway ( BB&CI ) between Colaba and Borivili in 1928 , and between Madras Beach and Tambaram of the then existing Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway in 1931 . This was primarily to meet the growing traffic on these metros . The electrification of the Howrah -- Burdwan section of the Eastern Railway was done at 3000 V DC and completed in 1958 . The 25 kV AC system of traction emerged as an economical modernization resulting from research and trials in Europe , particularly on French Railways ( SNCF ) . Indian Railways adopted this standard in 1957 , first operational on the Raj Kharswan -- Dongoaposi section on the South Eastern Railway in 1960 . The first 25 kV AC electric multiple unit ( EMU ) coaches which were for Kolkata suburban services were inaugurated in September 1962 . With a view to provide continuity of traction system , the Howrah -- Burdwan section of the Eastern Railway and Madras Beach -- Tambaram section of the Southern Railway were converted to the 25 kV AC system by 1968 . Considering the limitations in the DC traction system , a decision was made in 1996 -- 97 to convert to 25 kV AC . Conversion from DC traction to AC traction was completed on Western Railway in 2012 and on Central Railway in 2016 . Since then , the entire electrified mainline rail network in India uses 25 kV AC , and DC traction is used only for metros and trams . Indian Railways announced on 31 March 2017 that the country 's entire rail network would be electrified by 2022 . Signaling and telecommunication ( edit ) See also : Railway signal and Railway signalling IR uses a range of signalling technologies and methods to manage its train operations based on traffic density and safety requirements . As of March 2017 , around 2,850 kilometres ( 1,770 mi ) of the route uses automatic block signalling for train operations - concentrated in high density routes , large cities and junctions . Remaining routes are based on absolute block signalling with trains manually controlled by signal men from the signal boxes typically located at stations . Few low density routes still use manual block signalling methods with communication on track clearance based on physical exchange of tokens . In a few sections , intermediate block signalling is provided to further enhance line capacity with minimal investment . As of March 2017 . 501 block sections have intermediate block signals on IR . IR primarily uses coloured signal lights , which replaced semaphores and disc - based signalling ( dependent on position or colour ) . IR uses two - aspect , three - aspect and four ( or multiple ) aspect colour signalling across its network . Signals at most stations are interlocked using Panel Interlocking , Route - Relay Interlocking or Electronic Interlocking methods that eliminate scope for human signalling errors . IR uses track circuiting , and block proving axle counters for train detection . As of March 2017 , 5584 stations across IR ( about 90 % of stations on Broad Gauge ) have interlocked stations and multi-aspect signalling . Around 99 % of key routes ( A , B , C and D ) have track circuitry or block proving axle counters for automated train detection . Also , IR has about 51,000 Route kilometers of Optical Fiber Cable ( OFC ) network across India , that is used for train control , voice and data communication . Around 2,500 kilometres ( 1,600 mi ) of route is covered by GSM - R based Mobile Train Radio Communication . In December 2017 , IR announced that it will implement ETCS Level 2 system for signalling and control on key routes with an investment of ₹ 12,000 crore ( US $1.7 billion ) . Currently IR uses Centralised Traffic Control ( CTC ) on the busy Ghaziabad - Kanpur route and real - time train monitoring systems on Mumba i and Kolkata suburban routes . Links with adjacent countries ( edit ) Rail links between India and neighbouring countries are not well developed . Two trains operate to Pakistan : the Samjhauta Express between Delhi and Lahore , and the Thar Express between Jodhpur and Karachi . Bangladesh is connected by the biweekly Maitree Express , which runs from Kolkata to Dhaka , and Bandhan Express , which began running commercial trips between Kolkata and Khulna in November 2017 . Two rail links to Nepal exist : A 59 Km passenger service between Jainagar and Bijalpura via Janakpur which is Running and Operating by Nepal Railways and freight services between Raxaul and Birganj . Indian and Bangladeshi governments planned to start work by January 2015 on a new rail link to ease surface transport . India will build a 15 - kilometre ( 9.3 mi ) railway linking Tripura 's capital Agartala with Bangladesh 's southeastern city of Akhaura , an important railway junction connected to Chittagong port , resource - rich Sylhet and Dhaka . An agreement to implement the railway project was signed between India 's former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and Bangladesh Premier Sheikh Hasina during her visit to India in January 2010 . Total cost of the proposed project is estimated at ₹ 252 crore ( ₹ 2.5 billion ) . The Indian Railway Construction Company ( IRCON ) would lay the new railway tracks on both sides of the border . Of the 15 km rail line , 5 km of tracks fall in Indian territory . The Northeast Frontier Railways ( NFR ) is laying tracks to connect Tripura 's southern-most border town , Sabroom , 135 km ( 84 mi ) south of here . From Sabroom , the Chittagong international sea port is 72 km ( 45 mi ) No rail link exists with Myanmar but a railway line is to be built from Jiribam ( in Manipur ) to Tamu through Imphal and Moreh . The construction of this missing link , as per the feasibility study conducted by the Ministry of External Affairs through RITES Ltd , is estimated to cost ₹ 29.41 billion ( US $410 million ) . An 18 - kilometre ( 11 mi ) railway link with Bhutan is being constructed from Hashimara in West Bengal to Toribari in Bhutan . No rail link exists with either China or Sri Lanka . Services ( edit ) Passenger service ( edit ) Station categories ( edit ) From December 2017 , stations are categorised into the Non-Suburban Group NSG1 to NSG6 , the Suburban Group SG1 to SG3 , and the Halt Group HG1 to HG3 based on the earnings , passenger footfall and strategic importance . Before December 2017 , stations were classified into A1 , A , B , C , D , E and F categories , based only on the passenger earnings from the sales of platform tickets , thus limiting the ability of IR to better focus its investments in passenger amenities . Travel classes ( edit ) Main article : Indian Railways coaching stock Interior of a First Class ( 1A ) compartment in the Rajdhani Express Interior of a 3 - tier AC ( 3AC ) compartment of the Dakshin Express Interior of an air - conditioned Chair Car ( CC ) coach in a Jan Shatabdi Express . IR has several classes of travel with or without air conditioning ; a train may include just one or several of these . Slow passenger trains have only unreserved seating class whereas Rajdhani , Duronto , Shatabdi , Garib Rath and Yuva trains have only air - conditioned classes . The fares are different for each class with unreserved seating class being the cheapest . The fare of Rajdhani , Duronto and Shatabdi trains includes food served in the train , but for other trains food has to be bought separately . From September 2016 , the IR have introduced dynamic fares for all accommodation classes for Rajdhani , Duronto and Shatabdi trains ( except 1AC and EC classes ) to shore up revenue . In long - distance trains a pantry car is usually included and the food is served at the berth or seat itself . Luxury trains such as Palace on Wheels have separate dining cars but fares are comparable to a five - star hotel . A standard passenger train has four unreserved ( also called `` general '' ) coaches , two at the front and two at the end , of which one may be exclusively for ladies . The number of other coaches varies according to the demand and route . A luggage coach may be included at the front or back . In some mail trains , a separate mail coach is attached . Lavatories are communal and feature both the Indian style as well as the Western style . The following table lists the classes in operation . A train may not include all of these classes . Class Description 1A AC first class : The most expensive class , with fares are almost at par with airfares . There are eight cabins ( including two coupes ) in full AC first class coach and three cabins ( including one coupe ) in the half AC first class coach . The coach has an attendant , and bedding is included in the fare . This air - conditioned coach , present only on popular routes , can carry 18 ( full coach ) or 10 passengers ( half coach ) . 2A AC two tier : These air - conditioned coaches have sleeping berths across eight bays . Berths are usually arranged in two tiers in bays of six : four across the width of the coach and two lengthwise across the corridor , with curtains along the corridor . Bedding is included in the fare . A coach can carry 48 ( full coach ) or 20 passengers ( half coach ) . FC First class : Similar to 1A , but without air - conditioning . No bedding is available in this class , and the berths are narrower than 1A . There is an attendant , and only heritage trains still have this class . 3A AC three tier : Air - conditioned coaches with 64 sleeping berths . Berths are similar to 2A , but with three tiers across the width and two lengthwise for eight bays of eight . They are slightly less well - appointed , usually with no reading lights or curtains . Bedding is included in the fare . 3E AC three tier ( economy ) : Air - conditioned coaches with sleeping berths on the Garib Rath Express . Berths are usually arranged as in 3A , but with three tiers across the width and three llengthwise . Appointments are similar to 3A , and bedding is not included . EC Executive chair car : An air - conditioned coach with spacious seats and legroom . With four seats in a row , it is used for intercity day travel and is available on the Tejas and Shatabdi Express . CC AC chair car : An air - conditioned coach with five seats in a row , used for intercity day travel . Air - conditioned double - deck coaches are used on the Double Decker Express . SL Sleeper class : The sleeper class is the most common coach on IR , with ten or more SL coaches attached to a train rake . They are sleeping coaches with three berths across the width and two lengthwise , without air - conditioning . They carry 72 passengers per coach . 2S Second seater : similar to CC , without air - conditioning . Double - deck second seaters are used on the Flying Ranee . UR / GEN Unreserved / General : The least - expensive accommodation , with a seat not guaranteed . Tickets are valid on any train on a route if used within 24 hours of purchase . At the rear of the train is a special compartment known as the guard 's cabin . It is fitted with a transceiver and is where the guard usually gives the all - clear signal before the train departs . Train types ( edit ) Main articles : Train numbering , Named passenger trains , Longest train services , and Longest non-stop run The Mumbai Rajdhani Express . The long - distance , high - speed Rajdhani Expresses connect state capitals and large cities with New Delhi . Secunderabad - Yeshwanthpur Garib Rath Express , an economy air - conditioned train Trains are sorted into categories which dictate the number of stops on a route , their priority on the network and their fare structure . Each express train is identified by a five - digit number . if the first digit is 1 or 2 in the train number , they are long - distance express trains . If the first digit is 0 , the train is a special train which will operate for a limited period of time with a different fare structure . A first digit of 5 denotes a passenger train . The second digit indicates the zone operating the train . However , for high - speed trains , the second digit is either 0 or 2 ( the first remains 1 or 2 ) . The third digit denotes the division within the zone which is responsible for maintenance and cleanliness , and the last two digits are the train 's serial number . The train numbering system was changed from four digits from December 2010 , to accommodate an increasing number of trains . Trains traveling in opposite directions along the same route are usually labelled with consecutive numbers . However , there is considerable variation in train numbers ; some zones , such as Central Railway , have a less - systematic method of numbering trains . Trains are classified by average speed . A faster train has fewer stops ( halts ) than a slower one , and is usually used for long - distance travel . Most express trains have special names to identify them easily . The names of the trains usually denote the regions they connect , the routes they traverse ; a famous person or a tourist spot connected with the train . S.no Train Description Tejas Express A semi-high - speed , air - conditioned train which had its inaugural run on 24 May 2017 , covering 551.7 kilometres ( 343 mi ) in eight hours , 30 minutes . Coaches have bio-vacuum toilets , water - level indicators , tap sensors , hand dryers , integrated Braille displays , an LED TV for each passenger with a phone jack , local cuisine , Wi - Fi , tea and coffee vending machines , magazines , snack tables , CCTV cameras and a fire and smoke detection and extinguishing system . Gatimaan Express The first semi-high - speed , air - conditioned train running between Delhi and Agra . With a speed of 160 km / h ( 99 mph ) , it is India 's fastest train and takes 100 minutes to cover 188 km ( 117 mi ) . Shatabdi Express Air - conditioned , intercity trains for daytime travel . Unlike the Rajdhani or Duronto Expresses , the Shatabdi expresses make a round trip on the same day . The Bhopal Shatabdi Express ( train number 12001 / 12002 ) is India 's second - fastest train between New Delhi and Agra , with an average speed of 90 km / h ( 56 mph ) and a top speed of 150 kilometres per hour ( 93 mph ) . The limited - stop trains have Wi - Fi . Rajdhani Express Limited - stop , air - conditioned trains linking major cities to New Delhi , they have a top speed of 130 -- 140 km / h ( 81 -- 87 mph ) . The 2014 railway budget proposed increasing the Rajdhani and Shatabdi Expresses to 180 km / h ( 110 mph ) . 5 Duronto Express Non-stop ( except for technical halts ) service introduced in 2009 . In January 2016 , it became possible to book tickets from those technical stops . They connect India 's metros and major state capitals , and were introduced to equal ( or exceed ) the speed of the Rajdhani Express . With air - conditioned one - , two - and three - tier seating , some have non-air - conditioned sleeper - class accommodations . 6 Humsafar Express Air - conditioned , three - tier coach trains with LED screens displaying information about stations and train speed , a PA system , vending machines for tea and coffee , charging ports for electronic devices , bio-toilets , smoke alarms , CCTV cameras , curtains and heating and refrigeration facilities for food . 7 AC Express Air - conditioned , limited - stop trains linking major cities , with a speed of about 130 km / h ( 81 mph ) . 8 Double Decker Express Air - conditioned , limited - stop , two - tier express trains for daytime travel 9 Uday Express Similar to the Double Decker Express , with berths for night travel 10 Garib Rath Air - conditioned , economy , three - tier trains with a top speed of 130 km / h ( 81 mph ) 11 Yuva Express Introduced with the Duronto Express to provide air - conditioned travel to young Indians , 60 percent of its seats were reserved for passengers between 18 and 45 years of age . The trains were unsuccessful , and operate only on the Delhi - Howrah and Delhi - Mumbai routes . 12 Jan Shatabdi Express A more - economical version of the Shatabdi Express , with air - conditioned and non-air - conditioned classes and a top speed of 110 km / h ( 68 mph ) 13 Sampark Kranti Express Express service to New Delhi 14 Kavi Guru Express Introduced in honor of Rabindranath Tagore , four pairs of the trains operate on the network . 15 Vivek Express Introduced to commemorate the 150th birth Anniversary of Swami Vivekananda in 2013 , four pairs of Vivek Expresses run in the country . 16 Rajya Rani Express Introduced to connect state capitals to major cities in that state . 17 Mahamana Express Superfast train with Indian Railways ModelRake coaches 18 Intercity Express Introduced to connect major cities on short routes with high and semi-high speeds . Trains include the Deccan Queen , Flying Ranee and Bilaspur Nagpur Intercity Express . 19 Antyodaya Express Non-reserved , high - speed LHB coaches on peak routes to ease congestion 20 Jan Sadharan Express Non-reserved express trains on peak routes to ease congestion 21 Superfast Express / Mail Trains with a speed greater than 100 -- 110 km / h ( 62 -- 68 mph ) , whose tickets have a superfast surcharge 22 Express / Mails India 's most common train type , with stops at relatively - important intermediate stations 23 Fast Passenger and Passenger Slow , economical trains which stop at every ( or almost every ) station on a route . With generally - unreserved seating , some night trains have sleeper and three - tier air - conditioned compartments . The trains travel at about 40 -- 80 km / h ( 25 -- 50 mph ) . 24 Suburban trains These trains operate in Mumbai , Delhi , Kolkata , Chennai , Hyderabad , Ahmedabad , Bengaluru , Pune and between Kanpur and Lucknow , usually stop at every station , and have unreserved seating . 25 Metro Designed for urban transport , the first metro was the Kolkata Metro . 26 Luxury Trains IR operates luxury trains , such as the Palace on Wheels , Royal Rajasthan on Wheels , Maharaja Express , Deccan Odyssey , The Golden Chariot and the Mahaparinirvan Express . The Fairy Queen , a tourist attraction as the world 's oldest operating steam engine , hauls a luxury train from Delhi to Alwar . 27 Mountain railways Three of the lines were declared a World Heritage site as Mountain Railways of India by UNESCO . Tourism ( edit ) The Palace on Wheels is a luxury - train service , frequently hauled by a steam locomotive , to promote tourism in Rajasthan . The train has a seven - night , eight - day itinerary on a round trip from New Delhi via Jaipur , Sawai Madhopur and Chittaurgarh , Udaipur , Jaisalmer , Jodhpur , Bharatpur and Agra . Royal Rajasthan on Wheels covers a number of tourist destinations in Rajasthan . The seven - day , eight - night tour is a round trip from New Delhi 's Safdarjung station via Jodhpur , Udaipur and Chittaurgarh , Ranthambore National Park and Jaipur , Khajuraho , Varanasi and Sarnath , and Agra . Maharajas ' Express , a luxury train operated by the Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation ( IRCTC ) , runs on five routes to about 12 destinations across north - West and central India ( centered around Rajasthan ) from October to April . The Deccan Odyssey covers tourist destinations in Maharashtra and Goa . Its seven - night , eight - day tour begins in Mumbai and stops at Jaigad Fort , Ganapatipule and Ratnagiri , Sindhudurg , Tarkarli and Sawantwadi , Goa , Kolhapur and Pune ( Day 5 ) , Aurangabad and Ellora Caves , and Ajanta Caves and Nashik . The Golden Chariot runs on two tours : Pride of the South and Splendor of the South . The Mahaparinirvan Express , an air - conditioned service also known as the Buddhist Circuit Train , is run by the IRCTC for Buddhist pilgrims . Its seven - night , eight - day tour begins in New Delhi and visits Bodh Gaya , Rajgir and Nalanda , Varanasi and Sarnath , Kushinagar and Lumbini , Sravasti and the Taj Mahal . Ticketing ( edit ) An Indian Railway ticket from Salem to Vijayawada on Howrah Mail India has some of the lowest train fares in the world . Basic passenger traffic is heavily subsidised by more - expensive higher - class fares . Until the late 1980s , Indian Railways ticket reservations were done manually . In 1987 the Railways started using a computerised ticketing system . The entire ticketing system went online in 1995 to provide up - to - date information on status and availability . The ticketing network is computerised to a large extent , with the exception of some remote places . Computerized tickets can be booked for any two points in the country , through the Internet and via mobile phones , though this method carries an additional surcharge . Discounted tickets are available for senior citizens ( above 60 years ) and some other categories of passengers including the disabled , students , athletes , persons affected by serious diseases , or persons appearing for competitive examinations . One compartment of the lowest class of accommodation is reserved for ladies in every passenger - carrying train . Some berths or seats in sleeper class and second class are also reserved for ladies . Season tickets permitting unlimited travel on specific sections or specific trains for a specific time period may also be available . Foreign tourists can buy an Indrail Pass , which is modelled on the Eurail Pass , permitting unlimited travel in India for a specific time period . For long - distance travel , reservation of a berth can be made up to 120 days before departure . Details such as the name , age and concession ( if eligible ) are required and are recorded on the ticket . The ticket price usually includes the base fare , which depends on the classification of the train ( example : super-fast surcharge if the train is classified as a super-fast ) , the class in which one wishes to travel and the reservation charge for overnight journeys . If a seat is not available then the ticket is given a waitlist number ; otherwise the ticket is confirmed and a berth number is printed on the ticket . A person receiving a wait - listed ticket may be able to obtain a confirmed ticket if there are sufficient cancellations . Some of the tickets are assigned to the Reservation against Cancellation ( RAC ) , which is between the waiting list and the confirmed list . These allow the ticket holder to board the train and obtain an allotted seat decided by a ticket collector , after the ticket collector has ascertained that a seat is vacant . Reserved railway tickets can be booked through the website of Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation ( IRCTC ) and also through mobile phones and SMS . Tickets booked through this site are categorised into iTickets and eTickets . iTickets are booked by a passenger and then printed and delivered to the passenger for carrying during journey . eTickets are printed by the passenger and carried while travelling . While travelling on an eTicket , one must carry an authorised valid photo identity card . Cancellation of eTickets are also done online , without the requirement for the passenger to go to any counter . Unreserved tickets are available for purchase on the platform at any time before departure . An unreserved - ticket holder may only board the general - compartment class . All suburban networks issue unreserved tickets valid for a limited time . For frequent commuters , a season pass ( monthly or quarterly ) guarantees unlimited travel between two stops . Freight service ( edit ) In 1999 , the Konkan Railway Corporation introduced the Roll on Roll off ( RORO ) service , a unique road -- rail system , on the section between Kolad in Maharashtra and Verna in Goa , which was extended in 2004 to Surathkal in Karnataka . The RORO service , the first of its kind in India , allowed trucks to be transported on flatbed trailers . It was highly popular , carrying about 110,000 trucks and bringing in about ₹ 740 million worth of earnings to the corporation by 2007 . Urban rail ( edit ) Main article : Urban rail transit in India Suburban rail ( edit ) A suburban train in Mumbai The Mumbai Suburban Railway is India 's first commuter rail system and transports 6.3 million passengers daily , the highest passenger - density in the world . The Kolkata Suburban Railway was established in Kolkata in 1854 . The operational suburban rail systems in India are Mumbai Suburban Railway , Kolkata Suburban Railway , Lucknow -- Kanpur Suburban Railway , Chennai Suburban Railway , Delhi Suburban Railway , Pune Suburban Railway , Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System , Barabanki -- Lucknow Suburban Railway and Pernem -- Karwar Suburban Railway . Other planned systems are Bengaluru Commuter Rail , Ahmedabad Suburban Railway and Coimbatore Suburban Railway . Metro ( edit ) A metro in Chennai The first modern rapid transit in India is the Kolkata Metro which started operations in 1984 , as the 17th Zone of Indian Railways . The Delhi Metro in New Delhi is India 's second conventional metro and began operations in 2002 . The Namma Metro in Bangalore became India 's third rapid - transit system in 2011 . Following these were Rapid Metro in Gurgaon , Mumbai Metro , Jaipur Metro , Chennai Metro , Kochi Metro , Hyderabad Metro and Lucknow Metro . Further systems in planning include : Noida Metro , Ghaziabad Metro , Navi Mumbai Metro , Nagpur Metro , Metro - Link Express for Gandhinagar and Ahmedabad , Varanasi Metro , Kanpur Metro , Pune Metro , Vijayawada Metro , Patna Metro , Meerut Metro , Guwahati Metro , Chandigarh Metro , Bhopal Metro , Kozhikode Light Metro , Indore Metro , Thiruvananthapuram Light Metro , Agra Metro , Coimbatore Metro , Visakhapatnam Metro , Dehradun Metro , Surat Metro , Srinagar Metro , Greater Gwalior Metro , Jabalpur Metro and Greater Nashik Metro . Some of these may be under construction and planned to be opened shortly . Monorail ( edit ) A monorail in Mumbai Monorail is generally considered a feeder system for the metro trains in India . The Mumbai Monorail , which started in 2014 , is the first operational monorail network in India ( excluding the Skybus Metro ) since the Patiala State Monorail Trainways closed in 1927 . Other planned systems are Chennai Monorail , Kolkata Monorail , Allahabad Monorail , Bengaluru Monorail , Delhi Monorail , Indore Monorail , Kanpur Monorail , Navi Mumbai Monorail , Patna Monorail , Pune Monorail , Ahmedabad Monorail , Aizawl Monorail , Bhubaneswar Monorail , Jodhpur Monorail , Kota Monorail , Nagpur Monorail and Nashik Monorail . Light rail ( edit ) Like monorail , light rail is also considered a feeder for the metro systems . The planned systems are Kolkata Light Rail Transit and Delhi Light Rail Transit . Tram ( edit ) A tram in Kolkata Main article : Trams in India In addition to trains , trams were introduced in many cities in late 19th century , though almost all of these were phased out . The trams in Kolkata are currently the only tram system in the country . The nationalised Calcutta Tramways Company is in the process of upgrading the existing tramway network at a cost of ₹ 240 million ( US $3.3 million ) . Private Railways ( edit ) Though state - owned companies like IR and the various metro companies enjoy a near monopoly in India , a few private railways do exist . These private railway lines are used exclusively for freight . There are railway lines owned and operated by companies including plantations , sugar mills , collieries and other mines , dams , harbours and ports . Private railways are operated by the Mumbai Port Trust , Madras Port Trust , Calcutta Port Trust , Visakhapatnam Port Trust and Bhilai Steel Plant . The Tata Group operate funicular railways at Bhira and at Bhivpuri Road ( as well as the Kamshet -- Shirawta Dam railway line ) . The Pipavav Rail Corporation holds a 33 - year concession for building and operating a railway line from Pipavav to Surendranagar . The Kutch Railway Company , a joint venture of the Gujarat state government and private parties , is involved ( along with the Kandla Port Trust and the Gujarat Adani Port ) to build a Gandhidham -- Palanpur railway line. Although , The Rapid metro in Gurugram is the India 's only Privately owned and funded Passenger Rail Network in India . UNESCO world Heritage Sites ( edit ) There are two UNESCO World Heritage Sites on Indian Railways , the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus and the Mountain Railways of India . The latter consists of three separate railway lines located in different parts of India : the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway , a 610 mm ( 2 ft ) narrow gauge railway in Lesser Himalayas in West Bengal , the Nilgiri Mountain Railway , a 1,000 mm ( 3 ft 3 ⁄ in ) metre gauge rack railway in the Nilgiri Hills in Tamil Nadu and the Kalka -- Shimla Railway , a 762 mm ( 2 ft 6 in ) narrow gauge railway in the Siwalik Hills in Himachal Pradesh . Issues ( edit ) The IR receive rail subsidies of around ₹ 260 billion ( $3.8 billion ) , 60 % of which goes to commuter rail and short - haul trips . IR earns about 70 % of its revenues from freight traffic ( ₹ 686.2 billion from freight and ₹ 304.6 billion from passengers in 2011 -- 12 ) . Most of its profits come from transporting freight , and this makes up for losses on passenger traffic . It deliberately keeps its passenger fares low . According to the Report of High Level Safety Review Committee of 2012 , from 2007 -- 08 to October 2011 casualties in train accidents accounted for 1,019 deaths and 2,118 injuries . In the same period 1,600 railway staff were killed and 8,700 injured . The committee estimated that almost 15,000 persons get killed each year by what is called unlawful trespassing . A Daily Telegraph article stated that Indian Railway officials believe that a large proportion of bodies found dead on railways died elsewhere and were put on the railway in dishonest attempts to get compensation from the railway authorities and companies . IR announced that by 2022 all trains would be electric to reduce their carbon footprint . Future ( edit ) Main article : Future of rail transport in India IR 's Research Design and Standards Organisation ( RDSO ) undertakes research , design and standardisation . The railway has undertaken several initiatives to upgrade its ageing infrastructure and improve its quality of service . The Indian government plans to invest ₹ 9.05 trillion ( US $130 billion ) to upgrade IR by 2020 . Infrastructure ( edit ) Infrastructure modernisation projects include high - speed rail , with the first Ahmdabad - Mumbai train in operation in 2025 ; redevelopment of 400 stations by monetizing 2,700 acres ( 1,100 ha ) of spare railway land under a ₹ 1,070,000 crore ( US $149 billion ) plan ; doubling tracks to reduce congestion and delays while improving safety ( 15,000 km of double track existed in 2016 , and funding for 12,500 km more was approved that year ) ; the refurbishing of 12 - to 15 - year - old coaches at the Carriage Rehabilitation Workshop in Bhopal to enhance passenger amenities and fire safety ; Global Positioning System ( GPS ) - enabled tracking of trains to improve safety and service ; Digital India - driven ₹ 3,500,000 million ( US $49 billion ) digitalisation of the railway to improve efficiency and reduce cost ; rainwater harvesting , with 1885 systems installed by December 2016 , and reforestation of railway land and along the tracks . Electrification and power ( edit ) All routes will be electrified to save on imported - fuel costs ( 48 percent of the network was electrified by May 2016 , with full electrification planned by March 2021 . Off - the - grid Solar - powered trains are planned with the installation of one gigawatt of solar and 130 megawatts of wind power between 2017 and 2022 ; India introduced the world 's first solar - powered train and 50 coaches with rooftop solar farms in June 2017 . Rooftop solar electricity is planned at stations to reduce long - term fuel costs and protect the environment , and sustainable LED lighting at all stations is planned by March 2018 to cut electricity costs . Locomotive factories have been modernised , including two new factories in Bihar : an electric locomotive factory in Madhepura and a diesel locomotive factory in Marhaura , and 2,285 bio-toilets were introduced from April to July 2014 . A ₹ 200 billion ( US $2.8 billion ) partnership with Alstom to supply 800 electric locomotives from 2018 to 2028 was announced . Safety ( edit ) Safety projects include the elimination of an average of 1,217 unguarded level crossings per year by building an average of 1,066 overpasses and underpasses per year ; an automated fire alarm system on Rajdhani Express trains was begun in 2013 , extending to the air - conditioned coaches of all trains , and 6,095 GPS - enabled Fog Pilot Assistance System railway signalling devices ( replacing the practice of placing firecrackers on tracks to alter train drivers ) installed in 2017 in four zones : Northern , North Central , North Eastern and North Western . See also ( edit ) Railways in India portal India portal List of railway stations in India List of countries by rail transport network size Indian Railways Fan Club References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Indian Railways Statistical Publications 2016 - 17 : Statistical summary - Indian Railways '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Railway . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Jump up ^ http://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/yearbook10-11/Track_bridges.pdf Jump up ^ Reporter , Staff . `` A bridge over Vembanad Lake '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 11 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Railways Statistical Publications 2014 -- 15 : The Network '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Railway . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CIA -- The World Factbook -- Country Comparison : : Railways '' . CIA . Retrieved 8 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( IRFCA ) India 's First Railways '' . www.irfca.org . Jump up ^ `` 164 Years Ago On This Day , India 's First Train Ran From Mumbai To Thane '' . Jump up ^ `` India 's 1st train : When Sahib , Sindh & Sultan blew steam - Times of India '' . Jump up ^ `` ( IRFCA ) Indian Railways FAQ : IR History : Early Days - 1 '' . www.irfca.org . Jump up ^ `` Facts about the Indian Railways that will surprise you ! '' . 11 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fairy Queen '' . www.irctctourism.com . Jump up ^ `` Legacy of First Railway Station of South India '' . RailNews Media India Ltd . Jump up ^ `` Kolkata 's trams -- A ride through history '' . 2 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History - The Calcutta Tramways Company ( 1978 ) Ltd '' . calcuttatramways.com . Jump up ^ `` Western Railway '' . www.wr.indianrailways.gov.in . Jump up ^ `` Eastern Bengal Railway - Graces Guide '' . www.gracesguide.co.uk . Jump up ^ indiainfoline.com . `` History of Indian Railway Budget '' . Jump up ^ http://www.nair.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1430369423822-operating.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` Welcome to Official Website of CORE '' . www.core.indianrailways.gov.in . Jump up ^ `` Deccan Queen Facts - General Knowledge for Kids - Mocomi '' . 26 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Frontier Mail '' . iaslic1955.org . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Trunk Express '' . iaslic1955.org . Jump up ^ `` Signalling in India - Past and Present '' . signalbox.org . Jump up ^ `` History of Railways '' . www.kportal.indianrailways.gov.in . ^ Jump up to : http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ir_zones.pdf Jump up ^ `` 160 years of Indian Railways : Here 's how AC trains were kept cool '' . 2 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Welcome to Official Website of CORE '' . www.core.indianrailways.gov.in . Archived from the original on 26 September 2015 . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Official Website of CORE '' . www.core.indianrailways.gov.in . Archived from the original on 31 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Metro Railway Kolkata / Indian Railways Portal '' . www.mtp.indianrailways.gov.in . Jump up ^ `` History of Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation - KMRC '' . 4 December 2015 . 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Retrieved 6 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Indian Railways joins 1 billion tonne club in freight loading - Yahoo ! News India . In.news.yahoo.com ( 2 April 2013 ) . Retrieved on 16 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BLC - A Container Flat Wagon '' . Titagarh Wagons Limited . Retrieved 27 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Locomotives -- General Information -- I '' . IRFCA.org . Indian Railways Fan Club . Retrieved 4 June 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indian Railways Statistical Publications 2016 - 17 : Statistics for Track and Bridges - Indian Railways '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Railway . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference : 4 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Railways opts for standard gauge first time in 160 yrs - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis '' . 3 June 2013 . 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Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Brief on the matter relating to Nepal '' ( PDF ) . Official webpage of Indian Railways . Retrieved 1 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Koushik Das . `` Construction Work Of New India - Bangladesh Railway Link To Begin In 2015 '' . InSerbia News . Jump up ^ `` Work on new India - Bangladesh railway link from 2015 - INews -- IBNLive Mobile '' . IBNlive. 18 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Railway to build a 15 - km track linking Agartala with Bangladesh '' . Jump up ^ `` Work on Agartala - Akhaura rail link to commence soon '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ `` Work on new India - Bangladesh railway link from 2015 '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ `` India , Bangladesh align rail link in Tripura '' . Meghalaya Times . Jump up ^ `` India 's rail - building challenge '' . By Sudha Ramachandran . Asia Times . 3 January 2007 . p. 2 . Retrieved 16 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` India signs trans - Asian railways pact '' . 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Centre For Railway Information Systems . Retrieved 5 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` railway operations -- I '' . IRFCA.org . Indian Railways Fan Club . Retrieved 11 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Train names '' . IRFCA.org . Indian Railways Fan Club . Retrieved 3 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Sekhsaria , Pankaj ( 24 June 2005 ) . `` What 's in a Train Name ? '' . The Hindu Business Line . Archived from the original on 8 June 2007 . Retrieved 4 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` RRB Railway Recruitment '' . Archived from the original on 20 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toy Trains of India '' . Our Trips -- Royal Train Tours . India Calling Tours ( P ) Limited . Retrieved 12 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` NPalace on wheels - Exclusive Indian train was originally used by royalty '' . Times of India . 13 October 2012 . Archived from the original on 17 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rajasthan on Wheels Itinerary Tour Program for 2014 -- 15 '' . Royalsrajasthanonwheels.com . Retrieved 27 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Maharajas ' Express Train Journeys Season 2014 -- 2015 '' . The-maharajas.com . Retrieved 27 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Ministry of Railways ( Railway Board ) Jump up ^ `` Tour Itinerary - Tour Itinerary of Golden Chariot Train , Itinerary of Golden Chariot Train '' . Goldenchariottrain.com . Retrieved 27 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Southern Splendour Tour - South India Tour and South India Tour Package '' . Goldenchariottrain.com . Retrieved 27 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ministry of Railways ( Railway Board ) '' . Indianrailways.gov.in . Retrieved 27 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Joshi , V ; I.M.D. Little ( 17 October 1996 ) . `` Industrial Policy and Factor Markets '' . India 's Economic Reforms , 1991 -- 2001 . USA : Oxford University Press . p. 184 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 829078 - 0 . Retrieved 25 June 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reservation Rules '' . Indian Railways . Archived from the original on 24 June 2007 . 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Jump up ^ `` ROLL ON - ROLL OFF ( RORO ) SERVICE ON KONKAN RAILWAY '' ( PDF ) . Official webpage of the Konkan Railway Corporation . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 March 2009 . Retrieved 22 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Overview Of the existing Mumbai Suburban Railway '' . Mumbai Railway Vikas Corporation . Archived from the original on 20 June 2008 . Retrieved 31 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Opening up new frontiers '' . The Hindu Business Line . 27 October 2006 . Retrieved 5 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Sanjay K. Singh . `` Review of Urban Transportation in India '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Public Transportation , Vol. 8 , No. 1 , 2005 . Retrieved 23 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kolkata Metro is now the 17th zone of Indian Railways -- The Times of India '' . The Times Of India . Jump up ^ `` Mumbai monorail to run in two years '' . The Times of India . 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 19 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kolkata 's trams to sport a new look soon '' . 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Jump up ^ Indian Railways plans to make all stations 100 % LED lit by 31 March 2018 , Times of India , 19 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Locomotive Factories in Bihar : In cold storage for years , two Railway projects to start soon '' . Indian Express . 30 October 2015 . Retrieved 31 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GE Gets $2.6 Billion Indian Railways Contract '' . Wall Street Journal . 9 November 2015 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rail ministry awards Rs 14,656 - cr Marhowra locomotive project to GE '' . Business Standard . 9 November 2015 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Indian Railways commissions around 4800 kilometer of broad gauge track in last two financial years which is a record performance , 12 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Railways develops Automatic Fire and Smoke Detection System '' . Retrieved 5 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Railways to use GPS - enabled devices to fight fog this season '' , The Economic Times , 12 December 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Aguiar , Marian . Tracking Modernity : India 's Railway and the Culture of Mobility ( University of Minnesota Press ; 2011 ) 226 pages ; draws on literature , film , and other realms to explore the role of the railway in the Indian imagination . excerpt and text search Bear , Linda . Lines of the Nation : Indian Railway Workers , Bureaucracy , and the Intimate Historical Self ( 2007 ) excerpt and text search Kerr , Ian J. Railways in Modern India ( 2001 ) excerpt and text search Kerr , Ian J. Engines of Change : The Railroads That Made India ( 2006 ) Kumar , Sudhir , and Shagun Mehrotra . Bankruptcy to Billions : How the Indian Railways Transformed Itself ( 2009 ) `` IR History : Early Day '' . Indian Railways Fan Club . Retrieved 19 June 2005 . `` Zones '' . Indian Railways Fan Club . Retrieved 26 June 2005 . `` Locomotives '' . Indian Railways Fan Club . Retrieved 26 June 2005 . `` Production Units & Workshops '' . Indian Railways Fan Club . Retrieved 26 June 2005 . `` Signalling Systems '' . Indian Railways Fan Club . Retrieved 26 June 2005 . `` Geography : International '' . Indian Railways Fan Club . Retrieved 26 June 2005 . `` Rolling stock '' . Indian Railways Fan Club . Retrieved 26 June 2005 . `` Signal Aspects and Indications -- Principal Running Signals '' . Indian Railways Fan Club . Retrieved 26 June 2005 . `` Salient Features of Indian Railways '' . Indian Railways . Archived from the original on 18 June 2005 . Retrieved 19 June 2005 . `` Indian Railways Online Passenger Reservation Site '' . Indian Railways . Archived from the original on 1 June 2014 . Retrieved 10 June 2005 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Rail travel in India . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rail transport in India . Indian Railways -- official website Rail transport in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Book Asia portal Urban rail transit in India Suburban rail Operational Chennai Suburban Railway Delhi Suburban Railway Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System Kolkata Kolkata Suburban Railway Kolkata Circular Railway Lucknow Barabanki -- Lucknow Suburban Railway Lucknow -- Kanpur Suburban Railway Mumbai Suburban Railway Pune Suburban Railway Planned Ahmedabad Suburban Railway Bengaluru Commuter Rail Proposed Delhi -- Alwar Regional Rapid Transit System Delhi -- Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System Delhi -- Panipat Regional Rapid Transit System Rapid transit Operational Chennai Metro Delhi Metro Rapid Metro Gurgaon Hyderabad Metro Jaipur Metro Kochi Metro Kolkata Metro Lucknow Metro Mumbai Metro Namma Metro Under construction Bhopal Metro Metro - Link Express for Gandhinagar and Ahmedabad Indore Metro Nagpur Metro Navi Mumbai Metro Noida Metro Pune Metro Planned Agra Metro Chandigarh Metro Guwahati Metro Jabalpur Metro Kanpur Metro Ludhiana Metro Meerut Metro Patna Metro Surat Metro Varanasi Metro Vijayawada Metro Visakhapatnam Metro Proposed Allahabad Metro Bareilly Metro Coimbatore Metro Greater Gwalior Metro Greater Nasik Metro Ranchi Metro Srinagar Metro Western railway elevated corridor Monorail Operational Mumbai Monorail Planned Chennai Monorail Coimbatore Monorail Proposed Ahmedabad Monorail Aizawl Monorail Bengaluru Monorail Bhubaneswar Monorail Delhi Monorail Indore Monorail Kanpur Monorail Kolkata Monorail Navi Mumbai Monorail Patna Monorail Pune Monorail Tiruchirappalli Monorail Light rail Proposed Delhi Light Rail Transit Kolkata Light Rail Transit Kozhikode Light Metro Thiruvananthapuram Light Metro Tram Operational Trams in Kolkata Transport in India Road Ministry of Road Transport and Highways National Highways Authority of India Expressways List of National Highways National Highways Development Project FASTag Bus rapid transit Motor Vehicles Act , 1988 Traffic collisions Rail Ministry of Railways Indian Railways High - speed rail Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India Suburban rail Rapid transit Light rail Monorail Tram List of railway stations Rail accidents Air Ministry of Civil Aviation List of airports List of commercial airlines List of low cost airlines Water Ministry of Shipping Shipping Corporation of India Inland Waterways Authority of India List of National Waterways in India Ports Places States AP ( Eluru Vijayawada Visakhapatnam ) AR AS BR CT GA GJ HR HP JK JH KA ( Mangalore ) KL ( Kochi Kollam Thrissur Thiruvananthapuram ) MP MH ( Mumbai Nagpur Pune Thane ) MN ML MZ NL OR PB RJ SK TN ( Chennai Coimbatore Madurai Tiruchirappalli ) TG ( Hyderabad ) TR UP UT WB ( Asansol Darjeeling Kharagpur Kolkata Union Territories AN CH DN DD DL LD PY Miscellaneous Regional Transport Office ( RTO ) List of RTOs Licence plates Driving licence Road signs Speed limits Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport_in_India&oldid=862096538 '' Categories : Rail transport in India Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with broken reference names All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Webarchive template wayback links Use Indian English from September 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from June 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Español Français Bahasa Indonesia עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Tiếng Việt 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2018 , at 04 : 30 ( UTC ) . 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when did child labour became illegal in the uk

The first legal steps taken to end the occurrence of child labour was enacted more than fifty years ago . In 1966 , the nation adopted the UN General Assembly of the International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights . This act legally limited the minimum age for when children could start work at the age of 14 . But 23 years later in 1989 the Convention on the Rights of Children was adopted and helped to reduce the exploitation of children and demanded safe working environments . They all worked towards the goal of ending the most problematic forms of child labour .

Child labour

child labour

A succession of laws on child labour , the so - called Factory Acts , were passed in the UK in the 19th century . Children younger than nine were not allowed to work , those aged 9 -- 16 could work 16 hours per day per Cotton Mills Act . In 1856 , the law permitted child labour past age 9 , for 60 hours per week , night or day . In 1901 , the permissible child labour age was raised to 12 . 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Hanson David Joseph Henry John Caldwell Holt Alex Koroknay - Palicz Lyn Duff Mike A. Males Neil Postman Sonia Yaco Related ( show ) Animal rights Anti-racism Direct democracy Egalitarianism Feminism Libertarianism Socialism Students rights Youth rights Social movements portal Arthur Rothstein , Child Labor , Cranberry Bog , 1939 . Brooklyn Museum Child labour refers to the employment of children in any work that deprives children of their childhood , interferes with their ability to attend regular school , and that is mentally , physically , socially or morally dangerous and harmful . This practice is considered exploitative by many international organisations . Legislation across the world prohibit child labour . These laws do not consider all work by children as child labour ; exceptions include work by child artists , family duties , supervised training , certain categories of work such as those by Amish children , some forms of child work common among indigenous American children , and others . Child labour has existed to varying extents , through most of history . During the 19th and early 20th centuries , many children aged 5 -- 14 from poorer families still worked in Europe , the United States and various colonies of European powers . These children mainly worked in agriculture , home - based assembly operations , factories , mining and in services such as news boys . Some worked night shifts lasting 12 hours . With the rise of household income , availability of schools and passage of child labour laws , the incidence rates of child labour fell . In the world 's poorest countries , around 1 in 4 children are engaged in child labour , the highest number of whom ( 29 percent ) live in sub-saharan Africa . In 2017 , four African nations ( Mali , Benin , Chad and Guinea - Bissau ) witnessed over 50 percent of children aged 5 -- 14 working . Worldwide agriculture is the largest employer of child labour . The vast majority of child labour is found in rural settings and informal urban economy ; children are predominantly employed by their parents , rather than factories . Poverty and lack of schools are considered as the primary cause of child labour . Globally the incidence of child labour decreased from 25 % to 10 % between 1960 and 2003 , according to the World Bank . Nevertheless , the total number of child labourers remains high , with UNICEF and ILO acknowledging an estimated 168 million children aged 5 -- 17 worldwide , were involved in child labour in 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Child labour in preindustrial societies 1.2 The Industrial Revolution 1.3 Early 20th century 1.3. 1 Household enterprises 1.4 21st century 2 Causes of child labour 2.1 Primary causes 2.2 Cultural causes 2.3 Macroeconomic causes 3 Child labour by country 3.1 Colonial empires 3.2 Africa 3.3 Australia 3.4 Brazil 3.5 Britain 3.6 Cambodia 3.7 Ecuador 3.8 India 3.9 Ireland 3.10 Japan 3.11 The Netherlands 3.12 Soviet Union and Russia 3.13 Switzerland 4 Child labour laws and initiatives 4.1 Exceptions granted 4.2 More laws vs. more freedom 5 Child labour incidents 5.1 Cocoa production 5.2 Mining in Africa 5.3 Meatpacking 5.4 GAP 5.5 H&M and Zara 5.6 Silk weaving 5.7 Primark 6 Eliminating child labour 7 Statistics 7.1 Number of children involved in ILO categories of work , by age and gender in 2002 8 Potential positives of children working 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 12.1 History 13 External links History Child labourers , Macon , Georgia , 1909 Child labour in pre-industrial societies Child labour forms an intrinsic part of pre-industrial economies . In pre-industrial societies , there is rarely a concept of childhood in the modern sense . Children often begin to actively participate in activities such as child rearing , hunting and farming as soon as they are competent . In many societies , children as young as 13 are seen as adults and engage in the same activities as adults . The work of children was important in pre-industrial societies , as children needed to provide their labour for their survival and that of their group . Pre-industrial societies were characterised by low productivity and short life expectancy , preventing children from participating in productive work would be more harmful to their welfare and that of their group in the long run . In pre-industrial societies , there was little need for children to attend school . This is especially the case in non literate societies . Most pre-industrial skill and knowledge were amenable to being passed down through direct mentoring or apprenticing by competent adults . The Industrial Revolution Children going to a 12 - hour night shift in the United States ( 1908 ) . Early 20th century witnessed many home - based enterprises involving child labour . An example is shown above from New York in 1912 . Children working in home - based assembly operations in United States ( 1923 ) . Two girls protesting child labour ( by calling it child slavery ) in the 1909 New York City Labor Day parade . With the onset of the Industrial Revolution in Britain in the late 18th century , there was a rapid increase in the industrial exploitation of labour , including child labour . Industrial cities such as Birmingham , Manchester and Liverpool rapidly grew from small villages into large cities and improving child mortality rates . These cities drew in the population that was rapidly growing due to increased agricultural output . This process was replicated in other industrialising counties . The Victorian era in particular became notorious for the conditions under which children were employed . Children as young as four were employed in production factories and mines working long hours in dangerous , often fatal , working conditions . In coal mines , children would crawl through tunnels too narrow and low for adults . Children also worked as errand boys , crossing sweepers , shoe blacks , or selling matches , flowers and other cheap goods . Some children undertook work as apprentices to respectable trades , such as building or as domestic servants ( there were over 120,000 domestic servants in London in the mid-18th century ) . Working hours were long : builders worked 64 hours a week in summer and 52 in winter , while domestic servants worked 80 - hour weeks . Child labour played an important role in the Industrial Revolution from its outset , often brought about by economic hardship . The children of the poor were expected to contribute to their family income . In 19th - century Great Britain , one - third of poor families were without a breadwinner , as a result of death or abandonment , obliging many children to work from a young age . In England and Scotland in 1788 , two - thirds of the workers in 143 water - powered cotton mills were described as children . A high number of children also worked as prostitutes . The author Charles Dickens worked at the age of 12 in a blacking factory , with his family in debtor 's prison . Child wages were often low ; as little as 10 -- 20 % of an adult male 's wage . Karl Marx was an outspoken opponent of child labour , saying British industries , `` could but live by sucking blood , and children 's blood too , '' and that U.S. capital was financed by the `` capitalized blood of children '' . Throughout the second half of the 19th century , child labour began to decline in industrialised societies due to regulation and economic factors because of the Growth of Trade Unions . The regulation of child labour began from the earliest days of the Industrial revolution . The first act to regulate child labour in Britain was passed in 1803 . As early as 1802 and 1819 Factory Acts were passed to regulate the working hours of workhouse children in factories and cotton mills to 12 hours per day . These acts were largely ineffective and after radical agitation , by for example the `` Short Time Committees '' in 1831 , a Royal Commission recommended in 1833 that children aged 11 -- 18 should work a maximum of 12 hours per day , children aged 9 -- 11 a maximum of eight hours , and children under the age of nine were no longer permitted to work . This act however only applied to the textile industry , and further agitation led to another act in 1847 limiting both adults and children to 10 - hour working days . Lord Shaftesbury was an outspoken advocate of regulating child labour . As technology improved and proliferated , there was a greater need for educated employees . This saw an increase in schooling , with the eventual introduction of compulsory schooling . Improved technology and automation also made child labour redundant . Early 20th century In the early 20th century , thousands of boys were employed in glass making industries . Glass making was a dangerous and tough job especially without the current technologies . The process of making glass includes intense heat to melt glass ( 3133 ° F ) . When the boys are at work , they are exposed to this heat . This could cause eye trouble , lung ailments , heat exhaustion , cut , and burns . Since workers were paid by the piece , they had to work productively for hours without a break . Since furnaces had to be constantly burning , there were night shifts from 5 : 00 pm to 3 : 00 am . Many factory owners preferred boys under 16 years of age . An estimated 1.7 million children under the age of fifteen were employed in American industry by 1900 . In 1910 , over 2 million children in the same age group were employed in the United States . This included children who rolled cigarettes , engaged in factory work , worked as bobbin doffers in textile mills , worked in coal mines and were employed in canneries . Lewis Hine 's photographs of child labourers in the 1910s powerfully evoked the plight of working children in the American south . Hine took these photographs between 1908 and 1917 as the staff photographer for the National Child Labor Committee . Household enterprises Factories and mines were not the only places where child labour was prevalent in the early 20th century . Home - based manufacturing across the United States and Europe employed children as well . Governments and reformers argued that labour in factories must be regulated and the state had an obligation to provide welfare for poor . Legislation that followed had the effect of moving work out of factories into urban homes . Families and women , in particular , preferred it because it allowed them to generate income while taking care of household duties . Home - based manufacturing operations were active year - round . Families willingly deployed their children in these income generating home enterprises . In many cases , men worked from home . In France , over 58 percent of garment workers operated out of their homes ; in Germany , the number of full - time home operations nearly doubled between 1882 and 1907 ; and in the United States , millions of families operated out of home seven days a week , year round to produce garments , shoes , artificial flowers , feathers , match boxes , toys , umbrellas and other products . Children aged 5 -- 14 worked alongside the parents . Home - based operations and child labour in Australia , Britain , Austria and other parts of the world was common . Rural areas similarly saw families deploying their children in agriculture . In 1946 , Frieda S. Miller - then Director of United States Department of Labour - told the International Labour Organisation that these home - based operations offered , `` low wages , long hours , child labour , unhealthy and insanitary working conditions . '' Percentage children working in England and Wales Census Year % Boys aged 10 -- 14 as child labour 1881 22.9 1891 26.0 1901 21.9 1911 18.3 Note : These are averages ; child labour in Lancashire was 80 % Source : Census of England and Wales 21st century Incidence rates for child labour worldwide in 10 - 14 age group , in 2003 , per World Bank data . The data is incomplete , as many countries do not collect or report child labour data ( coloured gray ) . The colour code is as follows : yellow ( 40 % ) . Some nations such as Guinea - Bissau , Mali and Ethiopia have more than half of all children aged 5 -- 14 at work to help provide for their families . See also : Children 's rights Child labour is still common in many parts of the world . Estimates for child labour vary . It ranges between 250 and 304 million , if children aged 5 -- 17 involved in any economic activity are counted . If light occasional work is excluded , ILO estimates there were 153 million child labourers aged 5 -- 14 worldwide in 2008 . This is about 20 million less than ILO estimate for child labourers in 2004 . Some 60 percent of the child labour was involved in agricultural activities such as farming , dairy , fisheries and forestry . Another 25 percent of child labourers were in service activities such as retail , hawking goods , restaurants , load and transfer of goods , storage , picking and recycling trash , polishing shoes , domestic help , and other services . The remaining 15 percent laboured in assembly and manufacturing in informal economy , home - based enterprises , factories , mines , packaging salt , operating machinery , and such operations . Two out of three child workers work alongside their parents , in unpaid family work situations . Some children work as guides for tourists , sometimes combined with bringing in business for shops and restaurants . Child labour predominantly occurs in the rural areas ( 70 % ) and informal urban sector ( 26 % ) . Contrary to popular beliefs , most child labourers are employed by their parents rather than in manufacturing or formal economy . Children who work for pay or in - kind compensation are usually found in rural settings , then urban centres . Less than 3 percent of child labour aged 5 -- 14 across the world work outside their household , or away from their parents . Child labour accounts for 22 % of the workforce in Asia , 32 % in Africa , 17 % in Latin America , 1 % in the US , Canada , Europe and other wealthy nations . The proportion of child labourers varies greatly among countries and even regions inside those countries . Africa has the highest percentage of children aged 5 -- 17 employed as child labour , and a total of over 65 million . Asia , with its larger population , has the largest number of children employed as child labour at about 114 million . Latin America and Caribbean region have lower overall population density , but at 14 million child labourers has high incidence rates too . A boy repairing a tire in Gambia . Accurate present day child labour information is difficult to obtain because of disagreements between data sources as to what constitutes child labour . In some countries , government policy contributes to this difficulty . For example , the overall extent of child labour in China is unclear due to the government categorizing child labour data as `` highly secret '' . China has enacted regulations to prevent child labour ; still , the practice of child labour is reported to be a persistent problem within China , generally in agriculture and low - skill service sectors as well as small workshops and manufacturing enterprises . In 2014 , the U.S. Department of Labor issued a List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor where China was attributed 12 goods the majority of which were produced by both underage children and indentured labourers . The report listed electronics , garments , toys and coal among other goods . Maplecroft Child Labour Index 2012 survey reports 76 countries pose extreme child labour complicity risks for companies operating worldwide . The ten highest risk countries in 2012 , ranked in decreasing order , were : Myanmar , North Korea , Somalia , Sudan , DR Congo , Zimbabwe , Afghanistan , Burundi , Pakistan and Ethiopia . Of the major growth economies , Maplecroft ranked Philippines 25th riskiest , India 27th , China 36th , Viet Nam 37th , Indonesia 46th , and Brazil 54th - all of them rated to involve extreme risks of child labour uncertainties , to corporations seeking to invest in developing world and import products from emerging markets . Causes of child labour A broad range of factors -- on the demand - and supply - side and at the micro and macro levels -- can affect child labour ; a 2017 study , combining quantitative with qualitative methods , argues that structural , geographic , monetary , demographic , cultural , seasonal and school - supply factors can simultaneously influence whether children work or not , questioning thereby the common assumption that monetary poverty is the most important cause . Primary causes International Labour Organisation ( ILO ) suggests poverty is the greatest single cause behind child labour . For impoverished households , income from a child 's work is usually crucial for his or her own survival or for that of the household . Income from working children , even if small , may be between 25 and 40 % of the household income . Other scholars such as Harsch on African child labour , and Edmonds and Pavcnik on global child labour have reached the same conclusion . Lack of meaningful alternatives , such as affordable schools and quality education , according to ILO , is another major factor driving children to harmful labour . Children work because they have nothing better to do . Many communities , particularly rural areas where between 60 -- 70 % of child labour is prevalent , do not possess adequate school facilities . Even when schools are sometimes available , they are too far away , difficult to reach , unaffordable or the quality of education is so poor that parents wonder if going to school is really worth it . Young girl working on a loom in Aït Benhaddou , Morocco in May 2008 . Cultural causes In European history when child labour was common , as well as in contemporary child labour of modern world , certain cultural beliefs have rationalised child labour and thereby encouraged it . Some view that work is good for the character - building and skill development of children . In many cultures , particular where the informal economy and small household businesses thrive , the cultural tradition is that children follow in their parents ' footsteps ; child labour then is a means to learn and practice that trade from a very early age . Similarly , in many cultures the education of girls is less valued or girls are simply not expected to need formal schooling , and these girls pushed into child labour such as providing domestic services . Agriculture deploys 70 % of the world 's child labour . Above , child worker on a rice farm in Vietnam . Macroeconomic causes Biggeri and Mehrotra have studied the macroeconomic factors that encourage child labour . They focus their study on five Asian nations including India , Pakistan , Indonesia , Thailand and Philippines . They suggest that child labour is a serious problem in all five , but it is not a new problem . Macroeconomic causes encouraged widespread child labour across the world , over most of human history . They suggest that the causes for child labour include both the demand and the supply side . While poverty and unavailability of good schools explain the child labour supply side , they suggest that the growth of low - paying informal economy rather than higher paying formal economy is amongst the causes of the demand side . Other scholars too suggest that inflexible labour market , sise of informal economy , inability of industries to scale up and lack of modern manufacturing technologies are major macroeconomic factors affecting demand and acceptability of child labour . Child labour by country Child labour in a quarry , Ecuador . Colonial empires Systematic use of child labour was common place in the colonies of European powers between 1650 and 1950 . In Africa , colonial administrators encouraged traditional kin - ordered modes of production , that is hiring a household for work not just the adults . Millions of children worked in colonial agricultural plantations , mines and domestic service industries . Sophisticated schemes were promulgated where children in these colonies between the ages of 5 -- 14 were hired as an apprentice without pay in exchange for learning a craft . A system of Pauper Apprenticeship came into practice in the 19th century where the colonial master neither needed the native parents ' nor child 's approval to assign a child to labour , away from parents , at a distant farm owned by a different colonial master . Other schemes included ' earn - and - learn ' programs where children would work and thereby learn . Britain for example passed a law , the so - called Masters and Servants Act of 1899 , followed by Tax and Pass Law , to encourage child labour in colonies particularly in Africa . These laws offered the native people the legal ownership to some of the native land in exchange for making labour of wife and children available to colonial government 's needs such as in farms and as picannins . Beyond laws , new taxes were imposed on colonies . One of these taxes was the Head Tax in the British and French colonial empires . The tax was imposed on everyone older than 8 years , in some colonies . To pay these taxes and cover living expenses , children in colonial households had to work . In southeast Asian colonies , such as Hong Kong , child labour such as the Mui Tsai ( 妹 仔 ) , was rationalised as a cultural tradition and ignored by British authorities . The Dutch East India Company officials rationalised their child labour abuses with , `` it is a way to save these children from a worse fate . '' Christian mission schools in regions stretching from Zambia to Nigeria too required work from children , and in exchange provided religious education , not secular education . Elsewhere , the Canadian Dominion Statutes in form of so - called Breaches of Contract Act , stipulated jail terms for uncooperative child workers . Proposals to regulate child labour began as early as 1786 . Africa Child Labour in Africa Main article : Child labour in Africa Children working at a young age has been a consistent theme throughout Africa . Many children began first working in the home to help their parents run the family farm . Children in Africa today are often forced into exploitative labour due to family debt and other financial factors , leading to ongoing poverty . Other types of domestic child labour include working in commercial plantations , begging , and other sales such as boot shining . In total , there is an estimated five million children who are currently working in the field of agriculture which steadily increases during the time of harvest . Along with 30 percent of children who are picking coffee , there are an estimated 25,000 school age children who work year round . What industries children work in depends on if they grew up in a rural area or an urban area . Children who were born in urban areas often found themselves working for street vendors , washing cars , helping in construction sites , weaving clothing , and sometimes even working as exotic dancers . While children who grew up in rural areas would work on farms doing physical labour , working with animals , and selling crops . Of all the child workers , the most serious cases involved street children and trafficked children due to the physical and emotional abuse they endured by their employers . To address the issue of child labour , the United Nations Conventions on the Rights of the Child Act was implemented in 1959 . Yet due to poverty , lack of education and ignorance , the legal actions were not / are not wholly enforced or accepted in Africa . Other legal factors that have been implemented to end and reduce child labour includes the global response that came into force in 1979 by the declaration of the International Year of the Child . Along with the Human Rights Committee of the United Nations , these two declarations worked on many levels to eliminate child labour . Although many actions have been taken to end this epidemic , child labour in Africa is still an issue today due to the unclear definition of adolescence and how much time is needed for children to engage in activities that are crucial for their development . Another issue that often comes into play is the link between what constitutes as child labour within the household due to the cultural acceptance of children helping run the family business . In the end , there is a consistent challenge for the national government to strengthen its grip politically on child labour , and to increase education and awareness on the issue of children working below the legal age limit . With children playing an important role in the African economy , child labour still plays an important role for many in the 20th century . Australia From European settlement in 1788 , child convicts were occasionally sent to Australia where they were made to work . Child labour was not as excessive in Australia as in Britain . With a low population , agricultural productivity was higher and families did not face starvation as in established industrialised countries . Australia also did not have significant industry until the later part of the 20th century when child labour laws , and compulsory schooling had developed under the influence of Britain . From the 1870s Child labour was restricted by compulsory schooling . Child labour laws in Australia differ from state to state . Generally , children are allowed to work at any age , but restrictions exist for children under 15 years of age . These restrictions apply to work hours and the type of work that children can perform . In all states , children are obliged to attend school until a minimum leaving age , 15 years of age in all states except Tasmania and Queensland where the leaving age is 17 . Brazil Child labour in Brazil , leaving after collecting recyclables from a landfill . Child labour has been a consistent struggle for children in Brazil ever since the country was colonised on April 22 , 1500 by Pedro Álvares Cabral . Work that many children took part in was not always visible , legal , or paid . Free or slave labour was a common occurrence for many youths and was a part of their everyday lives as they grew into adulthood . Yet due to there being no clear definition of how to classify what a child or youth is , there has been little historical documentation of child labour during the colonial period . Due to this lack of documentation , it is hard to determine just how many children were used for what kinds of work before the nineteenth century . The first documentation of child labour in Brazil occurred during the time of indigenous societies and slave labour where it was found that children were forcibly working on tasks that exceeded their emotional and physical limits . Armando Dias , for example , died in November 1913 whilst still very young , a victim of an electric shock when entering the textile industry where he worked . Boys and girls were victims of industrial accidents on a daily basis . In Brazil , the minimum working age has been identified as fourteen due to continuous constitutional amendments that occurred in 1934 , 1937 , and 1946 . Yet due to a change in the dictatorship by the military in the 80 's , the minimum age restriction was reduced to the age of twelve but was reviewed due to reports of dangerous and hazardous working conditions in 1988 . This led to the minimum age being raised once again to 14 . Another set of restrictions was passed in 1998 that restricted the kinds of work youth could partake in , such as work that was considered hazardous like running construction equipment , or certain kinds of factory work . Although many steps were taken to reduce the risk and occurrence of child labour , there is still a high number of children and adolescents working under the age of fourteen in Brazil . It was not until recently in the 80 's that it was discovered that almost nine million children in Brazil were working illegally and not partaking in traditional childhood activities that help to develop important life experiences . Brazilian census data ( PNAD , 1999 ) indicate that 2.55 million 10 - 14 year - olds were illegally holding jobs . They were joined by 3.7 million 15 - 17 year - olds and about 375,000 5 - 9 year - olds . Due to the raised age restriction of 14 , at least half of the recorded young workers had been employed illegally which lead to many not being protect by important labour laws . Although substantial time has passed since the time of regulated child labour , there is still a large number of children working illegally in Brazil . Many children are used by drug cartels to sell and carry drugs , guns , and other illegal substances because of their perception of innocence . This type of work that youth are taking part in is very dangerous due to the physical and psychological implications that come with these jobs . Yet despite the hazards that come with working with drug dealers , there has been an increase in this area of employment throughout the country . Britain Many factors played a role in Britain 's long - term economic growth , such as the industrial revolution in the late 1700s and the prominent presence of child labour during the industrial age . Children who worked at an early age were often not forced ; but did so because they needed to help their family survive financially . Due to poor employment opportunities for many parents , sending their children to work on farms and in factories was a way to help feed and support the family . Child Labour first started to occur in England when household businesses were turned into local labour markets that mass - produced the once homemade goods . Because children often helped produce the goods out of their homes , working in a factory to make those same goods was a simple change for many of these youths . Although there are many counts of children under the age of ten working for factories , the majority of children workers were between the ages of ten and fourteen . This age range was an important time for many youths as they were first helping to provide for their families ; while also transitioning to save for their own future families . Besides the obligation , many children had to help support their families financially ; another factor that influenced child labour was the demographic changes that occurred in the eighteenth century . By the end of the eighteenth century , 20 percent of the population was made up of children between the ages of 5 and 14 . Due to this substantial shift in available workers , and the development of the industrial revolution , children began to work earlier in life in companies outside of the home . Yet , even though there was an increase of child labour in factories such as cotton textiles , there consistently was large numbers of children working in the field of agriculture and domestic production . With such a high percentage of children working , the rising of illiteracy , and the lack of a formal education became a widespread issue for many children who worked to provide for their families . Due to this problematic trend , many parents developed a change of opinion when deciding whether or not to send their children to work . Other factors that lead to the decline of child labour included financial changes in the economy , changes in the development of technology , raised wages , and continuous regulations on factory legislation . The first legal steps taken to end the occurrence of child labour was enacted more than fifty years ago . In 1966 , the nation adopted the UN General Assembly of the International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights . This act legally limited the minimum age for when children could start work at the age of 14 . But 23 years later in 1989 the Convention on the Rights of Children was adopted and helped to reduce the exploitation of children and demanded safe working environments . They all worked towards the goal of ending the most problematic forms of child labour . Cambodia Main article : Child labour in Cambodia Significant levels of child labour appear to be found in Cambodia . In 1998 , ILO estimated that 24.1 % of children in Cambodia aged between 10 and 14 were economically active . Many of these children work long hours and Cambodia Human Development Report 2000 reported that approximately 65,000 children between the ages of 5 to 13 worked 25 hours a week and did not attend school . There are also many initiative and policies put in place to decrease the prevelence of child labour such as the United States generalized system of preferences , the U.S. - Cambodia textile agreement , ILO Garment Sector Working Conditions Improvement Project , and ChildWise Tourism . Ecuador An Ecuadorean study published in 2006 found child labour to be one of the main environmental problems affecting children 's health . It reported that over 800,000 children are working in Ecuador , where they are exposed to heavy metals and toxic chemicals and are subject to mental and physical stress and the insecurity caused by being at risk of work - related accidents . Minors performing agricultural work along with their parents help apply pesticides without wearing protective equipment . India Working girl in India . Main article : Child labour in India In 2015 , the country of India is home to the largest number of children who are working illegally in various industrial industries . Agriculture in India is the largest sector where many children work at early ages to help support their family . Many of these children are forced to work at young ages due to many family factors such as unemployment , a large number of family members , poverty , and lack of parental education . This is often the major cause of the high rate of child labour in India . On 23 June 1757 , the English East India Company defeated Siraj - ud - Daula , the Nawab of Bengal , in the Battle of Plassey . The British thus became masters of east India ( Bengal , Bihar , Orissa ) -- a prosperous region with a flourishing agriculture , industry and trade . This led to a large number of children being forced into labour due to the increasing need of cheap labour to produce large numbers of goods . Many multinationals often employed children because that they can be recruited for less pay , and have more endurance to utilise in factory environments . Another reason many Indian children were hired was because they lack knowledge of their basic rights , they did not cause trouble or complain , and they were often more trustworthy . The innocence that comes with childhood was utilised to make a profit by many and was encouraged by the need for family income . An eight - year - old boy making his livelihood by showing a playful monkey in a running train in India in 2011 . A variety of Indian social scientists as well as the non-governmental organisations ( NGOs ) have done extensive research on the numeric figures of child labour found in India and determined that India contributes to one - third of Asia 's child labour and one - fourth of the world 's child labour . Due to a large number of children being illegally employed , the Indian government began to take extensive actions to reduce the number of children working , and to focus on the importance of facilitating the proper growth and development of children . International influences help to encourage legal actions to be taken in India , such as the Geneva Declaration of the Right of Children Act was passed in 1924 . This act was followed by The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 to which incorporated the basic human rights and needs of children for proper progression and growth in their younger years . These international acts encouraged major changes to the workforce in India which occurred in 1986 when the Child Labour ( Prohibition and Regulation ) Act was put into place . This act prohibited hiring children younger than the age of 14 , and from working in hazardous conditions . Due to the increase of regulations and legal restrictions on child labour , there has been a 64 percent decline in child labour from 1993 - 2005 . Although this is a great decrease in the country of India , there is still high numbers of children working in the rural areas of India . With 85 percent of the child labour occurring in rural areas , and 15 percent occurring in urban areas , there are still substantial areas of concern in the country of India . India has legislation since 1986 which allows work by children in non-hazardous industry . In 2013 , the Punjab and Haryana High Court gave a landmark order that directed that there shall be a total ban on the employment of children up to the age of 14 years , be it hazardous or non-hazardous industries . However , the Court ruled that a child can work with his or her family in family based trades / occupations , for the purpose of learning a new trade / craftsmanship or vocation . Ireland In post-colonial Ireland , the rate of child exploitation was extremely high as children were used as farm labourers once they were able to walk , these children were never paid for the labour that they carried out on the family farm . Children were wanted and desired in Ireland for the use of their labour on the family farm . Irish parents felt that it was the children 's duty to carry out chores on the family farm Japan Though banned in modern Japan , shonenko ( child labourers ) were a feature of the Imperial era until its end in 1945 . During World War 2 labour recruiting efforts targeted youths from Taiwan ( Formosa ) , then a Japanese territory , with promises of educational opportunity . Though the target of 25,000 recruits was never reached , over 8,400 Taiwanese youths aged 12 to 14 relocated to Japan to help manufacture the Mitsubishi J2M Raiden aircraft . The Netherlands Child labour existed in the Netherlands up to and through the Industrial Revolution . Laws governing child labour in factories were first passed in 1874 , but child labour on farms continued to be the norm up until the 20th century . Soviet Union and russia Although formally banned since 1922 , child labour was widespread in the Soviet Union , mostly in the form of mandatory , unpaid work by schoolchildren on Saturdays and holidays . The students were used as a cheap , unqualified workforce on kolhoz ( collective farms ) as well as in industry and forestry . The practice was formally called `` work education '' . From the 1950s on , the students were also used for unpaid work at schools , where they cleaned and performed repairs . This practice has continued in the Russian Federation , where up to 21 days of the summer holidays is sometimes set aside for school works . By law , this is only allowed as part of specialised occupational training and with the students ' and parents ' permission , but those provisions are widely ignored . In 2012 there was an accident near city of Nalchik where a car killed several pupils cleaning up a highway shoulder during their `` holiday work '' as well as their teacher who was supervising them . Out of former Soviet Union republics Uzbekistan continued and expanded the program of child labour on industrial scale to increase profits on the main source of Islam Karimov 's income , cotton harvesting . In September , when school normally starts , the classes are suspended and children are sent to cotton fields for work , where they are assigned daily quotas of 20 to 60 kg of raw cotton they have to collect . This process is repeated in spring , when collected cotton needs to be hoed and weeded . In 2006 it is estimated that 2.7 million children were forced to work this way . Switzerland Main article : Child labour in Switzerland As in many other countries , child labour in Switzerland affected among the so - called Kaminfegerkinder ( `` chimney sweep children '' ) and children working p.e. in spinning mills , factories and in agriculture in 19th - century Switzerland , but also to the 1960s so - called Verdingkinder ( literally : `` contract children '' or `` indentured child laborers '' ) were children who were taken from their parents , often due to poverty or moral reasons -- usually mothers being unmarried , very poor citizens , of Gypsy -- Yeniche origin , so - called Kinder der Landstrasse , etc. -- and sent to live with new families , often poor farmers who needed cheap labour . There were even Verdingkinder auctions where children were handed over to the farmer asking the least amount of money from the authorities , thus securing cheap labour for his farm and relieving the authority from the financial burden of looking after the children . In the 1930s 20 % of all agricultural labourers in the Canton of Bern were children below the age of 15 . Swiss municipality guardianship authorities acted so , commonly tolerated by federal authorities , to the 1960s , not all of them of course , but usually communities affected of low taxes in some Swiss cantons Swiss historian Marco Leuenberger investigated , that in 1930 there were some 35,000 indentured children , and between 1920 and 1970 more than 100,000 are believed to have been placed with families or homes . 10,000 Verdingkinder are still alive . Therefore , the so - called Wiedergutmachungsinitiative was started in April 2014 . In April 2014 the collection of targeted at least authenticated 100,000 signatures of Swiss citizens has started , and still have to be collected to October 2015 . Child labour laws and Initiatives Main article : Child labour laws See also : Legal working age Almost every country in the world has laws relating to and aimed at preventing child labour . International Labour Organisation has helped set international law , which most countries have signed on and ratified . According to ILO minimum age convention ( C138 ) of 1973 , child labour refers to any work performed by children under the age of 12 , non-light work done by children aged 12 -- 14 , and hazardous work done by children aged 15 -- 17 . Light work was defined , under this Convention , as any work that does not harm a child 's health and development , and that does not interfere with his or her attendance at school . This convention has been ratified by 135 countries . The United Nations adopted the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1990 , which was subsequently ratified by 193 countries . Article 32 of the convention addressed child labour , as follows : ... Parties recognise the right of the child to be protected from economic exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the child 's education , or to be harmful to the child 's health or physical , mental , spiritual , moral or social development . Under Article 1 of the 1990 Convention , a child is defined as `` ... every human being below the age of eighteen years unless , under the law applicable to the child , a majority is attained earlier . '' Article 28 of this Convention requires States to , `` make primary education compulsory and available free to all . '' 195 countries are party to the Convention ; only two nations have not ratified the treaty , Somalia and the United States . In 1999 , ILO helped lead the Worst Forms Convention 182 ( C182 ) , which has so far been signed upon and domestically ratified by 151 countries including the United States . This international law prohibits worst forms of child labour , defined as all forms of slavery and slavery - like practices , such as child trafficking , debt bondage , and forced labour , including forced recruitment of children into armed conflict . The law also prohibits the use of a child for prostitution or the production of pornography , child labour in illicit activities such as drug production and trafficking ; and in hazardous work . Both the Worst Forms Convention ( C182 ) and the Minimum Age Convention ( C138 ) are examples of international labour standards implemented through the ILO that deal with child labour . In addition to setting the international law , the United Nations initiated International Program on the Elimination of Child Labour ( IPEC ) in 1992 . This initiative aims to progressively eliminate child labour through strengthening national capacities to address some of the causes of child labour . Amongst the key initiative is the so - called time - bounded programme countries , where child labour is most prevalent and schooling opportunities lacking . The initiative seeks to achieve amongst other things , universal primary school availability . The IPEC has expanded to at least the following target countries : Bangladesh , Brazil , China , Egypt , India , Indonesia , Mexico , Nigeria , Pakistan , Democratic Republic of Congo , El Salvador , Nepal , Tanzania , Dominican Republic , Costa Rica , Philippines , Senegal , South Africa and Turkey . Targeted child labour campaigns were initiated by the International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour ( IPEC ) in order to advocate for prevention and elimination of all forms of child labour . The global Music against Child Labour Initiative was launched in 2013 in order to involve socially excluded children in structured musical activity and education in efforts to help protect them from child labour . Exceptions granted The United States has passed a law that allows Amish children older than 14 to work in traditional wood enterprises with proper supervision . In 2004 , the United States passed an amendment to the Fair Labour Standards Act of 1938 . The amendment allows certain children aged 14 -- 18 to work in or outside a business where machinery is used to process wood . The law aims to respect the religious and cultural needs of the Amish community of the United States . The Amish believe that one effective way to educate children is on the job . The new law allows Amish children the ability to work with their families , once they are passed eighth grade in school . Similarly , in 1996 , member countries of the European Union , per Directive 94 / 33 / EC , agreed to a number of exceptions for young people in its child labour laws . Under these rules , children of various ages may work in cultural , artistic , sporting or advertising activities if authorised by the competent authority . Children above the age of 13 may perform light work for a limited number of hours per week in other economic activities as defined at the discretion of each country . Additionally , the European law exception allows children aged 14 years or over to work as part of a work / training scheme . The EU Directive clarified that these exceptions do not allow child labour where the children may experience harmful exposure to dangerous substances . Nonetheless , many children under the age of 13 do work , even in the most developed countries of the EU . For instance , a recent study showed over a third of Dutch twelve - year - old kids had a job , the most common being babysitting . More laws vs. more freedom `` Very often , however , these state laws were not enforced ... Federal legislation was passed in 1916 and again in 1919 , but both laws were declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court . Although the number of child workers declined dramatically during the 1920s and 1930s , it was not until the Fair Labor Standards Act in 1938 that federal regulation of child labor finally became a reality . '' -- Smithsonian , on child labour in early 20th century United States , Scholars disagree on the best legal course forward to address child labour . Some suggest the need for laws that place a blanket ban on any work by children less than 18 years old . Others suggest the current international laws are enough , and the need for more engaging approach to achieve the ultimate goals . Some scholars suggest any labour by children aged 18 years or less is wrong since this encourages illiteracy , inhumane work and lower investment in human capital . Child labour , claim these activists , also leads to poor labour standards for adults , depresses the wages of adults in developing countries as well as the developed countries , and dooms the third world economies to low - skill jobs only capable of producing poor quality cheap exports . More children that work in poor countries , the fewer and worse - paid are the jobs for adults in these countries . In other words , there are moral and economic reasons that justify a blanket ban on labour from children aged 18 years or less , everywhere in the world . Child labour in Bangladesh . Other scholars suggest that these arguments are flawed , ignores history and more laws will do more harm than good . According to them , child labour is merely the symptom of a greater disease named poverty . If laws ban all lawful work that enables the poor to survive , informal economy , illicit operations and underground businesses will thrive . These will increase abuse of the children . In poor countries with very high incidence rates of child labour - such as Ethiopia , Chad , Niger and Nepal - schools are not available , and the few schools that exist offer poor quality education or are unaffordable . The alternatives for children who currently work , claim these studies , are worse : grinding subsistence farming , militia or prostitution . Child labour is not a choice , it is a necessity , the only option for survival . It is currently the least undesirable of a set of very bad choices . Nepali girls working in brick factory . These scholars suggest , from their studies of economic and social data , that early 20th - century child labour in Europe and the United States ended in large part as a result of the economic development of the formal regulated economy , technology development and general prosperity . Child labour laws and ILO conventions came later . Edmonds suggests , even in contemporary times , the incidence of child labour in Vietnam has rapidly reduced following economic reforms and GDP growth . These scholars suggest economic engagement , emphasis on opening quality schools rather than more laws and expanding economically relevant skill development opportunities in the third world . International legal actions , such as trade sanctions increase child labour . `` The Incredible Bread Machine '' , a book published by `` World Research , Inc . '' in 1974 , stated : Child labour was a particular target of early reformers . William Cooke Tatlor wrote at the time about these reformers who , witnessing children at work in the factories , thought to themselves : ' How much more delightful would have been the gambol of the free limbs on the hillside ; the sight of the green mead with its spangles of buttercups and daisies ; the song of the bird and the humming bee ... ' But for many of these children the factory system meant quite literally the only chance for survival . Today we overlook the fact that death from starvation and exposure was a common fate before the Industrial Revolution , for the pre-capitalist economy was barely able to support the population . Yes , children were working . Formerly they would have starved . It was only as goods were produced in greater abundance at a lower cost that men could support their families without sending their children to work . It was not the reformer or the politician that ended the grim necessity for child labour ; it was capitalism . Child labour incidents Cocoa production Main articles : Children in cocoa production and Harkin - Engel Protocol In 1998 , UNICEF reported that Ivory Coast farmers used enslaved children -- many from surrounding countries . In late 2000 a BBC documentary reported the use of enslaved children in the production of cocoa -- the main ingredient in chocolate -- in West Africa . Other media followed by reporting widespread child slavery and child trafficking in the production of cocoa . In 2001 , the US State Department estimated there were 15,000 child slaves cocoa , cotton and coffee farms in the Ivory Coast , and the Chocolate Manufacturers Association acknowledged that child slavery is used in the cocoa harvest . Malian migrants have long worked on cocoa farms in the Ivory Coast , but in 2000 cocoa prices had dropped to a 10 - year low and some farmers stopped paying their employees . The Malian counsel had to rescue some boys who had not been paid for five years and who were beaten if they tried to run away . Malian officials believed that 15,000 children , some as young as 11 years old , were working in the Ivory Coast in 2001 . These children were often from poor families or the slums and were sold to work in other countries . Parents were told the children would find work and send money home , but once the children left home , they often worked in conditions resembling slavery . In other cases , children begging for food were lured from bus stations and sold as slaves . In 2002 , the Ivory Coast had 12,000 children with no relatives nearby , which suggested they were trafficked , likely from neighboring Mali , Burkina Faso and Togo . The cocoa industry was accused of profiting from child slavery and trafficking . The European Cocoa Association dismissed these accusations as `` false and excessive '' and the industry said the reports were not representative of all areas . Later the industry acknowledged the working conditions for children were unsatisfactory and children 's rights were sometimes violated and acknowledged the claims could not be ignored . In a BBC interview , the ambassador for Ivory Coast to the United Kingdom called these reports of widespread use of slave child labour by 700,000 cocoa farmers as absurd and inaccurate . In 2001 , a voluntary agreement called the Harkin - Engel Protocol , was accepted by the international cocoa and chocolate industry to eliminate the worst forms of child labour , as defined by ILO 's Convention 182 , in West Africa . This agreement created a foundation named International Cocoa Initiative in 2002 . The foundation claims it has , as of 2011 , active programs in 290 cocoa growing communities in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana , reaching a total population of 689,000 people to help eliminate the worst forms of child labour in cocoa industry . Other organisations claim progress has been made , but the protocol 's 2005 deadlines have not yet been met . Mining in Africa Children engaged in diamond mining in Sierra Leone . In 2008 , Bloomberg claimed child labour in copper and cobalt mines that supplied Chinese companies in Congo . The children are creuseurs , that is they dig the ore by hand , carry sacks of ores on their backs , and these are then purchased by these companies . Over 60 of Katanga 's 75 processing plants are owned by Chinese companies and 90 percent of the region 's minerals go to China . An African NGO report claimed 80,000 child labourers under the age of 15 , or about 40 % of all miners , were supplying ore to Chinese companies in this African region . Amnesty International alleged in 2016 that some cobalt sold by Congo Dongfang Mining was produced by child labour , and that it was being used in lithium - ion batteries powering electric cars and mobile devices worldwide . BBC , in 2012 , accused Glencore of using child labour in its mining and smelting operations of Africa . Glencore denied it used child labour , and said it has strict policy of not using child labour . The company claimed it has a strict policy whereby all copper was mined correctly , placed in bags with numbered seals and then sent to the smelter . Glencore mentioned being aware of child miners who were part of a group of artisanal miners who had without authorisation raided the concession awarded to the company since 2010 ; Glencore has been pleading with the government to remove the artisanal miners from the concession . Small - scale artisanal mining of gold is another source of dangerous child labour in poor rural areas in certain parts of the world . This form of mining uses labour - intensive and low - tech methods . It is informal sector of the economy . Human Rights Watch group estimates that about 12 percent of global gold production comes from artisanal mines . In west Africa , in countries such as Mali - the third largest exporter of gold in Africa - between 20,000 and 40,000 children work in artisanal mining . Locally known as orpaillage , children as young as 6 years old work with their families . These children and families suffer chronic exposure to toxic chemicals including mercury , and do hazardous work such as digging shafts and working underground , pulling up , carrying and crushing the ore . The poor work practices harm the long term health of children , as well as release hundreds of tons of mercury every year into local rivers , ground water and lakes . Gold is important to the economy of Mali and Ghana . For Mali , it is the second largest earner of its export revenue . For many poor families with children , it is the primary and sometimes the only source of income . Meatpacking In early August 2008 , Iowa Labour Commissioner David Neil announced that his department had found that Agriprocessors , a kosher meatpacking company in Postville which had recently been raided by Immigration and Customs Enforcement , had employed 57 minors , some as young as 14 , in violation of state law prohibiting anyone under 18 from working in a meatpacking plant . Neil announced that he was turning the case over to the state Attorney General for prosecution , claiming that his department 's inquiry had discovered `` egregious violations of virtually every aspect of Iowa 's child labour laws . '' Agriprocessors claimed that it was at a loss to understand the allegations . Agriprocessors ' CEO went to trial on these charges in state court on 4 May 2010 . After a five - week trial he was found not guilty of all 57 charges of child labour violations by the Black Hawk County District Court jury in Waterloo , Iowa , on 7 June 2010 . Gap Working child in Ooty , India A 2007 report claimed some GAP products had been produced by child labourers . GAP acknowledged the problem and announced it is pulling the products from its shelf . The report found Gap had rigorous social audit systems since 2004 to eliminate child labour in its supply chain . However , the report concluded that the system was being abused by unscrupulous subcontractors . GAP 's policy , the report claimed , is that if it discovers child labour was used by its supplier in its branded clothes , the contractor must remove the child from the workplace , provide it with access to schooling and a wage , and guarantee the opportunity of work on reaching a legal working age . In 2007 , The New York Times reported that GAP , after the child labour discovery , created a $200,000 grant to improve working conditions in the supplier community . H&M and Zara In December 2009 , campaigners in the UK called on two leading high street retailers to stop selling clothes made with cotton which may have been picked by children . Anti-Slavery International and the Environmental Justice Foundation ( EJF ) accused H&M and Zara of using cotton suppliers in Bangladesh . It is also suspected that many of their raw materials originates from Uzbekistan , where children aged 10 are forced to work in the fields . The activists were calling to ban the use of Uzbek cotton and implement a `` track and trace '' systems to guarantee an ethical responsible source of the material . H&M said it `` does not accept '' child labour and `` seeks to avoid '' using Uzbek cotton , but admitted it did `` not have any reliable methods '' to ensure Uzbek cotton did not end up in any of its products . Inditex , the owner of Zara , said its code of conduct banned child labour . Silk weaving A 2003 Human Rights Watch report claimed children as young as five years old were employed and worked for up to 12 hours a day and six to seven days a week in silk industry . These children , HRW claimed , were bonded child labour in India , easy to find in Karnataka , Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu . In 2010 , a German news investigative report claimed that in silk weaving industry , non-governmental organisations ( NGOs ) had found up to 10,000 children working in the 1,000 silk factories in 1998 . In other places , thousands of bonded child labour were present in 1994 . After UNICEF and NGOs got involved , after 2005 , child labour figure is drastically lower , with the total estimated to be fewer than a thousand child labourers . The released children were back in school , claims the report . Primark In 2008 , the BBC reported that the company Primark was using child labour in the manufacture of clothing . In particular , a £ 4 hand - embroidered shirt was the starting point of a documentary produced by BBC 's Panorama programme . The programme asks consumers to ask themselves , `` Why am I only paying £ 4 for a hand embroidered top ? This item looks handmade . Who made it for such little cost ? '' , in addition to exposing the violent side of the child labour industry in countries where child exploitation is prevalent . As a result of the BBC report , Royal Television Society awarded it a prize , and Primark took immediate action and fired three Indian suppliers in 2008 . Primark continued to investigate the allegations for three years , concluding that BBC report was a fake . In 2011 , following an investigation by the BBC Trust 's Editorial Standards Committee , the BBC announced , `` Having carefully scrutinised all of the relevant evidence , the committee concluded that , on the balance of probabilities , it was more likely than not that the Bangalore footage was not authentic . '' BBC subsequently apologised for faking footage , and returned the television award for investigative reporting . Eliminating child labour Child labour in a coal mine , United States , c. 1912 . Photograph by Lewis Hine . Different forms of child labour in Central America , 1999 . Concerns have often been raised over the buying public 's moral complicity in purchasing products assembled or otherwise manufactured in developing countries with child labour . However , others have raised concerns that boycotting products manufactured through child labour may force these children to turn to more dangerous or strenuous professions , such as prostitution or agriculture . For example , a UNICEF study found that after the Child Labour Deterrence Act was introduced in the US , an estimated 50,000 children were dismissed from their garment industry jobs in Bangladesh , leaving many to resort to jobs such as `` stone - crushing , street hustling , and prostitution '' , jobs that are `` more hazardous and exploitative than garment production '' . The study suggests that boycotts are `` blunt instruments with long - term consequences , that can actually harm rather than help the children involved . '' According to Milton Friedman , before the Industrial Revolution virtually all children worked in agriculture . During the Industrial Revolution many of these children moved from farm work to factory work . Over time , as real wages rose , parents became able to afford to send their children to school instead of work and as a result child labour declined , both before and after legislation . Austrian School economist Murray Rothbard said that British and American children of the pre - and post-Industrial Revolution lived and suffered in infinitely worse conditions where jobs were not available for them and went `` voluntarily and gladly '' to work in factories . British historian and socialist E.P. Thompson in The Making of the English Working Class draws a qualitative distinction between child domestic work and participation in the wider ( waged ) labour market . Further , the usefulness of the experience of the industrial revolution in making predictions about current trends has been disputed . Social historian Hugh Cunningham , author of Children and Childhood in Western Society Since 1500 , notes that : `` Fifty years ago it might have been assumed that , just as child labour had declined in the developed world in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , so it would also , in a trickle - down fashion , in the rest of the world . Its failure to do that , and its re-emergence in the developed world , raise questions about its role in any economy , whether national or global . '' According to Thomas DeGregori , an economics professor at the University of Houston , in an article published by the Cato Institute , a libertarian think - tank operating in Washington D.C. , `` it is clear that technological and economic change are vital ingredients in getting children out of the workplace and into schools . Then they can grow to become productive adults and live longer , healthier lives . However , in poor countries like Bangladesh , working children are essential for survival in many families , as they were in our own heritage until the late 19th century . So , while the struggle to end child labour is necessary , getting there often requires taking different routes -- and , sadly , there are many political obstacles . The International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour ( IPEC ) , founded in 1992 , aims to eliminate child labour . It operates in 88 countries and is the largest program of its kind in the world . IPEC works with international and government agencies , NGOs , the media , and children and their families to end child labour and provide children with education and assistance . From 2008 to 2013 , the ILO operated a program through International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour ( IPEC ) entitled `` Combating Abusive Child Labour ( CACL - II ) '' . The project , funded by the European Union , contributed to the Government of Pakistan by providing alternative opportunities for vocational training and education to children withdrawn from the worst forms of child labour . Periodically , governments , employers ' and workers ' organisations have met in global conference to assess progress and remaining obstacles and to agree measures to eliminate the worst forms of child labour by 2016 : first in Oslo ( 1997 ) , secondly in The Hague ( 2010 ) ; the third Global Conference on Child Labour took place in Brasilia , 8010 October 2013 , and the fourth global conference is scheduled to be held in Buenos Aires , Argentina , 14 -- 16 November 2017 . Statistics Number of children involved in ILO categories of work , by age and gender in 2002 All Children ( 2002 ) Economically Active Children Economically Active Children ( % ) Child Labour Child Labour ( % ) Children In Hazardous Work Children In Hazardous Work ( % ) Ages 5 -- 11 838,800,000 109,700,000 13.1 109,700,000 13.1 60,500,000 7.2 Ages 12 -- 14 360,600,000 101,100,000 28.0 76,000,000 21.1 50,800,000 14.1 Ages 5 -- 14 1,199,400,000 210,800,000 17.6 186,300,000 15.5 111,300,000 9.3 Ages 15 -- 17 332,100,000 140,900,000 42.4 59,200,000 17.8 59,200,000 17.8 Boys 786,600,000 184,100,000 23.4 132,200,000 16.8 95,700,000 12.2 Girls 744,900,000 167,600,000 22.5 113,300,000 15.2 74,800,000 10.5 Total 1,531,500,000 351,700,000 23.0 245,500,000 16.0 170,500,000 11.1 Potential positives of children working The term child labour can be misleading when it confuses harmful work with employment that may be beneficial to children . It can also ignore harmful work outside employment and any benefits children normally derive from their work . Domestic work is an example : all families but the rich must work at cleaning , cooking , caring , and more to maintain their homes . In most families in the world , this process extends to productive activities , especially herding and various types of agriculture , and to a variety of small family businesses . Where trading is a significant feature of social life , children can start trading in small items at an early age , often in the company of family members or of peers . Work is undertaken from an early age by vast numbers of children in the world and may have a natural place in growing up . Work can contribute to the well - being of children in a variety of ways ; children often choose to work to improve their lives , both in the short - and long - term . At the material level , children 's work often contributes to producing food or earning income that benefits themselves and their families ; and such income is especially important when the families are poor . Work can provide an escape from debilitating poverty , sometimes by allowing a young person to move away from an impoverished environment . Young people often enjoy their work , especially paid work , or when work involves the company of peers . Even when work is intensive and enforced , children often find ways to combine their work with play . While full - time work hinders schooling , empirical evidence is varied on the relationship between part - time work and school . Sometimes even part - time work may hinder school attendance or performance . On the other hand , many poor children work for resources to attend school . Children who are not doing well at school sometimes seek more satisfactory experience in work . Good relations with a supervisor at work can provide relief from tensions that children feel at school and home . In the modern world , school education has become so central to society that schoolwork has become the dominant work for most children , often replacing participation in productive work . If school curricula or quality do not provide children with appropriate skills for available jobs or if children do nor have the aptitude for schoolwork , school may impede the learning of skills , such as agriculture , which will become necessary for future livelihood . See also Organised labour portal Lewis Hine used photography to help bring attention to child labour in America . He created this poster in 1914 with an appeal about child labour . Child abuse Child labour in Africa Child labour in Bangladesh Child labour in India Child migration Child prostitution Child slavery Child soldiers Child work in indigenous American cultures Children in cocoa production Children 's rights movement Concerned for Working Children Debt bondage Exploitation Guaranteed minimum income History of childhood Human trafficking International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour , IPEC International Research on Working Children Kinder der Landstrasse , Switzerland Labour law Legal working age London matchgirls strike of 1888 Newsboys strike of 1899 Rochdale sex trafficking gang Street children Sweatshop Trafficking of children Unfree labour World Day Against Child Labour International conventions and other instruments : Pilot project on Delivery of water to households far from sources of safe water ILO Forced Labour Convention , 1930 ( No. 29 ) ILO Abolition of Forced Labour Convention , 1957 ( No. 105 ) ILO Minimum Age Convention , 1973 ( No. 138 ) ILO Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention , 1999 ( No. 182 ) Notes Jump up ^ Laura Del Col ( West Virginia University ) . `` The Life of the Industrial Worker in Nineteenth - Century England '' . victorianweb.org . 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Jump up ^ `` Stores urged to stop using child labour cotton '' Jump up ^ `` Indian silk industry employs child labour : Human Rights Watch '' . Rediff. 23 January 2003 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Child Labour : Blood on silk '' . Frontline . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` India : Freeing the Small Hands of the Silk Industry '' . Deutsche Welle ( Germany ) . 2010 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News - Embroidered T - shirt . Price : £ 4 . Cost : Misery '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` BBC News - Primark fires child worker firms '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ Primark 's Investigation findings of BBC 's fake reporting on child labour , 2011 Archived 11 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` BBC 's Primark apology over ' fake ' child labour footage '' . Jump up ^ `` BBC to apologise over ' faked footage ' in Panorama report about Primark '' . Jump up ^ Halliday , Josh ( 28 June 2011 ) . `` BBC hands back RTS award for Panorama programme on Primark '' -- via The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Some authors such as conservative Nobel economist Milton Friedman claim that child labour actually decreased during the industrial revolution . He argues that before the industrial revolution almost all children were working in agriculture ( ... ) '' Robert A. Schultz ( 2010 ) . Information Technology and the Ethics of Globalization : Transnational Issues and Implications . IGI Global Snippet . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60566 - 923 - 6 . Retrieved 7 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Hugh Cunningham , `` The Employment and Unemployment of Children in England c. 1680 -- 1851 . '' Past and Present . Feb. 1990 . doi : 10.1093 / past / 126.1. 115 Jump up ^ Murray Rothbard , Down With Primitivism : A Thorough Critique of Polanyi Ludwig Von Mises Institute , reprint of June 1961 article . Jump up ^ Hugh Cunningham , `` The decline of child labour : labour markets and family economies in Europe and North America since 1830 '' , Economic History Review , 2000 . Jump up ^ DeGregori , Thomas R. , `` Child Labour or Child Prostitution ? '' Cato Institute . Archived 13 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` About the International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour ( IPEC ) ( IPEC ) '' . www.ilo.org . Jump up ^ `` Combating Abusive Child Labour II '' . 1 April 2008 . Jump up ^ ILO , III Global Conference on Child Labour - Brasilia , 8 - 10 October 2013 Jump up ^ ILO , IV Global Conference on the Sustained Eradication of Child Labour , Buenos Aires , 14 - 16 November 2017 , accessed 17 June 2017 Jump up ^ ILO ( 2002a ) , `` Every child counts : new global estimates on child labour '' , Geneva : International Labour Office . Jump up ^ For examples see Bourdillon et al pp 1 - 6 , 180 - 194 . Pp 195 - 200 offer an alternative and more effective approach to protecting working children . Jump up ^ Polak , Barbara ( 2012 ) , `` Bamana Peasants ' Children at Work : Deconstructing Stereotypes of Child Work '' , in Gerd Spittler and Michael Bourdillon , African Children at Work : Working and Learning in Growing Up for Life , Berlin : LIT Verlag Jump up ^ Invernizzi , Antonella ( 2003 ) . `` Street - Working Children and Adolescents in Lima : Work as an Agent of Socialization '' . Childhood. 10 ( 3 ) . ^ Jump up to : Bourdillon , Michael ; Deborah Levison ; William Myers ; Ben White ( 2010 ) . Rights and Wrongs of Children 's Work . New Brunswick : Rutgers University Press . Jump up ^ Bourdillon , Michael ( 2013 ) . Asher Ben - Arieh , ed . `` Children 's Work '' in Handbook of Child - Well Being . Springer . Jump up ^ Hashim , Iman M. ; Dorte Thorsen ( 2011 ) . Child Migration in Africa . London : Zed Books . Jump up ^ Katz , Cindi ( 2004 ) . Growing Up Global : Economic Restructuring and Children 's Everyday Lives . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press . Jump up ^ Call , Kathleen ; Jeylan T. Mortimer ( 2001 ) . Arenas of Comfort in Adolescence : A Study of Adjustment in Context . London : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . Jump up ^ Qvortrup , Jens ( 2001 ) , `` School - Work , Paid Work and the Changing Obligations of Childhood '' , in Mizen , Philip , Hidden Hands : International Perspectives on Children 's Work and Labour , London : Routledge . Jump up ^ White , Ben ( 2012 ) . `` Agriculture and the Generation Problem : Rural Youth , Employment , and the Future of Farming '' . IDS Bulletin . 43 ( 5 ) . References ILO Minimum Estimate of Forced Labour in the World . ( 2005 ) The Cost of Coercion ILO 2009 International Labour Office . ( 2005 ) . A global alliance against forced labour Operational Indicators of Trafficking in Human Beings 2009 ILO / SAP - FL Lists of indicators of Trafficking in Human Beings 2009 ILO / SAP - FL Eradication of forced labour - General Survey concerning the Forced Labour Convention , 1930 ( No. 29 ) , and the Abolition of Forced Labour Convention , 1957 ( No. 105 ) - ILO 2007 Forced Labour : Definition , Indicators and Measurement 2004 - ILO Stopping Forced Labour 2001 - ILO Further reading Baland , Jean - Marie and James A. Robinson ( 2000 ) ' Is child labour inefficient ? ' Journal of Political Economy 108 , 663 -- 679 Basu , Kaushik , and Homa Zarghamee ( 2009 ) ' Is product boycott a good idea for controlling child labour ? A theoretical investigation ' Journal of Development Economics 88 , 217 -- 220 Bhukuth , Augendra . `` Defining child labour : a controversial debate '' Development in Practice ( 2008 ) 18 , 385 -- 394 Emerson , Patrick M. , and André Portela Souza . `` Is Child Labour Harmful ? The Impact of Working Earlier in Life on Adult Earnings '' Economic Development and Cultural Change 59 : 345 -- 385 , January 2011 doi : 10.1086 / 657125 uses data from Brazil to show very strong negative effects -- boys who work before age 14 earn much less as adults Humbert , Franziska . The Challenge of Child Labour in International Law ( 2009 ) Humphries , Jane . Childhood and Child Labour in the British Industrial Revolution ( 2010 ) ILO , Investing in every child : An economic Study of the Costs and Benefits of Eliminating Child Labour Mayer , Gerald . Child Labor in America : History , Policy , and Legislative Issues . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Research Service , 2013 . Ravallion , Martin , and Quentin Wodon ( 2000 ) ' Does child labour displace schooling ? Evidence on behavioural responses to an enrollment subsidy ' Economic Journal 110 , C158 - C175 History `` Child Employing Industries , '' Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Vol. 35 , Mar. 1910 in JSTOR , articles by experts in 1910 Goldberg , Ellis . Trade , Reputation , and Child Labour in Twentieth - Century Egypt ( 2004 ) excerpt and text search Grier , Beverly . Invisible Hands : Child Labour and the State in Colonial Zimbabwe ( 2005 ) Hindman , Hugh D. Child Labour : An American History ( 2002 ) Humphries , Jane ; Horrell , Sara ( 1995 ) . `` ' The Exploitation of Little Children ' : Child Labour and the Family Economy in the Industrial Revolution '' . Explorations in Economic History . 32 : 485 -- 516 . doi : 10.1006 / exeh. 1995.1021 . Humphries , Jane . Childhood and Child Labour in the British Industrial Revolution ( Cambridge Studies in Economic History ) ( 2011 ) excerpt and text search Kirby , Peter . Child Labour in Britain , 1750 - 1870 ( 2003 ) excerpt and text search McIntosh , Robert . Boys in the pits : Child labour in coal mines ( McGill - Queen 's Press - MQUP , 2000 ) , Canadian mines Meerkerk , Elise van Naderveen ; Schmidt , Ariadne . `` Between Wage Labor and Vocation : Child Labor in Dutch Urban Industry , 1600 - 1800 , '' Journal of Social History ( 2008 ) 41 # 3 pp 717 -- 736 in Project MUSE Mofford , Juliet . Child Labour in America ( 1970 ) Tuttle , Carolyn . Hard At Work In Factories And Mines : The Economics Of Child Labour During The British Industrial Revolution ( 1999 ) External links Look up child labour in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Child labour . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Child labour Child Labor , Child Bondage , Why Children Work Combating Child Labor -- Bureau of International Labor Affairs , U.S. Department of Labor A UNICEF web resource with tables of % children who work for a living , by country and gender Rare child labour photos from the U.S. Library of Congress History Place Photographs from 1908 -- 1912 International Research on Child Labour International Program on the Elimination of Child Labour International Labour Organisation ( UN ) World Day Against Child Labour 12 June Concerned for Working Children An India - based non-profit organisation working towards elimination of child labour The OneWorld guide to child labour The State of the World 's Children -- a UNICEF study `` United States Child Labour , 1908 -- 1920 : As Seen Through the Lens of Sociologist and Photographer Lewis W. Hine '' ( video ) Child Labour in Chile , 1880 -- 1950 download complete text , in spanish 12 to 12 community portal ILO sponsored website on the elimination of child labour The ILO Special Action Programme to combat Forced Labour ( SAP - FL ) Every day against child labour by muvizz.com ( video ) Social and environmental accountability Ethics and principles Aarhus Convention Corporate accountability / behaviour / social responsibility Ethical banking Ethical code Extended producer responsibility Organizational ethics Organizational justice Principles for Responsible Investment Social responsibility Stakeholder theory Sullivan principles Transparency ( behavioral social ) UN Global Compact Social accounting Double bottom line Ethical Positioning Index Higg Index Impact assessment ( environmental equality social ) ISO 26000 ISO 45001 Genuine progress indicator Performance indicator SA8000 Social return on investment Whole - life cost Environmental accounting Carbon accounting Eco-Management and Audit Scheme Emission inventory Environmental full - cost accounting / impact assessment / management system / profit - and - loss account ISO 14000 ISO 14031 Life - cycle assessment Pollutant release and transfer register Sustainability accounting / measurement / metrics and indices / standards and certification / supply chain Toxics Release Inventory Triple bottom line Reporting Global Reporting Initiative GxP guidelines Sustainability reporting Auditing Community - based monitoring Environmental ( certification ) Fair trade ( certification ) ISO 19011 Related Bangladesh Accord Benefit corporation Child labour Community interest company Conflict of interest Disasters Disinvestment Eco-labeling Environmental pricing reform Environmental , social and corporate governance Ethical consumerism Euthenics Health impact assessment Market governance mechanism Product certification Public participation Social enterprise Socially responsible investing Stakeholder ( engagement ) Supply chain management Environment portal Commons Organizations BNF : cb119313534 ( data ) GND : 4128152 - 4 LCCN : sh85023444 NARA : 10638020 NDL : 00572258 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Child_labour&oldid=847309244 '' Categories : Childhood History of youth Child labour Children 's rights Labor rights Human trafficking Ethically disputed working conditions Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles with dead external links from January 2016 CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles with Dutch - language external links CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use British English from January 2014 Use dmy dates from October 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2016 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from July 2012 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from July 2012 Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Asturianu Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Kurdî Latina മലയാളം Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon 中文 39 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 June 2018 , at 11 : 41 ( UTC ) . 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on americas got talent what does the gold buzzer mean

In the ninth season , the show added a new format to the auditions in the form of the `` Golden Buzzer '' , which began to make appearances within the Got Talent franchise , since it was first introduced on Germany 's Got Talent . During auditions , each judge is allowed to use the Golden Buzzer to send an act automatically into the live shows , regardless of the opinion of the other judges ; when it was initially used , the buzzer simply saved an act from elimination . The only rule to the buzzer was that a judge could use it only once per season ; the host was later allowed to use the Golden Buzzer for an act from the eleventh season .

America 's Got Talent

america's got talent

America 's Got Talent Genre Reality Talent contest Created by Simon Cowell Directed by Russell Norman Creative director ( s ) Brian Friedman Presented by Regis Philbin Jerry Springer Nick Cannon Tyra Banks Judges Piers Morgan David Hasselhoff Brandy Norwood Sharon Osbourne Howard Stern Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 13 No. of episodes 319 Production Executive producer ( s ) Simon Cowell Sam Donnelly Jason Raff Rob Wade Trish Kinane Richard Wallace Running time 60 -- 120 minutes Production company ( s ) FremantleMedia North America SYCOtv Distributor FremantleMedia Enterprises Release Original network NBC Picture format NTSC ( 480i ) ( 2006 -- 08 ) HDTV 1080i ( 2009 -- ) Original release June 21 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 21 ) -- present Chronology Related shows America 's Got Talent : The Champions External links Official website America 's Got Talent ( often abbreviated as AGT ) is a televised American talent show competition , broadcast on the NBC television network . It is part of the global Got Talent franchise created by Simon Cowell , and is produced by FremantleMedia North America and SYCOtv , with distribution done by Freemantle . Since its premiere in June 2006 , each season is run during the network 's summer schedule , with the show having featured various hosts - it is currently hosted by Tyra Banks , since 2017 . It is the first global edition of the franchise , after plans for a British edition in 2005 were suspended , following a dispute between Paul O'Grady , the planned host , and the British broadcaster ITV ; production of this edition later resumed in 2007 . The show attracts a variety of participants , from across the United States and abroad , to take part and who possess some form of talents , with acts ranging from singing , dancing , comedy , magic , stunts , variety , and other genres . Each participant who auditions attempts to secure a place in the live episodes of a season by impressing a panel of judges - the current line - up consists of Cowell , Howie Mandel , Mel B , and Heidi Klum . Those that make it into the live episodes compete against each other for both the judges ' and public 's vote in order to reach the live final , where the winner receives a large cash prize , paid over a period of time , and , since the third season , a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip . Since its premiere , America 's Got Talent has helped to unearth new talent and kickstart / boost the careers of various performers who took part in the competition , while the show itself has been a rating success for NBC , drawing in on average around 10 million viewers per season . In 2013 , a book was entitled Inside AGT : The Untold Stories of America 's Got Talent , was released , providing a description of the seasons , contestants , judges , and production techniques of the show , along with detailed interviews with contestants from all seasons , up to the date of the book 's of publication . At present , the show is currently airing its thirteenth season , which premiered on May 29 , 2018 . A winter - spin off edition is currently being planned , entitled America 's Got Talent : The Champions , featuring acts from previous seasons , as well as acts from international Got Talent shows . Contents 1 Format 1.1 Auditions 1.2 Judge Cuts 1.3 Live shows 2 Judges and Presenters 2.1 Judge Cuts Guest Judge 3 Season synopses 3.1 Season 1 ( 2006 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2007 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2008 ) 3.4 Season 4 ( 2009 ) 3.5 Season 5 ( 2010 ) 3.6 Season 6 ( 2011 ) 3.7 Season 7 ( 2012 ) 3.8 Season 8 ( 2013 ) 3.9 Season 9 ( 2014 ) 3.10 Season 10 ( 2015 ) 3.11 Season 11 ( 2016 ) 3.12 Season 12 ( 2017 ) 3.13 Season 13 ( 2018 ) 4 Post-show 4.1 America 's Got Talent Live 4.2 Holiday Spectacular 5 Reception 5.1 U.S. television ratings 5.2 Awards and nominations 5.3 Top - selling albums by former contestants 5.4 Contestants who have competed on other reality shows 6 International broadcasts 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Format ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Simon Cowell , creator of America 's Got Talent and the Got Talent franchise , is primarily a judge on the British international version of the franchise . He has operated as a judge on AGT since May 2017 . Auditions ( edit ) The general selection process of each season is begun by the production team with open auditions held in various cities across the United States . Dubbed `` Producers ' Auditions '' , they are held months before the main stage of auditions are held . Those that make it through the initial stage , become participants in the `` Judges ' Auditions '' , which are held in select cities across the country , and attended by the judges . Each participant is held offstage and awaits their turn to perform before the judges , whereupon they are given 90 seconds to demonstrate their act , with a live audience present for all performances . At the end of a performance , the judges give constructive criticism and feedback about what they saw , whereupon they each give a vote - a participant who receives a majority vote approving their performance , moves on to the next stage , otherwise they are eliminated from the programme at that stage . Each judge is given a buzzer , and may use it during a performance if they are unimpressed , hate what is being performed , or feel the act is a waste of their time ; if a participant is buzzed by all judges , their performance is automatically over and they are eliminated without being given a vote . Many acts that move on may be cut by producers and may forfeit due to the limited slots available for the second performance . Filming for each season always takes place when the Judges ' Auditions are taking place , with the show 's presenter standing in the wings of each venue 's stage to interview and give personal commentary on a participant 's performance . Jackie Evancho 's YouTube audition for Season Five of America 's Got Talent in 2010 was a critical turning point towards her becoming the youngest solo artist ever to go platinum in the U.S. Between the fifth and seventh season , acts who did not attend live auditions could instead submit a taped audition online via YouTube . Acts from the online auditions were then selected to compete in front of the judges and a live audience during the `` live shows '' part of the season , prior to the semi-finals . Before the inclusion of this round , the show had a separate audition episode in Seasons 3 and 4 ( 2008 -- 2009 ) for contestants who posted videos on MySpace . In the ninth season , the show added a new format to the auditions in the form of the `` Golden Buzzer '' , which began to make appearances within the Got Talent franchise , since it was first introduced on Germany 's Got Talent . During auditions , each judge is allowed to use the Golden Buzzer to send an act automatically into the live shows , regardless of the opinion of the other judges ; when it was initially used , the buzzer simply saved an act from elimination . The only rule to the buzzer was that a judge could use it only once per season ; the host was later allowed to use the Golden Buzzer for an act from the eleventh season . Judge Cuts ( edit ) Following auditions , successful entries take part in a second stage of the talent competition , in which they are separated out into a number of groups . Over the course of several weeks , each group performs per week , at a fixed venue , in which that group 's participants each attempt to secure a place in the live show by performing a new variation of their act for the judges . Of these acts , the judges chose around 10 from each group to perform in the live shows ; in some seasons , participants eliminated at this stage were given a chance to still appear in the live shows by being selected as a `` wildcard '' act . The judges have access to their buzzers and if an act is buzzed by all of them , they are immediately eliminated from the competition . Until the second season , acts did not have to perform a second time , instead moving on into the live shows , with the judges given a list of the acts who would appear in each live episode . From the second season to the eighth , this stage was dubbed as the `` Las Vegas '' due to the fixed venue being situated upon the Las Vegas Strip , while in the ninth series , acts performed in New York , with the stage dubbed `` Judgement Week '' . From the tenth season , the stage 's format was changed and renamed as `` Judge Cuts '' . In each round , the judging panel were joined by a guest judge who helped with making decisions on which act could move on to the live shows . Like the auditions , the guest judge could use a Golden Buzzer for an act , but once used , it could not be used again . Unlike previous seasons , the Judge Cuts featured twenty acts per round , with seven acts advancing into the live shows , including the one chosen by the guest 's golden buzzer . Unlike the previous format for the stage , the venue used varied , but included the CBS Studio Center and the NBC Universal Back Lot . Live shows ( edit ) During the live shows , the final selection of participants , which has ranged from between 20 to 60 acts and include those that were chosen as Wildcards by the judges or received the Golden Buzzer , are divided into groups and compete against each other for viewers ' and judges ' votes . The general structure of the live episodes focuses first on four quarterfinals , and then two semi-finals , aimed at finding that season 's finalists . Additional rounds are conducted when required ( such as a `` Top 8 '' or a `` Top 10 '' , depending on the season ) . Live episodes are broadcast weekly , and featured performances by guest stars , including previous winners of America 's Got Talent . During these stages , the judges still provide feedback on an act 's performance when it is over , and can use buzzers to prematurely end an performance before it is over ; in the first season , the judges could not end a performance before it was over . Acts which do n't secure a sufficient amount of votes by the public and / or the judges , are eliminated from the competition . Those that make it into the season 's final compete against each other to secure the most votes from the public , with the number of finalists varying between seasons . The act which does is declared the winner for that season , in which they secure the programme 's cash prize of $1 million , and , since Season 3 ( 2008 ) , a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip . Between the fifth and eighth season , the winner was also made the headline act of a national tour with runners up following the final show , stopping in 25 cities . For season nine , however ( 2014 ) , there was no tour ; two shows were held in Las Vegas for the winner and some of the runner - up acts . ( See # America 's Got Talent Live , below . ) Judges and presenters ( edit ) Tyra Banks , current host of America 's Got Talent since May 2017 . Howie Mandel is the longest serving judge on America 's Got Talent , since June 2010 . Nick Cannon is the longest serving host of the program , from June 2009 , to September 2016 . Season Presenter Judges ( chair 's order ) Regis Philbin Piers Morgan Brandy David Hasselhoff N / A Jerry Springer Sharon Osbourne Nick Cannon 5 Howie Mandel 6 7 Howard Stern 8 Heidi Klum Mel B Howie Mandel 9 10 11 Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell 12 Tyra Banks 13 In its first season , the judging panel consisted originally of David Hasselhoff , Brandy Norwood , and Piers Morgan , with the program hosted by Regis Philbin . Prior to the start of the second season , Norwood was forced to step down due to a legal matter she was caught up in , leading to her being replaced by Sharon Osbourne , while Philbin was replaced by Jerry Springer as the show 's host . Further changes were made to the panel and show 's host , as a direct result of each respective member having a need to focus on other TV commitments - Springer was forced to leave after the third season , and was replaced by Nick Cannon for the fourth season ; Hasselhoff left the show after the fourth season , and so was replaced by Howie Mandel for the fifth season as a direct result ; Morgan left after the sixth season , leading to him being replaced by Howard Stern for the seventh season . In August 2012 , Osbourne left the program following a dispute with NBC . While the network replaced her with former Spice Girls member Mel B in February 2013 , the production staff decided to expand the number of judges in the panel to four - such a format change had already been occurring in other international versions of the competition , such as on Britain 's Got Talent two years prior . In March 2013 , supermodel Heidi Klum was announced as joining the panel for the eighth season , confirming reports that the show would include a fourth judge into its format . In October 2015 , Stern was replaced by Simon Cowell for the eleventh season . After his eighth year hosting America 's Got Talent , Cannon announced plans to retire from the show due to comments he made about the network ; despite being under contract to continue his hosting duties , NBC eventually replaced him with Tyra Banks for the twelfth season . Judge Cuts Guest Judge ( edit ) Season Judge Cuts Guest Judge ( in order of appearance ) 10 Neil Patrick Harris Michael Bublé Marlon Wayans Piers Morgan 11 Ne - Yo Reba McEntire George Lopez Louis Tomlinson 12 Chris Hardwick DJ Khaled Laverne Cox Seal 13 Ken Jeong Olivia Munn Martina McBride Chris Hardwick Season synopses ( edit ) Season Premiere Finale Winner Runner - up Third place June 21 , 2006 August 17 , 2006 Bianca Ryan All That The Millers June 5 , 2007 August 21 , 2007 Terry Fator Cas Haley Butterscotch June 17 , 2008 October 1 , 2008 Neal E. Boyd Eli Mattson Nuttin ' But Stringz June 23 , 2009 September 16 , 2009 Kevin Skinner Bárbara Padilla Recycled Percussion 5 June 1 , 2010 September 15 , 2010 Michael Grimm Jackie Evancho Fighting Gravity 6 May 31 , 2011 September 14 , 2011 Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr . Silhouettes Team iLuminate 7 May 14 , 2012 September 13 , 2012 Olate Dogs Tom Cotter William Close 8 June 4 , 2013 September 18 , 2013 Kenichi Ebina Taylor Williamson Jimmy Rose 9 May 27 , 2014 September 17 , 2014 Mat Franco Emily West AcroArmy 10 May 26 , 2015 September 16 , 2015 Paul Zerdin Drew Lynch Oz Pearlman 11 May 31 , 2016 September 14 , 2016 Grace VanderWaal The Clairvoyants Jon Dorenbos 12 May 30 , 2017 September 20 , 2017 Darci Lynne Farmer Angelica Hale Light Balance 13 May 29 , 2018 September 19 , 2018 TBA TBA TBA Season 1 ( 2006 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 1 ) Bianca Ryan , season one winner In May 2006 , NBC announced the new show . The audition tour took place in June . Auditions were held in the following locations : Los Angeles , New York , and Chicago . Some early ads for the show implied that the winning act would also headline a show at a casino , possibly in Las Vegas ; however , this was replaced with a million dollars due to concerns of minors playing in Las Vegas , should one become a champion . More than 12 million viewers watched the series premiere ( which is more than American Idol got during its premiere in 2002 ) . The two - hour broadcast was the night 's most - watched program on U.S. television and the highest - rated among viewers aged 18 to 49 ( the prime - time audience that matters most to advertisers ) , Nielsen Media Research reported . On the season finale , there was an unaired segment that was scheduled to appear after Aly & AJ . The segment featured Tom Green dressing in a parrot costume and squawking with a live parrot to communicate telepathically . Green then proceeded to fly up above the audience , shooting confetti streamers out of his costume onto the crowd below . In season one , the show was hosted by Regis Philbin and judged by actor David Hasselhoff , singer Brandy Norwood , and journalist Piers Morgan . The winner of the season was 11 - year - old singer Bianca Ryan , and the runners - up were clogging group All That and musical group The Millers . Season 2 ( 2007 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 2 ) Terry Fator , season two winner After initially announcing in June 2006 that season two would premiere in January 2007 and would air at 8 pm on Sunday nights , with no separate results show , the network changed that , pushing the show back to the summer , where the first season had enjoyed great success . This move kept the show out of direct competition with American Idol , which had a similar premise and was more popular . In AGT 's place , another reality - based talent show , Grease : You 're The One That I Want , began airing on Sunday nights in the same time slot on NBC beginning in January . In March , NBC announced that Philbin would not return as host of the show , and that Jerry Springer would succeed him as host , with Sharon Osbourne ( formerly a judge on Cowell 's UK show The X Factor ) succeeding Brandy Norwood as a judge . The season finale was shown Tuesday , August 21 , with the winner being Terry Fator , a singing impressionist ventriloquist . The runner - up was singer Cas Haley . Season 3 ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 3 ) Neal E. Boyd , season three winner Season three premiered on June 17 , 2008 . Auditions took place in Charlotte , Nashville , Orlando , New York , Dallas , Los Angeles , Atlanta , and Chicago from January to April . A televised MySpace audition also took place . Season three differed from the previous two in many ways . Auditions were held in well - known theaters across the nation , and a new title card was introduced , featuring the American flag as background . The X 's matched the ones on Britain 's Got Talent as did the judges ' table . Like the previous season , the Las Vegas callbacks continued , but there were forty acts selected to compete in the live rounds , instead of twenty . This season also contained several results episodes , but not on a regular basis . The show took a hiatus for two - and - a-half weeks for the 2008 Summer Olympics , but returned with the live rounds on August 26 . Neal E. Boyd , an opera singer , was named the winner on October 1 . Eli Mattson , a singer and pianist , was runner - up . Season 4 ( 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 4 ) Kevin Skinner , season four winner Season four premiered on Tuesday , June 23 , 2009 . It was the first to be broadcast in high definition . Auditions for this season were held in more than nine major cities including New York , Los Angeles , Chicago , Washington , D.C. , Atlanta , Miami , Tacoma , Boston , and Houston . Los Angeles auditions kicked off the January 29 -- 31 tour at the Los Angeles Convention Center , followed by the February 7 -- 8 Atlanta auditions . New York and Miami auditions were held during March . Tacoma auditions were held April 25 and 26 . In addition to live auditions and the ability to send in a home audition tape , season four offered the opportunity for acts to upload their video direct to NBC.com/agt with their registration . This year 's host was Nick Cannon . Jerry Springer said that he could not return as host due to other commitments . The audition process in season four was the same as the previous season , but the ' Las Vegas Callbacks ' was renamed ' Vegas Verdicts ' . This was the first season since season one where results episodes lasted one hour on a regular basis . The title card this year featured bands of the American flag and stars waving around the America 's Got Talent logo . On September 16 , country music singer Kevin Skinner was named the season 's winner . The grand prize was $1 million and a 10 - week headline show at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip . The runner - up was Bárbara Padilla , an opera singer . Season 5 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 5 ) Michael Grimm , season five winner For season five , the network had considered moving the show to the fall , after rival series So You Think You Can Dance transferred from the summer to fall season in 2009 . NBC ultimately decided to keep Talent a summer show . Open auditions were held in the winter to early spring of 2010 in Chicago , Dallas , Los Angeles , New York , Orlando , and Portland ( Oregon ) . Non-televised producers ' auditions were also held in Atlanta and Philadelphia . For the first time , online auditions were also held via YouTube . David Hasselhoff left to host a new television show and was replaced by comedian and game show host Howie Mandel . This made Piers Morgan the only original judge left in the show . The show premiered Tuesday , June 1 , 2010 , at 8 pm ET . Afterward , Talent resumed the same time slot as the previous season . On September 15 , singer Michael Grimm was named the winner . He won a $1 million prize and a chance to perform at the Caesars Palace Casino and Resort on the Las Vegas Strip , as well as headline the 25 - city America 's Got Talent Live Tour along with runner - up Jackie Evancho , Fighting Gravity , Prince Poppycock , and the other top ten finalists . Season 6 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 6 ) Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr. , season six winner Season six premiered on Tuesday , May 31 , 2011 , with a two - hour special . Piers Morgan and Sharon Osbourne continued as judges after taking jobs on Piers Morgan Tonight and The Talk , respectively . On The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on July 27 , 2010 , Morgan officially stated that he had signed a three - year contract to stay on Talent . The show held televised auditions in Los Angeles , New York , Minneapolis , Atlanta , Seattle , and Houston . Non-televised producers ' auditions were also held in Denver and Chicago . Previews of auditions were shown during NBC 's The Voice premiere on April 26 . Online auditions via YouTube were also held for the second time in the show 's run , beginning on May 4 . Finalists for this audition circuit competed live on August 9 . On Wednesday , September 14 , Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr. , a Frank Sinatra - style singer , was named the winner . Dance group Silhouettes was runner - up . Season 7 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 7 ) Olate Dogs , season seven winners Season seven premiered on May 14 , 2012 . The first round of auditions , which are judged by producers , were held in New York , Washington , D.C. , Tampa , Charlotte , Austin , Anaheim , St. Louis , and San Francisco from October 2011 to February 2012 . The show began its live theater performances at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark on February 27 . Piers Morgan did not return as a judge for season seven , due to his work hosting CNN 's Piers Morgan Tonight , and he was replaced by Howard Stern . Since Stern hosts his SiriusXM radio show in New York City , the live rounds of the show were moved to nearby Newark , New Jersey . In December 2011 , Simon Cowell , the show 's executive producer , announced that the show would be receiving a `` top - to - bottom makeover '' , confirming that there would be new graphics , lighting , theme music , show intro , logo , and a larger live audience at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark . On July 2 , at the first live performance show of the season , their new location and stage were unveiled in a two - and - a-half - hour live special . A new set was also unveiled with a revised judges ' desk and a refreshed design of the `` X '' . On August 6 , Sharon Osbourne announced that she would leave America 's Got Talent after the current season , in response to allegations that her son Jack Osbourne was discriminated against by the producers of the upcoming NBC program Stars Earn Stripes . On September 13 , Olate Dogs were announced the winner of the season , becoming the show 's first completely non-singing act to win the competition and also the first non-solo act to win . Comedian Tom Cotter finished as the runner - up . Season 8 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 8 ) Season eight of AGT premiered on Tuesday , June 4 , 2013 . The new season was announced in a promotional video shown during a commercial break for season seven 's second live show . Sharon Osbourne initially stated that she would not return for the season , but later said that she was staying with the show `` for now . '' Osbourne confirmed that she would be leaving the show after a feud with NBC on August 6 , 2012 . On February 20 , 2013 , it was announced that one of the Spice Girls members , Mel B ( Melanie Brown ) , would be joining the show as the new fourth judge . Entertainment Weekly also reported at the same time that NBC was looking at a possible fourth judge to be added . On March 3 , it was announced that supermodel Heidi Klum would replace Sharon Osbourne as the third judge . An Audition Cities poll for the season was announced on July 11 , 2012 . The first batch of Audition Cities were announced as Los Angeles , Seattle , Portland ( Oregon ) , New Orleans , Birmingham , Memphis , Nashville , Savannah , Raleigh , Norfolk , San Antonio , New York , Columbus ( Ohio ) , and Chicago . This season , the auditions traveled to more cities than ever before . America 's Got Talent moved its live shows to Radio City Music Hall in New York for season eight . Auditions in front of the judges and an audience began taping on March 4 . The show traveled to New Orleans , New York , Chicago , Los Angeles , and San Antonio . On September 18 , 2013 , martial arts dancer / mime Kenichi Ebina was announced the winner of the season , the first dance act to win the competition . Stand - up comedian Taylor Williamson was the runner - up . Season 9 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 9 ) Mat Franco , season nine winner Season nine premiered on Tuesday , May 27 , 2014 , at 8 pm ET . The producers ' auditions began on October 26 , 2013 , in Miami . Other audition sites included Atlanta , Baltimore , Denver , Houston , Indianapolis , Los Angeles , and New York . Contestants could also submit a video of their audition online . Auditions in front of the judges were held February 20 -- 22 at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark , which also hosted the live shows during season seven . Judges ' auditions were held in New York City at Madison Square Garden from April 3 to 6 and in Los Angeles at the Dolby Theatre from April 21 to 26 . The live shows return to Radio City Music Hall on July 29 . There was also a new twist in the show , where `` Judgment Week '' was held in New York City instead of Las Vegas . Judgment Week was originally intended to be held in front of a live studio audience , but after three acts performed , the producers scrapped the live audience concept . This season also came with the addition of a `` Golden Buzzer , '' which was unveiled on that same year 's Britain 's Got Talent . Each judge can press the buzzer only once each season that can save an act , typically used when there is a tie . For this season , contestants were invited to submit a video of their performance to The Today Show website throughout June , and the top three entrants performed their acts on The Today Show on July 23 , 2014 . The performer with the most votes , Cornell Bhangra , filled the 48th spot in the quarterfinals . On September 17 , magician Mat Franco was announced the winner of the season , the first magic act to win the competition . Singer Emily West was the runner - up . Season 10 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 10 ) Season ten premiered on May 26 , 2015 . Producer auditions began on November 2 , 2014 , in Tampa . Other audition sites included Nashville , Richmond ( Virginia ) , New York , Chicago , St. Louis , San Antonio , Albuquerque , San Francisco , Seattle , Boise , Las Vegas , and Los Angeles . Online submissions were also accepted . Howard Stern rumored on his radio show on October 1 , 2014 , that he might not return , but announced on December 8 that he would return for the upcoming season . Nick Cannon returned for his seventh season as host . On February 9 , 2015 , Howie Mandel said he would return for season ten and Mel B announced the next day that she would be returning as well . It was revealed on February 11 that Heidi Klum would also be returning . It was announced on December 4 , 2014 , that Cris Judd would be named as a dance scout . He previously worked on the show as a choreographer behind the scenes , and on the New Zealand version of Got Talent as a judge . Auditions in front of the judges began on March 2 , 2015 , at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center . They continued at the Manhattan Center in New York City and the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles . A special `` extreme '' audition session was held outside at the Fairplex in Pomona , California , where danger acts performed outside for the judges , who were seated at an outdoor stage . During NBC 's summer press tour , it was announced that America 's Got Talent would be making their `` Golden Buzzer '' more like Britain 's Got Talent where the contestant that gets the buzzer will be sent directly to the live shows . An official trailer for the season was released , which showed that Dunkin Donuts was the show 's official sponsor for the season , with their cups prominently placed on the judges ' desk . Dunkin replaced Snapple , which sponsored the show since season seven . On June 24 , Howard Stern announced on The Howard Stern Show that season ten would be his last season as judge . Stern said , `` In all seriousness , I 've told you , I 'm just too f * cking busy ... something 's got to give ... NBC 's already asked me what my intentions are for next year , whether or not I 'd come back , I kind of have told them I think this is my last season . Not I think , this is my last season '' . On September 16 , Paul Zerdin was announced the winner of the season , making him the second ventriloquist to win . Comedian Drew Lynch was runner - up , and magician mentalist Oz Pearlman was in Third Place . Season 11 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 11 ) America 's Got Talent was renewed for an eleventh season on September 1 , 2015 . The season will have preliminary open call auditions in Detroit , New York , Phoenix , Salt Lake City , Las Vegas , San Jose , San Diego , Kansas City , Los Angeles , Atlanta , Orlando , and Dallas . As in years past , hopeful contestants may also submit auditions online . On October 22 , 2015 , it was announced that creator Simon Cowell would replace Howard Stern as a judge for season 11 . Mel B , Heidi Klum and Howie Mandel all returned as judges , with Nick Cannon returning as host . The live shows moved from New York back to Los Angeles , due to Stern 's departure , at the Dolby Theatre . Auditions in front of the judges began on March 3 , 2016 at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Pasadena , California . The season premiered on May 31 , 2016 . On September 14 , 12 - year - old singer - songwriter and ukulele player Grace VanderWaal was announced as the second female and second child to win America 's Got Talent ( Bianca Ryan , age 11 , was first ) . Magician mentalists The Clairvoyants were runners - up , and magician Jon Dorenbos placed third . Season 12 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 12 ) On August 2 , 2016 , it was announced that host Nick Cannon and all four judges would be returning for season 12 . Later that year , on October 4 , Simon Cowell signed a contract to remain as a judge through to 2019 ( Season 14 ) . On February 13 , 2017 , Cannon announced he would not return as host for the twelfth season , citing creative differences between him and executives at NBC . The resignation came in the wake of news that the network considered firing Cannon after he made disparaging remarks about NBC in his Showtime comedy special Stand Up , Do n't Shoot . NBC selected Tyra Banks as the new host for season 12 , which premiered on Tuesday , May 30 , 2017 . On September 20 , Darci Lynne Farmer won the twelfth season , becoming the third ventriloquist , third child act and the third female act to win the competition ( second year in a row after VanderWaal 's win in 2016 ) . Child singer Angelica Hale was announced as the runner - up , and Ukrainian dance act Light Balance finished in third place . Deaf musician Mandy Harvey and dog act Sara & Hero rounded out the top five . Season 13 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 13 ) On February 21 , 2018 , it was announced that judges Simon Cowell , Mel B , Heidi Klum and Howie Mandel along with Tyra Banks would all be returning . The season premiered on May 29 , 2018 . Post-show ( edit ) America 's Got Talent live ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) America 's Got Talent Live is a show on the Las Vegas Strip that features the winner of each season of America 's Got Talent as the main performance . In 2009 , America 's Got Talent Live appeared on the Las Vegas Strip appearing Wednesday through Sunday at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino in Las Vegas , in a limited ten - week run from October through January featuring winner Kevin Skinner , runner - up Barbara Padilla and fourth - place finisher The Texas Tenors . It featured the final ten acts which made it to the season four ( 2009 ) finale . Jerry Springer emceed , commuting weekly between Stamford , Connecticut , tapings of his self - named show and Las Vegas . In 2010 , on the first live show of season five , the winner headlined America 's Got Talent Live from Caesars Palace Casino and Resort on the Las Vegas Strip , which was part of a 25 - city tour that featured the season 's finalists . Jerry Springer returned as both host of the tour and the headliner of the show . In 2012 , the tour returned , featuring winners Olate Dogs , Spencer Horsman , Joe Castillo , Lightwire Theater , David Garibaldi and his CMYK 's , Jarrett and Raja , Tom Cotter , and other fan favorites . In 2013 , after the success of the 2012 tour , another tour was scheduled , featuring season eight 's winner , Kenichi Ebina , and finalists Collins Key , Jimmy Rose , Taylor Williamson , Cami Bradley , The KriStef Brothers , and Tone the Chiefrocca . Tone hosted the tour . In 2014 , America 's Got Talent Live announced that performances in Las Vegas on September 26 and 27 would feature Taylor Williamson , the season eight ( 2013 ) runner - up , and the top finalists for season nine : Mat Franco , Emily West , Quintavious Johnson , AcroArmy , Emil and Dariel , Miguel Dakota , and Sons of Serendip . In 2015 , no tour was held . Instead , three shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas featuring winner Paul Zerdin , runner - up Drew Lynch , and fan favorite Piff the Magic Dragon . In 2016 , four shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas . They featured the top two finalists for season 11 , Grace VanderWaal and The Clairvoyants , as well as finalist Tape Face . In 2017 , four shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas . They featured winner Darci Lynne , runner - up Angelica Hale , third - placed Light Balance , and finalist Preacher Lawson . Holiday Spectacular ( edit ) NBC broadcast the two - hour America 's Got Talent Holiday Spectacular on December 19 , 2016 , hosted by Cannon with performances by Grace VanderWaal , Jackie Evancho , Andra Day , Penn & Teller , Pentatonix , Terry Fator , Mat Franco , Piff the Magic Dragon , Olate Dogs , Professor Splash , Jon Dorenbos and others , and featuring the Season 11 judges , including Klum , who sang a duet with Season 11 finalist Sal Valentinetti . The special drew 9.5 million viewers . Reception ( edit ) U.S. television Ratings ( edit ) Since the show began , its ratings have been very high , ranging from 9 million viewers to as many as 16 million viewers , generally averaging around 11 million viewers . The show has also ranked high in the 18 -- 49 demographic , usually rating anywhere from as low as 1.6 to as high as 4.6 throughout its run . Audition shows and performance shows rate higher on average than results shows . Although the show 's ratings have been high , the network usually keeps the show 's run limited to before the official start of the next television season in the third week of September with some reductions or expansions depending on Olympic years , where finale ratings are usually lower due to returning programming on other networks . The highest rated season in overall viewers to date is season four ( 2009 ) . The most - watched episode has been the finale of season five ( 2010 ) , with 16.41 million viewers . The series premiere and an episode featuring the first part of Las Vegas Week in season six ( 2011 ) have each tied for highest rating among adults 18 -- 49 , both having a 4.6 rating . Season Premiered Ended TV season Timeslot ( ET ) Season viewers Season ranking Date Viewers ( in millions ) Date Viewers ( in millions ) June 21 , 2006 12.41 Final Performances : August 16 , 2006 2005 -- 06 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm Season Finale : August 17 , 2006 12.05 Thursday 9 : 00 pm June 5 , 2007 12.93 Final Performances : August 20 , 2007 2006 -- 07 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm Season Finale : August 21 , 2007 13.87 June 17 , 2008 12.80 Final Performances : September 30 , 2008 10.23 2007 -- 08 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( June 17 -- August 5 ) Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( after August 26 ) Season Finale : October 1 , 2008 12.55 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( after August 27 ) June 23 , 2009 11.30 Final Performances : September 15 , 2009 13.84 2008 -- 09 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm Season Finale : September 16 , 2009 15.53 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm 5 June 1 , 2010 12.35 Final Performances : September 14 , 2010 14.60 2009 -- 10 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm Season Finale : September 15 , 2010 16.41 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm 6 May 31 , 2011 15.28 Final Performances : September 13 , 2011 13.67 2010 -- 11 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( May 31 -- July 5 ) Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( after July 5 ) 12.65 Season Finale : September 14 , 2011 14.37 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( after June 22 ) 11.49 7 May 14 , 2012 10.48 Final Performances : September 12 , 2012 11.05 2011 - 12 Monday 8 : 00 pm ( May 14 -- July 3 ) Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( after July 3 ) 10.48 Season Finale : September 13 , 2012 10.59 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( May 14 -- July 3 ) Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( after July 3 ) 10.58 8 June 4 , 2013 12.41 Final Performances : September 17 , 2013 11.19 2012 -- 13 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 11.22 Season Finale : September 18 , 2013 11.49 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after July 10 ) 10.34 9 May 27 , 2014 12.00 Final Performances : September 16 , 2014 11.46 2013 -- 14 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( May 27 -- July 15 ) Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( after July 22 ) 10.31 Season Finale : September 17 , 2014 12.21 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( after July 23 ) 10.37 10 May 26 , 2015 11.09 Final Performances : September 15 , 2015 11.33 2014 -- 15 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 10.70 Season Finale : September 16 , 2015 9.54 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after August 12 ) 9.07 11 May 31 , 2016 11.67 Final Performances : September 13 , 2016 13.97 2015 -- 16 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 11.71 Season Finale : September 14 , 2016 14.41 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after July 5 ) 10.97 12 May 30 , 2017 12.37 Final Performances : September 19 , 2017 14.70 2016 -- 17 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 12.90 Season Finale : September 20 , 2017 15.64 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after August 9 ) 12.00 13 May 29 , 2018 12.16 Final Performances : September 18 , 2018 TBA 2017 -- 18 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm TBA TBA Season Finale : September 19 , 2018 TBA Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after August 15 ) TBA TBA Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Result Ref . 2011 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Competition Show Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Hairstyling For A Multi-Camera Series Or Special Nominated 2012 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer TV Show Nominated Choice Male TV Personality : Nick Cannon Nominated 2013 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Nominated 2014 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Competition Show Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Nominated 2015 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Competition Show Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Talent Competition Show Nominated 2016 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Competition Show Won Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Talent Competition Show Nominated 2017 Critics ' Choice Awards Best Reality Series - Competition Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Competition Show Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Won 2018 Critics ' Choice Awards Best Reality Series - Competition Nominated Top - selling Albums by former contestants ( edit ) Sales numbers and rankings are U.S. sales only . See also : RIAA certification Rank Former contestant Total US sales Albums Jackie Evancho ( season 5 , runner - up ) 3,000,000 + Prelude to a Dream ( 2009 ) No. 121 O Holy Night ( 2010 ) No. 2 ( Platinum certification ) Dream with Me ( 2011 ) No. 2 ( Gold certification ) Heavenly Christmas ( 2011 ) No. 11 Songs from the Silver Screen ( 2012 ) No. 7 Awakening ( 2014 ) No. 17 Someday at Christmas ( 2016 ) No. 93 Two Hearts ( 2017 ) No. 100 ( Evancho 's 7th consecutive No. 1 ranking on the Classical Albums Chart ) Lindsey Stirling ( season 5 quarterfinalist ) 856,000 + Lindsey Stirling ( 2012 ) No. 23 Shatter Me ( 2014 ) No. 2 Brave Enough ( 2016 ) No. 5 The Texas Tenors ( season 4 , 4th place ) 500,000 + The Texas Tenors ( album ) Country Roots , Classical Sound : Remastered Special Edition ( 2011 ) No. 1 Classical Catalog Albums chart O Night Divine ( 2013 ) No. 13 Classical Albums chart You Should Dream ( 2013 ) No. 111 ; No. 5 Classical Albums chart First 5 Years Live ( 2014 ) No. 1 Classical Catalog Albums chart Rise ( 2017 ) No. 22 ; No. 1 Classical Albums Chart Grace VanderWaal ( season 11 winner ) 200,000 + Perfectly Imperfect ( 2016 ) No. 4 Just the Beginning ( 2017 ) No. 22 5 Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr . ( season 6 winner ) 156,000 + That 's Life ( 2011 ) No. 34 Christmas Made for Two ( 2013 ) did not chart 6 Bianca Ryan ( season 1 winner ) 150,000 + Bianca Ryan ( 2006 ) No. 57 Christmas Everyday ( 2007 ) did not chart The True Meaning of Christmas ( 2009 ) did not chart 7 Cas Haley ( season 2 runner - up ) 40,000 + Cas Haley ( 2008 ) No. 8 Connection ( 2010 ) did not chart La Si Dah ( 2013 ) did not chart 8 Michael Grimm ( season 5 winner ) 22,000 + Michael Grimm Live ( 2007 ) did not chart I Am Michael Grimm ( 2009 ) did not chart Leave Your Hat On ( 2010 ) No. 101 Michael Grimm ( 2011 ) No. 13 9 Neal E. Boyd ( season 3 winner ) 6,000 + My American Dream ( 2009 ) No. 195 Contestants who have competed on other reality shows ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Many acts which have competed on America 's Got Talent but were ultimately eliminated before the final round have either previously competed on or went on to compete in a number of other reality shows , most notably American Idol and America 's Best Dance Crew . American Idol The following America 's Got Talent ( AGT ) contestants also appeared on American Idol ( AI ) : AGT Season Year Contestant AI Season Year Outcome 2006 Jessica Sanchez 11 2012 Runner - up 2008 Holli Harden 9 Appeared 2009 Thia Megia 10 2011 Finished in the Top 11 4 , 9 2009 , 2014 Kelli Glover 2002 Appeared 6 2011 Shevonne Phillidor 15 2016 Appeared 9 2014 Nick Fradiani , member of Beach Avenue 14 2015 Winner 10 2015 Jenna Renae 15 2016 Top 24 11 2016 Sal Valentinetti 14 2015 Appeared America 's Best Dance Crew The following America 's Got Talent ( AGT ) contestants also appeared on America 's Best Dance Crew ( ABDC ) : AGT Season Year Contestant ABDC Season Year Outcome 2007 Jabbawockeez 2008 Champions 2008 Extreme Dance FX 5 Competed as Blended Projekt 3 , 4 2008 , 2009 SQ Entertainment 2008 Runner - up 2009 BreakSk8 2008 Finished in fourth place 2009 FootworKINGz 6 2011 Competed 5 Rated Next Generation ( RNG ) 7 2012 Finished in Top Four 5 Strikers All - Stars 2009 Finished in Top Four 7 2012 787 Crew 6 2011 Competed 9 2014 Flight Crew Jump Rope 5 Finished in fifth place , and competed as Saltare Other shows The following America 's Got Talent ( AGT ) contestants also appeared on these other shows : AGT Season Year Contestant Show Season Year Network Outcome 2006 Tonya Kay , member of Trey Knight 's Stilt World Who Wants to Be a Superhero ? 2006 SyFy 5th Place 2007 Tammie Brown RuPaul 's Drag Race 2009 Logo 8th Place 2007 Tika `` Sweetie '' Rainn Flavor of Love 2006 VH1 8th Place 2008 Derrick Barry RuPaul 's Drag Race 8 2016 Logo 5th Place 5 Justin Hopkins The Voice 2012 NBC Advanced to Battle Rounds 5 Murray SawChuck Celebracadabra 2008 VH1 Appeared 5 Alice Tan Ridley 30 Seconds to Fame Pilot 2002 Fox Winner 6 2011 Dani Shay The Glee Project 2012 Oxygen Appeared 7 2012 Trisha Paytas Who Wants to Be a Superhero ? 2007 SyFy 7th Place 7 2012 Horse American Ninja Warrior 2012 G4 and NBC Competed 7 2012 Bria Kelly The Voice 6 2014 NBC Advanced to Top 10 on Team Usher 7 2012 Academy of Villains Fake Off 2015 TruTV Appeared 7 2012 Lightwire Theatre Fake Off 2014 TruTV Winners 7 , 8 2012 , 2013 D'Angelo and Amanda Live to Dance 2011 CBS Winners 7 2015 Ben Blaque Britain 's Got Talent 10 ITV Advanced to the semi-finals 8 2015 Alexandr Magala Britain 's Got Talent 10 ITV 9th place 8 2013 Kennedy Davenport RuPaul 's Drag Race 7 2015 Logo 4th Place 8 2013 Tummy Talk The Gong Show 2017 ABC Appeared 8 2013 Angela Hoover First Impressions 2016 USA Network Appeared 8 2013 KriStef Brothers Fake Off 2014 TruTV 7th Place 8 2013 Taylor Williamson Last Comic Standing 7 NBC Semifinalist 9 2014 Adrian Romoff Child Genius 2016 Lifetime Winner 10 2015 Leroy Patterson Solitary 2007 Fox Reality 7th Place 10 2015 Myq Kaplan Last Comic Standing 7 NBC Finalist 10 2015 Freelusion Dance Company Fake Off 2014 TruTV Fourth place , appeared as Freelusion USA 10 2015 Piff the Magic Dragon Penn & Teller : Fool Us 2011 2014 ITV ( U.K. ) The CW ( U.S. ) Appeared 10 2015 Stevie Starr Britain 's Got Talent ITV Advanced to the semi-finals 11 2016 Cory Kahaney Last Comic Standing 2003 NBC Finalist 11 2016 Laura Bretan Romania 's Got Talent 6 2016 Pro TV Winner 13 2018 The Sacred Riana Asia 's Got Talent 2017 AXN Asia Winner 13 2018 Yumbo Dump Asia 's Got Talent 2017 AXN Asia Semifinalist International broadcasts ( edit ) In Indonesia , the eleventh season has currently been broadcast by NET . since October 22 , 2016 every Saturday and Sunday at 10 pm WIB . But , since Monday , October 31 , in addition to the weekend slot , the show has also been broadcast every Monday to Friday at 5 pm WIB as the replacement of the currently concluded TV drama , the second season of Kesempurnaan Cinta , which was concluded on Friday , October 28 , 2016 . In the United Kingdom , TruTV , along with simulcasts on the Local Television Limited network , show America 's Got Talent , with TruTV showing it from the tenth season . The thirteenth season of the show will air on AXN Asia , together with the twelfth series of Britain 's Got Talent . See also ( edit ) Got Talent The X Factor References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Got Talent / About the Show '' . nbc.com . NBC . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2015 . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Sets Tyra Banks As New Host For Season 12 '' . March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trade marks -- find by number '' . Ipo.gov.uk . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Chan , Anna ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` Simon Cowell to Replace Howard Stern as Judge on America 's Got Talent for Season 11 '' . USmagazine.com . American Media , Inc . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Daly , Sean and Ashley Majeski . Inside AGT : The Untold Stories of America 's Got Talent , CreateSpace Independent Publishing ( 2013 ) ISBN 1492203602 ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` NBC 's World of Dance , Ninja Warrior and AGT Get Summer Return Dates '' . tvline.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Performance FAQ '' . Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2017 - 2018 . January 10 , 2014 . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Katie . `` Juliet and Jackie Evancho , Bonding as Targets in a Trump Media Frenzy '' , The New York Times , January 11 , 2017 Jump up ^ Lee , Tiffany . `` Watch 11 - Year - Old Jackie Evancho 's Still - Platinum Pipes Sing ' Nessun Dorma ' '' , Yahoo Music : Maximum Performance , April 27 , 2011 ; and Richardson , Chris . `` Jackie Evancho , Greyson Chance following in Justin Bieber 's footsteps ? '' The Christian Science Monitor , May 24 , 2011 , accessed March 4 , 2012 Jump up ^ Glazowski , Paul . `` MySpace Opens Six - Day Virtual Audition For America 's Got Talent '' . Mashable . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Starr , Michael . `` America 's Got Talent Live At Radio City '' . New York Post . ^ Jump up to : Fera , Jessica . `` Jackie Evancho Featured on ' Oprah Winfrey Show ' '' Archived August 30 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... WPXI.com . October 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Grimm says he feels blessed to be a part of ' America 's Got Talent , ' hitting Caesars today - Entertainment / Neon - ReviewJournal.com '' . Lvrj.com . October 8 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2010 . Retrieved November 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Got Talent Live Concert Tour '' . Facebook . p . About America 's Got Talent Live . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Note that the `` live '' version of this page is likely to change ; the archived version will provide the supporting information for this reference . Jump up ^ `` Brandy Says She 's Leaving ' America 's Got Talent ' '' . Associated Press . April 20 , 2007 . Retrieved June 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rocchio , Christopher ( April 20 , 2007 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne replacing Brandy as ' America 's Got Talent ' judge '' . Reality TV World . Retrieved June 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ NBC ANNOUNCES DAVID HASSELHOFF , PIERS MORGAN AND SHARON OSBOURNE AS TRIO OF JUDGES FOR SECOND SEASON OF NBC 'S HIT TALENT COMPETITION SERIES ' AMERICA 'S GOT TALENT ' PREMIERING MAY 29 Jump up ^ NBC press release ( March 5 , 2007 ) : `` Popular Television Talk - Show Host Jerry Springer Named Host of NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' when Hit Variety - Talent Competition Series Returns this Summer '' , Retrieved on March 5 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Nick Cannon 's Got Talent '' . E ! Online . February 9 , 2009 . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` News : Sharon Quits Over Ugly Fight With NBC '' . AGTNews.com . August 6 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2012 . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Daly , Sean ( August 6 , 2012 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne is quitting `` America 's Got Talent '' after NBC axed her son Jack `` . New York Post . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' hires Mel B as new judge '' . Inside TV . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Heidi Klum : I 'm Gonna Be a Judge on ' Americas Got Talent ' '' . Jump up ^ Anthony , Kiyonna ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent Execs Have This to Say About Nick Cannon 's Departure '' . Globalgrind . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mousavizadeh , Nader ( February 9 , 2009 ) . `` Reuters '' . Today.reuters.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBC 's mid-season 2006 -- 07 schedule '' . NBCUMV.com . November 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Popular Television Talk - Show Host Jerry Springer Named Host of NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' '' . Thefutoncritic.com . March 5 , 2007 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Cannon 's Got Talent '' . E ! Online . February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Americas Got Talent Live ! at Planet Hollywood '' . Vegasnews.com . October 10 , 2009 . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent -- In Summer Only -- NBC Benches Heavy Hitter for Fall '' . NYTimes.com . July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` David Hasselhoff Departing America 's Got Talent '' . TV Guide . January 6 , 2010 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Howie Mandel Joins America 's Got Talent '' . TV Guide . January 10 , 2010 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Reveals Summer Premiere Dates for America 's Got Talent , Last Comic Standing , 100 Questions , Persons Unknown '' . Tvbythenumbers.com . March 5 , 2010 . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gold , Matea ( July 28 , 2010 ) . `` Piers Morgan mum on whether he 's succeeding Larry King Show Tracker Los Angeles Times '' . Latimesblogs.latimes.com . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2010 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Audition Cities `` Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2011 -- 2012 '' . Americasgottalentauditions.com . 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External links ( edit ) Official website America 's Got Talent on IMDb America 's Got Talent at TV.com America 's Got Talent Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Winners Bianca Ryan Terry Fator Neal E. Boyd Kevin Skinner Michael Grimm Landau Eugene Murphy Jr . Olate Dogs Kenichi Ebina Mat Franco Paul Zerdin Grace VanderWaal Darci Lynne Farmer Runners - up The Millers Cas Haley Eli Mattson Bárbara Padilla Jackie Evancho Silhouettes Tom Cotter Taylor Williamson Emily West Drew Lynch The Clairvoyants Angelica Hale Third place Butterscotch Nuttin ' But Stringz Recycled Percussion Team iLuminate Oz Pearlman Jon Dorenbos Light Balance Other notable contestants Season 1 Taylor Ware Alexis Jordan Celtic Spring The Passing Zone Rappin ' Granny Leonid the Magnificent Jessica Sanchez Kevin Johnson Season 2 Jabbawockeez Julienne Irwin Kevin James Season 3 Kaitlyn Maher ZOOperstars ! Derrick Barry Season 4 Grandma Lee The Texas Tenors Thia Megia Season 5 ArcAttack Haspop Alice Tan Ridley Prince Poppycock Connor Doran The Strange Familiar Lindsey Stirling Season 6 Geechy Guy Anna Graceman POPLYFE Professor Splash Melissa Villaseñor Season 7 David Garibaldi and His CMYK 's Rudy Coby Trish Paytas Season 8 Cami Bradley Marty Brown Brad Byers Forte Branden James Jim Meskimen John Wing Jr . Season 9 Dan Naturman Wendy Liebman Miguel Dakota Quintavious Johnson The Willis Clan Mike Super Season 10 Stevie Starr Piff the Magic Dragon Myq Kaplan Freelusion Dance Company Metal Mulisha Fitz Army Kacey Jones Kayvon Zand Season 11 Ryan Stock & AmberLynn Tape Face Brian Justin Crum Cory Kahaney The Passing Zone Kadie Lynn Roberson Laura Bretan Zach Sherwin D.J. Demers Sos and Victoria Season 12 Bello Nock Colin Cloud Mandy Harvey Preacher Lawson Puddles Pity Party The Singing Trump Evie Clair Season 13 Aaron Crow Angel City Chorale Annaliese Nock Glennis Grace Rob Lake The Sacred Riana Zurcaroh Related America 's Got Talent : The Champions Got Talent franchises National franchises Albania Australia Argentina Azerbaijan Belgium VIER vtm RTL - TVI Bulgaria Cambodia Canada China Croatia Czech Republic & Slovakia Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary India Indonesia Ireland Israel Italy Moldova Mongolia Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria Norway Philippines Poland Portugal RTP ( 2007 ) SIC RTP Romania Russia Serbia South Africa South Korea Spain Sri Lanka Sweden Thailand Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States America 's Got Talent The Champions Vietnam Regional franchises Arab World Asia World 's Got Talent ( cancelled ) NBC programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime American Ninja Warrior ( since 2011 ) America 's Got Talent ( since 2006 ) A.P. Bio ( since 2018 ) The Blacklist ( since 2013 ) Blindspot ( since 2015 ) Chicago Fire ( since 2012 ) Chicago Med ( since 2015 ) Chicago P.D. ( since 2014 ) Dateline NBC ( since 1992 ) Ellen 's Game of Games ( since 2017 ) Genius Junior ( since 2018 ) Good Girls ( since 2018 ) The Good Place ( since 2016 ) Hollywood Game Night ( since 2013 ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( since 1999 ) Law & Order True Crime ( since 2017 ) Little Big Shots ( since 2016 ) Making It ( since 2018 ) Marlon ( since 2017 ) Midnight , Texas ( since 2017 ) Reverie ( since 2018 ) Running Wild with Bear Grylls ( since 2014 ) Superstore ( since 2015 ) This Is Us ( since 2016 ) Timeless ( since 2016 ) The Voice ( since 2011 ) The Wall ( since 2016 ) Weekend Update Summer Edition ( since 2017 ) Will & Grace ( 1998 -- 2006 ; since 2017 ) World of Dance ( since 2017 ) Daytime Days of Our Lives ( since 1965 ) Late night 1st Look ( since 2008 ) Last Call with Carson Daly ( since 2002 ) Late Night with Seth Meyers ( since 2014 ) Open House ( since 2008 ) Open House NYC ( since 2012 ) Saturday Night Live ( since 1975 ) The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon ( since 2014 ) News Dateline NBC ( since 1992 ) Early Today ( since 1999 ) Meet the Press ( since 1947 ) Megyn Kelly Today ( since 2017 ) NBC Nightly News ( since 1970 ) Sunday Night with Megyn Kelly ( since 2017 ) Today ( since 1952 ) Sports IndyCar Series on NBC NBC Golf NASCAR on NBC NFL on NBC Football Night in America NBC Sunday Night Football NHL on NBC Notre Dame Football on NBC Olympics on NBC Premier Boxing Champions Tennis on NBC Thoroughbred Racing on NBC Saturday morning The More You Know Upcoming Manifest ( 2018 ) New Amsterdam ( 2018 ) I Feel Bad ( 2018 ) Abby 's ( 2019 ) America 's Got Talent : The Champions ( 2019 ) Brooklyn Nine - Nine ( 2019 ) The Enemy Within ( 2019 ) The Gilded Age ( 2019 ) The InBetween ( 2019 ) The Titan Games ( 2019 ) The Village ( 2019 ) The Awesome Show ( TBA ) LCCN : no2009048452 VIAF : 182955646 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Got_Talent&oldid=857086269 '' Categories : 2006 American television series debuts 2000s American variety television series 2010s American variety television series America 's Got Talent American television series based on British television series Competitions English - language television programs Live television programs NBC network shows Television series by FremantleMedia Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2017 Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with inconsistent citation formats Use mdy dates from August 2018 Articles needing additional references from July 2018 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles needing additional references from September 2014 Articles needing additional references from June 2015 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 13 : 37 ( UTC ) . 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where is the ncaa women's final four played

2018 NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball tournament

2018 ncaa division i women's basketball tournament

The 2018 NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament began on March 16 , 2018 , and concluded with the national championship game on Sunday , April 1 . The Final Four was played at Nationwide Arena in Columbus , Ohio . This is the third time that the women 's Final Four was played in Ohio after previously being held in Cincinnati in 1997 and Cleveland in 2007 and the first time that the women 's Final Four was played in Columbus . For only the fourth time in the tournament 's 37 - year history , all four of the number one seeds made it to the Final Four .

Tennessee continued its record streak of making every NCAA Women 's Basketball Tournament at 37 consecutive appearances . Connecticut also continued its record streak of 11 consecutive Final Four appearances . Contents ( hide ) 1 2018 NCAA Tournament schedule and venues 2 Subregionals Tournament and automatic qualifiers procedures 2.1 Automatic qualifiers 2.2 Tournament seeds 3 Bracket 3.1 Albany Regional -- Albany , New York 3.1. 1 Albany Regional Final 3.1. 2 Albany Regional all tournament team 3.2 Kansas City Regional -- Kansas City , Missouri 3.2. 1 Kansas City Regional Final 3.2. 2 Kansas City Regional all tournament team 3.3 Lexington Regional -- Lexington , Kentucky 3.3. 1 Lexington Regional Final 3.3. 2 Lexington Regional all tournament team 3.4 Spokane Regional -- Spokane , Washington 3.4. 1 Spokane Regional Final 3.4. 2 Spokane Regional all tournament team 4 Final Four 4.1 Nationwide Arena -- Columbus , Ohio 4.1. 1 Final Four 4.1. 2 National Championship 4.1. 3 Final Four all - tournament team 5 Record by conference 6 Media coverage 6.1 Television 6.1. 1 Studio host and analysts 6.1. 2 Broadcast assignments 6.2 Radio 7 See also 8 References 9 External links 2018 NCAA tournament schedule and venues ( edit ) The first two rounds , also referred to as the subregionals , were played at the sites of the top 16 seeds , as was done in 2016 and 2017 . The following are the sites selected to host the last four rounds of the 2018 tournament . Subregionals ( First and Second Rounds ) March 16 -- 18 KFC Yum ! Center , Louisville , Kentucky ( Host : University of Louisville ) Thompson -- Boling Arena , Knoxville , Tennessee ( Host : University of Tennessee ) Reed Arena , College Station , Texas ( Host : Texas A&M University ) Reynolds Coliseum , Raleigh , North Carolina ( Host : North Carolina State University ) Edmund P. Joyce Center , Notre Dame , Indiana ( Host : University of Notre Dame ) Colonial Life Arena , Columbia , South Carolina ( Host : University of South Carolina ) Matthew Knight Arena , Eugene , Oregon ( Host : University of Oregon ) Ferrell Center , Waco , Texas , ( Host : Baylor University ) March 17 -- 19 Harry A. Gampel Pavilion , Storrs , Connecticut ( Host : University of Connecticut ) Stegeman Coliseum , Athens , Georgia ( Host : University of Georgia ) St. John Arena , Columbus , Ohio , ( Host : Ohio State University ) Donald L. Tucker Civic Center , Tallahassee , Florida ( Host : Florida State University ) Humphrey Coliseum , Starkville , Mississippi ( Host : Mississippi State University ) Maples Pavilion , Stanford , California ( Host : Stanford University ) Pauley Pavilion , Los Angeles , California ( Host : University of California , Los Angeles ) Frank Erwin Center , Austin , Texas ( Host : University of Texas at Austin ) Regional Semifinals and Finals ( Sweet Sixteen and Elite Eight ) Albany Kansas City Lexington Spokane Columbus 2018 NCAA Regionals and Final Four March 23 -- 25 Kansas City Regional , Sprint Center , Kansas City , Missouri ( Host : Big 12 ) Lexington Regional , Rupp Arena , Lexington , Kentucky ( Host : University of Kentucky ) March 24 -- 26 Albany Regional , Times Union Center , Albany , New York ( Hosts : MAAC ) Spokane Regional , Veterans Memorial Arena , Spokane , Washington ( Host : University of Idaho ) National Semifinals and Championship ( Final Four and Championship ) March 30 and April 1 Nationwide Arena , Columbus , Ohio ( Host : Ohio State University ) Subregionals tournament and automatic qualifiers procedures ( edit ) Further information : NCAA Women 's Division I Basketball Championship § Tournament format Selections for the 2018 NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Championship were announced at 7 p.m. Eastern time , Monday , March 12 via ESPN . The basis for the subregionals returned to the approach used between 1982 and 2002 ; the top sixteen teams , as chosen in the bracket selection process , hosted the first two rounds on campus . A total of 64 teams entered the 2018 tournament . 32 automatic bids teams were given to teams that won their conference tournament . The remaining 32 teams were granted `` at - large '' bids , which were extended by the NCAA Selection Committee . The Selection Committee also seeded the entire field from 1 to 64 . Automatic qualifiers ( edit ) The following teams automatically qualified for the 2018 NCAA field by virtue of winning their conference 's tournament . Conference Team Record Appearance Last bid ACC Louisville 32 -- 2 21st 2017 America East Maine 23 -- 9 8th American Connecticut 32 -- 0 30th 2017 Atlantic 10 George Washington 19 -- 13 18th 2016 Atlantic Sun Florida Gulf Coast 30 -- 4 5th 2017 Big 12 Baylor 31 -- 1 17th 2017 Big East DePaul 26 -- 7 23rd 2017 Big Sky Northern Colorado 26 -- 6 1st Never Big South Liberty 24 -- 9 17th 2013 Big Ten Ohio State 27 -- 6 25th 2017 Big West Cal State Northridge 19 -- 15 4th 2015 Colonial Elon 25 -- 7 2nd 2017 C - USA Western Kentucky 24 -- 8 20th 2017 Horizon Green Bay 29 -- 3 18th 2017 Ivy League Princeton 24 -- 5 7th 2016 MAAC Quinnipiac 27 -- 5 4th 2017 Mid-American Central Michigan 28 -- 4 4th 2013 MEAC North Carolina A&T 23 -- 8 4th 2016 Missouri Valley Drake 26 -- 7 12th 2017 Mountain West Boise State 23 -- 9 5th 2017 Northeast Saint Francis ( PA ) 24 -- 9 12th 2011 Ohio Valley Belmont 31 -- 3 4th 2017 Pac - 12 Oregon 30 -- 4 14th 2017 Patriot American 26 -- 6 2nd 2015 SEC South Carolina 26 -- 6 15th 2017 Southern Mercer 30 -- 2 1st Never Southland Nicholls State 19 -- 13 1st Never SWAC Grambling State 19 -- 13 6th 1999 Summit South Dakota State 26 -- 6 8th 2016 Sun Belt Little Rock 23 -- 9 5th 2015 West Coast Gonzaga 27 -- 5 10th 2017 WAC Seattle 18 -- 14 1st Never Tournament seeds ( edit ) Albany Regional -- Times Union Center , Albany , New York Seed School Conference Record Berth type Connecticut American 32 -- 0 Automatic South Carolina SEC 26 -- 6 Automatic Florida State ACC 25 -- 6 At - large Georgia SEC 25 -- 6 At - Large 5 Duke ACC 22 -- 8 At - Large 6 South Florida American 26 -- 7 At - Large 7 California Pac - 12 21 -- 10 At - Large 8 Miami ( FL ) ACC 21 -- 10 At - Large 9 Quinnipiac MAAC 27 -- 5 Automatic 10 Virginia ACC 18 -- 13 At - Large 11 Buffalo Mid-American 27 -- 5 At - Large 12 Belmont Ohio Valley 31 -- 3 Automatic 13 Mercer Southern 30 -- 2 Automatic 14 Little Rock Sun Belt 23 -- 9 Automatic 15 North Carolina A&T MEAC 23 -- 8 Automatic 16 Saint Francis ( PA ) Northeast 24 -- 9 Automatic Kansas City Regional -- Sprint Center , Kansas City , Missouri Seed School Conference Record Berth type Mississippi State SEC 32 -- 1 At - Large Texas Big 12 26 -- 6 At - Large UCLA Pac - 12 24 -- 7 At - Large NC State ACC 24 -- 8 At - Large 5 Maryland Big Ten 25 -- 7 At - Large 6 Iowa Big Ten 24 -- 7 At - Large 7 Arizona State Pac - 12 21 -- 12 At - Large 8 Syracuse ACC 22 -- 8 At - Large 9 Oklahoma State Big 12 20 -- 10 At - Large 10 Nebraska Big Ten 21 -- 10 At - Large 11 Creighton Big East 18 -- 12 At - Large 12 Princeton Ivy League 24 -- 5 Automatic 13 Elon Colonial 25 -- 7 Automatic 14 American Patriot 26 -- 6 Automatic 15 Maine America East 23 -- 9 Automatic 16 Nicholls State Southland 19 -- 13 Automatic Lexington Regional -- Rupp Arena , Lexington , Kentucky Seed School Conference Record Berth type Louisville ACC 32 -- 2 Automatic Baylor Big 12 31 -- 1 Automatic Tennessee SEC 24 -- 7 At - Large Stanford Pac - 12 22 -- 10 At - Large 5 Missouri SEC 24 -- 7 At - Large 6 Oregon State Pac - 12 23 -- 7 At - Large 7 Michigan Big Ten 22 -- 9 At - Large 8 Marquette Big East 23 -- 9 At - Large 9 Dayton Atlantic 10 23 -- 6 At - Large 10 Northern Colorado Big Sky 26 -- 6 Automatic 11 Western Kentucky C - USA 24 -- 8 Automatic 12 Florida Gulf Coast Atlantic Sun 30 -- 4 Automatic 13 Gonzaga West Coast 27 -- 5 Automatic 14 Liberty Big South 24 -- 9 Automatic 15 Grambling State SWAC 19 -- 13 Automatic 16 Boise State Mountain West 23 -- 9 Automatic Spokane Regional -- Spokane Veterans Memorial Arena , Spokane , Washington Seed School Conference Record Berth type Notre Dame ACC 29 -- 3 At - Large Oregon Pac - 12 30 -- 4 Automatic Ohio State Big Ten 27 -- 6 Automatic Texas A&M SEC 24 -- 9 At - Large 5 DePaul Big East 26 -- 7 Automatic 6 LSU SEC 19 -- 9 At - Large 7 Green Bay Horizon 29 -- 3 Automatic 8 South Dakota State Summit 26 -- 6 Automatic 9 Villanova Big East 22 -- 8 At - Large 10 Minnesota Big Ten 23 -- 8 At - Large 11 Central Michigan Mid-American 28 -- 4 Automatic 12 Oklahoma Big 12 16 -- 14 At - Large 13 Drake Missouri Valley 26 -- 7 Automatic 14 George Washington Atlantic 10 19 -- 13 Automatic 15 Seattle WAC 18 -- 14 Automatic 16 Cal State Northridge Big West 19 -- 15 Automatic Bracket ( edit ) All times are listed as Eastern Daylight Time ( UTC − 4 ) * -- Denotes overtime period Albany Regional -- Albany , New York ( edit ) First Round Round of 64 March 16 -- 17 Second Round Round of 32 March 18 -- 19 Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 24 Regional Final Elite 8 March 26 Connecticut 140 16 St. Francis ( PA ) 52 Connecticut 71 Storrs , Connecticut ( Sat / Mon ) 9 Quinnipiac 46 8 Miami ( FL ) 72 9 Quinnipiac 86 Connecticut 72 5 Duke 59 5 Duke 72 12 Belmont 58 5 Duke 66 Athens , Georgia ( Sat / Mon ) Georgia 40 Georgia 68 13 Mercer 63 Connecticut 94 South Carolina 65 6 South Florida 79 11 Buffalo 102 11 Buffalo 86 Tallahassee , Florida ( Sat / Mon ) Florida State 65 Florida State 91 14 Little Rock 49 11 Buffalo 63 South Carolina 79 7 California 62 10 Virginia 68 10 Virginia 56 Columbia , South Carolina ( Fri / Sun ) South Carolina 66 South Carolina 63 15 North Carolina A&T 52 Albany Regional Final ( edit ) ESPN Monday , March 26 7 : 00 pm Summary # 1 Connecticut Huskies 94 , # 2 South Carolina Gamecocks 65 Scoring by quarter : 30 -- 12 , 24 -- 21 , 22 -- 14 , 18 -- 18 Pts : G. Williams 23 Rebs : N. Collier 7 Asts : K. Samuelson 7 Pts : A. Wilson 27 Rebs : A. Wilson 8 Asts : D. Cliney / T. Harris / B. Jackson / A. Jennings 2 Times Union Center -- Albany , New York Attendance : 9,522 Referees : Eric Brewton , Roy Gulbeyan , Brenda Pantoja Albany Regional all tournament team ( edit ) Gabby Williams , UConn ( MOP ) Cierra Dillard , Buffalo A'ja Wilson , South Carolina Crystal Dangerfield , UConn Katie Lou Samuelson , UConn Kansas City Regional -- Kansas City , Missouri ( edit ) First Round Round of 64 March 16 -- 17 Second Round Round of 32 March 18 -- 19 Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 23 Regional Final Elite 8 March 25 Mississippi State 95 16 Nicholls State 50 Mississippi State 71 Starkville , Mississippi ( Sat / Mon ) 9 Oklahoma State 56 8 Syracuse 57 9 Oklahoma State 84 Mississippi State 71 NC State 57 5 Maryland 77 12 Princeton 57 5 Maryland 60 Raleigh , North Carolina ( Fri / Sun ) NC State 74 NC State 62 13 Elon 35 Mississippi State 89 UCLA 73 6 Iowa 70 11 Creighton 76 11 Creighton 64 Los Angeles , California ( Sat / Mon ) UCLA 86 UCLA 71 14 American 60 UCLA 84 Texas 75 7 Arizona State 73 10 Nebraska 62 7 Arizona State 65 Austin , Texas ( Sat / Mon ) Texas 85 Texas 83 15 Maine 54 Kansas City Regional Final ( edit ) ESPN Sunday , March 25 7 : 30 pm Summary # 1 Mississippi State Bulldogs 89 , # 3 UCLA Bruins 73 Scoring by quarter : 23 -- 17 , 19 -- 9 , 21 -- 24 , 26 -- 23 Pts : V. Vivians 24 Rebs : T. McCowan 21 Asts : R. Johnson / M. William 5 Pts : J. Canada 23 Rebs : J. Canada 8 Asts : J. Canada 5 Sprint Center -- Kansas City , MO Attendance : 4,089 Referees : Tina Napier , Charles Gonzalez , Susan Blauch Kansas City Regional all tournament team ( edit ) Teaira McCowan , Mississippi State ( Co-MOP ) Victoria Vivians , Mississippi State ( Co-MOP ) Kiara Leslie , NC State Jordin Canada , UCLA Monique Billings , UCLA Lexington Regional -- Lexington , Kentucky ( edit ) First Round Round of 64 March 16 -- 17 Second Round Round of 32 March 18 -- 19 Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 23 Regional Final Elite 8 March 25 Louisville 74 16 Boise State 42 Louisville 90 Louisville , Kentucky ( Fri / Sun ) 8 Marquette 72 8 Marquette 84 9 Dayton 65 Louisville 86 Stanford 59 5 Missouri 70 12 Florida Gulf Coast 80 12 Florida Gulf Coast 70 Stanford , California ( Sat / Mon ) Stanford 90 Stanford 82 13 Gonzaga 68 Louisville 76 6 Oregon State 43 6 Oregon State 82 11 Western Kentucky 58 6 Oregon State 66 Knoxville , Tennessee ( Fri / Sun ) Tennessee 59 Tennessee 100 14 Liberty 60 6 Oregon State 72 Baylor 67 7 Michigan 75 10 Northern Colorado 61 7 Michigan 58 Waco , Texas ( Fri / Sun ) Baylor 80 Baylor 96 15 Grambling State 46 Lexington Regional Final ( edit ) ESPN Sunday , March 25 12 : 00 pm Summary # 1 Louisville Cardinals 76 , # 6 Oregon State Beavers 43 Scoring by quarter : 14 -- 8 , 17 -- 16 , 28 -- 12 , 17 -- 7 Pts : A. Durr 18 Rebs : J. Jones 6 Asts : K. McWilliams Pts : M. Gülich 14 Rebs : M. Gülich 8 Asts : D. Evans 5 Rupp Arena -- Lexington , KY Attendance : 6,268 Referees : Dee Kantner , Jesse Dickerson , Michol Murray Lexington Regional all tournament team ( edit ) Asia Durr , Louisville ( MOP ) Myisha Hines - Allen , Louisville Arica Carter , Louisville Sam Fuehring , Louisville Marie Gülich , Oregon State Spokane Regional -- Spokane , Washington ( edit ) First Round Round of 64 March 16 -- 17 Second Round Round of 32 March 18 -- 19 Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 24 Regional Final Elite 8 March 26 Notre Dame 99 16 Cal State Northridge 81 Notre Dame 98 Notre Dame , Indiana ( Fri / Sun ) 9 Villanova 72 8 South Dakota State 74 9 Villanova 81 * Notre Dame 90 Texas A&M 84 5 DePaul 90 12 Oklahoma 79 5 DePaul 79 College Station , Texas ( Fri / Sun ) Texas A&M 80 Texas A&M 89 13 Drake 76 Notre Dame 84 Oregon 74 6 LSU 69 11 Central Michigan 78 11 Central Michigan 95 Columbus , Ohio ( Sat / Mon ) Ohio State 78 Ohio State 87 14 George Washington 45 11 Central Michigan 68 Oregon 83 7 Green Bay 77 10 Minnesota 89 10 Minnesota 73 Eugene , Oregon ( Fri / Sun ) Oregon 101 Oregon 88 15 Seattle 45 Spokane Regional Final ( edit ) ESPN Monday , March 26 9 : 00 pm Summary # 1 Notre Dame Fighting Irish 84 , # 2 Oregon Ducks 74 Scoring by quarter : 22 -- 21 , 18 -- 25 , 21 -- 9 , 23 -- 19 Pts : K. Westbeld 20 Rebs : J. Young 13 Asts : M. Mabrey 7 Pts : S. Ionescu 26 Rebs : R. Hebard 10 Asts : S. Ionescu 4 Spokane Veterans Memorial Arena -- Spokane , WA Attendance : 5,226 Referees : Lisa Mattingly , Penny Davis , Kevin Pethtel Spokane Regional all tournament team ( edit ) Arike Ogunbowale , Notre Dame ( MOP ) Marina Mabrey , Notre Dame Chennedy Carter , Texas A&M Sabrina Ionescu , Oregon Ruthy Hebard , Oregon Final Four ( edit ) During the Final Four round , regardless of the seeds of the participating teams , the champion of the top overall top seed 's region ( Connecticut 's Albany Region ) plays against the champion of the fourth - ranked top seed 's region ( Notre Dame 's Spokane Region ) , and the champion of the second overall top seed 's region ( Mississippi State 's Kansas City Region ) plays against the champion of the third - ranked top seed 's region ( Louisville 's Lexington Region ) . Nationwide Arena -- Columbus , Ohio ( edit ) National Semifinals March 30 National Championship Game April 1 A1 Connecticut 89 S1 Notre Dame 91 * S1 Notre Dame 61 KC1 Mississippi State 58 KC1 Mississippi State 73 * L1 Louisville 63 * -- Denotes overtime period Final Four ( edit ) ESPN2 Friday , March 30 7 : 00 pm Report # 1 Mississippi State Bulldogs 73 , # 1 Louisville Cardinals 63 ( OT ) Scoring by quarter : 13 -- 11 , 18 -- 19 , 15 -- 18 , 13 -- 11 , Overtime : 14 -- 4 Pts : Vivians -- 25 Rebs : McCowan -- 25 Asts : William -- 4 Pts : Durr -- 18 Rebs : Jones -- 9 Asts : Carter -- 3 Nationwide Arena -- Columbus , OH Attendance : 19,564 Referees : Lisa Mattingly , Penny Davis , Denise Brooks ESPN2 Friday , March 30 9 : 52 pm Report # 1 Connecticut Huskies 89 , # 1 Notre Dame Fighting Irish 91 ( OT ) Scoring by quarter : 14 -- 24 , 27 -- 10 , 19 -- 23 , 19 -- 22 , Overtime : 10 -- 12 Pts : Collier -- 24 Rebs : Williams -- 10 Asts : Williams -- 7 Pts : Young -- 32 Rebs : Shepard , Young -- 11 Asts : Shepard , Westbeld -- 5 Nationwide Arena -- Columbus , OH Attendance : 19,564 Referees : Lisa Jones , Michael McConnell , Karen Preato National Championship ( edit ) Main article : 2018 NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Championship Game ESPN Sunday , April 1 6 : 00 pm Report # 1 Notre Dame Fighting Irish 61 , # 1 Mississippi State Bulldogs 58 Scoring by quarter : 14 -- 17 , 3 -- 13 , 24 -- 11 , 20 -- 17 Pts : J. Shepard -- 19 Rebs : K. Westbeld -- 9 Asts : Three tied -- 2 Pts : V. Vivians -- 21 Rebs : T. McCowan -- 17 Asts : M. William -- 2 Nationwide Arena -- Columbus , OH Attendance : 19,599 Referees : Dee Kantner , Brenda Pantoja , Joseph Vaszily Final Four all - tournament team ( edit ) Arike Ogunbowale , Notre Dame ( MOP ) Jessica Shepard , Notre Dame Victoria Vivians , Mississippi State Teaira McCowan , Mississippi State Napheesa Collier , Connecticut Record by conference ( edit ) Conference Bids Record Win % R64 R32 S16 E8 F4 CG NC ACC 8 16 -- 7 . 696 8 6 SEC 7 12 -- 7 . 632 7 5 -- American 4 -- 2 . 667 -- -- Pac - 12 6 12 -- 6 . 667 6 5 -- -- -- Big 12 5 -- 4 . 556 -- -- -- -- Mid-American 4 -- 2 . 667 -- -- -- -- Big Ten 6 4 -- 6 . 400 6 -- -- -- -- -- Big East 4 -- 4 . 500 -- -- -- -- -- MAAC 1 -- 1 . 500 -- -- -- -- -- Atlantic Sun 1 -- 1 . 500 -- -- -- -- -- Atlantic 10 0 -- 2 . 000 -- -- -- -- -- -- The R64 , R32 , S16 , E8 , F4 , CG , and NC columns indicate how many teams from each conference were in the round of 64 ( first round ) , round of 32 ( second round ) , Sweet 16 , Elite Eight , Final Four , championship game , and national champion , respectively . The America East , Big Sky , Big South , Big West , Conference USA , Colonial , Horizon , Ivy League , MEAC , Missouri Valley , Mountain West , Northeast , Ohio Valley , Patriot , Southern , Southland , Summit , Sun Belt , SWAC , WAC and West Coast conferences each had one representative that was eliminated in the first round . Media coverage ( edit ) Television ( edit ) ESPN had US television rights to all games during the tournament . During the first and second rounds , ESPN aired select games nationally on ESPN2 , ESPNU , and ESPNews . All other games aired regionally on ESPN , ESPN2 , or ESPN3 and were streamed online via WatchESPN . Most of the nation got whip - a-round coverage during this time , which allowed ESPN to rotate between the games and focus the nation on the game that had the closest score . Studio host and analysts ( edit ) Maria Taylor ( Host ) Andy Landers ( Analyst ) Rebecca Lobo ( Analyst ) ( First , Second Rounds , Final Four and National Championship Game ) Nell Fortner ( Analyst ) ( Regionals , Final Four and National Championship Game ) Broadcast assignments ( edit ) First & Second Rounds Friday / Sunday Beth Mowins & Nell Fortner -- Louisville , Kentucky Brenda VanLengen & Carol Ross -- Knoxville , Tennessee Lowell Galindo & Andraya Carter -- College Station , Texas John Brickley & Mike Thibault -- Raleigh , North Carolina Roy Philpott & Brooke Weisbrod -- Notre Dame , Indiana Paul Sunderland & Steffi Sorensen -- Columbia , South Carolina Dave Pasch & LaChina Robinson -- Eugene , Oregon Eric Frede & Christy Thomaskutty -- Waco , Texas Sweet Sixteen & Elite Eight Friday / Sunday Beth Mowins , Debbie Antonelli & Allison Williams -- Lexington , Kentucky Pam Ward , Gail Goestenkors & Courtney Lyle -- Kansas City , Missouri Final Four Adam Amin , Kara Lawson , Rebecca Lobo & Holly Rowe -- Columbus , Ohio First & Second Rounds Saturday / Monday Adam Amin & Kara Lawson -- Storrs , Connecticut Melissa Lee & Amanda Butler -- Athens , Georgia Sam Gore & Christy Winters - Scott -- Columbus , Ohio Clay Matvick & Katie Smith -- Tallahassee , Florida Courtney Lyle & Tamika Catchings -- Starkville , Mississippi Elise Woodward & Dan Hughes -- Stanford , California Tiffany Greene & Chiney Ogwumike -- Los Angeles , California Pam Ward & Gail Goestenkors -- Austin , Texas Sweet Sixteen & Elite Eight Saturday / Monday Adam Amin , Kara Lawson , Rebecca Lobo & Holly Rowe -- Albany , New York Dave Pasch , LaChina Robinson & Molly McGrath -- Spokane , Washington Championship Adam Amin , Kara Lawson , Rebecca Lobo & Holly Rowe -- Columbus , Ohio Radio ( edit ) Westwood One had exclusive radio rights to the entire tournament . Teams participating in the Regional Finals , Final Four , and Championship were allowed to have their own local broadcasts , but they were n't allowed to stream those broadcasts online . Regional Finals Sunday Justin Kutcher & Ann Schatz -- Lexington , Kentucky Ted Emrich & Krista Blunk -- Kansas City , Missouri Final Four John Sadak , Debbie Antonelli , & Krista Blunk -- Columbus , Ohio Regional Finals Monday John Sadak & Debbie Antonelli -- Albany , New York Dick Fain & Kristen Kozlowski -- Spokane , Washington Championship John Sadak , Debbie Antonelli , & Krista Blunk -- Columbus , Ohio See also ( edit ) 2018 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament 2018 NCAA Division II Men 's Basketball Tournament 2018 NCAA Division III Men 's Basketball Tournament 2018 NCAA Division II Women 's Basketball Tournament 2018 Women 's National Invitation Tournament 2018 U Sports Women 's Basketball Championship 2018 National Invitation Tournament 2018 NAIA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament 2018 NAIA Division II Women 's Basketball Tournament 2018 NAIA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament 2018 NAIA Division II Men 's Basketball Tournament 2018 Women 's Basketball Invitational 2018 College Basketball Invitational 2018 CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Women 's basketball : Columbus to host Final Four in 2018 '' . Buckeye Xtra Sports . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Women 's Final Four sites for 2017 - 20 includes record fourth for New Orleans '' . NCAA.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 - 18 regional hosts '' . NCAA.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Big 12 To Host 2016 and 2018 NCAA Women 's Basketball Regionals '' . Big12Sports.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Broadcast Info '' . NCAA.com . Retrieved 10 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Adameccadamec@journalinquirer.com , Carl . `` Williams keeps a cool head throughout '' . Journal Inquirer . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Journal , Logan Lowery Daily . `` MSU NOTEBOOK : Vivians , McCowan share MVP honor '' . Daily Journal . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Louisville routs Oregon State 76 - 43 to reach Final Four '' . NewsTimes . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Resilient Notre Dame headed to Final Four '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kevin Pelton on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/womens-college-basketball/story/_/id/22996417/arike-ogunbowale-notre-dame-wins-most-outstanding-player-honors-ncaa-women-basketball-tournament Jump up ^ Margolis , Rachel ( December 15 , 2011 ) . `` ESPN and NCAA Extend Rights Agreement through 2023 -- 24 '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA , Westwood One extend deal '' . NCAA . January 13 , 2011 . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` WO Sports to Air NCAA Women 's Basketball '' . Radio Online . March 6 , 2015 . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) NCAA Women 's Basketball Division I NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament AIAW Tournaments 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 NCAA Tournaments 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2019 2020 Records & statistics AIAW Tournament ( pre-NCAA ) Appearances Broadcasters 2018 NCAA Division I women 's basketball tournaments Conference ACC American America East Atlantic 10 Atlantic Sun Big 12 Big East Big Sky Big South Big Ten Big West CAA Conference USA Horizon Ivy MAAC MEAC Mid-American Missouri Valley Mountain West Northeast Ohio Valley Pac - 12 Patriot SEC Southern Southland SWAC Sun Belt The Summit League WAC West Coast National NCAA WNIT WBI 2017 -- 18 NCAA Division I championships Baseball Men 's basketball Women 's basketball Beach volleyball Bowling Cross country Fencing Field hockey Football ( FBS ) † Football ( FCS ) Men 's golf Women 's golf Men 's gymnastics Women 's gymnastics Men 's ice hockey Women 's ice hockey Indoor track and field Men 's lacrosse Women 's lacrosse Outdoor track and field Rifle Rowing Skiing Men 's soccer Women 's soccer Softball Men 's swimming and diving Women 's swimming and diving Tennis Men 's volleyball Women 's volleyball Men 's water polo Women 's water polo Wrestling † Not an officially sanctioned NCAA championship Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_NCAA_Division_I_Women%27s_Basketball_Tournament&oldid=839272795 '' Categories : 2017 -- 18 NCAA Division I women 's basketball season NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 May 2018 , at 11 : 11 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%20NCAA%20Division%20I%20Women%2527s%20Basketball%20Tournament

who represented uk in eurovision song contest 2018

On 29 September 2017 , it was confirmed that Eurovision : You Decide would return in 2018 on BBC Two . On 16 November 2017 , Måns Zelmerlöw was announced as co-host for the UK national selection , which took place on 7 February 2018 at the Brighton Dome . The Dome was the venue for the Eurovision Song Contest 1974 . The contest was won by SuRie performing `` Storm '' written and composed by Nicole Blair , Gil Lewis and Sean Hargreaves . The national final was watched by 900,000 viewers in the United Kingdom with a market share of 4.8 % and thus failed to register in the Top 30 programmes viewed on BBC Two for the week .

SuRie

UK national selection for the Eurovision Song contest

uk national selection for the eurovision song contest

Eurovision : You Decide is the current name of a BBC TV show broadcast annually to select the United Kingdom 's entry into the Eurovision Song Contest . The show had previously gone under several other names , including Festival of British Popular Songs ( 1957 ) , Eurovision Song Contest British Final ( 1959 -- 1960 ) , The Great British Song Contest ( 1996 -- 1999 ) , Eurovision : Making Your Mind Up ( 2004 -- 2007 ) , Eurovision : Your Decision ( 2008 ) , and Eurovision : Your Country Needs You ( 2009 -- 2010 ) but was known , for most of its history , as A Song for Europe ( 1961 -- 1995 , 2000 -- 2003 ) .

The selection process , originally broadcast on BBC One , has varied between selecting both the performer and song , or just the song in some years . For most years the public has been able to vote for the winner , in the past with postcard voting , where the viewers sent postcards with their vote to the BBC , but more recently televoting and online . In 2009 and 2010 , the singer was chosen by a public vote and the song internally selected . The most recent name and format was adopted in 2016 , as between 2011 and 2015 the UK representation had been selected internally by the BBC , resulting in the televised selection show being suspended . On 30 September 2015 , the BBC confirmed the show would return in 2016 and on 17 January 2016 that the national selection show would be called Eurovision : You Decide and broadcast on BBC Four . On 9 December 2016 , it was confirmed that Eurovision : You Decide would return on 27 January 2017 and aired on BBC Two . The format returned in 2018 , again broadcast live on BBC Two . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early days 1.2 1970s and 1980s 1.3 1990s 1.4 2000s 1.5 2010s 2 Contestants 3 Winners 3.1 Festival Of British Popular Songs ( 1957 ) 3.2 Eurovision Song Contest British Final ( 1959 -- 1960 ) 3.3 A Song for Europe ( 1961 -- 1995 ) 3.4 The Great British Song Contest ( 1996 -- 1999 ) 3.5 A Song for Europe ( 2000 -- 2003 ) 3.6 Eurovision : Making Your Mind Up ( 2004 -- 2007 ) 3.7 Eurovision : Your Decision ( 2008 ) 3.8 Eurovision : Your Country Needs You ( 2009 -- 2010 ) 3.9 Internal selection ( 2011 -- 2015 ) 3.10 Eurovision : You Decide ( 2016 -- present ) 4 Broadcast 4.1 Host ( s ) and venue 5 Guest commentators , panellists & judges 6 Regional vote announcers 7 Viewing figures 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Early days ( edit ) The format of the show and the manner in which the winner is chosen has gone through many mutations . In its early days , there was a round of televised semi-finals , with the winner chosen by regional juries situated across the country . This format was used until 1960 . During this era the show was known as the `` Festival Of British Popular Songs '' ( 1957 ) and `` Eurovision Song Contest British Finals '' ( 1959 & 1960 ) . In 1961 the show became known by its more familiar title , `` A Song For Europe '' , with regional juries once more deciding the winner . Typically , during that period , singers would be invited by the BBC to choose and perform a song that they liked from the shortlist available . Household names such as Petula Clark , Lita Roza , Anne Shelton , Frank Ifield , Ronnie Hilton and David Hughes were amongst the contenders for the UK competition , none of whom were able to secure the much cherished ticket to the Eurovision final . In the early 1960s , record companies became involved in the selection process for the first time and submitted songs by their artists . This produced hits for Craig Douglas , Karl Denver , Jackie Lee , Kenny Lynch , Vince Hill and Ricky Valance , but again , none of them were selected to go forward to the Eurovision Song Contest final itself . From 1964 up until 1975 , an artist would be chosen by the BBC , and that artist would sing all six songs ( five in 1966 and 1967 ) in the selection , and the public ( bar 1964 and 1971 ) would choose by postcard which song they would like to represent them in the contest . Regional juries selected the winner in 1964 . A postal strike in 1971 prevented the ballot from taking place , so regional juries were once again constructed to pick the winner . In 1972 , national power cuts meant that the broadcast of the show was blacked out in many areas , leading to a much lower postal vote . In its early days of this format , only `` light entertainment '' singers were used , such as Kenneth McKellar and Kathy Kirby . However , the poor showing of McKellar in Luxembourg ( he placed 9th of 18 entries with scores from only 2 countries , including top marks from Ireland ) prompted the BBC to use more mainstream pop stars , which led to a run of successful results for the UK . This idea was dropped due to the low number of postal votes cast in the contest of 1975 , in which all six songs were performed by The Shadows , and after objections from songwriters who felt The Shadows , and the BBC 's selections in general , were not the sort of artists they wanted to represent their music . After 1964 , the `` Song For Europe '' selection process was incorporated into other BBC light entertainment shows , in addition to the songs being broadcast on BBC Radio programmes . Typically , the performer would sing one song a week either on their own series or as a guest on another regular BBC TV show , more often than not , televised on Saturdays . This culminated with the performer singing all the songs one after another in a special edition of the given show . From 1968 to 1975 , these performances were then immediately repeated before viewers were asked to cast their votes by mail . The following week , the winning song would be announced and performed once more , although there was a two - week wait in 1965 . In 1968 , Cliff Richard performed the songs only in a special edition of Cilla Black 's eponymous TV series ( broadcast on Tuesdays ) , without having sung them weekly beforehand . The various shows chosen for the `` Song For Europe '' performances were The Kathy Kirby Show ( 1965 shown on Fridays ) , Kenneth McKellar 's A Song For Everyone ( 1966 shown on Thursdays ) , The Rolf Harris Show ( 1967 ) , Cilla ( 1968 & 1973 ) , Lulu ( 1969 & 1975 ) , It 's Cliff Richard ! ( 1970 , 1971 & 1972 ) and Clunk , Click ... As It Happens ( 1974 ) -- when in a break with the format , Olivia Newton - John performed three songs a week for two weeks rather than one a week for six weeks . Originally , Cilla Black 's 1974 nine - part BBC series was also scheduled to feature the ' Song for Europe ' process , but Black was uncomfortable at promoting another female singer ( Newton - John ) each week throughout the series ' run and in a rather last minute decision , the BBC arranged to move the process to another show , necessitating the contracted process . This period was highly successful for the UK in the Eurovision Song Contest . Author and historian John Kennedy O'Connor notes in his book The Eurovision Song Contest -- The Official History , that every UK entry to the contest from 1967 to 1977 finished in the top four , with only three songs not being first or second . Indeed , the UK were only 7 points short of four consecutive victories from 1967 to 1970 . 1970s and 1980s ( edit ) In 1976 , a new system was put into force . Twelve songs were performed by artists chosen by the songwriters themselves and the winner was chosen by regional juries across the country during a stand - alone show called `` A Song For Europe '' . This system produced an immediate success by choosing the song which went on to be the Eurovision winner that year , `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' by Brotherhood of Man . The first few years of the revamped format also saw a plethora of well - known names take part in the competition . Frank Ifield , Tammy Jones , Sweet Sensation , Lyn Paul , Tony Monopoly , Carl Wayne , Hazell Dean , Tony Christie , The Foundations , Labi Siffre , Guys ' n ' Dolls , The Nolan Sisters , Polly Brown and Sweet Dreams all took part in the competition , but none were successful . Likewise , the first two winners of the contest , Brotherhood of Man and Lynsey de Paul & Mike Moran , had many hits under their belts before attempting Eurovision . In 1977 , a strike by BBC cameramen led to the contest being blacked out on TV , although the show went ahead and the audio portion was later broadcast on BBC Radio 2 . The TV programme has never been broadcast and is not listed in the BBC archives , yet it was transmitted to the various regional juries in BBC studios around the country , in order for them to cast their votes . The 1979 `` A Song For Europe '' final was never held at all , due to a strike by BBC sound engineers . The juries had to judge using audio recordings of the rehearsals . The songs were presented to the public on Terry Wogan 's radio show the following day , after the result was known , followed later in the day with a spot on the TV magazine show Nationwide , where the top 5 were revealed and the winners , Black Lace , were interviewed as guests on the show . As a result of this industrial action , all future contests were staged at BBC studios and not as outside broadcasts from venues . The 1980 result ended in a tie between Prima Donna 's `` Love Enough For Two '' and Maggie Moone 's `` Happy Everything '' . To resolve this , in an unrehearsed panic , host Terry Wogan called back the juries to announce their favourite of the two songs . This led to extreme confusion when the scoreboard failed to keep up and some juries contradicted the results they had given earlier . Prima Donna won , with eight juries to Maggie Moone 's six . A detailed check of the votes after the show did confirm that Prima Donna were the correct winners . Prima Donna were the first winners of the competition specifically formed to take part in Eurovision . This became the norm in the 1980s and the artists taking part in the contest became more and more obscure and amateurish . However , a few notable acts did enter the contest in the 1980s , with scant success . Liquid Gold , Alvin Stardust , Sinitta and Hazell Dean all failed to come through the heats . By 1981 , the number of songs had dropped to eight , and interest had started to wane . Four out of eight songs in both the 1982 and 1984 events were written by Paul Curtis , who was unsurprisingly responsible for the 1984 winner ; `` Love Games '' . Following Belle & The Devotions ' performance at the 1984 Eurovision contest in Luxembourg , the audience audibly booed them from the stage in an orchestrated demonstration against the song 's supposed plagiarism , and by the local audience retaliating against a particularly shocking violent attack by English soccer fans . For 1985 , the BBC wanted to revert to having one singer of their choice perform all the short listed songs and approached Bonnie Tyler and when she was unavailable , Lena Zavaroni for the task . However , the Music Publisher 's Association blocked the move , wanting their members the choice of their own singers to represent their music . A compromise was reached and only solo artists or duets -- no `` made for Eurovision '' acts -- were permitted to take part in the 1985 UK selection process and limited two entries per songwriter . Despite this rule , both songs submitted by Paul Curtis reached the final eight . They reverted to allowing all - comers for 1986 . Starting in 1985 , the songs were also ' previewed ' on Terry Wogan 's prime time chat show on BBC1 ahead of the final . When the series ended in 1992 , the songs were presented in 1993 & 1994 in stand - alone programmes , hosted by Terry . The number of entries briefly increased to ten in 1987 when record companies were invited to submit songs , but after a poor result from Rikki in the Eurovision final of 1987 , the regional juries were disbanded , and the final decision given to the public through telephone voting , with a celebrity panel offering comments on the entries intended to guide viewers . This proved to be a relative success , accruing two second places and a sixth place ( Zagreb , 1990 ) . However , a disappointing 10th place in Rome obtained by Samantha Janus led the BBC to rethink the standard of performers in the competition . 1990s ( edit ) As a result of the disappointing results in 1990 & 1991 , the system that was used between 1964 and 1975 was resurrected , with the BBC 's head of light entertainment , Jim Moir choosing one artist to perform all the songs in the UK final . Michael Ball was the first in 1992 , and went on to win second place . Sonia was also second the following year . However , after a suggestion by Don Black to the BBC 's new head of light entertainment David Liddiment in 1994 , Tony Award winning stage star Frances Ruffelle was offered the job of representing the UK . A virtually unknown singer , unsurprisingly , interest was low . Her final position in the Eurovision Song Contest held in Dublin was a disappointing tenth , the same achieved by Samantha Janus in 1991 . A dramatic modernisation was introduced in 1995 in an attempt to boost the profile of the contest . Pop supremo Jonathan King was drafted in as Executive Producer to make the event more modern . The 1995 event had a diverse range of songs and some relatively well - known acts performing , such as Londonbeat who had a hit with I 've Been Thinking About You , pop - combo Deuce and Sox , which featured singer and former Page 3 icon Samantha Fox . All songs were presented on a special edition of Top Of The Pops prior to the live final . On the night , the well - known artists were all beaten by rap act Love City Groove , whose eponymous song could only manage a disappointing tenth in Dublin that year . On a positive note , the songs by Love City Groove and Deuce ( I Need You ) made the top 10 in the UK singles charts , reaching # 7 and # 10 respectively , while three other entries -- Dear Jon `` One Gift of Love '' at ( # 68 ) , Londonbeat `` I 'm Just Your Puppet On A ... ( String ! ) at ( # 55 ) and Sox `` Go For The Heart '' at ( # 47 ) -- all reached the UK top 100 . In 1996 , a semi-final was introduced . All eight songs were performed on Top of the Pops on 1 March , and the public voted to decide the four finalists . The results were announced the following day , but there was no information given on who finished where . On 8 March the final was held , with Gina G winning very easily with her dance number Ooh Aah ... Just A Little Bit . The song became an instant hit in the charts , reaching Number 1 on the UK Singles Chart . It was the first UK non-winner to do so since 1968 but it was not as successful in the Eurovision Contest itself . In Oslo , Gina could only manage eighth place , but was perhaps consoled by her Europe - wide hit with the song , which also became one of the few Eurovision songs , and one of the relatively few dance songs , to be a major hit in the United States where it peaked at # 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 , was # 1 on their Dance Chart and earned a Grammy nomination for Best Dance Recording . Jonathan King resigned , certain that , if Gina G could n't win , nothing he selected could , but the BBC persuaded him to stay in charge and he decided to retain the same formula again , but with an added twist . All eight contestants would be heard on Ken Bruce 's radio show on BBC Radio 2 , with a public vote to decide the four finalists . The four would perform on The National Lottery Show until 1998 , and then on Top of the Pops in 1999 . The final itself would just consist of repeats of the performances made in the above shows , in a special programme on a Sunday afternoon . Jonathan persuaded his friends Katrina and Kimberley Rew , who had hit with Walking On Sunshine , to enter a new track , Love Shine A Light . This produced a win in the Eurovision Contest itself for the United Kingdom and for Katrina and the Waves in 1997 , and followed with a second place for Imaani in 1998 , but disappointment in 1999 for the all - girl band Precious . 2000s ( edit ) In 2000 , the same format continued , but the final four songs were performed live in A Song For Europe , still shunted to a graveyard Sunday afternoon slot . The result proved disappointing . Nicki French gave what author John Kennedy O'Connor describes in his book The Eurovision Song Contest -- The Official History as a far from strong performance , despite her previous chart success and attained the UK 's worst ever placing at the time , a mere 16th in Stockholm with `` Do n't Play That Song Again '' . This format continued the following year , and another poor showing for the UK . Lindsay D only got one place higher in Copenhagen . The entries from Six Chix in 2000 and Luke Galliana , the latter of which did n't make the 2001 final , became minor hits , with Galliana just failing to make the Top 40 , but becoming a popular hit on cable request line music channel The Box . The 2002 A Song For Europe generated a lot of publicity , because three of the four acts that made the final were relatively well known to TV viewers , albeit not necessarily for their singing ability . Surf ' n ' Turf included Jonathan Maitland who is a TV presenter of consumer advice shows such as Watchdog and House of Horrors . Tricia Penrose is an actress who plays Gina in the 60s retro drama Heartbeat on ITV , and Jessica Garlick had made the final stages of another ITV show Pop Idol . The standard of songs was stronger than previous years , and Jessica Garlick had a runaway victory of nearly 70,000 votes with her ballad `` Come Back '' . The song was also a success in Eurovision with it finishing joint third with host country Estonia . 2003 saw terrible disappointment . The new voting system of regional televoting , where 9 , 10 and 12 points were awarded to the top three songs , led to an unsuccessful winner . Jemini 's `` Cry Baby '' won by four points over `` Help Me '' by Emily Reed . Confidence in the UK entry was low for both fans and the public , and in the actual contest held in Riga , Jemini picked up the UK 's worst - ever showing , scoring `` nul points '' and finishing last , due to a very poor performance , although some reports attempted to blame European disapproval of the US - UK invasion of Iraq for the failure of any nation to give the UK even one point . As noted by author and historian John Kennedy O'Connor , with 26 entries in the Eurovision field , this made `` Cry Baby '' the least successful song in the entire history of the contest . No song in the Eurovision final scored `` nul points '' again until 2015 . Logo from 2004 to 2006 The 2004 selection was totally different . Gone was the Song For Europe name , replaced with Making Your Mind Up . The radio semi-final was also gone , and the six songs were performed live in a Saturday night show . This raised the profile of the competition , although there was criticism of the fact that four of the six acts were from reality TV shows . The winner , chosen by 70 % regional televoting ( regions awarding 0 , 2 , 4 , 6 , 8 and 12 points ) and 30 % SMS and Interactive voting , was James Fox , who had finished fifth in the second series of Fame Academy , with a gentle ballad `` Hold On To Our Love '' , written by Gary Miller and Tim Woodcock . Viewing figures were peaked at over 7 million for the results show . The song finished 16th at the contest in Istanbul . For 2005 , six songs dropped to five , and the show was moved to an early Saturday evening slot on 5 March , to avoid a clash with Comic Relief Does Fame Academy ; and Natasha Kaplinsky replaced Gaby Roslin as co-host with Sir Terry Wogan . The press focused on two performers . Javine Hylton who is a relatively well - known urban singer , and Katie Price , aka Jordan , a famous glamour model . The other contestants included former 3SL bandmember Andy Scott - Lee , the 1996 British Eurovision entry Gina G and unknown opera trio Tricolore . The voting itself was the same format as the previous year , but this time an online jury was added to decide between the contestants to take account of the views of those watching in the rest of Europe . After an exciting voting sequence , Javine came out on top with her ethno - urban song `` Touch My Fire '' , although she also caused some controversy when she briefly fell out of her top during an energetic dance routine . At the 50th Eurovision Song Contest held in Kiev , Javine finished 22nd out of 24 participants in the final , the UK 's second poorest finish ever . In February 2006 it was announced that artists competing in the 2006 contest would include Kym Marsh and Anthony Costa , both relatively well known in the UK for their past involvement with music bands ( the former appearing in Hear'say and the latter in boy band Blue ) . Following the format of the previous year ( and with six songs this time ) , Making Your Mind Up returned in 2006 in a prime - time Saturday evening slot , and was broadcast on 4 March on BBC One . Terry Wogan and Natasha Kaplinsky once again presented and were accompanied by a ' Celebrity Jury ' that included chat - show host Jonathan Ross , pop star Kelly Osbourne and Top of the Pops presenter Fearne Cotton . The eventual winner of the 2006 contest ( after the 7 tele - juries from around the UK and mobile and web votes ) was Daz Sampson and his song `` Teenage Life '' . Yet another low result was produced for the United Kingdom , as Daz finished 19th in the contest out of 24 competing countries . During a press conference on 28 February 2007 , the BBC confirmed that the artists taking part in Making Your Mind Up would include Big Brovaz , an RnB group who had 4 UK Top 10 singles in 2002 -- 2003 , Brian Harvey , a former member of the boy band East 17 ; Cyndi ; Justin Hawkins of The Darkness , performing a duet with Beverlei Brown ; Liz McClarnon , formerly of girl group Atomic Kitten ; and Scooch , the eventual winners with `` Flying the Flag ( for You ) '' . Scooch sang their entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 2007 on 12 May 2007 in Helsinki , Finland and finished in second - to - last place with 19 points , ahead of Ireland who placed last . For the first time , the show was filmed at The Maidstone Studios in Kent . The hour long final was broadcast at 7 : 30pm on 17 March 2007 on BBC One , with the half hour results show showing at 9 : 30pm on the same date . Although this was past the 12 March cut - off set by the EBU , the BBC were given a special extension because the EBU were made aware of this over a year in advance . The show ended in disarray when Fearne Cotton shouted out that the winner was Scooch , while co-host Terry Wogan simultaneously announced the winner to be Cyndi . After some confusion from both performers , each thinking the other had won , it was revealed that the true winner was Scooch . In 2008 the show 's name was changed to Eurovision : Your Decision . It was screened in two parts in March 2008 , and was hosted by Claudia Winkleman and Sir Terry Wogan . The six competing acts were paired as girl groups ( LoveShy and The Revelations ) , soloists ( Michelle Gayle and Andy Abraham ) , and `` Joseph and Maria '' contestants ( Rob McVeigh and Simona Armstrong ) from the BBC talent shows Any Dream Will Do and How Do You Solve A Problem Like Maria ? . A panel of three judges ( John Barrowman , Carrie Grant , and Terry Wogan ) decided which artists to put through to a semi-final after each pair had performed . Terry Wogan then allowed one of the rejected acts through as a `` wild card '' before viewers were invited to vote by phone to decide which two would perform again in the final . The two finalists chosen by the viewers were Michelle Gayle singing `` Woo ( You Make Me ) '' , and Andy Abraham singing `` Even If '' . Despite having been originally eliminated at the first stage , Terry Wogan 's `` wild card '' pick turned out to be the winner when the viewers voted Andy Abraham the victor with `` Even If '' . This received a total of 14 points in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008 on 24 May 2008 in Belgrade , finishing in last place , although sharing the same score with Poland ( 24th ) and Germany ( 23rd ) . Andrew Lloyd Webber in a promotional image for Your Country Needs You 2009 The BBC announced in a televised call for talent on 18 October 2008 , that in 2009 there would be another change to the national final . The show was renamed Eurovision : Your Country Needs You , hosted by Graham Norton , and followed a format similar to popular BBC talent shows I 'd Do Anything and Any Dream Will Do . The multi-week format had members of the public ( amateur or professional ) compete to represent the UK at the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 , which was to be held in Moscow , Russia . In the final the three remaining contestants performed the song `` It 's My Time '' , composed by Andrew Lloyd Webber with lyrics by Diane Warren . The winner of the contest was Jade Ewen who went on to score a credible fifth place at the Eurovision final in Moscow . 2010s ( edit ) Pete Waterman and Graham Norton in a promotional image for Your Country Needs You 2010 For 2010 , the BBC announced on 29 January 2010 , that songwriter and music producer Pete Waterman would be writing the UK 's entry for the Eurovision Song Contest in Oslo , Norway , on 29 May . Waterman 's writing partner was Mike Stock and the singer was chosen on 12 March , in a live show featuring six potential artists broadcast on BBC One , hosted by Graham Norton . Waterman chose three of the six acts to perform his song `` That Sounds Good To Me '' , with the televiewers then selecting the winner . The winner was Josh Dubovie , who represented the UK in Oslo on 29 May and finished last with 10 points . The 2010 song was heavily criticised by fans and the media . Celebrity gossip blogger Christopher Couture went as far as to say `` ... last year , Andrew Lloyd Webber and Jade Ewen proved a good song and a good singer can get us a good score . This year , we 're back to the bottom of the leaderboard as Pete ' stuck in the 80 's ' Waterman offers a song that even Butlins would call tacky . '' On 29 January 2011 , the BBC confirmed that boy band Blue had been chosen to represent the UK in the 2011 contest in Düsseldorf with the composition `` I Can '' written by Duncan James , Lee Ryan , Ciaron Bell , Ben Collier , Ian Hope , Liam Keenan and ' StarSign ' . Band member Anthony Costa had tried to represent the UK in 2006 as a soloist , placing second in the heat behind Daz Sampson . Other Blue personnel Lee Ryan had written one of the finalists in the 2005 UK heat and Duncan James was a panellist in the 2009 heat , going on to announce the UK scores at the Eurovision final from Moscow . James posted in a separate Twitter message that they have pre-selected their own song . The process thus excludes the UK viewing public from any participation in the British Eurovision selection for the first time . Blue became the first UK representatives since The Shadows in 1975 to have had multiple No. 1 singles in the UK chart prior to appearing in Eurovision , and the first since Sonia in 1993 to have had a chart - topper at all . A documentary entitled Eurovision : Your Country Needs Blue was produced for BBC One broadcast on Saturday 16 April 2011 . The group placed 11th at the Eurovision final with 100 points and peaked at no. 16 in the UK singles chart . For 2012 , Engelbert Humperdinck was selected internally by the BBC to represent the UK in Baku , Azerbaijan with the song `` Love Will Set You Free '' . The song is written by Grammy award - winning producer Martin Terefe and Ivor Novello winner Sacha Skarbek , who co-wrote James Blunt hit `` You 're Beautiful '' . It was reportedly recorded in London , Los Angeles and Nashville . At 76 years of age , Humperdinck was the oldest artist ever to appear for the UK at the Eurovision Song Contest and the first UK artist since 1976 to sing first . He placed second - to - last , only beating Norway . Another internal selection took place for 2013 , with Bonnie Tyler being chosen by the BBC to represent the UK in Malmö , Sweden . She came a lowly 19th in the Eurovision contest . A fourth internal selection followed in 2014 , with Molly Smitten - Downes , under her artist name of Molly , being chosen to represent the UK with the song `` Children of the Universe '' , written and composed by Smitten - Downes herself . However , Smitten - Downes was an unknown artist who was chosen through the BBC Introducing scheme . The announcement of the selected artist and song was revealed on 3 March 2014 in a show entitled The UK Launch , and broadcast via the BBC Red Button service . The song finished in 17th place at the Eurovision Song Contest . A fifth internal selection in 2015 selected the unknown act ' Electro Velvet ' who went on to represent the UK with the song `` Still in Love with You '' . The song was met with a mixed to negative reaction by the media and public . The artists and song were presented to the public in a special presentation show titled Our Song for Eurovision 2015 broadcast via the BBC Red Button service in March 2015 . In the final the UK could only manage 24th place out of the 27 entries . Original logo for Eurovision : You Decide in 2016 The BBC announced on 30 September 2015 that the national public vote format would be returning for the 2016 contest . The 2016 competition consisted of six entrants , performed and broadcast live on BBC Four from The O2 Forum in Kentish Town , London on 26 February and hosted by Mel Giedroyc . The six acts were selected by the UK branch of the international OGAE fan club , the British Academy of Songwriters , Composers and Authors ( BASCA ) and Hugh Goldsmith , former MD of RCA Records and founder of Innocent Records . The six competing songs were premiered during The Ken Bruce Show on BBC Radio 2 on 22 February 2016 . `` You 're Not Alone '' performed by Joe and Jake won the national final ; 746,000 viewers watched the show either live or within 7 days of its broadcast , making it the third highest rating program for BBC Four in the week ending 28 February 2016 . The duo placed 24th out of 26 entries at the Eurovision final in Stockholm , peaking at No. 81 in the UK singles chart . On 6 October 2016 , the BBC announced that the You Decide show would return in 2017 with more details to be announced later in the year . On 9 December 2016 , it was confirmed that Eurovision : You Decide would return on 27 January 2017 . The 2017 competition consisted of six entrants , performed and broadcast live on BBC Two from the Eventim Apollo , in Hammersmith , London . The songs were revealed on 23 January during The Ken Bruce Show on BBC Radio 2 . Six acts competed in the national final . The winner was selected through a public vote and , for the first time , the votes of a professional jury panel . Lucie Jones with the song `` Never Give Up on You '' , written by Lawrie Martin , The Treatment and Danish Eurovision 2013 winner Emmelie de Forest , won the show . At the contest in Kiev , Jones finished in 15th place , having placed 10th on jury votes alone , but attaining a weak score from public voting . On 29 September 2017 , it was confirmed that Eurovision : You Decide would return in 2018 on BBC Two . On 16 November 2017 , Måns Zelmerlöw was announced as co-host for the UK national selection , which took place on 7 February 2018 at the Brighton Dome . The Dome was the venue for the Eurovision Song Contest 1974 . The contest was won by SuRie performing `` Storm '' written and composed by Nicole Blair , Gil Lewis and Sean Hargreaves . The national final was watched by 900,000 viewers in the United Kingdom with a market share of 4.8 % and thus failed to register in the Top 30 programmes viewed on BBC Two for the week . Contestants ( edit ) Main article : List of contestants from the UK national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest Winners ( edit ) Festival Of British Popular Songs ( 1957 ) ( edit ) Year Artist Song UK Chart At Eurovision 1957 Patricia Bredin `` All '' Not recorded or released 7th Eurovision Song Contest British Final ( 1959 -- 1960 ) ( edit ) Year Artist Song UK Chart At Eurovision 1959 Pearl Carr & Teddy Johnson `` Sing , Little Birdie '' 12 2nd 1960 Bryan Johnson `` Looking High , High , High '' 20 2nd A Song for Europe ( 1961 -- 1995 ) ( edit ) Year Artist Song UK Chart At Eurovision 1961 The Allisons `` Are You Sure ? '' 2nd 1962 Ronnie Carroll `` Ring - A-Ding Girl '' 46 4th 1963 Ronnie Carroll `` Say Wonderful Things '' 6 4th 1964 Matt Monro `` I Love the Little Things '' Failed to chart 2nd 1965 Kathy Kirby `` I Belong '' 36 2nd 1966 Kenneth McKellar `` A Man Without Love '' 30 9th 1967 Sandie Shaw `` Puppet on a String '' 1st 1968 Cliff Richard `` Congratulations '' 2nd 1969 Lulu `` Boom Bang - a-Bang '' 1st 1970 Mary Hopkin `` Knock Knock , Who 's There ? '' 2nd 1971 Clodagh Rodgers `` Jack in the Box '' 4th 1972 The New Seekers `` Beg , Steal or Borrow '' 2nd 1973 Cliff Richard `` Power to All Our Friends '' 3rd Olivia Newton - John `` Long Live Love '' 11 4th The Shadows `` Let Me Be the One '' 12 2nd 1976 Brotherhood of Man `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' 1st 1977 Lynsey de Paul & Mike Moran `` Rock Bottom '' 19 2nd 1978 Co-Co `` The Bad Old Days '' 13 11th 1979 Black Lace `` Mary Ann '' 42 7th 1980 Prima Donna `` Love Enough for Two '' 48 3rd 1981 Bucks Fizz `` Making Your Mind Up '' 1st 1982 Bardo `` One Step Further '' 7th Sweet Dreams `` I 'm Never Giving Up '' 21 6th 1984 Belle and the Devotions `` Love Games '' 11 7th 1985 Vikki `` Love Is '' 49 4th 1986 Ryder `` Runner in the Night '' 98 7th Rikki `` Only the Light '' 96 13th 1988 Scott Fitzgerald `` Go '' 52 2nd 1989 Live Report `` Why Do I Always Get it Wrong ? '' 73 2nd 1990 Emma `` Give a Little Love Back to the World '' 33 6th 1991 Samantha Janus `` A Message to Your Heart '' 30 10th 1992 Michael Ball `` One Step Out of Time '' 20 2nd 1993 Sonia `` Better the Devil You Know '' 15 2nd 1994 Frances Ruffelle `` We Will Be Free ( Lonely Symphony ) '' 25 10th 1995 Love City Groove `` Love City Groove '' 7 10th Although `` I Love The Little Things '' failed to reach the official top 50 singles chart in 1964 , the EP release containing the track and the other UK finalists reached # 16 in the official EP charts . Both `` Runner In the Night '' and `` Only The Light '' reached the lower end of the top 100 of the singles chart reserved for new releases that were ' bubbling under ' the official Top 75 , but failed to register in the official top 75 itself . The Great British Song Contest ( 1996 -- 1999 ) ( edit ) Year Artist Song UK Chart At Eurovision Gina G `` Ooh Aah ... Just a Little Bit '' 8th 1997 Katrina and the Waves `` Love Shine a Light '' 1st 1998 Imaani `` Where Are You ? '' 15 2nd 1999 Precious `` Say It Again '' 6 12th A Song for Europe ( 2000 -- 2003 ) ( edit ) Year Artist Song UK Chart At Eurovision 2000 Nicki French `` Do n't Play That Song Again '' 34 16th 2001 Lindsay D `` No Dream Impossible '' 32 15th 2002 Jessica Garlick `` Come Back '' 13 3rd 2003 Jemini `` Cry Baby '' 15 26th ( 0 ) Eurovision : Making Your Mind Up ( 2004 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) Year Artist Song UK Chart At Eurovision James Fox `` Hold On to Our Love '' 13 16th 2005 Javine `` Touch My Fire '' 18 22nd 2006 Daz Sampson `` Teenage Life '' 8 19th 2007 Scooch `` Flying the Flag ( for You ) '' 5 22nd Eurovision : Your Decision ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Year Artist Song UK Chart At Eurovision 2008 Andy Abraham `` Even If '' 67 25th Eurovision : Your Country Needs You ( 2009 -- 2010 ) ( edit ) Year Artist Song UK Chart At Eurovision 2009 Jade Ewen `` It 's My Time '' 27 5th Josh Dubovie `` That Sounds Good to Me '' Failed to chart 25th Internal selection ( 2011 -- 2015 ) ( edit ) Year Artist Song UK Chart At Eurovision 2011 Blue `` I Can '' 16 11th 2012 Engelbert Humperdinck `` Love Will Set You Free '' 60 25th 2013 Bonnie Tyler `` Believe in Me '' 93 19th 2014 Molly `` Children of the Universe '' 23 17th 2015 Electro Velvet `` Still in Love with You '' Failed to chart 24th The track was listed as having reached no. 63 in the download only singles chart , but failed to register in the official top 100 singles chart . Eurovision : You Decide ( 2016 -- present ) ( edit ) Year Artist Song UK Chart At Eurovision 2016 Joe and Jake `` You 're Not Alone '' 81 24th 2017 Lucie Jones `` Never Give Up on You '' 73 15th 2018 SuRie `` Storm '' 50 24th Broadcast ( edit ) From 1964 -- 1975 , the Song For Europe programme was pre-recorded , often several weeks in advance . The result was typically broadcast one week after each Song For Europe programme . From 1988 -- 1991 , in 1995 , and again from 2004 -- 2008 the result was broadcast in a separate programme , shown later the same night as the performances . From 1992 -- 1994 the programme was again pre-recorded , but the result show was live and broadcast the same night . In 1997 and 1998 , the results were announced the next Saturday after the final and on the following Friday in 1999 . From 1957 -- 1960 , there were various televised semi-finals ahead of the UK final . This was reintroduced in 1996 , with a preliminary round of voting to eliminate 4 of the 8 songs . This was televised in 1996 but switched to radio from 1997 to 2003 . Host ( s ) and venue ( edit ) Year ( s ) Selection show Venue National final main host National final co-host Semi final / heat host 1956 UK did not participate 1957 Festival Of British Popular Songs The King 's Theatre Hammersmith David Jacobs No co-host David Jacobs 1958 UK did not participate 1959 Eurovision Song Contest British Final BBC Television Theatre Pete Murray No co-host Pete Murray 1960 David Jacobs David Jacobs 1961 A Song For Europe Katie Boyle No semi final / heat 1962 David Jacobs 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Rolf Harris 1968 Cilla Black 1969 Michael Aspel 1970 Cliff Richard 1971 1972 1973 Cilla Black Jimmy Savile Lulu 1976 Royal Albert Hall Michael Aspel 1977 New London Theatre Terry Wogan 1978 Royal Albert Hall 1979 1980 BBC Television Theatre 1981 1982 BBC Television Centre BBC Television Theatre 1984 BBC Television Centre 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 The Great British Song Contest Nicky Campbell 1997 Dale Winton Ken Bruce & Terry Wogan 1998 Terry Wogan Ulrika Jonsson 1999 Ulrika Jonsson No co-host 2000 A Song For Europe Elstree Studios Katy Hill 2001 2002 Christopher Price Claire Sweeney 2003 BBC Television Centre Terry Wogan No co-host Eurovision : Making Your Mind Up Gaby Roslin No semi-final / heat 2005 Natasha Kaplinsky 2006 2007 The Maidstone Studios Fearne Cotton 2008 Eurovision : Your Decision BBC Television Centre Claudia Winkleman 2009 Eurovision : Your Country Needs You Graham Norton No co-host Graham Norton No semi-final / heat 2011 Internal selection 2012 2013 2014 The UK Launch ( presentation ) One MayFair Scott Mills ( presentation show ) No co-host Internal selection 2015 Our Song for Eurovision 2015 ( presentation ) Café de Paris 2016 Eurovision : You Decide The O2 Forum Mel Giedroyc No semi-final / heat 2017 Eventim Apollo , Hammersmith 2018 Brighton Dome Måns Zelmerlöw Show not transmitted on TV due to industrial action Show abandoned due to industrial action Guest commentators , panellists & judges ( edit ) Featured in 1988 -- 1990 , 1994 -- 1995 , 2004 -- 2010 and since 2016 . Year Commentators , panellists & judges 1988 Gloria Hunniford , George Martin , Bruce Welch , Mike Batt 1989 Deke Arlon , Gary Davies , Leslie Bricusse , Lulu 1990 Cathy McGowan , Gloria Hunniford , Carl Davis , Tim Rice 1994 Richard O'Brien , Jonathan King 1995 Jonathan King , Mike Read , Cheryl Baker , Tony Mortimer , Ian Dury , Let Loose , Bruno Brookes & Scarlet . Lorraine Kelly , Harry Hill , Carrie Grant 2005 Jonathan Ross , Bruno Tonioli , Paddy O'Connell , Natalie Cassidy 2006 Jonathan Ross , Bruno Tonioli , Fearne Cotton , Kelly Osbourne 2007 John Barrowman , Mel Giedroyc 2008 John Barrowman , Carrie Grant , Terry Wogan 2009 Lulu , Arlene Phillips , Andrew Lloyd Webber , Diane Warren , Duncan James , Emma Bunton , Alesha Dixon Bruno Tonioli , Jade Ewen , Pete Waterman , Mike Stock 2016 Carrie Grant , Katrina Leskanich , Jay Revell ( panellists ) 2017 Bruno Tonioli , Sophie Ellis - Bextor , CeCe Sammy ( panellists & judges ) 2018 Rylan , Rochelle Humes , Tom Fletcher ( panellists ) Caroline Sullivan , Roisin O'Connor , Steve Tandy , Sara Sesardic , Alastair Webber , Marco Sensi , David Grant , Kele Le Roc ( judges ) Acted as `` judges '' to eliminate contestants in preliminary rounds Acted as `` judges '' to ' save ' contestants from elimination Regional vote announcers ( edit ) 1978 Region Announcer Aberdeen Gerry Davis Norwich Chris Denham Manchester Mike Riddoch Bangor Gwyn Llewelyn Southampton Peter Macann Leeds Brian Baines Belfast Michael Bagerley Bristol Derek Jones Glasgow Ken Bruce Birmingham Tom Coyne London Ray Moore Cardiff Frank Lincoln Newcastle Mike Neville Plymouth Donald Hayway 1980 Region Announcer Aberdeen Gerry Davis Newcastle Mike Neville Plymouth Donald Hayway Leeds Brian Baines Southampton Peter Macann Bangor Alan Evans London Colin Berry Cardiff Euan Thomas Birmingham David Stevens Glasgow Douglas Brock Belfast Mike Bagerley Bristol Derek Jones Norwich Jill Hewitt Manchester John Mundy 1981 Region Announcer Birmingham David Stevens Cardiff Euan Thomas Manchester John Mundy Belfast Peter Dickson Edinburgh Jim O'Hara London Ray Moore Bristol Andy Batten - Foster Region Announcer Cardiff Euan Thomas Belfast David Oliver Norwich Ian Masters Glasgow Ken Bruce Bristol Andy Batten - Foster Birmingham Marjorie Lofthouse Manchester John Mundy London Colin Berry 2003 Region Announcer South Esther Rantzen Wales Jessica Garlick Northern Ireland Joe Mace Midlands Mel and Sue North England Matt Baker Scotland Nicholas Parsons Region Announcer ( s ) South East Fearne Cotton Scotland Colin McAllister and Justin Ryan Northern Ireland Malachi Cush Wales Colin Jackson North Sonia Midlands Hayley Evetts South West Sharron Davies 2005 Region Announcer ( s ) Northern Ireland Zöe Salmon North Stuart Hall Scotland Colin McAllister and Justin Ryan Wales James Fox South West Sharron Davies Midlands Denise Lewis South East Fearne Cotton 2006 Region Announcer ( s ) Scotland Michelle McManus Wales Maggot Northern Ireland Roy Walker North Kelli Young Midlands Rustie Lee London Alistair Appleton South West Simon Grant Viewing figures ( edit ) Year Nominal Share Channel 2008 5,000,300 24 % BBC One 2009 5,610,000 25 % 2,920,000 12.5 % Internal selections from 2011 to 2015 2016 680,000 3.2 % BBC Four 2017 1,260,000 6.6 % BBC Two 2018 900,000 4.8 % See also ( edit ) United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Public to help choose UK Eurovision entry -- BBC News '' . BBC News Online . 30 September 2015 . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The spotlight 's on , the stage is set -- Eurovision : You Decide is back '' . BBC Media Centre . 9 December 2016 . Retrieved 9 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Wincentsen , Edward . ' The Olivia Newton - John Companion ' . Wynn Publishing 2002 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9710591 - 0 - 8 ^ Jump up to : O'Connor , John Kennedy . The Eurovision Song Contest -- The Official History . Carlton Books , UK . 2007 ISBN 978 - 1 - 84442 - 994 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Kit Rolfe of Belle and the Devotions interview -- Part 1 '' . YouTube . 1984 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Kit Rolfe of Belle and the Devotions interview -- Part 2 '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , John Kennedy . The Eurovision Song Contest : The Official History . Carlton Books , UK , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84732 - 521 - 1 Jump up ^ Viniker , Barry ( 2007 - 02 - 28 ) . `` Exclusive : UK Final on March 17th '' . ESCToday . Jump up ^ Sanderson , Elizabeth ( 25 January 2009 ) . `` We wrote the Eurovision song in two hours , says Lloyd Webber '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ `` Lloyd Webber pens Eurovision song '' . British Broadcasting Corporation . 2008 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Press Office -- Pete Waterman to write UK entry for Eurovision '' . BBC . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Montebello , Edward ( 2010 - 03 - 05 ) . `` United Kingdom : Six acts announced '' . ESCToday . Retrieved 5 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Webb , Glen ( 2010 - 03 - 05 ) . `` BBC reveal United Kingdom finalists ! '' . European Broadcasting Union . Retrieved 5 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Archived 2 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Blue - I Can ( United Kingdom 2011 ) Participant Profile Eurovision Song Contest - Copenhagen 2014 '' . Eurovision.tv . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , John ( 2011 - 01 - 30 ) . `` Internal selection turns Eurovision Blue for the United Kingdom ESC Insight -- Home of the Unofficial Eurovision Song Contest Podcast '' . ESC Insight . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` ChartArchive -- The Chart Archive '' . Chartstats.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` ChartArchive -- The Chart Archive '' . Chartstats.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Engelbert Humperdinck is UK Eurovision act for 2012 '' . BBC News . 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Infante , Francesca ( 7 March 2013 ) . `` Will Bonnie Tyler finally end our Eurovision heartache ? 80s star to represent Britain at this year 's contest '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ `` Molly Smitten - Downes to represent the UK '' . eurovision.tv. 3 March 2014 . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Electro Velvet will ensure we do n't win '' . Telegraph . 20 May 2015 . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Roxburgh , Gordon ( 17 January 2016 ) . `` United Kingdom Final on 26th February '' . eurovision.tv . European Broadcasting Union . Retrieved 17 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Roxburgh , Gordon ( 22 February 2016 ) . `` Listen to the six songs seeking to represent the United Kingdom '' . eurovision.tv . European Broadcasting Union . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly top 10 programmes -- BARB '' . www.barb.co.uk . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 -- Official Charts Company '' . www.officialcharts.com . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eurovision -- UK 2017 song entry now open ! '' . BBC Media Centre . Retrieved 6 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Paul ( 29 September 2017 ) . `` BBC opens public song submissions for Eurovision 2018 ! '' . eurovision.tv . European Broadcasting Union . Retrieved 22 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UK national selection to be held in Brighton -- with a Swedish twist ! '' . eurovision.tv . European Broadcasting Union . 16 November 2017 . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UK 's Eurovision 2018 act chosen '' . BBC News . 8 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Granger , Andy ( 8 February 2018 ) . `` United Kingdom : Less Than 1 Million Viewers Watched Eurovision : You Decide '' . eurovoix.com . Eurovoix . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Borodin , Alexandrer ( 2010 - 03 - 11 ) . `` UNITED KINGDOM Karen Harding winner of Your Country Needs You 201 '' . Oikotimes . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Song For Europe 1966 1967 '' . Songs4europe.com . Retrieved 17 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 22 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eurovision warm - up draws 5m '' . The Guardian . 3 March 2008 . Retrieved 22 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Your Country Needs You show watched by 5.4 m '' . The Guardian . 2 February 2009 . Retrieved 22 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2.9 m see Dubovie selected for Eurovision '' . Digital Spy. 15 March 2010 . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Granger , Anthony . `` United Kingdom : Eurovision : You Decide viewing figures double over 2016 '' . Eurovoix . Retrieved 22 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Westbrook , Caroline . `` Eurovision 2017 : Here 's how the UK will be choosing its entry for this year 's contest '' . Retrieved 22 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brighton Dome to be home of Eurovision : You Decide 2018 on BBC Two ! '' . bbc.co.uk . British Broadcasting Corporation . 16 November 2017 . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . External links ( edit ) Eurovision Song Contest at BBC Online Eurovision : Making Your Mind Up at BBC Programmes Eurovision : Your Decision at BBC Programmes Eurovision : Your Country Needs You at BBC Programmes UK national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest Contestants Winners Patricia Bredin Pearl Carr & Teddy Johnson Bryan Johnson The Allisons Ronnie Carroll Matt Monro Kathy Kirby Kenneth KcKellar Sandie Shaw Cliff Richard Lulu Mary Hopkin Clodagh Rodgers The New Seekers Olivia Newton - John The Shadows Brotherhood of Man Lynsey de Paul & Mike Moran Co-Co Black Lace Prima Donna Bucks Fizz Bardo Sweet Dreams Belle and the Devotions Vikki Watson Ryder Rikki Scott Fitzgerald Live Report Emma Samantha Janus Michael Ball Sonia Frances Ruffelle Love City Groove Gina G Katrina and the Waves Imaani Precious Nicki French Lindsay Jessica Garlick Jemini James Fox Javine Hylton Daz Sampson Scooch Andy Abraham Jade Ewen Josh Dubovie Joe and Jake Lucie Jones SuRie Songs `` All '' `` Sing , Little Birdie '' `` Looking High , High , High '' `` Are You Sure ? '' `` Ring - a-Ding Girl '' `` Say Wonderful Things '' `` I Love the Little Things '' `` I Belong '' `` A Man Without Love '' `` Puppet on a String '' `` Congratulations `` Boom Bang - a-Bang '' `` Knock , Knock Who 's There ? '' `` Jack in the Box `` Beg , Steal or Borrow '' `` Power to All Our Friends '' `` Long Live Love `` Let Me Be the One '' `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' `` Rock Bottom '' `` The Bad Old Days '' `` Mary Ann '' `` Love Enough for Two '' `` Making Your Mind Up '' `` One Step Further '' `` I 'm Never Giving Up '' `` Love Games `` Love Is `` Runner in the Night '' `` Only the Light '' `` Go '' `` Why Do I Always Get it Wrong ? '' `` Give a Little Love Back to the World '' `` A Message to Your Heart '' `` One Step Out of Time '' `` Better the Devil You Know '' `` Lonely Symphony '' `` Love City Groove '' `` Ooh Aah ... Just a Little Bit '' `` Love Shine a Light '' `` Where Are You ? '' `` Say It Again '' `` Do n't Play That Song Again '' `` No Dream Impossible '' `` Come Back '' `` Cry Baby '' `` Hold Onto Our Love '' `` Touch My Fire '' `` Teenage Life '' `` Flying the Flag ( For You ) '' `` Even If '' `` It 's My Time '' `` That Sounds Good to Me '' `` You 're Not Alone '' `` Never Give Up on You '' `` Storm '' United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest ( hide ) United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest Participation 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Artists 1950s 1956 Patricia Bredin 1958 Pearl Carr & Teddy Johnson 1960s Bryan Johnson The Allisons Ronnie Carroll Ronnie Carroll Matt Monro Kathy Kirby Kenneth McKellar Sandie Shaw Cliff Richard Lulu 1970s Mary Hopkin Clodagh Rodgers The New Seekers Cliff Richard Olivia Newton - John The Shadows Brotherhood of Man Lynsey de Paul & Mike Moran Co-Co Black Lace 1980s Prima Donna Bucks Fizz Bardo Sweet Dreams Belle and the Devotions Vikki Watson Ryder Rikki Scott Fitzgerald Live Report 1990s Emma Samantha Janus Michael Ball Sonia Frances Ruffelle Love City Groove Gina G Katrina and the Waves Imaani Precious 2000s Nicki French Lindsay Jessica Garlick Jemini James Fox Javine Hylton Daz Sampson Scooch Andy Abraham Jade Ewen 2010s Josh Dubovie Blue Engelbert Humperdinck Bonnie Tyler Molly Electro Velvet Joe and Jake Lucie Jones SuRie Songs 1950s 1956 `` All '' 1958 `` Sing , Little Birdie '' 1960s `` Looking High , High , High '' `` Are You Sure ? '' `` Ring - A-Ding Girl '' `` Say Wonderful Things '' `` I Love the Little Things '' `` I Belong '' `` A Man Without Love '' `` Puppet on a String '' `` Congratulations '' `` Boom Bang - a-Bang '' 1970s `` Knock , Knock Who 's There ? '' `` Jack in the Box '' `` Beg , Steal or Borrow '' `` Power to All Our Friends '' `` Long Live Love '' `` Let Me Be the One '' `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' `` Rock Bottom '' `` The Bad Old Days '' `` Mary Ann '' 1980s `` Love Enough for Two '' `` Making Your Mind Up '' `` One Step Further '' `` I 'm Never Giving Up '' `` Love Games '' `` Love Is '' `` Runner in the Night '' `` Only the Light '' `` Go '' `` Why Do I Always Get It Wrong ? '' 1990s `` Give a Little Love Back to the World '' `` A Message to Your Heart '' `` One Step Out of Time '' `` Better the Devil You Know '' `` Lonely Symphony ( We Will Be Free ) '' `` Love City Groove '' `` Ooh Aah ... Just a Little Bit '' `` Love Shine a Light '' `` Where Are You ? '' `` Say It Again '' 2000s `` Do n't Play That Song Again '' `` No Dream Impossible '' `` Come Back '' `` Cry Baby '' `` Hold On to Our Love '' `` Touch My Fire '' `` Teenage Life '' `` Flying the Flag ( for You ) '' `` Even If '' `` It 's My Time '' 2010s `` That Sounds Good to Me '' `` I Can '' `` Love Will Set You Free '' `` Believe in Me '' `` Children of the Universe '' `` Still in Love with You '' `` You 're Not Alone '' `` Never Give Up on You '' `` Storm '' Note : Entries scored out are when United Kingdom did not compete Eurovision Song Contest Entries History Host cities Languages Presenters Rules Voting Winners Winners discography Contests 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Countries Active Albania Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Latvia Lithuania Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Inactive Andorra Bosnia and Herzegovina Luxembourg Monaco Morocco Slovakia Turkey Former Lebanon Serbia and Montenegro Yugoslavia Relations Armenia -- Azerbaijan Russia -- Ukraine National selections Current Albania Armenia Belarus Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Latvia Lithuania Malta Moldova Montenegro Norway Poland Portugal Romania Serbia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Former Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Bosnia & Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Estonia Finland Greece Ellinikós Telikós Eurosong - A MAD Show Ireland The Late Late Show You 're a Star Israel Latvia Eirodziesma Dziesma Lithuania Macedonia Malta Montenegro Netherlands Serbia and Montenegro Spain Switzerland United Kingdom Yugoslavia Other awards Marcel Bezençon Awards OGAE OGAE Video Contest OGAE Second Chance Contest Barbara Dex Award Television and concerts Eurovision Song Contest Previews Songs of Europe Kvalifikacija za Millstreet Congratulations : 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest Best of Eurovision Eurovision Song Contest 's Greatest Hits Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UK_national_selection_for_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest&oldid=841890415 '' Categories : BBC Television programmes United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest Eurovision Song Contest selection events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from November 2012 BBC programme ID same as Wikidata BBC programme ID different from Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Cymraeg Français עברית Magyar Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 18 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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places you cannot carry a gun in tennessee

Location Relevant Statutes Notes / Exceptions Public Establishment where Alcoholic Beverages of any type are served T.C.A. § 39 - 17 - 1321 It is illegal for anyone to possess a handgun while under the influence of alcohol or any other controlled substance . It is lawful to possess a firearm on the premises of a public place where alcoholic beverages are served as long as such individual is not consuming alcoholic beverages . The allowable BAC for a handgun carry permit holder in public possession of a loaded firearm is exactly 0.0 % , zero tolerance . Blood tests can establish intoxication by narcotics . Peaceable journey laws apply , and if an HCP holder has a drink , it is allowable to unload the firearm and lock it in the trunk of the vehicle , provided that the driver is under 0.08 % BAC . Any room where a judicial proceeding is taking place T.C.A. § 39 - 17 - 1306 If a proceeding is not taking place in a courtroom , then carry would be legal . If a judicial proceeding is taking place in any room , say a hospital room , then carry would be illegal . Schools T.C.A. § 39 - 17 - 1309 T.C.A. § 39 - 17 - 1310 T.C.A. § 39 - 17 - 1313 T.C.A. § 49 - 7 - 163 Possession of any firearm is prohibited on school property outside of a private vehicle . Vehicle transportation of an unloaded firearm without a carry permit is legal on school property if you are a non-student adult and you do not remove , utilize , or allow to be removed or utilized the weapon from the vehicle ( T.C.A. § 39 - 17 - 1309 ( c ) ( 1 ) . Per T.C.A. § 39 - 17 - 1313 , a student with a valid handgun carry permit may have loaded firearm in a vehicle , as long as the firearm is locked in a container , glove box , or trunk , and is not utilized or removed . Tenn . Code Ann . § 49 - 7 - 163 prohibits post-secondary institutions from taking `` any adverse or disciplinary action against an employee or student of the postsecondary institution solely for such person 's transportation and storage of a firearm or firearm ammunition in compliance with § 39 - 17 - 1313 while on or using a parking area located on property owned , used , or operated by the postsecondary institution . '' `` Some '' Local Public Parks T.C.A. § 39 - 17 - 1311 , HB0995 If you have a Handgun Carry Permit , carry in State and local parks is legal by default . The final bill includes language stating that someone with a handgun permit may not be within the `` immediate vicinity '' of a school - sponsored park event , though it does not provide a clear definition of `` immediate vicinity . '' per 39 - 17 - 1311 during the activity . See TN AG Opinion Numbers 09 - 129 and 09 - 160 . Any area / building / property posted with a notice per T.C.A. § 39 - 17 - 1359 . T.C.A. § 39 - 17 - 1359 Notice of the prohibition shall be displayed in prominent locations , including all entrances primarily used by persons entering the property , building , or portion of the property or building where weapon possession is prohibited . Either form of notice used shall be of a size that is plainly visible to the average person entering the building , property , or portion of the building or property , posted . The code says the sign must be the international circle and slash symbolizing the prohibition of the item within the circle or the sign must contain wording in English that is `` substantially similar '' to that used in the code ; substantially similar being defined as such : The property is posted under authority of Tennessee law ; Weapons or firearms are prohibited on the property , in the building , or on the portion of the property or building that is posted ; and Possessing a weapon in an area that has been posted is a criminal offense . See TN AG Opinion No 07 - 43 . Notwithstanding T.C.A. § 39 - 17 - 1359 , vehicle transportation of a loaded firearm is allowed under T.C.A. § 39 - 17 - 1313 as long as the firearm is secured in the handgun carry permit holder 's privately owned vehicle and is not visible to `` ordinary observation '' .

Gun laws in Tennessee

gun laws in tennessee

Gun laws in Tennessee regulate the sale , possession , and use of firearms and ammunition in the state of Tennessee in the United States .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary tables 2 Carrying of Firearms 2.1 Carrying Handguns 2.2 Vehicle Transportation 3 Preemption 4 References Summary tables ( edit ) Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State permit to purchase ? No No None No Firearm registration ? No No None No Assault weapon law ? No No None No Magazine capacity restriction ? No No Owner license required ? No No None No Carry permits required ? No * Yes T.C.A. § 39 - 17 - 1351 Permits are `` shall - issue '' . Concealed or open carry of a handgun is allowed with permit . As of July 1 , 2014 , due to the enhanced Castle Doctrine law , a person may keep a loaded handgun or long gun in their private vehicle without a permit . As of July 1 , 2017 , persons who can legally possess / purchase a firearm and are protected by a protection order may carry a handgun without a license for 60 days from the date of the protection order being issued . * Loaded long gun carry in public is generally illegal , with exceptions for activities such as hunting in approved areas . Unloaded long gun carry is not prohibited . Open carry permitted ? Yes Yes T.C.A. § 39 - 17 - 1307 T.C.A. § 39 - 17 - 1308 Open carry of loaded handguns is permitted for those who have been issued a license to carry . Long guns may only be carried unloaded . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes T.C.A. § 39 - 17 - 1314 State preemption per T.C.A. § 39 - 17 - 1314 ( a ) . Local governments may post signs per T.C.A. § 39 - 17 - 1359 to prohibit carry on government property . Local government may not , however , prohibit firearms in locally owned / operated parks and other recreational areas . NFA weapons restricted ? No No None On July 1 , 2003 public chapter 275 is in effect . Shall Certify ? Yes Yes T.C.A. § 39 - 17 - 1361 Shall certify within 15 days . Peaceable journey laws ? No No None Federal rules observed . Self - defense law Yes Yes T.C.A. § 39 - 11 - 611 There is no duty to retreat before using deadly force , as long as you are acting lawfully and are in a place you have a right to be in . It is presumed you had a reasonable fear of imminent death or serious bodily injury if someone unlawfully and forcibly enters a residence , business , dwelling or vehicle . Background checks required for private sales ? No No None Places off - limits even with a Handgun Carry Permit Location Relevant Statutes Notes / Exceptions Public Establishment where Alcoholic Beverages of any type are served T.C.A. § 39 - 17 - 1321 It is illegal for anyone to possess a handgun while under the influence of alcohol or any other controlled substance . It is lawful to possess a firearm on the premises of a public place where alcoholic beverages are served as long as such individual is not consuming alcoholic beverages . The allowable BAC for a handgun carry permit holder in public possession of a loaded firearm is exactly 0.0 % , zero tolerance . Blood tests can establish intoxication by narcotics . Peaceable journey laws apply , and if an HCP holder has a drink , it is allowable to unload the firearm and lock it in the trunk of the vehicle , provided that the driver is under 0.08 % BAC . Any room where a judicial proceeding is taking place T.C.A. § 39 - 17 - 1306 If a proceeding is not taking place in a courtroom , then carry would be legal . If a judicial proceeding is taking place in any room , say a hospital room , then carry would be illegal . Schools T.C.A. § 39 - 17 - 1309 T.C.A. § 39 - 17 - 1310 T.C.A. § 39 - 17 - 1313 T.C.A. § 49 - 7 - 163 Possession of any firearm is prohibited on school property outside of a private vehicle . Vehicle transportation of an unloaded firearm without a carry permit is legal on school property if you are a non-student adult and you do not remove , utilize , or allow to be removed or utilized the weapon from the vehicle ( T.C.A. § 39 - 17 - 1309 ( c ) ( 1 ) . Per T.C.A. § 39 - 17 - 1313 , a student with a valid handgun carry permit may have loaded firearm in a vehicle , as long as the firearm is locked in a container , glove box , or trunk , and is not utilized or removed . Tenn . Code Ann . § 49 - 7 - 163 prohibits post-secondary institutions from taking `` any adverse or disciplinary action against an employee or student of the postsecondary institution solely for such person 's transportation and storage of a firearm or firearm ammunition in compliance with § 39 - 17 - 1313 while on or using a parking area located on property owned , used , or operated by the postsecondary institution . '' `` Some '' Local Public Parks T.C.A. § 39 - 17 - 1311 , HB0995 If you have a Handgun Carry Permit , carry in State and local parks is legal by default . The final bill includes language stating that someone with a handgun permit may not be within the `` immediate vicinity '' of a school - sponsored park event , though it does not provide a clear definition of `` immediate vicinity . '' per 39 - 17 - 1311 during the activity . See TN AG Opinion Numbers 09 - 129 and 09 - 160 . Any area / building / property posted with a notice per T.C.A. § 39 - 17 - 1359 . T.C.A. § 39 - 17 - 1359 Notice of the prohibition shall be displayed in prominent locations , including all entrances primarily used by persons entering the property , building , or portion of the property or building where weapon possession is prohibited . Either form of notice used shall be of a size that is plainly visible to the average person entering the building , property , or portion of the building or property , posted . The code says the sign must be the international circle and slash symbolizing the prohibition of the item within the circle or the sign must contain wording in English that is `` substantially similar '' to that used in the code ; substantially similar being defined as such : The property is posted under authority of Tennessee law ; Weapons or firearms are prohibited on the property , in the building , or on the portion of the property or building that is posted ; and Possessing a weapon in an area that has been posted is a criminal offense . See TN AG Opinion No 07 - 43 . Notwithstanding T.C.A. § 39 - 17 - 1359 , vehicle transportation of a loaded firearm is allowed under T.C.A. § 39 - 17 - 1313 as long as the firearm is secured in the handgun carry permit holder 's privately owned vehicle and is not visible to `` ordinary observation '' . Carrying of firearms ( edit ) Tennessee State Constitution , Article I , Section 26 , reads : That the citizens of this state have a right to keep and to bear arms for their common defense ; but the Legislature shall have power , by law , to regulate the wearing of arms with a view to prevent crime . State supreme court rulings and state attorney general opinions interpret Section 26 to mean regulation can not and should not interfere with the common lawful uses of firearms , including defense of the home and hunting , but should only be aimed at criminal behavior . Andrews v. State ( 1870 ) and Glasscock v. Chattanooga ( 1928 ) defined the meaning of regulating arms . `` Going armed '' , carrying any sort of weapon for offense or defense in public , is a crime , except carrying a handgun for defense is allowed with a state - issued permit . A license is required to carry a loaded handgun either openly or concealed . Such permits are issued through the Department of Safety to qualified residents 21 years or 18 years old if the applicant is active duty , reservist , guardsman , or honorably discharged from their branch of service , DD - 214 must mention ' pistol qualification ' in order to be exempt from 8 hour safety course must have a valid military ID . The length of the term for the initial license is determined by the age of the applicant . If renewed properly and on time , the license is renewed every 5 years . Tennessee recognizes any valid , out - of - state permit for carrying a handgun as long as the permittee is not a resident of Tennessee . Nonresidents are not issued permits unless they are regularly employed in the state . Such persons are then required to obtain Tennessee permits even if they have home state permits unless their home state has entered into a reciprocity agreement with Tennessee . Permittees may carry handguns in most areas except civic centers , public recreation buildings and colleges . Businesses or landowners posting `` no carry '' signs may prohibit gun carry on any portion of their properties . Carrying handguns ( edit ) Tennessee requires a permit to carry a firearm , whether openly or concealed . Additionally , per Tenn . Code Ann . 39 - 17 - 1351 r. ( 1 ) a facially valid handgun permit , firearms permit , weapons permit or license issued by another state shall be valid in this state ( Tennessee ) according to its terms and shall be treated as if it is a handgun permit issued by this state ( Tennessee ) ) . Vehicle transportation ( edit ) A person possessing a firearm or ammunition in a motor vehicle who is not otherwise prohibited from owning a firearm and is in lawful possession of the motor vehicle is not in violation of the open carry law in Tennessee as long as the firearm is not carried on one 's person . Preemption ( edit ) Except for four specific exceptions , Tennessee 's preemption statute prevents localities from enacting any new laws regulating the use , purchase , transfer , taxation , manufacture , ownership , possession , carrying , sale , acquisition , gift , devise , licensing , registration , storage , and transportation of firearms and ammunition . The current statute also preempts any existing local law , ordinance or regulation concerning firearms , ammunition or their components . The exceptions allow localities to regulate 1 ) the carrying of firearms by their employees when acting in the course of the employees employment ( except as provided in T.C.A. § 39 - 17 - 1313 ) ; 2 ) the discharge of firearms within the boundaries of the locality ( except where permitted by State Law ) ; 3 ) the location of a sport shooting range ( except as provided in T.C.A. § 39 - 17 - 316 and T.C.A. § 39 - 3 - 412 ) and 4 ) the enforcement of any state or federal law pertaining to firearms and ammunition . Most aspects of licensed handgun carry are regulated exclusively by the state . At one time , Tennessee required a purchase permit for a handgun approved by one 's city police chief or county sheriff with a fifteen - day waiting period ; that was replaced under the federal Brady Act with the Tennessee Instant Check System ( TICS ) . Handguns in Tennessee are defined as having a barrel length of less than twelve inches per T.C.A. § 39 - 11 - 106 ( a ) ( 16 ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lexis Nexis Tennessee Code Annotated ( http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/tncode/ ) Jump up ^ `` New Tennessee law allows gun owners to keep loaded firearms in vehicle '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Tennessee : Governor Signs Multiple Pro-Gun Bills into Law '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` SENATE BILL 983 / HOUSE BILL 752 '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : HB0955 ( April 24 , 2015 ) amends TCA Title 39 , Chapter 17 , Part 13 `` HB0995 Bill Information '' . Jump up ^ Tennessee Attorney General Opinion No. 09 - 129 ( http://tennessee.gov/attorneygeneral/op/2009/op/op129.pdf ) Jump up ^ Tennessee Attorney General Opinion No. 09 - 160 ( http://tennessee.gov/attorneygeneral/op/2009/op/op160.pdf ) Jump up ^ Tennessee Attorney General Opinion No. 07 - 43 ( http://www.tn.gov/attorneygeneral/op/2007/op/op43.pdf ) Jump up ^ Constitution Of The State Of Tennessee at Tennessee Government Website ( http://www.state.tn.us/sos/bluebook/05-06/46-tnconst.pdf ) . 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where did stone age go to the toilet

Stonehenge

stonehenge

Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument in Wiltshire , England , 2 miles ( 3 km ) west of Amesbury and 8 miles ( 13 km ) north of Salisbury . It consists of a ring of standing stones , with each standing stone around 13 ft ( 4.1 metres ) high , 6 ft 11 in ( 2.1 metres ) wide and weighing around 25 tons . The stones are set within earthworks in the middle of the most dense complex of Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments in England , including several hundred burial mounds .

Archaeologists believe it was constructed from 3000 BC to 2000 BC . The surrounding circular earth bank and ditch , which constitute the earliest phase of the monument , have been dated to about 3100 BC . Radiocarbon dating suggests that the first bluestones were raised between 2400 and 2200 BC , although they may have been at the site as early as 3000 BC . One of the most famous landmarks in the UK , Stonehenge is regarded as a British cultural icon . It has been a legally protected Scheduled Ancient Monument since 1882 when legislation to protect historic monuments was first successfully introduced in Britain . The site and its surroundings were added to UNESCO 's list of World Heritage Sites in 1986 . Stonehenge is owned by the Crown and managed by English Heritage ; the surrounding land is owned by the National Trust . Stonehenge could have been a burial ground from its earliest beginnings . Deposits containing human bone date from as early as 3000 BC , when the ditch and bank were first dug , and continued for at least another five hundred years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Early history 2.1 Before the monument ( 8000 BC forward ) 2.2 Stonehenge 1 ( ca . 3100 BC ) 2.3 Stonehenge 2 ( ca . 3000 BC ) 2.4 Stonehenge 3 I ( ca . 2,600 BC ) 2.5 Stonehenge 3 II ( 2600 BC to 2400 BC ) 2.6 Stonehenge 3 III ( 2400 BC to 2280 BC ) 2.7 Stonehenge 3 IV ( 2280 BC to 1930 BC ) 2.8 Stonehenge 3 V ( 1930 BC to 1600 BC ) 2.9 After the monument ( 1600 BC on ) 3 Function and construction 4 Modern history 4.1 Folklore 4.1. 1 `` Heel Stone '' , `` Friar 's Heel '' , or `` Sun - Stone '' 4.1. 2 Arthurian legend 4.2 Sixteenth century to present 4.2. 1 Neopaganism 4.2. 2 Setting and access 4.2. 3 Stonehenge Roundtable Access 4.3 Archaeological research and restoration 4.3. 1 1600 -- 1900 4.3. 2 1900 -- 2000 4.3. 3 2000s 5 In popular culture 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 Videography 10 External links Etymology The Oxford English Dictionary cites Ælfric 's tenth - century glossary , in which henge - cliff is given the meaning `` precipice '' , or stone , thus the stanenges or Stanheng `` not far from Salisbury '' recorded by eleventh - century writers are `` supported stones '' . William Stukeley in 1740 notes , `` Pendulous rocks are now called henges in Yorkshire ... I doubt not , Stonehenge in Saxon signifies the hanging stones . '' Christopher Chippindale 's Stonehenge Complete gives the derivation of the name Stonehenge as coming from the Old English words stān meaning `` stone '' , and either hencg meaning `` hinge '' ( because the stone lintels hinge on the upright stones ) or hen ( c ) en meaning `` hang '' or `` gallows '' or `` instrument of torture '' ( though elsewhere in his book , Chippindale cites the `` suspended stones '' etymology ) . Like Stonehenge 's trilithons , medieval gallows consisted of two uprights with a lintel joining them , rather than the inverted L - shape more familiar today . The `` henge '' portion has given its name to a class of monuments known as henges . Archaeologists define henges as earthworks consisting of a circular banked enclosure with an internal ditch . As often happens in archaeological terminology , this is a holdover from antiquarian use , and Stonehenge is not truly a henge site as its bank is inside its ditch . Despite being contemporary with true Neolithic henges and stone circles , Stonehenge is in many ways atypical -- for example , at more than 7.3 metres ( 24 ft ) tall , its extant trilithons supporting lintels held in place with mortise and tenon joints , make it unique . Early History Plan of Stonehenge in 2004 . After Cleal et al. and Pitts . Italicised numbers in the text refer to the labels on this plan . Trilithon lintels omitted for clarity . Holes that no longer , or never , contained stones are shown as open circles . Stones visible today are shown coloured Mike Parker Pearson , leader of the Stonehenge Riverside Project based at Durrington Walls , noted that Stonehenge appears to have been associated with burial from the earliest period of its existence : Stonehenge was a place of burial from its beginning to its zenith in the mid third millennium B.C. The cremation burial dating to Stonehenge 's sarsen stones phase is likely just one of many from this later period of the monument 's use and demonstrates that it was still very much a domain of the dead . -- Mike Parker Pearson Stonehenge evolved in several construction phases spanning at least 1500 years . There is evidence of large - scale construction on and around the monument that perhaps extends the landscape 's time frame to 6500 years . Dating and understanding the various phases of activity is complicated by disturbance of the natural chalk by periglacial effects and animal burrowing , poor quality early excavation records , and a lack of accurate , scientifically verified dates . The modern phasing most generally agreed to by archaeologists is detailed below . Features mentioned in the text are numbered and shown on the plan , right . Before the monument ( 8000 BC forward ) Archaeologists have found four , or possibly five , large Mesolithic postholes ( one may have been a natural tree throw ) , which date to around 8000 BC , beneath the nearby modern tourist car - park . These held pine posts around 0.75 metres ( 2 ft 6 in ) in diameter , which were erected and eventually rotted in situ . Three of the posts ( and possibly four ) were in an east - west alignment which may have had ritual significance . Another Mesolithic astronomical site from Britain is the Warren Field site in Aberdeenshire , which is considered the worlds oldest Lunar calendar corrected yearly by observing the midwinter solstice . Similar but later sites have been found in Scandinavia . A settlement that may have been contemporaneous with the posts has been found at Blick Mead , a reliable year - round spring 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) from Stonehenge . Salisbury Plain was then still wooded but 4,000 years later , during the earlier Neolithic , people built a causewayed enclosure at Robin Hood 's Ball and long barrow tombs in the surrounding landscape . In approximately 3500 BC , a Stonehenge Cursus was built 700 metres ( 2,300 ft ) north of the site as the first farmers began to clear the trees and develop the area . A number of other adjacent stone and wooden structures and burial mounds , previously overlooked , may date as far back as 4000 BC . Charcoal from the ' Blick Mead ' camp 2.4 kilometres ( 1.5 mi ) from Stonehenge ( near the Vespasian 's Camp site ) has been dated to 4000 BC . The University of Buckingham 's Humanities Research Institute believes that the community who built Stonehenge lived here over a period of several millennia , making it potentially `` one of the pivotal places in the history of the Stonehenge landscape . '' Stonehenge 1 ( ca . 3100 BC ) Stonehenge 1 . After Cleal et al . The first monument consisted of a circular bank and ditch enclosure made of Late Cretaceous ( Santonian Age ) Seaford Chalk , measuring about 110 metres ( 360 ft ) in diameter , with a large entrance to the north east and a smaller one to the south . It stood in open grassland on a slightly sloping spot . The builders placed the bones of deer and oxen in the bottom of the ditch , as well as some worked flint tools . The bones were considerably older than the antler picks used to dig the ditch , and the people who buried them had looked after them for some time prior to burial . The ditch was continuous but had been dug in sections , like the ditches of the earlier causewayed enclosures in the area . The chalk dug from the ditch was piled up to form the bank . This first stage is dated to around 3100 BC , after which the ditch began to silt up naturally . Within the outer edge of the enclosed area is a circle of 56 pits , each about a metre ( 3 ft 3 in ) in diameter , known as the Aubrey holes after John Aubrey , the seventeenth - century antiquarian who was thought to have first identified them . The pits may have contained standing timbers creating a timber circle , although there is no excavated evidence of them . A recent excavation has suggested that the Aubrey Holes may have originally been used to erect a bluestone circle . If this were the case , it would advance the earliest known stone structure at the monument by some 500 years . A small outer bank beyond the ditch could also date to this period . In 2013 a team of archaeologists , led by Mike Parker Pearson , excavated more than 50,000 cremated bones of 63 individuals buried at Stonehenge . These remains had originally been buried individually in the Aubrey holes , exhumed during a previous excavation conducted by William Hawley in 1920 , been considered unimportant by him , and subsequently re-interred together in one hole , Aubrey Hole 7 , in 1935 . Physical and chemical analysis of the remains has shown that the cremated were almost equally men and women , and included some children . As there was evidence of the underlying chalk beneath the graves being crushed by substantial weight , the team concluded that the first bluestones brought from Wales were probably used as grave markers . Radiocarbon dating of the remains has put the date of the site 500 years earlier than previously estimated , to around 3000 BC . Analysis of animal teeth found at nearby Durrington Walls , thought to be the ' builders camp ' , suggests that as many as 4,000 people gathered at the site for the mid-winter and mid-summer festivals ; the evidence showed that the animals had been slaughtered around 9 months or 15 months after their spring birth . Strontium isotope analysis of the animal teeth showed that some had been brought from as far afield as the Scottish Highlands for the celebrations . Stonehenge 2 ( ca . 3000 BC ) Evidence of the second phase is no longer visible . The number of postholes dating to the early 3rd millennium BC suggest that some form of timber structure was built within the enclosure during this period . Further standing timbers were placed at the northeast entrance , and a parallel alignment of posts ran inwards from the southern entrance . The postholes are smaller than the Aubrey Holes , being only around 0.4 metres ( 16 in ) in diameter , and are much less regularly spaced . The bank was purposely reduced in height and the ditch continued to silt up . At least twenty - five of the Aubrey Holes are known to have contained later , intrusive , cremation burials dating to the two centuries after the monument 's inception . It seems that whatever the holes ' initial function , it changed to become a funerary one during Phase 2 . Thirty further cremations were placed in the enclosure 's ditch and at other points within the monument , mostly in the eastern half . Stonehenge is therefore interpreted as functioning as an enclosed cremation cemetery at this time , the earliest known cremation cemetery in the British Isles . Fragments of unburnt human bone have also been found in the ditch - fill . Dating evidence is provided by the late Neolithic grooved ware pottery that has been found in connection with the features from this phase . Stonehenge 3 I ( ca . 2,600 BC ) Graffiti on the sarsen stones include ancient carvings of a dagger and an axe Archaeological excavation has indicated that around 2600 BC , the builders abandoned timber in favour of stone and dug two concentric arrays of holes ( the Q and R Holes ) in the centre of the site . These stone sockets are only partly known ( hence on present evidence are sometimes described as forming ' crescents ' ) ; however , they could be the remains of a double ring . Again , there is little firm dating evidence for this phase . The holes held up to 80 standing stones ( shown blue on the plan ) , only 43 of which can be traced today . It is generally accepted that the bluestones ( some of which are made of dolerite , an igneous rock ) , were transported by the builders from the Preseli Hills , 150 miles ( 240 km ) away in modern - day Pembrokeshire in Wales . Another theory is that they were brought much nearer to the site as glacial erratics by the Irish Sea Glacier although there is no evidence of glacial deposition within southern central England . The long distance human transport theory was bolstered in 2011 by the discovery of a megalithic bluestone quarry at Craig Rhos - y - felin , near Crymych in Pembrokeshire , which is the most likely place for some of the stones to have been obtained . Other standing stones may well have been small sarsens ( sandstone ) , used later as lintels . The stones , which weighed about two tons , could have been moved by lifting and carrying them on rows of poles and rectangular frameworks of poles , as recorded in China , Japan and India . It is not known whether the stones were taken directly from their quarries to Salisbury Plain or were the result of the removal of a venerated stone circle from Preseli to Salisbury Plain to `` merge two sacred centres into one , to unify two politically separate regions , or to legitimise the ancestral identity of migrants moving from one region to another '' . Each monolith measures around 2 metres ( 6.6 ft ) in height , between 1 and 1.5 m ( 3.3 and 4.9 ft ) wide and around 0.8 metres ( 2.6 ft ) thick . What was to become known as the Altar Stone is almost certainly derived from the Senni Beds , perhaps from 50 miles ( 80 kilometres ) east of Mynydd Preseli in the Brecon Beacons . The north - eastern entrance was widened at this time , with the result that it precisely matched the direction of the midsummer sunrise and midwinter sunset of the period . This phase of the monument was abandoned unfinished , however ; the small standing stones were apparently removed and the Q and R holes purposefully backfilled . Even so , the monument appears to have eclipsed the site at Avebury in importance towards the end of this phase . The Heelstone , a Tertiary sandstone , may also have been erected outside the north - eastern entrance during this period . It can not be accurately dated and may have been installed at any time during phase 3 . At first it was accompanied by a second stone , which is no longer visible . Two , or possibly three , large portal stones were set up just inside the north - eastern entrance , of which only one , the fallen Slaughter Stone , 4.9 metres ( 16 ft ) long , now remains . Other features , loosely dated to phase 3 , include the four Station Stones , two of which stood atop mounds . The mounds are known as `` barrows '' although they do not contain burials . Stonehenge Avenue , a parallel pair of ditches and banks leading 2 miles ( 3 km ) to the River Avon , was also added . Two ditches similar to Heelstone Ditch circling the Heelstone ( which was by then reduced to a single monolith ) were later dug around the Station Stones . Stonehenge 3 ii ( 2600 BC to 2400 BC ) Plan of the central stone structure today ; after Johnson 2008 During the next major phase of activity , 30 enormous Oligocene - Miocene sarsen stones ( shown grey on the plan ) were brought to the site . They may have come from a quarry around 25 miles ( 40 km ) north of Stonehenge on the Marlborough Downs , or they may have been collected from a `` litter '' of sarsens on the chalk downs , closer to hand . The stones were dressed and fashioned with mortise and tenon joints before 30 were erected as a 33 metres ( 108 ft ) diameter circle of standing stones , with a ring of 30 lintel stones resting on top . The lintels were fitted to one another using another woodworking method , the tongue and groove joint . Each standing stone was around 4.1 metres ( 13 ft ) high , 2.1 metres ( 6 ft 11 in ) wide and weighed around 25 tons . Each had clearly been worked with the final visual effect in mind ; the orthostats widen slightly towards the top in order that their perspective remains constant when viewed from the ground , while the lintel stones curve slightly to continue the circular appearance of the earlier monument . The inward - facing surfaces of the stones are smoother and more finely worked than the outer surfaces . The average thickness of the stones is 1.1 metres ( 3 ft 7 in ) and the average distance between them is 1 metre ( 3 ft 3 in ) . A total of 75 stones would have been needed to complete the circle ( 60 stones ) and the trilithon horseshoe ( 15 stones ) . It was thought the ring might have been left incomplete , but an exceptionally dry summer in 2013 revealed patches of parched grass which may correspond to the location of removed sarsens . The lintel stones are each around 3.2 metres ( 10 ft ) long , 1 metre ( 3 ft 3 in ) wide and 0.8 metres ( 2 ft 7 in ) thick . The tops of the lintels are 4.9 metres ( 16 ft ) above the ground . Within this circle stood five trilithons of dressed sarsen stone arranged in a horseshoe shape 13.7 metres ( 45 ft ) across , with its open end facing north east . These huge stones , ten uprights and five lintels , weigh up to 50 tons each . They were linked using complex jointing . They are arranged symmetrically . The smallest pair of trilithons were around 6 metres ( 20 ft ) tall , the next pair a little higher , and the largest , single trilithon in the south west corner would have been 7.3 metres ( 24 ft ) tall . Only one upright from the Great Trilithon still stands , of which 6.7 metres ( 22 ft ) is visible and a further 2.4 metres ( 7 ft 10 in ) is below ground . The images of a ' dagger ' and 14 ' axeheads ' have been carved on one of the sarsens , known as stone 53 ; further carvings of axeheads have been seen on the outer faces of stones 3 , 4 , and 5 . The carvings are difficult to date , but are morphologically similar to late Bronze Age weapons . early 21st - century laser scanning of the carvings supports this interpretation . The pair of trilithons in the north east are smallest , measuring around 6 metres ( 20 ft ) in height ; the largest , which is in the south west of the horseshoe , is almost 7.5 metres ( 25 ft ) tall . This ambitious phase has been radiocarbon dated to between 2600 and 2400 BC , slightly earlier than the Stonehenge Archer , discovered in the outer ditch of the monument in 1978 , and the two sets of burials , known as the Amesbury Archer and the Boscombe Bowmen , discovered 3 miles ( 5 km ) to the west . At about the same time , a large timber circle and a second avenue were constructed 2 miles ( 3 km ) away at Durrington Walls overlooking the River Avon . The timber circle was oriented towards the rising sun on the midwinter solstice , opposing the solar alignments at Stonehenge . The avenue was aligned with the setting sun on the summer solstice and led from the river to the timber circle . Evidence of huge fires on the banks of the Avon between the two avenues also suggests that both circles were linked . They were perhaps used as a procession route on the longest and shortest days of the year . Parker Pearson speculates that the wooden circle at Durrington Walls was the centre of a ' land of the living ' , whilst the stone circle represented a ' land of the dead ' , with the Avon serving as a journey between the two . Stonehenge 3 III ( 2400 BC to 2280 BC ) Later in the Bronze Age , although the exact details of activities during this period are still unclear , the bluestones appear to have been re-erected . They were placed within the outer sarsen circle and may have been trimmed in some way . Like the sarsens , a few have timber - working style cuts in them suggesting that , during this phase , they may have been linked with lintels and were part of a larger structure . Stonehenge 3 IV ( 2280 BC to 1930 BC ) This phase saw further rearrangement of the bluestones . They were arranged in a circle between the two rings of sarsens and in an oval at the centre of the inner ring . Some archaeologists argue that some of these bluestones were from a second group brought from Wales . All the stones formed well - spaced uprights without any of the linking lintels inferred in Stonehenge 3 III . The Altar Stone may have been moved within the oval at this time and re-erected vertically . Although this would seem the most impressive phase of work , Stonehenge 3 IV was rather shabbily built compared to its immediate predecessors , as the newly re-installed bluestones were not well - founded and began to fall over . However , only minor changes were made after this phase . Stonehenge 3 V. ( 1930 BC to 1600 BC ) Soon afterwards , the north eastern section of the Phase 3 IV bluestone circle was removed , creating a horseshoe - shaped setting ( the Bluestone Horseshoe ) which mirrored the shape of the central sarsen Trilithons . This phase is contemporary with the Seahenge site in Norfolk . After the monument ( 1600 BC on ) Computer rendering of the overall site The Y and Z Holes are the last known construction at Stonehenge , built about 1600 BC , and the last usage of it was probably during the Iron Age . Roman coins and medieval artefacts have all been found in or around the monument but it is unknown if the monument was in continuous use throughout British prehistory and beyond , or exactly how it would have been used . Notable is the massive Iron Age hillfort Vespasian 's Camp built alongside the Avenue near the Avon . A decapitated seventh century Saxon man was excavated from Stonehenge in 1923 . The site was known to scholars during the Middle Ages and since then it has been studied and adopted by numerous groups . Function and construction Main article : Theories about Stonehenge See also : Archaeoastronomy and Stonehenge Stonehenge was produced by a culture that left no written records . Many aspects of Stonehenge , such as how it was built and which purposes it was used for , remain subject to debate . A number of myths surround the stones . The site , specifically the great trilithon , the encompassing horseshoe arrangement of the five central trilithons , the heel stone , and the embanked avenue , are aligned to the sunset of the winter solstice and the opposing sunrise of the summer solstice . A natural landform at the monument 's location followed this line , and may have inspired its construction . The excavated remains of culled animal bones suggest that people may have gathered at the site for the winter rather than the summer . Further astronomical associations , and the precise astronomical significance of the site for its people , are a matter of speculation and debate . There is little or no direct evidence revealing the construction techniques used by the Stonehenge builders . Over the years , various authors have suggested that supernatural or anachronistic methods were used , usually asserting that the stones were impossible to move otherwise due to their massive size . However , conventional techniques , using Neolithic technology as basic as shear legs , have been demonstrably effective at moving and placing stones of a similar size . How the stones could be transported by a prehistoric people without the aid of the wheel or a pulley system is not known . The most common theory of how prehistoric people moved megaliths has them creating a track of logs on which the large stones were rolled along . Another megalith transport theory involves the use of a type of sleigh running on a track greased with animal fat . Such an experiment with a sleigh carrying a 40 - ton slab of stone was successful near Stonehenge in 1995 . A dedicated team of more than 100 workers managed to push and pull the slab along the 18 - mile ( 29 km ) journey from Marlborough Downs . Proposed functions for the site include usage as an astronomical observatory or as a religious site . More recently two major new theories have been proposed . Professor Geoffrey Wainwright , president of the Society of Antiquaries of London , and Timothy Darvill , of Bournemouth University , have suggested that Stonehenge was a place of healing -- the primeval equivalent of Lourdes . They argue that this accounts for the high number of burials in the area and for the evidence of trauma deformity in some of the graves . However , they do concede that the site was probably multifunctional and used for ancestor worship as well . Isotope analysis indicates that some of the buried individuals were from other regions . A teenage boy buried approximately 1550 BC was raised near the Mediterranean Sea ; a metal worker from 2300 BC dubbed the `` Amesbury Archer '' grew up near the alpine foothills of Germany ; and the `` Boscombe Bowmen '' probably arrived from Wales or Brittany , France . On the other hand , Mike Parker Pearson of Sheffield University has suggested that Stonehenge was part of a ritual landscape and was joined to Durrington Walls by their corresponding avenues and the River Avon . He suggests that the area around Durrington Walls Henge was a place of the living , whilst Stonehenge was a domain of the dead . A journey along the Avon to reach Stonehenge was part of a ritual passage from life to death , to celebrate past ancestors and the recently deceased . Both explanations were first mooted in the twelfth century by Geoffrey of Monmouth , who extolled the curative properties of the stones and was also the first to advance the idea that Stonehenge was constructed as a funerary monument . Whatever religious , mystical or spiritual elements were central to Stonehenge , its design includes a celestial observatory function , which might have allowed prediction of eclipse , solstice , equinox and other celestial events important to a contemporary religion . There are other hypotheses and theories . According to a team of British researchers led by Mike Parker Pearson of the University of Sheffield , Stonehenge may have been built as a symbol of `` peace and unity '' , indicated in part by the fact that at the time of its construction , Britain 's Neolithic people were experiencing a period of cultural unification . Another idea has to do with a quality of the stones themselves . Researchers from the Royal College of Art in London have discovered that some of the monument 's stones possess `` unusual acoustic properties '' -- when they are struck they respond with a `` loud clanging noise '' . According to Paul Devereux , editor of the journal Time and Mind : The Journal of Archaeology , Consciousness and Culture , this idea could explain why certain bluestones were hauled nearly 200 miles ( 320 km ) -- a major technical accomplishment at the time . In certain ancient cultures rocks that ring out , known as lithophones , were believed to contain mystic or healing powers , and Stonehenge has a history of association with rituals . The presence of these `` ringing rocks '' seems to support the hypothesis that Stonehenge was a `` place for healing '' , as has been pointed out by Bournemouth University archaeologist Timothy Darvill , who consulted with the researchers . Some of the stones of Stonehenge were brought from near a town in Wales called Maenclochog , a name which means `` ringing rock '' . Modern History Folklore The Heel Stone `` Heel stone '' , `` Friar 's Heel '' , or `` sun - stone '' The Heel Stone lies north east of the sarsen circle , beside the end portion of Stonehenge Avenue . It is a rough stone , 16 feet ( 4.9 m ) above ground , leaning inwards towards the stone circle . It has been known by many names in the past , including `` Friar 's Heel '' and `` Sun - stone '' . At summer solstice an observer standing within the stone circle , looking north - east through the entrance , would see the Sun rise in the approximate direction of the heel stone , and the sun has often been photographed over it . A folk tale relates the origin of the Friar 's Heel reference . The Devil bought the stones from a woman in Ireland , wrapped them up , and brought them to Salisbury plain . One of the stones fell into the Avon , the rest were carried to the plain . The Devil then cried out , `` No - one will ever find out how these stones came here ! '' A friar replied , `` That 's what you think ! '' , whereupon the Devil threw one of the stones at him and struck him on the heel . The stone stuck in the ground and is still there . Brewer 's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable attributes this tale to Geoffrey of Monmouth , but though book eight of Geoffrey 's Historia Regum Britanniae does describe how Stonehenge was built , the two stories are entirely different . The name is not unique ; there was a monolith with the same name recorded in the nineteenth century by antiquarian Charles Warne at Long Bredy in Dorset . Arthurian legend A giant helps Merlin build Stonehenge . From a manuscript of the Roman de Brut by Wace in the British Library ( Egerton 3028 ) . Dating back to the second quarter of the 14th century , this is the oldest known depiction of Stonehenge . In the twelfth century , Geoffrey of Monmouth included a fanciful story in his Historia Regum Britanniae ( `` History of the Kings of Britain '' ) that attributed the monument 's construction to the wizard Merlin . Geoffrey 's story spread widely , appearing in more and less elaborate form in adaptations of his work such as Wace 's Norman French Roman de Brut , Layamon 's Middle English Brut , and the Welsh Brut y Brenhinedd . According to Geoffrey the rocks of Stonehenge were healing rocks , called the Giant 's dance , which Giants had brought from Africa to Ireland for their healing properties . The fifth - century king Aurelius Ambrosius wished to erect a memorial to 3,000 nobles slain in battle against the Saxons and buried at Salisbury , and at Merlin 's advice chose Stonehenge . The king sent Merlin , Uther Pendragon ( King Arthur 's father ) , and 15,000 knights , to remove it from Ireland , where it had been constructed on Mount Killaraus by the Giants . They slew 7,000 Irish but , as the knights tried to move the rocks with ropes and force , they failed . Then Merlin , using `` gear '' and skill , easily dismantled the stones and sent them over to Britain , where Stonehenge was dedicated . After it had been rebuilt near Amesbury , Geoffrey further narrates how first Ambrosius Aurelianus , then Uther Pendragon , and finally Constantine III , were buried inside the `` Giants ' Ring of Stonehenge '' . In another legend of Saxons and Britons , in 472 the invading king Hengist invited Brythonic warriors to a feast , but treacherously ordered his men to draw their weapons from concealment and fall upon the guests , killing 420 of them . Hengist erected the stone monument -- Stonehenge -- on the site to show his remorse for the deed . Sixteenth century to present Farm carts near the site , ca . 1885 Stonehenge has changed ownership several times since King Henry VIII acquired Amesbury Abbey and its surrounding lands . In 1540 Henry gave the estate to the Earl of Hertford . It subsequently passed to Lord Carleton and then the Marquess of Queensberry . The Antrobus family of Cheshire bought the estate in 1824 . During World War I an aerodrome ( Royal Flying Corps `` No. 1 School of Aerial Navigation and Bomb Dropping '' ) was built on the downs just to the west of the circle and , in the dry valley at Stonehenge Bottom , a main road junction was built , along with several cottages and a cafe . The Antrobus family sold the site after their last heir was killed in the fighting in France . The auction by Knight Frank & Rutley estate agents in Salisbury was held on 21 September 1915 and included `` Lot 15 . Stonehenge with about 30 acres , 2 rods , 37 perches ( 12.44 ha ) of adjoining downland . '' Sunrise at Stonehenge on the summer solstice , 21 June 2005 Cecil Chubb bought the site for £ 6,600 and gave it to the nation three years later . Although it has been speculated that he purchased it at the suggestion of -- or even as a present for -- his wife , in fact he bought it on a whim , as he believed a local man should be the new owner . In the late 1920s a nationwide appeal was launched to save Stonehenge from the encroachment of the modern buildings that had begun to rise around it . By 1928 the land around the monument had been purchased with the appeal donations , and given to the National Trust to preserve . The buildings were removed ( although the roads were not ) , and the land returned to agriculture . More recently the land has been part of a grassland reversion scheme , returning the surrounding fields to native chalk grassland . Neopaganism 10th Battalion , CEF marches past the site , winter 1914 -- 15 ( WW I ) ; Background : Preservation work on stones , propped up by timbers During the twentieth century , Stonehenge began to revive as a place of religious significance , this time by adherents of Neopaganism and New Age beliefs , particularly the Neo-druids . The historian Ronald Hutton would later remark that `` it was a great , and potentially uncomfortable , irony that modern Druids had arrived at Stonehenge just as archaeologists were evicting the ancient Druids from it . '' The first such Neo-druidic group to make use of the megalithic monument was the Ancient Order of Druids , who performed a mass initiation ceremony there in August 1905 , in which they admitted 259 new members into their organisation . This assembly was largely ridiculed in the press , who mocked the fact that the Neo-druids were dressed up in costumes consisting of white robes and fake beards . Between 1972 and 1984 , Stonehenge was the site of the Stonehenge Free Festival . After the Battle of the Beanfield in 1985 , this use of the site was stopped for several years and ritual use of Stonehenge is now heavily restricted . Some Druids have arranged an assembling of monuments styled on Stonehenge in other parts of the world as a form of Druidist worship . Setting and access Stonehenge at sunset When Stonehenge was first opened to the public it was possible to walk among and even climb on the stones , but the stones were roped off in 1977 as a result of serious erosion . Visitors are no longer permitted to touch the stones , but are able to walk around the monument from a short distance away . English Heritage does , however , permit access during the summer and winter solstice , and the spring and autumn equinox . Additionally , visitors can make special bookings to access the stones throughout the year . The access situation and the proximity of the two roads has drawn widespread criticism , highlighted by a 2006 National Geographic survey . In the survey of conditions at 94 leading World Heritage Sites , 400 conservation and tourism experts ranked Stonehenge 75th in the list of destinations , declaring it to be `` in moderate trouble '' . As motorised traffic increased , the setting of the monument began to be affected by the proximity of the two roads on either side -- the A344 to Shrewton on the north side , and the A303 to Winterbourne Stoke to the south . Plans to upgrade the A303 and close the A344 to restore the vista from the stones have been considered since the monument became a World Heritage Site . However , the controversy surrounding expensive re-routing of the roads has led to the scheme being cancelled on multiple occasions . On 6 December 2007 , it was announced that extensive plans to build Stonehenge road tunnel under the landscape and create a permanent visitors ' centre had been cancelled . The visitors centre at Stonehenge On 13 May 2009 , the government gave approval for a £ 25 million scheme to create a smaller visitors ' centre and close the A344 , although this was dependent on funding and local authority planning consent . On 20 January 2010 Wiltshire Council granted planning permission for a centre 2.4 km ( 1.5 miles ) to the west and English Heritage confirmed that funds to build it would be available , supported by a £ 10m grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund . On 23 June 2013 the A344 was closed to begin the work of removing the section of road and replacing it with grass . The centre , designed by Denton Corker Marshall , opened to the public on 18 December 2013 . Stonehenge Roundtable access Dancing inside the stones , 1984 Stonehenge Free Festival The earlier rituals were augmented by the Stonehenge Free Festival , loosely organised by the Politantric Circle , held between 1972 and 1984 , during which time the number of midsummer visitors had risen to around 30,000 . However , in 1985 the site was closed to festivalgoers by English Heritage and the National Trust . A consequence of the end of the festival in 1985 was the violent confrontation between the police and New Age travellers that became known as the Battle of the Beanfield when police blockaded a convoy of travellers to prevent them from approaching Stonehenge . Beginning in 1985 , the year of the Battle of the Beanfield , no access was allowed into the stones at Stonehenge for any religious reason . This ' exclusion zone ' policy continued for almost fifteen years and until just before the arrival of the twenty - first century , visitors were not allowed to go into the stones at times of religious significance : the two Solstices ( Winter and Summer ) and two Equinoxes ( Vernal and Autumnal ) . However , now due to the Roundtable process and the ' Court of Human Rights ' rulings gained by picketing by campaigners such as Brian `` Viziondanz '' Felstein and King Arthur Pendragon , some access had been gained four times a year . The ' Court of Human Rights ' rulings recognises that members of any genuine religion have a right to worship in their own church , and Stonehenge is a place of worship to Neo-Druids , Pagans and other ' Earth based ' or ' old ' religions . The Roundtable meetings include members of the Wiltshire Police force , National Trust , English Heritage , Pagans , Druids , Spiritualists and others . At the Summer Solstice 2003 which fell over a weekend over 30,000 people attended a gathering at and in the stones . The 2004 gathering was smaller ( around 21,000 people ) . Archaeological research and restoration ( ( ( annotations ) ) ) Post-World War I aerial photograph Seventeenth century depiction of Stonehenge from the Atlas van Loon 1600 -- 1900 Throughout recorded history , Stonehenge and its surrounding monuments have attracted attention from antiquarians and archaeologists . John Aubrey was one of the first to examine the site with a scientific eye in 1666 , and recorded in his plan of the monument the pits that now bear his name . William Stukeley continued Aubrey 's work in the early eighteenth century , but took an interest in the surrounding monuments as well , identifying ( somewhat incorrectly ) the Cursus and the Avenue . He also began the excavation of many of the barrows in the area , and it was his interpretation of the landscape that associated it with the Druids . Stukeley was so fascinated with Druids that he originally named Disc Barrows as Druids ' Barrows . The most accurate early plan of Stonehenge was that made by Bath architect John Wood in 1740 . His original annotated survey has recently been computer redrawn and published . Importantly Wood 's plan was made before the collapse of the southwest trilithon , which fell in 1797 and was restored in 1958 . William Cunnington was the next to tackle the area in the early nineteenth century . He excavated some 24 barrows before digging in and around the stones and discovered charred wood , animal bones , pottery and urns . He also identified the hole in which the Slaughter Stone once stood . Richard Colt Hoare supported Cunnington 's work and excavated some 379 barrows on Salisbury Plain including on some 200 in the area around the Stones , some excavated in conjunction with William Coxe . To alert future diggers to their work they were careful to leave initialled metal tokens in each barrow they opened . Cunnington 's finds are displayed at the Wiltshire Museum . In 1877 Charles Darwin dabbled in archaeology at the stones , experimenting with the rate at which remains sink into the earth for his book The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms . An early photograph of Stonehenge taken July 1877 The monument from a similar angle in 2008 showing the extent of reconstruction A contemporary newspaper depiction of the 1920 restoration 1900 -- 2000 William Gowland oversaw the first major restoration of the monument in 1901 which involved the straightening and concrete setting of sarsen stone number 56 which was in danger of falling . In straightening the stone he moved it about half a metre from its original position . Gowland also took the opportunity to further excavate the monument in what was the most scientific dig to date , revealing more about the erection of the stones than the previous 100 years of work had done . During the 1920 restoration William Hawley , who had excavated nearby Old Sarum , excavated the base of six stones and the outer ditch . He also located a bottle of port in the Slaughter Stone socket left by Cunnington , helped to rediscover Aubrey 's pits inside the bank and located the concentric circular holes outside the Sarsen Circle called the Y and Z Holes . Richard Atkinson , Stuart Piggott and John F.S. Stone re-excavated much of Hawley 's work in the 1940s and 1950s , and discovered the carved axes and daggers on the Sarsen Stones . Atkinson 's work was instrumental in furthering the understanding of the three major phases of the monument 's construction . In 1958 the stones were restored again , when three of the standing sarsens were re-erected and set in concrete bases . The last restoration was carried out in 1963 after stone 23 of the Sarsen Circle fell over . It was again re-erected , and the opportunity was taken to concrete three more stones . Later archaeologists , including Christopher Chippindale of the Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology , University of Cambridge and Brian Edwards of the University of the West of England , campaigned to give the public more knowledge of the various restorations and in 2004 English Heritage included pictures of the work in progress in its book Stonehenge : A History in Photographs . In 1966 and 1967 , in advance of a new car park being built at the site , the area of land immediately northwest of the stones was excavated by Faith and Lance Vatcher . They discovered the Mesolithic postholes dating from between 7000 and 8000 BC , as well as a 10 - metre ( 33 ft ) length of a palisade ditch -- a V - cut ditch into which timber posts had been inserted that remained there until they rotted away . Subsequent aerial archaeology suggests that this ditch runs from the west to the north of Stonehenge , near the avenue . Excavations were once again carried out in 1978 by Atkinson and John Evans during which they discovered the remains of the Stonehenge Archer in the outer ditch , and in 1979 rescue archaeology was needed alongside the Heel Stone after a cable - laying ditch was mistakenly dug on the roadside , revealing a new stone hole next to the Heel Stone . In the early 1980s Julian Richards led the Stonehenge Environs Project , a detailed study of the surrounding landscape . The project was able to successfully date such features as the Lesser Cursus , Coneybury Henge and several other smaller features . In 1993 the way that Stonehenge was presented to the public was called ' a national disgrace ' by the House of Commons Public Accounts Committee . Part of English Heritage 's response to this criticism was to commission research to collate and bring together all the archaeological work conducted at the monument up to this date . This two - year research project resulted in the publication in 1995 of the monograph Stonehenge in its landscape , which was the first publication presenting the complex stratigraphy and the finds recovered from the site . It presented a rephasing of the monument . 2000s More recent excavations include a series of digs held between 2003 and 2008 known as the Stonehenge Riverside Project , led by Mike Parker Pearson . This project mainly investigated other monuments in the landscape and their relationship to the stones -- notably Durrington Walls , where another `` Avenue '' leading to the River Avon was discovered . The point where the Stonehenge Avenue meets the river was also excavated , and revealed a previously unknown circular area which probably housed four further stones , most likely as a marker for the starting point of the avenue . In April 2008 Tim Darvill of the University of Bournemouth and Geoff Wainwright of the Society of Antiquaries , began another dig inside the stone circle to retrieve dateable fragments of the original bluestone pillars . They were able to date the erection of some bluestones to 2300 BC , although this may not reflect the earliest erection of stones at Stonehenge . They also discovered organic material from 7000 BC , which , along with the Mesolithic postholes , adds support for the site having been in use at least 4,000 years before Stonehenge was started . In August and September 2008 , as part of the Riverside Project , Julian Richards and Mike Pitts excavated Aubrey Hole 7 , removing the cremated remains from several Aubrey Holes that had been excavated by Hawley in the 1920s , and re-interred in 1935 . A licence for the removal of human remains at Stonehenge had been granted by the Ministry of Justice in May 2008 , in accordance with the Statement on burial law and archaeology issued in May 2008 . One of the conditions of the licence was that the remains should be reinterred within two years and that in the intervening period they should be kept safely , privately and decently . A new landscape investigation was conducted in April 2009 . A shallow mound , rising to about 40 cm ( 16 inches ) was identified between stones 54 ( inner circle ) and 10 ( outer circle ) , clearly separated from the natural slope . It has not been dated but speculation that it represents careless backfilling following earlier excavations seems disproved by its representation in eighteenth - and nineteenth - century illustrations . Indeed , there is some evidence that , as an uncommon geological feature , it could have been deliberately incorporated into the monument at the outset . A circular , shallow bank , little more than 10 cm ( 4 inches ) high , was found between the Y and Z hole circles , with a further bank lying inside the `` Z '' circle . These are interpreted as the spread of spoil from the original Y and Z holes , or more speculatively as hedge banks from vegetation deliberately planted to screen the activities within . In July 2010 , the Stonehenge Hidden Landscape Project discovered a `` henge - like '' monument less than 1 km ( 0.62 miles ) away from the main site . This new hengiform monument was subsequently revealed to be located `` at the site of Amesbury 50 '' , a round barrow in the Cursus Barrows group . On 26 November 2011 , archaeologists from University of Birmingham announced the discovery of evidence of two huge pits positioned within the Stonehenge Cursus pathway , aligned in celestial position towards midsummer sunrise and sunset when viewed from the Heel Stone . The new discovery is part of the Stonehenge Hidden Landscape Project which began in the summer of 2010 . The project uses non-invasive geophysical imaging technique to reveal and visually recreate the landscape . According to team leader Vince Gaffney , this discovery may provide a direct link between the rituals and astronomical events to activities within the Cursus at Stonehenge . On 18 December 2011 , geologists from University of Leicester and the National Museum of Wales announced the discovery of the exact source of some of the rhyolite fragments found in the Stonehenge debitage . These fragments do not seem to match any of the standing stones or bluestone stumps . The researchers have identified the source as a 70 - metre ( 230 ft ) long rock outcrop called Craig Rhos - y - Felin ( 51 ° 59 ′ 30.07 '' N 4 ° 44 ′ 40.85 '' W  /  51.9916861 ° N 4.7446806 ° W  / 51.9916861 ; - 4.7446806  ( Craig Rhos - y - Felin ) ) , near Pont Saeson in north Pembrokeshire , located 220 kilometres ( 140 mi ) from Stonehenge . On 10 September 2014 the University of Birmingham announced findings including evidence of adjacent stone and wooden structures and burial mounds , overlooked previously , that may date as far back as 4000 BC . An area extending to 12 square kilometres ( 1,200 ha ) was studied to a depth of three metres with ground - penetrating radar equipment . As many as seventeen new monuments , revealed nearby , may be Late Neolithic monuments that resemble Stonehenge . The interpretation suggests a complex of numerous related monuments . Also included in the discovery is that the cursus track is terminated by two five - meter wide extremely deep pits , whose purpose is still a mystery . In popular culture See also : Cultural depictions of Stonehenge `` Stonehenge '' from mockumentary This Is Spinal Tap `` Stonehenge '' , a 2013 song by Ylvis See also Historical context Prehistoric Britain Other monuments in the Stonehenge ritual landscape Bluestonehenge Bush Barrow Normanton Down Barrows Woodhenge About Stonehenge and replicas of Stonehenge Archaeoastronomy and Stonehenge Cultural depictions of Stonehenge Excavations at Stonehenge Manhattanhenge Stonehenge replicas and derivatives Stonehenge Free Festival Stonehenge Landscape Fiction Stonehenge ( novel ) Similar sites See also : Stonehenge replicas and derivatives Almendres Cromlech Arkaim Cahokia Carhenge Goloring Goseck circle List of largest monoliths in the world Maryhill Stonehenge Medicine wheel Newgrange Ring of Brodgar Zorats Karer Sites with similar sunrise or sunset alignments Manhattanhenge MIThenge Museums with collections from the World Heritage Site Salisbury and South Wiltshire Museum Wiltshire Museum References Jump up ^ Christopher Young , Amanda Chadburn , Isabelle Bedu ( July 2008 ) . `` Stonehenge World Heritage Site Management Plan '' . 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Jump up ^ Stonehenge on YouTube , 13 December 2013 Bibliography Atkinson , RJC , Stonehenge ( Penguin Books , 1956 ) Bender , B , Stonehenge : Making Space ( Berg Publishers , 1998 ) Burl , A , Great Stone Circles ( Yale University Press , 1999 ) Aubrey Burl , Prehistoric Stone Circles ( Shire , 2001 ) ( In Burl 's Stonehenge ( Constable , 2006 ) , he notes , cf . the meaning of the name in paragraph two above , that `` the Saxons called the ring ' the hanging stones ' , as though they were gibbets . '' ) Chippindale , C , Stonehenge Complete ( Thames and Hudson , London , 2004 ) ISBN 0 - 500 - 28467 - 9 Chippindale , C , et al. , Who owns Stonehenge ? ( BT Batsford Ltd , 1990 ) Cleal , R.M.J. , Walker , K.E. & Montague , R. , Stonehenge in its landscape ( English Heritage , London , 1995 ) Cunliffe , B , & Renfrew , C , Science and Stonehenge ( The British Academy 92 , Oxford University Press , 1997 ) Godsell , Andrew `` Stonehenge : Older Than the Centuries '' in `` Legends of British History '' ( 2008 ) Hall , R , Leather , K , & Dobson , G , Stonehenge Aotearoa ( Awa Press , 2005 ) Hawley , Lt - Col W , The Excavations at Stonehenge . ( The Antiquaries Journal 1 , Oxford University Press , 19 -- 41 ) . 1921 . Hawley , Lt - Col W , Second Report on the Excavations at Stonehenge . ( The Antiquaries Journal 2 , Oxford University Press , 1922 ) Hawley , Lt - Col W , Third Report on the Excavations at Stonehenge . ( The Antiquaries Journal 3 , Oxford University Press , 1923 ) Hawley , Lt - Col W , Fourth Report on the Excavations at Stonehenge . ( The Antiquaries Journal 4 , Oxford University Press , 1923 ) Hawley , Lt - Col W , Report on the Excavations at Stonehenge during the season of 1923 . ( The Antiquaries Journal 5 , Oxford University Press , 1925 ) Hawley , Lt - Col W , Report on the Excavations at Stonehenge during the season of 1924 . ( The Antiquaries Journal 6 , Oxford University Press , 1926 ) Hawley , Lt - Col W , Report on the Excavations at Stonehenge during 1925 and 1926 . ( The Antiquaries Journal 8 , Oxford University Press , 1928 ) Hutton , R , From Universal Bond to Public Free For All ( British Archaeology 83 , 2005 ) John , Brian , `` The Bluestone Enigma : Stonehenge , Preseli and the Ice Age '' ( Greencroft Books , 2008 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 905559 - 89 - 6 Johnson , Anthony , Solving Stonehenge : The New Key to an Ancient Enigma ( Thames & Hudson , 2008 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 05155 - 9 Legg , Rodney , `` Stonehenge Antiquaries '' ( Dorset Publishing Company , 1986 ) Mooney , J , Encyclopedia of the Bizarre ( Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers , 2002 ) Newall , RS , Stonehenge , Wiltshire - Ancient monuments and historic buildings - ( Her Majesty 's Stationery Office , London , 1959 ) North , J , Stonehenge : Ritual Origins and Astronomy ( HarperCollins , 1997 ) Pitts , M , Hengeworld ( Arrow , London , 2001 ) Pitts , MW , On the Road to Stonehenge : Report on Investigations beside the A344 in 1968 , 1979 and 1980 ( Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 48 , 1982 ) Richards , J , English Heritage Book of Stonehenge ( BT Batsford Ltd , 1991 ) Julian Richards Stonehenge : A History in Photographs ( English Heritage , London , 2004 ) Stone , JFS , Wessex Before the Celts ( Frederick A Praeger Publishers , 1958 ) Worthington , A , Stonehenge : Celebration and Subversion ( Alternative Albion , 2004 ) English Heritage : Stonehenge : Historical Background Videography SPENCER , Christopher ( dir . ) `` Stonehenge decoded '' , New York City : National Geographic , 2008 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stonehenge . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Stonehenge Wikisource has the text of The New Student 's Reference Work article Stonehenge . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Stonehenge . Stonehenge English Heritage official site : access and visiting information ; research ; future plans 360 ° panoramic English Heritage : A stunning interactive view from the center . Stonehenge Landscape The National Trust -- Information about the surrounding area . Stonehenge Today and Yesterday By Frank Stevens , at Project Gutenberg . The History of Stonehenge BBC animation of the monument 's construction . Stonehenge , a Temple Restor 'd to the British Druids By William Stukeley , at Sacred Texts . Stonehenge , and Other British Monuments Astronomically Considered By Norman Lockyer , at Sacred Texts . Stonehenge Laser Scans English Heritage report about the evidence of stone - working and carvings revealed after scanning of the stones . Glaciers and the bluestones of Wales British Archaeology essay about the bluestones as glacial deposits . Stonehenge Twentieth Century Excavations Databases An English Heritage commissioned report by Wessex Archaeology on the twentieth century excavations . Stonehenge : Stones being repositioned during restoration work in 1914 Reconstruction work in the 1950s World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom England Bath Blenheim Palace Canterbury Cathedral , St. Augustine 's Abbey and St. Martin 's Church Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape Derwent Valley Mills Durham Castle and Cathedral Frontiers of the Roman Empire Hadrian 's Wall Ironbridge Gorge Jurassic Coast Kew Royal Botanic Gardens Lake District Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City Maritime Greenwich Saltaire Stonehenge , Avebury and Associated Sites Studley Royal Park and Fountains Abbey Tower of London Westminster Palace , Westminster Abbey and St. Margaret 's Church Scotland Edinburgh Old Town and New Town Forth Bridge Frontiers of the Roman Empire Antonine Wall Heart of Neolithic Orkney New Lanark St. Kilda Wales Blaenavon Industrial Landscape Castles and Town Walls of King Edward I in Gwynedd Pontcysyllte Aqueduct Northern Ireland Giant 's Causeway British Overseas Territories Gorham 's Cave Complex Gough Island Inaccessible Island Henderson Island Town of St. George and Related Fortifications European megaliths Armenia Metsamor Zorats Karer Azerbaijan Gobustan Rocks Bulgaria Beglik Tash Garlo England Arbor Low Avebury Barbrook One Birkrigg Boscawen - Un Boskednan Brown Willy Cairns The Bull Ring Burnmoor stone circles Castlerigg Craddock Moor Devil 's Arrows Doll Tor Drizzlecombe Duloe Fernacre Gardom 's Edge Goodaver Grey Wethers Hoarstones Hordron Edge Hurlers Leper Stone Long Meg and Her Daughters Mên - an - Tol The Merry Maidens Mitchell 's Fold Nine Ladies Nine Stones , Altarnun Pipers Rollright Rudston Monolith Scorhill Stannon Stanton Drew Stonehenge Stripple Swinside Trippet France Barnenez Tumulus of Bougon Caixa de Rotllan Carnac Menhir de Champ - Dolent Dolmen de Bagneux Broken Menhir of Er Grah Filitosa Gallardet Dolmen Gavrinis Harrespil Kerzerho Locmariaquer megaliths Mane Braz Paddaghju Peyre - Brune Tremeca Verziau of Gargantua Germany Altendorf Denghoog Fraubillen cross Harhoog Lancken - Granitz dolmens Lohra Megaliths in Mecklenburg - Vorpommern Niedertiefenbach Oldendorfer Totenstatt Riesenstein Route of Megalithic Culture Sieben Steinhäuser Wotanstein Züschen Ireland Ardgroom Beltany stone circle Bohonagh Brownshill Dolmen Brú na Bóinne Carrigagulla Carrowmore Castlestrange stone Creevykeel Court Tomb Drombeg Gaulstown Portal Tomb Glantane East Grange stone circle High cross Knocknakilla Meehambee Dolmen Piper 's Stones Poulnabrone dolmen Reask Templebryan Stone Circle Turoe stone Uragh Stone Circle Jersey Jersey Dolmens La Hougue Bie Malta Megalithic Temples ( Borġ l - Imramma Borġ in - Nadur Buġibba Debdieba Ġgantija Ħaġar Qim Ħal - Ġinwi Kordin Mnajdra Qortin l - Imdawwar Santa Verna Skorba Ta ' Ħaġrat Ta ' Marżiena Ta ' Raddiena Tal - Qadi Tarxien Tas - Silġ Xemxija Xrobb l - Għaġin ) Hypogeum of Ħal - Saflieni Xagħra Stone Circle Netherlands Hunebed Northern Ireland Aughlish Ballynoe Beaghmore Corick Drumskinny Legananny Giant 's Ring Poland Brąchnówko Grzybnica Odry Węsiory Portugal Almendres Cromlech Anta Grande do Zambujeiro Cunha Baixa Dolmen Russia Dolmens of North Caucasus Thunder Stone Megaliths in the Urals Russian Geoglyph Scandinavia Picture stones Runestones Stone circles Stone ships Scotland Balquhain Callanish II III IV VIII X Carlin Cat Stane Clach an Trushal Colmeallie Drybridge Easter Aquhorthies Lochmaben Stone Pictish Ring of Brodgar Sheldon Stenness Steinacleit Strichen Yonder Bognie Ukraine Boundary stones Wales Barclodiad y Gawres Bedd Arthur Bedd Taliesin Bodowyr Bryn Cader Faner Bryn Celli Ddu Bryn Gwyn stones Capel Garmon Carreg Coetan Arthur Carreg Samson Coetan Arthur Foel Chwern Llanfechell Lligwy Burial Chamber Maen Llia Maen Madoc Meini Hirion Moel Tŷ Uchaf Parc Cwm long cairn Penrhos Feilw Pentre Ifan St Lythans burial chamber Trefignath Tinkinswood Tŷ Newydd Burial Chamber Whetstones General articles Standing stone Dolmen Henge Menhir Stone circle Stone row Concentric stone circle Recumbent stone circle Chambered cairn Harrespil Photographs of stone circles Middle Eastern megaliths Prehistoric technology Prehistory timeline outline Stone Age subdivisions New Stone Age synoptic table Technology history Tools Farming Neolithic Revolution founder crops New World crops Ard / plough Celt Digging stick Domestication Goad Irrigation Secondary products Sickle Terracing Food processing Fire Basket Cooking Earth oven Granaries Grinding slab Ground stone Hearth Aşıklı Höyük Qesem Cave Manos Metate Mortar and pestle Pottery Quern - stone Storage pit Hunting Arrow Boomerang throwing stick Bow and arrow history Nets Spear Spear - thrower baton harpoon woomera Schöningen Spears Projectile points Arrowhead Bare Island Cascade Clovis Cresswell Cumberland Eden Folsom Lamoka Manis Site Plano Transverse arrowhead Systems Game drive system Buffalo jump Toolmaking Earliest toolmaking Oldowan Acheulean Mousterian Clovis culture Cupstone Fire hardening Gravettian culture Hafting Hand axe Grooves Langdale axe industry Levallois technique Lithic core Lithic reduction analysis debitage flake Lithic technology Magdalenian culture Metallurgy Microblade technology Mining Prepared - core technique Solutrean industry Striking platform Tool stone Uniface Yubetsu technique Other tools Adze Awl bone Axe Bannerstone Blade prismatic Bone tool Bow drill Burin Canoe Oar Pesse canoe Chopper tool Cleaver Denticulate tool Fire plough Fire - saw Hammerstone Knife Microlith Quern - stone Racloir Rope Scraper side Stone tool Tally stick Weapons Wheel illustration Architecture Ceremonial Göbekli Tepe Kiva Standing stones megalith row Stonehenge Pyramid Dwellings Neolithic architecture British megalith architecture Nordic megalith architecture Burdei Cave Cliff dwelling Dugout Hut Quiggly hole Jacal Longhouse Mud brick Mehrgarh Neolithic long house Pit - house Pueblitos Pueblo Rock shelter Blombos Cave Abri de la Madeleine Sibudu Cave Stone roof Roundhouse Stilt house Alp pile dwellings Wattle and daub Water management Check dam Cistern Flush toilet Reservoir Water well Other architecture Archaeological features Broch Burnt mound fulacht fiadh Causewayed enclosure Tor enclosure Circular enclosure Goseck Cursus Henge Thornborough Oldest buildings Megalithic architectural elements Midden Timber circle Timber trackway Sweet Track Arts and culture Material goods Baskets Beadwork Beds Chalcolithic Clothing / textiles timeline Cosmetics Glue Hides shoes Ötzi Jewelry amber use Mirrors Pottery Cardium Grooved ware Linear Jōmon Unstan ware Sewing needle Weaving Wine Winery wine press Prehist Art Art of the Upper Paleolithic Art of the Middle Paleolithic Blombos Cave List of Stone Age art Bird stone Bradshaw rock paintings Cairn Carved Stone Balls Cave paintings painting pigment Cup and ring mark Geoglyph Golden hats Guardian stones Megalithic art Petroform Petroglyph Petrosomatoglyph Pictogram Rock art Stone carving Sculpture Statue menhir Stone circle list British Isles and Brittany Venus figurines Burial Burial mounds Bowl barrow Round barrow Mound Builders culture U.S. sites Chamber tomb Severn - Cotswold Cist Dartmoor kistvaens Clava cairn Court tomb Cremation Dolmen Great dolmen Funeral pyre Gallery grave transepted wedge - shaped Grave goods Jar burial Long barrow unchambered Grønsalen Megalithic tomb Mummy Passage grave Rectangular dolmen Ring cairn Simple dolmen Stone box grave Tor cairn Tumulus Unchambered long cairn Other cultural Astronomy sites lunar calendar Behavioral modernity Origin of language Prehistoric medicine trepanning Evolutionary musicology music archaeology Prehistoric music Alligator drum flutes Divje Babe flute gudi Prehistoric numerals Origin of religion Paleolithic religion Prehistoric religion Spiritual drug use Prehistoric warfare Symbols symbolism VIAF : 137120591 LCCN : sh85128337 GND : 4057736 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stonehenge&oldid=806681598 '' Categories : Stonehenge 4th - millennium BC architecture Archaeological sites in Wiltshire Bronze Age sites in England Bronze Age sites in Wiltshire Buildings and structures completed in the 26th century BC Buildings and structures in Wiltshire English Heritage sites in Wiltshire Henges History of Wiltshire Locations associated with Arthurian legend Locations in Celtic mythology Megalithic monuments in England National Trust properties in Wiltshire Ruins in Wiltshire Scheduled Ancient Monuments in Wiltshire Stone Age sites in England Stone circles in England Tourist attractions in Wiltshire World Heritage Sites in England Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - 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who decides who is on the senate judiciary committee

United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary

united states senate committee on the judiciary

Senate Judiciary Committee Standing committee Active United States Senate 115th Congress History Formed December 10 , 1816 Leadership Chair Chuck Grassley ( R ) Since January 3 , 2015 Ranking member Dianne Feinstein ( D ) Since January 3 , 2017 Structure Seats 21 members Political parties Majority ( 11 ) Republican ( 11 ) Minority ( 10 ) Democratic ( 10 ) Jurisdiction Policy areas Federal judiciary , civil procedure , criminal procedure , civil liberties , copyrights , patents , trademarks , naturalization , constitutional amendments , congressional apportionment , state and territorial boundary lines Oversight authority Department of Justice , Department of Homeland Security , federal judicial nominations House counterpart House Committee on the Judiciary Meeting place 226 Dirksen Senate Office Building , Washington , D.C. Website judiciary.senate.gov Rules Rule XXV. 1. ( m ) , Standing Rules of the Senate Rules of Procedure U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary Sonia Sotomayor testifying before the Senate Judiciary Committee on her nomination for the United States Supreme Court The United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary , informally the Senate Judiciary Committee , is a standing committee of 21 U.S. Senators whose role is to oversee the Department of Justice ( DOJ ) , consider executive nominations , and review pending legislation . The Judiciary Committee 's oversight of the DOJ includes all of the agencies under the DOJ 's jurisdiction , such as the FBI . It also has oversight of the Department of Homeland Security ( DHS ) . The Committee considers presidential nominations for positions in the DOJ , the Office of National Drug Control Policy , the State Justice Institute , and certain positions in the Department of Commerce and DHS . It is also in charge of holding hearings and investigating judicial nominations to the Supreme Court , the U.S. court of appeals , the U.S. district courts , and the Court of International Trade . The Standing Rules of the Senate confer jurisdiction to the Senate Judiciary Committee in certain areas , such as considering proposed constitutional amendments and legislation related to federal criminal law , human rights law , immigration , intellectual property , antitrust law , and internet privacy . Contents 1 History 2 Members , 115th Congress 3 Historical membership 3.1 Members , 114th Congress 4 Current subcommittees 5 Chair since 1816 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Established in 1816 as one of the original standing committees in the United States Senate , the Senate Committee on the Judiciary is one of the oldest and most influential committees in Congress . Its broad legislative jurisdiction has assured its primary role as a forum for the public discussion of social and constitutional issues . The Committee is also responsible for oversight of key activities of the executive branch , and is responsible for the initial stages of the confirmation process of all judicial nominations for the federal judiciary . Members , 115th Congress ( edit ) Majority Minority Chuck Grassley , Iowa , Chairman Orrin Hatch , Utah Lindsey Graham , South Carolina John Cornyn , Texas Mike Lee , Utah Ted Cruz , Texas Ben Sasse , Nebraska Jeff Flake , Arizona Mike Crapo , Idaho Thom Tillis , North Carolina John Kennedy , Louisiana Dianne Feinstein , California , Ranking Member Patrick Leahy , Vermont Dick Durbin , Illinois Sheldon Whitehouse , Rhode Island Amy Klobuchar , Minnesota Chris Coons , Delaware Richard Blumenthal , Connecticut Mazie Hirono , Hawaii Cory Booker , New Jersey ( from January 9 , 2018 ) Kamala Harris , California ( from January 9 , 2018 ) Al Franken , Minnesota ( until January 2 , 2018 ) Republican Senator from Iowa , Chuck Grassley , has been Chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee since 2015 . In January 2018 , the Democratic minority had their number of seats increase from 9 to 10 upon the election of Doug Jones ( D - AL ) , changing the 52 -- 48 Republican majority to 51 -- 49 . On January 2 , 2018 , Al Franken , who had been a member of the committee , resigned from the Senate following accusations of sexual misconduct . Historical membership ( edit ) Members , 114th Congress ( edit ) Majority Minority Chuck Grassley , Iowa , Chairman Orrin Hatch , Utah Jeff Sessions , Alabama Lindsey Graham , South Carolina John Cornyn , Texas Mike Lee , Utah Ted Cruz , Texas Jeff Flake , Arizona David Vitter , Louisiana David Perdue , Georgia Thom Tillis , North Carolina Patrick Leahy , Vermont , Ranking Member Dianne Feinstein , California Chuck Schumer , New York Dick Durbin , Illinois Sheldon Whitehouse , Rhode Island Amy Klobuchar , Minnesota Al Franken , Minnesota Chris Coons , Delaware Richard Blumenthal , Connecticut Source : 2013 Congressional Record , Vol. 159 , Page S296 to 297 Current subcommittees ( edit ) Subcommittee Chair Ranking member Antitrust , Competition Policy and Consumer Rights Mike Lee ( R - UT ) Amy Klobuchar ( D - MN ) The Constitution Ted Cruz ( R - TX ) Richard Blumenthal ( D - CT ) Crime and Terrorism Lindsey Graham ( R - SC ) Sheldon Whitehouse ( D - RI ) Border Security and Immigration John Cornyn ( R - TX ) Dick Durbin ( D - IL ) Oversight , Agency Action , Federal Rights and Federal Courts Ben Sasse ( R - NE ) Chris Coons ( D - DE ) Privacy , Technology , and the Law Jeff Flake ( R - AZ ) Chris Coons ( D - DE ) Chair since 1816 ( edit ) Chair Party State Years Dudley Chase Democratic - Republican Vermont 1816 -- 1817 John J. Crittenden Democratic - Republican Kentucky 1817 -- 1818 James Burrill , Jr . Federalist Rhode Island 1818 -- 1820 William Smith Democratic - Republican South Carolina 1819 -- 1823 Martin Van Buren Democratic - Republican New York 1823 -- 1828 John M. Berrien Jacksonian Georgia 1828 -- 1829 John Rowan Democratic - Republican Kentucky 1829 -- 1831 William L. Marcy Jacksonian New York 1831 -- 1832 William Wilkins Jacksonian Pennsylvania 1832 -- 1833 John M. Clayton Anti-Jacksonian Delaware 1833 -- 1836 Felix Grundy Jacksonian Tennessee 1836 -- 1838 Garret D. Wall Democratic New Jersey 1838 -- 1841 John M. Berrien Whig Georgia 1841 -- 1845 Chester Ashley Democratic Arkansas 1845 -- 1847 Andrew P. Butler Democratic South Carolina 1847 -- 1857 James A. Bayard , Jr . Democratic Delaware 1857 -- 1861 Lyman Trumbull Republican Illinois 1861 -- 1872 George G. Wright Republican Iowa 1872 George F. Edmunds Republican Vermont 1872 -- 1879 Allen G. Thurman Democratic Ohio 1879 -- 1881 George F. Edmunds Republican Vermont 1881 -- 1891 George Frisbie Hoar Republican Massachusetts 1891 -- 1893 James L. Pugh Democratic Alabama 1893 -- 1895 George Frisbie Hoar Republican Massachusetts 1895 -- 1904 Orville H. Platt Republican Connecticut 1904 -- 1905 Clarence D. Clark Republican Wyoming 1905 -- 1912 Charles Allen Culberson Democratic Texas 1912 -- 1919 Knute Nelson Republican Minnesota 1919 -- 1923 Frank B. Brandegee Republican Connecticut 1923 -- 1924 Albert B. Cummins Republican Iowa 1924 -- 1926 George William Norris Republican Nebraska 1926 -- 1933 Henry F. Ashurst Democratic Arizona 1933 -- 1941 Frederick Van Nuys Democratic Indiana 1941 -- 1945 Pat McCarran Democratic Nevada 1945 -- 1947 Alexander Wiley Republican Wisconsin 1947 -- 1949 Pat McCarran Democratic Nevada 1949 -- 1953 William Langer Republican North Dakota 1953 -- 1955 Harley M. Kilgore Democratic West Virginia 1955 -- 1956 James Eastland Democratic Mississippi 1956 -- 1978 Edward M. Kennedy Democratic Massachusetts 1978 -- 1981 Strom Thurmond Republican South Carolina 1981 -- 1987 Joe Biden Democratic Delaware 1987 -- 1995 Orrin Hatch Republican Utah 1995 -- 2001 Patrick Leahy Democratic Vermont 2001 Orrin Hatch Republican Utah 2001 Patrick Leahy Democratic Vermont 2001 -- 2003 Orrin Hatch Republican Utah 2003 -- 2005 Arlen Specter Republican Pennsylvania 2005 -- 2007 Patrick Leahy Democratic Vermont 2007 -- 2015 Chuck Grassley Republican Iowa 2015 -- present See also ( edit ) United States House Committee on the Judiciary List of current United States Senate committees References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Jurisdiction '' . United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Committee on the Judiciary '' . GovTrack . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Senate Records : Chapter 13 Judiciary 1947 - 1968 '' . National Archives . 2016 - 08 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` History United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary '' . www.judiciary.senate.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ When the Senate convened in January 2001 17 days before President George W. Bush was inaugurated , there was a 50 -- 50 split between Democrats and Republicans with Vice President Al Gore as a tiebreaking vote . Jump up ^ In June 2001 , Republican Jim Jeffords declared himself an Independent and caucused with the Democrats , giving the Democrats majority control . External links ( edit ) United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary Official Website ( Archive ) Senate Judiciary Committee . Legislation activity and reports , Congress.gov . Current United States congressional committees Senate ( list ) Aging ( Special ) Agriculture , Nutrition and Forestry Appropriations Armed Services Banking , Housing , and Urban Affairs Budget Commerce , Science , and Transportation Energy and Natural Resources Environment and Public Works Ethics ( Select ) Finance Foreign Relations Health , Education , Labor and Pensions Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Indian Affairs Intelligence ( Select ) Judiciary Narcotics ( Caucus ) Rules and Administration Small Business and Entrepreneurship Veterans ' Affairs House ( list ) Agriculture Appropriations Armed Services Budget Education and the Workforce Energy and Commerce Ethics Financial Services Foreign Affairs Homeland Security House Administration Intelligence ( Permanent Select ) Judiciary Natural Resources Oversight and Government Reform Rules Science , Space , and Technology Small Business Transportation and Infrastructure Veterans ' Affairs Ways and Means ( Whole ) Joint ( list ) Budget and Appropriations Process Reform ( Select ) Economic Inaugural Ceremonies ( Special ) Library Printing Solvency of Multiemployer Pension Plans ( Select ) Taxation ( Conference ) Standing committees , Defunct committees Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary&oldid=863097623 '' Categories : Committees of the United States Senate United States law 1816 establishments in Washington , D.C. Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Français 한국어 Português Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2018 , at 18 : 07 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

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where do nba players go when they get ejected

Basketball also features disqualification , also known as fouling out . A player who commits a certain number of personal fouls in a game ( 5 or 6 in most leagues ) , is removed from the game and is said to have `` fouled out '' . Unlike ejection , disqualification is not considered a punitive action but rather a natural consequence of a very physical sport with many instances of contact . Disqualified players are permitted to remain on the bench with the team ( instead of being sent to the locker room , as with an ejected player ) and are not subject to any further penalties ( such as fines or suspensions ) ; they can resume play in their next game . In the NBA , a technical foul ( which does not count towards suspension or ejection ) is also assessed for re-entering a game after fouling out of a game in emergency situations listed in Rule 3 , Section I when a team is reduced to five players . Once that occurs , a technical foul is charged if a player remains in the game after his sixth or subsequent foul , or as the last player to foul out , re-enters the game in case of injury to an eligible player that must be removed .

locker room

Ejection ( sports )

ejection ( sports )

In sports , an ejection ( also known as dismissal , sending - off , or disqualification ) is the removal of a participant from a contest due to a violation of the sport 's rules . The exact violations that lead to an ejection vary depending upon the sport , but common causes for ejection include unsportsmanlike conduct , violent acts against another participant that are beyond the sport 's generally accepted standards for such acts , abuse against officials , violations of the sport 's rules that the contest official deems to be egregious , or the use of an illegal substance to better a player 's game . Most sports have provisions that allow players to be ejected , and many allow for the ejection of coaches , managers , or other non-playing personnel .

The decision to eject a participant usually lies with one or more officials present at the contest ( e.g. , referees or umpires ) . In addition to removal from the contest , many sports leagues provide additional sanctions against participants who have been ejected , such as monetary fines or suspensions from future contests . When the offender is ejected , he / she must leave the immediate playing area ; in most cases , this means going to the locker room or other part of the venue out of sight of the playing area , or in extreme cases , leaving the facility grounds . In many youth sports leagues , ejected players are required to stay with their coach in the team area , or at least be supervised by an adult at whatever location the player is required to go . If a participant refuses to cooperate with an ejection , additional sanctions may be levied , such as forfeiture of the contest , monetary fines , or suspensions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Conditions for ejection by sport 1.1 Basketball 1.2 Baseball 1.3 American football 1.4 Association football 1.5 Rugby football 1.6 Cricket 1.7 Ice hockey 1.8 Water polo 1.9 Field lacrosse 2 Additional penalties 3 See also 4 References Conditions for ejection by sport ( edit ) Basketball ( edit ) In NBA and most other basketball games , a player or coach is ejected from the game if he accumulates two technical fouls of an unsportsmanlike nature over the course of the game . Participants who commit fouls of violence or enter the stands are ejected summarily regardless of the number of technical fouls accumulated . Ejected players / coaches must leave the court area for the remainder of play , and must do so immediately , or else risk even heavier fines / suspensions . In the NBA , an ejection will result in , at minimum , a $1,000 fine ; an ejection for leaving the bench during a fight carries at least a one - game suspension as well . In domestic games , refusing to leave after being ejected can result in a player being put on report . If being put on report does not provide enough encouragement for a player to leave the court , the official may award the game to the opposing team , regardless of score . Players who incur 16 technical fouls in a single NBA season are automatically suspended for one game ; an additional suspension is imposed for each increment of two thereafter . Should a player receive the 16th technical foul in the last regular - season game , he will be suspended for the first game in the next season , unless if his team is in the playoffs , when he will be suspended for the first playoff game . In the playoffs , players are suspended if they receive seven technical fouls . A significant rule change was made in 1981 whereby the NBA eliminated the ejection of a coach for three technical fouls caused by an illegal defense . Also , in the NBA ejections and suspensions are not permissible if a technical foul is caused by an excessive timeout , delay of game , accidental departure from the coach 's box , the destruction of a backboard caused by a play ( such as a dunk ) , defensive hanging on any part of the basket unit to successfully touch a ball ( Rule 12 ) , or any remaining in the game after six fouls when a team is out of players because of fouls , injuries , and ejections under Rule 3 , Section I , paragraph b . These technical fouls are referenced as `` Non-Unsportsmanlike Conduct Technical Fouls '' . The NBA all - time leader in disqualifications is Vern Mikkelsen , who was disqualified 127 times in 631 games . In FIBA sanctioned games , a player is ejected for two technicals ( since October 1 , 2014 ) , unsportsmanlike fouls or one disqualifying foul . Technical fouls in FIBA include swinging of elbows without contact and flopping , which are not fouls in the NBA . A coach can be ejected upon having incurred two coach technical fouls , or a combination of three bench and coach technical fouls . There is no separation regarding a `` non-unsportsmanlike conduct technical foul , '' as in the NBA , so two delay of game violations result in an ejection . In NFHS contests , ejected players must remain on the team bench , so that they may continue to be supervised by a coach or other adult team representative . If an adult team representative other than the head coach , such as an adult assistant coach , can provide supervision from the court and to the locker room for the duration of the contest , the player may leave the visual confines of the playing area with this representative . In NCAA contests , ejected players are dismissed to the locker room ; no adult supervision is required as NCAA players are assumed to be legally of adult age . Basketball also features disqualification , also known as fouling out . A player who commits a certain number of personal fouls in a game ( 5 or 6 in most leagues ) , is removed from the game and is said to have `` fouled out '' . Unlike ejection , disqualification is not considered a punitive action but rather a natural consequence of a very physical sport with many instances of contact . Disqualified players are permitted to remain on the bench with the team ( instead of being sent to the locker room , as with an ejected player ) and are not subject to any further penalties ( such as fines or suspensions ) ; they can resume play in their next game . In the NBA , a technical foul ( which does not count towards suspension or ejection ) is also assessed for re-entering a game after fouling out of a game in emergency situations listed in Rule 3 , Section I when a team is reduced to five players . Once that occurs , a technical foul is charged if a player remains in the game after his sixth or subsequent foul , or as the last player to foul out , re-enters the game in case of injury to an eligible player that must be removed . Baseball ( edit ) See also : Major League Baseball umpiring records § Ejections Despite having been ejected , manager of the Wisconsin Timber Rattlers Scott Steinmann continues to argue with umpire Nicholas Nolde . In baseball , each umpire has a considerable amount of discretion , and may eject any player , coach , or manager solely on his own judgment of unsportsmanlike conduct . The ejectable offense may be an excessively heated or offensive argument with an umpire , offensive interference ( contact with the catcher on a play at the plate ) , malicious game play ( especially pitchers attempting to intentionally strike batters with the ball or a manager or coach ordering a pitcher to do so ) , illegally applying a foreign substance to a bat or otherwise tampering with a ball ( most famously , George Brett 's Pine Tar Game ) , using a corked bat , charging the mound , or otherwise fighting . Between players and umpires , there is a common understanding that a certain level of argument is permitted , but players who too vigorously question an umpire 's judgment of balls and strikes , or argue a balk , may risk an ejection . Persons other than players , coaches and managers , such as spectators , ballpark staff , or members of the media , may be ejected at an umpire 's discretion . Depending on the circumstances , spectators who are ejected may also face arrest and prosecution . Bat boys and ball boys may be ejected for not wearing proper safety equipment . In some cases , an ejection is followed by a fine or a suspension by the league if the player , or manager or coach , reacts in a very hostile manner towards the umpire . Also , any ejection for malicious game play will normally result in a suspension . Some managers will engage in arguments with umpires specifically to provoke an ejection , in hopes of inspiring a rally from their team . Former Atlanta Braves manager Bobby Cox holds the MLB record for most ejections with 161 while Hall of Fame umpire Bill Klem holds the record for most ejections by an umpire with 251 . Baseball has a rich vocabulary for describing ejections : a player or coach may also be `` run '' , `` thrown out '' , `` banned '' , `` given the ol ' heave - ho '' , `` sent to the clubhouse '' , `` hit the showers '' , `` tossed '' , `` kicked out '' , `` dumped '' , `` sent off '' , `` pitched '' , `` bounced out '' , `` canned '' , `` chucked '' , or `` booted '' . American football ( edit ) Any player or team official who commits a personal foul ( i.e. striking , kicking , kneeing ) against another player or team official , commits an act of unnecessary roughness against another player or team official , commits an act of unsportsmanlike conduct , or commits a palpably unfair act is liable to be disqualified from further participation if the act is found to be flagrant . Any player or team official who fights with another player or team official , leaves the bench to take part in a fight , intentionally makes contact with or assaults a game official , or uses any item of equipment as a weapon is automatically disqualified . Compared to other American sports ( perhaps with the exception of basketball ) , ejections in American football are relatively uncommon considering the physical nature of the sport . If a player or team official is disqualified , his / her team is assessed a 15 - yard penalty , but if a player or team official is disqualified for a palpably unfair act , the distance or score penalty will be determined by the referee after consultation with the other officials . The National Football League ( NFL ) made an experimental rule change on March 23 , 2016 for the following season stating that two unsportsmanlike conduct penalties on a player would result in an automatic ejection from the game . Some coaches have expressed concern that this could result in a player with one such penalty being goaded by the opposing team into a second penalty to get them removed from the game . In high school football , a player or team official is automatically disqualified if he / she receives two unsportsmanlike conduct penalties in the same game . In college football , a player is automatically disqualified if he / she is determined to have led with the crown of his / her helmet , or targeted a defenseless player in his / her head or neck area . In addition , if said infraction is committed in the second half of a game , the player is suspended for the first half of the following game . Association football ( edit ) A red card , signifying ejection from a match Main article : Foul ( association football ) In association football , a player is dismissed from the field of play by the referee showing him / her a red card if ( s ) he commits a dismissible offence or has committed a second cautionable ( yellow card ) offence having already received a yellow card in the same game . The act of ejection is referred to in the sport as `` sending off '' . A difference between being dismissed in association football and the above - mentioned sports is that in association football , a player may not be replaced , forcing his / her team to play a man down for the remainder of the match . Additionally , a dismissal in any professional league results in an automatic suspension of at least one match . It is also possible for the manager or other team official to be `` sent off '' , which requires him / her to leave his / her dugout and sit in the stands away from the touch line . This usually requires another member of the coaching staff to make decisions for the team , such as substitutes and formation . Also , depending upon the rules of the association presiding over the game , the manager or team official may not be allowed on the bench or to communicate with assistants for at least his / her team 's next game . If the same team has 5 players who have been `` sent off '' , the match is then `` abandoned '' , that is , the game no longer continues . The officals then file a game report with the appropriate league or association . The league or associatation then decides if a forefit will be assessed and what the final score is recorded as . According to the Guinness Book of World Records , the most red cards administered in one game is 20 , for a match between Paraguayan teams Sportivo Ameliano and General Caballero that broke down into a generalized brawl and was subsequently abandoned . Rugby football ( edit ) In all codes of rugby , a player may be temporarily suspended for a period of the match . In rugby union and rugby league , the standard suspension period is 10 minutes ( out of an 80 - minute game ) . This is generally referred to as a ' yellow card ' as players are generally shown one in a manner similar to association football . Suspended players are said to be sent to the sin bin and is signalled by the referee showing two outstretched hands to the offender ( rugby league ) or by a yellow card ( rugby union ) . In the Northern Hemisphere it is not uncommon for referees to use both red and yellow cards in rugby league , similar to rugby union . In rugby union sevens , which normally lasts 14 minutes ( 20 in finals ) , the suspension period is 2 minutes . While eight minutes shorter than in fifteens , suspensions are more severe in sevens as one seventh of the team is out for one seventh of the match ; this opens up more space than losing one fifteenth of the team for one eighth of the match . Temporary suspensions are usually given for repeated infringements ( by either the same player or team ) , professional fouls and foul play , such as high tackles . A player can not be replaced while temporarily suspended , though may be at the conclusion of the suspension period . For more serious offences or a second infraction warranting a temporary suspension sanction , a player may be sent off for the rest of the game , with no replacement allowable . Special conditions exist in rugby union for the replacement of a sinbinned or sent - off front - row forward . Referees also have the power to send team officials to the stands , similar to that in football . Cricket ( edit ) In cricket , there is no provision in the rules for a player to be ejected , as the spirit of the game is against behaviour reaching the point at which such action would be required . However , players may be fined or suspended upon a post-game review of their conduct . In keeping with the spirit of the game , however , the umpires have the power to eject a bowler from the team 's bowling attack for the remainder of the innings ( or in the case of a one - innings match or the second innings of a two - innings match , the remainder of the match ) if the bowler , after having received one or two prior warnings ( depending on prior offences ) , is guilty of throwing ( law 24.4 ) , ball - tampering ( law 42.3 ) , dangerous and unfair bowling ( laws 42.6 and 42.7 ) , time wasting ( law 42.9 ) or running onto the protected area of the pitch ( law 42.12 ) . Any bowler who is guilty of deliberately bowling a high full - pitched ball ( law 42.8 ) is automatically ejected . If a bowler is ejected , the umpires will direct the captain of the fielding team , once the ball is dead , to take the bowler off forthwith . If there is an over in progress when the bowler is ejected , it shall be completed by another bowler who shall neither have bowled the previous over nor be allowed to bowl the next over . The bowler thus ejected shall not bowl again in that innings . Ice Hockey ( edit ) See also : Penalty ( ice hockey ) In ice hockey , there are several types of ejections for penalties : a `` game ejection '' , `` game misconduct penalty '' , `` match penalty '' , and formerly `` gross misconduct penalty '' . During games sanctioned by Hockey Canada , a `` game ejection '' is issued for three stick infraction penalties and is rather rare . These penalties include cross checking , high sticking , butt ending , slashing , and spearing . A game misconduct penalty is usually issued against a player for unsportsmanlike play , escalating a fight , or leaving the penalty box before he has completed serving time for another penalty , although some major penalties carry an automatic game misconduct . If a player incurs three game misconducts in a season , ( s ) he will be given a one - match ban . The player must leave the ice immediately , and a substitute may take over . However , if any other penalties are incurred by the ejected player in the same incident , they must be served in the penalty box by the substituting player . By the USA Hockey rules a player can receive a game misconduct for violently checking an opponent into the boards from behind , or if the opponent 's head strikes the boards or the goal frame as a result of the check from behind . It is also common knowledge that a player receive a game misconduct , regardless of the force of the hit , the second time ( s ) he checks an opponent from behind . A match penalty is usually issued against a player for deliberately attempting to injure another player , such as stomping on him with his / her skate or a malicious hit . In addition to the offending player being immediately ejected ( and usually subject to suspension ) , another player must serve a five - minute major penalty in the penalty box in addition to any other penalties imposed . The only exception is if a match penalty is against a goaltender , in which case the replacement goaltender can enter the ice immediately and a non-goaltender player serves the penalties . Match penalties may also be automatically flagged for review and supplementary discipline , depending on the league or association . Prior to 2000 , a gross misconduct was normally issued for an action far outside the normal level of acceptable behavior and was commonly given when a player has `` made a travesty of the game '' . Water polo ( edit ) An ejection is called for a hold , sink , or pullback by a defensive player . If a player commits a foul within 5 meters to the goal that prevents a probable goal the offense will be awarded a penalty shot . Ejections and penalties are also awarded due to interference of a play . For example , if an ordinary foul is called ( one blast of whistle ) and the defensive player continues to play on that player , an ejection will be awarded . If the player fails to make their way to the penalty box , the offensive team will be awarded a penalty shot . The replacement player may not join play until a change of possession , turnover or once 20 seconds elapse . Should the player acquire 3 personal fouls ( penalties / ejections ) the player must sit out for the remainder the game . Players in the water that acquire a misconduct ( shown by circular hand motions by the referee ) may no longer participate in the game and must sit out for the remainder of the game . Coaches and players on the bench may be removed by being awarded a red card . For Flagrant Misconducts and Brutalities the player may no longer participate for the remainder of the game , leave the playing area , and must face the consequences following their respective rulebook ( NCAA , FINA , NFHS , etc . ) Field lacrosse ( edit ) In men 's field lacrosse , an ejection ( expulsion foul ) is issued for a severe penalty , such as fighting , leaving the bench to take part in a fight , malicious hits , deliberately attempting to injure another player , blatant fouls at the end of ( or immediately following ) a game , or ( in high school ) receiving two unreleasable unsportsmanlike conduct penalties . Coaches and nonplaying personnel on a team must also be ejected if they use tobacco products during a game . The team guilty of an expulsion foul must serve a three - minute non-releasable penalty , and the ejected player / coach is suspended for the next game . Fouling out occurs if a player incurs five minutes of personal foul penalty time ( I.e. slashing , illegal body check , tripping , unnecessary roughness , unsportsmanlike conduct , punishable by a one to three minute penalty ) , but does not result in a suspension from the next game . Technical fouls do not count towards the five minutes ; however a player may be called for unsportsmanlike conduct if they repeatedly commit the same technical foul , in which case it would count toward fouling out . Additional penalties ( edit ) In some instances , a player or coach who is ejected must serve a suspension and may pay a fine . Often , the suspension is one game for the first offense , with harsher penalties depending on subsequent ejections and the severity of the offense . Sometimes in professional sports , a fine may be sanctioned against a player or coach . Most NFHS contests require ejected players to remain in the team area , so they may be supervised by a responsible team adult , usually the head or assistant coach ( as requiring a minor to leave an area unsupervised can lead to legal liabilities ) . If the player continues to be unruly , creative solutions may be implemented such as requiring an assistant coach to leave the area with the player , handing the player over to the school administrator on duty , or requiring the player 's parents to take the player home . See also ( edit ) Sports portal Penalty card Walk of shame Match penalty References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Rule 9.01 ( d ) '' . Official Major League Rule Book . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Rule 8.02 ( d ) '' . Official Major League Rule Book . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Rule 8.02 ( a ) '' . Official Major League Rule Book . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Rule 6.06 ( d ) '' . Official Major League Rule Book . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Rule 9.02 ( a ) '' . Official Major League Rule Book . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Rule 9.01 ( e ) '' . Official Major League Rule Book . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Rule 1.16 ( e ) '' . Official Major League Rule Book . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Umpire Ejection Fantasy League Polls : He Gone '' . Close Call Sports . August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Summary of Penalties Jump up ^ NFL passes automatic ejection rule for 2016 season Jump up ^ http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2627124-coaches-fear-the-nfls-new-ejection-rule-could-lead-to-the-goon-scenario Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/football/2002/jan/28/theknowledge.sport Jump up ^ The Laws of Cricket 42.18. iii ( Player 's Conduct ) Archived January 5 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Laws of Cricket ( MCC ) Archived March 11 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` USA Hockey Rulebook '' ( PDF ) . USA Hockey . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ejection_(sports)&oldid=817795905 '' Categories : Sports penalties Terminology used in multiple sports Sports rules and regulations Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from February 2009 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk 日本 語 Svenska 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 December 2017 , at 17 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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ministry of culture and tourism of the republic of turkey

Ministry of Culture and Tourism ( Turkey )

ministry of culture and tourism ( turkey )

The Ministry of Culture and Tourism ( Turkish : Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı ) is a government ministry of the Republic of Turkey , responsible for culture and tourism affairs in Turkey . Revolving fund management of the ministry is carried by DÖSİMM . On January 25 , 2013 , Ömer Çelik was appointed as minister following a cabinet change succeeding Ertuğrul Günay , who was in office since 2008 .

Ministry functions ( edit ) One of the responsibilities of the ministry is the preservation of manuscripts , so they are available and accessible to researchers . In promoting the country , the ministry often created promotional films for the country . In 2015 , the ministry gained controversy after axing a scene from a $4 million - dollar promotional involving Julianne Moore due to her allegedly `` poor acting '' . Ruhsar Demirel , of the Nationalist Movement Party , asked social affairs minister Ayşenur İslam : `` How reasonable do you find promoting Turkey with the body of such names and women ? How do you find , as a woman , giving plenty of money to a Hollywood star to promote Turkey , as if it were the 19th century ? '' , and other politicians criticised her for a `` depressive persona '' . In 2017 , alongside Turkish Airlines and Turkish tourism companies , the Ministry of Culture and Tourism helped finance Non-Transferable , a romantic comedy film produced by Brendan Bradley . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ DÖSİMM page Jump up ^ `` Ertuğrul Günay '' . Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism ( in Turkish ) . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Şenyüz , Selçuk ( 2013 - 01 - 25 ) . `` Kabine'de değişiklik '' . Hürriyet ( in Turkish ) . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` CIA . Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members of Foreign Governments '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Manuscripts '' . Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Turkey . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Benjamin ( 1 April 2015 ) . `` Julianne Moore cut from Turkey tourist board ad for ' poor acting ' '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Gutelle , Sam . `` Turkish Airlines Gets In On The YouTuber Film Trend With ' Non-Transferable ' '' . Tubefilter . Jump up ^ Lazar , Shira ( 23 February 2016 ) . `` How Do You Make a Movie in Europe With Almost No Budget ? '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Ministry of Culture ( Turkey ) at Wikimedia Commons Official site Tourism portal Tourism Strategy of Turkey - 2023 ( 2007 ) Ministries of Turkey Prime Ministry ( list ) Deputy Prime Ministries ( list ) Ministries Culture and Tourism ( list ) Customs and Trade Development Economic Affairs Energy and Natural Resources Environment and Urban Planning EU Affairs and Chief Negotiator Family and Social Policy Finance ( list ) Food , Agriculture and Livestock Foreign Affairs ( list ) Forest and Water Management Health Interior ( list ) Justice Labour and Social Security National Defence ( list ) National Education ( list ) Science , Industry and Technology Transport , Maritime Affairs and Communication ( list ) Youth and Sports Offices Foreign Affairs EU Affairs and Chief Negotiator Defunct Construction and Settlement Coordination Customs and Monopolies Enterprises General Staff Local Governments Navy Sharia and the Foundations Village Affairs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Culture_and_Tourism_(Turkey)&oldid=823667365 '' Categories : Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Turkey Tourism ministries Culture ministries Ministries established in 2003 2003 establishments in Turkey Hidden categories : CS1 Turkish - language sources ( tr ) Articles containing Turkish - language text Talk About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Français Kiswahili Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 February 2018 , at 17 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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course of right and left recurrent laryngeal nerves

The recurrent laryngeal nerve ( RLN ) is a branch of the vagus nerve ( cranial nerve X ) that supplies all the intrinsic muscles of the larynx , with the exception of the cricothyroid muscles . There are two recurrent laryngeal nerves , right and left , in the human body . The right and left nerves are not symmetrical , with the left nerve looping under the aortic arch , and the right nerve looping under the right subclavian artery then traveling upwards . They both travel alongside of the trachea . Additionally , the nerves are one of few nerves that follow a recurrent course , moving in the opposite direction to the nerve they branch from , a fact from which they gain their name .

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

recurrent laryngeal nerve

Recurrent laryngeal nerve Course of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve Posterior view of tracheal and bronchial lymph glands , with the left and right recurrent nerves visible on either side . Details From vagus nerve Innervates larynx posterior cricoarytenoid lateral cricoarytenoid arytenoid thyroarytenoid aryepiglottis esophagus Identifiers Latin nervus laryngeus recurrens MeSH D012009 TA A14. 2.01. 166 FMA 6246 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) The recurrent laryngeal nerve ( RLN ) is a branch of the vagus nerve ( cranial nerve X ) that supplies all the intrinsic muscles of the larynx , with the exception of the cricothyroid muscles . There are two recurrent laryngeal nerves , right and left , in the human body . The right and left nerves are not symmetrical , with the left nerve looping under the aortic arch , and the right nerve looping under the right subclavian artery then traveling upwards . They both travel alongside of the trachea . Additionally , the nerves are one of few nerves that follow a recurrent course , moving in the opposite direction to the nerve they branch from , a fact from which they gain their name . The recurrent laryngeal nerves supply sensation to the larynx below the vocal cords , gives cardiac branches to the deep cardiac plexus , and branches to the trachea , esophagus and the inferior constrictor muscles . The posterior cricoarytenoid muscles , the only muscles that can open the vocal cords , are innervated by this nerve . The recurrent laryngeal nerves are the nerves of the sixth pharyngeal arch . The existence of the recurrent laryngeal nerve was first documented by the physician Galen . Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Nucleus 1.2 Development 1.3 Variation 2 Function 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Injury 3.2 Surgery 3.3 Tumors 3.4 Other disease 4 Other animals 4.1 Evidence of evolution 5 History 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Structure ( edit ) Passing under the subclavian artery , the right recurrent laryngeal nerve has a much shorter course than the left which passes under the aortic arch and ligamentum arteriosum . The recurrent laryngeal nerves branch from the vagus nerve , relative to which they get their names ; the term `` recurrent '' from Latin : re - ( back ) and currere ( to run ) , indicates they run in the opposite direction to the vagus nerves from which they branch . The vagus nerves run down into the thorax , and the recurrent laryngeal nerves run up to the larynx . The vagus nerves , from which the recurrent laryngeal nerves branch , exit the skull at the jugular foramen and travel within the carotid sheath alongside the carotid arteries through the neck . The recurrent laryngeal nerves branch off the vagus , the left at the aortic arch , and the right at the right subclavian artery . The left RLN passes in front of the arch , and then wraps underneath and behind it . After branching , the nerves typically ascend in a groove at the junction of the trachea and esophagus . They then pass behind the posterior , middle part of the outer lobes of the thyroid gland and enter the larynx underneath the inferior constrictor muscle , passing into the larynx just posterior to the cricothyroid joint . The terminal branch is called the inferior laryngeal nerve . Unlike the other nerves supplying the larynx , the right and left RLNs lack bilateral symmetry . The left RLN is longer than the right , because it crosses under the arch of the aorta at the ligamentum arteriosum . Nucleus ( edit ) The somatic motor fibers that innervate the laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles are located in the nucleus ambiguus and emerge from the medulla in the cranial root of the accessory nerve . Fibers cross over to and join the vagus nerve in the jugular foramen . Sensory cell bodies are located in the inferior jugular ganglion , and the fibers terminate in the solitary nucleus . Parasympathetic fibers to segments of the trachea and esophagus in the neck originate in the dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve . Development ( edit ) During human and all vertebrate development , a series of pharyngeal arch pairs form in the developing embryo . These project forward from the back of the embryo towards the front of the face and neck . Each arch develops its own artery , nerve that controls a distinct muscle group , and skeletal tissue . The arches are numbered from 1 to 6 , with 1 being the arch closest to the head of the embryo , and the fifth arch only existing transiently . Arches 4 and 6 produce the laryngeal cartilages . The nerve of the sixth arch becomes the recurrent laryngeal nerve . The nerve of the fourth arch gives rise to the superior laryngeal nerve . The arteries of the fourth arch , which project between the nerves of the fourth and sixth arches , become the left - sided arch of the aorta and the right subclavian artery . The arteries of the sixth arch persists as the ductus arteriosus on the left , and is obliterated on the right . After birth , the ductus arteriosus regresses to form the ligamentum arteriosum . During growth , these arteries descend into their ultimate positions in the chest , creating the elongated recurrent paths . Variation ( edit ) In roughly 1 out of every 100 -- 200 people , the right inferior laryngeal nerve is nonrecurrent , branching off the vagus nerve around the level of the cricoid cartilage . Typically , such a configuration is accompanied by variation in the arrangement of the major arteries in the chest ; most commonly , the right subclavian artery arises from the left side of the aorta and crosses behind the esophagus . A left nonrecurrent inferior laryngeal nerve is even more uncommon , requiring the aortic arch be on the right side , accompanied by an arterial variant which prevents the nerve from being drawn into the chest by the left subclavian . In about four people out of five , there is a connecting branch between the inferior laryngeal nerve , a branch of the RLN , and the internal laryngeal nerve , a branch of the superior laryngeal nerve . This is commonly called the anastomosis of Galen ( Latin : ansa galeni ) , even though anastomosis usually refers to a blood vessel , and is one of several documented anastomoses between the two nerves . As the recurrent nerve hooks around the subclavian artery or aorta , it gives off several branches . There is suspected variability in the configuration of these branches to the cardiac plexus , trachea , esophagus and inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle . Function ( edit ) The recurrent laryngeal nerves control all intrinsic muscles of the larynx except for the cricothyroid muscle . These muscles act to open , close , and adjust the tension of the vocal cords , and include the posterior cricoarytenoid muscles , the only muscle to open the vocal cords . The nerves supply muscles on the same side of the body , with the exception of the interarytenoid muscle , which is innervated from both sides . The nerves also carry sensory information from the mucous membranes of the larynx below the lower surface of the vocal fold , as well as sensory , secretory and motor fibres to the cervical segments of the esophagus and the trachea . Clinical significance ( edit ) Injury ( edit ) Recurrent laryngeal nerve visible during resection of a goitre The recurrent laryngeal nerves may be injured as a result of trauma , during surgery , as a result of tumour spread , or due to other means . Injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerves can result in a weakened voice ( hoarseness ) or loss of voice ( aphonia ) and cause problems in the respiratory tract . Injury to the nerve may paralyze the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle on the same side . This is the sole muscle responsible for opening the vocal cords , and paralysis may cause difficulty breathing ( dyspnea ) during physical activity . Injury to both the right and left nerve may result in more serious damage , such as the inability to speak . Additional problems may emerge during healing , as nerve fibres that re-anastamose may result in vocal cord motion impairment , uncoordinated movements of the vocal cord . Surgery ( edit ) The nerve receives close attention from surgeons since during neck surgery , especially thyroid and parathyroid surgery , the nerve is at risk for injury . Nerve damage can be assessed by laryngoscopy , during which a stroboscopic light confirms the absence of movement in the affected side of the vocal cords . The right recurrent laryngeal nerve is more susceptible to damage during thyroid surgery because it is close to the bifurcation of the right inferior thyroid artery , variably passing in front of , behind , or between the branches . The nerve is permanently damaged in 0.3 -- 3 % of thyroid surgery , and transiently in 3 -- 8 % of surgeries , and is one of the leading causes of medicolegal issues for surgeons . Tumors ( edit ) The RLN may be compressed by tumors . Studies have shown that 2 -- 18 % of lung cancer patients develop hoarseness because of recurrent laryngeal nerve compression , usually left - sided . This is associated with worse outcomes , and when found as a presenting symptom , often indicates inoperable tumors . The nerve may be severed intentionally during lung cancer surgery in order to fully remove a tumor . Other disease ( edit ) In Ortner 's syndrome or cardiovocal syndrome , a rare cause of left recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy , expansion of structures within the heart or major blood vessels impinges upon the nerve , causing symptoms of unilateral nerve injury . Other animals ( edit ) Horses are subject to equine recurrent laryngeal neuropathy , a disease of the axons of the recurrent laryngeal nerves . The cause is not known , although a genetic predisposition is suspected . The length of the nerve is a factor since it is more common in larger horses , and the left side is affected almost exclusively . As the nerve cells die , there is a progressive paralysis of the larynx , causing the airway to collapse . The common presentation is a sound , ranging from a musical whistle to a harsh roar or heaving gasping noise ( stertorous ) , accompanied by worsening performance . The condition is incurable , but surgery can keep the airway open . Experiments with nerve grafts have been tried . Although uncommon in dogs , bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve disease may be the cause of wheezing ( stridor ) when middle - aged dogs inhale . In sauropod dinosaurs , the vertebrates with the longest necks , the total length of the vagus nerve and recurrent laryngeal nerve would have been up to 28 metres ( 92 ft ) long in Supersaurus , but these would not be the longest neurons that ever existed : the neurons reaching the tip of the tail would have exceeded 30 metres ( 98 ft ) . Evidence of evolution ( edit ) The extreme detour of the recurrent laryngeal nerves , about 4.6 metres ( 15 ft ) in the case of giraffes , is cited as evidence of evolution , as opposed to Intelligent Design . The nerve 's route would have been direct in the fish - like ancestors of modern tetrapods , traveling from the brain , past the heart , to the gills ( as it does in modern fish ) . Over the course of evolution , as the neck extended and the heart became lower in the body , the laryngeal nerve was caught on the wrong side of the heart . Natural selection gradually lengthened the nerve by tiny increments to accommodate , resulting in the circuitous route now observed . History ( edit ) Roman physician Galen demonstrated the nerve course and the clinical syndrome of recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis , noting that pigs with the nerve severed were unable to squeal . Galen named the nerve the recurrent nerve , and described the same effect in two human infants who had undergone surgery for goiter . In 1838 , five years before he would introduce the concept of homology to biology , anatomist Richard Owen reported upon the dissection of three giraffes , including a description of the full course of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve . Anatomists Andreas Vesalius and Thomas Willis described the nerve in what is now regarded as an anatomically standard description , and doctor Frank Lahey documented a way for its interoperative identification during thyroid operations . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Namely , the Posterior cricoarytenoid muscles , Lateral cricoarytenoid muscles , Transverse arytenoid muscles , Oblique arytenoid muscles , Thyroarytenoid muscles and Vocalis muscle References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Recur '' . Free Dictionary . Merriam - Webster . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Recurrent '' . Medical definition and more . Merriam - Webster . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Drake , Richard L. ; Vogl , Wayne ; Tibbitts , Adam W.M. Mitchell ; illustrations by Richard ; Richardson , Paul ( 2005 ) . Gray 's anatomy for students . Philadelphia : Elsevier / Churchill Livingstone . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8089 - 2306 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : F. Charles Brunicardi ; F. Brunicardi ; Dana Andersen ; E. Pollock Raphael ; Timothy Billiar ; David Dunn ; John Hunter ; Jeffrey Matthews ; Raphael E. Pollock ( September 11 , 2009 ) . Schwartz 's Principles of Surgery ( 9th ed . ) . McGraw Hill Professional . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 154769 - 7 . Jump up ^ Agur , A.M.R. ; Dalley , Arthur F. ( 2009 ) . Grant 's Atlas of Anatomy . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 770 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 7055 - 2 . Jump up ^ Ross , Lawrence M. ; Lamperti , Edward D. ( 2006 ) . Thieme Atlas of Anatomy : Neck and Internal Organs . Thieme . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58890 - 443 - 0 . Jump up ^ Aronson , Arnold Elvin ( 2009 ) . Clinical Voice Disorders . Thieme . p. 74 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58890 - 662 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Schulte , Erik ; Schumacher , Udo ; Rude , Jürgen ( 2007 ) . Thieme Atlas of Anatomy : Head and Neuroanatomy . Thieme . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58890 - 441 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Alberstone , Cary D. ( 2009 ) . Anatomic Basis of Neurologic Diagnosis . Thieme . pp. 260 -- 261 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86577 - 976 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Larsen , William J. ( 1993 ) . Human embryology . Churchill Livingstone . ISBN 0 - 443 - 08724 - 5 . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Quan - Yang Duh ; Orlo H. Clark ; Electron Kebebew ( October 14 , 2009 ) . Atlas of Endocrine Surgical Techniques . Elsevier Health Sciences . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 4844 - 2 . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Naidu , L. ; Ramsaroop , L. ; Partab , P. ; Satyapal , K.S. ( 2012 ) . `` Galen 's `` Anastomosis '' revisited `` . Clinical Anatomy. 25 ( 6 ) : 722 -- 728 . doi : 10.1002 / ca. 22011 . PMID 22162120 . Jump up ^ Langmore , Susan E. ( January 2001 ) . Endoscopic Evaluation and Treatment of Swallowing Disorders . Thieme . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86577 - 838 - 2 . Jump up ^ Sañudo , Jose - Ramón ; Maranillo , Eva ; León , Xavier ; Mirapeix , Rosa - María ; Orús , Cesar ; Quer , Miquel ( June 1999 ) . `` An anatomical study of anastomoses between the laryngeal nerves '' . The Laryngoscope. 109 ( 6 ) : 983 -- 987 . doi : 10.1097 / 00005537 - 199906000 - 00026 . PMID 10369294 . ^ Jump up to : Yau , Amy Y. ; Verma , Sunil P. ( February 20 , 2013 ) . Meyers , Arlen D. , ed . Laryngeal Nerve Anatomy . Medscape Reference . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Hydman , Jonas ( 2008 ) . Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury . Stockholm . ISBN 978 - 91 - 7409 - 123 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Keith L ( 1992 ) . Clinically Oriented Anatomy ( 3rd ed . ) . ISBN 0 - 683 - 06133 - X Jump up ^ Hartl , D.M. ; Travagli , Jean - Paul ; Leboulleux , Sophie ; Baudin , Eric ; Brasnu , Daniel F. ; Schlumberger , Martin ( 2005 ) . `` Current Concepts in the Management of Unilateral Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Paralysis after Thyroid Surgery '' . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 90 ( 5 ) : 3084 -- 3088 . doi : 10.1210 / jc. 2004 - 2533 . ISSN 0021 - 972X . Jump up ^ Hayward , Nathan James ; Grodski , Simon ; Yeung , Meei ; Johnson , William R. ; Serpell , Jonathan ( January 2013 ) . `` Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury in thyroid surgery : a review '' . ANZ Journal of Surgery . 83 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 15 -- 21 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1445 - 2197.2012. 06247. x . Jump up ^ Spiro , Stephen G. ( 2007 ) . `` Initial Evaluation of the Patient With Lung Cancer : Symptoms , Signs , Laboratory Tests , and Paraneoplastic Syndromes : ACCP Evidenced - Based Clinical Practice Guidelines ( 2nd Edition ) '' . Chest. 132 ( 3_suppl ) : 149S . doi : 10.1378 / chest. 07 - 1358 . ISSN 0012 - 3692 . Jump up ^ David P. Carbone ; Harvey I. Pass ; David H. Johnson ; John D. Minna ( 2010 ) . Principles and Practice of Lung Cancer : The Official Reference Text of the IASLC . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 7365 - 2 . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Heikkinen , Jaakko ; Milger , Katrin ; Alejandre - Lafont , Enrique ; Woitzik , Christian ; Litzlbauer , Detlef ; Vogt , Julia - Franziska ; Klußmann , Jens Peter ; Ghofrani , Ardeschir ; Krombach , Gabriele A. ; Tiede , Henning ( 2012 ) . `` Cardiovocal Syndrome ( Ortner 's Syndrome ) Associated with Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension and Giant Pulmonary Artery Aneurysm : Case Report and Review of the Literature '' . Case Reports in Medicine . 2012 : 1 -- 5 . doi : 10.1155 / 2012 / 230736 . ISSN 1687 - 9627 . Jump up ^ Munroe , Graham ; Weese , Scott ( March 15 , 2011 ) . Equine Clinical Medicine , Surgery and Reproduction . Manson Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84076 - 608 - 0 . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Slatter , Douglas H. ( 2003 ) . Textbook of Small Animal Surgery . Elsevier Health Sciences . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7216 - 8607 - 3 . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wedel , Mathew J. ( June 2012 ) . `` A Monument of Inefficiency : The Presumed Course of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve in Sauropod Dinosaurs '' . Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 57 ( 2 ) : 251 -- 256 . doi : 10.4202 / app. 2011.0019 . Jump up ^ Mammal Anatomy : An Illustrated Guide . Marshall Cavendish Corporation . 2010 . ISBN 0 - 7614 - 7882 - 5 . Jump up ^ Dawkins , Richard ( 2009 ) . `` 11 . History Written All Over Us '' . The Greatest Show on Earth . New York : Free Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 9478 - 9 . Retrieved November 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gross , Charles G. ( May 1998 ) . `` Galen and the Squealing Pig '' . Neuroscientist. 4 ( 3 ) : 216 -- 221 . doi : 10.1177 / 107385849800400317 . ISSN 1073 - 8584 . Jump up ^ Owen , Richard ( 1841 ) . `` Notes on the dissection of the Nubian giraffe '' . Transactions of the Zoological Society of London . Zoological Society of London . pp. 217 -- 248 . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 Jump up ^ Robert James Berry ; Anthony Hallam ( 1986 ) . The Collins Encyclopedia of Animal Evolution . HarperCollins Publishers Limited . pp. 82 -- 83 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 219818 - 9 . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ardito , Guglielmo ; Revelli , Luca ; D'Alatri , Lucia ; Lerro , Valentina ; Guidi , Maria Lavinia ; Ardito , Francesco ( February 2004 ) . `` Revisited anatomy of the recurrent laryngeal nerves '' . The American Journal of Surgery . 187 ( 2 ) : 249 -- 253 . doi : 10.1016 / j. amjsurg. 2003.11. 001 . External links ( edit ) Anatomy figure : 21 : 04 - 01 at Human Anatomy Online , SUNY Downstate Medical Center cranialnerves at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman ( Georgetown University ) ( X ) Dissection of a giraffe displaying the laryngeal nerve ( youTube ) The cranial nerves terminal Nuclei Septal nuclei Course no significant branches olfactory Nuclei Anterior olfactory nucleus Course olfactory bulb olfactory tract optic Nuclei Lateral geniculate nucleus Course optic chiasm optic tract oculomotor Nuclei Oculomotor nucleus Edinger -- Westphal nucleus Branches superior parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion / ciliary ganglion inferior trochlear Nucleus Branches no significant branches trigeminal Nuclei PSN Spinal trigeminal nucleus MN TMN Course trigeminal ganglion Branches ophthalmic maxillary mandibular abducens Nucleus Branches no significant branches facial near origin intermediate nerve geniculate inside facial canal greater petrosal pterygopalatine ganglion nerve to the stapedius chorda tympani lingual nerve submandibular ganglion at stylomastoid foramen posterior auricular suprahyoid digastric stylohyoid parotid plexus temporal zygomatic buccal mandibular cervical Nuclei Facial motor nucleus Solitary nucleus Superior salivary nucleus vestibulocochlear Nuclei Vestibular nuclei Cochlear nuclei cochlear nerve striae medullares lateral lemniscus vestibular Scarpa 's ganglion glossopharyngeal before jugular fossa ganglia superior inferior after jugular fossa tympanic tympanic plexus lesser petrosal otic ganglion stylopharyngeal branch pharyngeal branches tonsillar branches lingual branches carotid sinus Nuclei Nucleus ambiguus Inferior salivatory nucleus Solitary nucleus vagus before jugular fossa ganglia superior inferior after jugular fossa meningeal branch auricular branch neck pharyngeal branch pharyngeal plexus superior laryngeal external internal recurrent laryngeal ( inferior ) superior cervical cardiac thorax inferior cardiac pulmonary vagal trunks anterior posterior abdomen celiac renal hepatic anterior gastric posterior gastric Nuclei Nucleus ambiguus Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve Solitary nucleus accessory Nuclei Nucleus ambiguus Spinal accessory nucleus cranial spinal hypoglossal Nucleus Branches lingual Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Recurrent_laryngeal_nerve&oldid=828507151 '' Categories : Vagus nerve Human throat Nerves of the head and neck Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Articles with inconsistent citation formats Good articles Articles containing Latin - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Türkçe Українська 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 March 2018 , at 23 : 58 ( UTC ) . 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when does home and away start on channel 7

Home and Away ( often abbreviated as H&A ) is an Australian television soap opera . It was created by Alan Bateman and commenced broadcast on the Seven Network on 17 January 1988 . Bateman came up with the concept of the show during a trip to Kangaroo Point , New South Wales , where he noticed locals were complaining about the construction of a foster home and against the idea of foster children from the city living in the area . The soap opera was initially going to be called Refuge , but the name was changed to the `` friendlier '' title of Home and Away once production began . The show premiered with a ninety - minute pilot episode ( subsequently in re-runs known as Home and Away : The Movie ) . Since then , each subsequent episode has aired for a duration of twenty - two minutes and Home and Away has become the second longest - running drama series in Australian television . In Australia , it is currently broadcast from Mondays to Thursdays at 7 : 00 pm .

7 : 00 pm

Home and Away

home and away

Home and Away ( often abbreviated as H&A ) is an Australian television soap opera . It was created by Alan Bateman and commenced broadcast on the Seven Network on 17 January 1988 . Bateman came up with the concept of the show during a trip to Kangaroo Point , New South Wales , where he noticed locals were complaining about the construction of a foster home and against the idea of foster children from the city living in the area . The soap opera was initially going to be called Refuge , but the name was changed to the `` friendlier '' title of Home and Away once production began . The show premiered with a ninety - minute pilot episode ( subsequently in re-runs known as Home and Away : The Movie ) . Since then , each subsequent episode has aired for a duration of twenty - two minutes and Home and Away has become the second longest - running drama series in Australian television . In Australia , it is currently broadcast from Mondays to Thursdays at 7 : 00 pm .

' Home and Away ' follows the lives and loves of the residents in Summer Bay , a fictional seaside town of New South Wales . The series initially focused on the Fletcher family -- Tom ( Roger Oakley ) and Pippa ( Vanessa Downing ) , and their five foster children , Frank Morgan ( Alex Papps ) , Carly Morris ( Sharyn Hodgson ) , Lynn Davenport ( Helena Bozich ) , Steven Matheson ( Adam Willits ) and Sally Fletcher ( Kate Ritchie ) -- who moved from the city into the Summer Bay House , where they assumed the new job of running the caravan park , and eventually took in a sixth foster child , Bobby Simpson ( Nicolle Dickson ) . Home and Away was not without controversy . During the first season alone , it featured several adult - themed storylines such as teen pregnancy , rape , drug and alcohol addiction and drug overdose . The series has dealt with similar storylines over the years which have often exceeded its restricted time slot . Palm Beach in Sydney 's Northern Beaches district has been used as the location for Summer Bay since 1988 . The exterior scenes are filmed mainly at Palm Beach , while the interior scenes are filmed at the Australian Technology Park in Redfern . Home and Away has been sold to over eighty countries around the world , making it one of Australia 's successful media exports . It is popular in the United Kingdom , and is one of the highest - rating shows on RTÉ Television in Ireland and TV2 in New Zealand . In Australia , Home and Away is the most awarded program at the Logie Awards , with a total of forty - six wins , including Best Drama Program . Some cast members have won several other awards such as the Gold Logie for Most Popular Personality on Australian Television , Silver Logie for Most Popular Actor , and Most Popular Actress . In 2015 , Home and Away was inducted into the Logie Hall of Fame . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Settings 3 Broadcasting 3.1 International 4 Popularity and viewership 5 Storylines 5.1 Rating and restrictions 6 Characters 6.1 Celebrity guest appearances 7 Theme song 8 Opening titles 9 Awards and nominations 10 Merchandise and spin - offs 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links History ( edit ) After the Seven Network cancelled their soap opera Neighbours on 12 July 1985 due to low ratings , rival network Ten picked it up and turned it into a success . A couple of years later , Seven 's head of drama , Alan Bateman , became desperate to get back into the soap market and began to work out how to launch another soap that was not a copy of Neighbours . While on a trip to Kangaroo Point , New South Wales with his family , Bateman began talking to locals who were `` up in arms '' over the construction of a foster home for children from the city . Seeing the degree of conflict the `` influx of parentless children on a tight - knit community '' was having , Bateman came away with the idea for a new serial . He explained `` Nobody in the community wanted them to move in and I began to wonder how streetwise city kids would adapt to the new lifestyle . Suddenly I thought , there is my slice of life in a community . '' Bateman began outlining the storyline and set the serial in the fictional town of Summer Bay . While Seven Network executives were unconvinced by the idea , audience research was positive . The soap opera was initially called Refuge , but the name was changed to the `` friendlier '' title of Home and Away once production began . Home and Away has since become the second - longest drama series in Australian television after Neighbours . During the show 's first season in 1988 , a rape storyline for the character Carly Morris ( Sharyn Hodgson ) outraged the public and a protest erupted , as viewers deemed it an inappropriate subject to be covering in an early evening time slot . In 2002 , several former characters such as Frank Morgan ( Alex Papps ) , Carly Morris ( Sharyn Hodgson ) , Steven Matheson ( Adam Willits ) , Blake Dean ( Les Hill ) and Sophie Simpson ( Rebekah Elmaloglou ) returned for a special storyline to mark the 150th anniversary of settlement in Summer Bay . The storyline featured a majority of the cast boarded onto a ferry boat for a night cruise ; however , a massive storm ruined the celebrations , leading the boat to sink . In July 2005 , Home and Away celebrated its 4000th episode , which saw many former cast members return for Alf Stewart 's ( Ray Meagher ) surprise 60th birthday party . In March 2007 , the commercial television industry 's Annual Code Complaint Report revealed that Home and Away was the eighth most complained about show on Australian television , and the only drama series in the top ten complaint list . From 1 July 2005 to 30 June 2006 , there were 23 written complaints about the show as viewers thought it was inappropriate for it to be shown in its 7 : 00 pm timeslot . In March 2009 , it was alleged that Seven had agreed to censor a then - upcoming lesbian kiss scene between Charlie Buckton ( Esther Anderson ) and Joey Collins ( Kate Bell ) , after receiving many complaints from conservative groups and mothers who did not want their children exposed to same - sex relationships in a family show . Seven 's head of creative drama , Bevan Lee , later confirmed that the censorship allegations were in fact false and that the scene would still go to air as planned . Home and Away celebrated its 21st year in production in Sydney on 23 July 2009 . The mayor of Sydney 's Pittwater Council presented cast members with the key to Palm Beach , the filming location for the show . At the end of 2011 , Cameron Welsh left his role as the series producer . Welsh previously played the character Mitch McColl from 1999 until 2001 and then became the series producer for Home and Away in 2007 . Former All Saints producer Lucy Addario took over as series producer in January 2012 . In August 2012 , Home and Away 's official Australian Facebook page reached one million likes , becoming the first Australian television show to reach this milestone . The Facebook page was established in November 2009 and is followed by fans mostly in Australia , Ireland , New Zealand , Norway and the United Kingdom . In 2013 , Home and Away celebrated its 25th anniversary and former cast member Kate Ritchie ( Sally Fletcher ) returned for a special storyline to coincide with the celebrations . For the first time in the show 's history , Home and Away aired a two - hander episode , featuring only the characters Ricky Sharpe ( Bonnie Sveen ) and Darryl `` Brax '' Braxton ( Steve Peacocke ) , on 14 February 2016 . Settings ( edit ) Main article : Summer Bay Palm Beach in Sydney 's Northern Beaches district has been used to represent Summer Bay since Home and Away began in 1988 . Home and Away is set in Summer Bay , a fictional seaside town of New South Wales . Locations within the town include the beach , a high school , diner , bait shop , garage and a surf club , which includes a gym , small kiosk and an upstairs restaurant . Characters in the show live at surrounding neighbouring areas such as the Summer Bay House , Summer Bay Caravan Park , Beach House , The Farmhouse , Pier Flat , and Saxon Avenue . Other fictional towns mentioned and sometimes seen in Home and Away are Mangrove River and Yabbie Creek . Palm Beach in Sydney 's Northern Beaches district has been used as the location for Summer Bay since Home and Away began in 1988 . It has since become popular with tourists , and tours to the show 's exterior sets at Palm Beach run throughout the year . The exterior scenes are filmed mainly at Palm Beach and at Fisherman 's Beach in Collaroy . Interior scenes for the show were filmed at the Seven Network 's Sydney studios in Epping until 2010 . Following the closure of these studios in early 2010 , the interiors are now filmed at the Australian Technology Park in Redfern . The Jackeroo Ranch estate in Kenthurst had been used for the exterior sets of the Summer Bay House and Caravan Park since 1988 . After both sets were destroyed by a bushfire in December 2002 , the caravan park set was moved and filmed at other locations such as the Waratah Park Earth Sanctuary between 2007 -- 09 and the Lane Cove River Tourist Park between 2010 -- 14 . A replica of the Summer Bay House was rebuilt in its original location at the Kenthurst estate several years later , with the exception of a grey roof instead of a red one . The caravan park set moved back to the estate after the house was rebuilt , and both exterior sets made their on - screen returns in 2015 . The Summer Bay House is the only house to still be seen on screen since the pilot episode . Aside from New South Wales , Home and Away has also filmed scenes in other states of Australia . In May 2012 , the show filmed scenes at Flinders Ranges and Nilpena Station in South Australia for a storyline in which Casey Braxton ( Lincoln Younes ) was kidnapped and taken to the outback by Kyle Braxton ( Nic Westaway ) . The following month , Home and Away filmed scenes in Melbourne for the second time . In November 2014 , the show filmed an episode at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra with several cast members , as a tribute to the Anzac Centenary . The episode centered around Alf Stewart ( Ray Meagher ) , `` who becomes upset with the younger generation 's perceived lack of respect for Anzac Day , and joins the school trip to Canberra to visit the War Memorial . '' Outside of Australia , Home and Away has filmed in Hawaii once and in the UK three times . Broadcasting ( edit ) In Australia , Home and Away currently airs on the Seven Network at 7 : 00 pm from Mondays to Thursdays , going up against rival current affairs shows A Current Affair on the Nine Network , and The Project on Network Ten . The show is on air for approximately 45 weeks each year . Each season is usually broadcast from January / February and conclude with the season finale in November / December , as it goes off air for a two months during the Christmas and New Year period . All aired episodes shown during the week are available to watch on the Seven Network 's 7plus app , as part of their catch up TV service . They are also broadcast in an omnibus edition each Sunday on Seven 's digital multichannel 7Two . When the show first began in 1988 , it aired at 5 : 30 pm in Adelaide , at 6 : 00 pm in Melbourne and Sydney , at 6 : 30 pm in Brisbane , and at 7 : 00 pm in Perth . In January 1992 , Seven moved Home and Away to the 7 : 00 pm timeslot across the network . On 3 November 2009 , 7Two began airing repeat episodes of the show from the very beginning at 9 : 30 am , before moving to 9 : 00 am . Since its premiere , the show had been screened as a 22 - minute episode each weeknight . However , beginning in March 2013 , Better Homes and Gardens began replacing Home and Away on Fridays to make way for Seven 's AFL coverage . Friday 's episodes of Home and Away now air on Thursdays at 7 : 30 pm . As of 2018 , Home and Away currently airs sporadically , with episodes consisting from four to six episodes per week . Since 2000 , Home and Away has ceased broadcast mid-season for two weeks during the Olympic Games and the episode to screen prior to this is referred to as an ' Olympic cliffhanger ' . An Olympic cliffhanger episode would usually involve increased drama , with the peak of a storyline , similar to a season finale episode , and the outcome of the cliffhanger to conclude after the Olympics . Olympic cliffhangers have been broadcast in 2000 , 2004 , 2008 and 2016 , with the exclusion of 2012 , as the Seven Network did not have the rights to televise the 2012 London Olympics . In addition to this , Home and Away will take a transmission break on 3 April 2018 in order to broadcast the 2018 Commonwealth Games , and will return on 16 April 2018 . International ( edit ) Home and Away has been sold to over 80 countries around the world , making it one of Australia 's successful media exports . In the United Kingdom , Home and Away was first broadcast on ITV from 11 February 1989 until 8 June 2000 . Home and Away was shown twice a day on ITV , with a lunchtime showing and a tea time repeat ; many regions aired it at around 5 : 10 pm , while others at 6 : 00 pm or even 6 : 30 pm . The show attracted up to eight million viewers , making it one of ITV 's top 30 rated programmes . It also helped boost audiences for ITV 's regional and early evening news bulletins . During the show 's last year on ITV , Home and Away attracted an average audience of 4.4 million for its early - evening repeats . In February 2000 , it was announced that Home and Away would be moving to rival Channel 5 after they bought the rights to the show in a £ 40m auction deal . ITV reportedly offered twice the amount by Channel 5 , but the Seven Network in Australia were swayed by Channel 5 's commitment to the long - term future of the show in a deal of more than five years . After its run on ITV ended , Home and Away went off air for 12 months as ITV had an exclusivity clause that prevented any other broadcaster from airing the show for a year . After a delay in screening , Home and Away made its debut on Channel 5 on 16 July 2001 . Channel 5 currently airs Home and Away at 1 : 15 pm each week day , with a repeat at 6 : 00 pm . UK viewers are able to catch up with episodes on 5 * and online via Demand 5 . In Ireland , Home and Away is broadcast on RTÉ Television at 1 : 30 pm on RTÉ One and repeated on RTÉ2 at 6 : 30 pm each weekday . A repeat of the week 's episodes is aired on Saturdays and Sundays on RTÉ2 . Viewers in the Republic of Irleand are also able to catch up with episodes on the RTÉ Player . Home and Away is one of RTÉ 's most popular drama series . It was the most watched programme of 2014 on the RTÉ Player with over four million viewers . As of 2014 , the show is no longer available to view in Northern Ireland via the Sky platform , however , it can still be viewed on free view service Saorview . In New Zealand , Home and Away is broadcast on TVNZ 2 at 5 : 30 pm each weekday . A repeat of the previous day 's episode is shown at 11 : 00 am weekdays and an omnibus edition is shown on Sunday afternoons . The TVNZ website also offers viewers the chance to watch episodes online with its OnDemand service . Home and Away is one of New Zealand 's most popular TV series and is one of TVNZ 2 's highest - rating shows . The show had previously aired on TV3 since 2002 , where it consistently won high ratings for TV3 and helped boost audiences for their 6pm news bulletin . However , on 5 July 2013 , the show 's European distributor Endemol cancelled its agreement with TV3 , causing them to lose the right to broadcast Home and Away . In the United States , Home and Away began streaming on the subscription service Hulu on 2 March 2015 , beginning with the 2015 season . The service no longer receives new episodes , although the complete twenty - eighth season is currently available . Popularity and viewership ( edit ) The launch of Home and Away in 1988 was hoped to help boost the Seven Network 's early evening ratings which had been underperforming in previous years . However , the show struggled to attract high ratings , particularly when compared to rival soap opera Neighbours , which was a huge ratings success at the time . By the end of 1988 , Home and Away 's ratings had improved . In January 1992 , when Neighbours ' high - rating era was over , Seven moved Home and Away to the 7 : 00 pm timeslot , putting both shows up against each other . This caused Network Ten to move Neighbours to the 6.30 pm timeslot two months later . During the early 2000s , Home and Away was averaging 1.3 million viewers and in 2007 , viewing figures rose to 1.4 million . However , by the end of the decade , the ratings had dropped to an average of 1.1 million viewers . During the early 2010s , viewing figures had further decreased to between 800,000 and 1 million an episode . In 2012 , Home and Away was averaging 981,000 viewers , down from 1.039 million in 2011 and 1.021 million in 2010 . In 2015 , the show began going through a serious ratings decline . A July 2015 report revealed that the ratings were down 14 % compared to the first six months of 2014 , which translates to about 140,000 fewer viewers per episode . On 6 July 2015 , Home and Away ranked 16th in OzTAM 's overnight ratings with 750,000 viewers . The following night , the show fell to an even lower figure of 701,000 viewers . A writer for the Australian Associated Press stated that one of the reasons for the ratings decline could be `` the viewing habits of Gen Y , which the show is aimed at , have changed dramatically in recent times thanks to the launch of streaming services , Netflix , Stan and Presto . The exact age demographic that Home and Away targets are the same people who do not subscribe to appointment viewing . They prefer to watch shows when they want and do n't want to be dictated to by the commercial networks . '' A Seven spokeswoman commented that Home and Away was still performing well on digital and social platforms and that the overnight ratings were not the only measure of the show 's success . Storylines ( edit ) Home and Away 's storylines have ranged from mild to serious issues throughout its run . While the central stories revolve around fostering children , family and teenage problem , school problems and romances , the series has covered several controversial , adult - themed and detailed issues not suitable for young audiences , despite its early evening time of 7 : 00 pm . Storylines covered include abortion , accidental death , adultery , adoption , alcoholism , amnesia , amputation , arson , autism , bereavement , brain aneurysm , bulimia , bullying , cancer , cage fighting , career problems , child abuse , cults , cyberbullying , domestic violence , depression , drink driving , drug overdose , drug trafficking and drug use , gambling addiction , health problems , hit - and - runs , HIV and AIDS , homosexuality , Huntington 's disease , incest , miscarriage , murder , imprisonment , kidnapping , marriage problems , obsessive - compulsive disorder ( OCD ) , paedophilia , post-natal depression , post-traumatic stress disorder , prostitution , racism , rape , revenge porn , robbery , self - harm , sex , shootings ( including drive - by shootings ) , stabbings , stalking , stroke , SIDS ( cot death ) , stillbirth , suicide , surrogacy , teacher - student relationships , teenage pregnancy , terminal illness , and witness protection . The show has also featured many natural disaster storylines , including a cyclone , storm , flood , landslide , earthquake , and bushfires . There have also been several storylines involving car , bus , plane and boating accidents . Furthermore , in addition to the show featuring scenes of moderate to strong violence in past episodes , the special episode , Home and Away : All or Nothing , which became available for online streaming in January 2017 , is intended for `` adult - only '' viewing as it is described as the most violent episode of the entire series , as it contains scenes of strong violence . Rating and restrictions ( edit ) Since 1988 , Home and Away has dealt with some controversial issues , despite being broadcast in a G - rated timezone . In 2007 , the show breached broadcasting rules when they aired a number of episodes featuring Martha MacKenzie ( Jodi Gordon ) involved with pole - dancing in the G classification , as the Australian Communications and Media Authority ( ACMA ) said that these episodes should have been rated PG as they contained sexual scenes and references . Since 2008 , every subsequent episode has been broadcast under the PG classification and often continues to exceed the rating . A 2010 episode which featured Martha McKenzie engaging in a sexual scene with Liam Murphy ( Axle Whitehead ) on a kitchen table was deemed `` too raunchy '' by a television watchdog in New Zealand , as the series was also aired in a G - rated timezone at 5 : 30 pm on TV3 . From 2015 , The Early Years episodes which broadcast on weekday mornings on 7Two have been re-rated PG . Characters ( edit ) Main articles : List of current Home and Away characters , List of Home and Away characters , and Recurring characters of Home and Away Ray Meagher ( Alf Stewart ) is currently the only remaining original cast member in Home and Away . When Home and Away began in 1988 , it initially focused on the Fletcher family -- Tom ( Roger Oakley ) and his wife Pippa ( Vanessa Downing ) , and their five foster children , Frank Morgan ( Alex Papps ) , Carly Morris ( Sharyn Hodgson ) , Steven Matheson ( Adam Willits ) , Lynn Davenport ( Helena Bozich ) , and Sally Fletcher ( Kate Ritchie ) -- who relocated from the city to live in the seaside town of Summer Bay . At the end of the first episode , Tom and Pippa take in their sixth foster child Bobby Simpson ( Nicolle Dickson ) . The Fletchers bought the Summer Bay Caravan Park and moved into the Summer Bay House . They quickly built strong friendships with the locals , Ailsa Stewart ( Judy Nunn ) , Alf Stewart ( Ray Meagher ) , Donald Fisher ( Norman Coburn ) , and Neville ( Frank Lloyd ) and Floss McPhee ( Sheila Kennelly ) . While Home and Away features a mix of young cast members and older , more experienced actors , the show has always had a definite youth focus , with the younger characters dominating much of the storylines . Many of the cast have spent several years on Home and Away , including original cast member Judy Nunn who left the series in 2000 after 12 years playing the co-owner of Summer Bay 's diner . Other original cast members Norman Coburn played high school principal Donald Fisher until 2003 , and Kate Ritchie departed in 2008 after 20 years playing Sally Fletcher . Both Coburn and Ritchie along with Ray Meagher ( Alf Stewart ) entered the 2002 Guinness World Records as the longest - serving actors in an Australian drama series . Meagher now holds that record alone and he is the only remaining original cast member in the show . Meagher along with Lynne McGranger ( Irene Roberts ) , Ada Nicodemou ( Leah Patterson - Baker ) and Emily Symons ( Marilyn Chambers ) are the longest - serving cast members currently in Home and Away . In 2010 , Georgie Parker joined the cast of Home and Away as Alf 's daughter Roo Stewart , originally played by Justine Clarke in 1988 -- 89 . Alf and Roo are currently the only two original characters in the series . Celebrity guest appearances ( edit ) Throughout the years , Home and Away has featured several guest appearances from celebrities such as John Farnham , Johanna Griggs , Sia Furler , Michael Palin , Ian Thorpe , Lleyton Hewitt , Paulini , Nick Grimshaw , Eliza Doolittle , Ed Sheeran , and Jessica Mauboy . Theme song ( edit ) Main article : Home and Away ( song ) The theme song to Home and Away was written by Mike Perjanik . There have been nine different versions of the theme song used throughout the years . The lyrics remained the same since the show 's inception , but a number of verses were gradually cut back over the years due to time restrictions . The original version was sung by Karen Boddington and Mark Williams , and was used from 1988 until mid-1995 . Their version was released as a single in the UK in 1989 and peaked at number 73 on the UK Singles Chart . A new version performed by Doug Williams and Erana Clark debuted in 1995 and the opening theme was shortened in 1996 ; this version remained until 1999 . From 2000 to 2003 , the theme song to Home and Away was sung by The Robertson Brothers and it was the first version to use only male vocals . A 30 - second updated version by The Robertson Brothers was used from 2004 to 2006 . In January 2007 , a new version was introduced and performed by Israel Cannan , who played the character Wazza in the show . After Cannan 's version received many complaints from fans , the Seven Network decided to re-record the theme song in April 2007 with vocals provided by Luke Dolahenty . A shorter , 15 - second version sung by Dolahenty and Tarryn Stokes debuted in 2009 . From 2010 until 2017 , the Home and Away theme song was not used in the opening titles and was replaced by a short instrumental version . However , Dolahenty and Stokes ' version was still used in the closing credits for international broadcasts . In 2018 , two new eight - second versions of the theme song made a return to the opening titles after an eight - year absence . One version is sung by a male vocalist , while the other version is sung by a female vocalist ; in the opening titles , both only sing the last two lines of the theme : `` closer each day , Home and Away '' . An extended 30 - second version by the male vocalist was uploaded onto the Home and Away website . Opening titles ( edit ) The Home and Away opening titles sequence was initially used to introduce the regular characters in the show . The sequences often featured the characters in couple shots or with family and friends , and showed them in familiar settings around Summer Bay such as the beach . The titles for the show 's earlier years featured black brush stroke cutouts around the character shots . 2004 saw Home and Away introduce new picture frame - style opening titles , with characters shown posing in and out of large picture frames in front of beach backgrounds . In January 2007 , the show debuted new opening titles along with a new version of the theme song . The picture - frame style was still used , but this time the titles featured framed pictures of the characters . In 2009 , the opening was reduced to 15 seconds and the characters were removed from the titles for the first time in Home and Away 's history . They were replaced by a large photo collage showing various locations around Summer Bay . The decision to remove the cast and shorten the titles was due to time restrictions . Since then , many viewers in Australia and the UK have wanted the full - length title sequence with the cast to return . From 2013 until 2017 , Home and Away used a series of five - second opening titles , which changed every week . The various titles mostly featured scenes of bikini - clad women and shirtless men with surfboards at the beach . In 2018 , a new series of eight - second titles were introduced along with the return of the show 's theme song . The new titles , which currently change during each week , mostly feature two men or two women running down to the ocean for a surf . A 30 - second version of the titles , not aired on Australian television , was released on the Home and Away website . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Home and Away Home and Away has received many awards and nominations throughout the years . The show has won 46 Logie Awards from 153 nominations , making it the most awarded program in Logie history . In 2015 , Home and Away was inducted into the Logie Hall of Fame . The show has also won twelve Australian Writers ' Guild Awards and five Australian Directors Guild Awards . Merchandise and spin - offs ( edit ) Since 1988 , Home and Away has generated a range of merchandise , including books , magazines , VHS tapes , DVDs and soundtracks . Various annuals and books about the show and its cast and characters were released in the late 1980s and early 1990s . Between 2003 and 2005 , several fictional books by Leon F. Saunders and Jane Anderson were released and based on characters from Home and Away . Episodes of the show have been released on several VHS and DVDs . Home and Away : The Movie was the first VHS released in 1989 and contained the 90 - minute pilot episode . Another VHS tape , Home and Away : The Official Summer Bay Special , was released in 1996 . It celebrated 2,000 episodes of the show and looked back at memorable moments throughout its earlier years . Home and Away : Secrets and the City and Home and Away : Hearts Divided were the first DVDs released in October 2003 , and both contained exclusive episodes that were never aired on television . Two further DVDs , Home and Away : Romances and Home and Away : Weddings were released in November 2005 and March 2006 , respectively , and featured clips from the most popular romances and weddings in the series ' history . Romances featured the pilot episode , while Weddings featured two episodes containing Leah and Vinnie 's wedding as a bonus feature . Four soundtrack albums were released between 1996 and 2003 that featured music used on the show as well songs from some of the cast members . Home and Away has also produced several spin - off episodes . headLand was a spin - off series focusing on a university . It ran from November 2005 until January 2006 , when it was cancelled due to low ratings . In 2013 , the show launched their first webisode series titled Home and Away Extras , which introduced new characters Andy ( Tai Hara ) and Josh Barrett ( Jackson Gallagher ) before they appeared on - air . The four - part websisode series was released on the show 's Yahoo ! 7 website from 7 August 2013 . On 19 August 2015 , it was announced that former cast members Dan Ewing ( Heath Braxton ) and Lisa Gormley ( Bianca Scott ) would be returning for a special spin - off episode titled Home and Away : An Eye for an Eye . The episode was commissioned specially for the local streaming service Presto and did not air on the Seven Network . It centred around the Braxton family and was a feature - length episode running for over an hour . Home and Away : An Eye for an Eye was made available to watch on Presto from 9 December 2015 . Following the success of Home and Away : An Eye for An Eye , it was announced on 6 May 2016 that two more feature - length episodes had been commissioned . The first episode became available on 19 December 2016 and is titled Home and Away : Revenge . The second special , Home and Away : All Or Nothing , became available for viewing on 26 January 2017 . See also ( edit ) Television in Australia portal List of longest - running Australian television series References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mercado 2004 , p. 205 . ^ Jump up to : Mercado 2004 , p. 251 . ^ Jump up to : Rand , Hannah ( 25 January 2009 ) . `` Home and Away in LA '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Field , Katherine ( 23 July 2009 ) . `` Happy birthday for Home and Away '' . The Australian . 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Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lincoln Younes is a long way from home '' . Sunday Mail ( SA ) . 22 September 2012 . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 18 June 2012 ) . `` Home & Away films in Melbourne '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Jill ( 10 April 2015 ) . `` Home and Away in Canberra for Anzac tribute '' . Canberra Times . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Summer Bay 's Alf -- aka Ray Meagher -- revelling in show 's new storyline for Gallipoli anniversary '' . The Sunday Telegraph . 22 March 2015 . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Kilkelly , Daniel ( 27 February 2015 ) . `` ' Home and Away ' to film eps in Hawaii '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Amy ( 4 September 2013 ) . `` Summer Bay is coming to London ! Home and Away to begin filming in UK for first time in 12 years '' . Metro . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . 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Jump up ^ Downie , Stephen ; Devlyn , Darren ( 15 January 2008 ) . `` Kym at home in Ramsay St '' . The Courier - Mail . Archived from the original on 18 January 2008 . Retrieved 11 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Home And Away cleans up in ratings battle '' . The Daily Telegraph . 2 August 2012 . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ACA trumps Home And Away in ratings race '' . Australian Associated Press . 19 February 2014 . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Dyer , Glenn ( 29 November 2012 ) . `` Glenn Dyer 's TV ratings : Home and Away finishes strong '' . Crikey . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cartwright , Darren ( 9 July 2015 ) . `` Seven Network stands behind struggling ' Home And Away ' '' . Australian Associated Press . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 8 July 2015 ) . `` Tuesday 7 July 2015 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . 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Retrieved 31 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Home and Away spoiler : Olivia reveals her traumatic secret '' . Digital Spy. 6 February 2016 . Retrieved 13 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Rigby , Sam ( 26 August 2013 ) . `` ' Home and Away ' : Zac MacGuire 's family to arrive in cult storyline '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 31 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Dainty , Sophie ( 20 July 2015 ) . `` Home and Away spoilers : Kyle Braxton to get into trouble over gambling '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 31 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Dainty , Sophie ( 24 November 2014 ) . `` Home and Away : Maddy Osborne to be diagnosed with cancer '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 31 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The moment that changed everything for Andrew Morley '' . Yahoo ! 7 . 23 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 19 December 2013 . Retrieved 31 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Home and Away : Oscar McGuire to be arrested over hit and run '' . Digital Spy. 19 May 2014 . Retrieved 31 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A tragic twist '' . Inside Soap : 31 . 1 -- 7 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Home and Away Spoilers 2008 '' . Throng Australia . 23 August 2015 . Retrieved 12 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Ricci , Colleen ( 23 March 2009 ) . `` Too gay for teens '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 6 Of The Most Memorable Home And Away Teenage Pregnancies '' . Beamly.com. 5 November 2014 . Retrieved 13 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Dainty , Sophie ( 30 March 2015 ) . `` Home and Away : Brax is brutally attacked in prison '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 31 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Roo wants a divorce '' . What 's on TV . 27 March 2014 . Retrieved 31 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aden Jefferies '' . backtothebay.net . Retrieved 13 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Aden Reveals All '' . YouTube . 27 July 2008 . Retrieved 13 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Home And Away sex tape storyline to be broadcast '' . news.com.au. 19 August 2009 . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Dainty , Sophie ( 13 May 2013 ) . `` ' Home and Away ' : Adam Sharpe gets Casey Braxton arrested '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 31 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Dainty , Sophie ( 26 May 2015 ) . `` Home and Away 's Cassie Howarth : ' I was resistant to Hannah sex plot ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Home and Away character death sparks outpouring on Twitter '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 16 September 2014 . Retrieved 31 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Kilkelly , Daniel ( 8 October 2012 ) . `` ' Home and Away ' baby tragedy aftermath revealed '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Kilkelly , Daniel ( 31 January 2011 ) . `` ' H&A ' star : ' Pregnancy plot is realistic ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 31 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Karyn ( 21 April 2015 ) . `` The Home and Away Natural Disasters We Are Glad We Did n't Need to Go Through '' . Beamly.com . Retrieved 31 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Dainty , Sophie ( 26 January 2015 ) . `` Home and Away : Bus crash aftermath revealed '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 23 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` X RATED SUMMER BAY Home and Away to air most VIOLENT episode yet with ' blood bath ' scenes on adult - only channel '' . Thesun.co.uk. 22 January 2017 . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home and Away too saucy for rating '' . news.com.au. 4 October 2007 . Retrieved 22 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Home and Away just grew up : Love scene ruled too raunchy by New Zealand TV '' . Daily Mail Australia . 22 September 2010 . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 17 January 2013 ) . `` 25 years for Home and Away '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The year that was '' . The Age . 1 January 2004 . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Farouque , Farah ( 3 April 2008 ) . `` Tribute to dull and dependable Sally '' . The Age . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Guinness World Records 2002 . 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Archived from the original on 27 July 2015 . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Browne , Rachel ( 10 April 2005 ) . `` Lleyton serves up TV debut '' . The Sun - Herald . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Catch Paulini On Home And Away '' . Sony BMG Australia . 26 November 2004 . Archived from the original on 4 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Kilkelly , Daniel ( 23 October 2013 ) . `` ' Home and Away ' : Radio 1 DJ Nick Grimshaw films cameo scene '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( 30 March 2014 ) . `` Eliza Doolittle to cameo in Home and Away -- pictures '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ McCabe , Kathy ( 24 March 2015 ) . `` Ed Sheeran joins cast of Home and Away '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Moran , Jonathon ( 11 December 2016 ) . `` Jessica Mauboy revelling on the small screen with Home and Away role '' . The Daily Telegraph . 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Two Tube . Archived from the original on 17 November 2015 . Retrieved 6 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2009 Opening Titles '' . Backtothebay.net . Retrieved 6 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Media -- Theme Tunes '' . Backtothebay.net . Retrieved 6 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Playlist Sunday 4th September '' . Syn.org.au. 5 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 16 November 2015 . Retrieved 6 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : List of various five - second opening titles used in Home and Away since 2013 : Home and Away : Wednesday 4 December -- Clip . Home and Away . Channel 5 on YouTube . 27 November 2013 . Retrieved 8 August 2015 . Home and Away : Thursday 12 December -- Clip . Home and Away . Channel 5 on YouTube . 5 December 2013 . Retrieved 8 August 2015 . Home and Away : Friday 30 May -- Clip . Home and Away . Channel 5 on YouTube . 23 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 August 2015 . Home and Away : Thursday 2 July -- Clip . Home and Away . Channel 5 on YouTube . 22 June 2015 . Retrieved 8 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Pritchard , Tahlia ( 17 September 2017 ) . `` 19 Random Facts About Australia 's Iconic TV Show ' Home And Away ' '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Dan ( 30 January 2018 ) . `` 2018 Season Debuts with New Title - cards and Theme Tune '' . Back to the Bay . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : You know we belong together ... Yahoo ! 7 . 1 February 2018 . Retrieved 3 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kilkelly , Daniel ( 24 August 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Home and Away ' producer Lucy Addario talks storylines , future plans '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 8 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Home and Away wins Best Drama Logie '' . TV Week . 9 May 2016 . Retrieved 9 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Moran , Jonathon ( 19 April 2015 ) . `` Logies Hall of Fame awaits Australia 's favourite soap Home and Away '' . The Sunday Telegraph . Retrieved 19 April 2015 . Jump up ^ List of Australian Writers ' Guild Award wins for Home and Away : 1996 -- 2006 : `` Winners 1968 - 2006 '' ( PDF ) . Australian Writers Guild . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . 2008 : `` 2008 AWGIE Winners '' . Australian Writers Guild . Retrieved 5 March 2010 . 2010 : Knox , David ( 21 August 2010 ) . `` AWGIES : 2010 winners '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 21 August 2010 . 2011 : Knox , David ( 24 September 2011 ) . `` 2011 AWGIE Awards : winners '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 24 September 2011 . 2012 : Knox , David ( 25 August 2012 ) . `` ABC Drama dominates AWGIE winners '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . 2013 : Knox , David ( 5 October 2013 ) . `` AWGIE Awards 2013 : winners '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 4 October 2013 . 2015 : `` 2015 AWGIE Winners -- by category '' . Awg.com.au . Retrieved 14 September 2015 . Jump up ^ List of Australian Directors Guild Award wins for Home and Away : 2012 : Knox , David ( 12 May 2012 ) . `` Doubles dip into Director 's Guild Awards '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 11 May 2012 . 2013 : Knox , David ( 4 May 2013 ) . `` Australian Director 's Guild Awards 2013 : winners '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 28 June 2013 . 2014 : `` ADG salutes Mordaunt , Woods , Perkins '' . If Magazine . 3 May 2014 . Archived from the original on 21 March 2015 . Retrieved 9 April 2015 . 2015 : Frater , Patrick ( 8 May 2015 ) . `` Jennifer Kent Wins Australian Directors Guild Award '' . Variety . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . 2016 : Knox , David ( 7 May 2016 ) . `` Australian Directors Guild Awards 2016 : winners '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 6 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Home and Away -- The Frank Morgan Story by Elizabeth Coleman '' . Goodreads . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Home and Away Annual '' . National Library of Australia . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Home and Away : Hearts Divided / Leon F Saunders '' . National Library of Australia . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Second Chances : Home & Away 7 '' . Pan Macmillan Australia . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Home and Away -- The Original Pilot TV Movie '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Home and Away -- The Official Summer Bay Special . A Celebration of 2000 Episodes ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Home and Away -- Secrets and the City '' . EzyDVD . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Home and Away -- Hearts Divided '' . EzyDVD . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Home and Away : Romances DVD '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Home and Away : Weddings DVD '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Home and Away soundtracks '' . Tvmem.com . Archived from the original on 21 November 2008 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilkes , Neil ( 24 January 2006 ) . `` ' Home & Away ' spinoff axed in Oz '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 6 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 6 August 2013 ) . `` New Home and Away boys in webisode debut '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 29 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Home and Away webisodes introduce new characters '' . Mumbrella. 5 August 2013 . Retrieved 29 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seven reveals first local commission for Presto streaming service '' . If Magazine . 19 August 2015 . Retrieved 19 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Presto announces first specially commissioned show , a Home and Away special that wo n't be available on Channel Seven '' . news.com.au. 19 August 2015 . Retrieved 19 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Kilkelly , Daniel ( 13 November 2015 ) . `` Home and Away lines up baby kidnap plot for Braxton spinoff special '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Dunk , Tiffany ( 6 May 2016 ) . `` More Home and Away specials on the way after success of An Eye For An Eye '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 6 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Home and Away 2016 Shocking Murder Endangers Kat and Justin ? Two Spinoffs Tie Past and Present ? '' . Aussie Network News . 30 November 2016 . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Mercado , Andrew ( 2004 ) . Super Aussie Soaps . Pluto Press Australia . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86403 - 191 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Home and Away . 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what episode did tara die in sons of anarchy

Tara Knowles

tara knowles

Dr. Tara Grace Knowles - Teller is a fictional character on the FX drama Sons of Anarchy , played by Maggie Siff .

Contents 1 Biography 1.1 Early life 1.2 Season 1 1.3 Season 2 1.4 Season 3 1.5 Between Season 3 and Season 4 1.6 Season 4 1.7 Season 5 1.8 Season 6 2 Critical response 3 Related links 4 References 5 External links Biography ( edit ) Early life ( edit ) Tara is a native of Charming , California . ( She said her heritage was half - Irish . ) Her mother died when Tara was nine , and according to ATF Agent Stahl , Tara had a `` drunk daddy '' , whom Tara described as a `` bit of a packrat '' . Tara was Jax Teller 's high - school sweetheart , and during that era she had a crow tattooed on her lower back representing her connection to SAMCRO . Tara was arrested in Jax 's company at least three times in 1996 . She left town when Jax was 19 , in order to get away from small - town life and the influence of the club . According to his mother Gemma , this broke Jax 's heart . After leaving Charming , Tara moved in with a cousin of her father 's , who lived in San Diego , studied at UC San Diego , and graduated with honors . She then attended medical school in Chicago ( either Feinberg Medical School at Northwestern University , according to her file in `` Fun Town '' , or `` Loyola Med '' according to Agent Stahl in `` Better Half '' ) where she was at the top of her class , then she completed an internship at Chicago Presbyterian . While in Chicago , Tara dated ATF agent Joshua Kohn , and got pregnant , and had an abortion at six weeks . Kohn became intimidating , violent , and obsessive , so she took out a restraining order against him several months before she returned to Charming , after an absence of 10 years . Season 1 ( edit ) Tara works as a Pediatric resident at the local hospital , St. Thomas . It is there that she tends to Jax 's gravely ill infant son Abel during Abel 's hospitalization . Tara lives in her childhood home , which she inherited from her father when he died . She also drives a Cutlass her father had parked in the garage under `` two tons of old newspapers '' . Tara 's relationship with Jax upon her return to Charming is based primarily on their mutual concern for gravely ill Abel . Her psychotic ex-boyfriend Agent Kohn comes to Charming under the pretext of investigating SAMCRO , but is really there because he wants to resume his relationship with Tara . Afraid for her life , Tara seeks Jax 's help in driving off Kohn . Jax stabs Kohn 's car on her behalf , beats him bloody in an altercation at Floyd 's barber shop , and then escorts him out of town . When Kohn returns in the dead of night and attacks Tara in her home , she shoots him in the gut and calls Jax for help . When Jax arrives he is furious about the attack and shoots Agent Kohn in the head . Tara and Jax then fall into each other 's arms and make love while Kohn 's iPod plays the Andy Williams song `` Ca n't Get Used to Losing You '' on a continuous loop . Following the killing of Kohn , Jax and Tara seem to settle into a largely healthy and positive romantic relationship . Tara spends more time with Jax at the clubhouse , plays nice with Gemma , and works to heal wounded club associate Cameron Hayes . The Jax - Tara relationship soon seems to disintegrate after his ex-wife Wendy returns from rehab . In the penultimate season - one episode `` The Sleep of Babies '' , Tara is seen sleeping alone while Jax and Wendy make love . In the final episode of the first season , `` The Revelator '' , Tara tells Jax that she has arranged to return to Chicago as she does not believe she is cut out for life in Charming . This angers Jax , and he storms off . At the end of the episode Tara is seen to have changed her mind , and she turns up at Donna 's funeral , where she and Jax share a kiss . Season 2 ( edit ) Season two shows Tara officially becoming Jax 's `` old lady '' and becoming integrated into the club 's world . After Gemma is raped and abused , she turns to Tara for medical help . Tara encourages Gemma to seek out counseling to deal with the psychological repercussions of the attack but Gemma is reluctant . Tara 's help with Gemma combined with her efforts at raising Abel begins to heal the rift between Tara and Gemma . Tara 's connection with Jax and SAMCRO , on the other hand , causes problems for her at work . When Gemma accidentally breaks Tara 's nose after being startled , Margaret Murphy ( a hospital administrator ) assumes that Jax is responsible and warns Tara about the possible repercussions of being associated with SAMCRO . Later , Margaret files a `` hostile work environment '' complaint against Tara after Gemma confronts the administrator about the hospital 's desire to move Chibs to another facility because of an insurance issue . Chibs later falsely complains of head pain and is able to stay at the hospital . Margaret accuses Tara of coaching Chibs with his symptoms and has Tara 's privileges suspended . When Jax decides that he wanted to go nomad , Tara is upset that he made the decision without consulting her . However , unlike everyone else connected to the club , she feels like it might be the right decision given the tension between Jax and Clay . Gemma lets Tara know that as Jax 's `` old lady '' , Tara has considerable prestige and respect in the club when other women in the club defer to her , and that she should n't `` take any shit '' from anyone . Later , Tara confronts Margaret . The altercation turns violent and Tara then chokes and punches her . She tells Margaret , `` I know where you live , I know where your kids go to school '' and informs her that the cops are on SAMCRO 's payroll and that the club runs Charming . Tara advises Margaret to keep her mouth shut and retract her complaint . Margaret immediately agrees to do so . In the season two finale , Tara attempts to convince Gemma to not get revenge on those that raped her , but is unsuccessful . She is present at Jax 's home when Cameron Hayes appears , and is tied to a chair by him before he kidnaps Abel Teller . Tara is untied by Jax and tells him what has happened to his son . Jax and the rest of the club unsuccessfully try to save Abel while Tara is later seen being consoled by Deputy David Hale . Season 3 ( edit ) Tara is still saddened by the loss of Abel . As time goes by , Jax continues to push her away with increasing vehemence . She feels Jax is pushing her away because he blames her for not preventing Abel 's kidnapping . She visits a fugitive Gemma and helps her kill Gemma 's father 's caretaker . Tig helps the two of them cover it up . Tara later reveals to Gemma that she is six weeks pregnant . After Jax leaves Tara , she catches him with CaraCara porn star , Ima . Tara then starts packing her things at Jax 's house . He apologizes for what she saw earlier , but she feels he wanted her to see it , because he wants her gone and knew it was the one thing that would drive her away . She expresses that she thinks he is doing this because he hates her for what happened to Abel . Jax says that it is to protect her , but Tara does n't believe him . When Jax goes after her , she is already pulling out of the driveway . As Tara leaves Jax 's house it is shown that the recently ousted Calaveras MC leader , Hector Salazar , has been secretly stalking her and Jax . Tara considers having an abortion , as she believes Jax is not ready for another child . Gemma tries to convince Tara to wait until Jax gets back from Belfast and look into Abel 's eyes before she does anything . Gemma wants Tara to try to mend the relationship , because Jax has n't been thinking clearly since Abel 's abduction . Tara ultimately helps Gemma escape police custody so Gemma can go with Clay and Jax to Belfast . Lyla asks Tara if she knows of any clinics that conduct abortions . When she goes with Lyla to have the procedure , they have a conversation about why Lyla is having the abortion . It turns out Lyla is having the same problems with Opie . He wo n't open up to her in fear of what might happen . Lyla also feels the baby is an inconvenience because she wants to continue working as a porn star . After the conversation , Tara schedules an abortion for herself , as well . Later , Tara reveals to Margaret Murphy that she is going to have an abortion ; Margaret agrees it is a good idea and offers to drive Tara to the clinic . On the way , Salazar stages a car accident and abducts Margaret and Tara . While Tara and Margaret are being held by Salazar , he becomes upset when his hostage demands are n't met and threatens to kill Margaret . Tara tries to persuade him not to and when he does n't listen to her , she causes a distraction . She attacks Salazar 's girlfriend and tries to get away . Salazar kicks her hard in the stomach . He goes to kick her a second time but stops when Tara tells him that she is pregnant . When Tara gets a chance to go to the bathroom , she breaks off a piece of a mirror to use as a weapon . When Salazar 's girlfriend breaks into the bathroom , Tara cuts her neck and almost escapes with Margaret , but Salazar stops them . After a stand off , Tara tells him his girlfriend is in the bathroom bleeding badly . She says she will keep his girlfriend alive if he lets Margaret go . When Salazar 's girlfriend dies in the car , he throws Tara against the car and puts a gun to her head . Salazar takes Tara to Jacob Hale 's office , where he takes Hale hostage as well . When he gives his list of demands , one of them is for Jax to come to Hale 's office . Tara sees Salazar pull out a knife , and he tells her he plans to kill her while Jax watches and then kill Jax . As Jax enters the office , Salazar is about to kill Tara , but Jacob Hale stabs him instead . Jax wrestles the gun from Salazar , gives it to Tara , and tells her to kill anyone who is not a cop . When the whole ordeal is over with Jax and Tara go to the doctor for an ultrasound to make sure the baby was not harmed . The baby is healthy and Jax and Tara hear the heartbeat and see the baby on the ultrasound . Jax and Tara then go to Gemma 's house where Gemma hugs her . Tara sees Abel and happily holds him and welcomes him back home . In the season finale , Tara has become more involved with the club . She drives Jimmy O back to the garage in the trunk after SAMCRO buys him from the Russians . Jax makes sure that she wears a bulletproof vest to ensure her safety in case something goes wrong . When Stahl tells the club about the deal Jax made with her , which was actually a trap by the club to kill Stahl and Jimmy , she runs and hugs him distraught and fearing that the club will kill him in prison . In the closing minute of the season 3 finale , Tara reads letters from John Teller to his mistress Maureen Ashby implying that Gemma and Clay would be responsible for his death should it happen . The close up shot of Tara 's face transitions to Jax 's face , thus ending season 3 . Between season 3 and season 4 ( edit ) Bridge between end of Season 3 and beginning of Season 4 : By the end of season 3 when Jax and the other Samcro members were hauled off to prison , Tara is a little over 8 weeks pregnant . However , in a special feature `` appisode '' ( titled : Tara and Piney ) - that took place day 85 of Jax 's incarceration ; a pregnant Tara is shown about 5 months along . In this appisode , Tara goes to Piney for information on John Teller 's death but is rebuked and told not to investigate further and that the past was `` dead and buried '' . In another special `` appisode '' ( titled : Second Son ) - which bridges the gap between seasons ; Tara and Gemma visit Jax in prison . Tara has just given birth to baby Thomas , and she brings the baby to meet Jax for the first time . Jax is overjoyed . He apologizes for missing the delivery and promises he would n't miss anything important ever again . Season 4 ( edit ) At the beginning of Season 4 Tara is waiting to greet Jax on his return home . When Jax arrives he and Tara spend a little time with Abel and Thomas before Jax has to go inside the clubhouse for a meeting . When Tara and Jax meet at their house later , they waste no more time and begin making love . Jax then proposes to Tara by putting a ring on their son Thomas 's finger . Before Tara can fully accept they have a serious talk about the future of their family . Jax explains that he is done with SAMCRO , but he has to stay until Clay steps down as president because he and Gemma wo n't let Jax walk away without conflict . He does assure her that as soon as Clay retires and once he has saved enough money to avoid living off his wife he will leave SAMCRO and they will start fresh as a normal family . Later , at Opie and Lyla 's wedding , Jax is the best man and Tara is the maid of honor . The next day Tara and Jax are having breakfast with their sons when they see on the news a story about four dead bodies found at the construction site of Charming Heights . She asks Jax to tell her all he knows about it . He tells her it was retaliation for him getting stabbed in prison . Later on she encounters Gemma in her office who asks why Tara is not wearing her engagement ring . Tara simply tells Gemma that she and Jax are just waiting for the right time to tell everyone . Later at the clubhouse a distraught Tara is reunited with Jax after he is rescued from the Russians . There she discovers , along with Jax , that the clubhouse had been trashed by Sheriff Roosevelt . To lighten up the mood she decides to announce the engagement . During the season ( and before ) Tara has become more fearful of the consequences of being involved with SAMCRO and increasingly begins to think about the effect it will have on her son . This leads Tara to make the decision of leaving town with her son until things settle down . Tara is also conflicted about the letters from Maureen Ashby . Gemma has found out she has them and tries most of the season to obtain them and destroy them . Piney also shows interest in them as a way to blackmail Clay , but Tara keeps them protected . Clay finds out about the letters and he is so fearful of them getting out , that he takes out a hit on her life from Romeo . Eventually after confronting Gemma about the letters , Tara admits that she is not capable of showing the letters to Jax , feeling that if he knew who his father truly was , Jax would get deeper into the club out of guilt , therefore getting him further from her . Tara eventually heads to a medical conference in Oregon and takes Abel and Thomas with her , most likely for an indefinite stay . Jax accompanies her and on the way there the assassins hired by Clay try to kill her . Tara survives thanks to Jax , however during the fight her right hand gets smashed in a van door . Her hand is repaired , but the nerves are terribly damaged . Her doctor affirms it is unknown if it is permanent but she feels otherwise and believes her career to be over . Jax , extremely upset himself , tries to comfort her , but Tara has become distant and asks him to leave her alone . She feels that now their future is set and they will never get out of Charming . She 's later encouraged by Jax that everything will go as they had planned , which Tara barely believes . During the day she 's visited by Jax 's ex-wife Wendy , who makes it clear that she wants to know Abel better , as she gave up custody but not the right to know him . This unnerves Tara who feels she is Abel 's true mother and becomes fearful that Wendy will take him away from her . Wendy leaves her number and Tara smashes the vase of flowers , screaming in anger . She 's later put under psych watch and restrained to her bed . Jax begins to feel at a loss as how to take care of and comfort her . Later Gemma comes to see her and confesses that it was Clay who wanted her dead because of the letters , which she gives to Gemma . She reveals later to Gemma that she was fully aware of her plan to have Clay killed by Jax and hide the letters that involve her and Unser , to prompt Jax to stay as President . Tara gives Jax a blood thinner to inject into Clay , who is recuperating at St. Thomas . She then tells Jax , in front of Gemma , that he will kill Clay and come get her and the boys , so they can leave Charming forever . This plan fails as Jax is forced to stay due to the influence of Romeo Parada and Luis Torres who are undercover CIA agents . They need SAMCRO to provide weapons and transport drugs or they will crush the club . Understanding that Jax has to become President , Tara decides to remain with him . In the season finale , with Gemma watching Tara stands behind Jax at the head of the table , one arm draped around him , mirroring a photo of Gemma and John Teller . Season 5 ( edit ) The season begins with Tara 's hand in a cast unable to perform surgeries . Despite losing ability to operate , she supports Jax as President of SAMCRO . The couple lacks certainty of `` where it all goes , '' but Jax is clear that `` no matter what happens , I want you to be my wife . '' Tara mocks the romanticism of a spontaneous wedding at Diosa to which Jax jokes , `` I killed a Fed for you ... nothing says endless love like capital murder . '' A judge marries them in a quick ceremony with wedding rings that belonged to Gemma and JT . Tension rises between Tara and Gemma over controlling the family . Tara places Abel and Thomas in hospital daycare with Jax 's support . Tara gains power by shutting out Gemma , who is not on visitor list at first . Gemma tries to hurt Tara by using Wendy to threaten a custody suit . Tara stands firm by warning Gemma not to hurt her or her family or Jax `` might kill you . '' Tara strategically plans squashing RICO case with Lowen , Bobby and Jax . She volunteers at Stockton State Prison and asks Otto to recant his RICO statement . Tara extends an olive branch to Gemma by placing her on daycare visitor 's list and allowing her to watch the boys . Gemma is stoned when she wrecks her car with Abel and Thomas in the backseat . Tara punches Gemma when she confesses to being high while driving with the boys . Tara 's fears intensify over the increasing threats to her family ; she starts to defend and protect them in Gemma - like ways . Tara cuts her out of the family , but agrees to let Gemma back in if she helps Jax with getting intel from Clay on plot to undermine his leadership . Tara receives good prognosis for her hand and gets recruited for a surgical job in Oregon . Meanwhile , Otto agrees to Tara 's plea on RICO if she will bring him Luann 's crucifix . Tara 's career is on the line when she is investigated as an accessory to Otto 's brutal murder of a prison nurse that was killed with Luann 's crucifix . Jax assures Tara that they will get through the investigation just like they get through everything else to which she quips , `` that 's what scares me . '' She becomes guarded when Jax does n't walk away after meeting his goal to save the MC with RICO shutdown . She is pressed to reply to the offer and internally struggles with moving on as it is the `` last chance '' for her and Jax to get out of Charming . While meeting to prepare Tara 's defense , Lowen prompts Tara to think about legal custody of sons if anything was to happen to her . Tara agrees to Providence Health & Services job offer before telling Jax . Wendy confronts Tara with reality of risk associated with MC and shows her the shoulder bruise from the force of Jax jamming a speedball needle into it . Tara gasps with shock realizing that Jax is losing his way . The prison nurse 's brother , Lee Toric , confronts Tara at the hospital and threatens to avenge her death . More than ever , Tara needs someone trustworthy to name as guardian of her sons in case of imprisonment or death . Tara has no permanent nerve damage and will be able to operate again . Tara requests clarity from Jax who does not come clean about intimidating Wendy . Gemma confronts Tara about Providence Health & Services offer and threatens Tara `` I 'm done with your power push . '' Gemma threatens to tell investigators that Tara planned the killing of an innocent nurse to reverse RICO . Tara enlists Wendy as guardian and is now more determined to pull her sons out of Charming 's `` cesspool . '' Jax disapproves of Wendy as Guardian , but Tara insists it is her ' job as an old lady to be strong ... when and where ( he ) ca n't be . '' She tells him she accepted a job offer in Oregon to spare them from becoming like Gemma and Clay , which will force the boys to relive their mistakes . The season ends with Tara 's arrest for conspiracy to commit Pamela Toric 's murder . Season 6 ( edit ) After a season of failed attempts to get herself and her sons out of Charming ( including a false pregnancy and subsequently faked miscarriage to bar Gemma Teller - Morrow from gaining custody of Abel and Thomas , should Tara go to prison ) , and after Tara and Jax 's relationship was tested ( Tara and Jax are having problems with her being behind bars for her involvement in the death of a nurse . Jax is seen at the end of episode 1 cheating on Tara with Colette Jane , an escort handler ) Tara finds herself at odds with everyone she was supposed to be able to trust and chooses to use the bullet she pulled from Bobby Munson 's shoulder as evidence necessary to grant her witness protection , in turn making her a rat and a liability to the MC and to Jax himself . In a last - minute plot twist , Jax finds Tara at a park in Lodi . They talk for several minutes and then the scene cuts to the motel room Tara had been hiding in . The two come to an understanding and Jax surrenders himself to the mercy of DA Tyne Patterson in exchange for Tara 's immunity for all the crimes she committed on behalf the MC , specifically that of the murder of Pamela Toric , for which she was accused in season 5 but did not have anything to do with . The DA agrees to what Jax offers her after a few moments of reluctance to believe that he will come through . With that , Jax has let Tara know that he truly loves her and their sons more than anything . They cry and make love . Tara and Jax agree to meet the DA at the Teller home at 6pm after he spends his last hours as a free man with his sons . He tells Chibs and Bobby he will most likely be sentenced to 25 years , with parole in 10 , 7 if he 's lucky . Tara gets home earlier than expected and the house is empty , save for Eli , the sheriff , who entered the house with her so they could talk in private and he could help her bring her suitcases into the house , as she decided not to run away and do what Jax asked of her ; raise their sons . When Eli leaves , stating he 'll be outside , Tara calls for Wayne , assuming his truck outside meant he was in the house . Caught off guard , Gemma comes out of the laundry room and lunges for Tara , who can not escape in time . Gemma hits her with an iron but does n't knock her out . Tara struggles against Gemma 's beating and her head is badly smashed on the sink , where Gemma then attempts to drown her . In one of the show 's most gruesome moments , Tara struggles for several seconds before Gemma grabs a barbecue fork and stabs Tara multiple times in the back of the head and her neck . Blood gushing out of the back of her head , Tara collapses and dies . Lt. Roosevelt walks in on the scene and discovers Gemma sitting on the floor next to Tara 's body , in obvious shock . Gemma is mumbling incoherently about how it had to be done because she was going to rat out the MC . Roosevelt tells her she did n't rat out the MC , and that Jax is giving himself up to protect her . Immediately after this , Juice walks in , sees the scene , shoots Lt. Roosevelt twice in the back and then comforts Gemma . After this he begins cleaning up the murder scene . Jax returns home later that evening . He sees Lt. Roosevelt 's legs on the kitchen floor , draws his gun , and then enters the kitchen , where he finds both Eli and Tara dead on the floor . Stunned , he drops his gun at Eli 's feet and cradles Tara in his arms . Critical response ( edit ) The New York Times ' series - premiere review remarked on the `` chemistry '' between Jax and Tara , and described the character as `` beautiful ... refined and book - smart . '' TV Squad credited Siff with a `` superior performance '' and the Chicago Tribune described her as `` excellent . '' Related links ( edit ) List of Sons of Anarchy characters References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bellafante , Ginia ( 2008 - 09 - 03 ) . `` Wild Bunch on Wheels , Playing by Its Rules '' . The New York Times ( published 2008 - 03 - 02 ) . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Toomey , Jonathan . `` Sons offers more than just Anarchy at second glance '' . TV Squad . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( 2008 - 09 - 02 ) . `` Biker gangs ! Guns ! Drugs ! ' Sons of Anarchy ' ups the cable ante - but to what end ? '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Sons of Anarchy Official Website : Maggie Siff Sons of Anarchy Created by : Kurt Sutter Episodes `` Pilot '' Seasons 5 6 7 Characters Clay Morrow Jax Teller Gemma Teller Morrow Tara Knowles Opie Winston Bobby Munson Tig Trager Chibs Telford Piney Winston Juice Ortiz Half - Sack Epps Happy Wayne Unser David Hale June Stahl Josh Kohn Ernest Darby Marcus Álvarez Ethan Zobelle Universe Sons of Anarchy MC Charming , CA List of gangs Mayans MC Music `` This Life '' Songs of Anarchy Songs of Anarchy Volume 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tara_Knowles&oldid=851906714 '' Categories : Sons of Anarchy characters Fictional characters from Chicago Fictional surgeons Fictional medical personnel Fictional cannabis users Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional stalking victims Fictional characters introduced in 2008 Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2018 , at 10 : 17 ( UTC ) . 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most losses in a row in nfl history

The 1976 -- 77 Tampa Bay Buccaneers have the longest losing streak since the National Football League ( NFL ) merger in 1970 with 26 consecutive losses . The Chicago Cardinals hold the record for the longest losing streak before the merger with a losing streak of 29 games from 1942 to 1945 .

26

List of National Football League longest losing streaks

list of national football league longest losing streaks

The 1976 -- 77 Tampa Bay Buccaneers have the longest losing streak since the National Football League ( NFL ) merger in 1970 with 26 consecutive losses . The Chicago Cardinals hold the record for the longest losing streak before the merger with a losing streak of 29 games from 1942 to 1945 .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 Streaks 2.1 Regular season 2.2 Playoffs 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References Key ( edit ) Denotes streaks that occurred before the NFL merger ( 1970 season ) Denotes streaks that are currently in progress Streaks ( edit ) Regular season ( edit ) Rank Games Team Season ( s ) Season record ( s ) Date Score Opponent Date Score Opponent Beginning ( first defeat ) End ( first victory or tie ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 29 Chicago Cardinals ^ 1942 1943 1944 1945 3 -- 8 0 -- 10 0 -- 10 1 -- 9 October 25 , 1942 3 -- 7 Cleveland Rams October 14 , 1945 16 -- 7 Chicago Bears 7000100000000000000 ♠ 2 26 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 1976 1977 0 -- 14 2 -- 12 September 12 , 1976 0 -- 20 Houston Oilers December 11 , 1977 33 -- 14 New Orleans Saints 7000200000000000000 ♠ T3 19 Oakland Raiders ^ 1961 1962 2 -- 12 1 -- 13 November 11 , 1961 12 -- 23 New York Titans December 16 , 1962 20 -- 0 Boston Patriots 7000200000000000000 ♠ T3 19 Detroit Lions 2007 2008 2009 7 -- 9 0 -- 16 2 -- 14 December 30 , 2007 13 -- 34 Green Bay Packers September 27 , 2009 19 -- 14 Washington Redskins 7000300000000000000 ♠ 5 18 Houston Oilers 1972 1973 1 -- 13 1 -- 13 October 9 , 1972 0 -- 34 Oakland Raiders November 4 , 1973 31 -- 27 Baltimore Colts 7000400000000000000 ♠ T6 17 Dayton Triangles ^ 1927 1928 1929 1 -- 6 -- 1 0 -- 7 0 -- 6 October 9 , 1927 0 -- 7 Chicago Cardinals team folded after 1929 season 7000400000000000000 ♠ T6 17 Washington Redskins ^ 1960 1961 1 -- 9 -- 2 1 -- 12 -- 1 October 30 , 1960 10 -- 31 Cleveland Browns November 19 , 1961 28 -- 28 Dallas Cowboys 7000400000000000000 ♠ T6 17 Houston Oilers 1982 1 -- 8 2 -- 14 November 21 , 1982 10 -- 24 Pittsburgh Steelers November 13 , 1983 27 -- 17 Detroit Lions 7000500000000000000 ♠ T6 17 St. Louis Rams 2008 2009 2 -- 14 1 -- 15 October 26 , 2008 16 -- 23 New England Patriots November 1 , 2009 17 -- 10 Detroit Lions 7000700000000000000 ♠ T6 17 Cleveland Browns 2015 2016 3 -- 13 1 -- 15 December 20 , 2015 13 -- 30 Seattle Seahawks December 24 , 2016 20 -- 17 San Diego Chargers 7000700000000000000 ♠ T6 17 Cleveland Browns 2016 2017 1 -- 15 0 -- 16 January 1 , 2017 24 -- 27 Pittsburgh Steelers 7000600000000000000 ♠ T12 16 Rochester Jeffersons ^ 1922 1923 1924 1925 0 -- 4 -- 1 0 -- 4 0 -- 7 0 -- 6 -- 1 October 15 , 1922 0 -- 7 Chicago Bears October 4 , 1925 0 -- 0 Buffalo Bisons 7000600000000000000 ♠ T12 16 Pittsburgh Steelers ^ 1969 1970 1 -- 13 5 -- 9 September 28 , 1969 27 -- 41 Philadelphia Eagles October 11 , 1970 23 -- 10 Buffalo Bills 7000600000000000000 ♠ T12 16 Miami Dolphins 2006 2007 6 -- 10 1 -- 15 December 17 , 2006 0 -- 21 Buffalo Bills December 16 , 2007 22 -- 16 Baltimore Ravens 7000700000000000000 ♠ T12 16 Oakland Raiders 2013 2014 4 -- 12 3 -- 13 November 24 , 2013 19 -- 23 Houston Texans November 20 , 2014 24 -- 20 Kansas City Chiefs 7000700000000000000 ♠ T16 15 Buffalo Bills 1970 1971 3 -- 10 -- 1 1 -- 13 November 22 , 1970 13 -- 31 Chicago Bears November 28 , 1971 27 -- 20 New England Patriots 7000700000000000000 ♠ T16 15 Carolina Panthers 2001 1 -- 15 September 23 , 2001 16 -- 24 Atlanta Falcons September 8 , 2002 10 -- 7 Baltimore Ravens 7000700000000000000 ♠ T18 14 Philadelphia Eagles ^ 1936 1937 1 -- 11 2 -- 8 -- 1 September 20 , 1936 3 -- 26 Boston Redskins September 26 , 1937 6 -- 6 Chicago Cardinals 7000700000000000000 ♠ T18 14 Buffalo Bills 1976 1977 2 -- 12 3 -- 11 October 10 , 1976 14 -- 17 New York Jets October 16 , 1977 3 -- 0 Philadelphia Eagles 7000700000000000000 ♠ T18 14 New Orleans Saints 1980 1 -- 15 September 7 , 1980 23 -- 26 San Francisco 49ers December 14 , 1980 21 -- 20 New York Jets 7000700000000000000 ♠ T18 14 Baltimore Colts 1981 2 -- 14 September 13 , 1981 3 -- 35 Buffalo Bills December 20 , 1981 23 -- 21 New England Patriots 7000700000000000000 ♠ T18 14 New England Patriots 1990 1 -- 15 September 23 , 1990 7 -- 41 Cincinnati Bengals September 1 , 1991 16 -- 7 Indianapolis Colts 7000700000000000000 ♠ T18 14 Houston Texans 2013 2 -- 14 September 22 , 2013 9 -- 30 Baltimore Ravens September 7 , 2014 17 -- 6 Washington Redskins 7000700000000000000 ♠ T24 13 Buffalo Bills 1984 8 -- 8 2 -- 14 December 11 , 1983 10 -- 23 San Francisco 49ers November 18 , 1984 14 -- 3 Dallas Cowboys 7000700000000000000 ♠ T24 13 Indianapolis Colts 1986 3 -- 13 September 7 , 1986 3 -- 33 New England Patriots December 7 , 1986 28 -- 13 Atlanta Falcons 7000700000000000000 ♠ T24 13 Detroit Lions 2000 2001 9 -- 7 2 -- 14 December 24 , 2000 20 -- 23 Chicago Bears December 16 , 2001 27 -- 24 Minnesota Vikings 7000700000000000000 ♠ T24 13 Indianapolis Colts 2011 2 -- 14 September 11 , 2011 7 -- 34 Houston Texans December 18 , 2011 27 -- 13 Tennessee Titans 7000700000000000000 ♠ T24 13 Jacksonville Jaguars 2012 2013 2 -- 14 4 -- 12 December 2 , 2012 18 -- 34 Buffalo Bills November 10 , 2013 29 -- 27 Tennessee Titans 7000700000000000000 ♠ T24 13 San Francisco 49ers 2016 2 -- 14 September 18 , 2016 27 -- 46 Carolina Panthers December 24 , 2016 22 -- 21 Los Angeles Rams Jump up ^ In 1944 , the Chicago Cardinals and Pittsburgh Steelers combined rosters and competed as Card - Pitt due to the loss of players to World War II military service . Jump up ^ Record against NFL opponents . ^ Jump up to : Losing streak carried into next season , but team won first game . Playoffs ( edit ) Rank Games Team Seasons Date Score Opponent Date Score Opponent Beginning ( first defeat ) End ( first victory ) 7000700000000000000 ♠ 1 9 Detroit Lions 1991 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1997 , 1999 , 2011 , 2014 , 2016 January 12 , 1992 10 -- 41 Washington Redskins 7000700000000000000 ♠ T2 8 Cincinnati Bengals 1990 , 2005 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 January 13 , 1991 10 -- 20 Los Angeles Raiders 7000700000000000000 ♠ T2 8 Kansas City Chiefs 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1997 , 2003 , 2006 , 2010 , 2013 January 23 , 1994 13 -- 30 Buffalo Bills January 9 , 2016 30 -- 0 Houston Texans 7000700000000000000 ♠ T4 6 New York Giants ^ 1939 , 1941 , 1943 , 1944 , 1946 , 1950 December 10 , 1939 0 -- 27 Green Bay Packers December 30 , 1956 47 -- 7 Chicago Bears 7000700000000000000 ♠ T4 6 Cleveland Browns 1969 , 1971 , 1972 , 1980 , 1982 , 1985 January 4 , 1970 7 -- 27 Minnesota Vikings January 3 , 1987 23 -- 20 New York Jets 7000700000000000000 ♠ T4 6 Seattle Seahawks 1984 , 1987 , 1988 , 1999 , 2003 , 2004 December 29 , 1984 10 -- 31 Miami Dolphins January 14 , 2006 20 -- 10 Washington Redskins 7000700000000000000 ♠ T4 6 Minnesota Vikings 1988 , 1989 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 January 1 , 1989 9 -- 34 San Francisco 49ers December 27 , 1997 23 -- 22 New York Giants 7000700000000000000 ♠ T4 6 Dallas Cowboys 1996 , 1998 , 1999 , 2003 , 2006 , 2007 January 5 , 1997 17 -- 26 Carolina Panthers January 9 , 2010 34 -- 14 Philadelphia Eagles 7000700000000000000 ♠ T9 5 Los Angeles Rams ^ 1952 , 1955 , 1967 , 1969 , 1973 December 21 , 1952 21 -- 31 Detroit Lions December 22 , 1974 19 -- 10 Washington Redskins 7000700000000000000 ♠ T9 5 New York Giants ^ 1958 , 1959 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 December 28 , 1958 17 -- 23 Baltimore Colts December 27 , 1981 27 -- 21 Philadelphia Eagles 7000700000000000000 ♠ T9 5 Bal. / Ind . Colts 1971 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1987 January 2 , 1972 0 -- 21 Miami Dolphins December 31 , 1995 35 -- 20 San Diego Chargers 7000700000000000000 ♠ T9 5 Denver Broncos 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1983 , 1984 January 15 , 1978 10 -- 27 Dallas Cowboys January 4 , 1987 22 -- 17 New England Patriots 7000700000000000000 ♠ T9 5 Philadelphia Eagles 1980 , 1981 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 January 25 , 1981 10 -- 27 Oakland Raiders January 3 , 1993 36 -- 20 New Orleans Saints 7000700000000000000 ♠ T9 5 Indianapolis Colts 1995 , 1996 , 1999 , 2000 , 2002 January 14 , 1996 16 -- 20 Pittsburgh Steelers January 4 , 2004 41 -- 10 Denver Broncos 7000700000000000000 ♠ T9 5 Buffalo Bills 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 1999 , 2017 January 6 , 1996 21 -- 40 Pittsburgh Steelers See also ( edit ) List of National Football League records ( team ) List of National Basketball Association longest losing streaks List of Major League Baseball longest losing streaks Losing streak Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Team Streak Finder References ( edit ) Pro-Football-Reference.com list of longest regular season losing streaks Pro-Football-Reference.com list of longest postseason losing streaks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Football_League_longest_losing_streaks&oldid=833210316 '' Categories : National Football League lists Lists of worsts Hidden categories : Orphaned articles from February 2015 All orphaned articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 07 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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who became the first woman to head indian external affair minister

Minister of External Affairs ( India )

minister of external affairs ( india )

The Minister of External Affairs ( or simply foreign minister ) is the head of the Ministry of External Affairs of the Government of India . One of the senior-most offices in the Union Cabinet , the chief responsibility of the Foreign Minister is to represent India and its government in the international community . The foreign minister also plays an important role in determining Indian foreign policy . Occasionally , the foreign minister is assisted by a Minister of State for External Affairs or the lower - ranked Deputy Minister of External Affairs .

India 's first prime minister , Jawaharlal Nehru , also held the foreign minister post throughout his 17 - year premiership of the country ; he remains the country 's longest - serving foreign minister . Several other prime ministers have since held the additional charge of foreign minister , but never has any other cabinet minister held additional charge of the office . There have been a number of foreign ministers who went on to become prime minister . The current Minister of External Affairs is Sushma Swaraj of the Bharatiya Janata Party , who took over from Salman Khurshid of the Indian National Congress on 26 May 2014 Contents ( hide ) 1 List of Foreign Ministers 2 See also 3 References 4 External links List of Foreign Ministers ( edit ) No Name Portrait Term of office Political party ( Alliance ) Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru 2 September 1946 27 May 1964 Indian National Congress Jawaharlal Nehru Gulzarilal Nanda 27 May 1964 9 June 1964 Gulzarilal Nanda ( acting ) Lal Bahadur Shastri 9 June 1964 17 July 1964 Lal Bahadur Shastri Swaran Singh 18 July 1964 14 November 1966 Lal Bahadur Shastri Indira Gandhi M.C. Chagla 14 November 1966 5 September 1967 Indira Gandhi 6 Indira Gandhi 6 September 1967 13 February 1969 7 Dinesh Singh 14 February 1969 27 June 1970 ( 4 ) Swaran Singh 27 June 1970 10 October 1974 8 Yashwantrao Chavan 10 October 1974 24 March 1977 9 Atal Bihari Vajpayee 26 March 1977 28 July 1979 Janata Party Morarji Desai 10 Shyam Nandan Prasad Mishra 28 July 1979 13 January 1980 Janata Party ( Secular ) Charan Singh 11 P.V. Narasimha Rao 14 January 1980 19 July 1984 Indian National Congress Indira Gandhi ( 6 ) Indira Gandhi 19 July 1984 31 October 1984 12 Rajiv Gandhi 31 October 1984 24 September 1985 Rajiv Gandhi 13 Bali Ram Bhagat 25 September 1985 12 May 1986 14 P. Shiv Shankar 12 May 1986 22 October 1986 15 N.D. Tiwari 22 October 1986 25 July 1987 ( 12 ) Rajiv Gandhi 25 July 1987 25 June 1988 ( 11 ) P.V. Narasimha Rao 25 June 1988 2 December 1989 16 V.P. Singh 2 December 1989 5 December 1989 Janata Dal ( National Front ) V.P. Singh 17 I.K. Gujral 5 December 1989 10 November 1990 18 Vidya Charan Shukla 21 November 1990 20 February 1991 Samajwadi Janata Party Chandra Shekhar 19 Madhavsinh Solanki 21 June 1991 31 March 1992 Indian National Congress P.V. Narasimha Rao ( 11 ) P.V. Narasimha Rao 31 March 1992 18 January 1993 ( 7 ) Dinesh Singh 18 January 1993 10 February 1995 20 Pranab Mukherjee 10 February 1995 16 May 1996 21 Sikander Bakht 21 May 1996 1 June 1996 Bharatiya Janata Party Atal Bihari Vajpayee ( 17 ) I.K. Gujral 1 June 1996 18 March 1998 Janata Dal ( United Front ) H.D. Deve Gowda I.K. Gujral Mrs. Kamala Sinha Minister of State for External Affairs ( Independent Charge ) ( 9 ) Atal Bihari Vajpayee 19 March 1998 5 December 1998 Bharatiya Janata Party ( National Democratic Alliance ) Atal Bihari Vajpayee 22 Jaswant Singh 5 December 1998 23 June 2002 23 Yashwant Sinha 1 July 2002 22 May 2004 24 Natwar Singh 22 May 2004 6 November 2005 Indian National Congress ( United Progressive Alliance ) Manmohan Singh 25 Manmohan Singh 6 November 2005 24 October 2006 ( 20 ) Pranab Mukherjee 24 October 2006 22 May 2009 26 S.M. Krishna 22 May 2009 26 October 2012 27 Salman Khurshid 28 October 2012 26 May 2014 28 Sushma Swaraj 26 May 2014 Incumbent Bharatiya Janata Party ( National Democratic Alliance ) Narendra Modi See also ( edit ) Indian Foreign Secretary References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rediff.com dated 22 May 2004 , accessed 25 October 200 Jump up ^ BBC News dated 7 November 2005 , accessed 25 October 200 Jump up ^ The Hindu dated 25 October 2006 , accessed 25 October 2006 . External links ( edit ) Official Website of Ministry of External Affairs MEA Library Government ministries of India President ( List ) Government of India Prime Minister ( List Office ) Deputy Prime Minister Council of Ministers Current Agriculture and Farmers Welfare AYUSH Chemicals and Fertilizers Civil Aviation Coal Commerce and Industry Communications Consumer Affairs Culture Defence Drinking Water and Sanitation Earth Sciences Electronics and Information Technology Environment , Forest and Climate Change External Affiars Finance Food Processing Industries Health and Family Welfare Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises Home Affairs Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation Human Resource Development Information and Broadcasting Labour and Employment Law and Justice Micro , Small and Medium Enterprises Mines Minority Affairs New and Renewable Energy North East Panchayati Raj Parliamentary Affairs Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions Petroleum Power Railways Road Transport and Highways Rural Development Science and Technology Shipping Skill Development and Entrepreneurship Social Justice and Empowerment Statistics and Programme Implementation Steel Textiles Tourism Tribal Affairs Urban Development Water Resources Women and Child Development Defunct Communications and Information Technology Overseas Indian Affairs Surface Transport Ministers Home Affairs Finance External Affairs Defence Railways Health and Family Welfare HRD Information and Broadcasting Labour and Employment Parliamentary Affairs Science and Technology Tribal Affairs North Eastern Region Foreign relations of India Bilateral relations Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Comoros Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Equatorial Guinea Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Barbados Belize Brazil Bolivia Canada Cayman Islands Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Asia Afghanistan Armenia Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor Hong Kong Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal North Korea Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Syria Thailand Taiwan Tajikistan Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Holy See Iceland Ireland Italy Liechtenstein Lithuania Macedonia Malta Montenegro Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Ukraine Oceania Australia Cook Islands Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Niue Palau Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Multilateral relations United Nations ASEAN G4 G20 BRICS IBSA East Asia Summit Non-Aligned Movement ( NAM ) Bay of Bengal Initiative ( BIMSTEC ) European Union Indian - Ocean Rim Association Mekong -- Ganga Cooperation Commonwealth of Nations South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation India - Africa Forum for India -- Pacific Islands Cooperation Diplomacy Ministry of External Affairs Minister Diplomatic missions of / in India Foreign Secretary Ambassador to UN Look East policy Foreign aid ITEC Programme Pan-African e-Network project Greater India Indian diaspora Overseas Citizens State visits to India List of international prime ministerial trips made by Narendra Modi Foreign policy of Narendra Modi ( Asian ) Sushma Swaraj 's tenure as External Affairs Minister Disputes Kashmir dispute Sir Creek dispute Conflicts with Pakistan Dispute with China Conflicts with Nepal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minister_of_External_Affairs_(India)&oldid=807258050 '' Categories : Union ministers of India Ministers for External Affairs of India Foreign ministers Ministry of External Affairs ( India ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം मराठी नेपाली Polski Русский தமிழ் Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 21 : 51 . 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how old is ryan from ryan toy review

Ryan ToysReview

ryan toysreview

Ryan ToysReview Occupation Youtuber YouTube information Years active 2015 -- present Genre Kids Subscribers 15.2 million ( July 26 , 2018 ) Total views 23.3 billion ( July 26 , 2018 ) Ryan ToysReview is a child YouTube star . His channel releases a new toy review video every day , many of which have become very popular , with `` Huge Eggs Surprise Toys Challenge '' receiving over 1.4 billion views as of July 2018 , making it one of the most viewed videos on YouTube . The Verge has described the channel as `` a mash - up of personal vlogs and `` unboxing '' videos , a blend of innocent childhood antics and relentless , often overwhelming consumerism . '' As of August 8 , 2018 , he has 23,722,760,002 views . According to Forbes ' magazine , Ryan is the 8th highest paid YouTube entrepreneur , having brought in $11 million in revenue between 2016 and 2017 . Ryan began making YouTube videos in March 2015 when he was watching other toy review channels like EvanTubeHD , and asked his mother one day why he was not on YouTube doing the same thing . Ryan 's mom quit her job as a high school chemistry teacher to work on the YouTube channel full - time . Ryan has influenced the toy industry , similar to PewDiePie and video games . Ryan 's toy reviews , especially those which get millions of views , can affect the toy 's sales . The family keeps its identity , Ryan 's full name and location private . At the Toy Fair 2018 in New York , Ryan ToysReview announced to introduce a line of toys . The toy line will be branded as Ryan 's World and produced by Bonkers Toys . The release is planned for fall 2018 . On July 30 , pocket. watch , marketer of Ryan ToyReview brand , announced a wide range of Ryan 's World toys that were released exclusively at Walmart stores and walmart.com on August 6 , 2018 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Huge Eggs Surprise Toys Challenge Inflatable water slide Disney Cars Toys Paw Patrol Spiderman '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Popper , Ben . `` YouTube 's biggest star is a 5 - year - old that makes millions opening toys '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 3 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Berg , Madeline . `` The Highest - Paid YouTube Stars 2017 : Gamer DanTDM Takes The Crown With $16.5 Million '' . Forbes . Retrieved 3 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Schmidt , Samantha ( 11 December 2017 ) . `` 6 - year - old made $11 million in one year reviewing toys on You Tube '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release -- February 13 , 2018 -- pocket. watch '' . pocket. watch . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ News , I4U . `` Ryan ToysReview Launches Massive Ryan 's World Toy Line - up Exclusively at Walmart '' . I4U News . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 31 . External links ( edit ) Ryan ToysReview 's channel on YouTube Ryan 's Family Review 's channel on YouTube Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryan_ToysReview&oldid=854536820 '' Categories : American YouTubers English - language YouTube channels Living people Male YouTubers American people of Asian descent Hidden categories : Use list - defined references from February 2018 Year of birth missing ( living people ) Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 02 : 36 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan%20ToysReview

who is ed sheeran going on tour with

÷ Tour

÷ tour

÷ Tour Tour by Ed Sheeran Promotional image for Sheeran 's UK Tour in the first European leg Associated album ÷ Start date 16 March 2017 End date 26 August 2019 Legs 11 No. of shows 117 in Europe 18 in Latin America 83 in North America 13 in Asia 18 in Oceania 3 in Africa 252 in total Box office $303.8 million ( 151 shows ) Ed Sheeran concert chronology x Tour ( 2014 -- 2015 ) ÷ Tour ( 2017 -- 19 ) The ÷ Tour ( pronounced `` Divide Tour '' ) is the third world concert tour by English singer and songwriter , Ed Sheeran , in support of his third studio album , ÷ ( pronounced `` divide '' ) . It officially began on 16 March 2017 , in Turin , Italy and is set to end on a yet unannounced date . Ticket sales started on 2 February 2017 . Contents 1 Development 2 Commercial performance 3 Set list 4 Tour dates 5 Cancelled shows 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Development ( edit ) On the morning of 26 January 2017 , the European dates of the tour were announced through Sheeran 's social networks . Hours later through the same networks were announced the dates for Latin America . Tickets for the tour sold out quickly , prompting new dates to be added in London , Turin and Santiago . On 13 February 2017 it was announced that he would be part of the line up for a week of gigs at the Royal Albert Hall in aid of the Teenage Cancer Trust taking place on 28 March 2017 . On 22 February 2017 , Sheeran announced that Anne - Marie and Ryan McMullan would be the opening acts for the European dates . On 8 March 2017 , Sheeran announced the North American leg . James Blunt was announced as the opening act , except for Indianapolis and Cleveland , where the opener was Joshua Radin . On 10 May 2017 , Sheeran announced the Oceanian leg . The tour was originally slated to have seven shows , but demand was high , the leg became eighteen shows . On 8 June 2017 , Sheeran announced the Asian leg of the tour , which was originally planned for October 2017 until November 2017 . However , due to bone fractures in his arms from a bike accident , he had to postpone and cancel parts of the Asian leg . Rescheduled shows in Manila , Osaka , and Tokyo occurred in April 2018 , but Taipei , Seoul , Hong Kong , and Jakarta were cancelled . A second promotional poster for the tour was used to promote the 2019 shows in Europe . Lauv served as the opening act in Asia in November . On 28 June 2017 , Sheeran announced a stadium tour across Europe . After the initial announcement , tickets sold quickly , which prompted new dates in Cork , Dublin , Manchester , Glasgow , Newcastle , London , Cardiff , Amsterdam , Paris , Gothenburg , Munich , Zürich , Vienna , and Warsaw . Anne - Marie returned as the opening act , while Jamie Lawson was added , and Beoga was added for Ireland . On 22 September 2017 , Sheeran announced a stadium tour across North America . On 6 February 2018 , Sheeran added dates to the leg with new cities that were n't in the initial announcement , and second shows in Toronto , Foxborough , and East Rutherford . Snow Patrol was announced as the main opener for the North American stadium leg , along with Anne - Marie and Lauv in selected dates . On 25 June 2018 , Sheeran added two dates , performing in South Africa in March 2019 . On September 19 , 2018 , Sheeran added more 2019 dates to the tour , performing in stadiums across Europe and the UK , starting in May 2019 . Due to high demand , numerous additional dates were added to the tour itinerary . Sheeran later added even more 2019 dates to the Divide tour , performing in Brazil , Uruguay , and Argentina in February 2019 . He also announced that he would be returning to Asia in April 2019 , performing the long awaited dates that were scheduled to take place in Fall 2017 but were cancelled and rescheduled due to bone fractures in the arms from a bike accident . The cities that were affected by the cancellation were Taipei , Seoul , Hong Kong and Jakarta . Sheeran will perform three Asia 2019 dates in Singapore , Seoul , and Bangkok . Since Sheeran has been adding so many 2019 dates to his tour lately , it is expected that he will announce dates in Taipei , Jakarta , and Hong Kong , seeing as he will be in the region for the first time since April 2018 , when the rescheduled dates for Asia took place , and he has already announced that he will perform in Seoul , a date that was cancelled in late 2017 . Commercial performance ( edit ) In Ireland , more than 300,000 tickets for seven shows across Cork , Belfast , Galway and Dublin were sold in a single day , making history as being the only artist to ever do such feat in Irish territory . Due to the phenomenal demand , extra dates were added in both Cork and Dublin , with three dates for each city in total . In Oceania , the tour broke the official record for the most tickets sold , at over 1 million ( previously held by the Dire Straits tour in 1985 , with around 950,000 ) , as well as most stadium shows by a single artist on one tour ( 18 , formerly held by AC / DC at 14 ) . Sheeran also broke records for the biggest stadium tour of Australia and New Zealand , venue record for highest cumulative attendance on one tour and venue record for highest attendance for a single show . More than 710,000 tickets were sold within a single day of general public sale . In Sydney , a total of 243,513 tickets were sold for three shows at the ANZ Stadium , which rolled out over three successive nights from 15 -- 17 March 2018 . The attendance per show was 79,726 , 81,752 and 82,035 , respectively . This set a new record for aggregate attendance at a series of stadium concerts in NSW , smashing the old benchmark of 213,045 set by AC / DC during their Black Ice World Tour in 2010 . According to Billboard , Sheeran 's tour has grossed $290.1 million and sold 3.3 million tickets across 149 dates reported so far , from 16 March 2017 to 22 September 2018 . Set list ( edit ) This set list is representative of the show on 19 November 2017 , in Mumbai , India . It is not representative of all concerts for the duration of the tour . `` Castle on the Hill '' `` Eraser '' `` The A Team '' `` Do n't '' / `` New Man '' `` Dive '' `` Bloodstream '' `` Tenerife Sea '' `` Happier '' `` Galway Girl '' `` How Would You Feel ( Paean ) '' `` Photograph '' `` Perfect '' `` Nancy Mulligan '' `` Thinking Out Loud '' `` Sing '' `` Shape of You '' `` You Need Me , I Do n't Need You '' Tour dates ( edit ) List of concerts , showing date , city , country , venue , opening acts , tickets sold , amount of available tickets and gross revenue Date City Country Venue Opening acts Attendance Revenue Leg 1 -- Europe 16 March 2017 Turin Italy Pala Alpitour Anne - Marie Ryan McMullan 23,255 / 23,255 $1,223,750 17 March 2017 19 March 2017 Zürich Switzerland Hallenstadion 14,000 / 14,000 $1,156,950 20 March 2017 Munich Germany Olympiahalle 12,076 / 12,076 $932,166 22 March 2017 Mannheim SAP Arena 10,843 / 10,843 $753,785 23 March 2017 Cologne Lanxess Arena 16,223 / 16,223 $1,138,720 26 March 2017 Hamburg Barclaycard Arena 12,779 / 13,227 $837,705 27 March 2017 Berlin Mercedes - Benz Arena 14,104 / 14,104 $1,036,360 28 March 2017 London England Royal Albert Hall N / A N / A N / A 30 March 2017 Stockholm Sweden Ericsson Globe Anne - Marie Ryan McMullan 14,024 / 14,024 $1,024,640 1 April 2017 Herning Denmark Jyske Bank Boxen 14,814 / 14,996 $1,268,380 3 April 2017 Amsterdam Netherlands Ziggo Dome 33,255 / 33,255 $2,115,870 4 April 2017 5 April 2017 Antwerp Belgium Sportpaleis 21,109 / 21,151 $1,325,480 6 April 2017 Paris France AccorHotels Arena 15,988 / 15,988 $801,973 8 April 2017 Madrid Spain Wizink Center 15,748 / 15,748 $908,417 9 April 2017 Barcelona Palau Sant Jordi 17,476 / 17,476 $955,236 12 April 2017 Dublin Ireland 3Arena 25,538 / 25,538 $2,156,330 13 April 2017 16 April 2017 Glasgow Scotland SSE Hydro 25,220 / 25,220 $1,997,460 17 April 2017 19 April 2017 Newcastle England Metro Radio Arena 21,558 / 21,558 $1,657,950 20 April 2017 22 April 2017 Manchester Manchester Arena 31,333 / 31,379 $2,631,120 23 April 2017 25 April 2017 Nottingham Motorpoint Arena 18,790 / 18,790 $1,607,780 26 April 2017 28 April 2017 Birmingham Barclaycard Arena Birmingham 30,994 / 30,994 $2,630,310 29 April 2017 1 May 2017 London The O Arena 55,708 / 55,708 $5,093,280 2 May 2017 3 May 2017 Leg 2 -- Latin America 13 May 2017 Lima Peru Estadio Nacional Antonio Lulic 19,745 / 19,745 $1,299,630 15 May 2017 Santiago Chile Movistar Arena Intimate Stranger Antonio Lulic 26,983 / 26,983 $2,087,600 16 May 2017 20 May 2017 La Plata Argentina Estadio Ciudad de La Plata Benjamin Amadeo Antonio Lulic 33,584 / 33,584 $2,303,960 23 May 2017 Curitiba Brazil Pedreira Paulo Leminski Antonio Lulic 17,400 / 17,400 $1,369,190 25 May 2017 Rio de Janeiro Jeunesse Arena 12,087 / 12,087 $995,741 28 May 2017 São Paulo Allianz Parque 37,075 / 37,075 $3,379,710 30 May 2017 Belo Horizonte Esplanada do Minerão 14,143 / 14,143 $1,039,570 2 June 2017 Bogotá Colombia Simón Bolívar Park Sebastián Yatra Antonio Lulic 15,588 / 15,588 $1,176,970 4 June 2017 San Juan Puerto Rico José Miguel Agrelot Coliseum Yebba Smith 14,426 / 14,426 $1,017,458 6 June 2017 Alajuela Costa Rica Parque Viva Antonio Lulic 17,464 / 17,464 $1,288,350 10 June 2017 Mexico City Mexico Palacio de los Deportes 21,429 / 21,500 $1,333,238 12 June 2017 Guadalajara Arena VFG 11,648 / 12,204 $966,096 14 June 2017 Monterrey Auditorio Citibanamex 7,865 / 8,084 $910,014 Leg 3 -- Europe 22 June 2017 London England The O Arena Fuse ODG 18,552 / 19,085 $1,678,980 25 June 2017 Pilton Glastonbury Festival N / A N / A N / A Leg 4 -- North America 29 June 2017 Kansas City United States Sprint Center James Blunt 13,382 / 13,382 $1,217,313 30 June 2017 Des Moines Wells Fargo Arena 13,375 / 13,375 $1,078,939 1 July 2017 Saint Paul Xcel Energy Center 14,938 / 14,938 $1,375,063 7 July 2017 Toronto Canada Air Canada Centre 30,516 / 30,516 $2,554,110 8 July 2017 9 July 2017 Buffalo United States KeyBank Center 14,305 / 14,305 $1,167,095 11 July 2017 Philadelphia Wells Fargo Center 28,922 / 28,922 $2,633,260 12 July 2017 14 July 2017 Uncasville Mohegan Sun Arena 13,670 / 13,670 $1,384,770 15 July 2017 18 July 2017 Quebec City Canada Videotron Centre 13,611 / 13,611 $1,162,530 19 July 2017 Montreal Bell Centre 15,264 / 15,264 $1,281,710 22 July 2017 Winnipeg Bell MTS Place 11,843 / 11,843 $1,009,380 23 July 2017 Saskatoon SaskTel Centre 12,585 / 12,585 $1,059,270 25 July 2017 Edmonton Rogers Place 27,411 / 27,411 $2,343,200 26 July 2017 28 July 2017 Vancouver Rogers Arena 14,070 / 14,070 $1,212,330 29 July 2017 Tacoma United States Tacoma Dome 19,538 / 19,538 $1,575,039 30 July 2017 Portland Moda Center 13,420 / 13,420 $1,074,959 1 August 2017 Sacramento Golden 1 Center 13,424 / 13,424 $1,220,937 2 August 2017 Oakland Oracle Arena 13,662 / 13,662 $1,219,722 4 August 2017 Las Vegas T - Mobile Arena 15,243 / 15,243 $1,326,231 5 August 2017 Glendale Gila River Arena 13,654 / 13,654 $1,239,478 6 August 2017 San Diego Valley View Casino Center 10,233 / 10,233 $917,154 10 August 2017 Los Angeles Staples Center 40,731 / 40,731 $3,622,204 11 August 2017 12 August 2017 15 August 2017 Denver Pepsi Center 12,917 / 12,917 $1,159,523 17 August 2017 Tulsa BOK Center 12,069 / 12,069 $961,178 18 August 2017 Dallas American Airlines Center 13,632 / 13,632 $1,207,645 19 August 2017 Houston Toyota Center 11,811 / 11,811 $1,067,592 22 August 2017 San Antonio AT&T Center 13,928 / 13,928 $1,112,573 25 August 2017 Duluth Infinite Energy Arena 21,055 / 21,055 $1,970,117 26 August 2017 29 August 2017 Tampa Amalie Arena 13,459 / 13,459 $1,076,537 30 August 2017 Miami American Airlines Arena 12,813 / 12,813 $1,144,534 31 August 2017 Orlando Amway Center 12,360 / 12,360 $1,007,408 2 September 2017 Raleigh PNC Arena 13,805 / 13,805 $1,134,012 3 September 2017 Charlotte Spectrum Center 13,927 / 13,927 $1,243,772 5 September 2017 North Charleston North Charleston Coliseum 8,517 / 8,517 $673,759 7 September 2017 Louisville KFC Yum ! Center 15,721 / 15,721 $1,257,529 8 September 2017 Indianapolis Bankers Life Fieldhouse Joshua Radin 12,740 / 12,740 $1,014,966 9 September 2017 Cleveland Quicken Loans Arena 15,073 / 15,073 $1,365,524 12 September 2017 Omaha CenturyLink Center Omaha James Blunt 13,990 / 13,990 $1,125,765 15 September 2017 Rosemont Allstate Arena 26,346 / 26,346 $2,347,880 16 September 2017 19 September 2017 Washington , D.C. Capital One Arena 27,497 / 27,497 $2,456,334 20 September 2017 22 September 2017 Boston TD Garden 25,590 / 25,590 $2,295,216 23 September 2017 26 September 2017 Pittsburgh PPG Paints Arena 13,331 / 13,331 $1,190,946 27 September 2017 Detroit Little Caesars Arena 14,124 / 14,124 $1,268,652 29 September 2017 Brooklyn Barclays Center 41,066 / 41,066 $3,658,480 30 September 2017 1 October 2017 3 October 2017 Columbus Nationwide Arena 27,255 / 27,255 $2,199,218 4 October 2017 6 October 2017 Nashville Bridgestone Arena 27,721 / 27,721 $2,503,808 7 October 2017 Leg 5 -- Asia 11 November 2017 Singapore Singapore Indoor Stadium Lauv 18,297 / 18,297 $2,584,230 12 November 2017 14 November 2017 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Axiata Arena 11,597 / 11,597 $980,033 16 November 2017 Bangkok Thailand IMPACT Arena 14,394 / 14,394 $1,744,270 19 November 2017 Mumbai India JioGarden 11,103 / 11,103 $1,100,040 23 November 2017 Dubai United Arab Emirates Autism Rocks Arena 23,272 / 23,272 $2,783,800 Leg 6 -- Europe 19 February 2018 London England indigo at The 0 N / A 2,056 / 2,717 $244,719 Leg 7 -- Oceania 2 March 2018 Perth Australia Optus Stadium Missy Higgins Fergus James 114,031 / 114,031 $9,146,953 3 March 2018 7 March 2018 Adelaide Adelaide Oval 62,915 / 62,915 $5,103,599 9 March 2018 Melbourne Etihad Stadium Missy Higgins Bliss n Eso 256,622 / 256,622 $20,838,652 10 March 2018 11 March 2018 12 March 2018 15 March 2018 Sydney ANZ Stadium Missy Higgins Ryan McMullan 231,185 / 231,185 $19,948,066 16 March 2018 17 March 2018 20 March 2018 Brisbane Suncorp Stadium Missy Higgins Fergus James 103,744 / 103,744 $8,595,585 21 March 2018 24 March 2018 Auckland New Zealand Mount Smart Stadium Drax Project 132,876 / 132,876 $10,766,558 25 March 2018 26 March 2018 29 March 2018 Dunedin Forsyth Barr Stadium Six60 Mitch James 105,014 / 105,014 $8,475,218 31 March 2018 1 April 2018 Leg 8 -- Asia 8 April 2018 Manila Philippines Mall of Asia Concert Grounds N / A N / A N / A 11 April 2018 Osaka Japan Osaka - jō Hall 13 April 2018 Tokyo Nippon Budokan 14 April 2018 Leg 9 -- Europe 4 May 2018 Cork Ireland Páirc Uí Chaoimh Anne - Marie Jamie Lawson Beoga N / A N / A 5 May 2018 6 May 2018 9 May 2018 Belfast Northern Ireland Boucher Playing Fields 12 May 2018 Galway Ireland Pearse Stadium 13 May 2018 16 May 2018 Dublin Phoenix Park 18 May 2018 19 May 2018 24 May 2018 Manchester England Etihad Stadium Anne - Marie Jamie Lawson 25 May 2018 26 May 2018 27 May 2018 1 June 2018 Glasgow Scotland Hampden Park 154,023 / 154,023 $13,687,200 2 June 2018 3 June 2018 8 June 2018 Newcastle England St James ' Park 149,226 / 149,226 $13,498,865 9 June 2018 10 June 2018 14 June 2018 London Wembley Stadium N / A N / A 15 June 2018 16 June 2018 17 June 2018 21 June 2018 Cardiff Wales Principality Stadium 22 June 2018 23 June 2018 24 June 2018 28 June 2018 Amsterdam Netherlands Amsterdam Arena 29 June 2018 1 July 2018 Werchter Belgium Werchter Festival Park 6 July 2018 Saint - Denis France Stade de France 7 July 2018 10 July 2018 Gothenburg Sweden Ullevi 122,522 / 123,165 $11,295,200 11 July 2018 14 July 2018 Stockholm Friends Arena 54,234 / 55,336 $4,860,670 19 July 2018 Berlin Germany Olympiastadion N / A N / A 22 July 2018 Gelsenkirchen Veltins - Arena 102,776 / 112,373 $9,044,900 23 July 2018 25 July 2018 Hamburg Trabrennbahn Bahrenfeld 80,326 / 80,413 $7,029,260 29 July 2018 Munich Olympiastadion N / A N / A 30 July 2018 3 August 2018 Zürich Switzerland Letzigrund 95,142 / 95,830 $11,039,800 4 August 2018 7 August 2018 Vienna Austria Ernst - Happel - Stadion 110,459 / 110,459 $9,444,760 8 August 2018 11 August 2018 Warsaw Poland PGE Narodowy Anne - Marie Jamie Lawson BeMy 104,836 / 105,063 $7,251,980 12 August 2018 Leg 10 -- North America 18 August 2018 Pasadena United States Rose Bowl Snow Patrol Anne - Marie 62,321 / 62,321 $6,315,596 21 August 2018 San Francisco AT&T Park 38,647 / 38,647 $4,199,073 25 August 2018 Seattle CenturyLink Field 55,891 / 55,891 $4,932,401 30 August 2018 Toronto Canada Rogers Centre 98,462 / 98,462 $8,530,220 31 August 2018 6 September 2018 St. Louis United States Busch Stadium 41,522 / 41,522 $3,726,271 8 September 2018 Detroit Ford Field 47,804 / 47,804 $4,481,290 14 September 2018 Foxborough Gillette Stadium 110,238 / 110,238 $9,382,550 15 September 2018 21 September 2018 East Rutherford MetLife Stadium 107,500 / 107,500 $11,220,207 22 September 2018 27 September 2018 Philadelphia Lincoln Financial Field 54,292 / 54,292 $5,161,683 29 September 2018 Pittsburgh PNC Park 41,014 / 41,014 $4,169,874 4 October 2018 Chicago Soldier Field Snow Patrol Lauv 47,263 / 47,263 $4,339,350 6 October 2018 Nashville Nissan Stadium 45,888 / 45,888 $3,954,931 13 October 2018 Kansas City Arrowhead Stadium 51,324 / 51,324 $4,008,748 17 October 2018 Fargo Fargodome -- -- 20 October 2018 Minneapolis U.S. Bank Stadium -- -- 24 October 2018 Milwaukee Miller Park N / A -- -- 27 October 2018 Arlington AT&T Stadium Snow Patrol Lauv -- -- 31 October 2018 New Orleans Mercedes - Benz Superdome -- -- 3 November 2018 Houston Minute Maid Park -- -- 7 November 2018 Tampa Raymond James Stadium -- -- 10 November 2018 Atlanta Mercedes - Benz Stadium -- -- Leg 11 -- Latin America 14 February 2019 São Paulo Brazil Allianz Parque TBA -- -- 17 February 2019 Porto Alegre Arena do Grêmio -- -- 20 February 2019 Montevideo Uruguay Estadio Centenario -- -- 23 February 2019 Buenos Aires Argentina Campo Argentino de Polo -- -- Leg 12 -- Africa 23 March 2019 Johannesburg South Africa FNB Stadium TBA -- -- 24 March 2019 27 March 2019 Cape Town Cape Town Stadium -- -- Leg 13 -- Asia 21 April 2019 Seoul South Korea Songdo Moonlight Festival Park TBA -- -- 25 April 2019 Singapore Singapore National Stadium -- -- 29 April 2019 Bangkok Thailand Rajamangala Stadium -- -- Leg 14 -- Europe 24 May 2019 Lyon France Groupama Stadium TBA -- -- 25 May 2019 26 May 2019 29 May 2019 Bordeaux Matmut Atlantique -- -- 1 June 2019 Lisbon Portugal Estádio da Luz -- -- 2 June 2019 7 June 2019 Barcelona Spain Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys -- -- 11 June 2019 Madrid Wanda Metropolitano -- -- 14 June 2019 Florence Italy Ippodromo del Visarno N / A N / A N / A 16 June 2019 Rome Stadio Olimpico TBA -- -- 19 June 2019 Milan San Siro -- -- 22 June 2019 Hockenheim Germany Hockenheimring -- -- 23 June 2019 28 June 2019 Klagenfurt Austria Wörthersee Stadion -- -- 29 June 2019 3 July 2019 Bucharest Romania Arena Națională -- -- 7 July 2019 Prague Czech Republic Letňany -- -- 8 July 2019 12 July 2019 Riga Latvia Lucavsala Park -- -- 19 July 2019 Moscow Russia Otkritie Arena -- -- 23 July 2019 Helsinki Finland Malmi Airport -- -- 24 July 2019 27 July 2019 Odense Denmark Tusindårsskoven -- -- 28 July 2019 2 August 2019 Hannover Germany Messegelände -- -- 3 August 2019 7 August 2019 Budapest Hungary Hajógyári Island N / A N / A N / A 10 August 2019 Reykjavik Iceland Laugardalsvöllur TBA -- -- 11 August 2019 16 August 2019 Leeds England Roundhay Park -- -- 17 August 2019 23 August 2019 Ipswich Chantry Park -- -- 24 August 2019 25 August 2019 26 August 2019 Total 3,545,414 / 3,548,172 ( 99.8 % ) $303,834,784 Cancelled shows ( edit ) List of cancelled concerts , showing date , city , country , venue and reason for cancellation Date City Country Venue Reason 17 September 2017 St. Louis United States Scottrade Center Safety concerns 22 October 2017 Taipei Taiwan Nangang Exhibition Center Bone fractures in the arms from a bike accident 29 October 2017 Seoul South Korea The 88 Garden 4 November 2017 Hong Kong AsiaWorld -- Expo 5 November 2017 9 November 2017 Jakarta Indonesia Indonesia Convention Exhibition Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The show on 28 March 2017 , in London at Royal Albert Hall is part of Teenage Cancer Trust fundraising week . Jump up ^ The show on 22 June 2017 , in London at The O Arena is part of the venue 's 10th anniversary celebrations . Jump up ^ The show on 25 June 2017 , in Pilton at Worthy Farm is part of the Glastonbury Festival . Jump up ^ The show on 19 February 2018 , in London at indigo at The 0 is part of the BRITs Week War Child 2018 . Jump up ^ The show on 8 April 2018 , in Manila at the Mall of Asia Concert Grounds was originally scheduled for 7 November 2017 , but was postponed due to Sheeran 's injury from a bike accident . Jump up ^ The show on 11 April 2018 , in Osaka at the Osaka - jō Hall was originally scheduled for 25 October 2017 , but was postponed due to Sheeran 's injury from a bike accident . ^ Jump up to : The shows on 13 and 14 April 2018 , in Tokyo at the Nippon Budokan were originally scheduled for 31 October and 1 November 2017 , but were postponed due to Sheeran 's injury from a bike accident . Jump up ^ The show on 29 September 2018 , in Pittsburgh at PNC Park was originally scheduled for 30 September 2018 , but was moved up to accommodate the Pittsburgh Steelers now announced 8 : 20 p.m. kickoff for Sunday Night Football at Heinz Field . Jump up ^ The show was originally scheduled for 23 October 2018 , in Milwaukee at Miller Park , was moved up one day to give more time for stage setup after the 2018 National League Championship Series ended 20 October ( it would have moved to November had the Brewers advanced to the 2018 World Series ) . Jump up ^ The show on 14 June 2019 , in Florence at Ippodromo dele Casine is part of Firenze Rocks 2019 . Jump up ^ The show on 7 August 2019 , in Budapest at Hajógyári Island is part of Sziget Festival 2019 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Upcoming Dates '' . edsheeran.com. 26 January 2017 . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` European Tour Dates Announced ! '' . edsheeran.com. 26 January 2017 . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UK + Irish Dates Announced ! '' . edsheeran.com. 26 January 2017 . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Latin American Dates Announced ! '' . edsheeran.com. 26 January 2017 . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . 1 ^ Jump up to : Jones , Damian ( 13 February 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran announces huge Royal Albert Hall show '' . NME.com . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anne - Marie to support Ed Sheeran on UK and Europe tour '' . The list . 22 February 2017 . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( 8 March 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Announces 48 - Date North American Arena Tour '' . Billboard . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Plots 2018 Stadium Tour of Australia and New Zealand '' . Billboard. 10 May 2017 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Smashes More Records as Australasian Stadium Tour Swells to 18 Dates '' . Billboard. 26 May 2017 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran announces tour dates across Asia '' . Phil Star . 8 June 2017 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Reschedules Asia Tour : See the New Dates '' . Billboard. 27 October 2017 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Adds 2018 Tour Dates for Europe and UK : Ticket Presale & On - Sale Info '' . Zumic. 28 June 2017 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Announces 2018 North American Stadium Tour Dates '' . Billboard. 22 September 2017 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Adds Eight More Shows to His 2018 Stadium Tour '' . Billboard. 6 February 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Enos , Morgan ( 25 May 2018 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Announces Support Acts For North American Stadium Tour '' . Billboard . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sheeran to perform in South Africa , March 2019 '' . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran ' creates history ' as record 300,000 tickets sold - the most ever sold by an artist in Ireland in one day '' . 8 July 2017 . Retrieved 9 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Extra tickets added for Ed Sheeran 's Cork , Dublin dates '' . 26 November 2017 . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran 's Australian and New Zealand Tour Just Cracked 1 Million Tickets Sold '' . 1 March 2018 . Retrieved 2 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ANZ STADIUM 'S ED SHEERAN CONCERTS BREAK ALL - TIME ATTENDANCE RECORDS IN SYDNEY '' . ANZ Stadium . 3 April 2018 . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Eric , Frankenberg ( 27 September 2018 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's North American Stadium Tour Approaches $300 Million Earned '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Setlist '' . Pop Cultura . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Box score : `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard. 2 May 2017 . Archived from the original on 2 May 2017 . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard. 2 May 2017 . Archived from the original on 24 May 2017 . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 1 June 2017 . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 20 June 2017 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 4 October 2017 . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Vega Curry , Rafael ( 5 June 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran no defrauda al público boricua '' . El Nuevo Día . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Vega Curry , Rafael ( 5 June 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran no defrauda al público boricua '' . Indice . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Box score : `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 20 June 2017 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 12 October 2017 . Retrieved 12 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Europe boxscore : `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 25 July 2017 . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Roisin ( 13 March 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran at O2 Arena : Buy tickets for 10th anniversary show here '' . The Independent . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . Jump up ^ North America boxscore : `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2 August 2017 . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 15 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 22 August 2017 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 7 September 2017 . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 13 September 2017 . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 14 November 2017 . Retrieved 14 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Team , AL365 ( 4 May 2017 ) . `` Confirmed : Ed Sheeran is bringing Divide Tour to Southeast Asia '' . asialive365.com . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran announces tour dates across Asia '' . philstar.com. 8 June 2017 . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lauv to open for Ed Sheeran on Asia tour '' . bandwagon.asia. 4 September 2017 . Retrieved 5 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ed Sheeran Announces Brits ' Warchild Gig '' . 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 26 April 2018 . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Company , The Frontier Touring . `` Ed Sheeran 2018 Australia & New Zealand Tickets , Concert Dates , Pre-sale & Tour Information Frontier Touring Australia & New Zealand '' . Frontier Touring Australia & New Zealand . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tour Dates Rescheduled in Osaka , Tokyo and Manila ; cancelled in Taipei , Hong Kong and Jakarta '' . edsheeran.com. 25 October 2017 . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Stadium Dates Announced for 2018 '' . edsheeran.com . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Concert '' . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved 30 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran concert at Miller Park rescheduled for Oct. 24 '' . FOX6Now.com. 21 October 2018 . Retrieved 22 October 2018 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( 16 September 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Cancels St. Louis Concert Over Safety Concerns '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . External links ( edit ) ÷ Tour on Ed Sheeran Official Website Ed Sheeran Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums + x ÷ Extended plays Loose Change Songs I Wrote with Amy No. 5 Collaborations Project The Slumdon Bridge Box sets 5 Videography Jumpers for Goalposts : Live at Wembley Stadium Tours + Tour x Tour ÷ Tour Related articles Nizlopi Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= ÷ _Tour&oldid = 866279929 '' Categories : 2017 concert tours 2018 concert tours 2019 concert tours Ed Sheeran concert tours Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano עברית Português Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 11 : 54 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

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who is the leader of the brotherhood in 1984

The Brotherhood ( Nineteen Eighty - Four )

the brotherhood ( nineteen eighty - four )

The Brotherhood is a fictional organization in George Orwell 's novel , Nineteen - Eighty Four . It is mysterious in origin and operations , purportedly working to bring down The Party .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Background 2.1 Purpose 2.2 Secrecy 3 The Brotherhood 's existence 4 Allusions Origin ( edit ) The Brotherhood was supposedly founded by a man named Emmanuel Goldstein , one of the members of the original inner circle of the Party just below Big Brother himself . Like most leaders of the revolution , Goldstein turned on Big Brother but , unlike the others , he was somehow able to escape , and founded the Brotherhood . It remains unknown whether or not Goldstein exists and is still active , but if so , his location is unknown . Background ( edit ) Purpose ( edit ) The Brotherhood can not be said to be an `` active '' resistance movement , because its main goal is simply increasing in size slowly , in the hopes that generations in the future might pose a threat and overthrow the party . In order to build up to that day , the organization 's purpose is to spread knowledge about the true nature of society , as well as to spread corruption by promoting prostitution , drug abuse , thoughtcrime , terrorism , and other forms of criminal activities that would weaken the Party in any way possible . In the film of the same name , O'Brien implies that perhaps in `` A thousand years '' there might be an attack on the party by The Brotherhood . However , in the present day , even if they are not active enough to actually cause any damage , the Party 's propaganda blames virtually anything that goes wrong on sabotage by Brotherhood spies . Secrecy ( edit ) Supposedly , Brotherhood members do not even know one another . All they usually get to know about the organisation is that it exists and that they belong to it . All Brotherhood members are expected to be captured eventually , and when they are , they will not be rescued , as to protect the secrecy of the mysterious organization -- most attempt suicide when captured if it is possible . As a result of their extreme likelihood of capture , Brotherhood members do not know more than 3 -- 4 other members of the party , and if captured they consequently can not betray any significant number of other members . The Brotherhood 's existence ( edit ) Very little information is given whether the Brotherhood , or anything like it , actually exists in the novel . O'Brien heavily implies to Smith that all of the details of the Brotherhood and the very existence of Emmanuel Goldstein are fabrications in order to capture thought criminals and serve as a convenient scapegoat for the Party . O'Brien does allow that there might , hypothetically , be a real resistance movement similar to the fake Brotherhood , but if so , it has hidden itself so well that the Party has never detected it ( the implication being , of course , that a movement so secret could never attain the level of organisation needed to genuinely threaten the regime ) . The idea of the Brotherhood is , however , very real and is frequently used by the Party as a ploy for finding potential thought criminals . Winston Smith , the novel 's protagonist , is contacted discreetly by O'Brien . O'Brien pretends to be a member of the Brotherhood . However , he is really working for the Party , lying to gain Winston 's trust and denounce him as a thought criminal . When Winston is captured and tortured inside the Ministry of Love , he asks O'Brien if the Brotherhood does exist . He tells Winston that that is a question he will never get an answer to , so it remains unknown whether it really exists or is merely an illusion created by the party . Allusions ( edit ) The Brotherhood bears some resemblance to a real OGPU operation known as the Trust Operation , which was a fake anti-communist front group established to lure enemies of the Bolsheviks back from exile . ( hide ) George Orwell 's Nineteen Eighty - Four ( 1949 ) Characters Winston Smith Julia O'Brien Big Brother Emmanuel Goldstein Places Nations of Nineteen Eighty - Four Ministries of Nineteen Eighty - Four Groups Social classes Inner Party Outer Party Proles The Brotherhood Thought Police Concepts Ingsoc Newspeak wordlist Doublethink Two + two = five Thoughtcrime Telescreen Memory hole Goldstein 's book Two Minutes Hate Hate week Prolefeed Related articles Adaptations Nineteen Eighty - Four in popular media Book : Nineteen Eighty - Four Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Brotherhood_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)&oldid=823052041 '' Categories : Nineteen Eighty - Four Fictional organizations designated as revolutionary Fictional secret societies Fictional vigilantes Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from November 2014 All articles to be expanded Articles lacking sources from October 2011 All articles lacking sources Talk Contents About Wikipedia Hrvatski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 January 2018 , at 00 : 23 . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Brotherhood%20%28Nineteen%20Eighty-Four%29

where are ribosomes made what are ribosomes made from

Ribosome

ribosome

The ribosome ( / ˈraɪbəˌsoʊm , - boʊ - / ) is a complex molecular machine , found within all living cells , that serves as the site of biological protein synthesis ( translation ) . Ribosomes link amino acids together in the order specified by messenger RNA ( mRNA ) molecules . Ribosomes consist of two major components : the small ribosomal subunit , which reads the RNA , and the large subunit , which joins amino acids to form a polypeptide chain . Each subunit is composed of one or more ribosomal RNA ( rRNA ) molecules and a variety of ribosomal proteins ( r - protein or rProtein ) . The ribosomes and associated molecules are also known as the translational apparatus .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Discovery 3 Structure 3.1 High - resolution structure 4 Function 4.1 Translation 4.2 Addition of translation - independent amino acids 5 Ribosome locations 5.1 Free ribosomes 5.2 Membrane - bound ribosomes 6 Biogenesis 7 Origin 8 Specialized ribosomes 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Overview ( edit ) The sequence of DNA , which encodes the sequence of the amino acids in a protein , is copied into a messenger RNA chain . It may be copied many times into RNA chains . Ribosomes can bind to a messenger RNA chain and use its sequence for determining the correct sequence of amino acids . Amino acids are selected , collected , and carried to the ribosome by transfer RNA ( tRNA ) molecules , which enter one part of the ribosome and bind to the messenger RNA chain . It is during this binding that the correct translation of nucleic acid sequence to amino acid sequence occurs . For each coding triplet in the messenger RNA there is a distinct transfer RNA that matches and which carries the correct amino acid for that coding triplet . The attached amino acids are then linked together by another part of the ribosome . Once the protein is produced , it can then fold to produce a specific functional three - dimensional structure although during synthesis some proteins start folding into their correct form . A ribosome is made from complexes of RNAs and proteins and is therefore a ribonucleoprotein . Each ribosome is divided into two subunits : 1 ) a smaller subunit which binds to a larger subunit and the mRNA pattern , and 2 ) a larger subunit which binds to the tRNA , the amino acids , and the smaller subunit . When a ribosome finishes reading an mRNA molecule , these two subunits split apart . Ribosomes are ribozymes , because the catalytic peptidyl transferase activity that links amino acids together is performed by the ribosomal RNA . Ribosomes are often associated with the intracellular membranes that make up the rough endoplasmic reticulum . Ribosomes from bacteria , archaea and eukaryotes in the three - domain system , resemble each other to a remarkable degree , evidence of a common origin . They differ in their size , sequence , structure , and the ratio of protein to RNA . The differences in structure allow some antibiotics to kill bacteria by inhibiting their ribosomes , while leaving human ribosomes unaffected . In bacteria and archaea , more than one ribosome may move along a single mRNA chain at one time , each `` reading '' its sequence and producing a corresponding protein molecule ... The mitochondrial ribosomes of eukaryotic cells , are produced from mitochondrial genes , and functionally resemble many features of those in bacteria , reflecting the likely evolutionary origin of mitochondria . Discovery ( edit ) Ribosomes were first observed in the mid-1950s by Romanian - American cell biologist George Emil Palade , using an electron microscope , as dense particles or granules . The term `` ribosome '' was proposed by scientist Richard B. Roberts in the end of 1950s : During the course of the symposium a semantic difficulty became apparent . To some of the participants , `` microsomes '' mean the ribonucleoprotein particles of the microsome fraction contaminated by other protein and lipid material ; to others , the microsomes consist of protein and lipid contaminated by particles . The phrase `` microsomal particles '' does not seem adequate , and `` ribonucleoprotein particles of the microsome fraction '' is much too awkward . During the meeting , the word `` ribosome '' was suggested , which has a very satisfactory name and a pleasant sound . The present confusion would be eliminated if `` ribosome '' were adopted to designate ribonucleoprotein particles in sizes ranging from 35 to 100S . -- Albert , Microsomal Particles and Protein Synthesis Albert Claude , Christian de Duve , and George Emil Palade were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine , in 1974 , for the discovery of the ribosome . The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009 was awarded to Venkatraman Ramakrishnan , Thomas A. Steitz and Ada E. Yonath for determining the detailed structure and mechanism of the ribosome . Structure ( edit ) Figure 2 : Large ( red ) and small ( blue ) subunit fit together . The ribosome is a highly complex cellular machine . It is largely made up of specialized RNA known as ribosomal RNA ( rRNA ) as well as dozens of distinct proteins ( the exact number varies slightly between species ) . The ribosomal proteins and rRNAs are arranged into two distinct ribosomal pieces of different size , known generally as the large and small subunit of the ribosome . Ribosomes consist of two subunits that fit together ( Figure 2 ) and work as one to translate the mRNA into a polypeptide chain during protein synthesis ( Figure 1 ) . Because they are formed from two subunits of non-equal size , they are slightly longer in the axis than in diameter . Prokaryotic ribosomes are around 20 nm ( 200 Å ) in diameter and are composed of 65 % rRNA and 35 % ribosomal proteins . Eukaryotic ribosomes are between 25 and 30 nm ( 250 -- 300 Å ) in diameter with an rRNA - to - protein ratio that is close to 1 . Crystallographic work has shown that there are no ribosomal proteins close to the reaction site for polypeptide synthesis . This suggests that the protein components of ribosomes do not directly participate in peptide bond formation catalysis , but rather that these proteins act as a scaffold that may enhance the ability of rRNA to synthesize protein ( See : Ribozyme ) . Figure 3 : Atomic structure of the 30S subunit from Thermus thermophilus . Proteins are shown in blue and the single RNA chain in orange . The ribosomal subunits of prokaryotes and eukaryotes are quite similar . The unit of measurement used to describe the ribosomal subunits and the rRNA fragments is the Svedberg unit , a measure of the rate of sedimentation in centrifugation rather than size . This accounts for why fragment names do not add up : for example , prokaryotic 70S ribosomes are made of 50S and 30S subunits . Prokaryotes have 70 S ribosomes , each consisting of a small ( 30S ) and a large ( 50S ) subunit . Their small subunit has a 16S RNA subunit ( consisting of 1540 nucleotides ) bound to 21 proteins . The large subunit is composed of a 5S RNA subunit ( 120 nucleotides ) , a 23S RNA subunit ( 2900 nucleotides ) and 31 proteins . prokaryotic ribosomes ( E. coli ) ribosome subunit rRNAs r - proteins 70S 50S 23S ( 2904 nt ) 31 5S ( 120 nt ) 30S 16S ( 1542 nt ) 21 Affinity label for the tRNA binding sites on the E. coli ribosome allowed the identification of A and P site proteins most likely associated with the peptidyltransferase activity ; labelled proteins are L27 , L14 , L15 , L16 , L2 ; at least L27 is located at the donor site , as shown by E. Collatz and A.P. Czernilofsky . Additional research has demonstrated that the S1 and S21 proteins , in association with the 3 ' - end of 16S ribosomal RNA , are involved in the initiation of translation . Eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes , each consisting of a small ( 40S ) and large ( 60S ) subunit . Their 40S subunit has an 18S RNA ( 1900 nucleotides ) and 33 proteins . The large subunit is composed of a 5S RNA ( 120 nucleotides ) , 28S RNA ( 4700 nucleotides ) , a 5.8 S RNA ( 160 nucleotides ) subunits and 46 proteins . eukaryotic cytosolic ribosomes ( R. norvegicus ) ribosome subunit rRNAs r - proteins 80S 60S 28S ( 4718 nt ) 49 5.8 S ( 160 nt ) 5S ( 120 nt ) 40S 18S ( 1874 nt ) 33 During 1977 , Czernilofsky published research that used affinity labeling to identify tRNA - binding sites on rat liver ribosomes . Several proteins , including L32 / 33 , L36 , L21 , L23 , L28 / 29 and L13 were implicated as being at or near the peptidyl transferase center . The ribosomes found in chloroplasts and mitochondria of eukaryotes also consist of large and small subunits bound together with proteins into one 70S particle . These organelles are believed to be descendants of bacteria ( see Endosymbiotic theory ) and , as such , their ribosomes are similar to those of bacteria . The various ribosomes share a core structure , which is quite similar despite the large differences in size . Much of the RNA is highly organized into various tertiary structural motifs , for example pseudoknots that exhibit coaxial stacking . The extra RNA in the larger ribosomes is in several long continuous insertions , such that they form loops out of the core structure without disrupting or changing it . All of the catalytic activity of the ribosome is carried out by the RNA ; the proteins reside on the surface and seem to stabilize the structure . The differences between the bacterial and eukaryotic ribosomes are exploited by pharmaceutical chemists to create antibiotics that can destroy a bacterial infection without harming the cells of the infected person . Due to the differences in their structures , the bacterial 70S ribosomes are vulnerable to these antibiotics while the eukaryotic 80S ribosomes are not . Even though mitochondria possess ribosomes similar to the bacterial ones , mitochondria are not affected by these antibiotics because they are surrounded by a double membrane that does not easily admit these antibiotics into the organelle . High - resolution structure ( edit ) Figure 4 : Atomic structure of the 50S subunit from Haloarcula marismortui . Proteins are shown in blue and the two RNA chains in orange and yellow . The small patch of green in the center of the subunit is the active site . The general molecular structure of the ribosome has been known since the early 1970s . In the early 2000s , the structure has been achieved at high resolutions , of the order of a few Å . The first papers giving the structure of the ribosome at atomic resolution were published almost simultaneously in late 2000 . The 50S ( large prokaryotic ) subunit was determined from the archaeon Haloarcula marismortui and the bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans , and the structure of the 30S subunit was determined from Thermus thermophilus . These structural studies were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2009 . In May 2001 these coordinates were used to reconstruct the entire T. thermophilus 70S particle at 5.5 Å resolution . Two papers were published in November 2005 with structures of the Escherichia coli 70S ribosome . The structures of a vacant ribosome were determined at 3.5 - Å resolution using x-ray crystallography . Then , two weeks later , a structure based on cryo - electron microscopy was published , which depicts the ribosome at 11 -- 15 Å resolution in the act of passing a newly synthesized protein strand into the protein - conducting channel . The first atomic structures of the ribosome complexed with tRNA and mRNA molecules were solved by using X-ray crystallography by two groups independently , at 2.8 Å and at 3.7 Å . These structures allow one to see the details of interactions of the Thermus thermophilus ribosome with mRNA and with tRNAs bound at classical ribosomal sites . Interactions of the ribosome with long mRNAs containing Shine - Dalgarno sequences were visualized soon after that at 4.5 - to 5.5 - Å resolution . In 2011 , the first complete atomic structure of the eukaryotic 80S ribosome from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was obtained by crystallography . The model reveals the architecture of eukaryote - specific elements and their interaction with the universally conserved core . At the same time , the complete model of a eukaryotic 40S ribosomal structure in Tetrahymena thermophila was published and described the structure of the 40S subunit , as well as much about the 40S subunit 's interaction with eIF1 during translation initiation . Similarly , the eukaryotic 60S subunit structure was also determined from Tetrahymena thermophila in complex with eIF6 . Function ( edit ) Ribosomes are organelles that synthesize proteins . Proteins are needed for many cellular functions such as repairing damage or directing chemical processes . Ribosomes can be found floating within the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum . Translation ( edit ) Main article : Translation ( genetics ) Ribosomes are the workplaces of protein biosynthesis , the process of translating mRNA into protein . The mRNA comprises a series of codons that dictate to the ribosome the sequence of the amino acids needed to make the protein . Using the mRNA as a template , the ribosome traverses each codon ( 3 nucleotides ) of the mRNA , pairing it with the appropriate amino acid provided by an aminoacyl - tRNA . Aminoacyl - tRNA contains a complementary anticodon on one end and the appropriate amino acid on the other . For fast and accurate recognition of the appropriate tRNA , the ribosome utilizes large conformational changes ( conformational proofreading ) . The small ribosomal subunit , typically bound to an aminoacyl - tRNA containing the amino acid methionine , binds to an AUG codon on the mRNA and recruits the large ribosomal subunit . The ribosome contains three RNA binding sites , designated A , P and E. The A site binds an aminoacyl - tRNA ; the P site binds a peptidyl - tRNA ( a tRNA bound to the peptide being synthesized ) ; and the E site binds a free tRNA before it exits the ribosome . Protein synthesis begins at a start codon AUG near the 5 ' end of the mRNA . mRNA binds to the P site of the ribosome first . The ribosome is able to identify the start codon by use of the Shine - Dalgarno sequence of the mRNA in prokaryotes and Kozak box in eukaryotes . Although catalysis of the peptide bond involves the C2 hydroxyl of RNA 's P - site adenosine in a proton shuttle mechanism , other steps in protein synthesis ( such as translocation ) are caused by changes in protein conformations . Since their catalytic core is made of RNA , ribosomes are classified as `` ribozymes , '' and it is thought that they might be remnants of the RNA world . Figure 5 : Translation of mRNA ( 1 ) by a ribosome ( 2 ) ( shown as small and large subunits ) into a polypeptide chain ( 3 ) . The ribosome begins at the start codon of RNA ( AUG ) and ends at the stop codon ( UAG ) . In Figure 5 , both ribosomal subunits ( small and large ) assemble at the start codon ( towards the 5 ' end of the RNA ) . The ribosome uses RNA that matches the current codon ( triplet ) on the mRNA to append an amino acid to the polypeptide chain . This is done for each triplet on the RNA , while the ribosome moves towards the 3 ' end of the mRNA . Usually in bacterial cells , several ribosomes are working parallel on a single RNA , forming what is called a polyribosome or polysome . Addition of translation - independent amino acids ( edit ) Presence of a ribosome quality control protein Rqc2 is associated with mRNA - independent protein elongation . This elongation is a result of ribosomal addition ( via tRNAs brought by Rqc2 ) of CAT tails : ribosomes extend the C - terminus of a stalled protein with random , translation - independent sequences of alanines and threonines . Würzburg University and Max Planck Institute researches , the results of which were published in Cell Reports and The EMBO magazines in September 2016 , have shown that ribosomes have the role of being `` a quality control point '' . Professor Utz Fischer from the University of Würzburg has been researching the assembly of proteins called `` macromolecular machines '' in the cell for years . He describes this assembly process as LEGO blocks : `` Think of it as LEGO bricks at the molecular level : One brick is attached to the next until the product is finished . If only one defective or wrong brick is used , the entire building may be compromised as a result . '' Ribosome locations ( edit ) Ribosomes are classified as being either `` free '' or `` membrane - bound '' . Figure 6 : A ribosome translating a protein that is secreted into the endoplasmic reticulum . Free and membrane - bound ribosomes differ only in their spatial distribution ; they are identical in structure . Whether the ribosome exists in a free or membrane - bound state depends on the presence of an ER - targeting signal sequence on the protein being synthesized , so an individual ribosome might be membrane - bound when it is making one protein , but free in the cytosol when it makes another protein . Ribosomes are sometimes referred to as organelles , but the use of the term organelle is often restricted to describing sub-cellular components that include a phospholipid membrane , which ribosomes , being entirely particulate , do not . For this reason , ribosomes may sometimes be described as `` non-membranous organelles '' . Free ribosomes ( edit ) Free ribosomes can move about anywhere in the cytosol , but are excluded from the cell nucleus and other organelles . Proteins that are formed from free ribosomes are released into the cytosol and used within the cell . Since the cytosol contains high concentrations of glutathione and is , therefore , a reducing environment , proteins containing disulfide bonds , which are formed from oxidized cysteine residues , can not be produced within it . Membrane - bound ribosomes ( edit ) When a ribosome begins to synthesize proteins that are needed in some organelles , the ribosome making this protein can become `` membrane - bound '' . In eukaryotic cells this happens in a region of the endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) called the `` rough ER '' . The newly produced polypeptide chains are inserted directly into the ER by the ribosome undertaking vectorial synthesis and are then transported to their destinations , through the secretory pathway . Bound ribosomes usually produce proteins that are used within the plasma membrane or are expelled from the cell via exocytosis . Biogenesis ( edit ) Main article : Ribosome biogenesis In bacterial cells , ribosomes are synthesized in the cytoplasm through the transcription of multiple ribosome gene operons . In eukaryotes , the process takes place both in the cell cytoplasm and in the nucleolus , which is a region within the cell nucleus . The assembly process involves the coordinated function of over 200 proteins in the synthesis and processing of the four rRNAs , as well as assembly of those rRNAs with the ribosomal proteins . Origin ( edit ) The ribosome may have first originated in an RNA world , appearing as a self - replicating complex that only later evolved the ability to synthesize proteins when amino acids began to appear . Studies suggest that ancient ribosomes constructed solely of rRNA could have developed the ability to synthesize peptide bonds . In addition , evidence strongly points to ancient ribosomes as self - replicating complexes , where the rRNA in the ribosomes had informational , structural , and catalytic purposes because it could have coded for tRNAs and proteins needed for ribosomal self - replication . Hypothetical cellular organisms with self - replicating RNA but without DNA are called ribocytes ( or ribocells ) . As amino acids gradually appeared in the RNA world under prebiotic conditions , their interactions with catalytic RNA would increase both the range and efficiency of function of catalytic RNA molecules . Thus , the driving force for the evolution of the ribosome from an ancient self - replicating machine into its current form as a translational machine may have been the selective pressure to incorporate proteins into the ribosome 's self - replicating mechanisms , so as to increase its capacity for self - replication . Specialized ribosomes ( edit ) Heterogeneity in ribosome composition has been proposed to be involved in translational control of protein synthesis . Vincent Mauro and Gerald Edelman proposed the ribosome filter hypothesis to explain the regulatory functions of ribosomes . Emerging evidence has shown that specialized ribosomes specific to different cell populations can affect how genes are translated . Some ribosomal proteins exchange from the assembled complex with cytosolic copies suggesting that the structure of the in vivo ribosome can be modified without synthesizing an entire new ribosome . 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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 99 ( 19 ) : 12031 -- 12036 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 192442499 . ISSN 0027 - 8424 . PMC 129393 . PMID 12221294 . Jump up ^ Xue , Shifeng ; Barna , Maria ( May 23 , 2012 ) . `` Specialized ribosomes : a new frontier in gene regulation and organismal biology '' . Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology . 13 ( 6 ) : 355 -- 369 . doi : 10.1038 / nrm3359 . ISSN 1471 - 0080 . PMC 4039366 . PMID 22617470 . Jump up ^ Mathis , Andrew ( 8 Dec 2016 ) . `` Mechanisms of in vivo ribosome maintenance change in response to nutrient signals '' . Molecular & Cellular Proteomics . mcp. M116. 063255. : 243 -- 254 . doi : 10.1074 / mcp. M116. 063255 . PMC 5294211 . PMID 27932527 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ribosomes . Lab computer simulates ribosome in motion Role of the Ribosome , Gwen V. Childs , copied here Ribosome in Proteopedia - The free , collaborative 3D encyclopedia of proteins & other molecules Ribosomal proteins families in ExPASy Molecule of the Month © RCSB Protein Data Bank : Ribosome Elongation Factors Palade 3D electron microscopy structures of ribosomes at the EM Data Bank ( EMDB ) Structures of the cell / organelles ( TH H1. 00.01. 2 - 3 ) Endomembrane system Cell membrane Nucleus Nucleolus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Parenthesome Autophagosome Vesicles Exosome Lysosome Endosome Phagosome Vacuole Acrosome Cytoplasmic granules Melanosome Microbody Glyoxysome Peroxisome Weibel -- Palade body Cytoskeleton Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules Prokaryotic cytoskeleton MTOCs Centrosome Centriole Basal body Spindle pole body Myofibril Endosymbionts Mitochondrion Plastids Chloroplast Chromoplast Gerontoplast Leucoplast Amyloplast Elaioplast Proteinoplast Tannosome Other internal RNA Ribosome Spliceosome Vault Cytoplasm Proteasome External Undulipodium Cilium Flagellum Axoneme Radial spoke Extracellular matrix Cell wall Protein biosynthesis : translation ( prokaryotic , eukaryotic ) Proteins Initiation factor Prokaryotic PIF - 1 PIF - 2 PIF - 3 Archaeal aIF1 aIF2 aIF5 aIF6 Eukaryotic eIF1 eIF1 EIF1AX AY 1B eIF2 EIF2S1 EIF2S2 EIF2S3 EIF2B1 EIF2B2 EIF2B3 EIF2B4 EIF2B5 EIF - 2 kinase eIF2A eIF2D eIF3 EIF3A eIF4 EIF4A2 A3 E1 E2 E3 G1 G2 G3 eIF5 EIF5 EIF5A A2 5B eIF6 EIF6 Elongation factor Prokaryotic EF - Tu EF - Ts EF - G Archaeal aEF - 1 aEF - 2 Eukaryotic EEF - 1 EEF1A1 EEF1A2 EEF1A3 EEF1B1 EEF1B2 EEF1B3 EEF1B4 EEF1D EEF1E1 EEF1G EEF2 Release factor Prokaryotic Archaeal Eukaryotic ( ETF1 ) Ribosomal Proteins Cytoplasmic 60S subunit RPL3 RPL4 RPL5 RPL6 RPL7 RPL7A RPL8 RPL9 RPL10 RPL10A RPL10 - like RPL11 RPL12 RPL13 RPL13A RPL14 RPL15 RPL16 RPL17 RPL18 RPL18A RPL19 RPL20 RPL21 RPL22 RPL23 RPL23A RPL24 RPL25 RPL26 RPL27 RPL27A RPL28 RPL29 RPL30 RPL31 RPL32 RPL33 RPL34 RPL35 RPL35A RPL36 RPL36A RPL37 RPL37A RPL38 RPL39 RPL40 RPL41 RPLP0 RPLP1 RPLP2 RPLP3 RRP15 - like RSL24D1 40S subunit RPSA RPS2 RPS3 RPS3A RPS4 ( RPS4X , RPS4Y1 , RPS4Y2 ) RPS5 RPS6 RPS7 RPS8 RPS9 RPS10 RPS11 RPS12 RPS13 RPS14 RPS15 RPS15A RPS16 RPS17 RPS18 RPS19 RPS20 RPS21 RPS22 RPS23 RPS24 RPS25 RPS26 RPS27 RPS27A RPS28 RPS29 RPS30 RACK1 Mitochondrial 39S subunit MRPL1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 28S subunit MRPS1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Other concepts Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase Reading frame Start codon Stop codon Shine - Dalgarno sequence / Kozak consensus sequence Ribosomal RNA / ribosome subunits Prokaryotes ( 70 S ) Large : 50S 5S 23S Small : 30S 16S Eukaryotes ( 80 S ) Cytoplasmic Large : 60S 5S 5.8 S 28S Small : 40S 18S Mitochondrial MT - RNR1 , 12S MT - RNR2 , 16S This article incorporates public domain material from the NCBI document `` Science Primer '' . GND : 4127731 - 4 NDL : 00569445 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ribosome&oldid=810147889 '' Categories : Ribozymes Protein biosynthesis Ribosome Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States National Library of Medicine Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan پنجابی ភាសា ខ្មែរ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 16 : 27 . 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the united states has been at war for

List of wars involving the United States

list of wars involving the united states

This is a list of wars involving the United States of America .

Contents 1 18th - century wars 2 19th - century wars 3 20th - century wars 4 21st - century wars 5 See also 6 References 7 External links 18th - century wars ( edit ) Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result for the United States and its Allies American Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 1783 ) Location : Eastern North America , Gibraltar , India , Caribbean Sea , and the Atlantic The Battle of Long Island , 27 August 1776 United States France Canadian Auxiliaries Spain Iroquois Oneida Tuscarora Watauga Association Catawba Lenape Choctaw Dutch Republic Mysore Great Britain Loyalists German Auxiliaries Iroquois Onondaga Mohawk Cayuga Seneca Cherokee Victory Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) Britain recognizes the independence of the United States of America Cherokee -- American wars ( 1776 -- 1795 ) Part of the American Indian Wars Location : Old Southwest Abduction of Daniel Boone 's daughter by the Cherokee United States Cherokee Victory Northwest Indian War ( 1785 -- 1793 ) Part of the American Indian Wars Location : Northwest Territory The Battle of Fallen Timbers United States Chickasaw Choctaw Western Confederacy List Council of Three Fires Iroquois Confederacy Seven Nations of Canada Wabash Confederacy ( Wea , Piankashaw , and others ) Illini Confederacy Wyandot Mississaugas Menominee Shawnee Lenape Miami Kickapoo Kaskaskia Chickamauga Cherokee ( or `` Lower Cherokee '' ) Upper Muscogee Great Britain British North America Victory Treaty of Greenville ( 1795 ) British withdrawal American occupation of the Northwest Territory Shays ' Rebellion ( 1786 -- 1787 ) Location : Massachusetts Shays ' troops are repulsed from the armory at Springfield , Massachusetts in early 1787 . United States Anti-Government Protesters Victory Problems with the Articles of Confederation spur U.S. Constitutional Convention Whiskey Rebellion ( 1791 -- 1794 ) Location : Western Pennsylvania George Washington reviews troops before their march to suppress the rebellion in western Pennsylvania . United States Frontier tax protesters Victory Armed resistance eliminated Minor tax evasion Quasi-War ( 1798 -- 1800 ) Part of the French Revolutionary Wars Location : Atlantic Ocean , the Caribbean , the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean USS Constellation vs. L'Insurgente United States Co-belligerent : Great Britain France Guadeloupe Victory Peaceful cessation of Franco - American alliance End of French privateer attacks on American shipping American neutrality and renunciation of claims by France 19th - century wars ( edit ) Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result for the United States and its Allies First Barbary War ( 1801 -- 1805 ) Part of the Barbary Wars Location : Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Tripoli . Lieutenant Presley O'Bannon at Derna , April 1805 United States Sweden Eyalet of Tripolitania Sultanate of Morocco Victory Peace treaty 1811 German Coast Uprising ( 1811 ) Location : Territory of Orleans United States Rebel slaves Supported by : Haiti Victory Suppression and later trials Tecumseh 's War ( 1811 ) Part of the American Indian Wars and the War of 1812 Location : Northwest River Ohio The Battle of Tippecanoe United States Tecumseh 's Confederacy List Shawnee Red Sticks Ojibway Chickamauga Meskwaki Iroquois Miami Mingo Odawa Kickapoo Lenape Mascouten Potawatomi Sauk Wyandot Victory Peace treaty War of 1812 ( 1812 -- 1815 ) Location : Eastern and Central North America General Andrew Jackson stands on the parapet of his makeshift defenses as his troops repulse attacking Highlanders , by painter Edward Percy Moran in 1910 . United States Choctaw Cherokee Nation Creek Allies United Kingdom British North America Tecumseh 's Confederacy List Shawnee Red Sticks Ojibway Chickamauga Meskwaki Iroquois Miami Mingo Odawa Kickapoo Lenape Mascouten Potawatomi Sauk Wyandot Spain ( 1814 ) Stalemate Treaty of Ghent ; Status quo ante bellum with no boundary changes British assault on Sacket 's Harbor repulsed American invasions of British North America repulsed British invasions of the United States repulsed Defeat of Tecumseh 's Confederacy Creek War ( 1813 -- 1814 ) Part of the American Indian Wars and the War of 1812 Location : Southern United States The Battle of Horseshoe Bend , 1814 United States Lower Creeks Cherokee Nation Choctaw Red Stick Creek Victory Creek forced to cede 23 million acres ( 93,000 km2 ) of their territory to the United States in the Treaty of Fort Jackson Second Barbary War ( 1815 ) Part of the Barbary Wars Location : Mediterranean Sea and the Barbary states . Decatur 's squadron off Algiers United States Regency of Algiers Victory Peace treaty First Seminole War ( 1817 -- 1818 ) Part of the Seminole Wars and the American Indian Wars Location : Pensacola , Florida Barracks and tents at Fort Brooke near Tampa Bay United States Seminole Spanish Florida Victory Spain cedes Spanish Florida to the United States in the Adams -- Onís Treaty of 1819 The United States forcibly relocates Seminole in northern Florida to a reservation in the centre of the peninsula in the Treaty of Moultrie Creek of 1823 Texas -- Indian wars ( 1820 -- 1875 ) Part of the American Indian Wars and the Mexican Indian Wars Location : Texas A Kiowa ledger drawing depicting a battle between Southern Plains Indians and the U.S. Army during the Red River War Spain Mexico Republic of Texas United States Comanche Victory Extinction of many tribes in Texas , including the Karankawan , Akokisa and Bidui Arikara War ( 1823 ) Part of the American Indian Wars Location : Missouri River United States Arikara Partial victory The Arikara are eventually settled with the Mandan and Hidatsa on the Fort Berthold Reservation in North Dakota Aegean Sea Anti-Piracy Operations of the United States ( 1825 -- 1828 ) Part of Piracy in the Mediterranean Location : Off Greece , Aegean Sea Greek pirate boats attacking HMS Comet United States Greek Pirates Victory Defeat of Greek pirates HMS Comet liberated by American forces Message of thanks issued to Louis Goldsborough from the British government Winnebago War ( 1827 ) Part of the American Indian Wars Location : Illinois and Michigan Territory United States Prairie La Crosse Ho - Chunks with a few allies Victory Ho - Chunks cede lead mining region to the United States First Sumatran expedition ( 1832 ) Part of the Sumatran expeditions Location : Aceh Sultanate U.S. infantry assaulting the Acehnese forts at Kuala Batu in 1832 United States Netherlands Chiefdom of Kuala Batee Victory Sumatran attacks on U.S. shipping halted for another six years , until another attack which resulted in the second Sumatran expedition in 1838 Black Hawk War ( 1832 ) Part of the American Indian Wars Location : Illinois and Michigan Territory Native women and children fleeing the Battle of Bad Axe United States Ho - Chunk Menominee Dakota Potawatomi Black Hawks British Band Ho - Chunk and Potawatomi allies Victory End of Native armed resistance to U.S. expansion in the Old Northwest Black Hawk Purchase ( 1832 ) The United States purchases Potawatomi land in the Treaty of Tippecanoe ( 1832 ) The United States purchases the rest of Potawatomi land west of the Mississippi River in the Treaty of Chicago ( 1833 ) Second Seminole War ( 1835 -- 1842 ) Part of the Seminole Wars and the American Indian Wars Location : Florida , United States U.S. Marines search for Seminoles in the Everglades United States Seminole Victory 3,800 Seminoles transported to the Indian Territory 300 remain in Everglades Second Sumatran expedition ( 1838 ) Part of the Sumatran expeditions Location : Aceh Sultanate United States Netherlands Chiefdom of Kuala Batee Victory Malays cease attacks on American vessels Aroostook War ( 1838 ) Location : Maine and New Brunswick United States United Kingdom British North America Compromise Webster -- Ashburton Treaty Modern border of Maine and New Brunswick agreed upon British ( Canadian ) withdrawal from territory claimed by the United States Ivory Coast Expedition ( 1842 ) Part of the African Slave Trade Patrol Location : Ivory Coast Veterans of the expedition on board Saratoga in 1842 United States Ivory Coast Bereby people Victory Little Bereby destroyed Mexican -- American War ( 1846 -- 1848 ) Location : Texas , New Mexico , California and Mexico 2nd Dragoons charge the enemy at the Battle of Resaca de la Palma , 1846 United States California Republic Mexico Victory Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Mexican Cession Mexican recognition of Texas and California ( among other territories ) as independent ; end of conflict between Mexico and Texas Cayuse War ( 1847 -- 1855 ) Part of the American Indian Wars Location : Oregon United States Cayuse Victory Cayuse reduced in numbers and forced to cede most of their lands Apache Wars ( 1851 -- 1900 ) Part of the Texas -- Indian wars Location : Southwestern United States U.S. Cavalry dash for cover while fighting Apaches , by F. Remington United States Apache Ute Yavapai Victory Apaches moved to reservations Puget Sound War ( 1855 -- 1856 ) Part of the American Indian Wars Location : Washington United States Snoqualmie Nisqually Muckleshoot Puyallup Klickitat Haida Tlingit Victory Indians relocated to Siletz , Grand Ronde and Coast Reservations First Fiji Expedition Part of the Fiji Expeditions ( 1855 ) Location : Fiji United States Fiji Victory Rogue River Wars ( 1855 -- 1856 ) Location : Rogue Valley United States Rogue River people Victory Indians relocated to Siletz , Grand Ronde and Coast Reservations Third Seminole War Part of the Seminole Wars and the American Indian Wars ( 1855 -- 1858 ) Location : Pensacola , Florida United States Seminole Victory By late 1850s , most Seminoles forced to leave their land ; a few hundred remain deep in the Everglades on land unwanted by white settlers Yakima War Part of the American Indian Wars ( 1855 -- 1858 ) Location : Washington Territory Seattleites evacuate to the town blockhouse as USS Decatur opens fire on advancing tribal forces . United States Snoqualmie Yakama Walla Walla tribe Umatilla tribe Nez Perce tribe Cayuse tribe Victory Peace treaty Second Opium War Part of the Opium Wars ( 1856 -- 1859 ) Location : China Palikao 's bridge , on the evening of the battle , by Émile Bayard British Empire French Empire United States Qing dynasty Victory Treaties of Tientsin Kowloon Peninsula and Stonecutters Island ceded to the United Kingdom as part of British Hong Kong Utah War Part of the Mormon wars ( 1857 -- 1858 ) Location : Utah Territory and Wyoming United States Deseret / Utah Mormons ( Nauvoo Legion ) Compromise Resolution through negotiation Brigham Young replaced as governor of the territory Full amnesty for charges of sedition and treason issued to the citizens of Utah Territory by President James Buchanan on the condition that they accept American Federal authority Navajo Wars Part of the American Indian Wars ( 1858 -- 1866 ) Location : New Mexico Fort Defiance United States Navajo Victory Long Walk of the Navajo Navajos moved to reservations Second Fiji Expedition Part of the Fiji Expeditions ( 1859 ) Location : Fiji United States Fiji Victory John Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry Part of pre-Civil War conflicts ( 1859 ) Location : West Virginia Harper 's Weekly illustration of U.S. Marines attacking John Brown 's `` Fort '' Teresa Baine United States Abolitionist Insurgents Victory First and Second Cortina War ( 1859 -- 1861 ) Location : Texas and Mexico United States Confederate States Mexico Cortinista bandits Victory Paiute War Part of the American Indian Wars ( 1860 ) Location : Pyramid Lake , Nevada United States Paiute Shoshone Bannock Victory American Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) Location : United States The Battle of Antietam , by Kurz & Allison . United States Confederate States Victory Territorial integrity preserved Dissolution of the Confederacy Slavery abolished Lincoln assassinated Beginning of the Reconstruction Era Yavapai Wars ( 1861 -- 1875 ) Location : Arizona United States Yavapai Apache Yuma Mohave Victory Dakota War of 1862 ( 1862 ) Location : Minnesota and Dakota The Siege of New Ulm , Minnesota on August 19 , 1862 United States Dakota Sioux Victory Colorado War ( 1863 -- 1865 ) Location : Colorado , Wyoming , and Nebraska United States Cheyenne Arapaho Sioux Victory Military and congressional hearings against John Chivington Shimonoseki War ( 1863 -- 1864 ) Location : Kanmon Straits Capture of a Choshu battery at Shimonoseki by British sailors and marines . British Empire Dutch Empire French Empire United States Chōshū Domain Victory Chōshū pays an indemnity of $3,000,000 . Snake War ( 1864 -- 1868 ) Locations : Oregon , Nevada , California , and Idaho United States Paiute Bannock Shoshone Victory Powder River War ( 1865 ) Location : Powder River State United States Sioux Cheyenne Arapaho Stalemate Red Cloud 's War ( 1866 -- 1868 ) Location : Powder River State The Fetterman Massacre United States Lakota Cheyenne Arapaho Defeat Treaty of Fort Laramie ( 1868 ) Legal control of Powder River Country ceded to Native Americans Creation of the Great Sioux Reservation ( including the Black Hills ) Formosa Expedition ( 1867 ) Location : Southern Formosa ( Taiwan ) US Marines and Sailors attack Formosan pirates . United States Paiwan Defeat American withdrawal after Marine commander killed , subsequent Formosan retreat No other casualties Comanche Campaign ( 1867 -- 1875 ) Location : Western United States Battle of Beecher Island . One soldier and three horses have fallen , while others continue to wage the battle . United States Cheyenne Arapaho Comanche Kiowa Victory United States expedition to Korea ( 1871 ) Location : Ganghwado American forces after capturing the Deokjin Fort during the Battle of Ganghwa in 1871 . United States Joseon Dynasty Victory United States - Korea Treaty of 1882 Modoc War ( 1872 -- 1873 ) Location : California and Oregon Engraving of soldiers recovering the bodies of the slain May 3 , 1873 . United States Modoc Victory Red River War ( 1874 -- 1875 ) Location : Texas United States Cheyenne Arapaho Comanche Kiowa Victory End to the Texas - Indian Wars Las Cuevas War ( 1875 ) Location : Texas and Mexico Texan soldiers . United States Mexico Victory Cattle returned to Texas Great Sioux War of 1876 ( 1876 -- 1877 ) Location : Montana , Dakota and Wyoming Custer 's last stand at Little Bighorn . United States Lakota Dakota Sioux Northern Cheyenne Arapaho Victory Legal control of Powder River Country ceded to the United States Buffalo Hunters ' War ( 1876 -- 1877 ) Location : Texas and Oklahoma United States Comanche Apache Victory Nez Perce War ( 1877 ) Location : Oregon , Idaho , Wyoming , and Montana Chief Joseph 's band in the Battle of Bear Paw Mountain United States Nez Perce Palouse Victory Bannock War ( 1878 ) Location : Idaho , Oregon , and Wyoming United States Bannock Shoshone Paiute Victory Cheyenne War ( 1878 -- 1879 ) Location : Oklahoma , Kansas , Nebraska , South Dakota and Montana Aftermath of the Battle of `` The Pit . '' United States Cheyenne Victory Sheepeater Indian War ( 1879 ) Location : Idaho United States Shoshone Victory Victorio 's War ( 1879 -- 1881 ) Location : Mexico United States Mexico Apache Victory White River War ( 1879 -- 1880 ) Location : Colorado United States Ute Victory Pine Ridge Campaign ( 1890 -- 1891 ) Location : South Dakota Mass grave for the dead Lakota after the conflict at Wounded Knee Creek . United States Sioux Victory Garza Revolution ( 1891 -- 1893 ) Location : Texas and Mexico 3rd Cavalry Troopers searching a suspected Revolutionist , 1892 Mexico United States Garzistas Victory Yaqui Wars ( 1896 -- 1918 ) Location : Arizona and Mexico 10th Cavalry soldiers holding Yaqui prisoners at their camp in Bear Valley , January 9 , 1918 . United States Mexico Yaqui Pima Opata Victory Second Samoan Civil War ( 1898 -- 1899 ) Location : Samoa Samoan warriors and American servicemen during the Siege of Apia in March 1899 . Samoa United States Mataafans Germany Compromise Allies and Rebels compromise for peace Tripartite Convention United States acquires American Samoa United Kingdom withdraws claim in exchange for concessions in the Solomon Islands Germany acquires German Samoa Mata'afa Iosefo becomes paramount chief of Samoa Spanish -- American War ( 1898 ) Location : Cuba , Puerto Rico , Philippines and Guam Teddy Roosevelt and the `` Rough Riders '' charge Spanish positions during the Battle of San Juan Hill . United States Cuban Revolutionaries Filipino Revolutionaries Spain Cuba Guam Philippines Puerto Rico Victory Treaty of Paris Protectorate over Cuba Collapse of the Spanish Empire Generation of ' 98 among Spanish intellectuals Philippine -- American War ( 1899 -- 1902 ) Location : Philippines Kurz & Allison print of the Battle of Quingua . 1899 - 1902 United States Military Government 1902 - 1906 United States Civil Government 1899 - 1902 Philippine Republic Negros Republic Zamboanga Republic Limited Foreign Support : Empire of Japan Shishi 1902 - 1906 Tagalog Republic Irrenconcilables Victory Occupation of the Philippines Establishment of the Insular Government of the Philippine Islands General Emilio Aguinaldo captured and exiled Dissolution of the First Philippine Republic Moro Rebellion ( 1899 -- 1913 ) Philippines The 8th Infantry Regiment defeat the Moros in the four - day battle of Bagsak Mountain on Jolo Island in the Philippines . United States Moro Remnants of the Sulu Sultanate Victory Boxer Rebellion ( 1899 -- 1901 ) Location : China Corporal Titus , of the 14th Infantry Regiment , scaling the walls of Peking . United Kingdom Russia Japan France United States Germany Italy Austria - Hungary Righteous Harmony Society ( Boxers ) China Victory Rebellion suppressed Signing of the Boxer Protocol Provisions for foreign troops to be stationed in Beijing 20th - century wars ( edit ) Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result for the United States and its Allies Crazy Snake Rebellion ( 1909 ) Location : Oklahoma Creek prisoners of war . United States Creek Victory Border War ( 1910 -- 1919 ) Part of the Mexican Revolution Location : Mexico -- United States border American troops of the 16th Infantry Regiment rest for the night on 27 May 1916 United States Mexico Germany Victory Seditionist insurgency suppressed Permanent border wall established Pancho Villa 's troops no longer an effective fighting force Mexican Constitutionalist faction leader Venustiano Carranza recognised as the sole leaders of the Mexican government by the U.S . Negro Rebellion ( 1912 ) Part of the Banana Wars Location : Cuba USS Mississippi in Cuba Cuba United States Cuban PIC Victory Rebellion suppressed Dissolution of the PIC Occupation of Nicaragua ( 1912 -- 1933 ) Part of the Banana Wars Location : Nicaragua US Marines holding a captured Sandinista flag . United States Nicaragua Nicaraguan Liberals Sandinistas Victory Nicaragua occupied until 1933 . Great Depression marked US withdrawal in 1933 . Change of regime in Nicaragua . Bluff War ( 1914 -- 1915 ) Location : Utah and Colorado Prisoners of the Bluff War in Thompson , Utah , waiting to board a train for their trial in Salt Lake City . United States Ute Paiute Victory Occupation of Veracruz ( 1914 ) Part of the Mexican Revolution Location : Mexico American ships at Veracruz United States Mexico Victory Veracruz occupied Occupation of Haiti ( 1915 -- 1934 ) Part of the Banana Wars Location : Haiti 2nd Marine Regiment in Haiti United States Haiti Haitian Rebels Victory Haiti occupied Occupation of the Dominican Republic ( 1916 -- 1924 ) Part of the Banana Wars Location : Dominican Republic US Marines in the Occupation of the Dominican Republic . United States Dominican Republic Victory Dominican Republic occupied World War I ( 1914 -- 1918 ) Location : Europe , Africa , Asia , Middle East , the Pacific Islands , and coast of North and South America Two US troops pass by dead German soldiers on a battlefield . France British Empire United Kingdom Canada Newfoundland Australia New Zealand India South Africa Russia United States China Italy Japan Serbia Montenegro Romania Belgium Greece Portugal Brazil Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Victory End of the German , Russian , Ottoman , and Austro - Hungarian empires Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East Transfer of German colonies and regions of the former Ottoman Empire to other powers Establishment of the League of Nations Russian Civil War ( 1918 -- 1920 ) Location : Russia , Mongolia , and Iran US troops march through Russia before the Battle of Romanovka . White Movement British Empire United Kingdom Canada Australia India Japan Czechoslovakia Greece Poland United States France Romania Serbia Italy China Russian SFSR Far Eastern Republic Latvian SSR Ukrainian SSR Commune of Estonia Mongolian Communists Defeat Allied withdrawal from Russia Bolshevik victory over White Army Some Supplies captured at Vladivostok Humanitarian effort Last Indian Uprising ( 1923 ) Location : Utah Ute and Paiute prisoners of war . United States Ute Paiute Victory World War II ( 1939 -- 1945 ) Location : Europe , Pacific Ocean , Atlantic Ocean , Southeast Asia , Middle East , Mediterranean , North Africa , North and South America U.S. Army Soldiers advancing at dawn in the cover of a M4 Sherman tank , during the Battle of Bougainville , 1944 . Soviet Union United States United Kingdom China France Poland Canada Australia New Zealand India South Africa Yugoslavia Greece Denmark Norway Netherlands Belgium Luxembourg Czechoslovakia Brazil Mexico Ethiopia Mongolia Philippines Viet Minh KLA Albania Germany Japan Italy Hungary Romania Bulgaria Finland Thailand Manchukuo Mengjiang Croatia Slovakia Victory Collapse of the Third Reich Fall of Japanese and Italian Empires Creation of the United Nations Emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as superpowers Beginning of the Cold War Korean War ( 1950 -- 1953 ) Part of the Cold War Location : Korea American soldiers in the Korean war with the Browning M1919A6 LMG . South Korea United States United Kingdom Australia Belgium Canada France Philippines Colombia Ethiopia Greece Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand South Africa Thailand Turkey North Korea China Soviet Union Stalemate North Korean invasions of South Korea repelled Subsequent United Nations invasion of North Korea repelled Subsequent Chinese - North Korean - Soviet invasion of South Korea repelled Korean Armistice Agreement . Although this ended the actual fighting in the Korean Peninsula , the war is not ( technically ) over because a peace treaty was never signed Operation Ajax ( 1953 ) Location : Tehran , Imperial State of Iran Coup supporters celebrating in Tehran House of Pahlavi United States United Kingdom Government of Iran Victory Successful overthrow of Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh Laotian Civil War ( 1953 -- 1975 ) Part of the Indochina Wars and Cold War Location : Laos A U.S. Air Force Bell UH - 1P from the 20th Special Operations Squadron `` Green Hornets '' at a base in Laos , 1970 . Kingdom of Laos United States South Vietnam Thailand Supported by : Philippines Taiwan Pathet Lao North Vietnam Supported by : Soviet Union China Defeat Establishment of the Lao People 's Democratic Republic . Lebanon Crisis ( 1958 ) Location : Lebanon US Marine sits in a foxhole and points his machine gun toward Beirut . Lebanon United States Lebanese Opposition : INM LCP PSP Victory US - Lebanese occupation of the port and international airport of Beirut Withdrawal of US forces Bay of Pigs Invasion ( 1961 ) Part of the Cold War Location : Cuba CDRF United States Cuba Defeat Invasion of Cuba suppressed Vietnam War ( 1965 -- 1973 , 1975 ) Part of the Cold War and Indochina Wars Location : Vietnam , Cambodia , and Laos 1st Cavalry Division , Battle of Ia Drang , 1965 . South Vietnam United States South Korea Australia New Zealand Thailand Philippines Khmer Republic Kingdom of Laos North Vietnam Viet Cong Khmer Rouge Pathet Lao China North Korea Supported by : Soviet Union Defeat Withdrawal of American forces from Indochina North Vietnamese victory over South Vietnam Dissolution of the Republic of Vietnam Communist governments take power in South Vietnam , Laos and Cambodia South Vietnam is annexed by North Vietnam Communist insurgency in Thailand ( 1965 - 1983 ) Part of the Cold War Location : Thailand Ta Ko Bi Cave , a former hideout used by communist rebels . Thailand Taiwan ( until July 1967 ) United States Malaysia Communist Party of Thailand Pathet Lao Khmer Rouge ( until 1978 ) Supported by : North Vietnam ( until 1976 ) Vietnam ( from 1976 ) People Republic of China ( 1971 -- 1978 ) Malayan Communist Party North Korea Victory Amnesty declared on 23 April 1980 by the Thai government . Order 66 / 2523 signed by Prime Minister Prem Tinsulanonda . Communist insurgency declines and ends in 1983 . Korean DMZ Conflict ( 1966 -- 1969 ) Part of the Korean conflict and the Cold War Location : Korean Demilitarized Zone ROK and US troop stationed at the DMZ , 1967 . South Korea United States North Korea Victory North Korean failure to launch an insurgency in South Korea Dominican Civil War ( 1965 -- 1966 ) Location : Dominican Republic US soldiers push a child underneath a Jeep to protect him during a firefight in Santo Domingo on May 5 , 1965 . Dominican Loyalists United States Inter-American Peace Force Brazil Paraguay Nicaragua Costa Rica El Salvador Honduras Dominican Constitutionalists Victory Fall of the Bosch regime Joaquín Balaguer elected as the new president Insurgency in Bolivia ( 1966 -- 1967 ) Part of the Cold War Location : Bolivia Bolivia United States CIA Ejército de Liberación Nacional Victory CIA supported Bolivian armed groups oppress Che Guevara 's guerrilla forces Che Guevara captured and executed Cambodian Civil War ( 1967 -- 1975 ) Location : Cambodia US troops and tanks entering town in Cambodia . Kingdom of Cambodia ( 1967 -- 1970 ) Khmer Republic ( 1970 -- 1975 ) United States South Vietnam Other Supports Australia Canada France India Thailand National United Front of Kampuchea Khmer Rouge Khmer Rumdo Khmer Việt Minh North Vietnam Việt Cộng Other Supports China Czechoslovakia Soviet Union Defeat Fall of the Kingdom of Cambodia Creation but eventual collapse of the Khmer Republic Creation of the Democratic Kampuchea Beginning of the Cambodian genocide War in South Zaire ( 1978 ) Location : Zaire Zaire France Belgium United States Morocco Front for the National Liberation of the Congo Supported by : Angola Cuba Soviet Union Victory FNLC forces repelled Thousands of civilians evacuated from Kolwezi Operation Eagle Claw ( 1980 ) Part of the Iranian hostage crisis Location : Iran Wreckage at the Desert One base in Iran . United States Iran Blunder 1 helicopter and 1 transport aircraft destroyed 5 helicopters abandoned / captured Gulf of Sidra encounter ( 1981 ) Location : Gulf of Sidra United States Libya Victory Deterioration of US - Libyan relation Lebanese Civil War ( 1982 -- 1984 ) Location : Lebanon US Marines on patrol in Beirut , April 1983 Lebanese Armed Forces UNIFIL Multinational Force in Lebanon : United States France Italy Lebanese Front Army of Free Lebanon SLA Israel Lebanese National Movement Jammoul PLO Amal Movement Iran Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Hezbollah Islamic Unification Movement Syria Arab Deterrent Force Saudi Arabia Sudan UAE Libya South Yemen Defeat Multinational forces fail to prevent collapse of Lebanese Army into sectarian militias . Taif Agreement Multinational forces evacuated after the US embassy and US Marine barracks are bombed by the Islamic Jihad Organization . Multinational forces oversee withdrawal of Palestine Liberation Organization . PLO expelled from Lebanon Southern Lebanon goes into crisis Civil war continues until 1990 President Hafez al - Assad continues his occupation Lebanon until his son and later president Bashar al - Assad orders a withdrawal from the country Invasion of Grenada ( 1983 ) Part of the Cold War Location : Grenada American soldiers in mortar positions in Grenada . United States Barbados Jamaica Antigua and Barbuda Dominica Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines PRG of Grenada Cuba Military advisors : List Soviet Union North Korea East Germany Libya Victory Military dictatorship of Hudson Austin deposed Defeat of Cuban military presence Restoration of Constitutional Government Action in the Gulf of Sidra ( 1986 ) Libyan corvette obliterated after attempting to fire on US forces United States Libya Victory Libyan naval forces damaged or destroyed Libyan air defenses damaged Bombing of Libya ( 1986 ) Part of the Cold War Location : Libya USAF F - 111 taking off for Libya United States Libya Victory Ground targets destroyed . Failed Libyan Scud missile response Muammar Gaddafi survived Tanker War ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Location : Persian Gulf Iranian frigate Sahand after being attacked by U.S. aircraft . United States Iran Victory Successful operations against Iran during the Iran -- Iraq War Tobruk encounter ( 1989 ) Location : Mediterranean Sea Gun camera depicting the last remaining MiG - 23 fighters exploding after being shot down . United States Libya Victory Two Libyan MiG - 23 fighters shot down Invasion of Panama ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Location : Panama U.S. troops prepare to take a neighborhood in Panama City , December 1989 . United States Panamanian Opposition Panama Victory Dictator Manuel Noriega deposed Gulf War ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Location : Iraq , Kuwait , Saudi Arabia , and Israel M1 Abrams tanks of the 3rd Armored Division advance on Medina Ridge . Kuwait United States United Kingdom Saudi Arabia France Canada Egypt Syria Qatar Bahrain United Arab Emirates Oman Bangladesh Iraq Victory Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait ; Emir Jaber III restored Sanctions against Iraq Iraqi No - Fly Zone Enforcement ( 1991 -- 2003 ) Location : Iraq A Tomahawk cruise missile is fired from an Arleigh Burke - class destroyer during Operation Desert Fox in December 1998 . United States United Kingdom France Australia Belgium Netherlands Saudi Arabia Turkey Italy Iraq Victory Various bombings of Iraqi forces both arial and naval Mass numbers of Iraqi targets killed or destroyed Reduction in Iraqi air defense Beginning of the Iraq War First Intervention in the Somali Civil War ( 1992 -- 1995 ) Location : Somalia US Marines on patrol in Somalia . United States United Kingdom Spain Saudi Arabia Malaysia Pakistan Italy India Greece Germany France Canada Botswana Belgium Australia New Zealand Somali National Alliance Mixed Pyrrhic tactical U.S. / U.N. victory Failure to capture SNA leader Mohamed Farrah Aidid ; specific Aidid lieutenants captured Withdrawal of U.S. forces 5 months after the Battle of Mogadishu The UN mandate saved close to 100,000 lives , before and after U.S. withdrawal Civil war is ongoing Bosnian War ( 1992 -- 1995 ) Part of the Yugoslav Wars Location : Bosnia and Herzegovina Russian and American troops on a joint patrol around the Bosnian town of Zvornik on the afternoon of 29 February 1996 . Bosnia and Herzegovina Herzeg - Bosnia Croatia United States Belgium Canada Denmark France Germany Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Turkey United Kingdom Republika Srpska YPA Serbian Krajina Western Bosnia FR Yugoslavia Victory Dayton Accords Internal partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina Over 101,000 dead , 65,000 Bosniaks , 28,000 Serbs , 8,000 Croats Deployment of NATO - led IFOR to uphold the peace agreement High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina established to implement the peace agreement . Intervention in Haiti ( 1994 -- 1995 ) Location : Haiti US troops arrive in Haiti . United States Poland Argentina Haiti Victory Reinstatement of Jean - Bertrand Aristide as president of Haiti Kosovo War ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Part of the Yugoslav Wars Location : Serbia Bombing of Novi Sad . KLA AFRK Albania Croatia United States Belgium Canada Czech Republic Denmark France Germany Hungary Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Portugal Poland Spain Turkey United Kingdom FR Yugoslavia Victory Yugoslav forces pull out of Kosovo De facto separation of Kosovo from FR Yugoslavia under UN administration UN Resolution 1244 confirming Kosovo as part of FRY Return of Albanian refugees KLA veterans join the UÇPMB , starting the Preševo insurgency Russia uses Kosovo as pretext for Crimea , Abkhazia and South Osetia interventions Operation Infinite Reach ( 1998 ) Location : Sudan and Afghanistan al - Qaeda training camp in Afghanistan . United States al - Qaeda Sudan Harkat - ul - Mujahideen Lashkar - e-Taiba Mixed Strikes hit targets but failed objectives al - Qaeda suffers damage and casulties however its senior leaders survive the strikes Al - Shifa pharmaceutical plant destroyed Al - Qaeda propaganda victory leads to Osama bin Laden 's image be praised in the Muslim world as a symbol of resistance ^ Covertly ^ Direct U.S. involvement ended in 1973 with the Paris Peace Accords . Air Force and Special Ops continued some operations until April 1975 ; President Ford in a televised speech on April 23 , 1975 declared the end of Vietnam War . ^ The war reignited on 13 December 1974 with offensive operations by North Vietnam , leading to victory over South Vietnam in under two months . 21st - century wars ( edit ) Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result for the United States and its Allies War in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- present ) Part of the War on Terror Location : Afghanistan US Army combat engineers clear a section of road in the Gor Tepa region of the northern Afghanistan province of Kunduz along with Afghan and German troops as part of a joint operation . Resolute Support Mission Afghanistan United States Canada United Kingdom Australia Croatia Czech Republic Georgia Germany Italy Romania Spain Turkey Formerly : ISAF Taliban Islamic Jihad Union Haqqani network Allied groups HIG al - Qaeda IJU IMU Taliban splinter groups Fidai Mahaz IS - Affiliates : Wilayat Khorasan ( ISIL - K ) 2001 invasion : Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan Talibani Army Salafist extremists 055 Brigade Ongoing American - led coalition invasion and occupation of Afghanistan Destruction of al - Qaeda training camps Fall of the Taliban government Establishment of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan under the Karzai administration Start of Taliban insurgency Osama bin Laden killed by US Navy SEALs inside his compound in a raid in Pakistan NATO implements a support mission Escape of Ayman al - Zawahiri Withdrawal halted and prolonged presence in region set in place Iraq War ( 2003 -- 2011 ) Part of the War on Terror Location : Iraq US troops in cover during firefight in the Battle of Ramadi . United States Iraq United Kingdom Australia South Korea Italy Georgia Poland Spain Netherlands Ukraine Romania MNF -- I Ba'ath Loyalists Islamic State of Iraq al - Qaeda in Iraq Mahdi Army Special Groups IAI Ansar al - Sunnah Invasion 2003 : Iraq Victory Invasion and occupation of Iraq Overthrow of Ba'ath Party government and execution of Saddam Hussein Iraqi insurgency , emergence of al - Qaeda in Iraq , and Sectarian Violence and another civil war Subsequent reduction in violence and depletion of al - Qaeda in Iraq Establishment of democratic elections and formation of new democratic government U.S. -- Iraq Status of Forces Agreement Withdrawal of U.S. forces from Iraq in 2011 Stronger Iranian influence in Iraq Escalation of sectarian insurgency after U.S. withdrawal leading to the rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant , the successor of al - Qaeda in Iraq Iraqi Civil War ( 2014 - 2017 ) Return of US forces to Iraq in 2014 to combat ISIL War in North - West Pakistan ( 2004 -- present ) Part of the War on Terror Location : Pakistan MQ - 1 Predator drones are typically used in covert bombing operations in the Federally administered tribal regions of Pakistan United States Pakistan Tehrik - i - Taliban Pakistan al - Qaeda Lashkar - e-Jhangvi Turkistan Islamic Party Tehreek - e-Nafaz - e-Shariat - e-Mohammadi Daesh Ongoing On going insurgency in the Northern tribal regions of Pakistan as well as in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Ongoing drone attacks by the United States War in Somalia ( 2007 -- present ) Location : Somalia and Northeastern Kenya MQ - 9 Reaper commonly used in covert drone strikes in Somalia . Somalia United States United Kingdom Kenya Ethiopia AMISOM Al - Shabaab Hizbul Islam Daesh Alleged support : Eritrea Ongoing Drone strikes in Somalia Raids against al - Shabaab militants conducted by U.S. Special Forces Multiple al - Shabaab senior members killed U.S. backed Ethiopian invasion in 2006 Kenyan intervention Newly formed federal government established in 2012 Power struggle within Al - Shabaab Continued insurgency Expanded American military operations Operation Ocean Shield ( 2009 -- 2016 ) Location : Indian Ocean A tall plume of black smoke rises from a destroyed pirate vessel that was struck by USS Farragut in March 2010 . NATO United States Malaysia Norway United Kingdom New Zealand Denmark Netherlands Italy South Korea India Somali pirates Victory Number of pirate attacks have decreased dramatically since the start of such operations , however attacks still occur near the coast waters of Oman , Yemen , Kenya , and Somalia The US Office of Naval Intelligence have officially reported that in 2013 , only 9 incidents of piracy were reported and that none of them were successfully hijacked Piracy drops 90 % American - led intervention in Libya ( 2011 ) Part of the Libyan Crisis Location : Libya US vessels launch missiles in support of the Libyan Civil War . NATO United States United Kingdom Belgium Bulgaria Canada Denmark France Greece Italy Netherlands Norway Romania Spain Turkey Sweden Jordan Qatar United Arab Emirates Anti-Gaddafi rebels Libya Victory Overthrow of Gaddafi government and Death of Muammar Gaddafi Assumption of interim control by National Transitional Council ( NTC ) Diplomatic recognition of NTC as sole governing authority for Libya by 105 countries , UN , EU , AL and AU Post-civil war violence in Libya , leading to the ongoing civil war in 2014 Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency ( 2011 - 2017 ) Location : Uganda United States Uganda DR Congo Central African Republic South Sudan Lord 's Resistance Army Partial Victory LRA members shrink to about 100 members , down from about 3,000 . Surrender of senior leaders like Dominic Ongwen to U.S. troops . The United States end the hunt for LRA leader Joseph Kony , believing that he and the LRA no longer posed a significant security risk to Uganda . American - led intervention in Iraq ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Part of Operation Inherent Resolve , the Iraqi Civil War , the Spillover of the Syrian Civil War , and the International ISIS campaign Location : Iraq General Stephen J. Townsend observes a HIMARS strike that destroyed a building near Haditha , September 2016 United States Iraq Kurdistan Australia Belgium Canada Denmark France Germany Jordan Morocco Netherlands United Kingdom Turkey Iran Hezbollah Islamic State of Iraq and Syria Victory Over 10,000 American airstrikes conducted in Iraq since 2014 Heavy damaged caused to ISIS forces resulting in losses of about 40 % of its held territory by 2016 , and by December 2017 , its remaining strongholds were destroyed leaving small pockets of fleers . Multinational humanitarian support to civilians and arming of local ground troops and militias Advising and training of Iraqi forces Massive numbers of war crimes committed by ISIS including ethnic cleansing , murder , rape , and enslavement . Additionally there are reports of organ trafficking American - led intervention in Syria ( 2014 -- present ) Part of Operation Inherent Resolve , the Syrian Civil War and the International ISIS campaign Location : Syria USS Ross fires Tomahawk missiles towards Shayrat Military Base , during the 2017 retaliatory strike against the Syrian government . United States Syrian Democratic Forces Democratic Federation of Northern Syria IFB People 's Protection Units Women 's Protection Units CJTF - OIR Members : United Kingdom France Australia Canada Jordan Denmark Netherlands Belgium Lebanon Morocco Saudi Arabia UAE Qatar Bahrain Turkey Turkish - backed rebels Israel ( limited involvement ; against Hezbollah and government forces only ) Formerly : Free Syrian Army ( 2011 - 2017 ) ISIS al - Qaeda linked groups : al - Nusra Front Khorasan group Tahrir al - Sham Jaysh al - Sunna Jund al - Aqsa Ahrar al - Sham Partial Support : Qatar UAE Saudi Arabia Syria ( limited encounters with US and Israel ) Supported by : Russia Iran Hezbollah China Ongoing Over 11,200 American and allied airstrikes hit ISIS and other extremist groups within Syria Thousands of ISIS targets destroyed / militants killed Chemical attack in Ghouta American support for anti-government rebels Deployment of U.S. Marines and Special Forces Syrian government forces capture and liberate Aleppo Massive amounts of war human rights violations and war crimes Chemical attack in Khan Shaykhun results in a retaliatory naval strike on the Syrian government - controlled Shayrat Airbase Russian - Turkish crisis Various confrontations and airstrikes , including a downing of a Syrian SU - 17 between the United States and Syrian government Multiple incidents between Israel and Syria , including several Syrian S - 200 missiles launched toward Israeli fighter jets during an Israeli Air Force mission inside Syrian territory , and an Israeli F - 16 shot down by Syrian Air Defense forces after retaliatory strikes against Iranian targets near Damascus after a Syrian drone crossed into Israeli airspace Turkish invasion of Afrin Yemeni Civil War ( 2015 -- present ) Location : Yemen U.S. Naval vessel patrolling along the coastline of Yemen enforcing the American - Saudi blockade against Iran . Hadi government Saudi - led Coalition : Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Senegal Sudan Qatar ( 2015 - 2017 ) Under 1000 troops : Bahrain Egypt Kuwait Jordan Morocco United States France United Kingdom Supreme Political Council Houthis Ahrar al - Najran Supported by : Iran Hezbollah North Korea AQAP Ansar al - Sharia IS - affiliated groups : Wilayah al - Yaman Ongoing Yemen 's capital city of Sana'a falls under Houthi control Saudi - led coalition begin to bomb Houthi rebel positions Aden becomes the new capital for the Hadi government Cholera outbreak in 2016 Former Yemeni president Ali Abdullah Saleh killed in fire fight by a sniper during the ongoing battle in Sana'a Targeted killing program against radical groups in the region continue since 2002 ; intensify after beginning of civil war U.S. Naval blockade put in place in attempt to assist Saudi Arabia in preventing Iranian weapons from moving weapons into Houthi territory Raids against al - Qaeda conducted U.S. Special Forces Famine caused by war is affecting over 17 million people leaving 50,000 children to be a risk of dying in 2017 American intervention in Libya ( 2015 -- present ) Part of the Second Libyan Civil War Location : Libya United States Libya Islamic State in Libya Ongoing Liberation of Sirte Hundreds of airstrikes carried out in Libya against Islamic State affiliated militant groups See also ( edit ) Timeline of United States military operations United States involvement in regime change List of ongoing armed conflicts References ( edit ) ^ The Nation . J.H. Richards . 1889 . pp. 256 -- . ^ `` History : World War I '' . ^ `` Communist Insurgency In Thailand '' ( PDF ) . CIA Report . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . ^ `` Anatomy of a Counterinsurgency Victory '' ( PDF ) . January 2007 . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . ^ `` Statement by Deputy Press Secretary Larry Speakes '' . September 23 , 1982 . ^ `` The Collapse of Lebanon 's Army : U.S. Said to Ignore Factionalism '' . March 11 , 1984 . ^ `` Central Asian groups split over leadership of global jihad '' . The Long War Journal . 24 August 2015 . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . ^ `` Sectarian divisions change Baghdad 's image '' . MSNBC. 3 July 2006 . Retrieved 18 February 2007 . ^ `` The JRTN Movement and Iraq 's Next Insurgency Combating Terrorism Center at West Point '' . Ctc.usma.edu . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . ^ Michael Petrou ( 9 September 2011 ) . `` The decline of al - Qaeda '' . Maclean 's . George W. Bush gambled on surging thousands more troops to the embattled country . It paid off . Al - Qaeda in Iraq is now a diminished force without territory . ^ Spencer C. Tucker . U.S. Conflicts in the 21st Century : Afghanistan War , Iraq War , and the War on Terror . ISBN 1440838798 . Al Qaeda in Iraq was decimated by the end of the Iraq War in 2011 ^ Galbraith , Peter W. ( 2007 ) . The End of Iraq : How American Incompetence Created a War Without End . Simon & Schuster . p. 74 . ISBN 978 - 0743294249 . ^ `` Iran expands regional ' empire ' ahead of nuclear deal '' . Reuters . ^ `` How to Stop Iran 's Growing Hegemony -- National Review Online '' . National Review Online . ^ `` Al - Qaeda 's Resurgence in Iraq : A Threat to U.S. Interests '' . U.S. Department of State . 5 February 2014 . Retrieved 26 November 2010 . ^ `` Somali piracy is down 90 per cent from last year '' . The Journal . 15 December 2013 . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . ^ Holmes , Oliver ( 24 January 2012 ) . `` UPDATE 1 - Anger , chaos but no revolt after Libya violence '' . Bani Walid . Reuters Africa . Retrieved 24 January 2012 . ^ Baddorf , Zack ( 20 April 2017 ) . `` Uganda Ends Its Hunt for Joseph Kony Empty - Handed '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . External links ( edit ) Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research ( HIIK ) Conflict Barometer -- Describes recent trends in conflict development , escalations , and settlements A Continent Divided : The U.S. - Mexico War , Center for Greater Southwestern Studies , the University of Texas at Arlington Timeline of wars involving the United States , Histropedia U.S. Periods of War and Dates of Recent Conflicts , Congressional Research Service Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces listed chronologically Domestic Shays ' Rebellion Whiskey Rebellion John Fries Rebellion German Coast uprising Mormon War Dorr Rebellion Bleeding Kansas Utah War Civil War Brooks -- Baxter War Range War Lincoln County War Johnson County War Coal Creek War Homestead strike Battle of Blair Mountain Bonus Army Battle of Athens Foreign Revolutionary War Cherokee War of 1776 Northwest Indian War Cherokee War of 1786 Coldwater Indian War Cherokee - Franklin War of 1788 Southwest Territory Indian War Quasi-War First Barbary War Tecumseh 's War War of 1812 Creek War Second Barbary War First Seminole War First Sumatran expedition Second Seminole War Second Sumatran expedition Ivory Coast Expedition Mexican -- American War Jicarilla War Battle of the Diablo Mountains First Fiji Expedition Third Seminole War Second Opium War Antelope Hills expedition Battle of Little Robe Creek Second Fiji Expedition Battle of Pease River First Battle of Adobe Walls Formosa Expedition Korean Expedition Spanish -- American War Philippine -- American War Boxer Rebellion Santo Domingo Affair Mexican Revolution United States occupation of Nicaragua First United States occupation of Nicaragua United States occupation of Haiti United States occupation of the Dominican Republic World War I Russian Civil War Posey War Second United States occupation of Nicaragua World War II Korean War Vietnam War 1958 Lebanon crisis Laotian Civil War Bay of Pigs Invasion Communist insurgency in Thailand Korean DMZ Conflict Dominican Civil War Insurgency in Bolivia Cambodian Civil War Shaba II Operation Eagle Claw Gulf of Sidra incident Lebanese Civil War Invasion of Grenada Action in the Gulf of Sidra 1986 bombing of Libya Tanker War 1989 air battle near Tobruk Operation Just Cause Gulf War Iraqi no - 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who is the governor general of the bahamas 2018

Government House in Nassau is the official residence of governors - general . The current Governor - General is Dame Marguerite Pindling .

Dame Marguerite Pindling

Governor - General of the Bahamas

governor - general of the bahamas

The Governor - General of the Commonwealth of the Bahamas is the representative of the Bahamian monarch ( currently Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II ) . As The Queen can not reside in all her realms , she appoints representatives to carry out her duties as Queen of the Bahamas . Governors - General serve their term at Her Majesty 's pleasure , usually five years . They are responsible for appointing the Prime Minister as well as other government Ministers after consultations with the Prime Minister .

Government House in Nassau is the official residence of governors - general . The current Governor - General is Dame Marguerite Pindling . Governors - General of the Bahamas ( 1973 -- present ) ( edit ) # Took office Left office Name ( Birth -- Death ) Comments 1 August 1978 22 January 1979 Sir Milo Butler ( 1906 -- 1979 ) Died in office * 22 January 1979 22 January 1979 Hon . Dr. Dame Doris Louise Johnson ( 1921 -- 1983 ) Acting . She was appointed a DBE after leaving office . 22 January 1979 25 June 1986 Sir Gerald Cash ( 1917 -- 2003 ) 26 June 1986 1 January 1992 Sir Henry Milton Taylor ( 1903 -- 1994 ) 2 January 1992 2 January 1995 Sir Clifford Darling ( 1922 -- 2011 ) 3 January 1995 13 November 2000 Sir Orville Turnquest ( born 1929 ) 6 13 November 2000 30 November 2005 Dame Ivy Dumont ( born 1930 ) Acting to 1 January 2002 * 1 December 2005 31 January 2006 Paul Adderley ( 1928 -- 2012 ) Acting 7 1 February 2006 14 April 2012 A.D. Hanna ( born 1928 ) 8 14 April 2012 8 July 2014 Sir Arthur Foulkes ( born 1928 ) 9 8 July 2014 Incumbent Dame Marguerite Pindling ( born 1932 ) See also ( edit ) List of governors of the Bahamas List of Prime Ministers of the Bahamas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hanna - Ewers , Deanne ( January 2013 ) . Great Women in Bahamian History : Bahamian Women Pioneers . Bloomington , Indiana : AuthorHouse . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4520 - 5398 - 1 . Jump up ^ Pinder , Macushla N. ( 1 December 2005 ) . `` Dame Ivy Dumont Says Farewell '' . Nassau , Bahamas : The Bahama Journal . Archived from the original on 22 January 2017 . Retrieved 22 January 2017 -- via Bahamas B2B.com . ^ Jump up to : `` The Late Honourable Paul L. Adderley '' . London , England : The Bahamas High Commission . 2012 . Archived from the original on 21 November 2016 . Retrieved 22 January 2017 . Georgetown University The Bahamas articles History Colonial heads Eleutheran Adventurers Raid on Charles Town Battle of Nassau ( 1720 ) Raid of Nassau Capture of the Bahamas ( 1782 ) Capture of the Bahamas ( 1783 ) American Civil War Geography Cities Nassau Freeport Islands New Providence Grand Bahama Rivers Wildlife birds mammals Politics Defence Force Elections Foreign relations Governor - General Law Judiciary Supreme Court Chief Justice Enforcement Capital punishment Local government Monarchy Parliament Political parties Prime Minister Security and intelligence Economy Agriculture Communications Dollar ( currency ) Stock exchange Transport Society Demographics Ethnic groups Education Languages Religion LGBT rights in the Bahamas Culture Coat of Arms Creole Flag Films Music Television Anthem National Song Pledge Outline Index Bibliography Book Portal Representatives of the monarch in Commonwealth realms and Dominions National Counsellors of State United Kingdom Governors - general Antigua and Barbuda Australia Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Grenada Jamaica New Zealand Papua New Guinea Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Solomon Islands Tuvalu Sub-national Australia Governors New South Wales Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Administrator Northern Territory Norfolk Island ( former ) Canada Lieutenant governors Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Realm of New Zealand Governor - general Niue , New Zealand Queen 's Representative Cook Islands Administrator Tokelau United Kingdom Lords lieutenant England , Wales , Scotland , Northern Ireland ( list Former Governors general Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) Fiji The Gambia Ghana Guyana India Irish Free State ( now Ireland ) Kenya Malawi Malta Mauritius Nigeria Pakistan Sierra Leone Union of South Africa Tanganyika Trinidad and Tobago Uganda Heads of state and government of North America Heads of state Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Heads of government Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governor-General_of_the_Bahamas&oldid=865196109 '' Categories : Lists of governors - general Governors - General of the Bahamas Lists of political office - holders in the Bahamas Talk About Wikipedia Languages Беларуская Eesti Ελληνικά Français हिन्दी Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский Simple English Türkçe 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2018 , at 11 : 35 ( UTC ) . 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what is the speed of earth revolution around sun

As seen from Earth , the planet 's orbital prograde motion makes the Sun appear to move with respect to other stars at a rate of about 1 ° ( or a Sun or Moon diameter every 12 hours ) eastward per solar day . Earth 's orbital speed averages about 30 km / s ( 108,000 km / h ; 67,000 mph ) , which is fast enough to cover the planet 's diameter in 7 minutes and the distance to the Moon in 4 hours .

averages about 30 km / s ( 108,000 km / h ; 67,000 mph )

Earth 's orbit

earth's orbit

Earth 's orbit is the trajectory along which Earth travels around the Sun . The average distance between the Earth and the Sun is 149.60 million km ( 92.96 million mi ) , and one complete orbit takes 365.256 days ( 1 sidereal year ) , during which time Earth has traveled 940 million km ( 584 million mi ) . Earth 's orbit has an eccentricity of 0.0167 .

As seen from Earth , the planet 's orbital prograde motion makes the Sun appear to move with respect to other stars at a rate of about 1 ° ( or a Sun or Moon diameter every 12 hours ) eastward per solar day . Earth 's orbital speed averages about 30 km / s ( 108,000 km / h ; 67,000 mph ) , which is fast enough to cover the planet 's diameter in 7 minutes and the distance to the Moon in 4 hours . From a vantage point above the north pole of either the Sun or Earth , Earth would appear to revolve in a counter clockwise direction around the Sun . From the same vantage point , both the Earth and the Sun would appear to rotate also in a counterclockwise direction about their respective axes . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of study 2 Influence on Earth 3 Events in the orbit 4 Future 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links History of study ( edit ) Main article : Heliocentrism Heliocentric Solar System Heliocentrism ( lower panel ) in comparison to the geocentric model ( upper panel ) Heliocentrism is the scientific model that first placed the Sun at the center of the Solar System and put the planets , including Earth , in its orbit . Historically , heliocentrism is opposed to geocentrism , which placed the Earth at the center . Aristarchus of Samos already proposed a heliocentric model in the 3rd century BC . In the 16th century , Nicolaus Copernicus ' De revolutionibus presented a full discussion of a heliocentric model of the universe in much the same way as Ptolemy had presented his geocentric model in the 2nd century . This `` Copernican revolution '' resolved the issue of planetary retrograde motion by arguing that such motion was only perceived and apparent . `` Although Copernicus 's groundbreaking book ... had been ( printed ) over a century earlier , ( the Dutch mapmaker ) Joan Blaeu was the first mapmaker to incorporate his revolutionary heliocentric theory into a map of the world . '' Influence on Earth ( edit ) Main article : Season Because of Earth 's axial tilt ( often known as the obliquity of the ecliptic ) , the inclination of the Sun 's trajectory in the sky ( as seen by an observer on Earth 's surface ) varies over the course of the year . For an observer at a northern latitude , when the north pole is tilted toward the Sun the day lasts longer and the Sun appears higher in the sky . This results in warmer average temperatures , as additional solar radiation reaches the surface . When the north pole is tilted away from the Sun , the reverse is true and the weather is generally cooler . Above the Arctic Circle and below the Antarctic Circle , an extreme case is reached in which there is no daylight at all for part of the year . This is called a polar night . This variation in the weather ( because of the direction of the Earth 's axial tilt ) results in the seasons . Events in the orbit ( edit ) By astronomical convention , the four seasons are determined by the solstices -- the two points in the Earth 's orbit of the maximum tilt of the Earth 's axis , towards the Sun or away from the Sun -- and the equinoxes -- the two points in the Earth 's orbit where the Earth 's tilted axis and an imaginary line drawn from the Earth to the Sun are exactly perpendicular to one another . The solstices and equinoxes divide the year up into four approximately equal parts . In the northern hemisphere winter solstice occurs on or about December 21 ; summer solstice is near June 21 ; spring equinox is around March 20 ; and autumnal equinox is about September 23 . The effect of the Earth 's axial tilt in the southern hemisphere is the opposite of that in the northern hemisphere , thus the seasons of the solstices and equinoxes in the southern hemisphere are the reverse of those in the northern hemisphere ( e.g. the northern summer solstice is at the same time as the southern winter solstice ) . In modern times , Earth 's perihelion occurs around January 3 , and the aphelion around July 4 ( for other eras , see precession and Milankovitch cycles ) . The changing Earth -- Sun distance results in an increase of about 6.9 % in total solar energy reaching the Earth at perihelion relative to aphelion . Since the southern hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun at about the same time that the Earth reaches the closest approach to the Sun , the southern hemisphere receives slightly more energy from the Sun than does the northern over the course of a year . However , this effect is much less significant than the total energy change due to the axial tilt , and most of the excess energy is absorbed by the higher proportion of water in the southern hemisphere . The Hill sphere ( gravitational sphere of influence ) of the Earth is about 1,500,000 kilometers ( 0.01 AU ) in radius , or approximately 4 times the average distance to the moon . This is the maximal distance at which the Earth 's gravitational influence is stronger than the more distant Sun and planets . Objects orbiting the Earth must be within this radius , otherwise they can become unbound by the gravitational perturbation of the Sun . Orbital characteristics epoch J2000. 0 aphelion 152.10 × 10 ^ km ( 94.51 × 10 ^ mi ) 1.0167 AU perihelion 147.10 × 10 ^ km ( 91.40 × 10 ^ mi ) 0.98329 AU semimajor axis 149.60 × 10 ^ km ( 92.96 × 10 ^ mi ) 1.000001018 AU eccentricity 0.0167086 inclination 7.155 ° to Sun 's equator 1.578690 ° to invariable plane longitude of the ascending node 174.9 ° longitude of perihelion 102.9 ° argument of periapsis 288.1 ° period 365.256 363 004 days average speed 29.78 km / s ( 18.50 mi / s ) 107,200 km / h ( 66,600 mph ) The following diagram shows the relation between the line of solstice and the line of apsides of Earth 's elliptical orbit . The orbital ellipse goes through each of the six Earth images , which are sequentially the perihelion ( periapsis -- nearest point to the Sun ) on anywhere from January 2 to January 5 , the point of March equinox on March 19 , 20 , or 21 , the point of June solstice on June 20 , 21 , or 22 , the aphelion ( apoapsis -- farthest point from the Sun ) on anywhere from July 3 to July 5 , the September equinox on September 22 , 23 , or 24 , and the December solstice on December 21 , 22 , or 23 . The diagram shows an exaggerated shape of Earth 's orbit ; the actual orbit is less eccentric than pictured . Because of the axial tilt of the Earth in its orbit , the maximal intensity of Sun rays hits the Earth 23.4 degrees north of equator at the June Solstice ( at the Tropic of Cancer ) , and 23.4 degrees south of equator at the December Solstice ( at the Tropic of Capricorn ) . Future ( edit ) Main article : Stability of the Solar System Mathematicians and astronomers ( such as Laplace , Lagrange , Gauss , Poincaré , Kolmogorov , Vladimir Arnold , and Jürgen Moser ) have searched for evidence for the stability of the planetary motions , and this quest led to many mathematical developments and several successive `` proofs '' of stability for the Solar System . By most predictions , Earth 's orbit will be relatively stable over long periods . In 1989 , Jacques Laskar 's work indicated that the Earth 's orbit ( as well as the orbits of all the inner planets ) can become chaotic and that an error as small as 15 meters in measuring the initial position of the Earth today would make it impossible to predict where the Earth would be in its orbit in just over 100 million years ' time . Modeling the Solar System is subject to the n - body problem . See also ( edit ) Astronomy portal Astronomical unit Barycenter Earth 's axial tilt Earth 's rotation Geocentric orbit -- the orbit of any object orbiting the Earth , such as the Moon or an artificial satellite Satellite Space station Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Our planet takes about 365 days to orbit the Sun . A full orbit has 360 ° . That fact demonstrates that each day , the Earth travels roughly 1 ° in its orbit . Thus , the Sun will appear to move eastward across the sky relative to the stars by that same amount . Jump up ^ For the Earth , the Hill radius is R H = a ( m 3 M ) 1 / 3 , ( \ displaystyle R_ ( H ) = a \ left ( ( \ frac ( m ) ( 3M ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 1 / 3 ) , ) where m is the mass of the Earth , a is an astronomical unit , and M is the mass of the Sun . So the radius in AU is about ( 1 3 ⋅ 332 946 ) 1 / 3 ≈ 0.01 ( \ displaystyle \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 \ cdot 332 \ , 946 ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 1 / 3 ) \ approx 0.01 ) . Jump up ^ All astronomical quantities vary , both secularly and periodically . The quantities given are the values at the instant J2000. 0 of the secular variation , ignoring all periodic variations . ^ Jump up to : aphelion = a × ( 1 + e ) ; perihelion = a × ( 1 -- e ) , where a is the semi-major axis and e is the eccentricity . Jump up ^ The reference lists the longitude of perihelion , which is the sum of the longitude of the ascending node and the argument of perihelion . Subtracting from that ( 102.937 ° ) the node longitude of 174.873 ° gives − 71.936 ° . Adding 360 ° gives 288.064 ° . That addition does not change the angle but expresses it in the usual 0 -- 360 ° range for longitudes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sun : Facts & Figures '' . Solar System Exploration . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jean Meeus , Astronomical Algorithms 2nd ed , ISBN 0 - 943396 - 61 - 1 ( Richmond , VA : Willmann - Bell , 1998 ) 238 . See Ellipse # Circumference . The formula by Ramanujan is accurate enough . ^ Jump up to : Williams , David R. ( 2004 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Earth Fact Sheet '' . NASA . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ De revolutionibus orbium coelestium . Johannes Petreius. 1543 . Jump up ^ Jerry Brotton , A History of the World in Twelve Maps , London : Allen Lane , 2012 , ISBN 9781846140990 p. 262 . Jump up ^ `` What causes the seasons ? ( NASA ) '' . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Date & Time of Solstices & Equinoxes '' . August 28 , 2013 . Retrieved Jan 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Aphelion is 103.4 % of the distance to perihelion . See `` Orbital characteristics '' table . Due to the inverse square law , the radiation at perihelion is about 106.9 % of the radiation at aphelion . Jump up ^ Williams , Jack ( 2005 - 12 - 20 ) . `` Earth 's tilt creates seasons '' . USAToday . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Vázquez , M. ; Montañés Rodríguez , P. ; Palle , E. ( 2006 ) . `` The Earth as an Object of Astrophysical Interest in the Search for Extrasolar Planets '' ( PDF ) . Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Simon , J.L. ; Bretagnon , P. ; Chapront , J. ; Chapront - Touzé , M. ; Francou , G. ; Laskar , J. ( February 1994 ) . `` Numerical expressions for precession formulae and mean elements for the Moon and planets '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 282 ( 2 ) : 663 -- 683 . Bibcode : 1994A&A ... 282 ... 663S . Jump up ^ Allen , Clabon Walter ; Cox , Arthur N. ( 2000 ) . Allen 's Astrophysical Quantities . Springer . p. 294 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 98746 - 0 . Jump up ^ The figure appears in multiple references , and is derived from the VSOP87 elements from section 5.8. 3 , p. 675 of the following : Simon , J.L. ; Bretagnon , P. ; Chapront , J. ; Chapront - Touzé , M. ; Francou , G. ; Laskar , J. ( February 1994 ) . `` Numerical expressions for precession formulae and mean elements for the Moon and planets '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 282 ( 2 ) : 663 -- 683 . Bibcode : 1994A&A ... 282 ... 663S . Jump up ^ `` What is the significance of the Tropic of Cancer , Tropic of Capricorn , Arctic Circle and Antarctic Circle ? '' . Retrieved Jan 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Laskar , J. ( 2001 ) . `` Solar System : Stability '' . In Murdin , Paul . Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astropvhysics . Bristol : Institute of Physics Publishing . article 2198 . Jump up ^ Gribbin , John ( 2004 ) . Deep simplicity : bringing order to chaos and complexity ( 1st U.S. ed . ) . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6256 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Earth - Venus smash - up possible '' . June 11 , 2009 . Retrieved Jan 22 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Earth 's orbit at Wikimedia Commons Gravitational orbits Types General Box Capture Circular Elliptical / Highly elliptical Escape Graveyard Hyperbolic trajectory Inclined / Non-inclined Osculating Parabolic trajectory Parking Synchronous semi sub Transfer orbit Geocentric Geosynchronous Geostationary Sun - synchronous Low Earth Medium Earth High Earth Molniya Near - equatorial Orbit of the Moon Polar Tundra About other points Areosynchronous Areostationary Halo Lissajous Lunar Heliocentric Heliosynchronous Parameters Shape Size e Eccentricity a Semi-major axis b Semi-minor axis Q , q Apsides Orientation i Inclination Ω Longitude of the ascending node ω Argument of periapsis π Longitude of the periapsis Position M Mean anomaly ν True anomaly E Eccentric anomaly L Mean longitude l True longitude Variation T Orbital period n Mean motion v Orbital speed t Epoch Maneuvers Collision avoidance ( spacecraft ) Delta - v Delta - v budget Bi-elliptic transfer Geostationary transfer Gravity assist Gravity turn Hohmann transfer Low energy transfer Oberth effect Inclination change Phasing Rocket equation Rendezvous Transposition , docking , and extraction Orbital mechanics Celestial coordinate system Characteristic energy Escape velocity Ephemeris Equatorial coordinate system Ground track Hill sphere Interplanetary Transport Network Kepler 's laws of planetary motion Lagrangian point n - body problem Orbit equation Orbital state vectors Perturbation Retrograde motion Specific orbital energy Specific relative angular momentum Two - line elements List of orbits Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earth%27s_orbit&oldid=808579139 '' Categories : Earth Dynamics of the Solar System Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego Hrvatski Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 19 : 01 . 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how much is the creator of marvel worth

Stan Lee

stan lee

Stan Lee ( born Stanley Martin Lieber / ˈliːbər / , December 28 , 1922 ) is an American comic - book writer , editor , film executive producer , and publisher . He was formerly editor - in - chief of Marvel Comics , and later its publisher and chairman before leaving the company to become its chairman emeritus , as well as a member of the editorial board .

In collaboration with several artists , including Jack Kirby and Steve Ditko , he co-created fictional characters including Spider - Man , the Hulk , Doctor Strange , the Fantastic Four , Daredevil , Black Panther , the X-Men , and , with the addition of co-writer Larry Lieber , the characters Ant - Man , Iron Man and Thor . In addition , he challenged the comics industry 's censorship organization , the Comics Code Authority , indirectly leading to it updating its policies . Lee subsequently led the expansion of Marvel Comics from a small division of a publishing house to a large multimedia corporation . He was inducted into the comic book industry 's Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame in 1994 and the Jack Kirby Hall of Fame in 1995 . Lee received a National Medal of Arts in 2008 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early career 2.2 Marvel revolution 2.3 Later career 3 Charity work 4 Fictional portrayals 5 Film and television appearances 5.1 Marvel television 5.1. 1 Animation 5.1. 2 Live - action 5.2 Marvel films 5.2. 1 Animation 5.2. 2 Live - action 5.3 Warner Bros. / DC properties 5.4 Other film , TV , and video 5.5 Video games and applications 6 Personal life 7 Filmography 7.1 Film 7.2 Television 7.3 Video games 8 Accolades 9 Bibliography 9.1 Books 9.2 Comics bibliography 9.2. 1 DC 9.2. 2 Marvel 9.2. 3 Simon & Schuster 9.2. 4 Other 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links 14.1 Audio / video Early life Stanley Martin Lieber was born on December 28 , 1922 in New York City , in the apartment of his Romanian - born Jewish immigrant parents , Celia ( née Solomon ) and Jack Lieber , at the corner of West 98th Street and West End Avenue in Manhattan . His father , trained as a dress cutter , worked only sporadically after the Great Depression , and the family moved further uptown to Fort Washington Avenue , in Washington Heights , Manhattan . Lee has one younger brother named Larry Lieber . He said in 2006 that as a child he was influenced by books and movies , particularly those with Errol Flynn playing heroic roles . By the time Lee was in his teens , the family was living in an apartment at 1720 University Avenue in The Bronx . Lee has described it as `` a third - floor apartment facing out back '' . Lee and his brother shared the bedroom , while their parents slept on a foldout couch . Lee attended DeWitt Clinton High School in the Bronx . In his youth , Lee enjoyed writing , and entertained dreams of one day writing the `` Great American Novel '' . He has said that in his youth he worked such part - time jobs as writing obituaries for a news service and press releases for the National Tuberculosis Center ; delivering sandwiches for the Jack May pharmacy to offices in Rockefeller Center ; working as an office boy for a trouser manufacturer ; ushering at the Rivoli Theater on Broadway ; and selling subscriptions to the New York Herald Tribune newspaper . He graduated from high school early , aged 161⁄2 in 1939 , and joined the WPA Federal Theatre Project . Career Early career With the help of his uncle Robbie Solomon , Lee became an assistant in 1939 at the new Timely Comics division of pulp magazine and comic - book publisher Martin Goodman 's company . Timely , by the 1960s , would evolve into Marvel Comics. Lee , whose cousin Jean was Goodman 's wife , was formally hired by Timely editor Joe Simon . His duties were prosaic at first . `` In those days ( the artists ) dipped the pen in ink , ( so ) I had to make sure the inkwells were filled '' , Lee recalled in 2009 . `` I went down and got them their lunch , I did proofreading , I erased the pencils from the finished pages for them '' . Marshaling his childhood ambition to be a writer , young Stanley Lieber made his comic - book debut with the text filler `` Captain America Foils the Traitor 's Revenge '' in Captain America Comics # 3 ( cover - dated May 1941 ) , using the pseudonym Stan Lee , which years later he would adopt as his legal name . Lee later explained in his autobiography and numerous other sources that he had intended to save his given name for more literary work . This initial story also introduced Captain America 's trademark ricocheting shield - toss . He graduated from writing filler to actual comics with a backup feature , `` ' Headline ' Hunter , Foreign Correspondent '' , two issues later . Lee 's first superhero co-creation was the Destroyer , in Mystic Comics # 6 ( August 1941 ) . Other characters he co-created during this period fans and historians call the Golden Age of Comic Books include Jack Frost , debuting in U.S.A. Comics # 1 ( August 1941 ) , and Father Time , debuting in Captain America Comics # 6 ( August 1941 ) . When Simon and his creative partner Jack Kirby left late in 1941 , following a dispute with Goodman , the 30 - year - old publisher installed Lee , just under 19 years old , as interim editor . The youngster showed a knack for the business that led him to remain as the comic - book division 's editor - in - chief , as well as art director for much of that time , until 1972 , when he would succeed Goodman as publisher . Lee entered the United States Army in early 1942 and served in the US in the Signal Corps , repairing telegraph poles and other communications equipment . He was later transferred to the Training Film Division , where he worked writing manuals , training films , and slogans , and occasionally cartooning . His military classification , he says , was `` playwright '' ; he adds that only nine men in the US Army were given that title . Vincent Fago , editor of Timely 's `` animation comics '' section , which put out humor and funny animal comics , filled in until Lee returned from his World War II military service in 1945 . In the mid-1950s , by which time the company was now generally known as Atlas Comics , Lee wrote stories in a variety of genres including romance , Westerns , humor , science fiction , medieval adventure , horror and suspense . In the 1950s , Lee teamed up with his comic book colleague Dan DeCarlo to produce the syndicated newspaper strip , My Friend Irma , based on the radio comedy starring Marie Wilson . By the end of the decade , Lee had become dissatisfied with his career and considered quitting the field . Marvel revolution In the late 1950s , DC Comics editor Julius Schwartz revived the superhero archetype and experienced a significant success with its updated version of the Flash , and later with super-team the Justice League of America . In response , publisher Martin Goodman assigned Lee to come up with a new superhero team . Lee 's wife suggested him to experiment with stories he preferred , since he was planning on changing careers and had nothing to lose . Lee acted on that advice , giving his superheroes a flawed humanity , a change from the ideal archetypes that were typically written for preteens . Before this , most superheroes were idealistically perfect people with no serious , lasting problems . Lee introduced complex , naturalistic characters who could have bad tempers , fits of melancholy , and vanity ; they bickered amongst themselves , worried about paying their bills and impressing girlfriends , got bored or even were sometimes physically ill . The first superhero group Lee and artist Jack Kirby created together was the Fantastic Four , based on previous Kirby superhero team Challengers of the Unknown published by DC Comics The team 's immediate popularity led Lee and Marvel 's illustrators to produce a cavalcade of new titles . Again working with Kirby , Lee co-created the Hulk , Thor , Iron Man , and the X-Men ; with Bill Everett , Daredevil ; and with Steve Ditko , Doctor Strange and Marvel 's most successful character , Spider - Man , all of whom lived in a thoroughly shared universe . Lee and Kirby gathered several of their newly created characters together into the team title The Avengers and would revive characters from the 1940s such as the Sub-Mariner and Captain America . Comics historian Peter Sanderson wrote that in the 1960s : DC was the equivalent of the big Hollywood studios : After the brilliance of DC 's reinvention of the superhero ... in the late 1950s and early 1960s , it had run into a creative drought by the decade 's end . There was a new audience for comics now , and it was n't just the little kids that traditionally had read the books . The Marvel of the 1960s was in its own way the counterpart of the French New Wave ... Marvel was pioneering new methods of comics storytelling and characterization , addressing more serious themes , and in the process keeping and attracting readers in their teens and beyond . Moreover , among this new generation of readers were people who wanted to write or draw comics themselves , within the new style that Marvel had pioneered , and push the creative envelope still further . Lee 's revolution extended beyond the characters and storylines to the way in which comic books engaged the readership and built a sense of community between fans and creators . He introduced the practice of regularly including a credit panel on the splash page of each story , naming not just the writer and penciller but also the inker and letterer . Regular news about Marvel staff members and upcoming storylines was presented on the Bullpen Bulletins page , which ( like the letter columns that appeared in each title ) was written in a friendly , chatty style . Lee has said that his goal was for fans to think of the comics creators as friends , and considered it a mark of his success on this front that , at a time when letters to other comics publishers were typically addressed `` Dear Editor '' , letters to Marvel addressed the creators by first name ( e.g. `` Dear Stan and Jack '' ) . By 1967 , the brand was well - enough ensconced in popular culture that a March 3 WBAI radio program with Lee and Kirby as guests was titled `` Will Success Spoil Spiderman '' ( sic ) . Throughout the 1960s , Lee scripted , art - directed and edited most of Marvel 's series , moderated the letters pages , wrote a monthly column called `` Stan 's Soapbox '' , and wrote endless promotional copy , often signing off with his trademark motto , `` Excelsior ! '' ( which is also the New York state motto ) . To maintain his workload and meet deadlines , he used a system that was used previously by various comic - book studios , but due to Lee 's success with it , became known as the `` Marvel Method '' . Typically , Lee would brainstorm a story with the artist and then prepare a brief synopsis rather than a full script . Based on the synopsis , the artist would fill the allotted number of pages by determining and drawing the panel - to - panel storytelling . After the artist turned in penciled pages , Lee would write the word balloons and captions , and then oversee the lettering and coloring . In effect , the artists were co-plotters , whose collaborative first drafts Lee built upon . Lee recorded messages to the newly formed Merry Marvel Marching Society fan club in 1965 . Following Ditko 's departure from Marvel in 1966 , John Romita Sr. became Lee 's collaborator on The Amazing Spider - Man . Within a year , it overtook Fantastic Four to become the company 's top seller . Lee and Romita 's stories focused as much on the social and college lives of the characters as they did on Spider - Man 's adventures . The stories became more topical , addressing issues such as the Vietnam War , political elections , and student activism . Robbie Robertson , introduced in The Amazing Spider - Man # 51 ( August 1967 ) was one of the first African - American characters in comics to play a serious supporting role . In the Fantastic Four series , the lengthy run by Lee and Kirby produced many acclaimed storylines as well as characters that have become central to Marvel , including the Inhumans and the Black Panther , an African king who would be mainstream comics ' first black superhero . The story frequently cited as Lee and Kirby 's finest achievement is the three - part `` Galactus Trilogy '' that began in Fantastic Four # 48 ( March 1966 ) , chronicling the arrival of Galactus , a cosmic giant who wanted to devour the planet , and his herald , the Silver Surfer . Fantastic Four # 48 was chosen as # 24 in the 100 Greatest Marvels of All Time poll of Marvel 's readers in 2001 . Editor Robert Greenberger wrote in his introduction to the story that `` As the fourth year of the Fantastic Four came to a close , Stan Lee and Jack Kirby seemed to be only warming up . In retrospect , it was perhaps the most fertile period of any monthly title during the Marvel Age . '' Comics historian Les Daniels noted that `` ( t ) he mystical and metaphysical elements that took over the saga were perfectly suited to the tastes of young readers in the 1960s '' , and Lee soon discovered that the story was a favorite on college campuses. Lee and artist John Buscema launched The Silver Surfer series in August 1968 . The following year , Lee and Gene Colan created the Falcon , comics ' first African - American superhero in Captain America # 117 ( September 1969 ) . Then in 1971 , Lee indirectly helped reform the Comics Code . The U.S. Department of Health , Education and Welfare had asked Lee to write a comic - book story about the dangers of drugs and Lee conceived a three - issue subplot in The Amazing Spider - Man # 96 -- 98 ( cover - dated May -- July 1971 ) , in which Peter Parker 's best friend becomes addicted to pills . The Comics Code Authority refused to grant its seal because the stories depicted drug use ; the anti-drug context was considered irrelevant . With Goodman 's cooperation and confident that the original government request would give him credibility , Lee had the story published without the seal . The comics sold well and Marvel won praise for its socially conscious efforts . The CCA subsequently loosened the Code to permit negative depictions of drugs , among other new freedoms . Lee also supported using comic books to provide some measure of social commentary about the real world , often dealing with racism and bigotry . `` Stan 's Soapbox '' , besides promoting an upcoming comic book project , also addressed issues of discrimination , intolerance , or prejudice . In 1972 , Lee stopped writing monthly comic books to assume the role of publisher . His final issue of The Amazing Spider - Man was # 110 ( July 1972 ) and his last Fantastic Four was # 125 ( August 1972 ) . Later career Signed photo of Lee at the 1975 San Diego Comic - Con In later years , Lee became a figurehead and public face for Marvel Comics . He made appearances at comic book conventions around America , lecturing at colleges and participating in panel discussions . Lee and John Romita Sr. launched the Spider - Man newspaper comic strip on January 3 , 1977 . Lee 's final collaboration with Jack Kirby , The Silver Surfer : The Ultimate Cosmic Experience , was published in 1978 as part of the Marvel Fireside Books series and is considered to be Marvel 's first graphic novel . Lee and John Buscema produced the first issue of The Savage She - Hulk ( February 1980 ) , which introduced the female cousin of the Hulk and crafted a Silver Surfer story for Epic Illustrated # 1 ( Spring 1980 ) . He moved to California in 1981 to develop Marvel 's TV and movie properties . He has been an executive producer for , and has made cameo appearances in , Marvel film adaptations and other movies . He occasionally returned to comic book writing with various Silver Surfer projects including a 1982 one - shot drawn by John Byrne , the Judgment Day graphic novel illustrated by John Buscema , the Parable limited series drawn by French artist Mœbius , and The Enslavers graphic novel with Keith Pollard. Lee was briefly president of the entire company , but soon stepped down to become publisher instead , finding that being president was too much about numbers and finance and not enough about the creative process he enjoyed . Peter Paul and Lee began a new Internet - based superhero creation , production , and marketing studio , Stan Lee Media , in 1998 . It grew to 165 people and went public through a reverse merger structured by investment banker Stan Medley in 1999 , but , near the end of 2000 , investigators discovered illegal stock manipulation by Paul and corporate officer Stephan Gordon . Stan Lee Media filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in February 2001 . Paul was extradited to the U.S. from Brazil and pleaded guilty to violating SEC Rule 10b - 5 in connection with trading of his stock in Stan Lee Media . Lee was never implicated in the scheme . In 2001 , Lee , Gill Champion , and Arthur Lieberman formed POW ! ( Purveyors of Wonder ) Entertainment to develop film , television and video game properties . Lee created the risqué animated superhero series Stripperella for Spike TV . In 2004 POW ! Entertainment went public . Also that year , Lee announced a superhero program that would feature Ringo Starr , the former Beatle , as the lead character . Additionally , in August of that year , Lee announced the launch of Stan Lee 's Sunday Comics , a short - lived subscription service hosted by Komikwerks.com . On March 15 , 2007 , after Stan Lee Media had been purchased by Jim Nesfield , the company filed a lawsuit against Marvel Entertainment for $5 billion , claiming Lee had given his rights to several Marvel characters to Stan Lee Media in exchange for stock and a salary . On June 9 , 2007 , Stan Lee Media sued Lee ; his newer company , POW ! Entertainment ; and POW ! subsidiary QED Entertainment . In 2008 , Lee wrote humorous captions for the political fumetti book Stan Lee Presents Election Daze : What Are They Really Saying ? . In April of that year , Brighton Partners and Rainmaker Animation announced a partnership POW ! to produce a CGI film series , Legion of 5 . Other projects by Lee announced in the late 2000s included a line of superhero comics for Virgin Comics , a TV adaptation of the novel Hero , a foreword to Skyscraperman by skyscraper fire - safety advocate and Spider - Man fan Dan Goodwin , a partnership with Guardian Media Entertainment and The Guardian Project to create NHL superhero mascots and work with the Eagle Initiative program to find new talent in the comic book field . Lee promoting Stan Lee 's Kids Universe at the 2011 New York Comic Con In October , Lee announced he would partner with 1821 Comics on a multimedia imprint for children , Stan Lee 's Kids Universe , a move he said addressed the lack of comic books targeted for that demographic ; and that he was collaborating with the company on its futuristic graphic novel Romeo & Juliet : The War , by writer Max Work and artist Skan Srisuwan . At the 2012 San Diego Comic - Con International , Lee announced his YouTube channel , Stan Lee 's World of Heroes , which airs programs created by Lee , Mark Hamill , Peter David , Adrianne Curry , and Bonnie Burton among others . Lee wrote the book , Zodiac released in January 2015 , with Stuart Moore . The film Stan Lee 's Annihilator , based on a Chinese prisoner - turned - superhero named Ming and in production since 2013 , is set for a 2015 release . In his later career , Lee 's contributions continued to expand outside the style that he helped pioneer . An example of this is his first work for DC Comics in the 2000s , launching the Just Imagine ... series , in which Lee re-imagined the DC superheroes Superman , Batman , Wonder Woman , Green Lantern , and the Flash . Manga projects involving Lee include Karakuridôji Ultimo , a collaboration with Hiroyuki Takei , Viz Media and Shueisha , and Heroman , serialized in Square Enix 's Monthly Shōnen Gangan with the Japanese company Bones . In 2011 , Lee started writing a live - action musical , The Yin and Yang Battle of Tao . This period also saw a number of collaborators honor Lee for his influence on the comics industry . In 2006 , Marvel commemorated Lee 's 65 years with the company by publishing a series of one - shot comics starring Lee himself meeting and interacting with many of his co-creations , including Spider - Man , Doctor Strange , the Thing , Silver Surfer , and Doctor Doom . These comics also featured short pieces by such comics creators as Joss Whedon and Fred Hembeck , as well as reprints of classic Lee - written adventures . At the 2007 Comic - Con International , Marvel Legends introduced a Stan Lee action figure . The body beneath the figure 's removable cloth wardrobe is a re-used mold of a previously released Spider - Man action figure , with minor changes . Comikaze Expo , Los Angeles ' largest comic book convention , was rebranded as Stan Lee 's Comikaze Presented by POW ! Entertainment in 2012 . At the 2016 Comic - Con International , Lee introduced his digital graphic novel Stan Lee 's ' God Woke ' , with text originally written as a poem he presented at Carnegie Hall in 1972 . The print - book version won the 2017 Independent Publisher Book Awards ' Outstanding Books of the Year Independent Voice Award . Charity work The Stan Lee Foundation was founded in 2010 to focus on literacy , education , and the arts . Its stated goals include supporting programs and ideas that improve access to literacy resources , as well as promoting diversity , national literacy , culture and the arts . Stan Lee has donated portions of his personal effects to the University of Wyoming at various times , between 1981 and 2001 . Fictional portrayals See also : List of comics creators appearing in comics § Stan Lee Lee and Kirby ( bottom left ) as themselves on the cover of The Fantastic Four # 10 ( January 1963 ) . Art by Kirby and Dick Ayers . Stan Lee and his collaborator Jack Kirby appear as themselves in The Fantastic Four # 10 ( January 1963 ) , the first of several appearances within the fictional Marvel Universe . The two are depicted as similar to their real - world counterparts , creating comic books based on the `` real '' adventures of the Fantastic Four . Lee was parodied by Kirby in comics published by rival DC Comics as Funky Flashman . Kirby later portrayed himself , Lee , production executive Sol Brodsky , and Lee 's secretary Flo Steinberg as superheroes in What If # 11 ( October 1978 ) , `` What If the Marvel Bullpen Had Become the Fantastic Four ? '' , in which Lee played the part of Mister Fantastic . Lee has also made numerous cameo appearances in many Marvel titles , appearing in audiences and crowds at many characters ' ceremonies and parties , and hosting an old - soldiers reunion in Sgt . Fury and his Howling Commandos # 100 ( July 1972 ) . Lee appeared , unnamed , as the priest at Luke Cage and Jessica Jones ' wedding in New Avengers Annual # 1 ( June 2006 ) . He pays his respects to Karen Page at her funeral in Daredevil vol. 2 , # 8 ( June 1998 ) , and appears in The Amazing Spider - Man # 169 ( June 1977 ) . In 1994 , artist Alex Ross rendered Lee as a bar patron on page 44 of Marvels # 3 . In Marvel 's `` Flashback '' series of titles cover - dated July 1997 , a top - hatted caricature of Lee as a ringmaster introduced stories that detailed events in Marvel characters ' lives before they became superheroes , in special `` - 1 '' editions of many Marvel titles . The `` ringmaster '' depiction of Lee was originally from Generation X # 17 ( July 1996 ) , where the character narrated a story set primarily in an abandoned circus . Though the story itself was written by Scott Lobdell , the narration by `` Ringmaster Stan '' was written by Lee , and the character was drawn in that issue by Chris Bachalo . Lee and other comics creators are mentioned on page 479 of Michael Chabon 's 2000 novel about the comics industry The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Clay . Chabon also acknowledges a debt to Lee and other creators on the book 's Author 's Note page . On one of the last pages of Truth : Red , White & Black , Lee appears in a real photograph among other celebrities on a wall of the Bradley home . Under his given name of Stanley Lieber , Stan Lee appears briefly in Paul Malmont 's 2006 novel The Chinatown Death Cloud Peril . In Stan Lee Meets Superheroes , which Lee wrote , he comes into contact with some of his favorite creations . Stan Lee and Jack Kirby appear as professors in Marvel Adventures Spider - Man # 19 . In Lavie Tidhar 's 2013 The Violent Century , Lee appears -- under his birth name of `` Stanley Martin Lieber '' -- as a historian of superhumans . Film and television appearances See also : Stan Lee cameos Lee has had cameo appearances in many Marvel film and television projects . A few of these appearances are self - aware and sometimes reference Lee 's involvement in the creation of certain characters . Lee has been a credited executive producer on most Marvel film and television projects since the 1990 direct - to - video Captain America film . Marvel television Animation One of Lee 's earliest contributions to animation based on Marvel properties was narrating the 1980s Incredible Hulk animated series , always beginning his narration with a self - introduction and ending with `` This is Stan Lee saying , Excelsior ! '' Lee had previously narrated the `` Seven Little Superheroes '' episode of Spider - Man and His Amazing Friends , which the Hulk series was paired with for broadcast . Lee did the narration for the original 1989 X-Men animated series pilot titled X-Men : Pryde of the X-Men . Lee was an executive producer of the 1990s animated TV series Spider - Man . He appeared as himself in animated form in the final episode titled `` Farewell , Spider - Man '' . Spider - Man is transported by Madame Web into the `` real '' world where he is a fictional character . He meets Lee and the two swing around until Spider - Man drops him off on top of a building ; Madame Web appears and brings Spider - Man back to his homeworld . Realizing he is stuck on a roof , Lee muses , hoping the Fantastic Four will show up and lend a hand . He also voices the character `` Frank Elson '' in an episode of Spider - Man : The New Animated Series broadcast by MTV in 2003 , titled `` Mind Games '' ( Parts 1 and 2 , originally aired on August 15 and 22 , 2003 ) . He voiced a loading - dock worker named Stan on The Spectacular Spider - Man in the episode `` Blueprints '' . In several episodes of The Super Hero Squad Show , Lee voices the Mayor of Super Hero City . Lee has appeared in episodes of the Disney XD TV series Ultimate Spider - Man as a high school janitor named Stan , in which he makes references to Lee 's real - life career . In the pilot `` Great Power '' and the episode `` Why I Hate Gym '' , he mentions Irving Forbush , an in - joke character Lee co-created in 1955 as a literary device . Stan the Janitor also appears in Episode 18 , `` Out of Damage Control '' , as a part - time worker for Damage Control . In the episode `` Stan By Me '' , he , along with Mary Jane Watson , Agent / Principal Coulson , and Harry Osborn , helped Spider - Man fight the Lizard . At the end of the episode it is revealed that Lee 's character is secretly a top S.H.I.E.L.D. agent and is aware of Peter Parker 's secret identity as Spider - Man , and that he is a founding member of S.H.I.E.L.D. who named the organization , which Lee named in reality . Stan Lee has appeared in Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. . He was first alluded to as Stan the Salesman in the first episode and later appeared in a recurring role as Mayor Stan of Vista Verde . Stan Lee will reprise his role as Fred 's dad in Big Hero 6 : The Series . The first episode implies that his name is Frederick Frederickson III . Live - action In the TV - movie The Trial of the Incredible Hulk ( 1989 ) , Lee 's first appearance in a Marvel movie or TV project is as a jury foreman in the trial of Dr. David Banner . Lee appears in `` T.R.A.C.K.S. '' , an episode of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. originally broadcast February 4 , 2014 . He appears in `` The Blitzkrieg Button '' , the Agent Carter episode originally broadcast January 27 , 2015 . Lee cameos in Marvel 's Netflix series via a photograph of Lee as a police officer of the New York City Police Department , appearing in Daredevil , Jessica Jones , Luke Cage , Iron Fist , The Defenders and The Punisher . In Iron Fist , he is identified as Captain Irving Forbush . Lee has a non-speaking cameo in the 2017 X-Men TV series The Gifted . Lee again appears as a limo driver in the Hulu series Runaways . Marvel films Animation In Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) , Lee 's voice and likeness are used for the father of character Fred . Though he appears in a portrait earlier in the film , Lee 's cameo is a post-credits scene in which he demonstrates to his son that they have many things to talk about . Lee was not involved with the creation of the original Big Hero 6 comic book from which the movie is sourced . Live - action In X-Men ( 2000 ) , Lee appears as a hotdog stand vendor on the beach when the newly mutated Senator Kelly emerges naked onshore after escaping from Magneto . In Spider - Man ( 2002 ) , he appeared during Spider - Man 's first battle with the Green Goblin , pulling a little girl away from falling debris . In the DVD 's deleted scenes , Lee plays a street vendor who tries to sell Peter Parker a pair of sunglasses . In Daredevil ( 2003 ) , as a child , Matt Murdock stops Lee from crossing the street and getting hit by a bus . This is also a reference to an incident in the comics which was omitted from the origin story of the film . In Hulk ( 2003 ) , he appears walking alongside former TV - series Hulk Lou Ferrigno in an early scene , both as security guards at Bruce Banner 's lab . It was his first speaking role in a film based on one of his characters . In Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) , Lee pulls an innocent person away from danger during Spider - Man 's first battle with Doctor Octopus . In a blooper scene that appears as an extra on the film 's DVD release , Lee has another cameo , saying , `` Look , Spider - Man stole that kid 's sneakers . '' Stan Lee also appears talking to Peter Parker . In Man - Thing ( 2005 ) , a photograph of Lee is seen on a board of missing people . In Fantastic Four ( 2005 ) , Lee appears for the first time as a character that he created for the comics , Willie Lumpkin , the mail carrier who greets the Fantastic Four as they enter the Baxter Building . In X-Men : The Last Stand ( 2006 ) , Lee and Chris Claremont appear as two of Jean Grey 's neighbors in the opening scenes set 20 years in the past . Lee , credited as `` Waterhose Man '' , is watering the lawn when Jean telekinetically redirects the water from the hose into the air . In Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer ( 2007 ) , Lee appears as himself at Reed Richards ' and Susan Storm 's first wedding , being turned away by a security guard for not being on the guest list . In Fantastic Four Annual # 3 ( 1965 ) , in which the couple married , Lee and Jack Kirby are similarly turned away . In Spider - Man 3 ( 2007 ) , Lee appears in a credited role as `` Man in Times Square '' . He stands next to Peter Parker , both of them reading a news bulletin about Spider - Man , and commenting to Peter that , `` You know , I guess one person can make a difference '' . He then says his catchphrase , `` ' Nuff said '' and leaves Peter to dwell on that thought . In Iron Man ( 2008 ) , Lee , credited as `` Himself '' , appears at a gala cavorting with three blondes , where Tony Stark mistakes him for Hugh Hefner . In the theatrical release of the film , Stark simply greets Lee as `` Hef '' and moves on ; another version of the scene was filmed where Stark realizes his mistake , but Lee graciously responds , `` That 's okay , I get this all the time . '' In 2008 , Stan Lee named this as his favorite cameo appearance to that date . In The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) , Lee appears as a hapless citizen who accidentally ingests a soft drink mixed with Bruce Banner 's blood , subsequently dropping it and leading to the discovery of Dr. Banner 's location in a bottling plant in Brazil . In Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) , during the Stark Expo , Lee , wearing suspenders and a red shirt and black and purple tie , is mistakenly greeted by Tony Stark as `` Larry King '' . In Thor ( 2011 ) , Lee appears among many people at the site where Thor 's hammer Mjolnir lands on earth . He tears the bed off his pickup truck in an attempt to pull Mjolnir out of the ground with a chain and causes everyone in the scene to laugh by asking , `` Did it work ? '' . His character is credited as `` Stan the Man '' , a nickname he 'd adopted in the Silver Age of Comic Books . In Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) , Lee plays a general in World War II who mistakes another man for Captain America / Steve Rogers , commenting , `` I thought he 'd be taller . '' Lee had nothing to do with the basic creation of the title character . However , Lee began his writing career in the character 's original series where he created the idea of Captain America using his shield as a throwing weapon . Furthermore , he was responsible for reviving the character in the Silver Age of Comic Books and co-wrote most of the character 's stories in The Avengers and his solo stories in that period . In The Avengers ( 2012 ) , Lee 's character is interviewed about the Avengers saving Manhattan . Lee 's character responds , `` Superheroes in New York ? Give me a break '' , and then returns to his game of chess . He also appears in a deleted scene in which , when a waitress flirts with Steve Rogers , Lee says to him , `` Ask for her number , you moron ! '' In The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 ) , Lee is a librarian at Midtown Science High School , comically oblivious to the fight between Spider - Man and the Lizard happening behind him ( a table nearly hits him as well ) due to the fact that he is listening to classical music . He walks out of the library as the fight continues . In Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) , Lee portrays a beauty pageant judge who appears on a television monitor and happily gives one of the contestants a 10 . In Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) , Lee appears as a mental ward patient who loans his shoe to Erik Selvig for a demonstration about `` the Convergence '' in his delusions . When Selvig finishes and asks if anyone has questions , Lee says , `` Yeah , can I have my shoe back '' ? In Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) , Lee plays a security guard at the Smithsonian Institution who after discovering that Captain America stole his own World War II uniform from an exhibit , says , `` Oh man , I am so fired . '' In The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ( 2014 ) , Lee is a guest at Peter Parker and Gwen Stacy 's graduation . He notes that he recognizes Peter Parker . In Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) , Lee appears as an elderly gentleman having a conversation with a significantly younger woman . Rocket , viewing him through a scanning device , dismisses him as part of what he saw was wrong with the planet Xandar . With the exception of Groot , Ronan and The Collector , Lee did not have a hand in the creation of the Guardians of the Galaxy . In Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) , he appears as a military veteran who attends the Avengers ' victory party . He claims he fought at Omaha Beach and that it proves he can handle a shot of Asgardian liquor from Thor , but is then carried away drunk , muttering his catchphrase , `` Excelsior ! '' Lee noted that this was his favorite cameo . In Ant - Man ( 2015 ) , Lee appears as a bartender in a story Luis tells to Scott Lang explaining that Falcon was looking for him . In Deadpool ( 2016 ) , Lee appears as himself , working as an MC at a strip club . Lee did not have a hand in the creation of the character Deadpool . In Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) , Lee appears as a FedEx postman , delivering a package from Steve Rogers to Tony Stark at the end of the film , mispronouncing Stark 's name as Tony `` Stank '' . In X-Men : Apocalypse ( 2016 ) , Lee is shown viewing the rising nuclear weapons launched by Apocalypse next to his wife Joan . In Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) , Lee appears as a bus rider reading Aldous Huxley 's The Doors of Perception , oblivious to a battle between Doctor Strange and Mordo and Kaecilius and his followers . Lee makes a cameo appearance in No Good Deed ( 2017 ) , a short film aired before Logan in North America , in which Lee plays himself and says to Deadpool `` Wow , nice suit ! '' to which Deadpool replies `` Zip it , Stan Lee ! '' . Lee 's cameo appearance was cut from the theatrical version of the short film but was restored in the version released on star Ryan Reynolds ' Youtube account page . Lee later thanked Reynolds for restoring his cameo . In Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) , Lee appears as an astronaut telling a story to The Watchers , mentioning his stint as a deliveryman in Captain America : Civil War . He appears again in one of the end credits scenes , where the Watchers leave , tired of his stories as he quotes to them that they are his only ride back to Earth . The Watchers , along with Ego , were co-created by Lee . Lee also makes an appearance in the music video for the song `` Guardians Inferno '' . In Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) , Lee appears as an annoyed neighbor named Gary who , after witnessing Spider - Man mistakenly accosting an innocent civilian says to him , `` Do n't make me come down there , you punk ! '' In Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) , Lee appears as a servant to the Grandmaster on Sakaar . In Black Panther ( 2018 ) , Lee appears as a patron of a casino in Busan , South Korea . Lee will make a cameo appearance in Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) . Lee will make a cameo appearance in Ant - Man and the Wasp ( 2018 ) . Warner Bros. / DC properties Stan Lee mourning on Dan Turpin 's funeral . Above TV capture from original episode and below storyboard art by Bruce Timm and text comments by Paul Dini . In the original February 7 , 1998 , broadcast airing of the Superman : The Animated Series episode `` Apokolips ... Now ! Part 2 '' on the Kids ' WB programming block , an animated Funky Flashman was visible mourning the death of Daniel `` Terrible '' Turpin , a character based on his longtime Marvel Comics collaborator Jack Kirby . This shot was later modified to remove the likeness of Lee and of other background Marvel characters when the episode was released on DVD . Other film , TV , and video In the 1990s , Lee hosted the documentary series The Comic Book Greats and interviewed notable comic book creators such as Chris Claremont , Jim Lee , Todd McFarlane , Rob Liefeld , and Whilce Portacio . In the 1994 - 1995 syndicated television block The Marvel Action Hour , Lee appeared as himself to give brief introductions to each episode of Iron Man and the Fantastic Four animated series . Lee has an extensive cameo in the 1995 Kevin Smith film Mallrats . He plays himself , this time visiting the mall to sign books at a comic store . Later , he takes on the role of a sage - like character , giving Jason Lee 's character , Brodie Bruce ( a longtime fan of Stan 's ) , advice on his love life . He also recorded interviews with Smith for the non-fiction video Stan Lee 's Mutants , Monsters & Marvels ( 2002 ) . Lee made a second cameo in Smith 's 2016 film Yoga Hosers as a police officer . Lee is the host of the 2010 History Channel documentary series Stan Lee 's Superhumans . Lee plays himself in the 2011 Frankie Muniz film Pizza Man . Lee makes a cameo appearance as the `` Three Stooges Wedding Guest '' in the 2004 Disney film The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement . Lee hosted and judged contestants in the SyFy series Who Wants to Be a Superhero ? Lee appears with director Kevin Smith and 2000s Marvel editor - in - chief Joe Quesada in the DVD program Marvel Then & Now : An Evening with Stan Lee and Joe Quesada , hosted by Kevin Smith . Lee was interviewed on the History Channel show Superhuman by Daniel Browning Smith , who held several Guinness Records for extreme flexibility due to having Ehlers - Danlos syndrome , a genetic condition affecting collagen formation . Smith had created his own comic book to display his own struggles as an outcast for his flexibility , and legitimately surprised Lee with a quick demonstration of his talent . In the animated series Jim Henson 's Muppet Babies , Lee plays himself in a live - action scene of the `` Comic Capers '' episode . Lee appeared as himself in an extended self - parodying sketch on the episode `` Tapping a Hero '' of Robot Chicken . Lee appears as himself in writer - director Larry Cohen 's The Ambulance ( 1990 ) , in which Eric Roberts plays an aspiring comics artist . In `` I Am Furious ( Yellow ) '' , a season 13 episode of The Simpsons , Lee voices an animated version of himself . Lee also appeared on the commentary track along with other Simpsons writers and directors on the episode for The Simpsons Season 13 box set released in 2010 . In a later episode , `` Worst Episode Ever '' , Lee 's picture is seen next to several others on the wall behind the register , under the heading `` Banned for life '' . Lee later officiated Comic Book Guy 's wedding in `` Married to the Blob '' . Lee appears as himself in Mark Hamill 's 2004 film Comic Book : The Movie , a direct - to - video mockumentary primarily filmed at the 2002 San Diego Comic - Con . Lee made an appearance on December 21 , 2006 , on the NBC game show Identity . Lee appeared as himself in `` The Excelsior Acquisition '' , a third season episode of The Big Bang Theory , in March 2010 . He appears at the front door of his house wearing Fantastic Four pajamas ( ultimately calling back into the house , `` Joanie , call the police ! '' to get rid of Sheldon , who showed up after missing a comic book signing at the local store ) , and orders a restraining order against him . He plays a bus driver in the sixteenth episode of the first season of Heroes . Lee made a guest appearance as himself in `` Bottom 's Up '' , a season seven episode of the TV series Entourage . He guest - starred as Dr. Lee ( aka : Generalissimo ) in `` Glimpse '' , a season four episode of Eureka that aired in July 2011 . Lee appears in `` The Guardian '' , the October 7 , 2010 , episode of Nikita , as Hank Excelsior , a witness to a bank robbery who is interviewed by a TV reporter . Lee was interviewed in the 2011 documentary Superheroes . Lee appears in X Japan 's unreleased music video for their song `` Born to Be Free '' . Lee portrayed himself at a CIA holiday party in the fifth season of Chuck , in which it is revealed in that universe he secretly works for the government and has a romantic interest in General Beckman . Lee appeared in the eleventh episode of season five of The Guild , in which he was captured at a convention by the character Zaboo 's Master Chief cosplaying henchmen . Lee lent his voice to `` The Amazing Man - Spider '' , a segment of the May 13 , 2013 episode of the satirical animated TV series MAD . The segment depicts the story of what happened to the radioactive spider that bit Peter Parker . Lee portrayed a future version of Tony Stark in `` Episode 205 -- The Future ! '' of the comedy web series Avengers Assemble ! . In this episode , he delivered from the future a cryptic message to the rest of his fellow Avengers , but constantly frustrated his companions due to his ineptness with the technology of his future era . He was the subject of an April 2012 Epix cable - network documentary , `` With Great Power : The Stan Lee Story . '' Lee appeared as a judge in the second season premiere of the web series Video Game High School . In the Phineas and Ferb crossover special , Mission Marvel , Lee cameos as a New York City hot dog vendor . Lee is among the interview subjects in Superheroes : A Never - Ending Battle , a three - hour documentary narrated by Liev Schreiber , which premiered on PBS in October 2013 . Lee 's Chakra the Invincible was scheduled to premiere on Rovio Entertainment 's ToonsTV channel in 2014 . Lee filmed a cameo in the 2010 film Kick - Ass , as a man watching news footage of the title character but was cut out from the film . Lee made a brief cameo in the 2014 animated film Jay & Silent Bob 's Super Groovy Cartoon Movie . During his appearance , Lee visits Bluntman and Chronic to talk to them about the `` Avenger Initiative '' . Lee made a cameo in Bart Baker 's parody of `` Elastic Heart '' by Sia when he bails Sia ( played by Amanda Hosler ) out of jail for the pedophilia in her Elastic Heart video to star in her own superhero movie with Shia LaBeouf ( played by Baker ) and Kanye West ( played by Warren Barrow ) as the main villain . Lee appears several times in the refurbished version of The Amazing Adventures of Spider - Man . Lee was slated to portray himself in the sequel to Mallrats , Mallbrats . Lee made a cameo appearance in a web - series called `` Super Power Beat Down '' where he plays a man reading a newspaper who tells Spider - Man and Darth Maul to keep the noise down or else he will get angry . Lee makes a cameo in a short film called Spider - Man : Homecoming -- NBA Finals , which aired on ABC as a promotion for Spider - Man : Homecoming ; Lee utters the exact same dialogue as the Graduation guest he portrayed in the 2014 film The Amazing Spider - Man 2 . Lee makes a cameo as one of the Collector 's prisoners in Guardians of the Galaxy Mission Breakout . Video Games and applications Lee narrates the 2000 video game Spider - Man , the 2001 sequel Spider - Man 2 : Enter Electro , and 2010 's Spider - Man : Shattered Dimensions . Lee made his first - ever onscreen video game appearance as a senator named after himself in Marvel Ultimate Alliance 2 . Lee narrates The Avengers Origins : Hulk and Avengers Origins : Assemble ! apps for the iPad , iPhone , and iPod Touch , which were released by Disney Publishing Worldwide in February 2012 . Lee is a playable character in Activision 's The Amazing Spider - Man video game , which was released in June 2012 , as a tie - in to the film of the same name . In the game , Lee is depicted as having the same superpowers as Spider - Man , and uses them to retrieve the pages of a new comic book manuscript that he had lost and were subsequently scattered around Manhattan . He also voices a character with his first name in the main story mode , who calls Peter about the charges to his credit card when Peter 's walking to Dr. Connor 's sewer lab . Lee appears as a playable Lego version of himself in Lego Marvel Super Heroes where he was able to turn into Stan - Hulk released October 2013 . Lee reprised his role , appearing as himself in The Amazing Spider - Man 2 video game , which was released in April 2014 , as a tie - in to the film of the same name . Lee appears as a playable Lego version of himself in Lego Marvel 's Avengers where he is able to turn into Stan - Hulk , Iron Stan and the StanBuster . Lee appears as a playable Lego version of himself in Lego Marvel Superheroes 2 where he has the powers of Thor , Galactus , and Spider - Man is able to complete Gwenpool missions Personal life Lee was raised in a Jewish family . In a 2002 survey of whether he believes in God , he stated , `` Well , let me put it this way ... ( Pauses . ) No , I 'm not going to try to be clever . I really do n't know . I just do n't know . '' From 1945 to 1947 , Lee lived in the rented top floor of a brownstone in the East 90s in Manhattan . He married Joan Clayton Boocock on December 5 , 1947 , and in 1949 , the couple bought house at 1084 West Broadway in Woodmere , New York , on Long Island , living there through 1952 . Their daughter Joan Celia `` J.C. '' Lee was born in 1950 . Another child , daughter Jan Lee , died three days after delivery in 1953 . The Lees resided at 226 Richards Lane in the Long Island town of Hewlett Harbor , New York , from 1952 to 1980 . They also owned a condominium at 220 East 63rd Street in Manhattan from 1975 to 1980 , and , during the 1970s , a vacation home on Cutler Lane in Remsenburg , New York . For their move to the west coast in 1981 , he and his wife bought a home in West Hollywood , California previously owned by comedian Jack Benny 's radio announcer , Don Wilson . In late September 2012 , Lee underwent an operation to insert a pacemaker , cancelling planned appearances at conventions . On July 6 , 2017 , his wife of almost seventy years , Joan , died of complications from a stroke . She was 95 years old . Filmography See also : Stan Lee cameos Film Year Film Role Notes 1973 L'An 01 Cameo 1989 The Trial of the Incredible Hulk Jury Foreman TV movie The Ambulance Himself Cameo 1995 Mallrats 2000 X-Men Hotdog Stand Vendor 2000 Citizen Toxie : The Toxic Avenger IV Narrator ( voice ) 2000 The Adventures of Cinderella 's Daughter Priest 2002 Spider - Man Man Saving Girl 2003 Daredevil Man Crossing Street 2003 Hulk Security Guard Spider - Man 2 Man Saving Innocent Person Comic Book : The Movie Himself The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement Three Stooges Wedding Guest 2005 Fantastic Four Willie Lumpkin 2005 Conflict Trevor Short film , cameo 2006 X-Men : The Last Stand Man with waterhose Cameo 2007 Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer Himself 2007 Spider - Man 3 Man in Times Square 2007 Mosaic Stanley 2007 The Condor Grandfather 2008 Iron Man Himself ; Credited as `` Man mistaken as Hugh Hefner '' 2008 The Incredible Hulk Himself ; Credited as `` Hapless citizen '' Iron Man 2 Himself ; Credited as `` Man mistaken as Larry King '' 2011 Thor Himself ; Credited as `` Pickup truck driver '' 2011 Captain America : The First Avenger Himself ; Credited as `` General '' 2011 Pizza Man Himself 2012 The Avengers Himself ; Credited as `` Random citizen '' 2012 The Amazing Spider - Man Librarian 2013 Jay & Silent Bob 's Super Groovy Cartoon Movie Himself ( voice ) 2013 Iron Man 3 Himself ; Credited as `` Beauty pageant judge '' 2013 Thor : The Dark World Himself ; Credited as `` Mental ward patient '' 2013 Return to Nuke ' Em High Volume 1 Narrator ( Uncredited ) 2014 Captain America : The Winter Soldier Himself ; Credited as `` Smithsonian guard '' 2014 The Amazing Spider - Man 2 Graduation guest 2014 Guardians of the Galaxy Himself ; Credited as `` Xandarian ladies ' man '' 2014 Big Hero 6 Fred 's Dad ( voice ) Post-credits cameo 2015 Avengers : Age of Ultron Himself ; Credited as `` Military veteran '' Cameo 2015 Ant - Man Himself ; Credited as `` Bartender '' 2016 Deadpool Stripclub DJ 2016 Captain America : Civil War Himself ; Credited as `` FedEx delivery worker '' 2016 X-Men : Apocalypse Himself 2016 Yoga Hosers Dispatcher 2016 Doctor Strange Himself ; Credited as `` Bus passenger '' 2017 No Good Deed Himself Short film , aired before Logan , cameo only appears in online version . 2017 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Himself ; Credited as `` The Watchers ' Informant '' Cameo 2017 Spider - Man : Homecoming -- NBA Finals Himself ; Credited as `` Old Man on Street '' Short film , aired on ABC as a promotion for Spider - Man : Homecoming , Lee utters the exact same dialogue as the Graduation guest portrayed by him in the 2014 film The Amazing Spider - Man 2 . 2017 Spider - Man : Homecoming Himself ; Credited as `` Gary '' Cameo 2017 Thor : Ragnarok Himself ; Credited as `` Barber '' 2018 Black Panther Himself ; Credited as `` Thirsty Gambler '' 2018 Avengers : Infinity War TBA Post-production , cameo 2018 Ant - Man and the Wasp TBA Post-production , cameo 2019 Untitled Avengers film TBA Post-production , cameo Television Year Series Role Notes 1981 -- 1983 Spider - Man and His Amazing Friends Narrator ( voice ) 15 episodes ; Also Executive producer 1982 -- 1983 The Incredible Hulk 13 episodes ; Also Executive producer 1989 X-Men : Pryde of the X-Men Himself / Narrator ( voice ) Episode : `` Pilot '' 1989 Muppet Babies Himself ( voice ) Episode : `` Comic Capers '' 1991 -- 1992 The Comic Book Greats Himself ( host ) 13 episodes ; Also Creator , executive producer 1998 Spider - Man Himself ( voice ) Episode : `` Spider Wars , Chapter 2 : Farewell Spider - Man '' ; Also Executive producer 1994 Fantastic Four 2 episodes ; Also Executive producer The Incredible Hulk Cliff Walters ( voice ) Episode : `` Down Memory Lane '' ; Also Executive producer 2002 The Simpsons Himself ( voice ) Episode : `` I Am Furious ( Yellow ) '' 2003 Spider - Man : The New Animated Series Frank Elson ( voice ) Episode : `` Mind Games : Part 1 '' 2003 Stripperella Jerry ( voice ) Episode : `` Crime Does n't Pay ... Seriously , It Does n't '' ; Also Creator , Executive producer 2003 -- 2004 Madtv Himself 2 episodes 2006 Identity Himself Episode : `` 1.4 '' 2006 -- 2007 Who Wants to Be a Superhero ? Himself ( host ) 14 episodes ; Also Creator , Executive Producer 2007 -- 2013 Robot Chicken Himself ( voice ) 3 episodes 2007 Heroes Bus Driver Episode : `` Unexpected '' 2009 The Spectacular Spider - Man Stan ( voice ) Episode : `` Blueprints '' ; Also Executive producer 2009 -- 2011 The Super Hero Squad Show Mayor of Superhero City ( voice ) 12 episodes ; Also Creator , executive producer Black Panther General Wallace ( voice ) Episode : `` Pilot '' The Big Bang Theory Himself Episode : `` The Excelsior Acquisition '' Entourage Episode : `` Bottoms Up '' Nikita Hank Excelsior Episode : `` The Guardian '' 2010 -- 2014 Stan Lee 's Superhumans Himself ( co-host ) Also Creator , Executive Producer 2011 Eureka Himself Episode : `` Glimpse '' 2011 The Guild Episode : `` Costume Contest '' 2011 -- 2014 Avengers Assemble ! Future Tony / Future Tony Stark Episodes : `` The Future ! '' , `` Stop & Frisk '' , `` Copyright Infringement '' 2012 -- 2017 Ultimate Spider - Man Stan the Janitor ( voice ) Recurring Role 2013 Mad Bird Scientist , Papa Smurf , The Amazing Man - Spider Announcer ( voice ) Episode : `` Papa / 1600 Finn '' 2013 Phineas and Ferb New York City Hot Dog Vendor ( voice ) Episode : `` Phineas and Ferb : Mission Marvel '' 2013 Superheroes : A Never - Ending Battle Himself 3 Episodes 2013 Fangasm Himself Episode : `` Beam Me Up , Stan '' 2013 Lego Marvel Super Heroes : Maximum Overload Hot Dog Vendor ( voice ) Episode : `` Assault , Off - Asgard ! '' 2013 -- 2015 Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. Stan the Salesman ( voice ) Recurring Role 2014 The Simpsons Himself ( voice ) Episode : `` Married to the Blob '' 2014 Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Himself ; Credited as `` Debonair Gentleman '' Episode : `` T.R.A.C.K.S. '' 2014 Hell 's Kitchen Himself Season 12 Episode 18 : 5 Chef 's Compete 2014 Marvel 75 Years : From Pulp to Pop ! Himself 2015 Agent Carter Himself ; Credited as `` Shoeshine customer '' Episode : `` The Blitzkrieg Button '' 2016 Captain America : 75 Heroic Years Himself 2016 Stan Lee 's Lucky Man Season 1 Episode 1 : More Yang Than Yin 2017 Big Hero 6 : The Series Fred 's Dad 2017 The Gifted Himself Episode : eXposed ( Non-speaking cameo ) 2017 Runaways Himself Episode : Metamorphosis Video games Year Video Game Voice 2000 Spider - Man Narrator Spider - Man 2 : Enter Electro 2009 Marvel : Ultimate Alliance 2 Senator Lieber Marvel Super Hero Squad Mayor of Superhero City Spider - Man : Shattered Dimensions Narrator 2012 The Amazing Spider - Man Himself 2013 Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2014 The Amazing Spider - Man 2 Family Guy : The Quest for Stuff 2016 Lego Marvel Avengers 2017 Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 Accolades Year Award Nominated work Result Inkpot Award Won 1994 The Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame 1995 Jack Kirby Hall of Fame 2002 Saturn Award The Life Career Award 2008 National Medal of Arts 2009 Hugo Award Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation - Iron Man Nominated Scream Awards Comic - Con Icon Award Won 2011 Hollywood Walk of Fame 2012 Visual Effects Society Awards Lifetime Achievement Award Producers Guild of America Vanguard Award 2017 National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Performance in a Comedy , Supporting The County of Los Angeles declared October 2 , 2009 `` Stan Lee Day '' . The City of Long Beach declared October 2 , 2009 `` Stan Lee Day '' . On July 14 , 2017 , Lee and Jack Kirby were named Disney Legends for their creation of numerous characters that would comprise Disney 's Marvel Cinematic Universe . On July 18 , 2017 , as part of D23 Disney Legends event , a ceremony was held on TCL Chinese Theatre in Hollywood Boulevard where Stan Lee imprinted his hands , feet and signature in cement . Bibliography Books Lee , Stan ; Mair , George ( 2002 ) . Excelsior ! : The Amazing Life of Stan Lee . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 2800 - 8 . Lee , Stan ( 1997 ) ( Originally published by Simon & Schuster in 1974 ) . Origins of Marvel Comics . Marvel Entertainment Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7851 - 0551 - 0 . Lee , Stan ; David , Peter ( 2015 ) . Amazing , Fantastic , Incredible . Simon & Schuster . Comics bibliography Lee 's comics work includes : DC DC Comics Presents : Superman # 1 ( 2004 ) Detective Comics # 600 ( 1989 , text piece ) Just Imagine Stan Lee creating : Aquaman ( with Scott McDaniel ) ( 2002 ) Batman ( with Joe Kubert ) ( 2001 ) Catwoman ( with Chris Bachalo ) ( 2002 ) Crisis ( with John Cassaday ) ( 2002 ) Flash ( with Kevin Maguire ) ( 2002 ) Green Lantern ( with Dave Gibbons ) ( 2001 ) JLA ( with Jerry Ordway ) ( 2002 ) Robin ( with John Byrne ) ( 2001 ) Sandman ( with Walt Simonson ) ( 2002 ) Secret Files and Origins ( 2002 ) Shazam ! ( with Gary Frank ) ( 2001 ) Superman ( with John Buscema ) ( 2001 ) Wonder Woman ( with Jim Lee ) ( 2001 ) Marvel The Amazing Spider - Man # 1 -- 100 , 105 -- 110 , 116 -- 118 , 200 , Annual # 1 -- 5 , 18 ( 1962 -- 84 ) ; ( backup stories ) : # 634 -- 645 ( 2010 -- 11 ) The Amazing Spider - Man , strips ( 1977 -- present ) Avengers # 1 -- 35 ( 1963 -- 66 ) Captain America # 100 -- 141 ( 1968 -- 71 ) ( continues from Tales of Suspense # 99 ) Daredevil , # 1 -- 9 , 11 -- 50 , 53 , Annual # 1 ( 1964 -- 69 ) Daredevil , vol. 2 , # 20 ( backup story ) ( 2001 ) Epic Illustrated # 1 ( Silver Surfer ) ( 1980 ) Fantastic Four # 1 -- 114 , 120 -- 125 , Annual # 1 -- 6 ( 1961 -- 72 ) ; # 296 ( 1986 ) The Incredible Hulk # 1 -- 6 ( continues to Tales to Astonish # 59 ) The Incredible Hulk , vol. 2 , # 108 -- 120 ( 1968 -- 69 ) Journey into Mystery ( Thor ) plotter # 83 -- 96 ( 1962 -- 63 ) , writer # 97 -- 125 , Annual # 1 ( 1963 -- 66 ) ( continues to Thor # 126 ) The Mighty Thor # 126 -- 192 , 200 , Annual # 2 ( 1966 -- 72 ) , 385 ( 1987 ) Nightcat # 1 ( 1991 ) Ravage 2099 # 1 -- 7 ( 1992 -- 93 ) Savage She - Hulk # 1 ( 1980 ) Sgt . Fury and his Howling Commandos # 1 -- 28 , Annual # 1 ( 1963 -- 66 ) Silver Surfer # 1 -- 18 ( 1968 -- 70 ) Silver Surfer , vol. 2 , # 1 ( 1982 ) Silver Surfer : Judgment Day ( 1988 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 87135 - 427 - 3 Silver Surfer : Parable # 1 -- 2 ( 1988 -- 89 ) Silver Surfer : The Enslavers ( 1990 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 87135 - 617 - 8 Solarman # 1 -- 2 ( 1989 -- 90 ) The Spectacular Spider - Man Annual # 10 ( 1990 ) Strange Tales ( diverse stories ) : # 9 , 11 , 74 , 89 , 90 -- 100 ( 1951 -- 62 ) ; ( Human Torch ) : # 101 -- 109 , 112 -- 133 , Annual # 2 ; ( Doctor Strange ) : # 110 -- 111 , 115 -- 142 , 151 -- 158 ( 1962 -- 67 ) ; ( Nick Fury , Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. : # 135 -- 147 , 150 -- 152 ( 1965 -- 67 ) Tales to Astonish ( diverse stories ) : # 1 , 6 , 12 -- 13 , 15 -- 17 , 24 -- 33 ( 1956 -- 62 ) ; Ant - Man / Giant Man : # 35 -- 69 ( 1962 -- 65 ) ( The Hulk : # 59 -- 101 ( 1964 -- 1968 ) ; Sub-Mariner : # 70 -- 101 ( 1965 -- 68 ) Tales of Suspense ( diverse stories ) : # 7 , 9 , 16 , 22 , 27 , 29 -- 30 ( 1959 -- 62 ) ; ( Iron Man ) : plotter # 39 -- 46 ( 1963 ) , writer # 47 -- 98 ( 1963 -- 68 ) ( Captain America ) : # 58 -- 86 , 88 -- 99 ( 1964 -- 68 ) Web of Spider - Man Annual # 6 ( 1990 ) What If ( Fantastic Four ) # 200 ( 2011 ) The X-Men # 1 -- 19 ( 1963 -- 66 ) Simon & Schuster The Silver Surfer : The Ultimate Cosmic Experience , 114 pages , September 1978 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 24225 - 1 Other Ultimo ( manga original concept ) How to Draw Comics the Marvel Way See also Biography portal Comics portal Film portal Greater Los Angeles portal New York City portal Speculative fiction portal Superhero fiction portal United States portal Characters created by Stan Lee List of American comics creators List of American Jews List of Eisner Award winners List of Harvey Award winners List of Jewish American authors List of Marvel Comics people List of pseudonyms List of science fiction authors Notes Jump up ^ Lee 's account of how he began working for Marvel 's predecessor , Timely , has varied . He has said in lectures and elsewhere that he simply answered a newspaper ad seeking a publishing assistant , not knowing it involved comics , let alone his cousin Jean 's husband , Martin Goodman : I applied for a job in a publishing company ... I did n't even know they published comics . I was fresh out of high school , and I wanted to get into the publishing business , if I could . There was an ad in the paper that said , `` Assistant Wanted in a Publishing House . '' When I found out that they wanted me to assist in comics , I figured , ' Well , I 'll stay here for a little while and get some experience , and then I 'll get out into the real world . ' ... I just wanted to know , ' What do you do in a publishing company ? ' How do you write ? ... How do you publish ? I was an assistant . There were two people there named Joe Simon and Jack Kirby -- Joe was sort - of the editor / artist / writer , and Jack was the artist / writer . Joe was the senior member . They were turning out most of the artwork . Then there was the publisher , Martin Goodman ... And that was about the only staff that I was involved with . After a while , Joe Simon and Jack Kirby left . I was about 17 years old ( sic ) , and Martin Goodman said to me , ' Do you think you can hold down the job of editor until I can find a real person ? ' When you 're 17 , what do you know ? I said , ' Sure ! I can do it ! ' I think he forgot about me , because I stayed there ever since . However , in his 2002 autobiography , Excelsior ! The Amazing Life of Stan Lee he writes : My uncle , Robbie Solomon , told me they might be able to use someone at a publishing company where he worked . The idea of being involved in publishing definitely appealed to me ... So I contacted the man Robbie said did the hiring , Joe Simon , and applied for a job . He took me on and I began working as a gofer for eight dollars a week ... Joe Simon , in his 1990 autobiography The Comic Book Makers , gives the account slightly differently : `` One day ( Goodman 's relative known as ) Uncle Robbie came to work with a lanky 17 - year - old in tow . ' This is Stanley Lieber , Martin 's wife 's cousin , ' Uncle Robbie said . ' Martin wants you to keep him busy . ' '' In an appendix , however , Simon appears to reconcile the two accounts . He relates a 1989 conversation with Lee : Lee : I 've been saying this ( classified - ad ) story for years , but apparently it is n't so . And I ca n't remember because I ( 've ) said it so long now that I believe it . '' ... Simon : `` Your Uncle Robbie brought you into the office one day and he said , ' This is Martin Goodman 's wife 's nephew . ' ( sic ) ... You were seventeen years old . '' Lee : `` Sixteen and a half ! '' Simon : `` Well , Stan , you told me seventeen . You were probably trying to be older ... I did hire you . '' References Jump up ^ Lee & Mair 2002 , p. 27 ^ Jump up to : Kupperberg , Paul ( 2006 ) . The Creation of Spider - Man . New York , New York : Rosen Publishing . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4042 - 0763 - 9 . Jump up ^ Gilroy , Dan ( September 17 , 1986 ) . `` Marvel Now a $100 Million Hulk : Marvel Divisions and Top Execs '' . Variety . p. 81 . Archived from the original ( jpeg ) on February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Entertainment Group Inc . Form 10 - K / A '' . Securities and Exchange Commission . May 15 , 1997 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee '' . POW ! Entertainment . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , John Jackson ( June 10 , 2005 ) . `` Comics Industry Birthdays '' . Comics Buyer 's Guide . Iola , Wisconsin . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Lee & Mair 2002 , p. 5 Jump up ^ The Celebrity Who 's Who -- World Almanac . Google Books . September 1986 . p. 213 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 33990 - 4 . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lewine , Edward ( September 4 , 2007 ) . `` Sketching Out His Past : Image 1 '' . The New York Times Key Magazine . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2009 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Lewine . `` Image 2 '' . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2009 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kugel , Allison ( March 13 , 2006 ) . `` Stan Lee : From Marvel Comics Genius to Purveyor of Wonder with POW ! Entertainment '' . PR.com . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2011 . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lee and Mair , p. 17 Jump up ^ Sedlmeier , Cory , ed . Marvel Masterworks : The Incredible Hulk Volume 2 . Marvel Comics . p. 244 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7851 - 5883 - 7 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Biography '' . StanLeeWeb.com ( fan site by minority shareholders of POW ! Entertainment . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2008 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Apuzzo , Jason ( February 1 , 2012 ) . `` With Great Power : A Conversation with Stan Lee at Slamdance 2012 '' . Moviefone . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee '' . WebOfStories . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Lee and Mair , p. 18 Jump up ^ `` I Let People Do Their Jobs ! ' : A Conversation with Vince Fago -- Artist , writer , and Third Editor - in - Chief of Timely / Marvel Comics '' . Alter Ego. 3 ( 11 ) . Raleigh , North Carolina : TwoMorrows Publishing . November 2001 . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lee , Mair , p. 22 Jump up ^ `` Interview with Stan Lee ( Part 1 of 5 ) '' . IGN FilmForce . June 26 , 2000 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff ( September 25 , 2009 ) . `` Jack Kirby , the abandoned hero of Marvel 's grand Hollywood adventure , and his family 's quest '' . Hero Complex ( column ) , Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sanderson , Peter ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2008 ) . `` 1940s '' . Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History . London , United Kingdom : Dorling Kindersley . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 4123 - 8 . Joe Simon and Jack Kirby 's assistant Stanley Lieber wrote his first story for Timely , a text story called ' Captain America Foils the Traitor 's Revenge ' . It was also his first superhero story , and the first work he signed using his new pen name of Stan Lee . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Roy ( 2006 ) . Stan Lee 's Amazing Marvel Universe . New York : Sterling Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 4225 - 5 . With the speed of thought , he sent his shield spinning through the air to the other end of the tent , where it smacked the knife out of Haines ' hand ! '' It became a convention starting the following issue , in a Simon & Kirby 's comics story depict the following : `` Captain America 's speed of thought and action save Bucky 's life -- as he hurls his shield across the room . Jump up ^ Sanderson `` 1940s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 19 Jump up ^ Brooks , Brad ; Tim Pilcher ( 2005 ) . The Essential Guide to World Comics . London , United Kingdom : Collins & Brown . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84340 - 300 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Boatz , Darrel L. ( December 1988 ) . `` Stan Lee '' . Comics Interview ( 64 ) . Fictioneer Books . pp. 5 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Conan , Neal ( October 27 , 2010 ) . `` Stan Lee , Mastermind of the Marvel Universe '' . Talk of the Nation . National Public Radio . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Jeff ; Stan Lee ( 2007 ) . Stan Lee : Conversations . Jackson , Mississippi : University Press of Mississippi . p. 59 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57806 - 985 - 9 . Jump up ^ Heintjes , Tom ( 2009 ) . `` Everybody 's Friend : Remembering Stan Lee and Dan DeCarlo 's My Friend Irma '' . Hogan 's Alley . Bull Moose Publishing ( 16 ) . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kaplan , Arie ( 2006 ) . Masters of the Comic Book Universe Revealed ! . Chicago Review Press . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55652 - 633 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : McLaughlin , Jeff ; Stan Lee ( 2007 ) . Stan Lee : Conversations . Jackson , Mississippi : University Press of Mississippi . p. 138 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57806 - 985 - 9 . Jump up ^ Noted comic - book writer Alan Moore described the significance of this new approach in a radio interview on the BBC Four program Chain Reaction , transcribed at `` Alan Moore Chain Reaction Interview Transcript '' . Comic Book Resources . January 27 , 2005 . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2010 . : The DC comics were ... one dimensional characters whose only characteristic was they dressed up in costumes and did good . Whereas Stan Lee had this huge breakthrough of two - dimensional characters . So , they dress up in costumes and do good , but they 've got a bad heart . Or a bad leg . I actually did think for a long while that having a bad leg was an actual character trait . Jump up ^ Wright , Bradford W. ( 2003 ) . Comic Book Nation : The Transformation of Youth Culture in America . Baltimore , Maryland : The Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 207 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 7450 - 5 . Jump up ^ Kimball , Kirk ( n.d. ) . `` Secret Origins of the Fantastic Four '' . Dial B For Blog . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DeFalco , Tom `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 84 : `` It did not take long for editor Stan Lee to realize that The Fantastic Four was a hit ... the flurry of fan letters all pointed to the FF 's explosive popularity . '' Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 85 : `` Based on their collaboration on The Fantastic Four , ( Stan ) Lee worked with Jack Kirby . Instead of a team that fought traditional Marvel monsters however , Lee decided that this time he wanted to feature a monster as the hero . '' Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 88 : `` ( Stan Lee ) had always been fascinated by the legends of the Norse gods and realized that he could use those tales as the basis for his new series centered on the mighty Thor ... The heroic and glamorous style that ... Jack Kirby ( had ) was perfect for Thor . '' Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 91 : `` Set against the background of the Vietnam War , Iron Man signaled the end of Marvel 's monster / suspense line when he debuted in Tales of Suspense # 39 ... ( Stan ) Lee discussed the general outline for Iron Man with Larry Lieber , who later wrote a full script for the origin story . '' Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 94 : `` The X-Men # 1 introduced the world to Professor Charles Xavier and his teenage students Cyclops , Beast , Angel , Iceman , and Marvel Girl . Magneto , the master of magnetism and future leader of the evil mutants , also appeared . '' Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 100 : `` Stan Lee chose the name Daredevil because it evoked swashbucklers and circus daredevils , and he assigned Bill Everett , the creator of the Sub-Mariner to design and draw Daredevil # 1 . '' Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 93 : ( Stan Lee ) decided his new superhero feature would star a magician . Since Lee was enjoying his collaborations with Steve Ditko on The Amazing Spider - Man , he decided to assign the new feature to Ditko , who usually handled at least one of the backups in Strange Tales . Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 87 : `` Deciding that his new character would have spider - like powers , ( Stan ) Lee commissioned Jack Kirby to work on the first story . Unfortunately , Kirby 's version of Spider - Man 's alter ego Peter Parker proved too heroic , handsome , and muscular for Lee 's everyman hero . Lee turned to Steve Ditko , the regular artist on Amazing Adult Fantasy , who designed a skinny , awkward teenager with glasses . '' Jump up ^ Wright , p. 218 Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 94 : `` Filled with some wonderful visual action , The Avengers # 1 has a very simple story : the Norse god Loki tricked the Hulk into going on a rampage ... The heroes eventually learned about Loki 's involvement and united with the Hulk to form the Avengers . '' Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 86 : `` Stan Lee and Jack Kirby reintroduced one of Marvel 's most popular Golden Age heroes -- Namor , the Sub-Mariner . '' Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 99 : `` ' Captain America lives again ! ' announced the cover of The Avengers # 4 ... Cap was back . '' Jump up ^ Sanderson , Peter ( October 10 , 2003 ) . `` Continuity / Discontinuity '' . Comics in Context ( column ) No. 14 , IGN . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Bullpen Bulletins '' . ( reprinted on fan site ) . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2010 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Radio '' . The New York Times . March 3 , 1967 . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Abstract only ; full article requires payment or subscription Jump up ^ `` Audio of Merry Marvel Marching Society record '' . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2005 . Retrieved January 30 , 2006 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , including voice of Stan Lee Jump up ^ Thomas , Roy ; Sanderson , Peter ( 2007 ) . The Marvel Vault : A Museum - in - a-Book with Rare Collectibles from the World of Marvel . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : Running Press . p. 98 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7624 - 2844 - 1 . Jump up ^ Manning , Matthew K. ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2012 ) . `` 1960s '' . Spider - Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web - Slinging . London , United Kingdom : Dorling Kindersley . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 9236 - 0 . ( Stan Lee ) knew that most readers tuned in every month for a glimpse of that side of Spider - Man 's life as much as they did to see the wall - crawler battle the latest supervillain . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Manning `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2012 ) , p. 39 : The Amazing Spider - Man # 47 ( April 1967 ) `` Kraven 's latest rematch with Spidey was set during a going - away party for Flash Thompson , who was facing the very real issue of the Vietnam War draft . '' Jump up ^ Manning `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2012 ) , p. 43 : The Spectacular Spider - Man # 1 ( July 1968 ) `` Drawn by Romita and Jim Mooney , the mammoth 52 - page lead story focused on corrupt politician Richard Raleigh 's plot to terrorize the city . '' Jump up ^ Manning `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2012 ) , p. 46 : The Amazing Spider - Man # 68 ( January 1969 ) `` Stan Lee tackled the issues of the day again when , with artists John Romita and Jim Mooney , he dealt with social unrest at Empire State University . '' Jump up ^ David , Peter ; Greenberger , Robert ( 2010 ) . The Spider - Man Vault : A Museum - in - a-Book with Rare Collectibles Spun from Marvel 's Web . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : Running Press . p. 34 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7624 - 3772 - 6 . Joseph ' Robbie ' Robertson made his debut in The Amazing Spider - Man # 51 , in a manner that was as quiet and unassuming as the character himself . His debut was n't treated like the landmark event that it was ; he was simply there one day , no big deal . Jump up ^ Cronin , Brian ( September 18 , 2010 ) . `` A Year of Cool Comics -- Day 261 '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2010 . Retrieved September 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 111 : `` The Inhumans , a lost race that diverged from humankind 25,000 years ago and became genetically enhanced . '' Jump up ^ Cronin , Brian ( September 19 , 2010 ) . `` A Year of Cool Comics -- Day 262 '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2011 . Retrieved September 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 117 : Stan Lee wanted to do his part by co-creating the first black super hero . Lee discussed his ideas with Jack Kirby and the result was seen in Fantastic Four # 52 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Stan Lee 's Amazing Marvel Universe , pp. 112 -- 115 Jump up ^ Hatfield , Charles ( February 2004 ) . `` The Galactus Trilogy : An Appreciation '' . The Collected Jack Kirby Collector. 1 : 211 . Jump up ^ Cronin , Brian ( February 19 , 2010 ) . `` A Year of Cool Comics -- Day 50 '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2010 . Retrieved September 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 115 : `` Stan Lee may have started the creative discussion that culminated in Galactus , but the inclusion of the Silver Surfer in Fantastic Four # 48 was pure Jack Kirby . Kirby realized that a being like Galactus required an equally impressive herald . '' Jump up ^ Greenberger , Robert , ed . ( December 2001 ) . 100 Greatest Marvels of All Time . Marvel Comics . p. 26 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Daniels , Les ( 1991 ) . Marvel : Five Fabulous Decades of the World 's Greatest Comics . Harry N. Abrams . p. 128 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8109 - 3821 - 2 . Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 131 : `` When Stan Lee was told to expand the Marvel line , he immediately gave the Surfer his own title ... Since Jack Kirby had more than enough assignments , Lee assigned John Buscema the task of illustrating the new book . '' Jump up ^ Daniels , p. 139 : `` Beautifully drawn by John Buscema , this comic book represented an attempt to upgrade the medium with a serious character of whom Lee had grown very fond . '' Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 137 : `` The Black Panther may have broken the mold as Marvel 's first black superhero , but he was from Africa . The Falcon , however , was the first black American superhero . '' Jump up ^ Wright , p. 239 Jump up ^ Saffel , Steve ( 2007 ) . `` Bucking the Establishment , Marvel Style '' . Spider - Man the Icon : The Life and Times of a Pop Culture Phenomenon . Titan Books . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84576 - 324 - 4 . The stories received widespread mainstream publicity , and Marvel was hailed for sticking to its guns . Jump up ^ Daniels , pp. 152 and 154 : `` As a result of Marvel 's successful stand , the Comics Code had begun to look just a little foolish . Some of its more ridiculous restrictions were abandoned because of Lee 's decision . '' Jump up ^ van Gelder , Lawrence ( February 4 , 1971 ) . `` A Comics Magazine Defies Code Ban on Drug Stories ; Comics Magazine Defies Industry Code '' . The New York Times . p. 37 . Jump up ^ `` Comic Geek Speak : Episode 83 '' . 2005 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 National Medal of Arts -- Stan Lee '' . National Endowment for the Arts . November 17 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2009 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Biography linked to NEA press release `` White House Announces 2008 National Medal of Arts Recipients '' , Archived August 13 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Comtois , Pierre ; Montejo , Gregorio ( July 16 , 2007 ) . `` Silver Age Marvel Comics Cover Index Reviews '' . Samcci.Comics.org . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2007 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Manning `` 1970s '' in Gilbert ( 2012 ) , p. 61 : `` Stan Lee had returned to The Amazing Spider - Man for a handful of issues after leaving following issue # 100 ( September 1971 ) . With issue # 110 . Lee once again departed the title into which he had infused so much of his own personality over his near 10 - year stint as regular writer . '' Jump up ^ Sanderson `` 1970s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 157 Jump up ^ Saffel , `` An Adventure Each Day '' , p. 116 : `` On Monday January 3 , 1977 , The Amazing Spider - Man comic strip made its debut in newspapers nationwide , reuniting writer Stan Lee and artist John Romita . '' Jump up ^ Sanderson `` 1970s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 187 : `` ( In 1978 ) , Simon & Schuster 's Fireside Books published a paperback book titled The Silver Surfer by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby ... This book was later recognized as Marvel 's first true graphic novel . '' Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1980s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 197 : `` With the help of artist John Buscema , ( Stan ) Lee created Jennifer Walters , the cousin of Bruce Banner . '' ^ Jump up to : Stan Lee at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ Catron , Michael ( August 1981 ) . `` Silver Surfer Special Set '' . Amazing Heroes . Seattle , Washington : Fantagraphics Books ( 3 ) : 17 . Jump up ^ Lee , Stan ; Buscema , John ( 1988 ) . Silver Surfer : Judgement Day . Marvel Comics . p. 64 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87135 - 427 - 3 . Jump up ^ Lofficier , Jean - Marc ( December 1988 ) . `` Moebius '' . Comics Interview ( 64 ) . Fictioneer Books . pp. 24 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Lee , Stan ; Pollard , Keith ( 1990 ) . Silver Surfer : The Enslavers . Marvel Comics . p. 64 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87135 - 617 - 8 . Jump up ^ Lee , Mair Jump up ^ Dean , Michael ( August 2005 ) . `` How Michael Jackson Almost Bought Marvel and Other Strange Tales from the Stan Lee / Peter Paul Partnership '' ( 270 ) . ( excerpt ) The Comics Journal . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ SEC Litigation Release No . LR - 18828 , August 11 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee Media CEO Kenneth Williams Accused of Shareholder Fraud and Libel in Court Filing By Former Stan Lee Media Executive : Accusations Against Peter Paul Retracted and Corrected in Court Filing '' . Freund & Brackey LLP press release . May 7 , 2001 . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ United States Attorney 's Office ( March 8 , 2005 ) . `` Peter Paul , Co-founder of Stan Lee Media , Inc. , Pleads Guilty to Securities Fraud Fraud Scheme Caused $25 Million in Losses to Investors and Financial Institutions '' . press release . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2005 . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Witt , April ( October 9 , 2005 ) . `` House of Cards '' . The Washington Post . p . W10 . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ringo Starr to become superhero '' . BBC News . August 6 , 2004 . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lee in Lovecedate = April 1 , 2007 , Frank . `` Fast Chat : Stan Lee '' . Newsday . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2010 . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee Launches New Online Comic Venture '' . CBC . August 6 , 2004 . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Sued for $5 Billion '' . Library Journal . March 21 , 2007 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2015 . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` June 9 : Stan Lee Media , Inc . Files Expected Lawsuit Against Stan Lee '' . TheComicsReporter.com . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2012 . Retrieved September 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Stan Lee Media , Inc. v. Stan Lee , QED Productions , Inc. , and POW ! Entertainment , Inc . , CV 07 4438 SJO ( C.D. Cal . July 9 , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Lee , Stan ( 2008 ) . Election Daze : What Are They Really Saying ? . Filsinger Publishing . p. 96 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9702631 - 5 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee Launching Legion of 5 '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2014 . Retrieved April 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff ( April 19 , 2008 ) . `` Stan Lee to oversee Virgin Comics ' superheroes '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee ' to create world 's first gay superhero ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . January 14 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Skyscraperman '' . skyscraperman.com . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NHL , Spider - Man creator Stan Lee join on new superheroes project '' . National Hockey League . October 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Langshaw , Mark ( August 2 , 2010 ) . `` Stan Lee backs Eagle Initiative '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2013 . Retrieved November 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kepler , Adam W. ( October 16 , 2011 ) . `` Monsters v. Kittens '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2011 . Retrieved October 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Moore , Matt ( October 14 , 2011 ) . `` Stan Lee 's got a new universe , and it 's for kids '' . Associated Press / MSNBC . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2011 . Retrieved October 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Greenberger , Robert ( July 11 , 2012 ) . `` Enter Stan Lee 's World of Heroes '' . ComicMix . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sacks , Jason ( n.d. ) . `` Peter David and Jace Hall Join the World of Heroes '' . Comics Bulletin . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2013 . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Van , Alan ( July 12 , 2012 ) . `` SDCC : ' Stan Lee 's World of Heroes ' YouTube Channel '' . NMR . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Seifert , Mark ( July 13 , 2012 ) . `` The Stan Channel : Stan Lee , Peter David , Mark Hamill , Adrianne Curry , America Young , And Bonnie Burton On Stan Lee 's World Of Heroes '' . BleedingCool.com . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Publishing Worldwide Announces New Zodiac - Based Book with Comics Legend Stan Lee '' ( Press release ) . November 2 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Frater , Patrick ( February 27 , 2013 ) . `` Josephson joins Annihilator '' . Film Business Asia . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Aric ( February 21 , 2013 ) . `` Stan Lee 's Annihilator : Chinese Superhero Coming To Big Screen '' . The Inquisitr . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Konow , David ( February 25 , 2013 ) . `` Stan Lee is back with Annihilator '' . TG Daily . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cowsill , Alan ; Dolan , Hannah , ed. ( 2010 ) . `` 2000s '' . DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle . London , United Kingdom : Dorling Kindersley . p. 300 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 6742 - 9 . It was quite a coup . Stan `` The Man '' Lee ... swapped sides to write for DC . Teaming up with comicdom 's top artists , Lee put his own unique take on DC 's iconic heroes . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` NYCC 08 : Stan Lee Dives into Manga '' . IGN . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved April 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee , Bones Confirmed to be Working on Hero Man '' . Anime News Network . April 10 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2013 . Retrieved March 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee & Bones ' Heroman Anime Now in Production '' . Anime News Network . October 6 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2011 . Retrieved March 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam ( January 4 , 2011 ) . `` Stan Lee Encouraged by Spider - Man ; New Projects on the Horizon '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2011 . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Richards , Dave ( August 24 , 2006 ) . `` The Man Comes Around : Lee talks Stan Lee Meets '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2014 . Archive requires scrolldown Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee : Marvel Legends '' . OAFE.net . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2014 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Duke , Alan ( April 11 , 2012 ) . `` Stan Lee launches his own comic convention '' . CNN . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wiebe , Sheldon ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con 2016 : POW ! Entertainment and Shatner Singularity Introduce Stan Lee 's God Woke ! '' ( Press release ) . Shatner Singularity . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2016 . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 -- via EclipseMagazine.com . Additional on December 22 , 2016 . ( WebCitation page requires text - blocking to make text visible ) Jump up ^ LeBlanc , Sarah ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Stan Lee puts philosophical spin on comic book adventure '' . Philadelphia Daily News . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2016 . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Niu , Mark ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` Comic book legend Stan Lee treated like royalty at Comic - Con '' . China Central Television . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Jeff ( 2007 ) . Stan Lee : Conversations . Jackson , Mississippi : University Press of Mississippi . p . Chronology xvii . ISBN 978 - 1578069859 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Independent Publisher Book Awards '' . Independent Publisher Book Awards . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee Foundation official site '' . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Inventory of the Stan Lee Papers , 1942 -- 2001 '' . University of Wyoming . 2007 . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Christiansen , Jeff ( February 15 , 2014 ) . `` Stan Lee ( as a character ) '' . The Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jensen , K. Thor . `` Jack Kirby 's Greatest WTF Creations '' . UGO.com . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2013 . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brick , Scott ( March 2007 ) . `` Alex Ross '' . Wizard Xtra ! . p. 92 . Jump up ^ Morales , Robert ( w ) , Baker , Kyle ( p ) , Baker , Kyle ( i ) . `` The Blackvine '' Truth : Red , White & Black 7 ( July 2003 ) Jump up ^ Lott , Rod ( July 18 , 2006 ) . `` Q&A with The Chinatown Death Cloud Peril 's Paul Malmont '' . Bookgasm.com . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Stuart ( October 25 , 2013 ) . `` The Violent Century by Lavie Tidhar -- review '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2013 . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Why I Hate Gym '' . Ultimate Spider - Man . Season 1 . Episode 6 . April 29 , 2012 . Disney XD . Jump up ^ `` Out of Damage Control '' . Ultimate Spider - Man . Season 1 . Episode 18 . August 19 , 2012 . Disney XD . Jump up ^ `` Stan By Me '' . Ultimate Spider - Man . Season 2 . Episode 15 . August 4 , 2013 . Disney XD . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( January 31 , 2014 ) . `` Stan Lee Previews His Marvel 's Agents of SHIELD Cameo '' . IGN . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Hero 6 ' : Maya Rudolph & More Reprise Roles for Disney XD Animated Series '' . Deadline . November 3 , 2016 . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Heneveld , Stephen and Ben Juwono ( director ) ; Sharon Flynn and Paiman Kalayen ( writer ) ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` Baymax Returns '' . Big Hero 6 : The Series . Season 1 . Episode 1 . Disney XD . Jump up ^ `` Declassifying Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : ' T.R.A.C.K.S. ' '' . Marvel.com . January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee Travels Back to 1946 in New Marvel 's Agent Carter : ' The Blitzkrieg Button ' '' . February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dyce , Andrew ( April 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Daredevil ' Easter Eggs , Trivia & Comic References '' . ScreenRant . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2015 . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ White , Brett ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` '' Jessica Jones '' Stan Lee Cameo Spotted `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2015 . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Luke Cage : Stan Lee cameo revealed in new trailer '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2016 . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Commandeur , Jordan ( March 25 , 2017 ) . `` Iron Fist : 15 Easter Eggs And References '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Stan Lee 's Cameo In ' The Gifted ' Premiere Revealed '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( 11 December 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Runaways ' first look : Stan Lee to make cameo '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Andy Perez ( September 24 , 2016 ) . `` Stan Lee cameo in Man - Thing 2005 '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( May 4 , 2007 ) . `` Stan Lee 's Further Superhero Adventures '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2014 . Retrieved May 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Iron Man Ultimate 2 - Disc Edition DVD , disc 2 , I Am Iron Man documentary Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee : Santa Monica , CA , July 2 , 2008 '' . AtGoogleTalks . July 18 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2016 . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee Talks Upcoming Cameo Roles '' . SuperheroHype.com . May 17 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved July 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( August 29 , 2012 ) . `` Avengers Deleted Scene Focuses on Captain America , Features Bonus Stan Lee Cameo '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2013 . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Edward ( January 10 , 2011 ) . `` Stan Lee Back in Action for Next Spider - Man '' . SuperheroHype.com . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2014 . Retrieved January 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Stan Lee in Iron Man 3 is . '' LatinoReview.com . July 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2012 . Retrieved July 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NTF Scoop -- Stan Lee Confirms Cameo in Thor : The Dark World '' . NukeThe Fridge.com . September 15 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2012 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Leston , Ryan ( July 13 , 2014 ) . `` Stan Lee Confirms Avengers : Age Of Ultron Cameo '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on August 12 , 2014 . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee Comments on Favorite Cameo '' . Tomorrow Show YouTube Channel . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Errico , Marcus ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` That Stealthy Spider - Man Reference and Every Other ' Ant - Man ' Easter Egg We Spotted ( Spoilers ) '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2015 . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . Stan the Man makes his customary cameo , this time as a bartender in one of Luis 's scene - stealing stories , noting a patron is ' super fine . ' Lee does n't actually speak , but mimes his lines over the narration . Note : Click `` Read More '' link . Jump up ^ Wickline , Dan ( July 11 , 2015 ) . `` SDCC ' 15 : Stan Lee 's Cameo And More From Deadpool '' . BleedingCool.com . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2015 . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Buxton , Marc ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Stan Lee Holds Forth On His Comic Book Origins & His Secret Disney Role '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2016 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' I probably should have just called 911 ' ; Deadpool fails to save the day in new teaser trailer for sequel '' . Toronto Sun . Postmedia Network . March 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaye , Don ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Stan Lee Cameo Explained '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knapp , JD ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' : James Gunn Shares Retro ' Inferno ' Music Video ( Watch ) '' . Variety . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tsirbas , Christos ( September 5 , 2016 ) . `` Stan Lee Reveals Next Three Marvel Cameos '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2016 . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shepard , Jack ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` Spider - Man : Homecoming : Easter Eggs and references to wider MCU '' . The Independent . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fitch , Adam ( September 11 , 2017 ) . `` Stan Lee Has Already Filmed Cameos for Black Panther Avengers 4 , & More '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Khouri , Andy ( August 28 , 2012 ) . `` Parting Thought : Jack Kirby Tribute From Superman : The Animated Series ( Video ) '' . ComicsAlliance . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The original sketches created by Bruce Timm and commented upon by Paul Dini appear in Eury , Michael ( 2006 ) . The Krypton Companion . Raleigh , North Carolina : TwoMorrows Publishing . pp. 226 -- 227 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 893905 - 61 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Contortionist Daniel Browning Smith the Rubberboy '' . Therubberboy.com . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2010 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McCave , Joseph ( 2009 - 07 - 27 ) . `` SDCC 2009 : Stan Lee talks ' Time Jumper ' ! '' . Fearnet . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Moody , Mike ( January 28 , 2010 ) . `` Stan Lee to play himself on Big Bang '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2014 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee to make Heroes cameo '' . SuperHeroHype.com . February 3 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin , Denise ( August 19 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : Stan Lee to Guest - Star on Eureka '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2013 . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Yoshiki teams up with Stan Lee for comic book series '' . Tokyograph . October 10 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2012 . Retrieved October 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Becker , Sean Michael ( director ) ; Day , Felicia ( writer ) ( October 4 , 2011 ) . `` Costume Contest '' . The Guild . Season 5 . 8 : 28 minutes in . Xbox Live Marketplace . Jump up ^ Webb , Charles ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` Watch Stan Lee Go MAD For Man - Spider '' . MTV . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 205 -- The Future ! '' . Avengersassembletheseries.com . September 1 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Jordan ( April 29 , 2012 ) . `` A Marvel in Comics '' . The Times of Israel . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2012 . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lazar , Shira ( July 27 , 2013 ) . `` Freddie Wong Brings Half Hour Video Game High School Season 2 To YouTube '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael ( June 28 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Channel Sets Premiere Date for Phineas and Ferb : Mission Marvel '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( October 14 , 2013 ) . `` The Comics ' Real Heroes '' . TV Guide . p. 27 . Jump up ^ `` Rovio Announces Second Season of Angry Birds Toons Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 17 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2013 . Retrieved September 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Seven things to know about ' Kick - Ass ' '' . The Independent . UK . April 16 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2010 . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 15 Hidden Secrets on The Amazing Adventures of Spider - Man at Universal Islands of Adventure '' . Theme Park Tourist . Jump up ^ Smith , Kevin ( March 20 , 2015 ) . `` Goin ' back to the MALL , ya 'll ! @ TheRealStanLee , @ JayMewes @ RookerOnline & me make a # 2 . A pre-review of the movie ? pic.twitter.com/vKOeotK2I1 '' . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Doloff , Matt . `` Stan Lee 's Cameo in Guardians of the Galaxy Ride Revealed '' . screenrant.com . Jump up ^ Perry , Douglass C. ( August 25 , 2000 ) . `` Spider - Man : In a case of style over substance , Neversoft 's action game does almost all the right things '' . IGN . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Villoria , Gerald ( October 16 , 2001 ) . `` Spider - Man 2 : Enter : Electro Review '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lavallee , Jon ( August 4 , 2010 ) . `` Spider - Man : Shattered Dimensions Behind - the - Scenes with Stan Lee '' . Game Rant . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee Appears in Activision 's Marvel : Ultimate Alliance 2 '' . IGN . July 22 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Freeberg , Brandon ( January 11 , 2012 ) . `` Stan Lee Narrates Two New Marvel Storybook Apps For Disney Publishing '' . MTV . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sunu , Steve ( February 28 , 2012 ) . `` Play as Stan Lee in the Amazing Spider - Man Video Game '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2013 . Archive requires scrolldown Jump up ^ Miller , Greg ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` Lego Marvel Super Heroes : Characters and Cast Revealed '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lego Marvel Superheroes : Stan Lee Hulks Out -- Comic - Con 2013 '' . IGN . July 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2014 . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lee in `` Is there a God ? '' . The A.V. Club . October 9 , 2002 . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lewine . `` Image 2 '' . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2009 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Stan & Joan Lee 's Love Story '' . Daily Entertainment News . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Lee , Mair , p. 69 Jump up ^ Lewine . `` Images 4 -- 5 '' . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2009 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lee , Mair , p. 74 Jump up ^ Lewine . `` Images 6 -- 7 '' . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2009 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lewine . `` Image 10 '' . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2009 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lewine . `` Image 8 '' . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2009 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lewine . `` Image 11 '' . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2009 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Comic Book Legend Stan Lee Gets a Pacemaker '' . City News Service via Beverly Hills Courier . September 28 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2013 . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 ... the procedure performed last week . Jump up ^ `` Pow ! Entertainment Releases a Message from Its Chairman Stan Lee '' ( Press release ) . POW ! Entertainment . September 28 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2013 . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Andy ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` Joan Lee , Wife of Marvel Comics Legend Stan Lee , Dies at 93 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kevin Feige Endorses Stan Lee MCU Cameo Fan Theory '' . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( July 30 , 2013 ) . `` Anthony Russo and Joe Russo Talk Captain America : The Winter Soldier , Stan Lee 's Cameo , the Post-Credits Scene , and Much More '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Photos of Stan Lee Filming His Amazing Spider - Man 2 Cameo '' . SuperHeroHype.com . June 3 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2014 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee Will Appear in Guardians of the Galaxy After All '' . ign.com. April 28 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2014 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Amazing Way Stan Lee Filmed Some Of His Future Marvel Cameos '' . September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Khoury , Andy ( October 18 , 2013 ) . `` Fangasm : Unreality and the Devaluation of Geek Cultural Currency '' . ComicsAlliance . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2013 . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Disney XD Details ' Big Hero 6 ' Series Cast '' . November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Singer , Bryan ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` # throwbackthursday Shooting my 3rd cameo with my epic friend @ therealstanlee a few weeks ago at the famous # doublwide # bar in # Dallas # Texas . My first cameo with Stan was in # Xmen 1 , nearly two decades ago in # malibu , he 's a man of unstoppable energy and humor . Photo @ aelvishaye with @ dan_ryniker thank you @ brightidea # maxanderson '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2017 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Inkpot Award '' . San Diego Comic - Con . 2016 . Archived from the original on 29 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Will Eisner Hall of Fame '' . The Will Eisner Comic Industry Awards . 2014 . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Curry , Stormy ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` Stan Lee : It 's All In The Cameos With Marvel Movies '' . KTTV . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Garreau , Joel ( November 18 , 2008 ) . `` Stan Lee and Olivia de Havilland Among National Medal of Arts Winners '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2016 . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TV : Video Highlights from the 2009 Spike TV Scream Awards '' . Bloody-disgusting.com . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2012 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Simpson , David ( January 4 , 2011 ) . `` Video : Stan Lee Picks Up 2,428 th Star on Hollywood Walk of Fame '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2012 . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee to Receive 2012 Producers Guild Vanguard Award '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 9 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2012 . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Awards '' . National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Meeks , Robert ( October 2 , 2009 ) . `` L.B. Comic Con : It 's Stan Lee Day ! '' . Insidesocal.com . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2012 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` Jack Kirby to Be Named ' Disney Legend ' at D23 Expo in July '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ News , A.B.C. ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Stan Lee imprints his hands and feet in concrete at TCL Chinese Theatre '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cassell , Dewey ( October 2010 ) . `` One Day at a Time : The Amazing Spider - Man Newspaper Strips '' . Back Issue ! . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 44 ) : 63 -- 67 . Lee has penned The Amazing Spider - Man newspaper strip since the beginning . Further reading McLaughlin , Jeff , ed. ( 2007 ) . Stan Lee : Conversations . Jackson , Mississippi : University Press of Mississippi . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57806 - 985 - 9 . Ro , Ronin ( 2005 ) ( first published 2004 ) . Tales to Astonish : Jack Kirby , Stan Lee , and the American Comic Book Revolution . Bloomsbury USA . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58234 - 566 - 6 . Jordan , Raphael ; Spurgeon , Tom ( 2003 ) . Stan Lee and the Rise and Fall of the American Comic Book . Chicago Review Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55652 - 506 - 3 . External links Find more aboutStan Leeat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website Stan Lee at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Stan Lee at the Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators Stan Lee at the Comic Book DB Stan Lee at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Stan Lee on IMDb Audio / video Stan Lee interview video at the Archive of American Television Stan Lee at Web of Stories Business positions Preceded by Joe Simon Marvel Comics Editor - in - Chief 1941 -- 1942 Succeeded by Vincent Fago Preceded by Vincent Fago Marvel Comics Editor - in - Chief 1945 -- 1972 Succeeded by Roy Thomas Preceded by n / a Fantastic Four writer 1961 -- 1971 Succeeded by Archie Goodwin Preceded by Archie Goodwin Fantastic Four writer 1972 Succeeded by Roy Thomas Preceded by n / a The Amazing Spider - Man writer 1962 -- 1971 Succeeded by Roy Thomas Preceded by Roy Thomas The Amazing Spider - Man writer 1972 -- 1973 Succeeded by Gerry Conway Preceded by n / a The Incredible Hulk writer ( including Tales to Astonish stories ) 1962 -- 1968 Succeeded by Gary Friedrich Preceded by Gary Friedrich The Incredible Hulk writer 1968 -- 1969 Succeeded by Roy Thomas Preceded by n / a Thor writer ( including Journey into Mystery stories ) 1962 -- 1971 ( with Larry Lieber in 1962 ) ( with Robert Bernstein in 1963 ) Succeeded by Gerry Conway Preceded by n / a The Avengers writer 1963 -- 1966 Succeeded by Roy Thomas Preceded by n / a ( Uncanny ) X-Men writer 1963 -- 1966 Succeeded by Roy Thomas Preceded by n / a Captain America writer ( including Tales of Suspense stories ) 1964 -- 1971 Succeeded by Gary Friedrich Preceded by n / a Daredevil writer 1964 -- 1969 Succeeded by Roy Thomas Jack Kirby Bibliography Marvel Comics 2001 : A Space Odyssey Adam Warlock Amazing Adventures Astonishing Tales Avengers Black Panther Captain America Devil Dinosaur Doctor Druid Eternals Fantastic Four Mister Fantastic Invisible Woman Human Torch Thing Galactus Hank Pym Hercules Hulk Inhumans Black Bolt Medusa Karnak Triton Crystal Lockjaw Maximus Iron Man Jasper Sitwell Journey into Mystery Ka - Zar Machine Man Moon - Boy Nick Fury Peggy Carter Sharon Carter Silver Surfer Sgt . 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Thunderbolts Enemies Black Spectre Damon Dran Femizons Red Guardian Publications Amazing Adventures Marvel Fanfare Fury / Black Widow : Death Duty The Twelve Widowmaker In other media Avengers Confidential : Black Widow & Punisher Related articles Alternative versions of Black Widow Red Room Category Brotherhood of Mutants Creators Stan Lee Jack Kirby Original members Magneto Toad Quicksilver Scarlet Witch Mastermind Key members Blob Unus the Untouchable Vanisher Astra Burner Lifter Peeper Shocker Slither Mystique Destiny Avalanche Pyro Rogue Phantazia Sauron Masque Thornn Fatale Random Aurora Post Sabre Sabretooth Fever Pitch Juggernaut Domino Related topics List of Brotherhood of Mutants members X-Men Captain Marvel Stan Lee Gene Colan Characters Mar - Vell Monica Rambeau Genis - Vell Phyla - Vell Khn'nr Noh - Varr Carol Danvers Supporting characters Eon Eros Rick Jones Mentor Ms. Marvel Enemies Doctor Minerva Entropy ISAAC Mercurio the 4 - D Man Nitro Ronan the Accuser Skrull Super-Skrull Thanos Yon - Rogg Related topics Kree `` Kree -- Skrull War '' Mahr Vehl Civil War II Other media Captain Marvel Daredevil Stan Lee and Bill Everett Supporting characters Black Widow The Chaste Stick Stone Big Ben Donovan Milla Donovan Echo Elektra Gladiator Master Izo Jack Murdock Maggie Murdock Foggy Nelson Dakota North Karen Page Punisher Blake Tower Ben Urich White Tiger Antagonists Blackwing Black Tarantula Bullet Bushwacker Bullseye Death - Stalker Emissaries of Evil Enforcers Fancy Dan Montana Ox The Hand Jester Kingpin Kirigi Lady Bullseye Leap - Frog Machinesmith Man - Bull Masked Marauder Matador Mister Fear Mister Hyde Nuke Owl Purple Man Shock Stilt - Man Turk Barrett Typhoid Mary Other media Daredevil ( film ) soundtrack Daredevil ( video game ) Elektra ( film ) Daredevil ( TV series ) season 1 characters Publications Daredevil Daredevil / Batman : Eye for an Eye Batman / Daredevil : King of New York Daredevil / Bullseye : The Target Daredevil : End of Days Ultimate Daredevil and Elektra Ultimate Elektra Daredevil : Reborn The Daredevils Storylines `` Born Again '' `` Guardian Devil '' `` Without Fear '' `` Return of the King '' `` Shadowland '' `` Daredevil : Ninja '' `` Daredevil : Chinatown '' Related articles Alternative versions of Daredevil Category Doctor Strange Created by : Stan Lee Steve Ditko Supporting characters Avengers Ancient One Clea Defenders Hamir the Hermit Linda Carter Strangers Topaz Vishanti Wong Enemies Baron Mordo Chthon D'Spayre Death Dormammu Dracula Dweller - in - Darkness Kaluu Mephisto Mindless Ones Mister Rasputin Nightmare Satannish Shuma - Gorath Silver Dagger Sons of Satannish Tazza Tiboro Umar Undying Ones Yandroth Zom Equipment Book of the Vishanti Cloak of Levitation Eye of Agamotto Orb of Agamotto Publications Strange Tales Doctor Strange ( comic book ) Doctor Strange : The Oath Damnation Other media Dr. Strange Doctor Strange : The Sorcerer Supreme Doctor Strange soundtrack Related articles Alternative versions of Doctor Strange Sanctum Sanctorum Fantastic Four Stan Lee Jack Kirby Original members Mister Fantastic Invisible Woman Human Torch Thing Supporting cast Agatha Harkness H.E.R.B.I.E. Inhumans Crystal Medusa Willie Lumpkin Lyja Alicia Masters Namor She - Hulk Ms. Marvel / She - Thing Silver Surfer Thundra Frankie Raye Nathaniel Richards Franklin Richards Valeria Richards Franklin Storm Uatu the Watcher Wyatt Wingfoot Yancy Street Gang Villains Annihilus Aron the Rogue Watcher Blastaar Brute Diablo Doctor Doom Doombots Dragon Man Firelord Frightful Four Galactus Impossible Man Klaw Kree Ronan the Accuser Mad Thinker Maker Maximus Mole Man Molecule Man Psycho - Man Puppet Master Red Ghost Skrulls Dorrek VII Paibok Super-Skrull Stardust Terrax Trapster Kristoff Vernard Wizard Locations Baxter Building Four Freedoms Plaza Latveria Negative Zone Publications Previous Fantastic Four Fantastic Force Fantastic Four FF Marvel Knights 4 Marvel Two - in - One Super-Villain Team - Up The Thing Limited Fantastic Four : 1234 Fantastic Four : The End Spider - Man and the Fantastic Four Other continuities Doom 2099 Fantastic Five Fantastic Four : Unstable Molecules Fantastic Four 2099 Marvel 1602 : Fantastick Four Superman / Fantastic Four Ultimate Fantastic Four Storylines `` The Galactus Trilogy '' `` This Man ... This Monster ! '' `` Days of Future Present '' Alternate versions Mister Fantastic Invisible Woman Human Torch The Thing Doctor Doom Related articles Doctor Doom 's Fearfall Fantastic Four Incorporated Fantastic Four in popular media Fantasticar Future Foundation Spider - Man List of Fantastic Four members List of Ultimate Fantastic Four story arcs Unstable molecules Ant - Man and Wasp Stan Lee Larry Lieber Jack Kirby Characters Ant - Man Hank Pym Scott Lang Eric O'Grady Giant - Man Bill Foster Goliath Clint Barton Erik Josten Tom Foster Yellowjacket Rita DeMara Wasp Nadia van Dyne Supporting characters Avengers Avengers A.I. Cassie Lang Hope Pym Henry Pym Jr . S.H.I.E.L.D. Enemies A.I.M. Beetle Black Knight Cross Technological Enterprises Crossfire Darren Cross Doctor Nemesis Egghead Equinox MODAM Magician People 's Defense Force Plantman Porcupine Power Broker Radioactive Man Taskmaster Ultron Voice Whirlwind Comic book titles Tales to Astonish Marvel Feature In other media The Avengers : United They Stand The Avengers : Earth 's Mightiest Heroes Ant - Man soundtrack Ant - Man and the Wasp Hawkeye Stan Lee Don Heck Characters Kate Bishop Bullseye Supporting characters Black Widow Dominic Fortune Lucky the Pizza Dog Mockingbird Enemies Albino Barney Barton Crossfire Death - Throws Javelynn Swordsman Trick Shot Publications Solo Avengers Hawkeye & Mockingbird Widowmaker Hawkeye : Blindspot Related articles Alternative versions Avengers Wyatt McDonald Cross Technological Enterprises Goliath The Hawkeye Initiative Ronin Trick arrows World Counter-terrorism Agency Hercules ( Marvel Comics ) Stan Lee Jack Kirby Supporting characters Amadeus Cho Athena Delphyne Gorgon Hermes Neptune Thor Zeus Enemies Amatsu - Mikaboshi Ares Hera Hippolyta Huntsman Pluto Typhon Comic books The Incredible Hercules Related articles Olympians Howling Commandos Stan Lee Jack Kirby Original members Nick Fury Dum Dum Dugan Gabe Jones Rebel Ralston Dino Manelli Junior Juniper Pinky Pinkerton Eric Koenig Other members Clay Quartermain Frankenstein 's Monster ( clone version ) Gorilla - Man Vampire by Night N'Kantu , the Living Mummy Warwolf Zombie Man - Thing Orrgo Hit - Monkey Jasper Sitwell Manphibian Supporting characters Happy Sam Sawyer Captain America Shiklah Opponents Baron Strucker Baron Zemo Adolf Hitler Merlin Red Skull Publications Main Sgt . Fury and his Howling Commandos Shotgun Opera Nick Fury 's Howling Commandos Howling Commandos of S.H.I.E.L.D. Mrs. Deadpool and the Howling Commandos Spin - offs Captain Savage and his Leatherneck Raiders Combat Kelly and the Deadly Dozen Related Leatherneck Raiders Category The Hulk Stan Lee Jack Kirby Hulk family Hulk ( Bruce Banner ) She - Hulk ( Jennifer Walters ) Skaar Red Hulk Thunderbolt Ross Robert Maverick A-Bomb ( Rick Jones ) She - Hulk ( Lyra ) Hiro - Kala Red She - Hulk ( Betty Ross ) Hulk ( Amadeus Cho ) Supporting characters Doc Samson Gamma Corps Jarella Jim Wilson Marlo Chandler Pantheon Rebecca Banner Warbound Caiera Elloe Kaifi Hiroim Korg No - Name Enemies Abomination Absorbing Man Bi-Beast Brian Banner Circus of Crime Constrictor Devil Hulk Flux Glenn Talbot Hulkbusters Intelligencia John Ryker Killer Shrike Leader Madman Maestro Mercy Metal Master Miek Psyklop Ravage Red King Riot Squad Ogress Tyrannus U-Foes Wendigo Zzzax Television Live action The Incredible Hulk ( 1977 -- 1982 ) episodes soundtrack home video releases The Incredible Hulk Returns ( TV film , 1988 ) The Trial of the Incredible Hulk ( TV film , 1989 ) The Death of the Incredible Hulk ( TV film , 1990 ) Animation The Marvel Super Heroes ( 1966 ) The Incredible Hulk ( 1982 -- 1983 ) ( characters ) The Incredible Hulk ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. ( 2013 - 2015 ) ( episodes ) Films Live action Hulk ( 2003 ) The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) soundtrack Animation Marvel Animated Features Iron Man and Hulk : Heroes United Hulk : Where Monsters Dwell Video games Questprobe featuring the Hulk ( 1984 ) The Incredible Hulk ( 1994 ) The Incredible Hulk : The Pantheon Saga ( 1996 ) The Incredible Hulk ( 2003 ) Hulk ( 2003 ) The Incredible Hulk : Ultimate Destruction ( 2005 ) The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) Titles The Incredible Hulk Hulk Comic Hulk : The End Hulk : The Manga Tales to Astonish The Rampaging Hulk 5 Ronin Storylines `` Planet Hulk '' `` World War Hulk '' `` Fall of the Hulks '' `` World War Hulks '' Related articles The Incredible Hulk ( comic strip ) Other versions Hulk 2099 Hulk Hands The Incredible Hulk ( roller coaster ) The Incredible Hulks Hulk Classics Category Inhumans Stan Lee Jack Kirby Publications Inhuman Storylines Son of M Silent War Secret Invasion : Inhumans `` War of Kings '' `` Realm of Kings '' `` Infinity '' `` Inhumanity '' Civil War II Inhumans vs. X-Men Members Inhuman Royal Family Black Bolt Crystal Gorgon Karnak Lockjaw Luna Maximus Medusa Triton New Generation Jolen Nahrees Other Auran Donnie Gill Inferno Iron Cross Iso Daisy Johnson Kid Kaiju Lash Maelstrom Moon Girl Ms. Marvel Phaeder Seeker Synapse Toro Tusk Yeti Supporting characters Avengers Fantastic Four Kree Ronan the Accuser Marvel Boy Quicksilver X-Men Enemies Blastaar Enclave Emma Frost Shi'ar Empire Vulcan Skrulls Thanos Ultron Universe Terrigen Mist In other media Inhumans `` Behold ... The Inhumans '' `` Those Who Would Destroy Us '' Iron Man Don Heck Stan Lee Larry Lieber Jack Kirby Characters Supporting Bethany Cabe Captain America Doctor Doom Friday Rumiko Fujikawa Guardsman Maria Hill Happy Hogan H.O.M.E.R. Edwin Jarvis Pepper Potts Howard Stark Maria Stark War Machine Riri Williams Ho Yinsen Antagonists A.I.M Aldrich Killian Blizzard Blood Brothers Controller Crimson Dynamo Dreadknight Fin Fang Foom Firebrand Ghost Justin Hammer Iron Monger Living Laser Madame Masque Mandarin Melter MODOK Spymaster Zeke Stane Temugin Titanium Man Ultimo Unicorn Whiplash Comic books Iron Man and Sub-Mariner Iron Man ( vol. 4 ) Enter the Mandarin Infamous Iron Man The Invincible Iron Man Iron Man vs. Whiplash Storylines `` Demon in a Bottle '' `` Doomquest '' `` Armor Wars '' `` Extremis '' `` Civil War '' `` Civil War II '' Ultimate Marvel series Ultimate Iron Man Ultimate Human Ultimate Comics : Armor Wars Ultimate Comics : Iron Man In other media Films Marvel Cinematic Universe Iron Man soundtrack Iron Man 2 soundtrack Iron Man 3 soundtrack Marvel Animated Features Iron Man : Rise of Technovore Television The Marvel Super Heroes Iron Man episodes Iron Man : Armored Adventures episodes Marvel Anime Video games Iron Man / X-O Manowar in Heavy Metal The Invincible Iron Man Iron Man Iron Man 2 Iron Man 3 Attraction Iron Man Experience Alternative versions Iron Man 2020 Mainframe Ultimate Iron Man Incarnations Related articles Avengers Mansion Force Works Iron Man 's armor other media War Machine in other media Iron Patriot Roxxon Energy Corporation S.H.I.E.L.D. Stark Industries Stark Tower Iron Man : The Armored Avenger Category Ka - Zar Stan Lee Jack Kirby Supporting characters Devil Dinosaur Mockingbird Moon - Boy Shanna the She - Devil Zabu Enemies Belasco Garokk Gog High Evolutionary Magneto Plunderer Rhino Sauron Savage Land Mutates Stegron the Dinosaur Man Thanos Zaladane Related articles Ka - Zar ( magazine ) Savage Land Man - Thing Creators Stan Lee Roy Thomas Gerry Conway Gray Morrow Characters Foolkiller Howard the Duck Jennifer Kale Richard Rory Dakimh the Enchanter Korrek Legion of Monsters Thog Wundarr the Aquarian Publications Adventure into Fear Savage Tales Film Man - Thing Related articles Steve Gerber Swamp Thing Nick Fury Stan Lee Jack Kirby Characters Supporting Valentina Allegra de Fontaine Dum Dum Dugan Gabe Jones Rebel Ralston Junior Juniper Pinky Pinkerton Eric Koenig Nick Fury Jr . Punisher Happy Sam Sawyer Captain America Bucky Barnes Black Widow Hawkeye Wolverine Clay Quartermain Enemies Baron Strucker Baron Zemo Centurius Hate - Monger Madame Hydra Viper Scorpio Super-Patriot Werner von Strucker Teams Howling Commandos S.H.I.E.L.D. Team White Comics Ongoing Sgt . Fury and his Howling Commandos Nick Fury , Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. 1965 feature Secret Warriors Nick Fury 's Howling Commandos Nick Fury Miniseries and storylines Nick Fury vs. S.H.I.E.L.D. Fury of S.H.I.E.L.D. Fury / Agent 13 Ennis Fury ( 2001 ) Fury : Peacemaker Fury : My War Gone By Avengers 1959 Battle Scars Nick Fury , Agent of Nothing Original Sin Fury 's Big Week Graphic novels and one - shots Fury ( 1994 ) Fury : S.H.I.E.L.D. 50th Anniversary Wolverine / Nick Fury The Scorpio Connection Bloody Choices Scorpio Rising Marvel Knights : Double Shot # 2 `` Nick 's World '' Fury / Black Widow : Death Duty Captain America and Nick Fury : Blood Truce Captain America and Nick Fury : The Otherworld War Sgt . Fury & his Howling Commandos : Shotgun Opera In other media Nick Fury : Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. Nick Fury , Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Empyre `` For Your Eye Only '' Related Life Model Decoy Dirk Anger Jim Steranko Strange Tales Alternative versions Ultimate Nick Fury Category Peggy Carter Stan Lee Jack Kirby Characters Supporting Captain America Edwin Jarvis Howard Stark Howling Commandos Dum Dum Dugan Junior Juniper Jim Morita Pinky Pinkerton Happy Sam Sawyer Sharon Carter Antagonists Hydra Johann Fennhoff Leviathan Whitney Frost Dottie Underwood Publications Agent Carter : S.H.I.E.L.D. 50th Anniversary Operation S.I.N. Other media Marvel One Shot : Agent Carter Marvel 's Agent Carter Characters Season 1 Season 2 Category S.H.I.E.L.D. Creators : Stan Lee Jack Kirby Characters Executive Directors George W. Bridge Sharon Carter Timothy Dugan Nick Fury Maria Hill Daisy Johnson Norman Osborn Steve Rogers Tony Stark Field Agents Clay Quartermain Victoria Hand Jasper Sitwell Al MacKenzie Mitch Carson Valentina Allegra de Fontaine Jessica Drew Clint Barton Natasha Romanova Barbara Morse Jimmy Woo Alexander Goodwin Pierce John Garrett Nick Fury Jr . Sam Wilson Antagonists A.I.M. H.A.M.M.E.R. Hand Hydra Leviathan Maggia Masters of Evil Mys - Tech Purifiers Secret Empire Squadron Supreme Thunderbolts Taskmaster Zodiac Affiliations Avengers Dark Mighty Secret Howling Commandos Project Livewire Team White ( Secret Warriors ) S.T.R.I.K.E. S.T.A.K.E. S.W.O.R.D. Bases and facilities Camp Hammond Helicarrier Stark Tower The Vault Triskelion Technology and units Life Model Decoy Mandroid SJ3RX ( Red Ronin ) Superhuman Restraint Unit SPIN Tech Iron Patriot Publications Nick Fury , Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. 1965 feature Nick Fury vs. S.H.I.E.L.D. Fury of S.H.I.E.L.D. Kitty Pryde , Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. S.H.I.E.L.D. 2010 series 2014 series Howling Commandos of S.H.I.E.L.D. Agent Carter : S.H.I.E.L.D. 50th Anniversary Fury : S.H.I.E.L.D. 50th Anniversary Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. In other media Marvel Cinematic Universe Phil Coulson Item 47 Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. characters episodes season 1 5 Slingshot Nick Fury : Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. Nick Fury , Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Empyre Related S.H.I.E.L.D. Flying Car Ultimate Nick Fury Peggy Carter Category She - Hulk Stan Lee John Buscema Supporting characters Awesome Andy Blonde Phantom Elaine Banner Goodman , Lieber , Kurtzberg & Holliway Hellcat Hulk John Jameson Jazinda Lyra Morbius Red She - Hulk Richard Rory Southpaw Wyatt Wingfoot Group memberships A-Force Avengers Defenders Fantastic Force Fantastic Four Heroes for Hire Lady Liberators Magistrati S.H.I.E.L.D. Enemies Absorbing Man Champion of the Universe Headmen Chondu the Mystic Gorilla - Man Ruby Thursday Ralphie Hutchins Man - Elephant Ogress Thunderbolt Ross Titania Xemnu the Titan Television The Incredible Hulk and She - Hulk ( 1996 - 1997 ) Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. ( 2013 - 2015 ) ( episodes ) Silver Surfer Stan Lee Jack Kirby Supporting characters Adam Warlock Air - Walker Alicia Masters Avengers Beta Ray Bill Drax the Destroyer Fantastic Four Eternals Firelord Galactus Guardians of the Galaxy Infinity Watch Mantis Nova ( Richard Rider ) Nova ( Frankie Raye ) Pip the Troll Shalla - Bal Stardust Thor Enemies Annihilus Champion of the Universe Doctor Doom Ego the Living Planet Elders of the Universe Galactus Korvac Kree Mephisto Midnight Sun Morg Nebula Possessor Reptyl Red Shift Skrulls Stranger Terrax Thanos Tyrant Group affiliations Annihilators Defenders Heralds of Galactus The Order Titles and storylines Silver Surfer ( comic book ) Annihilation Fantastic Four The Galactus Trilogy Heroes Reborn The Infinity Gauntlet Ultimate Fantastic Four Other media Silver Surfer ( 1990 video game ) Silver Surfer ( 1998 animated series ) Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer ( film ) Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer ( video game ) See also Power Cosmic Supreme Intelligence Surfing with the Alien The Power Cosmic Sinister Six Stan Lee Steve Ditko Members Original Doctor Octopus Electro Kraven the Hunter Mysterio Sandman Vulture Recurring Beetle Abner Jenkins Janice Lincoln Boomerang Chameleon Gog Green Goblin Norman Osborn Grim Reaper Hammerhead Hobgoblin Jason Macendale Hydro - Man Lizard Overdrive Rhino Scorpion Mac Gargan Shocker Speed Demon Swarm Tombstone Trapster Venom In other media Spider - Man : Return of the Sinister Six Spider - Man 2 : The Sinister Six Other Spider - Man All Spider - Man enemies In other media Savage Six Sinister Syndicate The Superior Foes of Spider - Man Ultimate Six Skrulls Stan Lee Jack Kirby Skrulls Anelle Dorrek VII Dorrek VIII / Hulkling / Teddy Altman Ethan Edwards Jazinda John the Skrull Lyja Khn'nr Morrat Paibok Revolutionary Sk'ym'x / Skrullian Skymaster Titannus Veranke Z'Reg / Crusader Super-Skrulls Kl'rt Xavin Enemies Avengers Captain America Captain Marvel Deadpool Fantastic Four Galactus Guardians of the Galaxy Hulk Inhumans Iron Man Kree New Warriors Nova Runaways Silver Surfer Spider - Man Thor Wolverine X-Men Storylines Kree -- Skrull War Annihilation Secret Invasion Related articles Deviant Dire Wraith Shaper of Worlds Skrull Kill Krew Captain Marvel Spider - Man Stan Lee Steve Ditko Characters List of incarnations of Spider - Man List of Spider - Man supporting characters List of Spider - Man enemies Alternative versions of Spider - Man Locations Midtown High School Daily Bugle Empire State University Oscorp Parker Industries Alchemax Comic books The Amazing Spider - Man issues Storylines In other media In film In television In video games In literature ‎ novels book series Toys Spider - Man ( 2010 toy line ) Spider - Man Classics Spider - Man and Friends Lego Spider - Man Spider - Man ( pinball ) The Amazing Spider - Man ( pinball ) Related topics Powers and equipment Category Thor ( Marvel Comics ) Stan Lee Larry Lieber Jack Kirby Allies Angela Balder Beta Ray Bill Captain America Jane Foster Frigga Gaea Heimdall Hercules Hermod Hrimhari Iron Man Kelda Odin Sif Silver Surfer Thor Girl Thunderstrike Eric Masterson Kevin Masterson Tyr Valkyrie Vidar Volla Warriors Three Fandral Hogun Volstagg Zeus Enemies Absorbing Man Ares Bloodaxe Cobra Crusader Dark Gods Perrikus Desak Destroyer Ego the Living Planet Enchanters Three Enchantress Executioner Fafnir Fenris Wolf Firelord Grey Gargoyle Growing Man Hela Karnilla Kurse Laufey Loki Lorelei Malekith the Accursed Man - Beast Mangog Mercurio the 4 - D Man Midgard Serpent Minotaur Mr. Hyde Mongoose Pluto Possessor Quicksand Radioactive Man Ragnarok Serpent Surtur Titania Ulik Wrecking Crew Wrecker Bulldozer Piledriver Thunderball Ymir Zarrko Bibliography Journey into Mystery Thor : Blood Oath Thor : Son of Asgard Thor : Vikings Ultimate Comics : Thor In other media Television The Marvel Super Heroes The Incredible Hulk Returns Film Marvel Animated Features Thor soundtrack Thor : The Dark World soundtrack Team Thor Thor : Ragnarok soundtrack Video games Thor : God of Thunder Thor : Son of Asgard Thor & Loki : Blood Brothers Related articles Thor in Norse mythology Alternative versions Ultimate Thor Asgard Dwarves Elves Giants Hugin and Munin Mjolnir Norns Norn Stones Trolls Valkyrior Thor ( comics ) Category X-Men Creators : Stan Lee Jack Kirby Original members Professor X Cyclops Iceman Beast Angel Phoenix Later members Anole Ariel Armor Aurora Banshee Bishop Blindfold Blink Boom - Boom Box Cable Cannonball Chamber Changeling Cipher Cloak and Dagger Colossus Cypher Darwin Dazzler Deadpool Doctor Nemesis Domino Dust Elixir Fantomex Firestar Forge Frenzy Emma Frost Gambit Gentle Graymalkin Havok Hellion Hepzibah Hope Husk Ink Joseph Jubilee Karma Lady Mastermind Lifeguard Lockheed Longshot Maggott Magik Magma Magneto Marrow Mercury Mimic Moonstar Mystique Namor Nightcrawler Northstar Omega Sentinel Petra Pixie Polaris Prodigy Psylocke Revanche Rockslide Rogue Sabretooth Sage Shadowcat Slipstream Spyke Stacy X Storm Rachel Summers Sunfire Sunspot Surge Sway Thunderbird ( John Proudstar ) Thunderbird ( Neal Shaara ) Warlock Warpath Wolf Cub Wolverine X-23 X-Man Shen Xorn Secondary teams Alpha Squadron Excalibur Generation X New Mutants Paragons X-Corporation X-Corps X-Factor X-Force X-Statix X-Terminators X.S.E. X-Treme Sanctions Executive Xavier 's Security Enforcers Supporting characters Senator Robert Kelly Legion Moira MacTaggert Lilandra Neramani Villains Apocalypse Arcade Bastion Black Tom Cassidy Graydon Creed Count Nefaria Dark Beast Demon Bear Exodus Trevor Fitzroy Emma Frost Henry Peter Gyrich Cameron Hodge High Evolutionary Juggernaut Kid Omega Kree Lady Deathstrike Steven Lang Master Mold Mastermind Mesmero Mister Sinister Mojo Moses Magnum Mystique N'astirh Negasonic Teenage Warhead Nimrod Cassandra Nova Omega Red Onslaught Predator X Proteus Madelyne Pryor Sauron Selene Shadow King Sebastian Shaw Silver Samurai Spiral Stryfe William Stryker Sublime Sugar Man Terrax Toad Bolivar Trask Lawrence Trask Vulcan X-Cutioner Kuan - Yin Xorn Villain teams Acolytes Alliance of Evil Brood Brotherhood of Mutants Children of the Vault Externals Factor Three Fenris Freedom Force Friends of Humanity Gene Nation Hellfire Club Hellions Horsemen of Apocalypse Humanity 's Last Stand Marauders Mutant Liberation Front Nasty Boys Neo Norman Osborn 's X-Men Phalanx Purifiers Reavers Savage Land Mutates Sentinels Shadow - X U-Men Weapon X Locations Asteroid M Avalon Crossmore District X / Mutant Town Genosha Graymalkin Industries Limbo Madripoor Massachusetts Academy Muir Island Providence Savage Land Utopia X-Mansion Equipment Blackbird Cerebro Danger Room Miscellanea Alpha Flight Crimson Dawn Fastball Special Inhumans vs. X-Men Legacy Virus M'Kraan Crystal Morlocks Mutants Mutant Registration Act Phoenix Force Project Wideawake Shi'ar Imperial Guard Starjammers Storm Force Accelatron Technarchy X-Babies X-Men in other media television X-Men ' 92 X-Men comics Wolverine and the X-Men ( toyline ) X-Men Classics ( action figure ) X-Men Origins : Wolverine ( toyline ) Category Marvel Comics Marvel Entertainment Publishing lines and imprints Historical Timely Comics Atlas Comics Current imprints Icon Marvel Press Disney joint Timely Comics Current lines Masterworks Essential Unlimited Defunct imprints Marvel MC2 2099 Absurd Adventures / Age Knights Music UK Ultimate Illustrated MAX Other Amalgam CrossGen Disney property Epic Malibu New Universe Paramount Razorline Star Tsunami Defunct lines Next CyberComics Edge Noir The End Editors - in - Chief Joe Simon Stan Lee Vincent Fago Roy Thomas Len Wein Marv Wolfman Gerry Conway Archie Goodwin Jim Shooter Tom DeFalco Bob Harras Joe Quesada Axel Alonso C.B. Cebulski Adaptations Films Novels Role - playing games Television series Video games Universe Marvel Universe Multiverse Characters Crossovers Superhero debuts Teams and organizations Criminal organizations First appearances Features Cosmic entities Alien races Demons Monsters Planets Related Comics ( A-M ) Comics ( N-Z ) Kimble v. Marvel Marvel No - Prize People Comparison to DC Comics Marvel Books Marvel Index OHOTMU Category Book VIAF : 71393805 LCCN : n83169267 ISNI : 0000 0001 2138 6158 GND : 124784755 SUDOC : 026978245 BNF : cb119120685 ( data ) BIBSYS : 90892667 MusicBrainz : cff1d473 - a21b - 4df5 - 9f09 - c818bfbeadfe NDL : 00881380 NKC : jx20050713006 BNE : XX863526 RKD : 303924 SNAC : w6h43zz4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stan_Lee&oldid=832712346 '' Categories : Stan Lee 1922 births Living people 20th - century American writers 21st - century American writers American agnostics American comics writers American military personnel of World War II American people of Romanian - Jewish descent Atlas Comics Comic book editors DeWitt Clinton High School alumni Golden Age comics creators Inkpot Award winners Jack Kirby Hall of Fame inductees Jewish agnostics Jewish American male actors Jewish American writers Male actors from New York City Marvel Comics people Marvel Entertainment People from Washington Heights , Manhattan People from Woodmere , New York Pseudonymous writers Silver Age comics creators United States Army soldiers United States National Medal of Arts recipients Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame inductees Works Progress Administration workers Writers from New York City Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2015 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from April 2014 Redundant infobox title param Comics infobox image less alt text Comics creator pop Comics creator BLP pop Track variant DoB Track variant DoD All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Articles with Curlie links Articles using Template : EmmyTVLegends name Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 52 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 16 : 00 . 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where does the last name herndon originate from

Herndon ( surname )

herndon ( surname )

Herndon is a surname . Notable people with the surname include :

Adrienne McNeil Herndon ( born 1869 ) , African American woman in Atlanta , Georgia Alonzo Herndon ( 1858 -- 1927 ) , African - American businessman Angelo Herndon ( 1913 -- 1997 ) , African - American communist organizer C. Nash Herndon ( 1916 -- 1998 ) , American geneticist and eugenicist Charles Herndon , American Sculptor Chris Herndon ( born 1996 ) , American football player David Herndon ( born 1985 ) , American professional baseball player David R. Herndon ( born 1953 ) , United States federal judge Don Herndon ( 1936 -- 2009 ) , American professional football player Ellen Lewis Herndon ( 1837 -- 1880 ) , wife of the 21st President of the United States , Chester A. Arthur Holly Herndon ( born 1980 ) , American composer , musician , and sound artist James Herndon ( media psychologist ) ( born 1952 ) , American media psychologist James Herndon ( writer ) ( 1926 -- 1990 ) , American writer and educator Jimmy Herndon ( born 1973 ) , American professional football player J. Marvin Herndon ( born 1944 ) , American scientist who founded the georeactor theory Joe Herndon ( born 1949 ) , American R&B and soul singer for The Spaniels and The Temptations John Hunter Herndon ( 1813 - 1878 ) , American judge and planter in antebellum Texas Judith Herndon ( 1941 -- 1980 ) , American Senator of West Virginia Junior Herndon ( born 1978 ) , American professional baseball player Kelly Herndon ( born 1976 ) , American professional football player Kenneth Herndon ( born 1985 ) , American professional baseball player Larry Herndon ( born 1953 ) , American professional baseball player Patrick Herndon ( 1802 -- 1836 ) , American soldier who fought at the Alamo Raymon W. Herndon ( 1918 -- 1942 ) , United States Marine Corps Navy Cross recipient Steve Herndon ( born 1977 ) , American professional football player Susan Herndon , American singer - song writer Thomas Herndon ( born 1985 ) Thomas H. Herndon ( 1828 -- 1883 ) , U.S. Representative from Alabama Ty Herndon ( born 1962 ) , American country music singer William Herndon ( lawyer ) ( 1818 -- 1891 ) , law partner and biographer of Abraham Lincoln William Lewis Herndon ( 1813 -- 1857 ) , United States Navy scientist , explorer , and hero William S. Herndon ( 1835 -- 1903 ) , U.S. Representative from Texas See also ( edit ) Hendon Surname list This page lists people with the surname Herndon . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herndon_(surname)&oldid=855551803 '' Categories : Surnames Hidden categories : Articles with short description All set index articles Talk About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 19 August 2018 , at 04 : 25 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herndon%20%28surname%29

how many episodes in season 4 of soa

No. of episodes 14

14

Sons of Anarchy ( season 4 )

sons of anarchy ( season 4 )

The fourth season of the American television drama series Sons of Anarchy created by Kurt Sutter about the lives of a close - knit outlaw motorcycle club operating in Charming , a fictional town in California 's Central Valley . The show centers on protagonist Jackson `` Jax '' Teller ( Charlie Hunnam ) , the then -- vice president of the club , who begins questioning the club and himself .

Season Four premiered on September 6 , 2011 , on cable network FX . The season premiere ( `` Out '' ) by series executive producer and principal director Paris Barclay and written by series creator and executive producer Kurt Sutter was one of the highest - rated telecasts in FX 's history . Contents 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Special guest cast 1.3 Recurring cast 1.4 Guest stars 2 Production 3 Episodes 4 Reception 5 Home media release 6 References 7 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Sons of Anarchy characters Sons of Anarchy is the story of the Teller - Morrow family of Charming , California , as well as the other members of Sons of Anarchy Motorcycle Club , Redwood Original ( SAMCRO ) , their families , various Charming townspeople , allied and rival gangs , associates , and law agencies that undermine or support SAMCRO 's legal and illegal enterprises . Main cast ( edit ) Charlie Hunnam as Jackson `` Jax '' Teller ( 14 episodes ) Katey Sagal as Gemma Teller Morrow ( 14 episodes ) Mark Boone Junior as Robert `` Bobby Elvis '' Munson ( 13 episodes ) Dayton Callie as Wayne Unser ( 12 episodes ) Kim Coates as Alex `` Tig '' Trager ( 14 episodes ) Tommy Flanagan as Filip `` Chibs '' Telford ( 14 episodes ) Ryan Hurst as Harry `` Opie '' Winston ( 13 episodes ) William Lucking as Piermont `` Piney '' Winston ( 9 episodes ) Theo Rossi as Juan - Carlos `` Juice '' Ortiz ( 13 episodes ) Maggie Siff as Tara Knowles - Teller ( 14 episodes ) Ron Perlman as Clarence `` Clay '' Morrow ( 14 episodes ) Special guest cast ( edit ) Rockmond Dunbar as Lieutenant Eli Roosevelt ( 12 episodes ) Ray McKinnon as Assistant U.S. Attorney Lincoln Potter ( 12 episodes ) Danny Trejo as Romero `` Romeo '' Parada ( 8 episodes ) Kenny Johnson as Herman Kozik ( 3 episodes ) Drea de Matteo as Wendy Case ( 2 episodes ) Marianne Jean - Baptiste as Vivica ( `` Dorylous '' ) David Hasselhoff as Dondo ( `` Brick '' ) Sonny Barger as Lenny `` The Pimp '' Janowitz ( `` To Be , Act 1 '' ) Recurring cast ( edit ) Christopher Douglas Reed as Philip `` Filthy Phil '' Russell ( 12 episodes ) Emilio Rivera as Marcus Alvarez ( 8 episodes ) David LaBrava as Happy Lowman ( 9 episodes ) Benito Martinez as Luis Torres ( 9 episodes ) David Rees Snell as Agent Grad Nicholas ( 8 episodes ) Michael Marisi Ornstein as Chuck Marstein ( 7 episodes ) Winter Ave Zoli as Lyla Winston ( 6 episodes ) McNally Sagal as Margaret Murphy ( 5 episodes ) Frank Potter as Eric Miles ( 5 episodes ) Jeff Kober as Jacob Hale , Jr. ( 5 episodes ) Niko Nicotera as George `` Rat Boy '' Skogstorm ( 5 episodes + 3 as co-star ) Kurt Sutter as `` Big '' Otto Delaney ( 4 uncredited ) Timothy V. Murphy as Galen O'Shay ( 4 episodes ) Merle Dandridge as Rita Roosevelt ( 4 episodes ) Kristen Renton as Ima ( 3 episodes ) Patrick St. Esprit as Elliott Oswald ( 3 episodes ) Bob McCracken as Brendan Roarke ( 3 episodes ) Walter Wong as Chris `` V - Lin '' Von Lin ( 3 episodes + 3 as co-star ) Tory Kittles as Laroy Wayne ( 2 episodes ) Guest stars ( edit ) Tom Arnold as Georgie Caruso ( 2 episodes ) Randolph Mantooth as Charlie Horse ( 2 episodes ) Keith Szarabajka as Victor Putlova ( `` Out '' ) Rachel Miner as Dawn Trager ( `` With An X '' ) Olivia Burnette as Homeless Woman ( `` Hands '' ) Brian Goodman as Huff ( Vice President of SAMTAZ ) ( `` Una Venta '' ) Production ( edit ) Although Sons of Anarchy is set in Northern California 's Central Valley , it is filmed primarily at Occidental Studios Stage 5A in North Hollywood . Main sets located there include the clubhouse , St. Thomas Hospital and Jax 's house . The production rooms at the studio used by the writing staff also double as the Charming police station . External scenes are often filmed nearby in Sun Valley and Tujunga . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Sons of Anarchy episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 40 `` Out '' Paris Barclay Kurt Sutter September 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 06 ) 4WAB01 4.93 Jax Teller and five other members of the Sons of Anarchy Motorcycle Club , Redwood Original chapter ( SAMCRO ) are released from prison after serving 14 months for federal weapons charges . They return to their hometown of Charming , California where they are disturbed by the sight of signs for a new real estate development in their quiet town , spearheaded by the town 's new mayor Jacob Hale , Jr. and Elliott Oswald , whose land was seized for the project under eminent domain . On their way into town , they encounter the town 's new sheriff , Eli Roosevelt , who together with Assistant U.S. Attorney Lincoln Potter has convened a secret task force to shut down the club 's gunrunning operation . The parolees reunite with their families , including Jax 's girlfriend Doctor Tara Knowles , who gave birth to a son , Thomas , while Jax was imprisoned . Jax proposes to Tara , and reveals his desire to leave the Sons of Anarchy , fearing that staying with the club will send him back to prison or to an early grave . SAMCRO 's president Clay Morrow resolves to stop the new housing development , and sends his wife and Jax 's mother Gemma Teller Morrow to enlist the help of retired Police Chief Wayne Unser , who is severely depressed and dealing with advanced cancer with little outside help . Several SAMCRO members deliberately antagonize the police tailing them to keep the police from following Clay and Jax , who meet with their gun suppliers in the Russian mob to broker a new deal . Opie Winston and fiancee Lyla get married in a ceremony on an Indian reservation . During the wedding , Jax and Clay kill Russian mob boss Victor Putlova , while other members seize the Russian 's guns and use them to wipe out the rest of the mob . Meanwhile , in Stockton State Prison , imprisoned SAMCRO member Otto Delaney murders a Russian prisoner who shanked Jax during his incarceration . 41 `` Booster '' Guy Ferland Dave Erickson & Chris Collins September 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 13 ) 4WAB02 3.71 Gemma finds the note from Maureen Ashby that came with the final letters from Jax 's father John . She worries that either Tara or Jax knows the truth : that John believed Clay and Gemma would be responsible for his death . After Gemma sees Abel retrieve one of the letters from Tara 's purse , she goes to Tara 's office to look for the rest of the files , and finds them , along with a death certificate signed by Unser . She warns Unser that Tara is starting to dig into John 's past . SAMCRO dump the bodies of their Russian victims on the land of Charming Heights , Mayor Hale 's real estate development . Mayans president Marcus Alvarez introduces Clay to Romero `` Romeo '' Parada , a representative of the Gallindo drug cartel . They sell the cartel their entire gun stock and field a request for heavier munitions . Parada also gives Clay cocaine to sell . The club is fiercely divided on trafficking drugs , and Clay , who wants to cash out as his arthritis worsens , asks Jax for his decisive swing vote . Jax agrees on the condition that Clay not stop him from leaving the Sons of Anarchy when Clay goes , and Clay reluctantly agrees . Opie and Jax pay a visit to the Wahewa Indian reservation to check on their bullet fabricating operation , but are ambushed and captured by members of the Russian mob , who demand the return of their guns . The mobsters give Clay one hour to retrieve the weapons , but before Clay and the others can act , the police arrive to question the club about the dead Russians . Under the facetious pretense of performing a fire inspection in the clubhouse , Lieutenant Roosevelt goes to town on the furniture and windows with a fire axe . Romeo Parada and his men arrive at the Wahewa reservation and rescue Jax and Opie , having heard about the hostage situation from their contacts in the Russian mob . As the members of SAMCRO survey the damage to their clubhouse , Tara announces her engagement to Jax , and the group celebrates . 42 `` Dorylus '' Peter Weller Regina Corrado & Liz Sagal September 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 20 ) 4WAB03 3.42 A group of black youths challenge Kozik to a game of pick up basketball while he is busy loading a truck with guns . When his guard is down , they knock him down and steal the truck . Jax and his men turn to Vivica , a local fence and drug dealer , to see if she has the guns , but she does not . Just then , they spot the thieves ' car and give chase , but the thieves are pulled over for speeding . Kozik bravely distracts the police by shooting at their car , and SAMCRO interrogate the thieves , who reveal that they sold the guns to Vivica 's sons Luther and Vandross . The club returns to Vivica 's house , where her sons admit that they planned to sell the guns to surprise their mother with a pickup truck for her birthday . She returns the guns to the club and yells at her oafish boys . The U.S. Attorney 's taskforce intimidates Juice , and Roosevelt reveals that he knows Juice 's father is Black - a revelation that Roosevelt insists would get him expelled from SAMCRO and possibly killed . Gemma confronts Tara about the existence of John Teller 's letters , sharing details of her troubled first marriage and beseeching Tara not to tell Jax . Piney attempts to influence Clay 's vote by telling Gemma about the cartel . Meanwhile , Clay attempts to sway Bobby in favor of the cartel vote by promising to make him president of SAMCRO upon his retirement . The cartel deal is approved by a narrow 6 - 5 vote , with Clay , Jax , Tig , Opie , Miles , and Kozik voting `` yea '' and Chibs , Piney , Happy , Bobby , and Juice voting `` nay '' . 43 `` Una Venta '' Billy Gierhart Kurt Sutter & Marco Ramirez September 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 27 ) 4WAB04 3.28 SAMCRO goes to Tucson to meet with the cartel , and links up with the Sons of Anarchy Tucson Arizona chapter ( SAMTAZ ) . They quickly discover that their Tucson comrades have been dealing methamphetamine . Jax learns that shortly before SAMTAZ voted to enter the drug game , two members left the organization : Little Paul was killed and Reggie quit shortly after . He discovers that the club 's Vice President and Sergeant - at - Arms , Huff and Benny , were responsible for murdering Paul and forcing Reggie out , anticipating that they would oppose the club 's foray into drug dealing . SAMTAZ excommunicates the two traitors , but votes unanimously to stay in the meth business , much to SAMCRO 's chagrin . Gemma seeks out Chief Roosevelt 's wife , Rita , and donates generously to her charity , which seeks to oppose the Charming Heights development . Piney visits Tara in the hospital , seeking to learn what she knows about John Teller . Gemma warns Piney not to dig too deep . Potter visits Otto in solitary confinement and reveals that his late wife , Luann , was sleeping with Bobby . He promises to get Otto out of solitary if he turns on the club . SAMCRO meet with Romeo and pick up their first shipment of cocaine . 44 5 `` Brick '' Paris Barclay Dave Erickson & Brady Dahl October 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 04 ) 4WAB05 3.51 Otto reaches out to Gemma and demands justice for the murder of Luann . Luann 's successor Dondo helps SAMCRO lure Georgie Caruso to his set to avenge Luann . The club prepares to kill him , but relents when they discover that he has stumbled upon a lucrative business opportunity , backed by wealthy Asian investors : sex dolls . Bobby visits Otto in prison and lies that the deed is done . On the set , Opie discovers birth control in Lyla 's dressing room . Angry that she is sabotaging their attempts to conceive , he sleeps with Ima . Piney tells Clay that he 's read John Teller 's letters , and demands that Clay steer the club away from the drug trade . Gemma and Clay each turn to Unser for help finding the letters : Gemma wants to destroy them , while Clay wants them as insurance against Piney . Unser breaks into Tara 's office but finds only photocopies of the letters ; when he reads them , he is shocked by their contents and attempts to burn them , though Clay arrives in time to retrieve what he can from the fire . Roosevelt gives Juice two days to bring him a brick of cocaine so they can test where it 's coming from . Juice steals a brick so that he can bag a sample , but accidentally falls asleep before he can return it . As the Mayans and SAMCRO meet to distribute the bricks , Chibs announces that one is missing ; both gangs eye each other suspiciously . 45 6 `` With an X '' Guy Ferland Chris Collins & Regina Corrado October 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 11 ) 4WAB06 3.56 After a tense standoff , Clay and Alvarez agree that whoever stole the missing brick has to die . The club psychologically terrifies the two prospects expecting them to fess up , but neither cracks . Juice retrieves the brick from its hiding place , but is caught by Miles , who pulls a gun on him . The two tangle over the weapon and Juice is shot in the leg , but Juice is able to wrest control of the pistol and shoots Miles , before framing him for stealing the drugs . Lyla arrives at the clubhouse to find Ima leaving Opie 's room . Opie says that he did it because he found her birth control pills , and when she admits to having an abortion , he tells her that he is leaving her until she decides what she wants . Jax lures Ima into her dressing room and throws her against a table , warning her to stay away from his family and the clubhouse . Tig 's daughter Dawn comes to him asking for money to take her twin sister Fawn to rehab for bulimia . Gemma and Bobby look into her story and find it to be false , but Tig gives her the money anyway , claiming he enjoys having her around . Clay asks Romeo Parada for help with his Tara problem . Unser , worried for Tara 's safety , leaves an intimidating note in her car to alert her that she is in danger . 46 7 `` Fruit for the Crows '' Gwyneth Horder - Payton Kurt Sutter & Liz Sagal October 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 18 ) 4WAB07 3.65 Gemma finds the note left for Tara and she is brought to the clubhouse for protection . Alvarez gives SAMCRO a tour of his cocaine smuggling operation , but as the group leave they are ambushed in a drive - by and Alvarez is shot . SAMCRO brings him to the clubhouse . Alvarez intimates that the ambush and the death threat may be work of a rival cartel . Jax follows the driver home and finds that he is an innocent who was forced to drive by the Lobos Sonora cartel , who are holding his family hostage . Romeo vows to send men to Charming as backup , but Bobby , who believes that Clay 's actions have endangered the club , calls for a vote to replace Clay as president . When Juice demands to meet Potter before bringing Roosevelt the sample , Potter orders Roosevelt to entrap him with the sample , which Roosevelt reluctantly does after Potter threatens to file a complaint . Roosevelt releases Juice , who returns to the clubhouse , where Clay awards him a `` Men of Mayhem '' patch for his help with the Russians and Miles . At Miles ' grave , a despairing Juice attempts to hang himself from a tree using a chain , but his attempt fails when a branch snaps . 47 8 `` Family Recipe '' Paul Maibaum Dave Erickson & Brady Dahl October 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 25 ) 4WAB08 3.82 As the gang votes on the future of Clay 's presidency , the clubhouse is attacked by the Lobos Sonora cartel , who drop off the severed heads of two SAMTAZ members , including club president Armando 's . One cartel member is captured in the attack , but the Mayans are hit simultaneously , losing three men and a truck full of drugs . Chuckie Marstein is forced to hide the decapitated heads in a pot of chili when the police stop by the clubhouse . Piney demands that Clay withdraw the club from the drug business , threatening to deliver John Teller 's letters to the club if he fails . SAMCRO and the Mayans interrogate the cartel member , who claims that there is a rat in the Mayans . Jax suggests that they feed him false intel about the location of their guns , and ambush the cartel when they arrive to seize them . At the ambush , two trucks arrive , but one drives off . The Mayans and the Sons surround the remaining truck , which is empty except for the headless corpses of two Mayans and the two SAMTAZ members . Tara confronts Jax over the escalating violence , and he suggests she accept a job at another hospital and take their kids . Chibs discovers Juice trying to cover up the evidence of his suicide , and comforts him . Clay convinces Elliott Oswald that the both of them should pony up the rest of the money for Rita Roosevelt 's charity to stop the development of Charming Heights , arguing that Oswald will get his land back when Jacob Hale 's deal fails . After the fundraiser , Clay arrives at Piney 's house and kills him , scrawling the signature of the Lobos Sonora cartel on an old photo of the Sons of Anarchy 's founding ' First 9 . ' 48 9 `` Kiss '' Billy Geirhart Regina Corrado & Marco Ramirez November 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 01 ) 4WAB09 3.63 The Niners have made a new alliance that affects SAMCRO 's agenda . Gemma and Unser see the fallout from Clay 's actions . Tara plans a trip to Oregon to clear her head , and Jax decides to escort her . The Gallindo Cartel gives Clay a means to take out Tara once and for all . 49 10 `` Hands '' Peter Weller Chris Collins & David LaBrava & Kurt Sutter November 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 08 ) 4WAB10 3.93 Jax and Tara discover the peaceful possibilities of life outside of SAMCRO , but the harsh reality of their inability to leave the rest of the group behind quickly makes itself known to the two of them . Tensions between Gemma and Clay finally boil over . As Potter puts a deal on the table for Juice , Roosevelt tries to do Juice a favor . 50 11 `` Call of Duty '' Gwyneth Horder - Payton Liz Sagal & Gladys Rodriguez November 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 15 ) 4WAB11 4.23 Oswald notifies Clay that Hale has successfully lobbied Gerogie Caruso 's Asian investors for the capital to forge ahead on Charming Heights . Otto agrees to turn on the Sons , but demands that his execution is moved forward and that he be the one to tell Bobby and the club . Jax 's ex-wife Wendy Case brings Tara a vase of flowers in the hospital , and makes known her intention to reclaim her place in the life of her son , Abel . After Wendy leaves , A furious Tara smashes the vase and breaks her cast , further injuring her wounded hand . Gemma visits the hospital and learns that Jax and Tara are planning to leave Charming . She meets with Wendy and warns her to stay away from Abel until Tara has recovered . Tig retires as sergeant - at - arms after seeing what Clay did to Gemma . Jax is forced to put his anger towards Clay on hold while the club prepares to strike back at the Lobos Sonora cartel . The Sons and the Gallindo cartel surround the cartel encampment , but wander into a minefield , where Kozik and several others are killed . Jax and Chibs arrive with RPGs and turn the tide , wiping out the Lobos Sonora for good . Bobby , Tig , and Opie turn to Lyla for help locating Georgie Caruso to punish him for inadvertently helping Hale . As they stuff him in the trunk of a car , he admits to sending men after Luann , but only with the intention of roughing her up . Tig and Opie fill his car with bullets . Opie takes the tow truck up to Piney 's cabin and finds his father 's body . Unser follows him to the cabin and tells him that Clay is the man responsible . 51 12 `` Burnt and Purged Away '' Paris Barclay Kurt Sutter & Dave Erickson November 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 22 ) 4WAB12 3.85 SAMCRO negotiates with the Irish Kings to secure the club 's future . Jax confronts Wendy over her return to Charming . Clay tries to make a deal with Tara . Meanwhile , Otto 's deal with Potter goes through , much to Bobby 's dismay . Opie 's trust in Jax and the club is broken as he seeks revenge . On Gemma 's request , Wayne tries to undo the damage he 's done . 52 13 `` To Be , Act 1 '' Kurt Sutter Kurt Sutter & Chris Collins November 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 29 ) 4WAB13 4.42 In the aftermath of Clay 's shooting , Jax 's cover up puts Tig on the hunt and Laroy in danger . While on the verge of the Irish / cartel meeting , Juice and Bobby 's disappearance puts the club on edge . Gemma reveals family history in an attempt to pull Jax closer , while Tara ensures her family 's departure from Charming . 53 14 `` To Be , Act 2 '' Kurt Sutter Kurt Sutter & Chris Collins December 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 06 ) 4WAB14 4.24 History repeats itself when Jax 's future in Charming and with the MC is finally determined . Potter 's RICO case takes an unusual turn when the Gallindo Cartel reveals its true intentions . The vote is made on Hale 's Charming Heights proposition . SAMCRO makes a shift in its members ' ranks . Reception ( edit ) Alan Sepinwall stated that the fourth season risked predictability by returning to a successful formula of storytelling , but he nonetheless preferred those episodes to those of season three . Maureen Ryan reviewed the fourth season positively . She praised the addition of Lincoln Potter ( played by Ray McKinnon ) , comparing the character 's quality to that of Breaking Bad 's antagonist , Gustavo Fring . The A.V. Club called the fourth season more `` focused '' and `` operatic '' . AV Club reviewer Zack Handlen was fond of the season but felt disappointed with the finale , saying it featured a `` lousy case of dictated convenience , of an arbitrary and unbelievable reveal used to shift characters around to where the writers want them to be for next season , as opposed to where they might land organically . '' However , the review did praise Charlie Hunnam 's performance in the finale . TIME said the fourth season was the strongest since season two , but the show needed to end sooner rather than later . TIME also agreed that the finale 's contrivances were sometimes too visible , stating `` it 's the principle : you can only turn up alive at your own funeral so many times before it starts to lose its impact . '' Home media release ( edit ) The fourth season was released on DVD and Blu - ray in region 1 on August 28 , 2012 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 12 , 2012 ) . `` ' Sons Of Anarchy ' Season 5 Premiere Hits Series High , To Become FX 's No. 1 Telecast '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sons of Anarchy Filming Locations '' . Internet Movie Database . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable : ' Sons Of Anarchy ' Returns On Top ; Plus ' Teen Mom , ' ' Awkward , ' ' Chopped , ' ' Hardcore Pawn ' , ' Flipping Out ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 14 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable : ' Sons Of Anarchy ' Drops , Still Tops ; Plus ' Teen Mom , ' ' Awkward , ' ' Chopped , ' ' Hardcore Pawn ' , ' Flipping Out ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable : ' Teen Mom ' On top of ' Tosh. 0 ' & ' Sons Of Anarchy ' + ' Awkward , ' ' Chopped , ' ' Workaholics ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 28 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons Of Anarchy , ' ' Teen Mom ' & ' Tosh. 0 ' Tangled On Top ; + ' Awkward , ' ' Chopped , ' ' Workaholics ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons Of Anarchy ' Rises , But Yankees / Tigers Top Night + ' Teen Mom , ' ' Tosh. 0 , ' ' Workaholics ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 12 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' BET Hip Hop Awards ' Tops ; Plus ' Sons Of Anarchy , ' ' Tosh. 0 , ' ' Workaholics , ' ' Reed Between The Lines ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 19 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Rides Highest ; + ' Tosh. 0 , ' ' Workaholics , ' ' Gene Simmons ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 26 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Stays On Top + ' Tosh. 0 , ' ' Workaholics , ' ' Rachel Zoe , ' ' Top Shot ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 2 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy , ' ' Tosh. 0 ' Top Night + ' Covert Affairs , ' ' Workaholics , ' ESPN 's ' Unguarded ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 9 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Tops Night + ' Tosh. 0 , ' ' Covert Affairs ' Go Lower + Workaholics & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 16 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Keeps Rising + ' Storage Wars , ' ' Tosh. 0 , ' ' Covert Affairs , ' ' Workaholics ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 23 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Down , Still Tops + ' Storage Wars , ' ' Covert Affairs , ' ' Hardcore Pawn , ' ' Workaholics ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 30 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Revs Higher , Tops ' Storage Wars ' Again ; ' Covert Affairs ' Up + ' SuperSmackdown ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 7 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Premiere , ' American Chopper ' Top ' Sons of Anarchy ' Finale + ' Storage Wars , ' ' Covert Affairs , ' ' Moonshiners ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Review : FXs Sons of Anarchy on familiar ground for season four '' . Hitfix . Jump up ^ `` Sons of Anarchy Season 4 Recap '' . AOL TV . Jump up ^ `` Sons of Anarchy -- To Be , Act 2 '' . AV Club . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Best TV of 2011 '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Review of Sons of Anarchy season 4 finale '' . Time Magazine . December 7 , 2011 . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` Sons of Anarchy - Fox Formally Announces Blu - rays , DVDs for ' Season 4 ' '' . TV Shows on DVD . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2012 . Retrieved June 15 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Sons of Anarchy at FXNetworks.com Sons of Anarchy on IMDb Sons of Anarchy at TV.com Created by : Kurt Sutter Characters Clay Morrow Jax Teller Gemma Teller Morrow Tara Knowles Opie Winston Bobby Munson Tig Trager Chibs Telford Piney Winston Juice Ortiz Half - Sack Epps Happy Wayne Unser David Hale June Stahl Josh Kohn Ernest Darby Marcus Álvarez Ethan Zobelle Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Seeds '' Related shows Mayans MC Music `` This Life '' Songs of Anarchy Songs of Anarchy Volume 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_Anarchy_(season_4)&oldid=856549873 '' Categories : Sons of Anarchy 2011 American television seasons Hidden categories : Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter TV.com template with ID not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 01 : 10 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons%20of%20Anarchy%20%28season%204%29

which of the following is true of union membership in the united states since the 1980s

Labor unions in the United States

labor unions in the united states

Labor unions in the United States are organizations that represent workers in many industries recognized under US labor law . Their activity today centers on collective bargaining over wages , benefits , and working conditions for their membership , and on representing their members in disputes with management over violations of contract provisions . Larger unions also typically engage in lobbying activities and electioneering at the state and federal level .

Most unions in the United States are aligned with one of two larger umbrella organizations : the AFL - CIO created in 1955 , and the Change to Win Federation which split from the AFL - CIO in 2005 . Both advocate policies and legislation on behalf of workers in the United States and Canada , and take an active role in politics . The AFL - CIO is especially concerned with global trade issues . In 2016 , there were 14.6 million members in the U.S. , down from 17.7 million in 1983 . The percentage of workers belonging to a union in the United States ( or total labor union `` density '' ) was 10.7 % , compared to 20.1 % in 1983 . Union membership in the private sector has fallen under 7 % -- levels not seen since 1932 . From a global perspective , the density in 2013 was 7.7 % in France , 18.1 % in Germany , 27.1 % in Canada , and 88.9 % in Iceland , which is currently highest in the world of major industrialized nations . The only country higher is the Vatican City State , which is 100 % unionized among its lay employees . In the 21st century the most prominent unions are among public sector employees such as city employees , government workers , teachers and police . Members of unions are disproportionately older , male , and residents of the Northeast , the Midwest , and California . Union workers average 10 - 30 % higher pay than non-union in the United States after controlling for individual , job , and labor market characteristics . Although much smaller compared to their peak membership in the 1950s , American unions remain a political factor , both through mobilization of their own memberships and through coalitions with like - minded activist organizations around issues such as immigrant rights , trade policy , health care , and living wage campaigns . Of special concern are efforts by cities and states to reduce the pension obligations owed to unionized workers who retire in the future . Republicans elected with Tea Party support in 2010 , most notably Governor Scott Walker of Wisconsin , have launched major efforts against public sector unions due in part to state government pension obligations ( even though Wisconsin 's state pension is 100 % funded ) along with the allegation that the unions are too powerful . States with higher levels of union membership tend to have higher median incomes and standards of living . It has been asserted by scholars and the International Monetary Fund that rising income inequality in the United States is directly attributable to the decline of the labor movement and union membership . Contents 1 History 1.1 Post-World War II 2 Labor unions today 2.1 Labor negotiations 2.2 Membership 2.3 Labor education programs 2.4 Jurisdiction 2.5 Public opinion 3 Possible causes of drop in membership 3.1 Global trends 3.2 Popularity 3.3 Polls of public opinion and labor unions 3.4 Institutional environments 3.5 Labor legislation 3.6 Economic globalization 3.7 Employer strategies 3.8 Union responses to globalization 3.8. 1 Transnational labor regulation 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Main article : Labor history of the United States Unions began forming in the mid-19th century in response to the social and economic impact of the industrial revolution . National labor unions began to form in the post-Civil War Era . The Knights of Labor emerged as a major force in the late 1880s , but it collapsed because of poor organization , lack of effective leadership , disagreement over goals , and strong opposition from employers and government forces . The American Federation of Labor , founded in 1886 and led by Samuel Gompers until his death in 1924 , proved much more durable . It arose as a loose coalition of various local unions . It helped coordinate and support strikes and eventually became a major player in national politics , usually on the side of the Democrats . American labor unions benefited greatly from the New Deal policies of Franklin Delano Roosevelt in the 1930s . The Wagner Act , in particular , legally protected the right of unions to organize . Unions from this point developed increasingly closer ties to the Democratic Party , and are considered a backbone element of the New Deal Coalition . Post-world War ii ( edit ) Pro-business conservatives gained control of Congress in 1946 , and in 1947 passed the Taft - Hartley Act , drafted by Senator Robert A. Taft . President Truman vetoed it but the Conservative coalition overrode the veto . The veto override had considerable Democratic support , including 106 out of 177 Democrats in the House , and 20 out of 42 Democrats in the Senate . The law , which is still in effect , banned union contributions to political candidates , restricted the power of unions to call strikes that `` threatened national security , '' and forced the expulsion of Communist union leaders ( the Supreme Court found the anti-communist provision to be unconstitutional , and it is no longer in force ) . The unions campaigned vigorously for years to repeal the law but failed . During the late 1950s , the Landrum Griffin Act of 1959 passed in the wake of Congressional investigations of corruption and undemocratic internal politics in the Teamsters and other unions . In 1955 , the two largest labor organizations , the AFL and CIO , merged , ending a division of over 20 years . AFL President George Meany became President of the new AFL - CIO , and AFL Secretary - Treasurer William Schnitzler became AFL - CIO Secretary - Treasurer . The draft constitution was primarily written by AFL Vice President Matthew Woll and CIO General Counsel Arthur Goldberg , while the joint policy statements were written by Woll , CIO Secretary - Treasurer James Carey , CIO vice presidents David McDonald and Joseph Curran , Brotherhood of Railway Clerks President George Harrison , and Illinois AFL - CIO President Reuben Soderstrom . The percentage of workers belonging to a union ( or `` density '' ) in the United States peaked in 1954 at almost 35 % and the total number of union members peaked in 1979 at an estimated 21.0 million . Membership has declined since , with private sector union membership beginning a steady decline that continues into the 2010s , but the membership of public sector unions grew steadily . After 1960 public sector unions grew rapidly and secured good wages and high pensions for their members . While manufacturing and farming steadily declined , state - and local - government employment quadrupled from 4 million workers in 1950 to 12 million in 1976 and 16.6 million in 2009 . Adding in the 3.7 million federal civilian employees , in 2010 8.4 million government workers were represented by unions , including 31 % of federal workers , 35 % of state workers and 46 % of local workers . By the 1970s , a rapidly increasing flow of imports ( such as automobiles , steel and electronics from Germany and Japan , and clothing and shoes from Asia ) undercut American producers . By the 1980s there was a large - scale shift in employment with fewer workers in high - wage sectors and more in the low - wage sectors . Many companies closed or moved factories to Southern states ( where unions were weak ) , countered the threat of a strike by threatening to close or move a plant , or moved their factories offshore to low - wage countries . The number of major strikes and lockouts fell by 97 % from 381 in 1970 to 187 in 1980 to only 11 in 2010 . On the political front , the shrinking unions lost influence in the Democratic Party , and pro-Union liberal Republicans faded away . Union membership among workers in private industry shrank dramatically , though after 1970 there was growth in employees unions of federal , state and local governments . The intellectual mood in the 1970s and 1980s favored deregulation and free competition . Numerous industries were deregulated , including airlines , trucking , railroads and telephones , over the objections of the unions involved . The climax came when President Ronald Reagan -- a former union president -- broke the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization ( PATCO ) strike in 1981 , dealing a major blow to unions . Republicans , using conservative think tanks as idea farms , began to push through legislative blueprints to curb the power of public employee unions as well as eliminate business regulations . Labor unions today ( edit ) See also : US labor law and List of trade unions in the United States Labor unions in the United States National trade union organization ( s ) AFL - CIO , CtW , IWW National government agency ( ies ) United States Department of Labor National Labor Relations Board Primary trade union legislation National Labor Relations Act Taft - Hartley Act Trade union membership 16.2 million Percentage of workforce ; Total : 11.1 % Public sector : 35.7 % Private sector : 6.6 % Demographics Age 16 -- 24 : 5.1 % 25 -- 34 : 10.0 % 35 -- 44 : 13.0 % 45 -- 54 : 14.4 % 55 -- 64 : 14.9 % 65 and over : 10.4 % Women : 10.5 % Men : 11.7 % Standard Occupational Classification Management , professional : 11.9 % Service : 9.2 % Sales and office : 6.5 % Natural resources , construction , and maintenance : 15.3 % Production , transportation , and material moving : 14.8 % International Labour Organization United States is a member of the ILO Convention ratification Freedom of Association Not ratified Right to Organise Not ratified Richard Trumka of the AFL - CIO is one of the most prominent union leaders in the United States Today most labor unions in the United States are members of one of two larger umbrella organizations : the American Federation of Labor -- Congress of Industrial Organizations ( AFL - CIO ) or the Change to Win Federation , which split from the AFL - CIO in 2005 - 2006 . Both organizations advocate policies and legislation favorable to workers in the United States and Canada , and take an active role in politics favoring the Democratic party but not exclusively so . The AFL - CIO is especially concerned with global trade and economic issues . Private sector unions are regulated by the National Labor Relations Act ( NLRA ) , passed in 1935 and amended since then . The law is overseen by the National Labor Relations Board ( NLRB ) , an independent federal agency . Public sector unions are regulated partly by federal and partly by state laws . In general they have shown robust growth rates , because wages and working conditions are set through negotiations with elected local and state officials . To join a traditional labor union , workers must either be given voluntary recognition from their employer or have a majority of workers in a bargaining unit vote for union representation . In either case , the government must then certify the newly formed union . Other forms of unionism include minority unionism , solidarity unionism , and the practices of organizations such as the Industrial Workers of the World , which do not always follow traditional organizational models . Public sector worker unions are governed by labor laws and labor boards in each of the 50 states . Northern states typically model their laws and boards after the NLRA and the NLRB . In other states , public workers have no right to establish a union as a legal entity . ( About 40 % of public employees in the USA do not have the right to organize a legally established union . ) A review conducted by the federal government on pay scale shows that employees in a labor union earn up to 33 % more income than their nonunion counterparts , as well as having more job security , and safer and higher - quality work conditions . The median weekly income for union workers was $973 in 2014 , compared with $763 for nonunion workers . Labor negotiations ( edit ) This section 's factual accuracy is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on Talk : Labor unions in the United States . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Once the union has won the support of a majority of the bargaining unit and is certified in a workplace , it has the sole authority to negotiate the conditions of employment . However , under the NLRA , if a minority of employees voted for a union , those employees can then form a union which represents the rights of only those members who voted for the union . This minority model was once widely used , but was discarded when unions began to consistently win majority support . Unions are beginning to revisit the `` members only '' model of unionism because of new changes to labor law which unions view as curbing workers ' ability to organize . The employer and the union write the terms and conditions of employment in a legally binding contract . When disputes arise over the contract , most contracts call for the parties to resolve their differences through a grievance process to see if the dispute can be mutually resolved . If the union and the employer still can not settle the matter , either party can choose to send the dispute to arbitration , where the case is argued before a neutral third party . Right - to - work statutes forbid unions from negotiating union shops and agency shops . Thus , while unions do exist in `` right - to - work '' states , they are typically weaker . Members of labor unions enjoy `` Weingarten Rights . '' If management questions the union member on a matter that may lead to discipline or other changes in working conditions , union members can request representation by a union representative . Weingarten Rights are named for the first Supreme Court decision to recognize those rights . The NLRA goes farther in protecting the right of workers to organize unions . It protects the right of workers to engage in any `` concerted activity '' for mutual aid or protection . Thus , no union connection is needed . Concerted activity `` in its inception involves only a speaker and a listener , for such activity is an indispensable preliminary step to employee self - organization . '' Unions are currently advocating new federal legislation , the Employee Free Choice Act ( EFCA ) , that would allow workers to elect union representation by simply signing a support card ( card check ) . The current process established by federal law requires at least 30 % of employees to sign cards for the union , then wait 45 to 90 days for a federal official to conduct a secret ballot election in which a simple majority of the employees must vote for the union in order to obligate the employer to bargain . Unions report that , under the present system , many employers use the 45 - to 90 - day period to conduct anti-union campaigns . Some opponents of this legislation fear that removing secret balloting from the process will lead to the intimidation and coercion of workers on behalf of the unions . During the 2008 elections , the Employee Free Choice Act had widespread support of many legislators in the House and Senate , and of the President . Since then , support for the `` card check '' provisions of the EFCA subsided substantially . Membership ( edit ) See also : Union affiliation by U.S. state Union membership had been declining in the US since 1954 , and since 1967 , as union membership rates decreased , middle class incomes shrank correspondingly . In 2007 , the labor department reported the first increase in union memberships in 25 years and the largest increase since 1979 . Most of the recent gains in union membership have been in the service sector while the number of unionized employees in the manufacturing sector has declined . Most of the gains in the service sector have come in West Coast states like California where union membership is now at 16.7 % compared with a national average of about 12.1 % . Historically , the rapid growth of public employee unions since the 1960s has served to mask an even more dramatic decline in private - sector union membership . At the apex of union density in the 1940s , only about 9.8 % of public employees were represented by unions , while 33.9 % of private , non-agricultural workers had such representation . In this decade , those proportions have essentially reversed , with 36 % of public workers being represented by unions while private sector union density had plummeted to around 7 % . The US Bureau of Labor Statistics most recent survey indicates that union membership in the US has risen to 12.4 % of all workers , from 12.1 % in 2007 . For a short period , private sector union membership rebounded , increasing from 7.5 % in 2007 to 7.6 % in 2008 . However , that trend has since reversed . In 2013 there were 14.5 million members in the U.S. , compared with 17.7 million in 1983 . In 2013 , the percentage of workers belonging to a union was 11.3 % , compared to 20.1 % in 1983 . The rate for the private sector was 6.7 % , and for the public sector 35.3 % . In the ten years 2005 through 2014 , the National Labor Relations Board recorded 18,577 labor union representation elections ; in 11,086 of these elections ( 60 percent ) , the majority of workers voted for union representation . Most of the elections ( 15,517 ) were triggered by employee petitions for representation , of which unions won 9,933 . Less common were elections caused by employee petitions for decertification ( 2792 , of which unions won 1070 ) , and employer - filed petitions for either representation or decertification ( 268 , of which unions won 85 ) . Labor education programs ( edit ) In the US , labor education programs such as the Harvard Trade Union Program created in 1942 by Harvard University professor John Thomas Dunlop sought to educate union members to deal with important contemporary workplace and labor law issues of the day . The Harvard Trade Union Program is currently part of a broader initiative at Harvard Law School called the Labor and Worklife Program that deals with a wide variety of labor and employment issues from union pension investment funds to the effects of nanotechnology on labor markets and the workplace . Cornell University is known to be one of the leading centers for labor education in the world , establishing the Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations in 1945 . The school 's mission is to prepare leaders , inform national and international employment and labor policy , and improve working lives through undergraduate and graduate education . The school publishes the Industrial and Labor Relations Review and had Frances Perkins on its faculty . The school has six academic departments : Economics , Human Resource Management , International and Comparative Labor , Labor Relations , Organizational Behavior , and Social Statistics . Classes include `` Politics of the Global North '' and `` Economic Analysis of the University . '' Jurisdiction ( edit ) Labor unions use the term jurisdiction to refer to their claims to represent workers who perform a certain type of work and the right of their members to perform such work . For example , the work of unloading containerized cargo at United States ports , which the International Longshoremen 's Association , the International Longshore and Warehouse Union and the International Brotherhood of Teamsters have claimed rightfully should be assigned to workers they represent . A jurisdictional strike is a concerted refusal to work undertaken by a union to assert its members ' right to such job assignments and to protest the assignment of disputed work to members of another union or to unorganized workers . Jurisdictional strikes occur most frequently in the United States in the construction industry . Unions also use jurisdiction to refer to the geographical boundaries of their operations , as in those cases in which a national or international union allocates the right to represent workers among different local unions based on the place of those workers ' employment , either along geographical lines or by adopting the boundaries between political jurisdictions . Public opinion ( edit ) Although not as overwhelmingly supportive as it was from the 1930s through the early 1960s , a clear majority of the American public approves of labor unions . The Gallup organization has tracked public opinion of unions since 1936 , when it found that 72 percent approved of unions . The overwhelming approval declined in the late 1960s , but - except for one poll in 2009 in which the unions received a favorable rating by only 48 percent of those interviewed , majorities have always supported labor unions . The latest poll in August 2016 gave labor unions a 56 percent approval rating , versus 36 percent who disapproved of unions . On the question of whether or not unions should have more influence or less influence , Gallup has found the public consistently split since Gallup first posed the question in 2000 , with no majority favoring either more influence or less influence . In August 2016 , 36 percent wanted unions to have more influence , 34 percent less influence , with 26 percent wanting the influence of labor unions to remain about the same . Possible causes of drop in membership ( edit ) As union membership declined income inequality rose , because labor unions have been the main way to participate at work . The US does not yet require employee representatives on boards of directors , or elected work councils . Rise and fall of US union membership density , by % of industry . Although most industrialized countries have seen a drop in unionization rates , the drop in union density ( the unionized proportion of the working population ) has been more significant in the United States than elsewhere . Global trends ( edit ) The US Bureau of Labor Statistics surveyed the histories of union membership rates in industrialized countries from 1970 to 2003 , and found that of 20 advanced economies which had union density statistics going back to 1970 , 16 of them had experienced drops in union density from 1970 to 2003 . Over the same period during which union density in the US declined from 23.5 percent to 12.4 percent , some counties saw even steeper drops . Australian unionization fell from 50.2 percent in 1970 to 22.9 percent in 2003 , in New Zealand it dropped from 55.2 percent to 22.1 percent , and in Austria union participation fell from 62.8 percent down to 35.4 percent . All the English - speaking countries studied saw union membership decline to some degree . In the United Kingdom , union participation fell from 44.8 percent in 1970 to 29.3 percent in 2003 . In Ireland the decline was from 53.7 percent down to 35.3 percent . Canada had one of the smallest declines over the period , going from 31.6 percent in 1970 to 28.4 percent in 2003 . Most of the countries studied started in 1970 with higher participation rates than the US , but France , which in 1970 had a union participation rate of 21.7 percent , by 2003 had fallen to 8.3 percent . The remaining four countries which had gained in union density were Finland , Sweden , Denmark , and Belgium . Popularity ( edit ) A historical comparison of union membership as a percentage of all workers and union support in the United States . Public approval of unions climbed during the 1980s much as it did in other industrialized nations , but declined to below 50 % for the first time in 2009 during the Great Recession . It is not clear if this is a long term trend or a function of a high unemployment rate which historically correlates with lower public approval of labor unions . One explanation for loss of public support is simply the lack of union power or critical mass . No longer do a sizable percentage of American workers belong to unions , or have family members who do . Unions no longer carry the `` threat effect '' : the power of unions to raise wages of non-union shops by virtue of the threat of unions to organize those shops . Polls of public opinion and labor unions ( edit ) A New York Times / CBS Poll found that 60 % of Americans opposed restricting collective bargaining while 33 % were for it . The poll also found that 56 % of Americans opposed reducing pay of public employees compared to the 37 % who approved . The details of the poll also stated that 26 % of those surveyed , thought pay and benefits for public employees were too high , 25 % thought too low , and 36 % thought about right . Mark Tapscott of the Washington Examiner criticized the poll , accusing it of over-sampling union and public employee households . A Gallup poll released on March 9 , 2011 , showed that Americans were more likely to support limiting the collective bargaining powers of state employee unions to balance a state 's budget ( 49 % ) than disapprove of such a measure ( 45 % ) , while 6 % had no opinion . 66 % of Republicans approved of such a measure as did 51 % of independents . Only 31 % of Democrats approved . A Gallup poll released on March 11 , 2011 , showed that nationwide , Americans were more likely to give unions a negative word or phrase when describing them ( 38 % ) than a positive word or phrase ( 34 % ) . 17 % were neutral and 12 % did n't know . Republicans were much more likely to say a negative term ( 58 % ) than Democrats ( 19 % ) . Democrats were much more likely to say a positive term ( 49 % ) than Republicans ( 18 % ) . A nationwide Gallup poll ( margin of error ± 4 % ) released on April 1 , 2011 , showed the following ; When asked if they supported the labor unions or the governors in state disputes ; 48 % said they supported the unions , 39 % said the governors , 4 % said neither , and 9 % had no opinion . Women supported the governors much less than men . 45 % of men said they supported the governors , while 46 % said they supported the unions . This compares to only 33 % of women who said they supported the governors and 50 % who said they supported the unions . All areas of the US ( East , Midwest , South , West ) were more likely to support unions than the governors . The largest gap being in the East with 35 % supporting the governors and 52 % supporting the unions , and the smallest gap being in the West with 41 % supporting the governors and 44 % the unions . 18 - to 34 - year - olds were much more likely to support unions than those over 34 years of age . Only 27 % of 18 - to 34 - year - olds supported the governors , while 61 % supported the unions . Americans ages 35 to 54 slightly supported the unions more than governors , with 40 % supporting the governors and 43 % the unions . Americans 55 and older were tied when asked , with 45 % supporting the governors and 45 % the unions . Republicans were much more likely to support the governors when asked with 65 % supporting the governors and 25 % the unions . Independents slightly supported unions more , with 40 % supporting the governors and 45 % the unions . Democrats were overwhelmingly in support of the unions . 70 % of Democrats supported the unions , while only 19 % supported the governors . Those who said they were following the situation not too closely or not at all supported the unions over governors , with a 14 -- point ( 45 % to 31 % ) margin . Those who said they were following the situation somewhat closely supported the unions over governors by a 52 -- 41 margin . Those who said that they were following the situation very closely were only slightly more likely to support the unions over the governors , with a 49 - 48 margin . A nationwide Gallup poll released on August 31 , 2011 , revealed the following : 52 % of Americans approved of labor unions , unchanged from 2010 . 78 % of Democrats approved of labor unions , up from 71 % in 2010 . 52 % of Independents approved of labor unions , up from 49 % in 2010 . 26 % of Republicans approved of labor unions , down from 34 % in 2010 . A nationwide Gallup poll released on September 1 , 2011 , revealed the following : 55 % of Americans believed that labor unions will become weaker in the United States as time goes by , an all - time high . This compared to 22 % who said their power would stay the same , and 20 % who said they would get stronger . The majority of Republicans and Independents believed labor unions would further weaken by a 58 % and 57 % percentage margin respectively . A plurality of Democrats believed the same , at 46 % . 42 % of Americans want labor unions to have less influence , tied for the all - time high set in 2009 . 30 % wanted more influence and 25 % wanted the same amount of influence . The majority of Republicans wanted labor unions to have less influence , at 69 % . A plurality of Independents wanted labor unions to have less influence , at 40 % . A plurality of Democrats wanted labor unions to have more influence , at 45 % . The majority of Americans believed labor unions mostly helped members of unions by a 68 to 28 margin . A plurality of Americans believed labor unions mostly helped the companies where workers are unionized by a 48 - 44 margin . A plurality of Americans believed labor unions mostly helped state and local governments by a 47 - 45 margin . A plurality of Americans believed labor unions mostly hurt the US economy in general by a 49 - 45 margin . The majority of Americans believed labor unions mostly hurt workers who are not members of unions by a 56 - 34 margin . Institutional environments ( edit ) A broad range of forces have been identified as potential contributors to the drop in union density across countries . Sano and Williamson outline quantitative studies that assess the relevance of these factors across countries . The first relevant set of factors relate to the receptiveness of unions ' institutional environments . For example , the presence of a Ghent system ( where unions are responsible for the distribution of unemployment insurance ) and of centralized collective bargaining ( organized at a national or industry level as opposed to local or firm level ) have both been shown to give unions more bargaining power and to correlate positively to higher rates of union density . Unions have enjoyed higher rates of success in locations where they have greater access to the workplace as an organizing space ( as determined both by law and by employer acceptance ) , and where they benefit from a corporatist relationship to the state and are thus allowed to participate more directly in the official governance structure . Moreover , the fluctuations of business cycles , particularly the rise and fall of unemployment rates and inflation , are also closely linked to changes in union density . Labor legislation ( edit ) Labor lawyer Thomas Geoghegan attributes the drop to the long - term effects of the 1947 Taft - Hartley Act , which slowed and then halted labor 's growth and then , over many decades , enabled management to roll back labor 's previous gains . First , it ended organizing on the grand , 1930s scale . It outlawed mass picketing , secondary strikes of neutral employers , sit downs : in short , everything ( Congress of Industrial Organizations founder John L . ) Lewis did in the 1930s . The second effect of Taft - Hartley was subtler and slower - working . It was to hold up any new organizing at all , even on a quiet , low - key scale . For example , Taft - Hartley ended `` card checks . '' ... Taft - Hartley required hearings , campaign periods , secret - ballot elections , and sometimes more hearings , before a union could be officially recognized . It also allowed and even encouraged employers to threaten workers who want to organize . Employers could hold `` captive meetings , '' bring workers into the office and chew them out for thinking about the Union . And Taft - Hartley led to the `` union - busting '' that started in the late 1960s and continues today . It started when a new `` profession '' of labor consultants began to convince employers that they could violate the ( pro-labor 1935 ) Wagner Act , fire workers at will , fire them deliberately for exercising their legal rights , and nothing would happen . The Wagner Act had never had any real sanctions . ( ... ) So why had n't employers been violating the Wagner Act all along ? Well , at first , in the 1930s and 1940s , they tried , and they got riots in the streets : mass picketing , secondary strikes , etc . But after Taft - Hartley , unions could n't retaliate like this , or they would end up with penalty fines and jail sentences . In general , scholars debate the influence of politics in determining union strength in the US and other countries . One argument is that political parties play an expected role in determining union strength , with left - wing governments generally promoting greater union density , while others contest this finding by pointing out important counterexamples and explaining the reverse causality inherent in this relationship . Economic globalization ( edit ) More recently , as unions have become increasingly concerned with the impacts of market integration on their well - being , scholars have begun to assess whether popular concerns about a global `` race to the bottom '' are reflected in cross-country comparisons of union strength . These scholars use foreign direct investment ( FDI ) and the size of a country 's international trade as a percentage of its GDP to assess a country 's relative degree of market integration . These researchers typically find that globalization does affect union density , but is dependent on other factors , such as unions ' access to the workplace and the centralization of bargaining . Sano and Williamson argue that globalization 's impact is conditional upon a country 's labor history . In the United States in particular , which has traditionally had relatively low levels of union density , globalization did not appear to significantly affect union density . Employer strategies ( edit ) Illegal union firing increased during the Reagan administration and has continued since . Studies focusing more narrowly on the U.S. labor movement corroborate the comparative findings about the importance of structural factors , but tend to emphasize the effects of changing labor markets due to globalization to a greater extent . Bronfenbrenner notes that changes in the economy , such as increased global competition , capital flight , and the transitions from a manufacturing to a service economy and to a greater reliance on transitory and contingent workers , accounts for only a third of the decline in union density . Bronfenbrenner claims that the federal government in the 1980s was largely responsible for giving employers the perception that they could engage in aggressive strategies to repress the formation of unions . Richard Freeman also points to the role of repressive employer strategies in reducing unionization , and highlights the way in which a state ideology of anti-unionism tacitly accepted these strategies Goldfield writes that the overall effects of globalization on unionization in the particular case of the United States may be understated in econometric studies on the subject . He writes that the threat of production shifts reduces unions ' bargaining power even if it does not eliminate them , and also claims that most of the effects of globalization on labor 's strength are indirect . They are most present in change towards a neoliberal political context that has promoted the deregulation and privatization of some industries and accepted increased employer flexibility in labor markets . Union responses to globalization ( edit ) Studies done by Kate Bronfenbrenner at Cornell University show the adverse effects of globalization towards unions due to illegal threats of firing . Regardless of the actual impact of market integration on union density or on workers themselves , organized labor has been engaged in a variety of strategies to limit the agenda of globalization and to promote labor regulations in an international context . The most prominent example of this has been the opposition of labor groups to free trade initiatives such as the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) and the Dominican Republic - Central American Free Trade Agreement ( DR - CAFTA ) . In both cases , unions expressed strong opposition to the agreements , but to some extent pushed for the incorporation of basic labor standards in the agreement if one were to pass . However , Mayer has written that it was precisely unions ' opposition to NAFTA overall that jeopardized organized labor 's ability to influence the debate on labor standards in a significant way . During Clinton 's presidential campaign , labor unions wanted NAFTA to include a side deal to provide for a kind of international social charter , a set of standards that would be enforceable both in domestic courts and through international institutions . Mickey Kantor , then U.S. trade representative , had strong ties to organized labor and believed that he could get unions to come along with the agreement , particularly if they were given a strong voice in the negotiation process . When it became clear that Mexico would not stand for this kind of an agreement , some critics from the labor movement would not settle for any viable alternatives . In response , part of the labor movement wanted to declare their open opposition to the agreement , and to push for NAFTA 's rejection in Congress . Ultimately , the ambivalence of labor groups led those within the Administration who supported NAFTA to believe that strengthening NAFTA 's labor side agreement too much would cost more votes among Republicans than it would garner among Democrats , and would make it harder for the United States to elicit support from Mexico . Graubart writes that , despite unions ' open disappointment with the outcome of this labor - side negotiation , labor activists , including the AFL - CIO have used the side agreement 's citizen petition process to highlight ongoing political campaigns and struggles in their home countries . He claims that despite the relative weakness of the legal provisions themselves , the side - agreement has served a legitimizing functioning , giving certain social struggles a new kind of standing . Transnational labor regulation ( edit ) Unions have recently been engaged in a developing field of transnational labor regulation embodied in corporate codes of conduct . However , O'Brien cautions that unions have been only peripherally involved in this process , and remain ambivalent about its potential effects . They worry that these codes could have legitimizing effects on companies that do not actually live up to good practices , and that companies could use codes to excuse or distract attention from the repression of unions . Braun and Gearhart note that although unions do participate in the structure of a number of these agreements , their original interest in codes of conduct differed from the interests of human rights and other non-governmental activists . Unions believed that codes of conduct would be important first steps in creating written principles that a company would be compelled to comply with in later organizing contracts , but did not foresee the establishment of monitoring systems such as the Fair Labor Association . These authors point out that are motivated by power , want to gain insider status politically and are accountable to a constituency that requires them to provide them with direct benefits . In contrast , activists from the non-governmental sector are motivated by ideals , are free of accountability and gain legitimacy from being political outsiders . Therefore , the interests of unions are not likely to align well with the interests of those who draft and monitor corporate codes of conduct . Arguing against the idea that high union wages necessarily make manufacturing uncompetitive in a globalized economy is labor lawyer Thomas Geoghegan . Busting unions , in the U.S. manner , as the prime way of competing with China and other countries ( does not work ) . It 's no accident that the social democracies , Sweden , France , and Germany , which kept on paying high wages , now have more industry than the U.S. or the UK. ... ( T ) hat 's what the U.S. and the UK did : they smashed the unions , in the belief that they had to compete on cost . The result ? They quickly ended up wrecking their industrial base . Unions have made some attempts to organize across borders . Eder observes that transnational organizing is not a new phenomenon but has been facilitated by technological change . Nevertheless , he claims that while unions pay lip service to global solidarity , they still act largely in their national self - interest . He argues that unions in the global North are becoming increasingly depoliticized while those in the South grow politically , and that global differentiation of production processes leads to divergent strategies and interests in different regions of the world . These structural differences tend to hinder effective global solidarity . However , in light of the weakness of international labor , Herod writes that globalization of production need not be met by a globalization of union strategies in order to be contained . Herod also points out that local strategies , such as the United Auto Workers ' strike against General Motors in 1998 , can sometimes effectively interrupt global production processes in ways that they could not before the advent of widespread market integration . Thus , workers need not be connected organizationally to others around the world to effectively influence the behavior of a transnational corporation . See also ( edit ) US labor law Labor federation competition in the United States Union affiliation by U.S. state Public - sector trade unions in the United States History : Labor history of the United States Timeline of labor unions in the United States Commission on Industrial Relations List of worker deaths in United States labor disputes International : Industrial Workers of the World International comparisons of labor unions General : List of strikes Opposition to trade unions Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bureau of Labor Statistics , `` Union Membership Summary '' Jan 24 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : See : Trade Union Density . OECD . StatExtracts . Retrieved : 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Union Members Summary Bureau of Labor Statistics , January 24 , 2014 Retrieved : 11 March 2014 Jump up ^ http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/labour_office/index.htm Jump up ^ Not With a Bang , But a Whimper : The Long , Slow Death Spiral of America 's Labor Movement Richard Yeselson June 6 , 2012 Jump up ^ 8 - 31 - 2004 Union Membership Trends in the United States Gerald Mayer . Congressional Research Service . 8 - 31 - 2004 Jump up ^ Alicia H. Munnell ( 2012 ) . State and Local Pensions : What Now ? . Brookings Institution Press . pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Tom Kertscher . Wisconsin is only state with a fully funded pension system , Scott Walker says . Politifact , ( 1 ) . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ Nelson Lichtenstein , `` Can This Election Save the Unions ? , '' Dissent Summer 2012 . Jump up ^ Jason Stein and Patrick Marley , More than They Bargained For : Scott Walker , Unions , and the Fight for Wisconsin ( 2013 ) is favorable toward Walker , who beat off a recall challenge and was easily reelected in 2014 Jump up ^ Politics that Work ( April 3 , 2015 ) . Union Membership and Median Income . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Politics that Work ( April 3 , 2015 ) . Union Membership and Standard of Living . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Doree Armstrong ( February 12 , 2014 ) . Jake Rosenfeld explores the sharp decline of union membership , influence . UW Today . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . See also : Jake Rosenfeld ( 2014 ) What Unions No Longer Do . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0674725115 Jump up ^ Keith Naughton , Lynn Doan and Jeffrey Green ( February 20 , 2015 ) . As the Rich Get Richer , Unions Are Poised for Comeback . Bloomberg . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . `` A 2011 study drew a link between the decline in union membership since 1973 and expanding wage disparity . Those trends have since continued , said Bruce Western , a professor of sociology at Harvard University who co-authored the study . '' Jump up ^ Michael Hiltzik ( March 25 , 2015 ) . IMF agrees : Decline of union power has increased income inequality . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Benjamin C. Waterhouise , Lobbying in America , ( Princeton University Press , 2013 ) 53 . Jump up ^ William H. Holley et al. Jr. ( 2011 ) . The Labor Relations Process , 10th ed . Cengage Learning . p. 85 . Jump up ^ David Scott Witwer ( 2003 ) . Corruption and Reform in the Teamsters Union . University of Illinois Press . p. 131ff . Jump up ^ Soderstrom , Carl ; Soderstrom , Robert ; Stevens , Chris ; Burt , Andrew ( 2018 ) . Forty Gavels : The Life of Reuben Soderstrom and the Illinois AFL - CIO . 3 . Peoria , IL : CWS Publishing . pp. 95 - 96 . ISBN 978 - 0998257532 Jump up ^ U.S. Census Bureau , `` Census Bureau Reports State and Local Government Employment Remains at 16.6 Million '' ( press release Aug. 10 , 2010 ) Archived 2014 - 08 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ This includes some people who are covered by union contracts but are not themselves members . Jump up ^ Bureau of Labor Statistics , `` Table 3 . Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry '' Jump up ^ Susan Margaret Collins ( 1998 ) . Imports , Exports , and the American Worker . Brookings Institution Press . pp. 288 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Frank Levy , Larry Mishel and Jared Bernstein ( 1996 ) . Running in Place : Recent Trends in U.S. Living Standards . DIANE Publishing . pp. 53 -- 56 . Jump up ^ James Charles Cobb and William Whitney Stueck ( 2005 ) . Globalization and the American South . U. of Georgia Press . p. 41 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Census Bureau , Statistical Abstract of the United States : 2012 ( 2011 ) p 428 table 663 ^ Jump up to : Carter A. Wilson ( 2013 ) . Public Policy : Continuity and Change , Second Edition . Waveland Press . pp. 256 -- 57 . ^ Jump up to : Aaron Brenner ; et al. ( 2011 ) . The Encyclopedia of Strikes in American History . M.E. Sharpe . pp. 234 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Nicol C. Rae , The Decline and Fall of the Liberal Republicans : From 1952 to the Present ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ James T. Bennett and Bruce E. Kaufman ( 2002 ) . The Future of Private Sector Unionism in the United States . M.E. Sharpe . pp. 373 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Robert H. Zieger , and Gilbert J. Gall , American Workers , American Unions : The Twentieth Century ( 3rd ed. 2002 ) ; Lawrence Richards , Union - Free America : Workers and Antiunion Culture ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Martha Derthick and Paul J. Quirk , The Politics of Deregulation ( 1985 ) p 218 Jump up ^ Derthick and Quirk , The Politics of Deregulation ( 1985 ) pp vii , 11 , 104 , 137 Jump up ^ Michael Round , Grounded : Reagan and the PATCO Crash ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ Theda Skocpol ; Vanessa Williamson ( 2012 ) . The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism . Oxford U.P. p. 192 . Jump up ^ Richard B. Freeman and Eunice Han . `` The war against public sector collective bargaining in the US . '' Journal of Industrial Relations ( 2012 ) 54 # 3 pp : 386 - 408 . ^ Jump up to : `` Union Members Summary '' . Bls.gov . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ CQ , `` Public Employee Unions '' ( 2011 ) online Jump up ^ American Federation of Government Employees AFGE Local 704 , `` More FAQs '' 2015 Jump up ^ Schultz , Duane P. Schultz , Sydney Ellen ( 2010 ) . Psychology and work today : an introduction to industrial and organizational psychology ( 10th ed . ) . Upper Saddle River , N.J. : Prentice Hall . pp. 271 -- 272 . ISBN 978 - 0205683581 . Jump up ^ NLRB v. J. Weingarten , Inc. , 420 U.S. 251 ( 1975 ) ; Tate & Renner Attorneys at Law Jump up ^ Root - Carlin , Inc. , 92 NLRB 1313 , 27 LRRM , 1235 , citing NLRB v. City Yellow Cab Co. ( 6th Cir. 1965 ) , 344 F. 2d 575 , 582 ; www.workplacefairness.org Jump up ^ Madland , Walter , and Bunker , `` As Union Membership Rates Decrease , Middle Class Incomes Shrink . '' , AFL - CIO , May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bureau of Labor Statistics ( January 25 , 2008 ) . `` Union members in 2007 '' ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Department of Labor . Greenhouse , Steven ( January 26 , 2008 ) . `` Union membership sees biggest rise since ' 83 '' . The New York Times . p . A11 . Freeman , Sholnn ( January 26 , 2008 ) . `` Union membership up slightly in 2007 ; Growth was biggest in Western states ; Midwest rolls shrank with job losses '' . The Washington Post . p . D2 . Jump up ^ Representation petitions , National Labor Relations Board , accessed 10 Oct. 2015 . Jump up ^ Decertification petitions , National Labor Relations Board , accessed 10 Oct. 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Labor and Worklife Program '' . Law.harvard.edu . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Labor and Worklife Program '' . Law.harvard.edu . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About the ILR School '' . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Rittenhouse , Ed . ( 1950 ) . School with a Purpose . Journal of Higher Education , 21 ( 7 ) , 360 - 362 + 393 ^ Jump up to : Hunt , James W. and Strongin , Patricia K . The Law of the Workplace : Rights of Employers and Employees . 3rd ed . Washington , D.C. : BNA Books , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 87179 - 841 - 7 ; Whitney , Nathaniel Rugges . Jurisdiction in American Building - Trades Unions . Charleston , S.C. : BiblioBazaar , 2008 ( originally published 1914 ) . ISBN 0 - 559 - 45399 - X Jump up ^ Lydia Saad , Labor Unions , Gallup , accessed 25 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Sources : E McGaughey , ' Do corporations increase inequality ? ' ( 2015 ) TLI Think ! Paper 32 / 2016 , 29 . Bureau of Labor Statistics , Series D 940 -- 945 and Thomas Piketty ( 2014 ) Technical Appendices , Table S9. 2 Jump up ^ See further RL Hogler and GJ Grenier , Employee Participation and Labor Law in the American Workplace ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ Jelle Visser , Union membership statistics in 24 countries , Monthly Labor Review , Jan. 2006 , p. 38 - 49 . ^ Jump up to : Sexton , Patricia Cayo . `` The Decline of the Labor Movement . '' The Social Movements Reader : Cases and Concepts . Goodwin , Jeff and James M. Jasper , eds . Malden , MA : Blackwell Publishing , 2003 ^ Jump up to : State Of The Unions by James Surowiecki newyorker.com January 17 , 2011 Jump up ^ Tapscott , Mark ( March 1 , 2011 ) . `` CBS News / New York Times survey oversampled union households '' . Washington Examiner . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Americans ' Message to States : Cut , Do n't Tax and Borrow '' . Gallup.com. 2011 - 03 - 09 . Archived from the original on 13 March 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Republicans Negative , Democrats Positive in Describing Unions '' . Gallup.com . Archived from the original on 14 March 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` More Americans Back Unions Than Governors in State Disputes '' . Gallup.com . Archived from the original on 6 April 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Approval of Labor Unions Holds Near Its Low , at 52 % '' . Gallup.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` New High of 55 % of Americans Foresee Labor Unions Weakening '' . Gallup.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Sano , Joelle and John B. Williamson. ( 2008 ) `` Factors Affecting Union Decline and their Implications for Labor Reform , '' International Journal of Comparative Sociology 49 : 479 - 500 ^ Jump up to : The United States of Inequality , Entry 6 : The Great Divergence and the death of organized labor . By Timothy Noah slate.com 12 September 2010 Jump up ^ Ebbinghaus , B. and Visser , J. ( 1999 ) `` When Institutions Matter . Union Growth and Decline in Western Europe , 1950 -- 1995 '' , European Sociological Review 15 # 2 pp 135 -- 58 Jump up ^ Scruggs , L. and Lange , P. ( 2002 ) `` Where Have all the Members Gone ? Globalizations , Institutions , and Union Density , '' The Journal of Politics 64 # 1 pp 126 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Sano , Joelle and John B. Williamson. ( 2008 ) `` Factors Affecting Union Decline and their Implications for Labor Reform . '' International Journal of Comparative Sociology 49 : 479 - 500 . Jump up ^ Why America Needs Unions Archived 2011 - 06 - 28 at the Wayback Machine. , BusinessWeek Jump up ^ Bronfenbrenner , Kate . Organizing to Win : New Research on Union Strategies ( Ithaca , N.Y. : ILR Press , 1998 ) Jump up ^ Goldfield , Michael . `` The impact of globalization and neoliberalism on the decline of organized labour in the United States '' in Labor , Globalization and the State : Workers , women and migrants confront neoliberalism ed. by Banerjee , Debdas and Michael Goldfield , ( Routledge , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Kate Bronfenbrenner , ' We 'll Close ' , The Multinational Monitor , March 1997 , based on the study she directed , ' `` Final Report : The Effects of Plant Closing or Threat of Plant Closing on the Right of Workers to Organize '' ' . Jump up ^ Bolle , Mary Jane . `` DR - CAFTA Labor Rights Issues . '' Congressional Research Service Report for Congress Order Code RS22159. 8 Jul 2005 . ^ Jump up to : `` CIAO '' . Ciaonet.org . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Cameron , Maxwell A. and Brian W. Tomlin . The Making of NAFTA : How the Deal was Done . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press , 2000 . Jump up ^ Graubart , Jonathan . Legalizing Transnational Activism : The Struggle to Gain Social Change from NAFTA 's Citizen Petitions ( Pennsylvania State University Press , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Robert . `` The varied paths to minimum global labour standards . '' Global Unions ? Theory and Strategies of organized labour in the global political economy ed by Harrod , Jeffrey and Robert O'Brien , ( Routledge , 2002 ) . Jump up ^ Rainer Braun , and Judy Gearhart . `` Who should code your conduct ? Trade union and NGO differences in the fight for workers ' rights , '' Development in Practice 14.1 - 2 ( 2004 ) : 183 - 196 . Jump up ^ Were You Born On The Wrong Continent ? by Thomas Geoghegan Jump up ^ Eder , Mine . `` The constraints on labour internationalism : contradictions and prospects . '' in Global Unions ? Theory and Strategies of organized labour in the global political economy ed Harrod , Jeffrey and Robert O'Brien , ( Routledge , 2002 ) . Jump up ^ Herod , Andrew . `` Organizing globally , organizing locally : union spatial strategy in a global economy . '' in Global Unions ? Theory and Strategies of organized labour in the global political economy ed Harrod , Jeffrey and Robert O'Brien , ( Routledge , 2002 ) . References ( edit ) Surveys Arnesen , Eric , ed . Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working - Class History ( 2006 ) , 3 vol ; 2064pp ; 650 articles by experts excerpt and text search Beard , Mary Ritter . A Short History of the American Labor Movement 1920 - 176 pages online edition Beik , Millie , ed . Labor Relations : Major Issues in American History ( 2005 ) over 100 annotated primary documents excerpt and text search Boris , Eileen , and Nelson Lichtenstein , eds . Major Problems In The History Of American Workers : Documents and Essays ( 2002 ) Brody , David . In Labor 's Cause : Main Themes on the History of the American Worker ( 1993 ) excerpt and text search Browne , Waldo Ralph . What 's what in the Labor Movement : A Dictionary of Labor Affairs and Labor ( 1921 ) 577pp ; encyclopedia of labor terms , organizations and history . complete text online Dubofsky , Melvyn , and Foster Rhea Dulles . Labor in America : A History ( 2004 ) , textbook , based on earlier textbooks by Dulles . Dubofsky , Melvyn , and Warren Van Tine , eds . Labor Leaders in America ( 1987 ) biographies of key leaders , written by scholars excerpt and text search LeBlanc , Paul . A Short History of the U.S. Working Class : From Colonial Times to the Twenty - First Century ( 1999 ) , 160pp excerpt and text search Lichtenstein , Nelson . State of the Union : A Century of American Labor ( 2003 ) excerpt and text search McGaughey , E ' Democracy or Oligarchy ? Models of Union Governance in the UK , Germany and US ' ( 2017 ) ssrn.com Minchin , Timothy J. Labor under Fire : A History of the AFL - CIO since 1979 ( U of North Carolina Press , 2017 ) . xvi , 414 pp . Perlman , Selig . A History of Trade Unionism in the United States 1922 - 313 pages online edition Taylor , Paul F. The ABC - CLIO Companion to the American Labor Movement ( 1993 ) 237pp ; short encyclopedia Zieger , Robert H. , and Gilbert J. Gall , American Workers , American Unions : The Twentieth Century ( 3rd ed. 2002 ) excerpt and text search Zieger , Robert H. For Jobs and Freedom : Race and Labor in America Since 1865 ( 2007 ) excerpt and text search To 1900 Commons , John R. History of Labour in the United States - vol 1 and Vol. 2 1860 - 1896 ( 1918 ) vol 2 online edition ( note spelling of `` Labour '' ) Commons , John R. `` American Shoemakers , 1648 - 1895 : A Sketch of Industrial Evolution , '' Quarterly Journal of Economics 24 ( November , 1909 ) , 39 - 83 . in JSTOR Commons , John R. ed. Trade Unionism and Labor Problems ( 1905 ) articles by experts on unions and working condition online edition Grob , Gerald N. Workers and Utopia : A Study of Ideological Conflict in the American Labor Movement , 1865 - 1900 ( 1961 ) online edition Hall , John P . `` The Knights of St. Crispin in Massachusetts , 1869 - 1878 , '' Journal of Economic History 18 ( June , 1958 ) , p 161 - 175 in JSTOR Laslett , John H.M. Labor and the Left : A Study of Socialist and Radical Influences in the American Labor Movement , 1881 - 1924 ( 1970 ) online edition Mandel , Bernard . Samuel Gompers : A Biography ( 1963 ) online edition Orth , Samuel P . The Armies of Labor : A Chronicle of the Organized Wage - Earners ( 1919 ) short popular overview online edition Taillon , Paul Michel . Good , Reliable , White Men : Railroad Brotherhoods , 1877 - 1917 ( 2009 ) Taft , Philip Taft and Philip Ross , `` American Labor Violence : Its Causes , Character , and Outcome , '' in The History of Violence in America : A Report to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence , ed . Hugh Davis Graham and Ted Robert Gurr , 1969 . online edition Van Tine , Warren R . The Making of the Labor Bureaucrat : Union Leadership in the United States , 1870 - 1920 ( 1973 ) online edition Voss , Kim . The Making of American Exceptionalism : The Knights of Labor and Class Formation in the Nineteenth Century ( 1993 ) online edition Weir , Robert E. Beyond Labor 's Veil : The Culture of the Knights of Labor ( 1996 ) online edition Bibliography of online resources on railway labor in late 19th century 1900 -- 1932 Bernstein , Irving . The Lean Years : A History of the American Worker , 1920 - 33 ( 1966 ) Brody , David . Labor in Crisis : The Steel Strike of 1919 ( 1965 ) Dubofsky , Melvyn and Warren Van Tine . John L. Lewis : A Biography ( 1986 ) Brody , David . Labor in Crisis : The Steel Strike of 1919 ( 1965 ) Faue , Elizabeth . Community of Suffering & Struggle : Women , Men , and the Labor Movement in Minneapolis , 1915 - 1945 ( 1991 ) Fraser , Steve . Labor Will Rule : Sidney Hillman and the Rise of American Labor ( 1993 ) Gordon , Colin . New Deals : Business , Labor , and Politics , 1920 - 1935 ( 1994 ) Greene , Julie . Pure and Simple Politics : The American Federation of Labor and Political Activism , 1881 - 1917 ( 1998 ) Hooker , Clarence . Life in the Shadows of the Crystal Palace , 1910 - 1927 : Ford Workers in the Model T Era ( 1997 ) Laslett , John H.M. Labor and the Left : A Study of Socialist and Radical Influences in the American Labor Movement , 1881 - 1924 ( 1970 ) Karson , Marc . American Labor Unions and Politics , 1900 - 1918 ( 1958 ) McCartin , Joseph A. Labor 's Great War : The Struggle for Industrial Democracy and the Origins of Modern American Labor Relations , 1912 - 1921 ( 1997 ) Mandel , Bernard . Samuel Gompers : A Biography ( 1963 ) Meyer , Stephen . The Five Dollar Day : Labor Management and Social Control in the Ford Motor Company , 1908 - 1921 ( 1981 ) Mink , Gwendolyn. Old Labor and New Immigrants in American Political Development : Union , Party , and State , 1875 - 1920 ( 1986 ) Orth , Samuel P . The Armies of Labor : A Chronicle of the Organized Wage - Earners ( 1919 ) short overview Quint , Howard H. The Forging of American Socialism : Origins of the Modern Movement ( 1964 ) Warne , Colston E. ed . The Steel Strike of 1919 ( 1963 ) , primary and secondary documents Zieger , Robert . Republicans and Labor , 1919 - 1929 . ( 1969 ) Primary sources Gompers , Samuel . Seventy Years of Life and Labor : An Autobiography ( 1925 ) 1935 - 1955 Bernstein , Irving . Turbulent Years : A History of the American Worker , 1933 - 1941 ( 1970 ) Boyle , Kevin . The UAW and the Heyday of American Liberalism , 1945 - 1968 ( 1995 ) Campbell , D'Ann . `` Sisterhood versus the Brotherhoods : Women in Unions '' Women at War With America : Private Lives in a Patriotic Era ( 1984 ) . Dubofsky , Melvyn and Warren Van Time John L. Lewis ( 1986 ) . Faue , Elizabeth . Community of Suffering & Struggle : Women , Men , and the Labor Movement in Minneapolis , 1915 - 1945 ( 1991 ) , social history Fraser , Steve . Labor Will Rule : Sidney Hillman and the Rise of American Labor ( 1993 ) . Galenson , Walter . The CIO Challenge to the AFL : A History of the American Labor Movement , 1935 - 1941 ( 1960 ) Gordon , Colin . New Deals : Business , Labor , and Politics , 1920 - 1935 ( 1994 ) Jensen , Richard J. `` The Causes and Cures of Unemployment in the Great Depression , '' Journal of Interdisciplinary History 19 ( 1989 ) p. 553 - 83 Kennedy , David M. Freedom From Fear : The American People in Depression and War , 1929 - 1945 . ( 1999 ) recent narrative . Lichtenstein , Nelson . Labor 's War at Home : The CIO in World War II ( 2003 ) Lichtenstein , Nelson . The Most Dangerous Man in Detroit : Walter Reuther and the Fate of American Labor ( 1995 ) Miller , Sally M. , and Daniel A. Cornford eds . American Labor in the Era of World War II ( 1995 ) , essays by historians , mostly on California Seidman ; Joel . Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen : The Internal Political Life of a National Union ( 1962 ) Vittoz , Stanley . New Deal Labor Policy and the American Industrial Economy ( 1987 ) Zieger , Robert H. The CIO , 1935 - 1955 ( 1995 ) Fair Employment FEPC Collins , William J. `` Race , Roosevelt , and Wartime Production : Fair Employment in World War II Labor Markets , '' American Economic Review 91 : 1 ( March 2001 ) , pp. 272 -- 286 Kersten , Andrew Edmund . Race , Jobs , and the War : The FEPC in the Midwest , 1941 - 46 ( 2000 ) online review Reed , Merl E. Seedtime for the Modern Civil Rights Movement : The President 's Committee on Fair Employment Practice , 1941 - 1946 ( 1991 ) Taft - Hartley and the NLRA Abraham , Steven E. `` The Impact of the Taft - Hartley Act on the Balance of Power in Industrial Relations '' American Business Law Journal Vol. 33 , 1996 Ballam , Deborah A . `` The Impact of the National Labor Relations Act on the U.S. Labor Movement '' American Business Law Journal , Vol. 32 , 1995 Brooks , George W. , Milton Derber , David A. McCabe , Philip Taft . Interpreting the Labor Movement ( 1952 ) Gall , Gilbert J. The Politics of Right to Work : The Labor Federations as Special Interests , 1943 - 1979 ( 1988 ) Hartley Jr . Fred A. , and Robert A. Taft . Our New National Labor Policy : The Taft - Hartley Act and the Next Steps ( 1948 ) Lee , R. Alton . Truman and Taft - Hartley : A Question of Mandate ( 1966 ) Millis , Harry A. , and Emily Clark Brown . From the Wagner Act to Taft - Hartley : A Study of National Labor Policy and Labor Relations ( 1950 ) Primary sources Christman , Henry M. ed . Walter P. Reuther : Selected Papers ( 1961 ) 1955 -- present Bennett , James T. , and Bruce E. Kaufman . What do unions do ? : a twenty - year perspective ( 2007 ) Dark ; Taylor E. The Unions and the Democrats : An Enduring Alliance ( 1999 ) Dine , Philip . State of the Unions : How Labor Can Strengthen the Middle Class , Improve Our Economy , and Regain Political Influence ( 2007 ) Fantasia , Rick , and Kim Voss . Hard Work : Remaking the American Labor Movement ( 2004 ) Galenson , Walter ; The American Labor Movement , 1955 - 1995 ( 1996 ) Goldberg , Arthur J. AFL - CIO , Labor United ( 1956 ) Leiter , Robert D . The Teamsters Union : A Study of Its Economic Impact ( 1957 ) Lichtenstein , Nelson . `` Two Roads Forward for Labor : The AFL -- CIO 's New Agenda . '' Dissent 61.1 ( 2014 ) : 54 - 58 . Online Lipset , Seymour Martin , ed . Unions in Transition : Entering the Second Century ( 1986 ) Mort , Jo - Ann , ed . Not Your Father 's Union Movement : Inside the AFL - CIO '' ( 2002 ) Rosenfeld , Jake . What Unions No Longer Do . ( Harvard University Press , 2014 ) ISBN 0674725115 Yates , Michael D. Why Unions Matter ( 2009 ) External links ( edit ) AFL - CIO official Web site Change to Win Federation official Web site The Challenges of Today 's Labor Unions The Cost of a Decline in Unions ( February 2015 ) , Nicholas Kristof , The New York Times The incredible decline of American unions , in one animated map ( February 2015 ) , Ana Swanson , The Washington Post What Happened to Unions in the Midwest ? ( Feb. 2015 ) , Melanie Trottman and Eric Morath , The Wall Street Journal Unions still matter ( April 2015 ) , Sean McElwee , Al Jazeera America . Americans Do n't Miss Manufacturing -- They Miss Unions . FiveThirtyEight , May 13 , 2016 . The Economic Outlook for Millennials Is Bleak . Now They 're Unionizing in Record Numbers . Mother Jones . February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Labor_unions_in_the_United_States&oldid=852113951 '' Categories : Trade unions in the United States Labor relations in the United States History of labor relations in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Accuracy disputes from August 2016 All accuracy disputes Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 July 2018 , at 18 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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who took over the island of taiwan in 1949

History of Taiwan

history of taiwan

The history of Taiwan dates back tens of thousands of years to the earliest known evidence of human habitation . The sudden appearance of a culture based on agriculture around 3000 BC is believed to reflect the arrival of the ancestors of today 's Taiwanese aborigines . The island was colonized by the Dutch in the 17th century , followed by an influx of Han Chinese including Hakka immigrants from the Fujian and Guangdong areas of China , across the Taiwan Strait . The Spanish built a settlement in the north for a brief period but were driven out by the Dutch in 1642 .

In 1662 , Koxinga , a loyalist of the Ming dynasty who had lost control of mainland China in 1644 , defeated the Dutch and established a base of operations on the island . His forces were defeated by the Qing dynasty in 1683 , and parts of Taiwan became increasingly integrated into the Qing empire . Following the First Sino - Japanese War in 1895 , the Qing ceded the island , along with Penghu , to the Empire of Japan . Taiwan produced rice and sugar to be exported to the Empire of Japan , and also served as a base for the Japanese invasion of Southeast Asia and the Pacific during World War II . Japanese imperial education was implemented in Taiwan and many Taiwanese also fought for Japan during the war . In 1945 , following the end of World War II , the Republic of China ( ROC ) , led by the Kuomintang ( KMT ) , took control of Taiwan . In 1949 , after losing control of mainland China in the Chinese Civil War , the ROC government under the KMT withdrew to Taiwan and Chiang Kai - shek declared martial law . The KMT ruled Taiwan ( along with Kinmen , Wuqiu and the Matsu Islands on the opposite side of the Taiwan Strait ) as a single - party state for forty years , until democratic reforms in the 1980s , which led to the first - ever direct presidential election in 1996 . During the post-war period , Taiwan experienced rapid industrialization and economic growth , and was known as one of the `` Four Asian Tigers '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pre-colonization 2 Dutch and Spanish rule 3 Kingdom of Tungning 4 Qing dynasty rule 4.1 Initial immigration restriction 4.2 Early Han settlers 4.3 End of Qing Rule 5 Japanese rule 5.1 Occupation 5.2 Modern development 5.3 World War II 6 Republic of China rule 6.1 Taiwan under martial law 6.2 Economic development 6.3 Democratic reforms 6.4 Democratic period 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Citations 8.2 Bibliography 8.3 General references 9 External links Pre-colonization ( edit ) Main article : Prehistory of Taiwan Zuozhen Changbin Eluanbi Dapenkeng Taiwan , with early sites , and the 130 km - wide ( 81 mi ) Taiwan Strait In the Late Pleistocene , sea levels were about 140 m lower than in the present day , exposing the floor of the shallow Taiwan Strait as a land bridge that was crossed by mainland fauna . The oldest evidence of human presence on Taiwan consists of three cranial fragments and a molar tooth found at Chouqu and Gangzilin , in Zuozhen District , Tainan . These are estimated to be between 20,000 and 30,000 years old . The oldest artifacts are chipped - pebble tools of a Paleolithic culture found in four caves in Changbin , Taitung , dated 15,000 to 5,000 years ago , and similar to contemporary sites in Fujian . The same culture is found at sites at Eluanbi on the southern tip of Taiwan , persisting until 5,000 years ago . At the beginning of the Holocene 10,000 years ago , sea levels rose , forming the Taiwan Strait and cutting off the island from the Asian mainland . Around 3,000 BC , the Neolithic Dapenkeng culture abruptly appeared and quickly spread around the coast of the island . Their sites are characterized by corded - ware pottery , polished stone adzes and slate points . The inhabitants cultivated rice and millet , but were also heavily reliant on marine shells and fish . Most scholars believe this culture is not derived from the Changbinian , but was brought across the Strait by the ancestors of today 's Taiwanese aborigines , speaking early Austronesian languages . Some of these people later migrated from Taiwan to the islands of Southeast Asia and thence throughout the Pacific and Indian Oceans . Malayo - Polynesian languages are now spoken across a huge area from Madagascar to Hawaii , Easter Island and New Zealand , but form only one branch of the Austronesian family , the rest of whose branches are found only on Taiwan . The Dapenkeng culture was succeeded by a variety of cultures throughout the island , including the Tahu and Yingpu cultures . Iron appeared at the beginning of the current era in such cultures as the Niaosung Culture . The earliest metal artifacts were trade goods , but by around 400 AD wrought iron was being produced locally using bloomeries , a technology possibly introduced from the Philippines . Early Chinese histories refer to visits to eastern islands that some historians identify with Taiwan . Troops of the Three Kingdoms state of Wu are recorded as visiting an island known as Yizhou ( 夷 洲 ) in the 3rd century . The Book of Sui relates that Emperor Yang of the Sui dynasty sent three expeditions to a place called `` Liuqiu '' early in the 7th century . Later the name Liuqiu ( Japanese : Ryukyu ) referred to the island chain to the northeast of Taiwan , but some scholars believe it may have referred to Taiwan in the Sui period . Okinawa Island was referred to by the Chinese as `` Great Ryukyu '' and Taiwan as `` Lesser Ryukyu '' . Dutch and Spanish rule ( edit ) Main articles : Dutch Formosa and Spanish Formosa Taiwan in the 17th century , showing Dutch ( magenta ) and Spanish ( green ) possessions , and the Kingdom of Middag ( orange ) Portuguese sailors , passing Taiwan in 1544 , first jotted in a ship 's log the name of the island Ilha Formosa , meaning `` Beautiful Island '' . In 1582 the survivors of a Portuguese shipwreck spent ten weeks battling malaria and aborigines before returning to Macau on a raft . The Dutch East India Company ( VOC ) came to the area in search of an Asian trade and military base . Defeated by the Portuguese at the Battle of Macau in 1622 , they attempted to occupy Penghu , but were driven off by the Ming authorities . They then built Fort Zeelandia on the islet of Tayowan off the southwest coast of Taiwan . ( The site is now part of the main island , in modern Anping , Tainan . ) On the adjacent mainland , they built a smaller brick fort , Fort Provintia . In 1626 , the Spanish Empire , viewing the Dutch presence on Taiwan as a threat to their Philippines colony , established a settlement at Santísima Trinidad on the northeast coast of Taiwan ( modern Keelung ) , building Fort San Salvador . They also built Fort Santo Domingo in the northwest ( modern Tamsui ) in 1629 , but had abandoned it by 1638 . The small colony was plagued by disease and a hostile local population , and received little support from Manila . The Dutch set out to turn Taiwan into a Dutch colony . The first order of business was to punish villages that had violently opposed the Dutch and unite the aborigines in allegiance with the VOC . The first punitive expedition was against the villages of Baccloan and Mattauw , north of Saccam near Tayowan . The Mattauw campaign had been easier than expected and the tribe submitted after having their village razed by fire . The campaign also served as a threat to other villages from Tirossen ( modern Chiayi ) to Lonkjiaow ( Hengchun ) . The 1636 punitive attack on Lamay Island in response to the killing of the shipwrecked crews of the Beverwijck and the Golden Lion ended ten years later with the entire aboriginal population of 1100 removed from the island including 327 Lamayans killed in a cave , having been trapped there by the Dutch and suffocated in the fumes and smoke pumped into the cave by the Dutch and their allied aborigines from Saccam , Soulang and Pangsoya . The men were forced into slavery in Batavia ( Java ) and the women and children became servants and wives for the Dutch officers . The events on Lamay changed the course of Dutch rule to work closer with allied aborigines , though there remained plans to depopulate the outlying islands . In 1642 , the Dutch ejected the Spanish from the north of the island . They then sought to establish control of the western plains between the new possessions and their base at Tayouan . After a brief but destructive campaign in 1645 , Pieter Boon was able to subdue the tribes in this area , including the Kingdom of Middag . Bird 's eye view of Fort Zeelandia in Dutch Formosa in the 17th - century The VOC administered the island and its predominantly aboriginal population until 1662 , setting up a tax system , schools to teach romanized script of aboriginal languages and evangelizing . Although its control was mainly limited to the western plain of the island , the Dutch systems were adopted by succeeding occupiers . The first influx of migrants from coastal Fujian came during the Dutch period , in which merchants and traders from the mainland Chinese coast sought to purchase hunting licenses from the Dutch or hide out in aboriginal villages to escape the Qing authorities . Most of the immigrants were young single males who were discouraged from staying on the island often referred to by Han as `` The Gate of Hell '' for its reputation in taking the lives of sailors and explorers . The Dutch originally sought to use their castle Zeelandia at Tayowan as a trading base between Japan and China , but soon realized the potential of the huge deer populations that roamed in herds of thousands along the alluvial plains of Taiwan 's western regions . Deer were in high demand by the Japanese , who were willing to pay exorbitant prices for use of the hides in samurai armor . Other parts of the deer were sold to Han traders for meat and medical use . The Dutch paid aborigines for the deer brought to them and tried to manage the deer stocks to keep up with demand . The Dutch also employed Han to farm sugarcane and rice for export . Some of these rice and sugarcane products reached as far as the markets of Persia . Unfortunately , the deer the aborigines had relied on for their livelihoods began to disappear , forcing the aborigines to adopt new means of survival . Kingdom of Tungning ( edit ) Statue of Koxinga in Tainan Main article : Kingdom of Tungning On the mainland , Manchu forces broke through Shanhai Pass in 1644 and rapidly overwhelmed the Ming dynasty . In 1661 , a naval fleet led by the Ming loyalist Koxinga arrived in Taiwan to oust the Dutch from Zeelandia and establish a pro-Ming base in Taiwan . Taiwan Confucian Temple built during Zheng Jing 's reign Koxinga was born to Zheng Zhilong , a Chinese merchant and pirate , and Tagawa Matsu , a Japanese woman , in 1624 in Hirado , Nagasaki Prefecture , Japan . He was raised there until seven and moved to Quanzhou , in the Fujian province of China . In a family made wealthy from shipping and piracy , Koxinga inherited his father 's trade networks , which stretched from Nagasaki to Macao . Following the Manchu advance on Fujian , Koxinga retreated from his stronghold in Amoy ( Xiamen ) and besieged Taiwan in the hope of establishing a strategic base to marshal his troops to retake his base at Amoy . In 1662 , following a nine - month siege , Koxinga captured the Dutch fortress Zeelandia and Taiwan became his base ( see Kingdom of Tungning ) . The Taiwanese Aboriginal tribes who were previously allied with the Dutch against the Chinese during the Guo Huaiyi Rebellion in 1652 turned against the Dutch during the Siege of Fort Zeelandia and defected to Koxinga 's Chinese forces . The Aboriginals ( Formosans ) of Sincan defected to Koxinga after he offered them amnesty , the Sincan Aboriginals then proceeded to work for the Chinese and behead Dutch people in executions , the frontier aboriginals in the mountains and plains also surrendered and defected to the Chinese on May 17 , 1661 , celebrating their freedom from compulsory education under the Dutch rule by hunting down Dutch people and beheading them and trashing their Christian school textbooks . Koxinga died four months after the siege was over , there were speculations that he died in a sudden fit of madness when his officers refused to carry out his orders to execute his son Zheng Jing . Zheng Jing had an affair with his wet nurse and conceived a child with her . Other accounts are more straightforward , attributing Koxinga 's death to a case of malaria . Following the death of Koxinga , his son Zheng Jing took over the Zheng regime , leading the remaining 7,000 Ming loyalist troops to Taiwan . In response to raids by Zheng Jing and in an effort to starve out the forces in Taiwan , the Qing decreed to relocate all of the southern coastal towns and ports that had been the targets of raids by the Zheng fleet and thus provided supplies for the resistance . This to a large extent backfired and from 1662 - 4 six major waves of immigration occurred from these areas to Taiwan due to the severe hardships incurred from this relocation policy . In a move to take advantage of this Qing misstep , Zheng Jing promoted immigration to Taiwan by promising free eastern land cultivation and ownership for peasants in exchange for compulsory military service by all males in case the island was in danger of a Qing invasion . Qing dynasty rule ( edit ) Main article : Taiwan under Qing rule Initial immigration restriction ( edit ) Main gate of Lukang Longshan Temple built in 1786 ( Qing Era ) In 1683 , following a naval engagement with Admiral Shi Lang , one of Koxinga 's father 's trusted friends , Koxinga 's grandson Zheng Keshuang , surrendered to the Qing dynasty . There has been much confusion about Taiwan 's association with the rumored `` Island of Dogs , '' `` Island of Women , '' etc. , which were thought , by Han literati , to lie beyond the seas . Taiwan was officially regarded by the Kangxi Emperor as `` a ball of mud beyond the pale of civilization '' and did not appear on any map of the imperial domain until 1683 . The act of presenting a map to the emperor was equal to presenting the lands of the empire . It took several more years before the Qing court would recognize Taiwan as part of the Qing realm . Prior to the Qing dynasty , China was conceived as a land bound by mountains , rivers and seas . The idea of an island as a part of China was unfathomable to the Han prior to the Qing frontier expansion effort of the 17th century . Despite the expense of the military and diplomatic campaign that brought Taiwan into the imperial realm , the general sentiment in Beijing was ambivalent . The point of the campaign had been to destroy the Zheng - family regime , not to conquer the island . The Kangxi Emperor expressed the sentiment that Taiwan was `` the size of a pellet ; taking it is no gain ; not taking it is no loss '' ( 彈丸 之 地. 得 之 無 所 加 , 不得 無 所 損 ) . His ministers counseled that the island was `` a ball of mud beyond the sea , adding nothing to the breadth of China '' ( 海外 泥 丸 , 不足 為 中國 加 廣 ) , and advocated removing all the Chinese to mainland China and abandoning the island . It was only the campaigning of admiral Shi Lang and other supporters that convinced the emperor not to abandon Taiwan . Koxinga 's followers were forced to depart from Taiwan to the more unpleasant parts of Qing controlled land . By 1682 there were only 7000 Chinese left on Taiwan as they had intermarried with aboriginal women and had property in Taiwan . The Koxinga reign had continued the tax systems of the Dutch , established schools and religious temples . 1896 map of Formosa , revised by Rev. William Campbell From 1683 , the Qing dynasty ruled the island as Taiwan Prefecture and in 1875 divided the island into two prefectures , north and south . In 1887 , the island was declared as a separate Fujian - Taiwan Province . The Qing authorities tried to limit immigration to Taiwan and barred families from traveling to Taiwan to ensure the immigrants would return to their families and ancestral graves . Illegal immigration continued , but many of the men had few prospects in war weary Fujian and thus married locally , resulting in the idiom `` Tangshan ( Chinese ) grandfather no Tangshan grandmother '' ( Chinese : 有 唐山 公 , 無 唐山 媽 ; Pe̍h - ōe - jī : Ū Tn̂g - soan kong , bô Tn̂g - soan má ) . The Qing tried to protect aboriginal land claims , but also sought to turn them into tax paying subjects . Chinese and tax paying aborigines were barred from entering the wilderness which covered most of the island for the fear of raising the ire of the non taxpaying , highland aborigines and inciting rebellion . A border was constructed along the western plain , built using pits and mounds of earth , called `` earth cows '' , to discourage squatting . Early Han settlers ( edit ) From 1683 to around 1760 , the Qing government limited immigration to Taiwan . Such restriction was relaxed following the 1760s and by 1811 there were more than two million Chinese immigrants on Taiwan . In 1875 Taipeh Prefecture was established , under the jurisdiction of Fujian Province . Also , there had been various conflicts between Chinese immigrants . Most conflicts were between Han from Fujian and Han from Guangdong , between people from different areas of Fujian , between Han and Hakka settlers , or simply between people of different surnames engaged in clan feuds . Because of the strong provincial loyalties held by these immigrants , the Qing government felt Taiwan was somewhat difficult to govern . Taiwan was also plagued by foreign invasions . Some British and Americans advocated the annexation of Taiwan . In 1841 during the First Opium War in the Battle of Keelung ( 1841 - 1842 ) the British attempted to attack in failed efforts three times against Keelung on the northeast coast of Taiwan under Qing rule . The ventures to seize Da'an and Keelung by the British failed . The successful defense was directed by Yao Ying who led the Chinese naval forces on Taiwan . On Taiwan some British were taken as prisoners by the taotai Yao Ying and interrogated for information on the west . Indian and European crew members of the Nerbudda , a British ship , were captured on Taiwan after being abandoned by their British officers and were executed by local Qing officials . Portuguese , Indian , American , and European crew members of the Ann , another British ship , were shipwrecked in Tamsui 's vicinity in March 1842 , captured , and then executed by the Chinese . At Tainan 197 of the Nerbudda and Ann 's crew were killed and due to causes related to imprisonment 87 others died . The Aboriginals often slaughtered the shipwrecked crews of western ships . In 1867 the entire American crew of the Rover were massacred by aboriginals in the Rover incident . When the Americans launched the punitive Formosa Expedition in retaliation , the aboriginals defeated the Americans and forced them to retreat , killing an American marine while suffering no casualties themselves . During the Sino - French War the French attempted an invasion of Taiwan during the Keelung Campaign in 1884 . Liu Mingchuan , who was leading the defence of Taiwan , recruited Aboriginals to serve alongside the Chinese soldiers in fighting against the French . The French were defeated at the Battle of Tamsui and the Qing forces pinned the French down at Keelung in an eight - month - long campaign before the French withdrew . Because of these incursions , the Qing government began constructing a series of coastal defenses and in 1885 , work commenced to make Taiwan a province , with Liu Mingchuan serving as the first governor . He divided Taiwan into eleven counties and tried to improve relations with the aborigines . He also developed a railway from Taipei to Hsinchu , established a mine in Keelung , and built an arsenal to improve Taiwan 's defensive capability against foreigners . Following a shipwreck of a Ryukyuan vessel on the southeastern tip of Taiwan in winter of 1871 , in which the heads of 54 crew members were taken by the aboriginal Taiwanese Paiwan people ( see Mudan incident ) , the Japanese sought to use this incident as a pretext to have the Qing formally acknowledge Japanese sovereignty over the Ryukyu Islands as Japanese territory and to test reactions to potential expansion into Taiwan . According to records from Japanese documents , Mao Changxi ( zh ) and Dong Xun ( zh ) , the Qing ministers at Zongli Yamen who handled the complaints from Japanese envoy Yanagihara Sakimitsu ( ja ) , replied first that they had heard only of a massacre of Ryukyuans , not of Japanese , and quickly noted that Ryukyu was under Chinese suzerainty , therefore this issue was not Japan 's business . In addition , the governor - general of the Qing province Fujian had rescued the survivors of the massacre and returned them safely to Ryukyu . The Qing authorities explained that there were two kinds of aborigines on Taiwan : those governed by the Qing , and those unnaturalized `` raw barbarians ... beyond the reach of Qing government and customs . '' They indirectly hinted that foreigners traveling in those areas settled by indigenous people must exercise caution . After the Yanagihara - Yamen interview , the Japanese took their explanation to mean that the Qing government had not opposed Japan 's claims to sovereignty over the Ryukyu Islands , disclaimed any jurisdiction over Aboriginal Taiwanese , and had indeed consented to Japan 's expedition to Taiwan . The Qing dynasty made it clear to the Japanese that Taiwan was definitely within Qing jurisdiction , even though part of that island 's aboriginal population was not yet under the influence of Chinese culture . The Qing also pointed to similar cases all over the world where an aboriginal population within a national boundary was not completely subjugated by the dominant culture of that country . The Japanese nevertheless launched an expedition to Mutan village with a force of 3600 soldiers in 1874 . The number of casualties for the Paiwan was about 30 , and that for the Japanese was 543 ; 12 Japanese soldiers were killed in battle and 531 by disease . Eventually , the Japanese withdrew just before the Qing dynasty sent 3 divisions of forces ( 9000 soldiers ) to reinforce Taiwan . This incident caused the Qing to re-think the importance of Taiwan in their maritime defense strategy and greater importance was placed on gaining control over the wilderness regions . On the eve of the Sino - Japanese War about 45 percent of the island was administered under direct Qing administration while the remaining was lightly populated by Aborigines . In a population of around 2.5 million , about 2.3 million were Han Chinese and the remaining two hundred thousand were classified as members of various indigenous tribes . End of Qing rule ( edit ) As part of the settlement for losing the Sino - Japanese War , the Qing empire ceded the island of Taiwan and Penghu to Japan on 17 April 1895 , according to the terms of the Treaty of Shimonoseki . The loss of Taiwan would become a rallying point for the Chinese nationalist movement in the years that followed . Japanese rule ( edit ) Main article : Taiwan under Japanese rule See also : Political divisions of Taiwan ( 1895 -- 1945 ) , List of Governors - General of Taiwan , and Structure of the Taiwan Army of Japan A 1912 map of Japan with Taiwan , which was part of the Empire of Japan from 1895 to 1945 . Japan had sought to claim sovereignty over Taiwan ( known to them as Takasago Koku ( 高砂 國 ) ) since 1592 , when Toyotomi Hideyoshi undertook a policy of overseas expansion and extending Japanese influence southward and westward . To the west Korea was invaded with the eventual conquest of China contemplated . To the south an initial attempt to invade Taiwan and subsequent sporadic invasion attempts spanning three centuries were to be unsuccessful due mainly to disease and attacks by aborigines on the island . In 1609 , the Tokugawa shogunate sent Harunobu Arima on an exploratory mission of the island . An attempted invasion in 1616 , led by Murayama Tōan , failed when the fleet was dispersed by a typhoon and the only ship to reach the island was repelled . In the Mudan Incident of 1871 , an Okinawan ship was wrecked on the southern tip of Taiwan and 54 crewmen were beheaded by Paiwan aborigines . After the Qing government refused to make compensation , stating that the aboriginals were not under its control , Japan launched a punitive expedition to the area in 1874 , withdrawing after the Qing promised to pay an indemnity . Occupation ( edit ) It was not until the defeat of the Chinese navy during the First Sino - Japanese War in 1894 -- 95 that Japan was finally able to gain possession of Taiwan , and with it saw the shifting of Asian dominance from China to Japan . The Treaty of Shimonoseki was signed on 17 April 1895 , ceding Taiwan and the Penghu islands to Japan , which would rule the island for 50 years until its defeat in World War II . Soldiers of the 1874 expedition in Taiwan After receiving sovereignty of Taiwan , the Japanese feared military resistance from both Taiwanese and Aborigines who followed the establishment by the local elite of the short - lived Republic of Formosa . Taiwan 's elite hoped that by declaring themselves a republic the world would not stand by and allow a sovereign state to be invaded by the Japanese , thereby allying with the Qing . The plan quickly turned to chaos as standard Green troops and ethnic Yue soldiers took to looting and pillage . Given the choice between chaos at the hands of Chinese or submission to the Japanese , the Taipei elite sent Koo Hsien - jung to Keelung to invite the advancing Japanese forces to proceed to Taipei and restore order . Map of the island in 1901 , with the red line marking the approximate limit of Japanese control Armed resistance was sporadic , yet at times fierce , but was largely crushed by 1902 , although relatively minor rebellions occurred in subsequent years , including the Ta - pa - ni incident of 1915 in Tainan county . Nonviolent means of resistance began to take place of armed rebellions and the most prominent organization was the Taiwanese Cultural Association , founded in 1921 . Taiwanese resistance was caused by several different factors ( e.g. , the Taishō Democracy ) . Some were goaded by Chinese nationalism , while others contained nascent Taiwanese self - determination . Rebellions were often caused by a combination of the effects of unequal colonial policies on local elites and extant millenarian beliefs of the local Taiwanese and plains Aborigines . Aboriginal resistance to the heavy - handed Japanese policies of acculturation and pacification lasted up until the early 1930s . The last major Aboriginal rebellion , the Musha Uprising ( Wushe Uprising ) in late 1930 by the Atayal people angry over their treatment while laboring in the burdensome job of camphor extraction , launched the last headhunting party in which over 150 Japanese officials were killed and beheaded during the opening ceremonies of a school . The uprising , led by Mona Rudao , was crushed by 2,000 - 3,000 Japanese troops and Aboriginal auxiliaries with the help of poison gas . Japanese colonization of the island fell under three stages . It began with an oppressive period of crackdown and paternalistic rule , then a dōka ( 同化 ) period of aims to treat all people ( races ) alike proclaimed by Taiwanese Nationalists who were inspired by the Self - Determination of Nations ( 民族 自決 ) proposed by Woodrow Wilson after World War I , and finally , during World War II , a period of kōminka ( 皇 民 化 ) , a policy which aimed to turn Taiwanese into loyal subjects of the Japanese emperor . Reaction to Japanese rule among the Taiwanese populace differed . Some felt that the safety of personal life and property was of utmost importance and went along with the Japanese colonial authorities . The second group of Taiwanese were eager to become imperial subjects , believing that such action would lead to equal status with Japanese nationals . The third group was influenced by Taiwan independence and tried to get rid of the Japanese colonials to establish a native Taiwanese rule . The fourth group on the other hand were influenced by Chinese nationalism and fought for the return of Taiwan to Chinese rule . From 1897 onwards the latter group staged many rebellions , the most famous one being led by Luo Fuxing ( zh ) , who was arrested and executed along with two hundred of his comrades in 1913 . Luo himself was a member of the Tongmenghui , an organization founded by Sun Yat - sen and was the precursor to the Kuomintang . Several strategies of resistance were undertaken . Modern Development ( edit ) Bank of Taiwan established in 1897 headquartered in Taihoku ( Taipei ) . Initial infrastructural development took place quickly . The Bank of Taiwan was established in 1899 to encourage Japanese private sectors , including Mitsubishi and the Mitsui Group , to invest in Taiwan . In 1900 , the third Taiwan Governor - General passed a budget which initiated the building of Taiwan 's railroad system from Kirun ( Keelung ) to Takao ( Kaohsiung ) . By 1905 the island had electric power supplied by water power in Sun - Moon Lake , and in subsequent years Taiwan was considered the second-most developed region of East Asia ( after Japan ) . By 1905 , Taiwan was financially self - sufficient and had been weaned off of subsidies from Japan 's central government . Under the governor Shimpei Goto 's rule , many major public works projects were completed . The Taiwan rail system connecting the south and the north and the modernizations of Kirun ( Keelung ) and Takao ( Kaohsiung ) ports were completed to facilitate transport and shipping of raw material and agricultural products . Exports increased by fourfold. 55 % of agricultural land was covered by dam - supported irrigation systems . Food production had increased fourfold and sugar cane production had increased 15-fold between 1895 and 1925 and Taiwan became a major foodbasket serving Japan 's industrial economy . The health care system was widely established and infectious diseases were almost completely eradicated . The average lifespan for a Taiwanese resident would become 60 years by 1945 . Kagi Shrine , one of many Shinto shrines built in Taiwan . In October 1935 , the Governor - General of Taiwan held an `` Exposition to Commemorate the 40th Anniversary of the Beginning of Administration in Taiwan , '' which served as a showcase for the achievements of Taiwan 's modernization process under Japanese rule . This attracted worldwide attention , including the Republic of China 's KMT regime which sent the Japanese - educated Chen Yi to attend the affair . He expressed his admiration about the efficiency of Japanese government in developing Taiwan , and commented on how lucky the Taiwanese were to live under such effective administration . Somewhat ironically , Chen Yi would later become the ROC 's first Chief Executive of Taiwan , who would be infamous for the corruption that occurred under his watch . The later period of Japanese rule saw a local elite educated and organized . During the 1930s several home rule groups were created at a time when others around the world sought to end colonialism . In 1935 , the Taiwanese elected their first group of local legislators . By March 1945 , the Japanese legislative branch hastily modified election laws to allow Taiwanese representation in the Japanese Diet . World War II ( edit ) The Takasago Volunteers were a unit of the Japanese Army recruited from Taiwanese aboriginal tribes . As Japan embarked on full - scale war in China in 1937 , it expanded Taiwan 's industrial capacity to manufacture war material . By 1939 , industrial production had exceeded agricultural production in Taiwan . At the same time , the `` kominka '' imperialization project was put under way to instill the `` Japanese Spirit '' in Taiwanese residents , and ensure the Taiwanese would remain loyal subjects of the Japanese Emperor ready to make sacrifices during wartime . Measures including Japanese - language education , the option of adopting Japanese names , and the worship of Japanese religion were instituted . In 1943 , 94 % of the children received 6 - year compulsory education . From 1937 to 1945 , 126,750 Taiwanese joined and served in the military of the Japanese Empire , while a further 80,433 were conscripted between 1942 and 1945 . Of the sum total , 30,304 , or 15 % , died in Japan 's war in Asia . The Imperial Japanese Navy operated heavily out of Taiwan . The `` South Strike Group '' was based out of the Taihoku Imperial University ( now National Taiwan University ) in Taiwan . Many of the Japanese forces participating in the Aerial Battle of Taiwan - Okinawa were based in Taiwan . Important Japanese military bases and industrial centers throughout Taiwan , like Takao ( now Kaohsiung ) , were targets of heavy American bombing . In 1942 , after the United States entered the war against Japan and on the side of China , the Chinese government under the KMT renounced all treaties signed with Japan before that date and made Taiwan 's return to China ( as with Manchuria ) one of the wartime objectives . In the Cairo Declaration of 1943 , the Allied Powers declared the return of Taiwan ( including the Pescadores ) to the Republic of China as one of several Allied demands . In 1945 , Japan unconditionally surrendered with signing of the instrument of surrender and ended its rule in Taiwan as the territory was put under the administrative control of the Republic of China government in 1945 by the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration . In accordance with the provisions of Article 2 of San Francisco Peace Treaty , the Japanese formally renounced the territorial sovereignty of Taiwan and Penghu islands , and the treaty was signed in 1951 and came into force in 1952 . At the date when the San Francisco Peace Treaty came into force , the political status of Taiwan and Penghu Islands was still uncertain . The Republic of China and Japan signed the Treaty of Taipei on April 28 , 1952 and the treaty came into force on August 5 . Writing in the American Journal of International Law , professors Jonathan I. Charney and J.R.V. Prescott argued that `` none of the post -- World War II peace treaties explicitly ceded sovereignty over the covered territories to any specific state or government . '' Republic of China rule ( edit ) Main article : Taiwan after World War II See also : History of the Republic of China and Political status of Taiwan Taiwan under martial law ( edit ) See also : February 28 Incident and White Terror ( Taiwan ) Woodcut of the mass killings which took place during the February 28 Incident Beside President Chiang Kai - shek , the U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower waved to crowds during his visit to Taipei in June 1960 . The Cairo Conference from 22 to 26 November 1943 in Cairo , Egypt was held to address the Allied position against Japan during World War II , and to make decisions about postwar Asia . One of the three main clauses of the Cairo Declaration was that `` all the territories Japan has stolen from the Chinese , such as Manchuria , Formosa , and The Pescadores , shall be restored to the Republic of China '' . However , many challenged that the document was merely a statement of intent or non-binding declaration , for possible reference used for those who would draft the post-war peace treaty and that as a press release it was without force of law to transfer sovereignty from Taiwan to the Republic of China . Additional rationale to support this claim is that the Act of Surrender , and SCAP General Order no . 1 , authorised the surrender of Japanese forces , not Japanese territories . The Republic of China established Taiwan Provincial Government in September 1945 and proclaimed on October 25 , 1945 as `` Taiwan Retrocession Day . '' This is the day in which the Japanese troops surrendered . The validity of the proclamation is subject to some debate , with some supporters of Taiwan independence arguing that it is invalid , and that the date only marks the beginning of military occupation that persists to the present . By 1938 about 309,000 Japanese lived in Taiwan . Between the Japanese surrender of Taiwan in 1945 and 25 April 1946 , the Republic of China forces repatriated 90 % of the Japanese living in Taiwan to Japan . During the immediate postwar period , the Kuomintang ( KMT ) administration on Taiwan was repressive and extremely corrupt compared with the previous Japanese rule , leading to local discontent . Anti-mainlander violence flared on February 28 , 1947 , prompted by an incident in which a cigarette seller was injured and a passerby was indiscriminately shot dead by Nationalist authorities . During the ensuing crackdown by the KMT administration in what became known as the February 28 Incident , tens of thousands of people were killed or arrested , and the incident became a taboo topic of discussion for the entire martial law era . From the 1930s onward the Chinese Civil War was underway in mainland China between Chiang Kai - shek 's ROC government and the Communist Party of China led by Mao Zedong . When the Communists gained complete control of Mainland China in 1949 , two million refugees , predominantly from the Nationalist government , military , and business community , fled to Taiwan . On October 1 , 1949 the People 's Republic of China ( P.R.C. ) was founded in mainland China by the victorious communists ; several months before , Chiang Kai - shek had established a provisional ROC capital in Taipei and moved his government there from Nanjing . Under Nationalist rule , the mainlanders dominated the government and civil services . Economic Development ( edit ) The Chinese Civil War led to severe inflation . Currency was issued in denominations of 1 million Old Taiwan dollars . In the immediate aftermath of World War II , post-war economic conditions compounded with the then - ongoing Chinese Civil War caused severe inflation across mainland China and in Taiwan , made worse by disastrous currency reforms and corruption . This gave way to the reconstruction process and new reforms . The KMT took control of Taiwan 's monopolies that had been owned by the Japanese prior to World War II . They nationalized approximately 17 % of Taiwan 's GNP and voided Japanese bond certificates held by Taiwanese investors . These real estate holdings as well as American aid such as the China Aid Act and the Sino - American Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction helped to ensure that Taiwan would recover quickly from war . The Kuomintang government also moved the entire gold reserve from the Chinese mainland to Taiwan , and used this reserve to back the newly issued New Taiwan dollar to stabilize the new currency and put a stop to hyperinflation . The KMT authorities implemented a far - reaching and highly successful land reform program on Taiwan during the 1950s . The 375 Rent Reduction Act alleviated tax burden on peasants and another act redistributed land among small farmers and compensated large landowners with commodities certificates and stock in state - owned industries . Although this left some large landowners impoverished , others turned their compensation into capital and started commercial and industrial enterprises . These entrepreneurs were to become Taiwan 's first industrial capitalists . Together with businessmen who fled from mainland China , they once again revived Taiwan 's prosperity previously ceased along with Japanese withdrawal and managed Taiwan 's transition from an agricultural to a commercial , industrial economy . From 1950 to 1965 , Taiwan received a total of $1.5 billion in economic aid and $2.4 billion in military aid from the United States . In 1965 all American aid ceased when Taiwan had established a solid financial base . Having accomplished that , Chiang Ching - kuo started state projects such as the Ten Major Construction Projects that provided the infrastructure for building a strong export - driven economy . Taiwan has developed steadily into a major international trading power with more than $218 billion in two - way trade and one of the highest foreign exchange reserves in the world . Tremendous prosperity on the island was accompanied by economic and social stability . Taiwan 's phenomenal economic development earned it a spot as one of the Four Asian Tigers . Democratic reforms ( edit ) Until the early 1970s , the Republic of China was recognized as the sole legitimate government of China by the United Nations and most Western nations , refusing to recognize the People 's Republic of China on account of the Cold War . The KMT ruled Taiwan under martial law until the late 1980s , with the stated goal of being vigilant against Communist infiltration and preparing to retake mainland China . Therefore , political dissent was not tolerated . The late 1970s and early 1980s were a turbulent time for the Taiwan - born as many of the people who had originally been oppressed and left behind by economic changes became members of the Taiwan 's new middle class . Free enterprise had allowed native Taiwanese to gain a powerful bargaining chip in their demands for respect for their basic human rights . The Kaohsiung Incident would be a major turning point for democracy in Taiwan . Taiwan also faced setbacks in the international sphere . In 1971 , the ROC government walked out of the United Nations shortly before it recognized the PRC government in Beijing as the legitimate holder of China 's seat in the United Nations . The ROC had been offered dual representation , but Chiang Kai - shek demanded to retain a seat on the UN Security Council , which was not acceptable to the PRC . Chiang expressed his decision in his famous `` the sky is not big enough for two suns '' speech . In October 1971 , Resolution 2758 was passed by the UN General Assembly and `` the representatives of Chiang Kai - shek '' ( and thus the ROC ) were expelled from the UN and replaced as `` China '' by the PRC . In 1979 , the United States switched recognition from Taipei to Beijing . Chiang Kai - shek died in April 1975 , and was succeeded to the presidency by Yen Chia - kan while his son Chiang Ching - kuo succeeded to the leadership of the Kuomintang ( opting to take the title `` Chairman '' rather than the elder Chiang 's title of `` Director - General '' ) . Formerly the head of the feared secret police , Chiang Ching - kuo recognized gaining foreign support to securing the ROC 's future security required reform . His administration saw a gradual loosening of political controls , a transition towards democracy , and moves toward Taiwanization of the regime . Opponents of the Nationalists were no longer forbidden to hold meetings or publish papers . Though opposition political parties were still illegal , when the Democratic Progressive Party was established as the first opposition party in 1986 , President Chiang decided against dissolving the group or persecuting its leaders . Its candidates officially ran in elections as independents in the Tangwai movement . In the following year , Chiang ended martial law and allowed family visits to mainland China . Chiang selected Lee Teng - hui , a Taiwan born technocrat to be his vice president , first in the line of succession to the presidency . The move followed other reforms giving more power to native born citizens and calmed anti-KMT sentiments . After Chiang Ching - kuo died in 1988 , his successor , President Lee Teng - hui , continued to democratize the government . Lee transferred more government authority to Taiwanese born citizens , and Taiwan underwent a process of Taiwanization . In this localization process , local culture and history was promoted over a pan-China viewpoint . Lee 's reforms included printing banknotes from the Central Bank instead of the usual Provincial Bank of Taiwan . He also largely suspended the operation of the Taiwan Provincial Government . In 1991 the Legislative Yuan and National Assembly elected in 1947 were forced to resign . These groups were originally created to represent mainland China constituencies . The restrictions on the use of Taiwanese languages in the broadcast media and in schools were also lifted . However , Lee failed to crack down on the massive corruption that pervaded the government and many KMT loyalists felt that Lee betrayed the ROC by taking reforms too far , while those in the opposition felt he did not take reforms far enough . Democratic period ( edit ) Lee ran as the incumbent in Taiwan 's first direct presidential election in 1996 against DPP candidate and former dissident , Peng Min - ming . This election prompted the PRC to conduct a series of missile tests in the Taiwan Strait to intimidate the Taiwanese electorate so that electorates would vote for other pro-unification candidates , Chen Li - an and Lin Yang - kang . The aggressive tactic prompted U.S. President Clinton to invoke the Taiwan Relations Act and dispatch two aircraft carrier battle groups into the region off Taiwan 's southern coast to monitor the situation , and PRC 's missile tests were forced to end earlier than planned . This incident is known as the 1996 Taiwan Straits Crisis . One of Lee 's final acts as president was to declare on German radio that the ROC and the PRC have a special state to state relationship . Lee 's statement was met with the PRC 's People 's Army conducting military drills in Fujian and a frightening island - wide blackout in Taiwan , causing many to fear an attack . The 2000 presidential election marked the end of the Kuomintang ( KMT ) rule . DPP candidate Chen Shui - bian won a three way race that saw the Pan-Blue vote split by independent James Soong ( formerly of the Kuomintang ) and Kuomintang candidate Lien Chan . Chen garnered 39 % of the vote . After the election , Soong formed the People First Party ( PFP ) . In 2004 , President Chen was re-elected to a second four - year term after an assassination attempt which occurred the day before the election . Two shots were fired , one bullet grazing the President 's belly after penetrating the windshield of a jeep and several layers of clothing , the other bullet penetrated the windshield and hitting the vice president 's knee cast ( She was wearing a knee cast due to an earlier injury ) . Police investigators have said that the most likely suspect is believed to have been Chen Yi - hsiung , who was later found dead . Their injuries were not life - threatening , but the incident is believed by Pan-Blue to have gained them enough sympathy to influence the result . That incident might also gave president Chen the ability of declaring martial emergency , which allegedly prevented the police and military , which were strongly Pan-Blue , from voting . Lien refused to concede , alleging voting irregularities . Kuomintang and PFP supporters held mass protests throughout the following weeks . Subsequently , Kuomintang and PFP took the case to the court . The High Court ordered a recount and found no evidence to support the accusation made by Kuomintang and PFP . The Court decided that the election result was legitimate and valid . During the legislative elections held on 8 December 2004 , the Kuomintang - PFP dominated Pan-Blue alliance gained a slim majority in the elections which resulted in President Chen resigning as DPP chairman . The cabinet of Premier Yu Shyi - kun resigned , and Frank Hsieh assumed premiership on 25 January 2005 . In a move that some saw as a reaction to Chen 's re-election , the People 's Republic of China enacted a proposed anti-secession law that allows the use of force on Taiwan and the Republic of China government if it formally declares independence . However , this law was met with overwhelming protest from nearly all political parties and public figures of the Republic of China and disapproval from the western countries . Negotiations in January in Macau between the aviation authorities from both the Republic of China and People 's Republic of China resulted in direct - cross strait charter flights between mainland China and Taiwan during the Lunar New Year Period . In a twist of events , President Chen and PFP Chairman Soong held a summit and the independence - leaning president indicated that eventual reunification with mainland China would be an option . Against the anti-secession law proposed by the People 's Republic of China , President Chen held a video conference with the European Parliament in Brussels urging the European Union not to lift the arms embargo on the People 's Republic of China . Domestic politics during the Chen administration were largely a political stalemate as the Kuomintang and PFP together held a pan-Blue majority in the legislature . Among the many items that made little progress due to the political stalemate were a stalled arms procurement bill , which would have advanced defense capabilities of the Republic of China through the purchase of weaponry , such as sub-hunting P - 3 Orions , from the US government , and banking reform legislation , which would have helped in the consolidation of the many banks in the Republic of China , none of which hold even 10 % shares of the local market . The president of the Republic of China , unlike the president of the United States , does not wield veto power , providing him with little to no leverage in negotiating with an opposition legislature , regardless of how slim the majority . The constitution was further amended in 2005 , creating a two - vote electoral system , with single member plurality seats and proportional representative seats , and abolishing the National Assembly , transferring most of its former powers to the Legislative Yuan , and leaving further amendment voting to public referendums . The issue of formally declaring the independence of Taiwan is also a constant constitutional question . Arms purchases from the United States are still a controversial political question , with the Pan-Green Coalition camp favoring the purchase , and the Pan-Blue Coalition opposing it . Recent allegations about corruption inside the First Family had led to three recall motions votes in the Legislative Yuan aimed at ousting President Chen Shui - bian . All of them had failed since the Pan-Blue Coalition lacked the two - thirds majority required to complete the process and the political parties voted according to political lines . The First Lady , Wu Shu - chen was prosecuted for corruption , namely illegally using state funds for personal reasons . The president faced similar accusations as his wife , but was protected from prosecution by presidential immunity . He had promised to resign if his wife was found guilty . However , after his wife fainted in the preparation hearing , she had sought and obtained absence of leave from the Court 16 times citing health concerns before President Chen Shui - bian 's term was complete . In December 2006 , municipal and mayoral elections were held in Taipei and Kaohsiung . The KMT retained a clear majority in the capital , while the DPP and the KMT obtained very close results in the southern city of Kaohsiung . Huang Chun - ying lost to Chen Chu by a margin of 0.14 percent , 378,303 votes to 379,417 votes , making Chen Chu the first female mayor of a special municipality in the Republic of China . In 2007 , the ROC applies for membership in the United Nations under the name `` Taiwan '' , and is rejected by the General Assembly . In 2007 , President Chen proposed a policy of Four Wants and One Without , which in substance states that Taiwan wants independence ; Taiwan wants the rectification of its name ; Taiwan wants a new constitution ; Taiwan wants development ; and Taiwanese politics is without the question of left or right , but only the question of unification or independence . The reception of this proposed policy in Taiwanese general public was unclear . It , however , was met with a cold reception by both the PRC and the United States . The PRC Foreign Minister emphasised that the Anti-Secession Law was not a piece of unenforceable legislation , while the US Department of State spokesman Sean McCormack described Chen 's policy as `` unhelpful '' . The KMT also retained control of the legislature in the Legislative Yuan elections in January 2008 . In the presidential election in May 2008 , KMT candidate Ma Ying - jeou ran on a platform supporting friendlier relations with mainland China and economic reforms , and defeated DPP candidate Frank Hsieh with 58.48 % of the vote . On the same day President Chen left office , losing presidential immunity , the Supreme Prosecutor 's Office announced that they were launching an inquiry into corruption charges regarding Chen . Later in 2008 , members of his administration , including Chiou I - jen , a former National Security Council secretary - general , and Yeh Sheng - mao , former director - general of the Ministry of Justice 's Investigation Bureau , were arrested on corruption charges . Chiou I - jen was found not guilty , while Yeh Sheng - mao was convicted and sentenced to 10 years in prison . Ma was re-elected , and the KMT retained its majority in the Legislative Yuan , in combined elections in January 2012 . In March and April 2014 , students protesting against undemocratic methods used by the KMT occupied the parliament building . In the end , the government agreed to put on hold the ratification of an agreement with China which they had pushed through without proper debate . This event had far reaching consequences , and changed the mood of the electorate . In the combined elections in January 2016 the opposition candidate for President , Tsai Ing - wen , of the DPP won with 56 % of the vote , and the opposition DPP was catapulted into an outright majority in the parliament . The election marked the first time a non-KMT party won a majority in the legislature . See also ( edit ) Timeline of Taiwanese history Economic history of Taiwan Taiwanese aborigines Han Taiwanese Foreign relations of the Republic of China History of Asia , East Asia , China , & Japan Japanese expansionism & Taiwanese opium policy Dutch Empire Understanding Taiwan Military dependents ' village Politics of the Republic of China Political status of Taiwan Taiwan independence movement & Chinese unification References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Olsen & Miller - Antonio ( 1992 ) . ^ Jump up to : Jiao ( 2007 ) , pp. 89 -- 90 . ^ Jump up to : Jiao ( 2007 ) , pp. 91 -- 94 . ^ Jump up to : Chang ( 1989 ) . Jump up ^ Zuozhen Man , Encyclopedia of Taiwan . Jump up ^ Changbin Culture Archived 2014 - 05 - 03 at the Wayback Machine. , Encyclopedia of Taiwan . Jump up ^ Tapenkeng Site , Encyclopedia of Taiwan . ^ Jump up to : Blust ( 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Diamond ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Hill et al. ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Bird , Hope & Taylor ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Jiao ( 2007 ) , pp. 94 -- 103 . Jump up ^ Tsang ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Xiong ( 2012 ) , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Tanaka Fumio 田中 史生 , Kodai no Amami Okinawa shotō to kokusai shakai 古代 の 奄美 ・ 沖縄 諸島 と 国際 社会 , Ikeda Yoshifumi ed. , Kodai chūsei no kyōkai ryōiki 古代 中世 の 境界 領域 , pp. 49 -- 70 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Borao Mateo ( 2002 ) , pp. 2 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Wills ( 2006 ) , pp. 88 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Wills ( 2006 ) , p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : Blusse & Everts ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Everts ( 2000 ) , pp. 151 -- 155 . Jump up ^ Borao Mateo ( 2002 ) , pp. 329 -- 333 . Jump up ^ Blusse & Everts ( 2000 ) , pp. 300 -- 309 . Jump up ^ Wang , Hsing'an ( 2009 ) . `` Quataong '' . Encyclopedia of Taiwan . Jump up ^ Chiu ( 2008 ) , pp. 99 -- 102 . Jump up ^ Campbell ( 1915 ) . Jump up ^ Shepherd ( 1993 ) , pp. 1 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Keliher ( 2003 ) , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Shepherd ( 1993 ) . Jump up ^ Spence ( 1999 ) , pp. 46 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Clements ( 2004 ) , pp. 188 -- 201 . Jump up ^ Covell , Ralph R. ( 1998 ) . Pentecost of the Hills in Taiwan : The Christian Faith Among the Original Inhabitants ( illustrated ed . ) . Hope Publishing House . pp. 96 -- 97 . ISBN 0932727905 . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hsin - Hui , Chiu ( 2008 ) . The Colonial ' civilizing Process ' in Dutch Formosa : 1624 - 1662 . Volume 10 of TANAP monographs on the history of the Asian - European interaction ( illustrated ed . ) . BRILL . p. 222 . ISBN 900416507X . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lian , Heng ( 1920 ) . 臺灣 通史 ( The General History of Taiwan ) ( in Chinese ) . OCLC 123362609 . Jump up ^ Spence ( 1999 ) , pp. 51 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Clements ( 2004 ) , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Teng ( 2004 ) , pp. 34 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Teng ( 2004 ) , pp. 34 -- 49 , 177 -- 179 . Jump up ^ Guo ( 2003 ) . Jump up ^ `` Entry # 60161 '' . 臺灣 閩南 語 常用 詞 辭典 ( Dictionary of Frequently - Used Taiwan Minnan ) ( in Chinese and Hokkien ) . Ministry of Education , R.O.C. 2011 . 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ISBN 978 - 3 - 89971 - 355 - 8 . Jump up ^ Chiu , Hungdah ( 1979 ) . China and the Taiwan Issue . London : Praeger Publishers . ISBN 0 - 03 - 048911 - 3 . Jump up ^ Paine , S.C.M ( 2002 ) . The Sino - Japanese War of 1894 -- 1895 : Perceptions , Power , and Primacy . London : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 81714 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ravina , Mark ( 2003 ) . The Last Samurai : The Life and Battles of Saigo Takamori . Wiley . ISBN 0 - 471 - 08970 - 2 . Jump up ^ Smits , Gregory ( 1999 ) . `` Visions of Ryūkyū : Identity and Ideology in Early - Modern Thought and Politics . '' Honolulu : University of Hawai'i Press . Jump up ^ Morris ( 2002 ) , pp. 4 -- 18 . ^ Jump up to : Katz ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Ching ( 2001 ) , pp. 137 -- 140 . Jump up ^ Zhang ( 1998 ) , p. 515 . Jump up ^ HUANG - WEN LAI ( 2015 ) . `` The turtle woman 's voices : Multilingual strategies of resistance and assimilation in Taiwan under Japanese colonial rule '' ( pdf published = 2007 ) . p. 113 . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Takekoshi ( 1907 ) . Jump up ^ Kerr ( 1966 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 14 . UNHCR Jump up ^ Lowther , William ( 9 Jun 2013 ) . `` CIA report shows Taiwan concerns '' . Taipei Times . p. 1 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 28 . ( Quoting from a declassified CIA report on Taiwan written in March 1949 ) From the legal standpoint , Taiwan is not part of the Republic of China . Pending a Japanese peace treaty , the island remains occupied territory in which the US has proprietary interests . Jump up ^ Henckaerts , Jean - Marie ( 1996 ) . The international status of Taiwan in the new world order : legal and political considerations . Kluwer Law International . p. 337 . ISBN 90 - 411 - 0929 - 3 . p7 . `` In any case , there appears to be strong legal ground to support the view that since the entry into force of the 1952 ROC - Japan bilateral peace treaty , Taiwan has become the de jure territory of the ROC . This interpretation of the legal status of Taiwan is confirmed by several Japanese court decisions . For instance , in the case of Japan v. Lai Chin Jung , decided by the Tokyo High Court on December 24 , 1956 , it was stated that ' Formosa and the Pescadores came to belong to the Republic of China , at any rate on August 5 , 1952 , when the ( Peace ) Treaty between Japan and the Republic of China came into force ... ' '' p8 . `` the principles of prescription and occupation that may justify the ROC 's claim to Taiwan certainly are not applicable to the PRC because the application of these two principles to the Taiwan situation presupposes the validity of the two peace treaties by which Japan renounce its claim to Taiwan and thus makes the island terra nullius . '' Jump up ^ Jonathan I. Charney and J.R.V. Prescott . `` Resolving Cross-Strait Relations Between China and Taiwan '' . American Journal of International Law , July 2000 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Japanese Act of Surrender '' . Taiwan Documents Project . 2002 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ 「 去 日本 化 」 「 再 中國 化 」 : 戰 後 台灣 文化 重建 ( 1945 - 1947 ) , Chapter 1 . Archived 2011 - 07 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . publisher : 麥田 出版 社 , author : 黃英哲 , December 19 , 2007 Jump up ^ UK Parliament , May 4 , 1955 , retrieved 2010 - 02 - 27 Jump up ^ Resolving Cross-Strait Relations Between China and Taiwan , American Journal of International Law , July 2000 , retrieved 2010 - 02 - 27 Jump up ^ Formosa ( Taiwan ) Under Japanese Rule Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Kerr ( 1966 ) , pp. 254 -- 255 . Jump up ^ Gates ( 1981 ) . Jump up ^ Singh ( 2010 ) , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Chan ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ http://taiwanpedia.culture.tw/en/content?ID=3933 Jump up ^ Hu ( 2005 ) , pp. 26 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Hu ( 2005 ) , pp. 32 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Hu ( 2005 ) , pp. 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Asia Society , `` Opposition Wins Taiwan Election , '' ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Reuters , `` Taiwan election shooting suspect dead , '' ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Former first lady Wu to appear in court , China Post Jump up ^ `` US Says Taiwanese President 's Independence Remarks ' Unhelpful ' '' . Voice of America . 2007 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Taiwan ex-leader faces graft case Jump up ^ High Court finds Chiou I - jen not guilty Taipei Times Jump up ^ Chuang , Jimmy ( 5 Dec 2008 ) . `` Yeh Sheng - mao sentenced to 10 years in prison '' . Taipei Times . p. 1 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bird , Michael I. ; Hope , Geoffrey ; Taylor , David ( 2004 ) , `` Populating PEP II : the dispersal of humans and agriculture through Austral - Asia and Oceania '' ( PDF ) , Quaternary International , 118 -- 119 : 145 -- 163 , doi : 10.1016 / s1040 - 6182 ( 03 ) 00135 - 6 . 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( 2000 ) , `` Taiwan 's gift to the world '' , Nature , 403 ( 6771 ) : 709 -- 710 , doi : 10.1038 / 35001685 , PMID 10693781 . Everts , Natalie ( 2000 ) , `` Jacob Lamay van Taywan : An Indigenous Formosan Who Became an Amsterdam Citizen '' , Ed . David Blundell ; Austronesian Taiwan : Linguistics ' History , Ethnology , Prehistory , Berkeley , CA : University of California Press . Gates , Hill ( 1981 ) , `` Ethnicity and Social Class '' , in Emily Martin Ahern ; Hill Gates , The Anthropology of Taiwanese Society , Stanford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 1043 - 5 . Guo , Hongbin ( 2003 ) , `` Keeping or abandoning Taiwan '' , Taiwanese History for the Taiwanese , Taiwan Overseas Net . 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Brown , Melissa J ( 2004 ) , Is Taiwan Chinese ? : The Impact of Culture , Power and Migration on Changing Identities , Berkeley : University of California Press , ISBN 0 - 520 - 23182 - 1 . Chen , Chiu - kun ( 1997 ) , Qing dai Taiwan tu zhe di quan , ( Land Rights in Qing Era Taiwan ) , Taipei , Taiwan : Academia Historica , ISBN 957 - 671 - 272 - 6 . Chen , Chiukun ( 1999 ) , `` From Landlords To Local Strongmen : The Transformation Of Local Elites In Mid-Ch'ing Taiwan , 1780 - 1862 '' , in Rubinstein , Murray A. , Taiwan : a New history , Armonk , N.Y. : M.E. Sharpe , pp. 133 -- 62 . Chu , Jou - juo ( 2001 ) , Taiwan at the end of The 20th Century : The Gains and Losses , Taipei : Tonsan Publications . Council of Indigenous Peoples . ( 2004 ) , Table 1 . Statistics of Indigenous Population in Taiwan and Fukien Areas for Townships , Cities and Districts , archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27 , retrieved 2007 - 03 - 18 . Cohen , Marc J. ( 1988 ) , Taiwan At The Crossroads : Human Rights , Political Development and Social Change on the Beautiful Island , Washington D.C. : Asia Resource Center . Copper , John F. ( 2003 ) , Taiwan : Nation - State or Province ? Fourth Edition , Boulder , CO : Westview Press . Crossley , Pamela Kyle ( 1999 ) , A Translucent Mirror : History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology , Berkeley : University of California Press , ISBN 0 - 520 - 23424 - 3 . Council of Indigenous Peoples , Executive Yuan ( 2006 ) , Statistics of Indigenous Population in Taiwan and Fukien Areas , archived from the original on 2006 - 08 - 30 . Dikotter , Frank ( 1992 ) , The Discourse of Race in Modern China , Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press , ISBN 0 - 8047 - 2334 - 6 . Ebrey , Patricia ( 1996 ) , `` Surnames and Han Chinese Identity '' , in Melissa J. Brown , Negotiating Ethnicities in China and Taiwan , Berkeley , CA : University of California Press , ISBN 1 - 55729 - 048 - 2 . Edmondson , Robert ( 2002 ) , `` The February 28 Incident and National Identity '' , in Stephane Corcuff , Momories of the Future : National Identity Issues and the Search for a New Taiwan , New York : M.E. Sharpe . Faure , David ( 2001 ) , In Search of the Hunters and Their Tribes , Taipei : Shung Ye Museum of Formosan Aborigines Publishing , ISBN 957 - 30287 - 0 - 0 . Gao , Pat ( 2001 ) , Minority , Not Minor , Government Information Office , Republic of China , archived from the original on 13 March 2007 , retrieved 22 March 2007 . Gold , Thomas B. ( 1986 ) , State and society in the Taiwan miracle , Armonk , New York : M.E. Sharpe . Harrell , Steven ( 1996 ) , `` Introduction '' , in Melissa J. Brown , Negotiating Ethnicities in China and Taiwan , Berkeley , CA : Regents of the University of California , pp. 1 -- 18 . Harrison , Henrietta ( 2001 ) , `` Changing Nationalities , Changing Ethnicities : Taiwan Indigenous Villages in the Years after 1946 '' , in David Faure , In Search of the Hunters and Their Tribes : Studies in the History and Culture of the Taiwan Indigenous People , Taipei : SMC Publishing . Harrison , Henrietta ( 2001 ) , Natives of Formosa : British Reports of the Taiwan Indigenous People , 1650 - 1950 , Taipei : Shung Ye Museum of Formosan Aborigines Publishing , ISBN 957 - 99767 - 9 - 1 . Harrison , Henrietta ( 2002 ) , `` Changing Nationalities , Changing Ethnicities '' , in David Faure , In Search of the Hunters and Their Tribes : Studies in the History and Culture of the Taiwan Indigenous People , Taipei : SMC Publishing . Harrison , Henrietta ( 2003 ) , `` Clothing and Power on the Periphery of Empire : The Costumes of the Indigenous People of Taiwan . '' , positions ( 2 ) : 331 -- 60 . Hattaway , Paul ( 2003 ) , Operation China . Introducing all the Peoples of China , Pasadena , CA : William Carey Library Pub , ISBN 0 - 87808 - 351 - 0 . Hong , Mei Yuan ( 1997 ) , Taiwan zhong bu ping pu zhu ( Plains Tribes of Central Taiwan ) , Taipei , Taiwan : Academia Historica . Hsiau , A-chin ( 1997 ) , `` Language Ideology in Taiwan : The KMT 's language policy , the Tai - yü language movement , and ethnic politics '' , Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development ( 4 ) . Hsiau , A-chin ( 2000 ) , Contemporary Taiwanese Cultural Nationalism , London : Routledge , ISBN 9780415226486 . Hsu , Cho - yun ( 1980 ) , `` The Chinese Settlement of the Ilan Plain '' , in Ronald Knapp , China 's Island Frontier : Studies in the Historical Geography of Taiwan , HA : University of Hawaii Press . Hsu , Wen - hsiung ( 1980 ) , `` Frontier Organization and Social Disorder in Ch'ing Taiwan '' , in Ronald Knapp , China 's Island Frontier : Studies in the Historical Geography of Taiwan , HA : University of Hawaii Press . Huang , Fu - san ( 2005 ) . `` Chapter 3 '' . A Brief History of Taiwan . ROC Government Information Office . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 01 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 18 . Ka , Chih - ming ( 1995 ) , Japanese Colonialism in Taiwan : Land Tenure , Development and Dependency , 1895 - 1945 , Boulder , CO : Westview Press ... Kang , Peter ( 2003 ) , `` A Brief Note on the Possible Factors Contributing to the Large Village Size of the Siraya in the Early Seventeenth Century '' , in Leonard Blusse , Around and About Formosa , Taipei . Kleeman , Faye Yuan ( 2003 ) , Under An Imperial Sun : Japanese Colonial Literature of Taiwan and The South , Honolulu , HA : University of Hawaii Press ... Knapp , Ronald G ( 1980 ) , `` Settlement and Frontier Land Tenure '' , in Ronald G. Knapp , China 's Island Frontier : Studies in the Historical Geography of Taiwan , Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press , ISBN 957 - 638 - 334 - X . Kuo , Jason C. ( 2000 ) , Art and Cultural Politics in Postwar Taiwan , Seattle , WA . Lamley , Harry J ( 1981 ) , `` Subethnic Rivalry in the Ch'ing Period '' , in Emily Martin Ahern and Hill Gates , The Anthropology of Taiwanese Society , CA : Stanford University Press , pp. 283 -- 88 . Liu , Tan - Min ( 2002 ) , ping pu bai she gu wen shu ( Old Texts From 100 Ping Pu Villages ) , Taipei : Academia Sinica , ISBN 957 - 01 - 0937 - 8 . Liu , Tao Tao ( 2006 ) , `` The Last Huntsmen 's Quest for Identity : Writing From the Margins in Taiwan '' , in Yeh Chuen - Rong , History , Culture and Ethnicity : Selected Papers from the International Conference on the Formosan Indigenous Peoples , Taipei : SMC Publishing , pp. 427 -- 430 . Manthorpe , Jonathan ( 2008 ) , Forbidden Nation : A History of Taiwan , Palgrave Macmillan . Matsuda , Kyoko ( 2003 ) , `` Ino Kanori 's ' History ' of Taiwan : Colonial ethnology , the civilizing mission and struggles for survival in East Asia . '' , History and Anthropology , 14 ( 2 ) : 179 -- 196 , doi : 10.1080 / 0275720032000129938 . Mendel , Douglass ( 1970 ) , The Politics of Formosan Nationalism , Berkeley , CA : University of California Press ... Meskill , Johanna Menzel ( 1979 ) , A Chinese Pioneer Family : The Lins of Wu - Feng , Taiwan 1729 - 1895 , Princeton New Jersey : Princeton University Press . Millward , James ( 1998 ) , Beyond The Pass : Economy , Ethnicity and Empire in Qing Central Asia , 1759 - 1864 , Stanford CA. : Stanford University Press . Nussbaum , Louis - Frederic ( 2002 ) , `` Ryūkyū kizoku mondai '' , Japan Encyclopedia , Cambridge : Harvard University Press . Pan , Da He ( 2002 ) , pingpu bazai zu cang sang shi ( The Difficult History of the Pazih Plains Tribe ) , SMC Publishing , ISBN 957 - 638 - 599 - 7 . Pan , Ying ( 1996 ) , Taiwan pingpu zu shi ( History of Taiwan 's Pingpu Tribes ) , Taipei : SMC Publishing , ISBN 957 - 638 - 358 - 7 . Interview : 2003 : Pan Jin Yu ( age 93 ) - in Puli Phillips , Steven ( 2003 ) , Between Assimilation and Independence : The Taiwanese Encounter Nationalist China , 1945 - 1950 , Stanford California : Stanford University Press . Pickering , W.A. ( 1898 ) , Pioneering In Formosa , London : Hurst and Blackett , OL 7204709M . Republished 1993 , Taipei , SMC Publishing . ISBN 957 - 638 - 163 - 0 . Reuters , `` Taiwan election shooting suspect dead , '' ( 2005 ) reference = Reuters . `` Taiwan election shooting suspect dead , '' March 7 , 2005 . Rubinstein , Murray A. ( 1999 ) , Taiwan : A New History , New York : M.E. Sharpe , Inc , ISBN 1 - 56324 - 816 - 6 . Shepherd , John Robert ( 1995 ) , Marriage and Mandatory Abortion among the 17th Century Siraya , Arlington VA . Simon , Scott ( January 4 , 2006 ) , `` Formosa 's First Nations and the Japanese : from Colonial Rule to Postcolonial Resistance '' , Japan Focus , archived from the original on March 13 , 2007 . Accessed 3 / 16 / 2007 . Skoggard , Ian A. ( 1996 ) , The Indigenous Dynamic in Taiwan 's Postwar Development : Religious and Historical Roots of Entrepreneurship , New York : M.E. Sharpe Inc ... Stainton , Michael ( 1999 ) , `` The Politics of Taiwan Aboriginal Origins '' , in Murray A. Rubinstein , Taiwan A New History , New York : M.E. Sharpe , Inc , ISBN 1 - 56324 - 816 - 6 . Tseng , Ching - Nan ( 1993 ) , In search of China 's Minorities , Beijing : China Books & Periodicals . Watchman , Alan M. ( 1994 ) , Taiwan : National Identity and Democratization , New York : M.E. Sharpe Inc . Wilson , Richard W ( 1970 ) , Learning To Be Chinese : The Political Socialization of Children in Taiwan , Cambridge , MA : Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Zeitoun , Elizabeth ; Yu , Ching - Hua ( 2005 ) , `` The Formosan Language Archive : Linguistic Analysis and Language Processing '' ( PDF ) , Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing , 10 ( 2 ) : 167 -- 200 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of Taiwan . 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who is captain of the cornelia marie now

In March 2013 , Captain Hillstrand announced during the taping of the Artie Lange Show that Josh Harris bought the Cornelia Marie . On April 25 , 2013 Josh Harris confirmed in an interview on Rock 105.3 `` The Show '' in San Diego , California that he has bought the Cornelia Marie .

Captain Hillstrand

FV Cornelia Marie

fv cornelia marie

The FV Cornelia Marie was one of the commercial crab fishing boats featured on the Discovery Channel series Deadliest Catch .

The boat was formerly owned by Cornelia Marie Devlin ( formerly Collins ) and prior to his death , Phil Harris ( who served as captain ) . Phil 's son , Josh Harris , recently purchased the boat and began fishing with it during the 2014 Opilio Crab season . The FV Cornelia Marie returned to the Discovery Channel 's program `` Deadliest Catch '' in the 8th episode of the 10th season . Her current home port is Kodiak , Alaska . In early 2015 , the Cornelia Marie had a 50 % stake sold to two new owners , who repowered the boat with new diesels and repaired her structure . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Captain Phil Harris 1.2 Post-Harris era 2 See also 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) The Cornelia Marie was built in 1989 in Bayou La Batre , Alabama , on commission from original owner Ralph Collins ; she was one of the last boats built by Horton Boats . Named after Ralph 's wife , co-owner Cornelia Marie Collins , the boat is 128 feet ( 39 m ) long , 28 feet ( 8.5 m ) wide , and carries 28,500 U.S. gallons ( 23,700 imp gal ; 108,000 L ) of fuel and 3,000 U.S. gallons ( 2,500 imp gal ; 11,000 L ) of fresh water . The Cornelia Marie fishes for King , and opilio crab ( also called snow crab ) , and also does salmon and herring tendering . It features an aquamarine and white paint scheme with yellow banners bearing the ship 's name . Ralph and Cornelia Marie divorced ; she took ownership of the boat . She eventually sold a partial share to captain Phil Harris . His share is currently in possession of his estate . The ship was seen ( but not named ) in background footage for the two pilots of the Discovery Channel series Deadliest Catch . It was selected for a camera crew for Season 1 , in the 2004 opilio crab season , as partner vessel of featured vessel Maverick . The ship took part in the rescue efforts for the Big Valley , which sunk on the first day of the opilio crab season off Saint Paul Island , losing all but one crewmember . It became a featured vessel beginning in the second season , joining Maverick , Northwestern and Time Bandit , and later Wizard . Captain Phil Harris ( edit ) Captain Phil Harris suffered a stroke on January 29 , 2010 , while in port off - loading at Saint Paul Island , Alaska and subsequently died on February 9 from a pulmonary embolism . Alaskan songwriter Britt Arnesen wrote a eulogy - in - song for Capt . Harris , released on the Cornelia Marie website . Post-harris era ( edit ) Derrick Ray finished the remaining opilio season after the death of Phil Harris . Jim Wilson skippered the Cornelia Marie for their 2010 spring and summer tendering contracts . He was among those being considered to run the boat for the rest of the 2010 opilio crab season before Derrick Ray was selected . The FV Cornelia Marie participated in the 2010 king crab season with the same crew from the latter half of the 2010 opilio season . Before the king crab season started , the crew of the Cornelia Marie spread Phil Harris 's ashes in the Bering Sea . The ship had a crew change for the 2011 opilio season , including the replacement of skipper Derrick Ray with Tony Lara . The Cornelia Marie returned for Season 7 of Deadliest Catch . The FV Cornelia Marie returned to Kodiak , Alaska , in late October 2011 , under the command of Capt . Tony Lara , following a spell in dry dock to undergo maintenance and to be repainted . The Cornelia Marie , while still fishing under the classification of a `` Trawler '' , was not featured on Season 8 of Deadliest Catch . Josh Harris was featured as a crew member on the FV Time Bandit and Jake Harris was featured as a crew member on the FV Northwestern . The Cornelia Marie was shown tied - up and unpowered in Kodiak , Alaska , in the Season 9 Opener for Discovery Channel 's Deadliest Catch . The vessel was filmed in October 2012 . In March 2013 , Captain Hillstrand announced during the taping of the Artie Lange Show that Josh Harris bought the Cornelia Marie . On April 25 , 2013 Josh Harris confirmed in an interview on Rock 105.3 `` The Show '' in San Diego , California that he has bought the Cornelia Marie . On September 13 , 2013 , Harris announced on his personal Facebook page that the Cornelia Marie was not optioned by the Discovery Channel for Season 10 of Deadliest Catch . The Deadliest Catch FV Cornelia Marie Facebook Page announced on March 14 , 2014 , that while the Cornelia Marie will not be on the king crab episodes ; she will be on for opilio . Eventually she ended up being on the show for the 2014 king crab season . On August 8 , 2015 , Tony Lara died from a heart attack in Sturgis , South Dakota . On October 14 , 2016 , Josh Harris announced the boat is no longer on the show As of the end of 2017 , it was announced that the boat will be returning for season 14 of Deadliest Carch See also ( edit ) Deadliest Catch Alaskan king crab fishing References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cornelia Marie - 8852538 - Fishing Vessel '' . Maritime Connector . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Deadliest Catch boat gets new life , marinelog.com ; accessed August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` F / V Cornelia Marie - Crab Fishing Vessel featured on Discovery Channel 's Deadliest Catch '' . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` stats '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Captain Phil Harris suffers stroke on Saint Paul Island , google.com ; accessed August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ' Deadliest Catch ' captain Phil Harris dies at age 53 , usatoday.com ; accessed August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Capt . Phil song composed by local singer Britt Arnesen , corneliamarie.com ; accessed August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fishermens festival honors Capt . Phil , corneliamarie.com ; accessed August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cornelia Marie crew , corneliamarie.com ; accessed August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tony Lara dies from heart attack , usatoday.com , August 11 , 2015 ; accessed August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Deadliest Catch - F / V Cornelia Marie - Timeline Facebook '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 20 . External links ( edit ) F / V Cornelia Marie Official site F / V Cornelia Marie Twitter Page F / V Cornelia Marie Facebook Page Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FV_Cornelia_Marie&oldid=816177886 '' Categories : Fishing ships of the United States Ships built in Alabama 1989 ships Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Bahasa Melayu Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 19 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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all criminal acts perpetrated by politicians are deemed political crimes

Political crime

political crime

In criminology , a political crime or political offence is an offence involving overt acts or omissions ( where there is a duty to act ) , which prejudice the interests of the state , its government , or the political system . It is to be distinguished from state crime , in which it is the states that break both their own criminal laws or public international law .

States will define as political crimes any behaviour perceived as a threat , real or imagined , to the state 's survival , including both violent and non-violent oppositional crimes . A consequence of such criminalisation may be that a range of human rights , civil rights , and freedoms are curtailed , and conduct which would not normally be considered criminal per se ( in other words , that is not antisocial according to those who engage in it ) is criminalised at the convenience of the group holding power . Thus , while the majority of those who support the current regime may consider criminalisation of politically motivated behaviour an acceptable response when the offender is driven by more extreme political , ideological , religious or other beliefs , there may be a question of the morality of a law which simply criminalises ordinary political dissent . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Authoritarian governments 3 Specific crimes 3.1 Terrorism 3.2 Religious crimes 4 References 5 External links Overview ( edit ) At one extreme , crimes such as treason , sedition , and terrorism are political because they represent a direct challenge to the government in power . Espionage is usually considered a criminal act . But offenders do not have to aim to overthrow the government or to depose its leaders to be acting in a way perceived as `` political '' . A state may perceive it threatening if individuals advocate change to the established order , or argue the need for reform of long - established policies , or engage in acts signifying some degree of disloyalty , e.g. by burning the nation 's flag in public . But the scope of such crimes can be rather less direct . Structural functionist criminologists recognise that states invest their resources in maintaining order through social conformity , i.e. a particular culture is encouraged and maintained through the primary social discourses which may include religious , economic , social , or other less formal concerns . Any interference with the media of communication or the sets of meanings embedded in the communications themselves may be perceived as a threat to the political authority of the state . Hence , whether in hard copy or electronically , if individuals distribute material containing uncensored information which undermines the credibility of state - controlled news media , this may be considered threatening . Moreover , even an offence against non-governmental institutions , persons , or practices may be deemed political . Violence or even discrimination against an ethnic or racial group , as well trade union strikes or picketing against private employers , can be perceived as a political crime when those in power see such conduct as undermining the political ( and economic ) stability of the state . In this context , note that the Law Enforcement Code of Conduct passed by the International Association of Chiefs of Police says in part : `` The fundamental duties of a police officer include serving the community , safeguarding lives and property , protecting the innocent , keeping the peace and ensuring the rights of all to liberty , equality and justice '' ( cited in Robinson , 2002 ) . This code requires that police behave in a courteous and fair manner , that they treat all citizens in a respectable and decent manner , and that they never use unnecessary force . When they do , it is argued that this constitutes a crime ( e.g. as an assault ) and , if it is institutionalised , then over time , the use of unnecessary force become a state crime . Marxist criminologists argue that most political crime arises from the efforts of the state to reproduce the structures of inequality : racism , sexism , ethnic preference as well as class advantages . Thus , states will protect property rights and reduce the rights of trade unions to represent the interests of the poor . Even war could be grounded in the problems of local capitalists in wealthy countries in the effort to move raw materials , profits and jobs in a globalised political economy , and opposing such a war will be a political crime . Marxists do not dispute that , for a society to function efficiently , social order is necessary . But they consider that , in all societies , one class , usually characterised as the `` ruling class '' , gains far more than other classes . Marxists agree with functionalists that socialisation plays a crucial role in promoting conformity and order . However , unlike the latter , they are highly critical of the ideas , values and norms of `` capitalist ideology '' . Modern Marxists point to education and the media as socialising agencies , which delude or `` mystify '' the working class into conforming to a social order , which works against its real interests . Thus , all controls which directly or indirectly explit the criminal law to control access to the discourses are political crimes . Authoritarian governments ( edit ) Miller says that one of the defining characteristics of power in modern history has been the rationalisation and bureaucratisation of law . Legal codification , or at least debates over the merits of legal codification , became an almost global phenomenon in the nineteenth century as state power was centralised . In particular , the rationalisation of criminal law standardised not just the concept of crime , but was adopted as the means to eliminate the `` deviant '' as a threat to a modern , uniform , moral standard . In this , the religious establishment began to play a new role in defining `` evil '' in which threats to the political or social norm became as dangerous as threats to religious orthodoxy . Thus , political speech became one of the most likely activities to be criminalised . The freedom of association and to meet may also be criminalised if the purpose is to express oppositional political views . Because a political offender may be fighting against a tyrannical government , treaties have usually specified that a person can not be extradited for a political offense . Thomas Jefferson wrote : `` Treason . This , when real , merits the highest punishment . But most Codes extend their definitions of treason to acts not really against one 's country . They do not distinguish between acts against the government , and acts against the Oppressions of the Government . The latter are virtues : yet have furnished more victims to the Executioner than the former . Because real Treasons are rare : Oppressions frequent . The unsuccessful Struggles against Tyranny have been the chief Martyrs of Treason laws in all countries . Reformation of government with our neighbors , as much wanting now as Reformation of religion is , or ever was anywhere . We should not wish then to give up to the Executioner the Patriot who fails , and flees to us . Treasons then , taking the simulated with the real are sufficiently punished by Exile . '' Specific crimes ( edit ) Terrorism ( edit ) People convicted or suspected of certain crimes classified as terrorism by the government of their country ( or some foreign countries ) reject that classification . They consider that their fight is a legitimate one using legitimate means , and thus their crimes should be more appropriately called political crimes and justify special treatment in the penal system ( as if they were soldiers in a war and therefore covered by the Geneva Convention ) . States tend to consider the political nature of the crimes an aggravating factor in the sentencing process and make no distinction between the terrorists and `` ordinary '' offenders , e.g. the convicted murderers of Action Directe consider themselves political prisoners . Religious crimes ( edit ) Further information : Secularism Where there is no clear separation between the state and the prevailing religion , the edicts of the church may be codified as law and enforced by the secular policing and judicial authorities . This is a highly functionalist mechanism for enforcing conformity in all aspects of cultural life and the use of the label `` crime '' adds an extra layer of stigma to those convicted . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ross , 2000 . Jump up ^ Ross , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Sweden : extradition of US spy suspect ' unlikely ' '' . The Local . 27 April 2013 . ' If it 's a political offence , you ca n't extradite a person ' to a country outside the EU , said Per Clareus , a spokesman for Swedish Justice Minister Beatrice Ask . ' And espionage is usually considered a political crime , ' he added . Jump up ^ Jefferson , Thomas . The Writings of Thomas Jefferson : Correspondence . Anderson , K. ( 2006 ) . `` Hacktivism and Politically Motivated Computer Crime '' . Portland : Encurve , LLC. ( 1 ) Barak , G. ( Ed . ) . ( 1991 ) . Crimes by the capitalist state : An introduction to state criminality . Albany : State University of New York Press . Kittrie , Nicholas . ( 1975 ) . `` In Search of Political Crime and Political Criminals '' , 50 New York University Law Review 202 . Kooistra , P.G. ( 1985 ) , `` What is Political Crime ? '' Criminal Justice Abstracts , March , pp100 -- 115 Miller , Ruth A. `` Corruption , Authority , and Evil : The Invention of Political Crime in the Ottoman Empire and Turkey '' ( 2 ) Robinson , M. ( 2002 ) . Justice Blind ? Ideals and Realities of American Criminal Justice . Upper Saddle River , NJ : Prentice - Hall . Ross , Jeffrey Ian . ( 1995 / 2000 ) , Controlling State Crime ( Second Edition ) , New Brunswick , NJ : Transaction Publishers . Ross , Jeffrey Ian . ( 2000 ) , Varieties of State Crime and its Control , Monsey : Criminal Justice Press . Ross , Jeffrey Ian . ( 2003 ) , The Dynamics of Political Crime , Thousand Oaks : Sage . Ross , Jeffrey Ian . ( 2012 ) , An Introduction to Political Crime , Bristol : Policy Press . Tunnell , K.D. ( 1993 ) . `` Political crime and pedagogy : A content analysis of criminology and criminal justice texts '' . Journal of Criminal Justice Education , 4 ( 1 ) , 101 - 114 . Tunnell , K.D. ( 1993 ) . Political crime in contemporary America : A critical approach . New York : Garland Publishing . External links ( edit ) `` Political Offenses '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Political_crime&oldid=806439350 '' Categories : Political crimes Politics by issue Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from February 2008 All articles lacking in - text citations Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 01 : 25 . 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congress was granted the power to tax personal income in

The Sixteenth Amendment ( Amendment XVI ) to the United States Constitution allows the Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on the United States Census . This amendment exempted income taxes from the constitutional requirements regarding direct taxes , after income taxes on rents , dividends , and interest were ruled to be direct taxes in the court case of Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co. ( 1895 ) . The amendment was adopted on February 3 , 1913 .

February 3 , 1913

Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

sixteenth amendment to the united states constitution

The Sixteenth Amendment ( Amendment XVI ) to the United States Constitution allows the Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on the United States Census . This amendment exempted income taxes from the constitutional requirements regarding direct taxes , after income taxes on rents , dividends , and interest were ruled to be direct taxes in the court case of Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co. ( 1895 ) . The amendment was adopted on February 3 , 1913 .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Other Constitutional provisions regarding taxes 3 Income taxes before the Pollock case 4 The Pollock case 5 Adoption 6 Pollock overruled 7 Case law 7.1 The Brushaber case 7.2 The Kerbaugh - Empire Co. case 7.3 The Glenshaw Glass case 7.4 Income taxation of wages , etc . 7.5 The Penn Mutual case 7.6 The Murphy case 8 See also 9 Notes 10 External links Text The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes , from whatever source derived , without apportionment among the several States , and without regard to any census or enumeration . Other constitutional provisions regarding taxes Article I , Section 2 , Clause 3 : Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union , according to their respective Numbers ... Article I , Section 8 , Clause 1 : The Congress shall have Power to lay and collect Taxes , Duties , Imposts and Excises , to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States ; but all Duties , Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States . Article I , Section 9 , Clause 4 : No Capitation , or other direct , Tax shall be laid , unless in proportion to the Census or Enumeration herein before directed to be taken . This clause basically refers to a tax on property , such as a tax based on the value of land , as well as a capitation . Article I , Section 9 , Clause 5 : No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State . Income taxes before the Pollock case Until 1913 , customs duties ( tariffs ) and excise taxes were the primary sources of federal revenue . During the War of 1812 , Secretary of the Treasury Alexander J. Dallas made the first public proposal for an income tax , but it was never implemented . The Congress did introduce an income tax to fund the Civil War through the Revenue Act of 1861 . It levied a flat tax of three percent on annual income above $800 . This act was replaced the following year with the Revenue Act of 1862 , which levied a graduated tax of three to five percent on income above $600 and specified a termination of income taxation in 1866 . The Civil War income taxes , which expired in 1872 , proved to be both highly lucrative and drawing mostly from the more industrialized states , with New York , Pennsylvania , and Massachusetts generating about 60 percent of the total revenue that was collected . During the two decades following the expiration of the Civil War income tax , the Greenback movement , the Labor Reform Party , the Populist Party , the Democratic Party and many others called for a graduated income tax . The Socialist Labor Party advocated a graduated income tax in 1887 . The Populist Party `` demand ( ed ) a graduated income tax '' in its 1892 platform . The Democratic Party , led by William Jennings Bryan , advocated the income tax law passed in 1894 , and proposed an income tax in its 1908 platform . Before Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co. , all income taxes had been considered to be indirect taxes imposed without respect to geography , unlike direct taxes , that have to be apportioned among the states according to population . The Pollock case In 1894 , an amendment was attached to the Wilson -- Gorman Tariff Act that attempted to impose a federal tax of two percent on incomes over $4,000 ( equal to $111,000 in 2016 ) . The federal income tax was strongly favored in the South , and it was moderately supported in the eastern North Central states , but it was strongly opposed in the Far West and the Northeastern States ( with the exception of New Jersey ) . The tax was derided as `` un-Democratic , inquisitorial , and wrong in principle '' . In Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co. , the U.S. Supreme Court declared certain taxes on incomes -- such as those on property under the 1894 Act -- to be unconstitutionally unapportioned direct taxes . The Court reasoned that a tax on income from property should be treated as a tax on `` property by reason of its ownership '' and so should be required to be apportioned . The reasoning was that taxes on the rents from land , the dividends from stocks , and so forth , burdened the property generating the income in the same way that a tax on `` property by reason of its ownership '' burdened that property . After Pollock , while income taxes on wages ( as indirect taxes ) were still not required to be apportioned by population , taxes on interest , dividends , and rental income were required to be apportioned by population . The Pollock ruling made the source of the income ( e.g. , property versus labor , etc . ) relevant in determining whether the tax imposed on that income was deemed to be `` direct '' ( and thus required to be apportioned among the states according to population ) or , alternatively , `` indirect '' ( and thus required only to be imposed with geographical uniformity ) . Dissenting in Pollock , Justice John Marshall Harlan stated : When , therefore , this court adjudges , as it does now adjudge , that Congress can not impose a duty or tax upon personal property , or upon income arising either from rents of real estate or from personal property , including invested personal property , bonds , stocks , and investments of all kinds , except by apportioning the sum to be so raised among the States according to population , it practically decides that , without an amendment of the Constitution -- two - thirds of both Houses of Congress and three - fourths of the States concurring -- such property and incomes can never be made to contribute to the support of the national government . Members of Congress responded to Pollock by expressing widespread concern that many of the wealthiest Americans had consolidated too much economic power . Adoption On June 16 , 1909 , President William Howard Taft , in an address to the Sixty - first Congress , proposed a two percent federal income tax on corporations by way of an excise tax and a constitutional amendment to allow the previously enacted income tax . Upon the privilege of doing business as an artificial entity and of freedom from a general partnership liability enjoyed by those who own the stock . An income tax amendment to the Constitution was first proposed by Senator Norris Brown of Nebraska . He submitted two proposals , Senate Resolutions Nos. 25 and 39 . The amendment proposal finally accepted was Senate Joint Resolution No. 40 , introduced by Senator Nelson W. Aldrich of Rhode Island , the Senate majority leader and Finance Committee Chairman . On July 12 , 1909 , the resolution proposing the Sixteenth Amendment was passed by the Congress and was submitted to the state legislatures . Support for the income tax was strongest in the western and southern states and opposition was strongest in the northeastern states . Supporters of the income tax believed that it would be a much better method of gathering revenue than tariffs , which were the primary source of revenue at the time . From well before 1894 , Democrats , Progressives , Populists and other left - oriented parties argued that tariffs disproportionately affected the poor , interfered with prices , were unpredictable , and were an intrinsically limited source of revenue . The South and the West tended to support income taxes because their residents were generally less prosperous , more agricultural and more sensitive to fluctuations in commodity prices . A sharp rise in the cost of living between 1897 and 1913 greatly increased support for the idea of income taxes , including in the urban Northeast . A growing number of Republicans also began supporting the idea , notably Theodore Roosevelt and the `` Insurgent '' Republicans ( who would go on to form the Progressive Party ) . These Republicans were driven mainly by a fear of the increasingly large and sophisticated military forces of Japan , Britain and the European powers , their own imperial ambitions and the perceived need to defend American merchant ships . Moreover , these progressive Republicans were , as the name suggests , convinced that central governments could play a positive role in national economies . A bigger government and a bigger military , of course , required a correspondingly larger and steadier source of revenue to support it . Opposition to the Sixteenth Amendment was led by establishment Republicans because of their close ties to wealthy industrialists , although not even they were uniformly opposed to the general idea of a permanent income tax . In 1910 , New York Governor Charles Evans Hughes , shortly before becoming a Supreme Court Justice , spoke out against the income tax amendment . While he supported the idea of a federal income tax , Hughes believed the words `` from whatever source derived '' in the proposed amendment implied that the federal government would have the power to tax state and municipal bonds . He believed this would excessively centralize governmental power and `` would make it impossible for the state to keep any property '' . Between 1909 and 1913 , several conditions favored passage of the Sixteenth Amendment . Inflation was high and many blamed federal tariffs for the rising prices . The Republican Party was divided and weakened by the loss of Roosevelt and the Insurgents who joined the Progressive party , a problem that blunted opposition even in the Northeast . The Democrats won both houses and the Presidency in 1912 and the country was generally in a left - leaning mood , with the Socialist Party winning a seat in the House in 1910 and polling six percent of the popular presidential vote in 1912 . Three advocates for a federal income tax ran in the presidential election of 1912 . On February 25 , 1913 , Secretary of State Philander Knox proclaimed that the amendment had been ratified by three - fourths of the states and so had become part of the Constitution . The Revenue Act of 1913 was enacted shortly thereafter . According to the United States Government Publishing Office , the following states ratified the amendment : Alabama ( August 10 , 1909 ) Kentucky ( February 8 , 1910 ) South Carolina ( February 19 , 1910 ) Illinois ( March 1 , 1910 ) Mississippi ( March 7 , 1910 ) Oklahoma ( March 10 , 1910 ) Maryland ( April 8 , 1910 ) Georgia ( August 3 , 1910 ) Texas ( August 16 , 1910 ) Ohio ( January 19 , 1911 ) Idaho ( January 20 , 1911 ) Oregon ( January 23 , 1911 ) Washington ( January 26 , 1911 ) Montana ( January 27 , 1911 ) Indiana ( January 30 , 1911 ) California ( January 31 , 1911 ) Nevada ( January 31 , 1911 ) South Dakota ( February 1 , 1911 ) Nebraska ( February 9 , 1911 ) North Carolina ( February 11 , 1911 ) Colorado ( February 15 , 1911 ) North Dakota ( February 17 , 1911 ) Michigan ( February 23 , 1911 ) Iowa ( February 24 , 1911 ) Kansas ( March 2 , 1911 ) Missouri ( March 16 , 1911 ) Maine ( March 31 , 1911 ) Tennessee ( April 7 , 1911 ) Arkansas ( April 22 , 1911 ) , after having previously rejected the amendment Wisconsin ( May 16 , 1911 ) New York ( July 12 , 1911 ) Arizona ( April 3 , 1912 ) Minnesota ( June 11 , 1912 ) Louisiana ( June 28 , 1912 ) West Virginia ( January 31 , 1913 ) Delaware ( February 3 , 1913 ) Ratification ( by the requisite 36 states ) was completed on February 3 , 1913 with the ratification by Delaware . The amendment was subsequently ratified by the following states , bringing the total number of ratifying states to forty - two of the forty - eight then existing : New Mexico ( February 3 , 1913 ) Wyoming ( February 3 , 1913 ) New Jersey ( February 4 , 1913 ) Vermont ( February 19 , 1913 ) Massachusetts ( March 4 , 1913 ) New Hampshire ( March 7 , 1913 ) , after rejecting the amendment on March 2 , 1911 The legislatures of the following states rejected the amendment without ever subsequently ratifying it : Connecticut Rhode Island Utah Virginia The legislatures of the following states never considered the proposed amendment : Florida Pennsylvania Pollock overruled The Sixteenth Amendment removed the precedent set by the Pollock decision . Professor Sheldon D. Pollack at the University of Delaware wrote : On February 25 , 1913 , in the closing days of the Taft administration , Secretary of State Philander C. Knox , a former Republican senator from Pennsylvania and attorney general under McKinley and Roosevelt , certified that the amendment had been properly ratified by the requisite number of state legislatures . Three more states ratified the amendment soon after , and eventually the total reached 42 . The remaining six states either rejected the amendment or took no action at all . Notwithstanding the many frivolous claims repeatedly advanced by so - called tax protestors , the Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution was duly ratified as of February 3 , 1913 . With that , the Pollock decision was overturned , restoring the status quo ante . Congress once again had the `` power to lay and collect taxes on incomes , from whatever source derived , without apportionment among the several States , and without regard to any census or enumeration '' . From William D. Andrews , Professor of Law , Harvard Law School : In 1913 the Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution was adopted , overruling Pollock , and the Congress then levied an income tax on both corporate and individual incomes . From Professor Boris Bittker , who was a tax law professor at Yale Law School : As construed by the Supreme Court in the Brushaber case , the power of Congress to tax income derives from Article I , Section 8 , Clause 1 , of the original Constitution rather than from the Sixteenth Amendment ; the latter simply eliminated the requirement that an income tax , to the extent that it is a direct tax , must be apportioned among the states . A corollary of this conclusion is that any direct tax that is not imposed on `` income '' remains subject to the rule of apportionment . Because the Sixteenth Amendment does not purport to define the term `` direct tax , '' the scope of that constitutional phrase remains as debatable as it was before 1913 ; but the practical significance of the issue was greatly reduced once income taxes , even if direct , were relieved from the requirement of apportionment . Professor Erik Jensen at Case Western Reserve University Law School has written : ( The Sixteenth Amendment ) was a response to the Income Tax Cases ( Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co . ) , and it exempts only `` taxes on incomes '' from the apportionment rule that otherwise applies to direct taxes . Professor Calvin H. Johnson , a tax professor at the University of Texas School of Law , has written : The Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution , ratified in 1913 , was written to allow Congress to tax income without the hobbling apportionment requirement . ... Pollock was itself overturned by the Sixteenth Amendment as to apportionment of income ... From Gale Ann Norton : Courts have essentially abandoned the permissive interpretation created in Pollock . Subsequent cases have viewed the Sixteenth Amendment as a rejection of Pollock 's definition of `` direct tax '' . The apportionment requirement again applies only to real estate and capitation taxes . Even if the Sixteenth Amendment is not viewed as narrowing the definition of direct taxes , it at least introduces an additional consideration to analysis under the Apportionment Clause . For the Court to strike an unapportioned tax , plaintiffs must establish not only that a tax is a direct tax , but also that it is not in the subset of direct taxes known as an income tax . From Alan O. Dixler : In Brushaber , the Supreme Court validated the first post - 16th Amendment income tax . Chief Justice White , who as an associate justice had dissented articulately in Pollock , wrote for a unanimous Court . Upholding the income tax provisions of the tariff act of October 3 , 1913 , Chief Justice White observed that the 16th Amendment did not give Congress any new power to lay and collect an income tax ; rather , the 16th Amendment permitted Congress to do so without apportionment ... Congress may impose taxes on income from any source without having to apportion the total dollar amount of tax collected from each state according to each state 's population in relation to the total national population . In Wikoff v. Commissioner , the United States Tax Court said : ( I ) t is immaterial , with respect to Federal income taxes , whether the tax is a direct or an indirect tax . Mr. Wikoff ( the taxpayer ) relied on the Supreme Court 's decision in Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co ... but the effect of that decision has been nullified by the enactment of the 16th Amendment . In Abrams v. Commissioner , the Tax Court said : Since the ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment , it is immaterial with respect to income taxes , whether the tax is a direct or indirect tax . The whole purpose of the Sixteenth Amendment was to relieve all income taxes when imposed from ( the requirement of ) apportionment and from ( the requirement of ) a consideration of the source whence the income was derived . Case Law The federal courts ' interpretations of the Sixteenth Amendment have changed considerably over time and there have been many disputes about the applicability of the amendment . The Brushaber case In Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad , 240 U.S. 1 ( 1916 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that ( 1 ) the Sixteenth Amendment removes the Pollock requirement that certain income taxes ( such as taxes on income `` derived from real property '' that were the subject of the Pollock decision ) , be apportioned among the states according to population ; ( 2 ) the federal income tax statute does not violate the Fifth Amendment 's prohibition against the government taking property without due process of law ; ( 3 ) the federal income tax statute does not violate the Article I , Section 8 , Clause 1 requirement that excises , also known as indirect taxes , be imposed with geographical uniformity . The Kerbaugh - Empire Co. case In Bowers v. Kerbaugh - Empire Co. , 271 U.S. 170 ( 1926 ) , the Supreme Court , through Justice Pierce Butler , stated : It was not the purpose or the effect of that amendment to bring any new subject within the taxing power . Congress already had the power to tax all incomes . But taxes on incomes from some sources had been held to be `` direct taxes '' within the meaning of the constitutional requirement as to apportionment . ( citations omitted ) The Amendment relieved from that requirement and obliterated the distinction in that respect between taxes on income that are direct taxes and those that are not , and so put on the same basis all incomes `` from whatever source derived '' . ( citations omitted ) `` Income '' has been taken to mean the same thing as used in the Corporation Excise Tax of 1909 ( 36 Stat. 112 ) , in the Sixteenth Amendment , and in the various revenue acts subsequently passed . ( citations omitted ) After full consideration , this court declared that income may be defined as gain derived from capital , from labor , or from both combined , including profit gained through sale or conversion of capital . The Glenshaw Glass case In Commissioner v. Glenshaw Glass Co. , 348 U.S. 426 ( 1955 ) , the Supreme Court laid out what has become the modern understanding of what constitutes `` gross income '' to which the Sixteenth Amendment applies , declaring that income taxes could be levied on `` accessions to wealth , clearly realized , and over which the taxpayers have complete dominion '' . Under this definition , any increase in wealth -- whether through wages , benefits , bonuses , sale of stock or other property at a profit , bets won , lucky finds , awards of punitive damages in a lawsuit , qui tam actions -- are all within the definition of income , unless the Congress makes a specific exemption , as it has for items such as life insurance proceeds received by reason of the death of the insured party , gifts , bequests , devises and inheritances , and certain scholarships . Income Taxation of wages , etc. . Federal courts have ruled that the Sixteenth Amendment allows a direct tax on `` wages , salaries , commissions , etc. without apportionment '' . The Penn Mutual case Although the Sixteenth Amendment is often cited as the `` source '' of the congressional power to tax incomes , at least one court has reiterated the point made in Brushaber and other cases that the Sixteenth Amendment itself did not grant the Congress the power to tax incomes , a power the Congress had since 1789 , but only removed the possible requirement that any income tax be apportioned among the states according to their respective populations . In Penn Mutual Indemnity , the United States Tax Court stated : In dealing with the scope of the taxing power the question has sometimes been framed in terms of whether something can be taxed as income under the Sixteenth Amendment . This is an inaccurate formulation ... and has led to much loose thinking on the subject . The source of the taxing power is not the Sixteenth Amendment ; it is Article I , Section 8 , of the Constitution . The United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit agreed with the Tax Court , stating : It did not take a constitutional amendment to entitle the United States to impose an income tax . Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co. , 157 U.S. 429 , 158 U.S. 601 ( 1895 ) , only held that a tax on the income derived from real or personal property was so close to a tax on that property that it could not be imposed without apportionment . The Sixteenth Amendment removed that barrier . Indeed , the requirement for apportionment is pretty strictly limited to taxes on real and personal property and capitation taxes . It is not necessary to uphold the validity of the tax imposed by the United States that the tax itself bear an accurate label . Indeed , the tax upon the distillation of spirits , imposed very early by federal authority , now reads and has read in terms of a tax upon the spirits themselves , yet the validity of this imposition has been upheld for a very great many years . It could well be argued that the tax involved here ( an income tax ) is an `` excise tax '' based upon the receipt of money by the taxpayer . It certainly is not a tax on property and it certainly is not a capitation tax ; therefore , it need not be apportioned . We do not think it profitable , however , to make the label as precise as that required under the Food and Drug Act . Congress has the power to impose taxes generally , and if the particular imposition does not run afoul of any constitutional restrictions then the tax is lawful , call it what you will . The Murphy case On December 22 , 2006 , a three - judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit vacated its unanimous decision ( of August 2006 ) in Murphy v. Internal Revenue Service and United States . In an unrelated matter , the court had also granted the government 's motion to dismiss Murphy 's suit against the Internal Revenue Service . Under federal sovereign immunity , a taxpayer may sue the federal government , but not a government agency , officer , or employee ( with some exceptions ) . The Court ruled : Insofar as the Congress has waived sovereign immunity with respect to suits for tax refunds under 28 U.S.C. § 1346 ( a ) ( 1 ) , that provision specifically contemplates only actions against the `` United States '' . Therefore , we hold the IRS , unlike the United States , may not be sued eo nomine in this case . An exception to federal sovereign immunity is in the United States Tax Court , in which a taxpayer may sue the Commissioner of Internal Revenue . The original three - judge panel then agreed to rehear the case itself . In its original decision , the Court had ruled that 26 U.S.C. § 104 ( a ) ( 2 ) was unconstitutional under the Sixteenth Amendment to the extent that the statute purported to tax , as income , a recovery for a nonphysical personal injury for mental distress and loss of reputation not received in lieu of taxable income such as lost wages or earnings . Because the August 2006 opinion was vacated , the Court of Appeals did not hear the case en banc . On July 3 , 2007 , the Court ( through the original three - judge panel ) ruled ( 1 ) that the taxpayer 's compensation was received on account of a nonphysical injury or sickness ; ( 2 ) that gross income under section 61 of the Internal Revenue Code does include compensatory damages for nonphysical injuries , even if the award is not an `` accession to wealth '' , ( 3 ) that the income tax imposed on an award for nonphysical injuries is an indirect tax , regardless of whether the recovery is restoration of `` human capital '' , and therefore the tax does not violate the constitutional requirement of Article I , Section 9 , Clause 4 , that capitations or other direct taxes must be laid among the states only in proportion to the population ; ( 4 ) that the income tax imposed on an award for nonphysical injuries does not violate the constitutional requirement of Article I , Section 8 , Clause 1 , that all duties , imposts and excises be uniform throughout the United States ; ( 5 ) that under the doctrine of sovereign immunity , the Internal Revenue Service may not be sued in its own name . The Court stated that `` ( a ) lthough the ' Congress can not make a thing income which is not so in fact ' , ... it can label a thing income and tax it , so long as it acts within its constitutional authority , which includes not only the Sixteenth Amendment but also Article I , Sections 8 and 9 . '' The court ruled that Ms. Murphy was not entitled to the tax refund she claimed , and that the personal injury award she received was `` within the reach of the Congressional power to tax under Article I , Section 8 of the Constitution '' -- even if the award was `` not income within the meaning of the Sixteenth Amendment '' . See also the Penn Mutual case cited above . On April 21 , 2008 , the U.S. Supreme Court declined to review the decision by the Court of Appeals . See also Tax protester Sixteenth Amendment arguments Notes Jump up ^ Knowlton v. Moore 178 U.S. 41 ( 1900 ) and Flint v. Stone Tracy Co. 220 U.S. 107 ( 1911 ) Jump up ^ Hylton v. United States 3 U.S. 171 ( 1796 ) Jump up ^ Buenker , John D. 1981 . `` The Ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment . '' The Cato Journal . 1 : 1 . PDF Jump up ^ Baack , Bennet T. and Edward John Ray . 1985 . `` Special Interests and the Adoption of the Income Tax in the United States . '' The Journal of Economic History V. 45 , No. 3 . pp. 607 - 625 . Jump up ^ `` On This Day : Congress Passes Act Creating First Income Tax '' . Findingdulcinea.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Baack and Ray , p. 608 . Jump up ^ `` Socialist Labor Party Platform '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Populist Party Platform , 1892 '' . Historymatters.gmu.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Speeches of William Jennings Bryan , pp. 159 - 179 . Books.google.com. 1909 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ 1908 Democratic party platform Archived January 13 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Commentary , James W. Ely , Jr. , on the case of Springer v. United States , in answers.com , at ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Again the situation is aptly illustrated by the various acts taxing incomes derived from property of every kind and nature which were enacted beginning in 1861 , and lasting during what may be termed the Civil War period . It is not disputable that these latter tax laws were classed under the head of excises , duties , and imposts because it was assumed that they were of that character , although putting a tax burden on income of every kind , including that derived from property real or personal , since they were not taxes directly on property because of its ownership . '' Brushaber v. Union Pac . Railroad , 240 U.S. 1 ( 1916 ) , at 15 Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baack and Ray , p. 610 Jump up ^ `` Mr. Cockran 's Final Effort '' ( PDF ) . New York Times . 1894 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Read a description of the decision at the Tax History Museum Jump up ^ `` Justice Harlan 's dissenting opinion in ' ' Pollock ' ' '' . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ See the quotes from Theodore Roosevelt at the Tax History Museum Jump up ^ `` Taft Address of June 16 , 1909 ( American Presidency Project ) '' . Presidency.ucsb.edu. 1909 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ President Taft Presidential addresses . Books.google.com. 1910 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Volume 36 , Statutes at Large , 61st Congress Session I , Senate Joint Resolution No. 40 , p. 184 , approved July 31 , 1909 Jump up ^ Senate Joint Resolution 40 , 36 Stat. 184 . Jump up ^ `` The Ratification of the Federal Income Tax Amendment , John D. Buenker '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Buenker , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Buenker , p. 189 Jump up ^ Baack and Jay , p. 613 - 614 Jump up ^ Buenker , p. 184 Jump up ^ `` Arthur A. Ekirch , Jr. , `` The Sixteenth Amendment : The Historical Background , '' p. 175 , ' ' Cato Journal ' ' , Vol. 1 , No. 1 , Spring 1981 . '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Buenker , pp. 219 - 221 Jump up ^ Adam Young , `` The Origin of the Income Tax '' , Ludwig von Mises Institute , Sept. 7 , 2004 Jump up ^ `` FindLaw : U.S. Constitution : Amendments '' . FindLaw . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Ratification of Constitutional Amendments '' . U.S. Constitution Online . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 ... Jump up ^ See Senate Document # 108 - 17 , 108th Congress , Second Session , The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation : Analysis of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 28 , 2002 , at pp. 33 - 34 , footnote 8 , Congressional Research Service , Library of Congress , U.S. Gov 't Printing Office ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ `` Virginia House Opposes Federal Clause by 54 to 37 '' , The Washington Post , March 8 , 1910 Jump up ^ Boris Bittker , `` Constitutional Limits on the Taxing Power of the Federal Government , '' The Tax Lawyer , Fall 1987 , Vol. 41 , No. 1 , p. 3 ( American Bar Association ) ( Pollock case `` was in effect reversed by the sixteenth amendment '' ) Jump up ^ `` The Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution overruled Pollock ... '' Graf v. Commissioner , 44 T.C.M. ( CCH ) 66 , TC Memo. 1982 - 317 , CCH Dec . 39,080 ( M ) ( 1982 ) . Jump up ^ Sheldon D. Pollack , `` Origins of the Modern Income Tax , 1894 - 1913 , '' 66 Tax Lawyer 295 , 323 - 324 , Winter 2013 ( Amer . Bar Ass'n ) ( footnotes omitted ; italics in original ) . Jump up ^ William D. Andrews , Basic Federal Income Taxation , p. 2 , Little , Brown and Company ( 3d ed. 1985 ) . Jump up ^ Boris I. Bittker , Martin J. McMahon , Jr. and Lawrence A. Zelenak , Federal Income Taxation of Individuals ( 2d ed. 2006 ) ( emphasis added ) . Jump up ^ Erik M. Jensen , `` The Taxing Power , The Sixteenth Amendment , And the Meaning of ' Incomes ' '' , Oct. 4 , 2002 , Tax Analysts ( footnotes not reproduced ) . Jump up ^ Calvin H. Johnson , `` Purging Out Pollock : The Constitutionality of Federal Wealth or Sales Tax '' , Dec. 27 , 2002 , Tax Analysts . Jump up ^ Gale Ann Norton , `` The Limitless Federal Taxing Power , '' Vol. 8 Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 591 ( Summer , 1985 ) ( footnotes omitted ) . Jump up ^ Alan O. Dixler , `` Direct Taxes Under the Constitution : A Review of the Precedents '' , Nov. 20 , 2006 , Tax Analysts . Jump up ^ `` Findlaw : Sixteenth Amendment , History and Purpose of the Amendment '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Wikoff v. Commissioner , 37 T.C.M. ( CCH ) 1539 , T.C. Memo. 1978 - 372 ( 1978 ) . Jump up ^ 82 T.C. 403 , CCH Dec. 41,031 ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ `` As construed by the Supreme Court in the Brushaber case , the power of Congress to tax income derives from Article I , Section 8 , Clause 1 of the Constitution , rather than from the Sixteenth Amendment ; the latter simply eliminated the requirement that an income tax , to the extent that it is a direct tax , must be apportioned among the states . '' Boris I. Bittker , Martin J. McMahon , Jr . & Lawrence A. Zelenak , Federal Income Taxation of Individuals , ch. 1 , paragr. 1.01 ( 1 ) ( a ) , Research Institute of America ( 2d ed. 2005 ) , as retrieved from 2002 WL 1454829 ( W.G. & L . ) . Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 101 . Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 102 . Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 117 . Jump up ^ Parker v. Commissioner , 724 F. 2d 469 , 84 - 1 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 9209 ( 5th Cir. 1984 ) ( closing parenthesis in original has been omitted ) . For other court decisions upholding the taxability of wages , salaries , etc. see United States v. Connor , 898 F. 2d 942 , 90 - 1 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 50,166 ( 3d Cir. 1990 ) ; Perkins v. Commissioner , 746 F. 2d 1187 , 84 - 2 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 9898 ( 6th Cir. 1984 ) ; White v. United States , 2005 - 1 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 50,289 ( 6th Cir. 2004 ) , cert . denied , ____ U.S. ____ ( 2005 ) ; Granzow v. Commissioner , 739 F. 2d 265 , 84 - 2 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 9660 ( 7th Cir. 1984 ) ; Waters v. Commissioner , 764 F. 2d 1389 , 85 - 2 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 9512 ( 11th Cir. 1985 ) ; United States v. Buras , 633 F. 2d 1356 , 81 - 1 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 9126 ( 9th Cir. 1980 ) . Jump up ^ Penn Mutual Indemnity Co. v. Commissioner , 32 T.C. 653 at 659 ( 1959 ) , aff 'd , 277 F. 2d 16 , 60 - 1 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 9389 ( 3d Cir. 1960 ) . Jump up ^ Penn Mutual Indemnity Co. v. Commissioner , 277 F. 2d 16 , 60 - 1 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶. 9389 ( 3d Cir. 1960 ) ( footnotes omitted ) . Jump up ^ Order , Dec. 22 , 2006 , the ruling of Murphy v. Internal Revenue Service and United States , U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit . Jump up ^ 460 F. 3d 79 , 2006 - 2 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 50,476 , 2006 WL 2411372 ( D.C. Cir . August 22 , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ ( Murphy v. United States ) Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 61 ( Murphy v United States , on rehearing ) Jump up ^ Opinion on rehearing , July 3 , 2007 , Murphy v. Internal Revenue Service and United States , case no . 05 - 5139 , U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit , 2007 - 2 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 50,531 ( D.C. Cir. 2007 ) Jump up ^ Opinion on rehearing , July 3 , 2007 , p. 16 , Murphy v. Internal Revenue Service and United States , case no . 05 - 5139 , U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit , 2007 - 2 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 50,531 ( D.C. Cir. 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Opinion on rehearing , July 3 , 2007 , p. 5 - 6 , Murphy v. Internal Revenue Service and United States , case no . 05 - 5139 , U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit , 2007 - 2 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 50,531 ( D.C. Cir. 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Denniston , Lyle ( April 21 , 2008 ) . `` Court to hear anti-dumping , sentencing cases '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved 21 April 2008 . External links National Archives : Sixteenth Amendment Sixteenth Amendment and 1913 tax return form Images of original documents CRS Annotated Constitution : Sixteenth Amendment Pollock Decision The decision nullified by the Sixteenth Amendment Brushaber Decision Supreme Court opinion on the apportionment clause of the Constitution . Stanton Decision - no new power of taxation ( affirming constitutionality of income tax after Sixteenth Amendment ) History of the U.S. Tax System - Almanac of Policy Issues ; annotated as `` US Department of the Treasury Undated . '' . 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who produced i wanna dance with somebody

`` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' Single by Whitney Houston from the album Whitney B - side `` Moment of Truth '' Released May 2 , 1987 ( 1987 - 05 - 02 ) Format CD single cassette single 7 '' single 12 '' single Recorded October 1986 Genre Dance - pop R&B Length 4 : 50 ( album version ) 8 : 33 ( 12 '' remix ) Label Arista Songwriter ( s ) George Merrill Shannon Rubicam Producer ( s ) Narada Michael Walden Whitney Houston singles chronology `` The Greatest Love of All '' ( 1986 ) `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' ( 1987 ) `` Did n't We Almost Have It All '' ( 1987 ) `` The Greatest Love of All '' ( 1986 ) `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' ( 1987 ) `` Did n't We Almost Have It All '' ( 1987 ) Whitney track listing `` I Wanna Dance With Somebody '' ( 1 ) `` Just the Lonely Talking Again '' ( 2 ) Music video `` I Wanna Dance With Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' on YouTube

Narada Michael Walden

I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me )

i wanna dance with somebody ( who loves me )

`` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' is the first single from Whitney Houston 's second studio album Whitney . It was produced by Narada Michael Walden , and written by George Merrill and Shannon Rubicam of the band Boy Meets Girl , who had previously written the number - one Whitney Houston hit `` How Will I Know . '' The original arrangement was written for her grandnephew Mau Rosillo when he was 9 years old , as he was a well - renoun dancer .

The song received mixed reviews from critics , who compared the musical arrangement to her own `` How Will I Know '' and Cyndi Lauper 's `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun . '' The song won the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the 30th Grammy Awards . The single was a commercial success , topping the charts in 13 countries including Australia , Italy , Germany and the UK . In the US , it became her fourth consecutive number one single and sold over one million copies , making it her biggest hit in that country at the time . It was eventually surpassed by her version of `` I Will Always Love You '' , five years later in 1992 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Critical reception 2.1 Accolades 3 Chart performance 4 Music video 5 Live performances 6 Track listing and formats 7 Credits and personnel 8 Charts 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year - end charts 8.3 Decade - end charts 9 Certifications 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody '' was written by George Merrill and Shannon Rubicam , who wrote Houston 's 1985 song `` How Will I Know . '' `` How Will I Know '' became successful , and as a result , they were asked to come up with another song for Houston 's then - new album . Originally the song that gave Merrill and Rubicam their British top ten success as Boy Meets Girl , `` Waiting For a Star to Fall '' was intended by the duo to be a song for Houston . The duo sent it to Arista Records , but they passed on it citing it was not suitable for Houston . Undeterred by this minor setback , the pair continued working on finding a song that would be ideal for Houston , and were inspired to come up with `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody . '' Later on , Rubicam explained the idea behind the song : I pictured somebody single wishing that they could find that special person for themselves . It was n't , ' I wan na go down the disco and dance , ' really . It was , ' I wan na do that dance of life with somebody . ' That was the thought behind the song . So we sent our demo version off to Clive Davis and he loved it . But , the song did not impress the producer , who again was Narada Michael Walden , who had produced `` How Will I Know . '' He took a little more persuading with regard to the song 's potential , and at first was not too keen on having Houston record it , as he felt it was too `` country and western sounding . '' He said of it , ( It ) reminded me of a rodeo song with Olivia Newton - John singing . I love Olivia Newton - John , but for Whitney Houston it did n't seem right . I felt the song needed a much more funkier feel . I slept , dreaming about it , woke up in the morning thinking about it , wondering what am I gon na do with this dance song . So , we just jumped in the water and lo and behold a magic record was born , Houston just knocked it out and then I knew we had a good record . For the song 's production , a Roland TR - 808 was used to produce the drum machine percussion . Critical reception ( edit ) `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' received mixed reviews from critics . Vince Aletti of Rolling Stone magazine , in a review of the album Whitney , criticized the song , commenting that `` not taking any chances , the songwriters ( Merill Griffith and Shannon Rubicam ) have simply come up with a clever anagram of their original hit ( How Will I Know ) , and ( Narada Michael ) Walden has glossed it over in an identically perky style . The strategy is not so different from that behind Hollywood 's blockbuster sequels : this is ' How Will I Know II ' . '' Los Angeles Times 's pop music critic , Robert Hilburn described the song as `` a deliciously raucous tune with a bit of the synthesizer underpinning and giddy zest of Cyndi Lauper 's ' Girls Just Want to Have Fun . ' '' In its review of Whitney , Jon Pareles of The New York Times gave a negative comment , writing that listening to `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody '' and `` You 're Still My Man , '' another track on the album was like `` watching television while someone fiddles with color controls . '' In 2006 , Slant Magazine ranked the song at # 88 in their 100 Greatest Dance Songs , commenting that `` with its parenthetical title , gummy bassline , schmaltzy horns , tinkling keyboards , and half - step key changes , ( the song ) is definitive ' 80s dance - pop . '' Accolades ( edit ) `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' won the award for `` Favorite Pop / Rock Single '' at the 15th American Music Awards on January 25 , 1988 . Additionally , Houston won the Grammy award for `` Best Pop Vocal Performance , Female '' with the song at its 30th ceremony on March 2 , 1988 , where she received a total of three nominations . The music video for the song was nominated for `` Best Music Video '' at the 2nd Soul Train Music Awards on March 30 , 1988 . Houston won the award for `` Best Music Video '' for the video at the 1st Garden State Music Awards . In 2015 the song was voted by the British public as the nation 's fifth favourite 1980s number one in a poll for ITV . Chart performance ( edit ) `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' was released as the first single from Houston 's second studio album at the beginning of May 1987 . It entered the Billboard Hot 100 , the issue dated May 16 , 1987 , at number 38 , her highest debut in the 1980s . Six weeks later , it reached the top spot of the chart , making it Houston 's fourth number - one single in the United States , the issue date of June 27 , 1987 ― the same day that Houston 's album Whitney debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 ( formerly `` Top Pop Albums '' ) the first time ever by a female artist . It remained there for two weeks , and spent 18 weeks on the chart . The song reached number one on the Hot 100 Single Sales chart for two weeks , and on the Hot 100 Airplay chart for three weeks , her longest run at that time . The single also peaked at number one on the Hot Adult Contemporary and the 12 '' remixed dance / club version by John `` Jellybean '' Benitez became Houston 's first chart - topper on the Billboard Hot Dance / Club Play Songs , staying on the top position of the charts for three weeks and two weeks , respectively . In addition , it reached a peak of two on the Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart ( formerly `` Hot Black Singles '' ) , the issue date of July 4 , 1987 . It remained at that position for two weeks , behind `` I Feel Good All Over '' by Stephanie Mills ( which never made the Hot 100 ) , and spent 15 weeks on the R&B chart . On July 28 , 1987 , the single was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , for shipment of 1,000,000 copies of the single , becoming one of only three singles to reach that level in that year , and re-certified Platinum , making it Houston 's first single to achieve that feat , for the same shipment on February 13 , 1989 , with the change of the RIAA certification criteria for singles . ( The number of sales required to qualify for gold and platinum discs was higher prior to January 1 , 1989 . The thresholds were 1,000,000 units ( gold ) and 2,000,000 units ( platinum ) , reflecting a decrease in sales of singles . It was certified 2 × Platinum on February 25 , 2012 . ) It placed at number four on the Billboard Year - End Top Pop Singles chart for 1987 . In Canada , the song debuted at 74 on the RPM Top 100 Singles chart , the issue dated May 9 , 1987 , and reached the top of the chart on July 4 , 1987 . It was ranked second on the RPM Year - End Top 100 Singles chart for 1987 . The single was later certified Gold by the Canadian Recording Industry Association ( CRIA ) on February 29 , 1988 . Internationally , the song was a massive hit , becoming her most successful single at the time . It reached number one in fourteen countries . The song debuted at number 10 on the UK Singles Chart , the week ending date of May 23 , 1987 . Two weeks later , it reached number one on the chart , the week ending June 6 , 1987 , becoming her second UK number - one single . The single was certified Gold by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) on August 1 , 1987 , for shipments of 400,000 copies . According to The Official Charts Company , it has sold 760,000 copies in the United Kingdom . The single also topped the singles chart in Belgium for three weeks , the Netherlands for four weeks , Germany for five weeks , Italy for a week , Norway for seven weeks , Sweden for six weeks and Switzerland for six weeks , and peaked inside top five in Austria and Ireland . This popularity of the single across Europe led to the song topping the European Hot 100 Singles chart for eight weeks . It became Houston 's second number - one single on the Australian Kent Music Report chart , staying at the top for five weeks . The song also peaked at number one on the New Zealand Singles Chart and remained there for four weeks , making it Houston 's first number - one single in the country . `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' was a strong seller for its time , having sold 4.2 million copies worldwide . After her death , the single returned to the Billboard Hot 100 debuting at number 35 the same week `` I Will Always Love You '' re-entered at number 7 , giving Houston two posthumous Top 40 hits . Music video ( edit ) The video for `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody '' was directed by Brian Grant and chreographed by Arlene Phillips , who also worked with Houston on the music video for `` How Will I Know '' . The video features Houston in a pink dress and a continuous shot of a purple backdrop that never changes its angle of vision . In the intro of this video , Houston just finishes a performance onstage . She walks backstage , and the scene is intercut with more vivid , colorful images of her . The song then explodes into its beginning , with myriad locations and various outfits by Houston , as dancers trying to impress her as she dances . Towards the end of the song she manhandles a guy , who has a mixture of a look of shock and surprise asking him `` Do n't you wan na dance say you wan na dance '' . The music video was in heavy rotation on music channels MTV , VH1 , and BET during the song 's run . Video has over 92 million views as of September 7 , 2017 on YouTube . Live performances ( edit ) Houston performing on her Nothing but Love World Tour , in 2010 Houston performed the song on almost all of her world and regional tours . She premiered the song during the later shows of The Greatest Love World Tour in 1986 , before its official release of the next year , introducing the song along with `` Did n't We Almost Have It All '' as new tunes from her upcoming album . During her European promotion for a new album in April -- May 1987 , Houston performed the song on various TV shows such as Domenica In ( Italian TV entertainment programme ) , Montreux Golden Rose Rock Festival : IM&MC Gala ( May 15 , 1987 ) , and Top of the Pops ( May 21 , 1987 ) , where she sang live , unlike some other performers who lip - synced on the programme . Moment of Truth World Tour in 1987 - 1988 had Houston performing it as the finale song of the tour . She performed the song without back - up dancers on the North American leg ( 1987 ) , and with four dancers on the European leg of the tour ( 1988 ) . Two different performances of the song were taped in Saratoga Springs , New York on September 2 , 1987 and at Wembley Arena in London , United Kingdom in May 1988 . The first was broadcast on MTV , during the 4th MTV Video Music Awards on September 11 , 1987 . The second was taken from one night of nine sold - out Wembley Arena shows , aired on Italian TV Channel , Rai Uno 's special program for her in 1988 . On March 2 , 1988 , she opened the night of the 30th Annual Grammy Awards singing the song . During the European leg of the tour , she participated in the Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute Concert and performed the song in front of about 72,000 people at Wembley Stadium on June 11 , 1988 . Houston also performed the song as part of her set on fourteen - date - tour in Japan , Feels So Right Tour . One performance of the song on the tour was taped at Yokohama Arena on January 7 , 1990 and later broadcast on Japanese TV channel . On March 17 , she sang the song live on That 's What Friends Are For : Arista Records 15th Anniversary AIDS Benefit Concert , televised on CBS , April 17 , 1990 . This performance was included in the 2014 CD / DVD release , Whitney Houston Live : Her Greatest Performances . In 1991 , she opened I 'm Your Baby Tonight World Tour with `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) . '' Three different performances of the song were taped and broadcast . The first is in Yokohama , Japan on March 15 and the second is in Norfolk , Virginia , the concert titled Welcome Home Heroes , televised live on HBO , March 31 and later released as the video of the same name . The third is in A Coruña , Spain on September 29 , broadcast on Spanish TV channel and later featured on the select setlist on This Is My Life , her first hourlong TV special , aired on ABC , May 6 , 1992 . The song was also performed The Bodyguard World Tour ( 1993 -- 1994 ) . On the tour , five different performances of the song were taped and televised ; four was on the South American leg of the tour in 1994 ― Brazil , Chile , Argentina and Venezuela ― and one was in Johannesburg , South Africa , broadcast live via satellite on HBO , November 12 , 1994 ; the concert titled `` The Concert for a New South Africa . '' Houston performed the song at a 25 - minute pregame show of the 1994 FIFA World Cup Final at Rose Bowl in Los Angeles , broadcast in more than 180 countries on July 17 , 1994 . `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody '' was included in the setlist on two regional tours , The Pacific Rim Tour ( 1997 ) and The European Tour ( 1998 ) . During the 1999 My Love Is Your Love World Tour , the remix version of the song was performed as a part of `` 1980s Dance Medley '' along with `` How Will I Know . '' One performance of the song on the tour was taped in Sopot , Poland and broadcast live on Polish TV channel TVP1 on August 22 , 1999 . In 2000 , she performed the song as a similar version of ' 99 tour 's on Arista Records 25th Anniversary Celebration , taped at Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles on April 10 , and broadcast on May 15 on NBC . Track listing and formats ( edit ) US 12 '' vinyl single ( Version 1 ) `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' ( 12 '' Remix ) -- 8 : 33 `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' ( Single version ) -- 4 : 52 `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' ( 12 '' Remix Radio edit ) -- 4 : 51 `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' ( Dub Mix ) -- 6 : 48 `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' ( A cappella ) -- 5 : 18 US 12 '' vinyl single ( Version 2 ) `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' ( 12 '' Remix ) -- 8 : 33 `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' ( Single version ) -- 4 : 52 `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' ( Dub Mix ) -- 6 : 48 `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' ( A cappella Mix ) -- 5 : 18 `` Moment of Truth '' -- 4 : 38 UK 7 '' vinyl single `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' -- 4 : 52 `` Moment of Truth '' -- 4 : 39 UK promo VHS single `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' ( Music Video ) -- 5 : 15 UK 5 '' maxi - CD single `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' ( 12 '' Remix ) -- 8 : 32 `` Moment of Truth '' -- 4 : 36 `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' ( Dub Mix ) -- 6 : 48 US 5 '' promo maxi - CD single `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' ( Single version ) -- 4 : 52 `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' ( 12 '' Remix Radio edit ) -- 4 : 51 `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' ( 12 '' Remix ) -- 8 : 36 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Writer ― George Merrill , Shannon Rubicam Producer , arranger ― Narada Michael Walden Vocal arrangement ― Whitney Houston Drums ― Narada Synths ― Walter `` Baby Love '' Afanasieff Bass synth ― Randy Jackson Guitar synth ― Corrado Rustici Percussion programming ― Preston Glass Alto sax ― Marc Russo Simmons ― Greg `` Gigi '' Gonaway Synth horns ― Sterling Background vocals ― Jim Gilstrap , Kitty Beethoven , Kevin Dorsey , Myrna Matthews , Jennifer Hall , Whitney Houston Recording , mixing ― David Fraser Assistant engineer ― Dana Jon Chappelle Additional engineers ― Lincoln Clapp , Gordon Lyon , Jay Rifkin , Ken Kessie , Maureen Droney Additional assistant engineers ― Gordon Lyon , Stuart Hirotsu , Paul `` Goatee '' Hamingson , Noah Baron , Bill `` Sweet William '' Miranda , Ross Williams , Rob Beaton Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 -- 2015 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( VRT Top 30 ) Canada ( RPM ) European Hot 100 Singles ( Music & Media ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) 15 Germany ( Media Control Top 100 ) Iceland ( RÚV ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( Musica e dischi ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( RIANZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) South African Singles Chart Spain ( AFYVE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 25 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 70 Canadian Hot 100 ( Billboard ) 33 France ( SNEP ) 31 Ireland ( IRMA ) 32 Israel ( Media Forest ) 7 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 42 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 17 Scotland ( The Official Charts Company ) 18 South Korea International Singles ( Gaon ) 193 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 28 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 28 UK Singles Chart ( The Official Charts Company ) 20 UK Dance Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 25 Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 47 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 11 Austrian Singles Chart 14 Canadian Singles Chart Finnish Singles Chart Dutch Singles Chart Italian Singles Chart 10 South African Singles Chart Swiss Singles Chart UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 US Black Singles 24 US Adult Contemporary Singles 9 US Dance / Club - Play Singles 14 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1980 -- 1989 ) Position Dutch Top 40 43 UK Singles Chart 81 Certifications ( edit ) Country Provider Certification Date Shipments / sales Australia ARIA Gold 35,000 Austria IFPI Gold March 1 , 1993 15,000 Canada Music Canda Platinum 10,000 Germany BVMI Gold 250,000 Italy FIMI Gold 2017 25,000 Netherlands NVPI Gold 70,000 New Zealand RIANZ Silver 10,000 Sweden IFPI Gold 25,000 United Kingdom BPI Platinum August 1987 600,000 United States RIAA 2 × Platinum January 12 , 1989 2,000,000 Worldwide 8,000,000 See also ( edit ) List of best - selling singles List of number - one singles in Australia in 1987 List of Top 25 singles for 1987 in Australia Nummer 1 - hits in de BRT Top 30 in 1987 List of RPM number - one singles of 1987 Dutch Top 40 number - one hits of 1987 List of European number - one hits of 1987 List of number - one hits of 1987 ( Finland ) ( in Finnish ) Number - one hits of 1987 ( Germany ) List of number - one hits of 1987 ( Italy ) List of number - one singles in 1987 ( New Zealand ) List of number - one hits 1987 ( Norway ) List of Swedish number - one hits List of number - one hits of 1987 ( Switzerland ) List of number - one singles from the 1980s ( UK ) List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 1987 ( U.S. ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1987 ( U.S. ) Number - one dance hits of 1987 ( USA ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston 's 20 Biggest Billboard Hits : A Look at Her Legendary Chart Career '' . ^ Jump up to : Seal 1994 , pp. 22 -- 23 Jump up ^ `` Roland TR - 808 : The drum machine that refused to die '' . BBC News . 21 March 2014 . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Aletti , Vince ( August 13 , 1987 ) . `` Album review : Whitney by Whitney Houston '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media LLC . Retrieved January 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robert Hilburn ( June 1 , 1987 ) . `` Album Review > Whitney Houston : Commercial Sparkle , Artistic Fizz '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston : She 's Singing By Formula '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . June 6 , 1987 . Retrieved January 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Music > 100 Greatest Dance Songs '' . Slant Magazine . January 30 , 2006 . Retrieved January 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Houston , Travis among winner at music awards '' . The Gettysburg Times . January 26 , 1988 . Retrieved February 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Battle And Jackson Top Grammy Award Nominees . Jet . February 1 , 1988 . Retrieved February 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jon Pareles ( March 4 , 1988 ) . `` U2 Wins Top Grammy Prize '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Soul Train Music Awards ' to Honor Gladys Knight and the Pips with trophy '' . The Washington Afro American . March 29 , 1988 . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jack Patton ( November 20 , 1988 ) . `` Houston Takes Top Garden State Awards '' . The Press of Atlantic City . Retrieved February 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Westbrook , Caroline ( 25 July 2015 ) . `` The Nation 's Favourite 80s Number One : 12 more classic 80s chart - toppers which did n't make the cut '' . Metro . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Billboard Hot 100 Singles chart listing for the week of May 16 , 1987 '' . Billboard . May 16 , 1987 . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Billboard Hot 100 Singles chart listing for the week of June 27 , 1987 '' . Billboard . June 27 , 1987 . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Billboard Hot 100 Singles chart listing for the week of July 4 , 1987 '' . Billboard . July 4 , 1987 . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary chart listing for the week of July 18 , 1987 '' . Billboard . July 18 , 1987 . Jump up ^ `` The Billboard Hot Dance / Club Play Songs chart listing for the week of July 18 , 1987 '' . Billboard . July 18 , 1987 . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart listing for the week of July 4 , 1987 '' . Billboard . July 4 , 1987 . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Houston , Whitney -- I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( May 14 , 1989 ) . `` New Golden Rule : 500,000 Sales Mark for All Singles '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1987 Year - end Charts - Top Pop Singles '' . Billboard . December 31 , 1987 . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The RPM Top 100 Singles chart listing for the week of May 9 , 1987 '' . RPM . May 9 , 1987 . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The RPM Top 100 Singles chart listing for the week of July 4 , 1987 '' . RPM . July 4 , 1987 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The RPM Top 100 Singles of 1987 in Canada '' . RPM . December 26 , 1987 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` iwdws87yearendcanada '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Canadian certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Wanna Dance ( With Somebody Who Loves Me ) '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` The UK Singles Chart listing for the week ending May 23 , 1987 '' . The Official Charts Company . May 23 , 1987 . ^ Jump up to : `` The UK Singles Chart listing for the week ending June 13 , 1987 '' . The Official Charts Company . June 13 , 1987 . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BPI certification searchable database '' . British Phonographic Industry . August 1 , 1987 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2011 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Official UK Countdowns - Whitney Houston Official Top 20 '' . MTV Networks . Retrieved January 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' on the Belgian Singles Chart `` . Vlaamse Radio - en Televisieomroep . July 4 , 1987 . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2012 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' on the Dutch Singles Chart `` . dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' on the German Singles Chart `` . Media Control GfK International . June 15 , 1987 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' on the Italian Singles Chart `` . Musica e dischi . June 13 , 1987 . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' on the Norwegian Singles Chart `` . norwegiancharts.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' on the Swedish Singles Chart `` . swedishcharts.com . June 3 , 1987 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' on the Swiss Singles Chart `` . swisscharts.com . June 14 , 1987 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' on the Austrian Singles Chart `` . austriancharts.at . July 15 , 1987 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' on the Irish Singles Chart `` . The Irish Recorded Music Association . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2009 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( Illustrated ed . ) . Sydney : Australian Chart Book . p. 143 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . N.B. The Kent Report chart was licensed by ARIA between 1983 and 26 June 1988 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' on the New Zealand Singles Chart `` . charts.org.nz . June 28 , 1987 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Take 40 : Music > Take 40 Number Ones > 1987 ; Number Ones in 1987 '' . take40.com . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2012 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston Returns to Hot 100 's Top 10 With ' I Will Always Love You ' '' . Billboard . February 15 , 2012 . Retrieved February 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ whitneyhoustonVEVO ( 2009 - 10 - 25 ) , Whitney Houston - I Wanna Dance With Somebody , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 07 Jump up ^ Whitney Houston Headlines Her First Tour Across the Country . Jet . September 1 , 1986 . Retrieved January 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top of the Pops : Episode dated 21 May 1987 '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved January 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Video Music Awards , 1987 > 1987 VMA Performances '' . MTV . September 11 , 1987 . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Entertainment : Black Turn Grammys Into A Show Biz Extravaganza . Jet . March 21 , 1988 . Retrieved January 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 750 Million Worldwide Hear Rock Concert That Honors Nelson Mandela . Jet . June 27 , 1988 . Retrieved January 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice : Television '' . The Time . June 13 , 1988 . Retrieved January 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ron Givens ( April 13 , 1990 ) . `` With a little help from our friends '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Live : Her Greatest Performances - Whitney Houston - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston to sing at World Cup '' . The Albany Herald . May 24 , 1994 . Retrieved February 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Neil Strauss ( April 12 , 2000 ) . `` A Salute to Clive Davis , Ousted at Arista Records '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) ( US 12 - inch Vinyl Single ( Version 1 ) liner notes ) . Whitney Houston . Arista. 1987 . AD1 - 9599 . Jump up ^ I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) ( US 12 - inch Vinyl Single ( Version 2 ) liner notes ) . Whitney Houston . Arista Records . 1987 . AD1 - 9603 . Jump up ^ I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) ( UK 7 - inch Vinyl Single liner notes ) . Whitney Houston . Arista. 1987 . RIS1 . Jump up ^ I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) ( UK promo VHS Single liner notes ) . Whitney Houston . Arista. 1987 . RIS1 . Jump up ^ I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) ( UK 5 - inch CD Single liner notes ) . Whitney Houston . Arista Records . 1987 . RISCD 1 , 659 008 . Jump up ^ I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) ( US 5 - inch Promo CD Single liner notes ) . Whitney Houston . Arista Records . 1987 . ASCD - 9599 . Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo ( 2006 ) . Sisältää hitin : Levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 . Finland : Otava . p. 161 . ISBN 951 - 1 - 21053 - X . Jump up ^ `` '' I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' on the French Singles Chart `` . lescharts.com . August 29 , 1987 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston Chart History '' . RÚV . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' on the South African Singles Chart `` . Springbok Radio . June 20 , 1987 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . p. 670 . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' Billboard . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Whitney Houston -- I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs & New Music : 1 - 10 Songs Billboard Music Charts '' . Billboard.com . November 24 , 2012 . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Media Forest : Airplay chart '' . mediaforest.biz . February 18 , 2012 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Whitney Houston -- I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Whitney Houston -- I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` 2012 - 02 - 25 Top 40 Scottish Singles Archive '' . Official Charts . February 25 , 2012 . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea Gaon International Chart ( Week : February 12 , 2012 to February 18 , 2012 ) '' . Gaon Chart . January 5 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2012 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' Canciones Top 50 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( February 23 , 2012 ) . `` Week Ending Feb. 19 , 2012 . Songs : Women Take Charge '' . Yahoo ! Music . Retrieved April 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles of 1987 in Australia '' . Kent Music Report . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles of 1987 in Austria '' . austriancharts.at . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo ( 2006 ) . Sisältää hitin : Levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 . Finland : Otava . p. 42 . ISBN 951 - 1 - 21053 - X . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl - Jaaroverzichten - Single 1987 '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The best - selling single of 1987 in Italy '' . hitparadeitalia.it . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Hit Singles of 1987 in South Africa '' . Top 40 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year - End Charts 1987 '' . swisscharts.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chart Archive - 1980s Singles : Top Hits of 1987 '' . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 Year - end Charts - Top Black Singles '' . Billboard . December 31 , 1987 . Retrieved January 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 Year - end Charts - Top Adult Contemporary Singles '' . Billboard . December 31 , 1987 . Retrieved January 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 Year - end Charts - Top Dance Club Play Singles '' . Billboard . December 31 , 1987 . Retrieved January 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Decenniumlijst : 80 's '' . Dutch Top 40 ( in Dutch ) . Stichting Nederlandse Top 40 . Retrieved June 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts : The ARIA Report week commencing 20 February 2012 -- Issue # 1147 '' ( PDF ) . Pandora Archive . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Austrian certifications ifpi.at Archived February 1 , 2010 , at WebCite . Retrieved December 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( ' I Will Always Love You ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Wanna Dance with Somebody '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dutch certifications nvpi.nl . Retrieved December 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Nick Robertshaw ( August 9 , 1986 ) . Houston Attains Global Stardom . Billboard . Retrieved August 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Swedish certifications Ifpi.se Archived May 21 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved December 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` BPI > Certified Awards > Search results for Whitney Houston ( page 2 ) ( from bpi.co.uk ) '' . Imgur.com ( original source published by BPI . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Wanna Dance '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved December 24 , 2008 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Bibliography Seal , Richard ( 1994 ) , One Moment in Time : Whitney Houston , Britannia Press Publishing , ISBN 0 - 9519937 - 8 - X External links ( edit ) I Wanna Dance With Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) at Discogs Preceded by `` Slice of Heaven '' by Dave Dobbyn with Herbs Australian Kent Music Report Singles Chart number - one single June 15 -- July 19 , 1987 ( 5 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Respectable '' by Mel and Kim Preceded by `` Hold Me Now '' by Johnny Logan Belgian VRT Top 30 Chart number - one single July 4 -- 24 , 1987 ( 3 weeks ) Succeeded by `` I Want Your Sex '' by George Michael Preceded by `` You Keep Me Hangin ' On '' by Kim Wilde Canadian RPM 100 Singles Chart number - one single July 4 -- 10 , 1987 ( 1 week ) Succeeded by `` Always '' by Atlantic Starr Preceded by `` You Want Love ( Maria , Maria ) '' by Mixed Emotions Dutch Top 40 number - one single June 20 -- July 17 , 1987 ( 4 weeks ) Succeeded by `` I Want Your Sex '' by George Michael Preceded by `` La Isla Bonita '' by Madonna European Hot 100 Singles Chart number - one single June 20 -- August 14 , 1987 ( 8 weeks ) Succeeded by `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' by Michael Jackson & Siedah Garrett German Media Control Top 100 Singles Chart number - one single June 15 -- July 19 , 1987 ( 5 weeks ) Succeeded by `` It 's a Sin '' by Pet Shop Boys Preceded by `` Let It Be '' by Ferry Aid Italian Musica e dischi Singles Chart number - one single June 13 -- 19 , 1987 ( 1 week ) Succeeded by `` Let It Be '' by Ferry Aid Preceded by `` Real Wild Child ( Wild One ) '' by Iggy Pop New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart number - one single June 28 -- July 25 , 1987 ( 4 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Respectable '' by Mel and Kim Preceded by `` Let It Be '' by Ferry Aid Norwegian VG - lista Top 20 Singles Chart number - one single 22nd week -- 28th week , 1987 ( 7 weeks ) Succeeded by `` The Living Daylights '' by a-ha Preceded by `` Ever Fallen in Love '' by Fine Young Cannibals South African Singles Chart number - one single August 29 -- September 11 , 1987 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Wild Horses '' by Gino Vannelli Preceded by `` You 're the Voice '' by John Farnham Swedish Singles Chart number - one single June 3 -- July 28 , 1987 ( 6 weeks ) Succeeded by `` It 's a Sin '' by Pet Shop Boys Preceded by `` Let It Be '' by Ferry Aid Swiss Singles Chart number - one single June 14 -- July 25 , 1987 ( 6 weeks ) Preceded by `` Nothing 's Gonna Stop Us Now '' by Starship UK Singles Chart number - one single May 31 -- June 13 , 1987 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Star Trekkin ' '' by The Firm Preceded by `` Head to Toe '' by Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam US Billboard Hot 100 Singles Chart number - one single June 27 , 1987 -- July 10 , 1987 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Alone '' by Heart Preceded by `` In Too Deep '' by Genesis US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Chart number - one single July 4 -- 24 , 1987 ( 3 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Moonlighting '' by Al Jarreau Preceded by `` In Love with Love '' by Debbie Harry US Billboard Hot Dance Music / Club Play Chart number - one single July 18 , 1987 -- July 31 , 1987 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Strangelove '' by Depeche Mode Whitney Houston Discography Videography Tours and concerts Awards and nominations Songs Studio albums Whitney Houston Whitney I 'm Your Baby Tonight My Love Is Your Love Just Whitney ... One Wish : The Holiday Album I Look to You Soundtrack albums The Bodyguard The Preacher 's Wife Live albums Whitney Houston Live : Her Greatest Performances Extended plays Whitney : Dancin ' Special Exhale Whitney : The Unreleased Mixes I Did n't Know My Own Strength : The Remixes The Remixes I Look to You : The Remixes Million Dollar Bill : The Remixes Compilation albums Whitney : The Greatest Hits Love , Whitney The Ultimate Collection I Will Always Love You : The Best of Whitney Houston Concert tours The Greatest Love World Tour Moment of Truth World Tour Feels So Right Tour I 'm Your Baby Tonight World Tour The Bodyguard World Tour The Pacific Rim Tour The European Tour My Love Is Your Love World Tour Soul Divas Tour Nothing but Love World Tour Notable concerts & appearances Welcome Home Heroes with Whitney Houston The Concert for a New South Africa Whitney : Brunei The Royal Wedding Celebration Classic Whitney : Live from Washington , D.C. VH1 Divas Live ' 99 Achievements Chart records and achievements Grammy awards history American Music Awards history Related articles `` Dance with Somebody '' The Bodyguard ( musical ) Being Bobby Brown The Houstons : On Our Own Bobby Brown ( ex-husband ) Bobbi Kristina Brown ( daughter ) Cissy Houston ( mother ) Whitney ( film ) Book Category Portal Whitney Houston singles Whitney Houston `` Hold Me '' `` Thinking About You '' `` You Give Good Love '' `` All at Once '' `` Saving All My Love for You '' `` How Will I Know '' `` Greatest Love of All '' Whitney `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All '' `` So Emotional '' `` Where Do Broken Hearts Go '' `` Love Will Save the Day '' `` I Know Him So Well '' I 'm Your Baby Tonight `` I 'm Your Baby Tonight '' `` All the Man That I Need '' `` Miracle '' `` My Name Is Not Susan '' `` I Belong to You '' `` We Did n't Know '' The Bodyguard `` I Will Always Love You '' `` I 'm Every Woman '' `` I Have Nothing '' `` Run to You '' `` Queen of the Night '' Waiting to Exhale `` Exhale ( Shoop Shoop ) '' `` Count On Me '' `` Why Does It Hurt So Bad '' The Preacher 's Wife `` I Believe in You and Me '' `` Step by Step '' `` My Heart Is Calling '' My Love Is Your Love `` When You Believe '' `` Heartbreak Hotel '' `` It 's Not Right but It 's Okay '' `` My Love Is Your Love '' `` I Learned from the Best '' Whitney : The Greatest Hits `` Could I Have This Kiss Forever '' `` If I Told You That '' `` Fine '' `` Same Script , Different Cast '' Just Whitney ... `` Whatchulookinat '' `` One of Those Days '' `` Try It on My Own '' `` Love That Man '' One Wish : The Holiday Album `` One Wish ( for Christmas ) '' I Look to You `` I Look to You '' `` Million Dollar Bill '' Sparkle `` Celebrate '' `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' I Will Always Love You : The Best of Whitney Houston `` I Look to You '' Other / featured / promotional singles `` One Moment in Time '' `` It Is n't , It Was n't , It Ai n't Never Gonna Be '' `` The Star Spangled Banner '' `` Something in Common '' `` I Did n't Know My Own Strength '' `` Memories '' Book Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Wanna_Dance_with_Somebody_(Who_Loves_Me)&oldid=804506965 '' Categories : 1987 singles Whitney Houston songs UK Singles Chart number - one singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Italy Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland Number - one singles in Norway Dance - pop songs Ashley Tisdale songs David Byrne songs Songs written by Shannon Rubicam Songs written by George Merrill ( songwriter ) RPM Top Singles number - one singles Song recordings produced by Narada Michael Walden 1987 songs 1986 songs Songs about dancing Arista Records singles Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with duplicate reference names CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Webarchive template webcite links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from April 2015 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart called without artist Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 13 : 36 . 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where is tin mined in the united states

Tin mining

tin mining

Tin mining began early in the Bronze Age , as bronze is a copper - tin alloy . Tin is a relatively rare element in the Earth 's crust , with approximately 2 ppm ( parts per million ) , compared to iron with 50,000 ppm .

Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Modern times 1.1. 1 Electronics 2 Production and smelting 3 Future supply of tin 4 Social and environmental impact 5 Tin mining by country 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Main article : Tin sources and trade in ancient times Tin extraction and use can be dated to the beginnings of the Bronze Age around 3000 BCE , when it was observed that copper objects formed of polymetallic ores with different metal contents had different physical properties . The earliest bronze objects had tin or arsenic content of less than 2 % and are therefore believed to be the result of unintentional alloying due to trace metal content in the copper ore It was soon discovered that the addition of tin or arsenic to copper increased its hardness and made casting much easier , which revolutionized metal working techniques and brought humanity from the Copper Age or Chalcolithic to the Bronze Age around 3000 BC . Early tin exploitation appears to have been centered on placer deposits of cassiterite . Map of Europe based on Strabo 's geography , showing the Cassiterides just off the northwest tip of Iberia where Herodotus believed tin originated in 450 BC The first evidence of tin use for making bronze appears in the Near East and the Balkans around 3000 BC . It is still unclear where the earliest tin was mined , as tin deposits are very rare and evidence of early mining is scarce . Europe 's earliest mining district appears to be located in Erzgebirge , on the border between Germany and Czech Republic and is dated to 2500 BC . From there tin was traded north to the Baltic Sea and south to the Mediterranean following the Amber Road trading route . Tin mining knowledge spread to other European tin mining districts from Erzgebirge and evidence of tin mining begins to appear in Brittany , Devon and Cornwall , and in the Iberian Peninsula around 2000 BC . These deposits saw greater exploitation when they fell under Roman control between the third century BC and the first century AD . Demand for tin created a large and thriving network amongst Mediterranean cultures of Classical times . By the Medieval period , Iberia 's and Germany 's deposits lost importance and were largely forgotten while Devon and Cornwall began dominating the European tin market . In the Far East , the tin belt stretching from Yunnan in China to the Malay Peninsula began being exploited sometime between the third and second millennium BC . The deposits in Yunnan were not mined until around 700 BC , but by the Han Dynasty had become the main source of tin in China according to historical texts of the Han , Jin , Tang , and Song dynasties . Other regions of the world developed tin mining industries at a much later date . In Africa , the Bantu culture extracted , smelted and exported tin between the 11th and 15th centuries AD , in the Americas tin exploitation began around 1000 AD , and in Australia it began with the arrival of Europeans in the 17th century . Modern times ( edit ) During the Middle Ages , and again in the early 19th century , Cornwall was the major tin producer . This changed after large amounts of tin were found in the Bolivian tin belt and the east Asian tin belt , stretching from China through Thailand and Laos to Malaya and Indonesia . Tasmania also hosts deposits of historical importance , most notably Mount Bischoff and Renison Bell . In 1931 the tin producers founded the International Tin Committee , followed in 1956 by the International Tin Council , an institution to control the tin market . After the collapse of the market in October 1985 the price for tin nearly halved . Tin foil was once a common wrapping material for foods and drugs ; replaced in the early 20th century by the use of aluminium foil , which is now commonly referred to as tin foil , hence one use of the slang term `` tinnie '' or `` tinny '' for a small pipe for use of a drug such as cannabis or for a can of beer . Today , the word `` tin '' is often improperly used as a generic term for any silvery metal that comes in sheets . Most everyday materials that are commonly called `` tin '' , such as aluminium foil , beverage cans , corrugated building sheathing and tin cans , are actually made of steel or aluminium , although tin cans ( tinned cans ) do contain a thin coating of tin to inhibit rust . Likewise , so - called `` tin toys '' are usually made of steel , and may have a coating of tin to inhibit rust . The original Ford Model T was known colloquially as the `` Tin Lizzy '' . Electronics ( edit ) Because tin is used in solder , it is crucial to tablet computers , smartphones , and other electronic equipment . ( For example , the Apple iPad uses 1 - 3 grams of tin , and in just two components of its 7000 solder points . ) According to Apple Inc. , tin is the most common metal used by that company 's suppliers . Production and smelting ( edit ) In 2006 , total worldwide tin mine production was 321,000 tons , and smelter production was 340,000 tons . From its production level of 186,300 tons in 1991 , around where it had hovered for the previous decades , production of tin increased 89 % to 351,800 tons in 2005 . Most of the increase came from China and Indonesia , with the largest spike in 2004 -- 2005 , when it increased 23 % . While in the 1970s Malaysia was the largest producer , with around a third of world production , it has steadily fallen , and now remains a major smelter and market center . In 2007 , the People 's Republic of China was the largest producer of tin , where the tin deposits are concentrated in the southeast Yunnan tin belt , with 43 % of the world 's share , followed by Indonesia , with an almost equal share , and Peru at a distant third , reports the USGS . Future supply of tin ( edit ) New deposits to support future production are somewhat limited . A significant new source of tin supply may come from the very high grade ( > 4 % Sn ) Alphamin Resources Bisie project in DRC , new discoveries in Myanmar and from Russia , primarily from the Komsomolsk Tin District in Khabarovsk Region . The Sobolinoye ( Sable ) Deposit , licensed to Sable Tin Resources is one of the main potential suppliers of tin in the near future . The deposit holds over 10 million tonnes at 0.88 % tin ( 93000 tonnes ) and 0.53 % Copper . The resources were registered in 1987 and a feasibility study prepared in 1993 by a subsidiary of Norilsk Nickel but despite its vicinity to infrastructure a mine was never constructed due to economic and political reasons . The private Rusolovo holding company is also another potential major supplier as it ramps up production from its high grade ( 1.5 % Sn ) Pravoumirskoye mine , which is overcoming infrastructure obstacles and the historical lower grade ( 0.6 % Sn ) Festivalnoye deposit which has recently re-commenced production from which ore being processed at the Gorniy processing plant and the Khinganskoye tailings project in the Jewish Autonomous Republic . The table below shows the countries with the largest mine production and the largest smelter output . Further supplies may possibly come from the DRC , Nigeria and Rwanda . Mine and smelter production ( tons ) , 2006 Country Mine production Smelter production Indonesia 117,500 80,933 China 114,300 129,400 Peru 38,470 40,495 Bolivia 17,669 13,500 Australia * 7072 0 Thailand 225 27,540 Malaysia 2,398 23,000 Belgium 0 8,000 Russia 5,000 5,500 Congo - Kinshasa ( ' 08 ) 15,000 0 ( * Results from 2014 Australian F.Y ) After the discovery of tin in what is now Bisie , North Kivu in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2002 , illegal production has increased there to around 15,000 tons . This is largely fueling the ongoing and recent conflicts there , as well as affecting international markets . Social and environmental impact ( edit ) In August 2012 cover story in Bloomberg Businessweek stated that tin mining on the Indonesian island of Bangka was becoming more dangerous and destructive as cassiterite ore deposits became harder to get to . About one - third of all the tin mined in the world has come from Bangka and its sister island Belitung to the east . As tin ore pits become deeper , the number of lethal cave - ins has risen . Approximately one tin miner a week was killed in Indonesia in 2011 -- double the number of the year before . The low income of the miners and the mining operations -- pickaxes and buckets are often the equipment used to gather the ore , and $5 US equivalent is a successful day 's work -- have meant safety measures such as terracing of pits have been ignored . Dredging for ore off the islands shores has churned up sediment which has buried coral reefs where fish live and harmed the local fishing industry . This is despite a prohibition on mining in waters within four miles of Bangka 's shore . Tin mining by country ( edit ) Tin mining in Britain Dartmoor tin - mining Mining in Cornwall and Devon Stannary Courts and Parliaments Tin mining in Bolivia See also ( edit ) Mining portal Black tin White tin International Tin Council Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Estimates vary between USGS and The British Geological Survey . The latter was chosen because it indicates that the most recent statistics are not estimates , and estimates match more closely with other estimates found for Congo - Kinshasa . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cierny , J. ; Weisgerber , G. ( 2003 ) . `` The `` Bronze Age tin mines in Central Asia '' . In Giumlia - Mair , A. ; Lo Schiavo , F. The Problem of Early Tin . Oxford : Archaeopress . pp. 23 -- 31 . ISBN 1 - 84171 - 564 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Penhallurick , R.D. ( 1986 ) . Tin in Antiquity : its Mining and Trade Throughout the Ancient World with Particular Reference to Cornwall . London : The Institute of Metals . ISBN 0 - 904357 - 81 - 3 . Jump up ^ Charles , J.A. ( 1979 ) . `` The development of the usage of tin and tin - bronze : some problems '' . In Franklin , A.D. ; Olin , J.S. ; Wertime , T.A. The Search for Ancient Tin . Washington D.C. : A seminar organized by Theodore A. Wertime and held at the Smithsonian Institution and the National Bureau of Standards , Washington D.C. March 14 -- 15 , 1977 . pp. 25 -- 32 . ^ Jump up to : Gerrard , S. ( 2000 ) . The Early British Tin Industry . Stroud : Tempus Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7524 - 1452 - 6 . Jump up ^ Lo Schiavo , F. ( 2003 ) . `` The problem of early tin from the point of view of Nuragic Sardinia '' . In Giumlia - Mair , A. ; Lo Schiavo , F. The Problem of Early Tin . Oxford : Archaeopress . pp. 121 -- 132 . ISBN 1 - 84171 - 564 - 6 . Jump up ^ Pulak , C. ( 2001 ) . `` The cargo of the Uluburun ship and evidence for trade with the Aegean and beyond '' . In Bonfante , L. ; Karageogrhis , V. Italy and Cyprus in Antiquity : 1500 -- 450 BC . Nicosia : The Costakis and Leto Severis Foundation . pp. 12 -- 61 . ISBN 9963 - 8102 - 3 - 3 . Jump up ^ Murowchick , R.E. ( 1991 ) . `` The Ancient Bronze Metallurgy of Yunnan and its Environs : Development and Implications '' . Michigan : Ann Arbour . Jump up ^ Thoburn , John T. ( 1994 ) . Tin in the World Economy . Edinburgh University Press . ISBN 0 - 7486 - 0516 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Tech 's Tragic Secret by Cam Simpson Bloomberg Businessweek August 2012 Jump up ^ Shiyu , Yang ( 1991 ) . `` Classification and type association of tin deposits in Southeast Yunnan Tin Belt '' . Chinese Journal of Geochemistry. 10 ( 1 ) : 21 -- 35 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02843295 . Jump up ^ Carlin , Jr. , James F. `` Mineral Commodity Summary 2008 : Tin '' ( PDF ) . United States Geological Survey . Jump up ^ Alphamin Resources http://alphaminresources.com/ Jump up ^ ITRI Tin Report 2016 Jump up ^ ZRPRESS : 2012 - 11 - 29 Article on Chinese interests in Russian TIn : Jump up ^ Sdelano u nas : 2012 Россия восстанавливает добычу олова Jump up ^ Dalnedra : Announcement of Public Auction in 2012 Jump up ^ MK Logistik Rus : Соболиное месторождение Jump up ^ EMJ Russian Tin Mines Ripe for Restoration Published : Wednesday , 11 March 2015 10 : 24 Jump up ^ Промышленные ведомости - Восстановится ли в России добыча олова ? / Луняшин П . Д Jump up ^ ITRI : 2016 Tin report Jump up ^ World Mineral Production 2002 -- 06 ( PDF ) . British Geological Survey . p. 89 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Polgreen , Lydia ( November 15 , 2008 ) . `` The Spoils : Congo 's Riches , Looted by Renegade Troops '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tin mining . TED Case Studies : Tin Mining In Malaysia - Present And Future The History of Tin Mining Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining&oldid=789782510 '' Categories : Tin mining Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 9 July 2017 , at 14 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin%20mining

who did otto go with to north korea

Warmbier traveled to North Korea for a five - day New Year 's tour of the country organized by Young Pioneer Tours . Ten other U.S. citizens were in his tour group . The tour group celebrated New Year 's Eve by carousing in Pyongyang 's Kim Il Sung Square before returning to their accommodations at the Yanggakdo International Hotel , where they continued drinking alcohol . Early in the morning of New Year 's Day , Warmbier allegedly tried to steal a propaganda poster from a staff - only area of the hotel . The poster stated , `` Let 's arm ourselves strongly with Kim Jong - il 's patriotism ! '' Harming or stealing such items with the name or image of a North Korean leader is considered a serious crime by the North Korean government .

Young Pioneer Tours

Otto Warmbier

otto warmbier

Otto Frederick Warmbier ( December 12 , 1994 -- June 19 , 2017 ) was an American university student who , while visiting North Korea as a tourist in January 2016 , was arrested and sentenced to 15 years imprisonment with hard labor after being convicted for attempted theft of a propaganda poster from his hotel .

Approximately one month after his sentencing , Warmbier suffered severe neurological injury from an unknown cause . North Korean authorities did not disclose his medical condition until June 2017 , when they announced he had fallen into a coma as a result of botulism and a sleeping pill . The United States made diplomatic efforts to seek Warmbier 's release , and Warmbier was freed in June 2017 , in a comatose state after 17 months in captivity . He was repatriated to the United States , arriving in Cincinnati , Ohio , on June 13 , and was taken to University of Cincinnati Medical Center for immediate evaluation and treatment . His U.S. physicians found no evidence of botulism . Warmbier never regained consciousness and died on June 19 , 2017 , six days after his return to the United States . U.S. officials blamed North Korea for his death . He was one of 16 American citizens detained by North Korea since 1996 , including three who are still in custody . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Trip to North Korea 2.1 Arrest 2.2 Trial and conviction 2.3 Release 3 Medical condition 4 Death and public reactions 5 Aftermath 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References Early life ( edit ) Otto Warmbier was born on December 12 , 1994 , the eldest of three children of Fred and Cindy ( née Garber ) Warmbier , and was raised in Cincinnati , Ohio . Otto had two siblings , a brother , Austin , and a sister , Greta . His father , Fred Warmbier , owns a metal - finishing company that was featured in Forbes in 2015 for its rapid growth . In 2014 , Fred contributed to The New York Times ' blog titled You 're the Boss about running a small business . Otto worked as an intern at the company from 2010 to 2013 . His maternal grandfather was Charles Garber , a pharmacist in Cincinnati , who was active in the Jewish community . Warmbier graduated from Wyoming High School in 2013 as salutatorian , the second - highest ranking student in his class . He was considered popular and studious , and played on the soccer team . His coach said he was a gifted player and a natural leader . Warmbier was enrolled at the University of Virginia , where he was studying for a double major degree in commerce and economics and did an exchange at the London School of Economics . His minor was in global sustainability . He was a third - year student when he traveled to China , followed by a side - trip to North Korea . He was a brother of the Theta Chi fraternity . Warmbier 's mother was Jewish , and he was active in the Hillel Jewish campus organization at the University of Virginia . He had visited Israel in a Birthright Israel heritage trip for young Jewish adults . In May 2017 the Washington Post interviewed some of Warmbier 's college friends , who described him , according to the paper , as a `` sports fan who can reel off stats about seemingly any team , a friendly Midwesterner who can break down underground rap lyrics ( and craft some of his own ) , a deep thinker who would challenge himself and others to question their place in the world , a guy from an entrepreneurial family who ate half - price sushi , an insatiably curious person with a strong work ethic and a delight in the ridiculous . '' Trip to North Korea ( edit ) The Yanggakdo International Hotel in Pyongyang , where the alleged theft took place Fred Warmbier stated that his son Otto , en route to Hong Kong to complete a study abroad program , was traveling in China at the end of 2015 when he saw a company offering trips to North Korea . He decided to go because he was adventurous , according to his father . The senior Warmbier said that the China - based tour operator , Young Pioneer Tours , appealed to young Westerners with slogans such as `` This is the trip your parents do n't want you to take ! '' and advertised the trip as safe for U.S. citizens . Warmbier traveled to North Korea for a five - day New Year 's tour of the country organized by Young Pioneer Tours . Ten other U.S. citizens were in his tour group . The tour group celebrated New Year 's Eve by carousing in Pyongyang 's Kim Il Sung Square before returning to their accommodations at the Yanggakdo International Hotel , where they continued drinking alcohol . Early in the morning of New Year 's Day , Warmbier allegedly tried to steal a propaganda poster from a staff - only area of the hotel . The poster stated , `` Let 's arm ourselves strongly with Kim Jong - il 's patriotism ! '' Harming or stealing such items with the name or image of a North Korean leader is considered a serious crime by the North Korean government . Arrest ( edit ) On January 2 , 2016 , Warmbier was arrested at Pyongyang International Airport just prior to departing North Korea . Danny Gratton , a British member of Warmbier 's tour group , witnessed the arrest . He said : No words were spoken . Two guards just came over and simply tapped Otto on the shoulder and led him away . I just said kind of quite nervously , ' Well , that 's the last we 'll see of you . ' There 's a great irony in those words . That was it . That was the last physical time I saw Otto , ever . Otto did n't resist . He did n't look scared . He sort of half - smiled . The others in his tour group left the country without incident . When their plane was about to leave the terminal an official came aboard and announced `` Otto is very sick and has been taken to the hospital . '' North Korea 's state - run Korean Central News Agency ( KCNA ) initially announced that Warmbier had been detained for `` a hostile act against the state , '' without specifying further details . North Korea refused to elaborate on the nature of his wrongdoing for six weeks . In a press conference on February 29 , 2016 , Warmbier , reading from a prepared statement , confessed that he had attempted to steal a propaganda poster from a restricted staff - only area of the second floor of the Yanggakdo Hotel to take back to the United States . It is not known whether the confession was forced , as Warmbier never regained consciousness after his return to the U.S. However , various sources , including Gratton , stated that he was clearly under duress . Former prisoners of North Korea have later recanted their confessions after their release , stating they were made under duress . Warmbier 's confession also stated that he had plotted to steal the poster at the behest of a Methodist church in his hometown and a secret society at the University of Virginia that he wished to join , both of whom he said were allied with the Central Intelligence Agency . These claims , which Time called `` fanciful '' and `` implausible , '' were disputed by both the church and the University society named by Warmbier . The New York Times remarked that `` the unlikely nature of the details suggested the script had been written by Mr. Warmbier 's North Korean interrogators . '' U.S. negotiator Mickey Bergman later stated that Warmbier 's family were advised to maintain silence about his Jewish heritage while he was under arrest , as negotiators believed that publicly repudiating Warmbier 's purported affiliation with a Methodist church would antagonise the North Korean regime . Warmbier is not the first foreigner to have been arrested for a poster - related offense in North Korea . A private Dutch collector , who owned over a thousand of their posters , was arrested on charges of espionage in 2010 during one of his semi-annual visits to buy more . He was similarly threatened with 15 years imprisonment , but was released after two weeks upon signing a forced confession . Another collector of North Korean posters , David Heather , published an illustrated book of their posters , and notes that about 1,000 artists work in a large complex in North Korea producing them . Older posters have been exhibited in museums outside of North Korea , while some private companies have been selling them for years . Trial and conviction ( edit ) On March 16 , 2016 , a few hours after U.S. envoy Bill Richardson met in New York with two North Korean diplomats from the United Nations office to press for Warmbier 's release , Warmbier was tried and convicted for the theft of the propaganda poster from a restricted area of the hotel . Evidence at his trial , which lasted one hour , included his confession , CCTV footage , fingerprint evidence , and witness testimony . He was sentenced to 15 years of hard labor . Human Rights Watch called the hearing a kangaroo court and described the sentencing as `` outrageous and shocking . '' U.S. State Department spokesman Mark Toner stated it was clear that North Korea used arrested American citizens for political purposes despite its claims to the contrary . Richardson and some news media have suggested that the harsh sentence was in response to heightened tensions with the U.S. A video purporting to be the hotel 's security - camera footage of the theft was released by KCNA on March 18 , 2016 . In the brief low - resolution video , which is time - stamped 1 : 57 a.m. , a figure removes a poster from a wall in a corridor and places it on the floor , leaning it against the wall . The footage released does not display subsequent events . Warmbier indicated in his confession that he abandoned the poster after discovering it was too large to carry away . A hotel staff member told the court : `` When I got off work , there was nothing amiss . But when I returned , I thought someone had deliberately taken the slogan down , so I mobilised security to prevent damage to it and reported it to the authorities . '' Release ( edit ) Fred Warmbier and his wife met with numerous Obama administration officials , including former Secretary of State John Kerry , and with the Swedish ambassador , who served as an interlocutor between the U.S. and North Korea . In May 2017 , he said that the Obama administration had encouraged them to keep a low profile about their son 's situation , but that he and his wife wanted their son to be part of any negotiations between the United States and North Korea . On June 12 , 2017 , Rex Tillerson , the United States Secretary of State , announced that North Korea had released Warmbier . Tillerson also announced that the U.S. State Department secured Warmbier 's release at the direction of President Donald Trump . Tillerson said that the State Department continues discussing three other detained Americans with North Korea . Subsequent media reports revealed that at a meeting in New York on June 6 , North Korean officials had advised U.S. State Department Special Representative Joseph Yun that Warmbier had contracted food - borne botulism shortly after his sentencing , and had fallen into a coma after taking a sleeping pill . A delegation headed by Yun flew to Pyongyang to oversee Warmbier 's repatriation to the U.S. After 17 months in prison , Warmbier , in a comatose state , was medically evacuated to Cincinnati , Ohio , arriving in the evening of June 13 , 2017 . He was taken to the University of Cincinnati Medical Center , where doctors tried to determine what caused his coma and if there were signs of recovery . Medical condition ( edit ) Warmbier 's physicians at the University of Cincinnati Medical Center stated that he was in `` a state of unresponsive wakefulness , '' a condition commonly known as persistent vegetative state . He was able to breathe on his own and blink his eyes , but otherwise showed no signs of awareness of his environment , such as understanding language , nor did he initiate any purposeful movements . Medical records from North Korea showed that Warmbier had been in this state since April 2016 , one month after his conviction . During his release , the North Koreans provided a disk containing two magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) brain scans , dated April and July 2016 , showing damage to the brain . According to his medical team , brain scans revealed Warmbier had suffered extensive loss of brain tissue throughout his brain , consistent with a cardiopulmonary event that caused the brain to be deprived of oxygen . Doctors said they did not know what caused the cardiac arrest , but that it could have been triggered by a respiratory arrest , while a neurointensive care specialist at the hospital stated that there was no evidence indicating botulism . They said physicians found no evidence of physical abuse or torture ; scans of Warmbier 's neck and head were normal outside of the brain injury . Warmbier 's father held a press conference on June 15 , but declined to answer a reporter 's question as to whether or not the neurological injury was caused by an assault , saying he would let the doctors make that determination . He stated that they did not believe anything the North Koreans told them . He expressed anger at the North Koreans for his son 's condition , saying , `` There is no excuse for any civilized nation to have kept his condition secret , and denied him top - notch medical care for so long . '' Death and public reactions ( edit ) Countless innocent men and women have died at the hands of North Korea ... , but the singular case of Otto Warmbier touches the American heart like no other . Nikki Haley , U.S. Ambassador to the U.N. Warmbier died in the hospital at 2 : 20 p.m. on June 19 , 2017 , at the age of 22 . His family issued a statement expressing their sadness , thanking the hospital staff for their actions . President Trump issued a statement regarding Warmbier 's death : `` There is nothing more tragic for a parent than to lose a child in the prime of life . Our thoughts and prayers are with Otto 's family and friends , and all who loved him . '' Others criticized Warmbier . North Korean officials said their country was the `` biggest victim '' from his death as a result of a `` smear campaign , '' stating their treatment of him was `` humanitarian . '' A spokesman added : Although we had no reason at all to show mercy to such a criminal of the enemy state , we provided him with medical treatments and care with all sincerity on humanitarian basis until his return to the U.S. , considering that his health got worse . At the request of Warmbier 's family , an autopsy was not performed , and only a postmortem external examination was conducted . Doctors speculated that the cause of death could have been a blood clot , pneumonia , sepsis or kidney failure . Sleeping pills could have caused Warmbier to stop breathing if he had botulism and was paralyzed from it . The University of Cincinnati doctors found no evidence of botulism , but several neurologists said that botulism can not be ruled out , given the length of time before Warmbier 's return to the US . After his death , Young Pioneers , the tour company that organized the trip for Warmbier , announced that it would no longer accept American citizens on its tours . One former State Department official noted that the State Department 's website has for years strongly warned Americans not to travel to North Korea . A funeral for Warmbier was held on June 22 at Wyoming High School , with more than 2,500 mourners attending . He was buried at Oak Hill Cemetery in Glendale , Ohio , and students tied ribbons on every tree and pole along the three - mile route taken by the funeral procession from the high school to the cemetery . Aftermath ( edit ) In July 2017 , the U.S. government announced that it would ban American tourists from visiting North Korea as of September 1 , 2017 . In his speech to the United Nations General Assembly on September 19 , 2017 , President Donald Trump mentioned Warmbier while lambasting the North Korean regime as a rogue state . One week later , Trump posted on Twitter that Warmbier was `` tortured beyond belief '' by North Korea . This was the first time President Trump had publicly accused the North Korean regime of torturing Warmbier . His post followed a televised interview given by Warmbier 's parents in which they spoke of their son 's death and expressed their wish for North Korea to be relisted as a state sponsor of terrorism . See also ( edit ) Katherine Ann Dettwyler § Comments on death of Otto Warmbier List of foreign nationals detained in North Korea North Korea -- United States relations Tourism in North Korea Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ His grandfather was active in the Jewish Community Center , involved in the center 's cardiac rehab program and the Happy Heart Club at Jewish Hospital . He died at age 74 , with services at Yad Charutzim Cemetery in Covedale . Jump up ^ Some media reports indicated that Warmbier spoke by phone to a Young Pioneer tour guide following his arrest , but this was denied by a Young Pioneer spokesman who told BBC News that `` none of its employees had direct contact with Otto after he was escorted away . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The video that North Korea says proves US student tried to steal banner '' . The Independent . March 18 , 2016 . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` North Korea Says It 's Holding U.S. Student for ' Hostile Act ' '' . The New York Times . January 23 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2016 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Young Pioneer Tours , a China - based company that operates tours to North Korea , said in a statement that one of its clients , identified as `` Otto , '' was being detained in the North Korean capital , Pyongyang . ^ Jump up to : Svrluga , Susan ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Otto Warmbier dies days after release from North Korean detainment '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Svrluga , Susan ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` Otto Warmbier has extensive loss of brain tissue , no obvious signs of trauma , doctors say '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Sang - Hun , Choe ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` North Korea Says Otto Warmbier Was Released on ' Humanitarian Grounds ' '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Coma - stricken student released from North Korea arrives back in US '' Archived June 20 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine. , ABC News , June 12 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Svrluga , Susan ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Otto Warmbier dies days after release from North Korean detainment '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : `` John McCain : Otto Warmbier ' murdered by the Kim Jong - un regime ' '' Archived June 20 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine. , Washington Examiner , June 19 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Otto Warmbier Got an Extra Dose of Brutality From North Korea . The Mystery Is Why . '' Archived June 20 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine. , The New York Times , June 14 , 2017 Jump up ^ Dawson , Steve ( January 16 , 2017 ) . `` What Happened to Otto Warmbier & Updates '' . The Gazette Review . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Worried about North Korea ? Spare a thought for Otto Warmbier 's family . '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Allan , Kelly ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` How One Small Business Owner Dealt with the Stress of Unexpected Fast Growth '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Warmbier , Fred ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` You 're the Boss Blog : Meeting Face - to - Face With Our Unhappy Customer '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2015 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pearson , James ; Kim , Jack ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` North Korea says U.S. student confessed to theft of item with propaganda slogan '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Obituary Charles Garber , Otto Warmbier 's maternal grandfather , The Cincinnati Enquirer , February 28 , 1992 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Obituary clip , Cincinnati Enquirer , February 28 , 1992 ^ Jump up to : Ponniah , Kevin ; Spender , Tom ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Otto Warmbier : How did North Korea holiday end in jail , and a coma ? '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` As he prepared to leave high school , Otto Warmbier celebrated ' finale ' and the future ahead '' Archived June 20 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine. , wcpo.com , June 20 , 2017 ; accessed June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sumter , Kyler ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` University of Virginia community welcomes Otto Warmbier 's release from North Korea '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Charlie . `` The Detention of a U.S. Student in North Korea Underscores the Risks of Traveling There '' . Time . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2016 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wyoming grad arrested in North Korea for ' hostile act ' '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer . January 22 , 2016 . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2016 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ Dolsten , Josefin ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` Otto Warmbier , American student released from North Korea , was active in Hillel '' . JTA . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Father of imprisoned student left in a coma accuses tour firm of ' luring young Americans to North Korea ' as doctors describe his condition as ' unresponsive wakefulness ' '' . The Telegraph . June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Parents of American student released from North Korea hold news conference '' . YouTube . June 15 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beard , Rowan . `` Otto Warmbier -- Jail Sentence Statement '' . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2016 . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` North Korea arrests US student for ' hostile act ' '' . BBC . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2016 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : James Pearson ( January 23 , 2016 ) . `` U.S. student detained in North Korea ' over hotel incident ' '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2016 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nick Anderson ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` Tour group to N. Korea takes people places ' your mother would rather you stayed away from ' '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2016 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Rogin , Josh ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` Otto Warmbier 's North Korea roommate speaks out '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stone Fish , Isaac ( 23 June 2017 ) . `` Who Killed Otto Warmbier ? '' . Politico . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` North Korea puts tearful detained American before cameras '' . Los Angeles Times . Associated Press . February 29 , 2016 . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2017 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , Julie Hirschfeld ; Goldman , Russell ; Goldman , Adam ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Otto Warmbier , Detained American , Is Evacuated From North Korea in a Coma '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sang - Hun , Choe . `` U.S. Student Runs Afoul of North Korea 's Devotion to Slogans '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2016 . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Roommate Believes Otto Warmbier Was Set Up by North Korea '' , Inside Edition , June 16 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Jenkins , Nash ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Otto Warmbier Has Been a Prisoner of North Korea Since the Start of 2016 . Has America Forgotten Him ? '' . Time . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cowburn , Ashley ( 22 January 2016 ) . `` US student held by North Korea was part of ' group out drinking vodka till 5am ' '' . The Independent . ^ Jump up to : Ripley , Will ( 29 February 2016 ) . `` U.S. student held in North Korea ' confesses ' '' . CNN . Jump up ^ `` Detained US Student Admits ' Very Severe ' -- And Totally Absurd -- Crime in North Korea '' Archived March 1 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Vice News , February 29 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` The strange ways North Korea makes detainees confess on camera '' Archived April 30 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine. , Washington Post , February 29 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : `` After nearly a year detained in North Korea , little progress made to free American student Otto Warmbier '' Archived April 28 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine. , Fox News , Dec. 24 , 2016 Jump up ^ Gladstone , Rick ; Sang - hun , Choe ( 29 February 2016 ) . `` Parents of American Held in North Korea Unable to Speak With Him '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Cortellessa , Eric ( 22 June 2017 ) . `` Otto Warmbier 's family kept his Jewishness under wraps while North Korea held him hostage '' . The Times of Israel . Jump up ^ `` ' The North Korean posters that got me arrested for espionage ' '' , The Guardian U.K. , July 20 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` North Korea 's art of propaganda '' , BBC , July 29 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Art of the state : Pyongyang propaganda posters to be exhibited in China '' , Independent U.K. , August 1 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` David Heather 's North Korean art collection returns to La Galleria '' , London Korean Links , January 28 , 2012 Jump up ^ Korean Posters for sale , Koreanposters.com Jump up ^ Gladstone , Rick ( 15 March 2016 ) . `` U.S. Troubleshooter Meets North Korea Diplomats on Detained American '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` N Korea sentences US student to 15 years hard labour '' . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2016 . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nevett , Joshua ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` North Korea releases CCTV of American student committing ' crime ' that gave him 15 years hard labour '' . Mirror . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` North Korea sentences U.S. student to 15 years hard labor '' Archived March 16 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , CNN , March 17 , 2016 Jump up ^ Fifield , Anna ; Svrluga , Susan ; Morello , Carol ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` North Korea sentences U-Va . student to 15 years of hard labor in prison '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2016 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Robertson , Phil . `` Death of Otto Warmbier Highlights North Korea Rights Abuses '' , Human Rights Watch , June 20 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : `` US student Otto Warmbier given hard labour in North Korea '' . BBC News . March 16 , 2016 . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2016 . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` North Korea sentences Virginia student to 15 years hard labor '' . Chicago Tribune news services . March 16 , 2016 . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` N. Korea : Video shows Wyoming grad remove sign '' . Cincinnati.com . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2016 . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fifield , Anna ( 29 February 2016 ) . `` U-Va . student held in North Korea ' confesses ' to ' severe ' crime '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 11 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Pearson , James ; Park , Ju - min ( 17 March 2016 ) . `` Hallowed leader 's name behind U.S. student 's jailing in North Korea '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on 9 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Otto Warmbier Was ' Brutalized and Terrorized ' in North Korea , Father Says '' . The New York Times . June 19 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Parents of Otto Warmbier , US citizen detained in North Korea , want son to be part of negotiations Archived June 20 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine ... Fox News Channel . May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calamur , Krishnadev . `` Otto Warmbier 's Father Says He 's Proud of His Son , Praises Trump 's Efforts '' . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Otto Warmbier 's father praises President Trump for bringing his son home from North Korea '' . The Week . Peter Weber . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` US university student medically evacuated in a coma as Dennis Rodman arrives in North Korea '' . Associated Press . June 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Doctors : Ex-North Korea detainee Otto Warmbier has severe brain injury '' Archived June 15 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine. , CNN , June 16 , 2017 Jump up ^ Ripley , Will ; Berlinger , Joshua ; Brennan , Allison ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Comatose Otto Warmbier lands in US after release by North Korea '' . CNN . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` US college student released by North Korea arrives in Ohio '' . ABC News . June 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fox , Maggie . `` Otto Warmbier has bad brain damage , his doctors say '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berlinger , Joshua ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` Ex-North Korea detainee Otto Warmbier has ' severe neurological injury ' '' . CNN . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stolberg , Sheryl Gay ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Otto Warmbier , American Student Released From North Korea , Dies '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lockie , Alex ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Trump responds to ' tragic ' death of Otto Warmbier , saying North Korea is a ' brutal regime ' and ' we 'll be able to handle it ' '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Klein , Melissa ( June 24 , 2017 ) . `` Professor said Otto Warmbier ' got what he deserved ' : report '' . NYPost.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` Adjunct who posted about N. Korea detainee wo n't be rehired '' . FoxNews.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` North Korea says it 's ' biggest victim ' in US student 's death '' . ABC News . June 23 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grinberg , Emanuella ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Otto Warmbier 's family declines autopsy '' . CNN . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fox , Maggie ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` What killed Otto Warmbier ? '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Svrluga , Susan ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` What happened to Otto Warmbier ? When the unthinkable is unknowable '' . Washington Post . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The tour company that took Otto Warmbier to North Korea halts trips for Americans '' . ABC News . June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Funeral Held for Otto Warmbier , Former North Korean Prisoner , at Ohio Alma Mater '' . NBC News . June 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chiles , Richard ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Wyoming adorned with Otto Warmbier tributes ahead of burial '' . WLWT . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosenbloom , Stephanie ( 31 July 2017 ) . `` That North Korea Vacation ? It 'll Soon Be Out of the Question for Americans '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` President Donald Trump blasts ' Rocket Man ' Kim Jong Un in UN General Assembly 2017 address '' . YouTube . ABC News . September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ realDonaldTrump '' . Twitter . September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trump says US captive in North Korea was ' tortured beyond belief ' '' . Daily Mail . September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Craw , Victoria ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Otto Warmbier 's parents break silence on son 's death '' . News.com.au . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Warmbier&oldid=802687963 '' Categories : 1994 births 2016 in North Korea 2017 deaths American Jews American people imprisoned in North Korea Prisoners and detainees of North Korea Victims of human rights abuses People from Cincinnati People from Wyoming , Ohio University of Virginia alumni Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from June 2017 Use American English from January 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Bikol Central Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kurdî Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский සිංහල Simple English Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 20 : 18 . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto%20Warmbier

in to kill a mockingbird what is scouts real name

Jean Louise `` Scout '' Finch is the narrator and To Kill a Mockingbird is told by an adult Scout who often comments on how she could not understand something at the time but now can appreciate it . She gets in trouble with her teacher Miss Caroline because Miss Caroline expects Scout to learn reading and writing her way . She is a tomboy and spends the most of her time with her brother Jem and best friend Dill . To Jem 's advice to pretend to be a lady and start sewing or something , she answers ' Hell no . ' The rare hints the narrator gives us about her grown - up life reveal that she ultimately has n't changed herself for others .

Jean Louise

List of to Kill a Mockingbird characters

list of to kill a mockingbird characters

To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by Harper Lee published in 1960 . It was instantly successful , winning the Pulitzer Prize , and has become a classic of modern American literature , widely read in US high schools and middle schools . The story takes place during three years of the Great Depression in the fictional Maycomb , Alabama .

This is a list of the characters : Contents 1 Primary characters 1.1 Atticus Finch 1.2 `` Scout '' Finch 1.3 `` Jem '' Finch 1.4 Dill Harris 1.5 Calpurnia 1.6 Arthur `` Boo '' Radley 1.7 Judge John Taylor 1.8 Miss Maudie Atkinson 1.9 Robert E. Lee `` Bob '' Ewell 1.10 Mayella Ewell 1.11 Tom Robinson 1.12 Aunt Alexandra 2 Minor characters 2.1 Jack Finch 2.2 Francis Hancock 2.3 Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose 2.4 Mr. Heck Tate 2.5 Mr. Braxton Underwood 2.6 Mr. Horace Gilmer 2.7 Dr. Reynolds 2.8 Dolphus Raymond 2.9 Link Deas 2.10 Miss Caroline Fisher 2.11 Reverend Sykes 2.12 Miss Stephanie Crawford 2.13 Miss Rachel Haverford 2.14 Helen Robinson 2.15 Nathan Radley 2.16 Jessie 2.17 Burris Ewell 2.18 Lula 2.19 Mrs. Grace Merriweather 2.20 Walter Cunningham , Jr . 2.21 Walter Cunningham , Sr . 2.22 Little Chuck Little 2.23 Mr. Dick Avery 2.24 Miss Gates 2.25 Eula May 2.26 Cecil Jacobs 2.27 Tim Johnson 2.28 Simon Finch 2.29 Maxwell Green 2.30 Mr. X Billups 2.31 The Barber Sisters ( Miss `` Tutti '' and Miss `` Frutti '' ) 2.32 Mrs. Gertrude Farrow 2.33 Mr. Conner 2.34 Zeebo 3 References Primary characters ( edit ) Atticus Finch ( edit ) Main article : Atticus Finch Atticus Finch is the middle - aged father of Jem and Scout Finch . He is a lawyer and was once known as `` the deadliest shot in Maycomb County '' . Although he was a good shot , he does not like to mention the fact as he does not like the thought of having an advantage over people . He appears to support racial equality and was appointed to represent Tom Robinson , a black man who has been accused of raping a young white woman , Mayella Ewell . The town disapproves of him defending Tom especially when he makes clear his intent to defend Tom Robinson to the best of his abilities . He is portrayed by Gregory Peck in the film adaptation of To Kill a Mockingbird . `` Scout '' Finch ( edit ) Jean Louise `` Scout '' Finch is the narrator and To Kill a Mockingbird is told by an adult Scout who often comments on how she could not understand something at the time but now can appreciate it . She gets in trouble with her teacher Miss Caroline because Miss Caroline expects Scout to learn reading and writing her way . She is a tomboy and spends the most of her time with her brother Jem and best friend Dill . To Jem 's advice to pretend to be a lady and start sewing or something , she answers ' Hell no . ' The rare hints the narrator gives us about her grown - up life reveal that she ultimately has n't changed herself for others . She matures from age 6 to age 9 as the novel progresses but remains naive and idealistic , despite an increased understanding of human nature and racism in her town . At the beginning of the book , Scout is confused by some of the words and names she hears people directing towards her father , such as `` nigger - lover '' . Being only six , Scout does not know how to handle such situations so she tries to resolve her problems by fighting , or by talking to Atticus about what she has heard . By the end of the book , Scout realizes that racism does exist and comes to terms with its presence in her town . Scout also learns how to deal with others , including the Finch family housekeeper , Calpurnia , and her aunt , Alexandra . Scout is the only one of the novel 's primary three children ( Dill , Jem , and herself ) to see and speak to Boo Radley during the course of the novel and realize that he is harmless , despite her initial fear of him . She also stops a mob that is trying to lynch Tom Robinson by talking to the mob leader , Mr. Cunningham , about inviting his son , Walter , over for dinner . Mr. Cunningham then tells the other mob members to get back in their cars and leave them alone . The members listen , and Scout unintentionally saves Tom Robinson 's life . She is portrayed by Mary Badham in the film adaption of To Kill a Mockingbird . Notable quote : `` Until I feared I would lose it , I never loved to read . One does not love breathing . '' `` Jem '' Finch ( edit ) Jeremy Atticus `` Jem '' Finch is Atticus ' son and Scout 's older brother by four years . Jem matures greatly throughout the course of the novel , much more affected by events than Scout seems to be . Being four years Scout 's senior , Jem is seen to have a greater understanding of - and therefore greater difficulty in navigating - the obstacles thrown their way . Jem is seen explaining many things to Scout throughout the novel . Bob Ewell breaks Jem 's arm during his assault on the Finch children , subsequently resulting in it being shorter than it had been , in an attempt to protect his sister . He is portrayed by Phillip Alford in the film adaptation of To Kill a Mockingbird . Dill Harris ( edit ) Charles Baker `` Dill '' Harris is a short , smart boy who visits Maycomb every summer from Meridian , Mississippi , and stays with his Aunt Rachel ( Aunt Stephanie in the film ) . Dill is the best friend of both Jem and Scout , and his goal throughout the novel is to get Boo Radley to come out of his house . The children concoct many plans to lure Boo Radley out of his house for a few summers until Atticus tells them to stop . In chapter 5 of the novel , Dill promises to marry Scout and they become `` engaged '' . One night Dill runs away from his home in Meridian , arriving in Maycomb County where he hides under Scout 's bed . When she finds Dill , he tells both Scout and Atticus that he was chained to a wall in his father 's basement ; later , he confesses he actually ran away because he felt he was being replaced by his stepfather . Before Dill returned to Meridian after the summer , he went swimming with Jem at the Barker 's Eddy creek . Scout , unfortunately , was unable to participate , because both boys were swimming naked . Unlike Scout and Jem , Dill lacks the security of family support . He is unwanted and unloved by his mother and stepfather : `` They do get on a lot better without me , I can not help them any . '' As Francis ( a cousin of Jem and Scout ) says , `` He has n't got a home , he just gets passed around from relative to relative . '' Dill maintains he has no father ; he does n't know where his father might live , or if he will ever come back . He is played by John Megna in the film adaption of To Kill a Mockingbird . This character is believed to be based on author Truman Capote , a childhood friend of Harper Lee . Calpurnia ( edit ) Calpurnia , nicknamed Cal , is the Finch family 's African - American housekeeper , whom the children love and Atticus deeply respects ( he remarks in her defense that she `` never indulged ( the children ) like most colored nurses '' ) . She is highly regarded by Atticus . She is an important figure in Scout 's life , providing discipline , instruction , and love . She also fills the maternal role for the children after their mother 's death . Calpurnia is a mother herself and raised her son , Zeebo , to adulthood . Calpurnia is one of the few black characters in the novel who is able to read and write , and it is she who taught Scout to write . She learned how to read from Miss Maudie 's aunt , Miss Buford , who taught her how to read out of Blackstone 's Commentaries , a book given to her . Aunt Alexandra despised Calpurnia because Alexandra believed that Calpurnia was not a `` maternal figure '' for Jem and Scout , especially for Scout . Calpurnia is a member of the First Purchase M.E. African Church in Maycomb . While Scout always hears her speak proper English , she is surprised to learn that Calpurnia does not do so at church , especially with the uneducated members of the congregation . While everyone in the novel is filtered through Scout 's perception , Calpurnia in particular appears for a long time more as Scout 's idea of her than as a real person . At the beginning of the novel , Scout appears to think of Calpurnia as the wicked stepmother to Scout 's own Cinderella . However , towards the end of the book , Scout views Calpurnia as someone she can look up to , and realizes Calpurnia has only protected her over the years . She is played by Estelle Evans in the film . Arthur `` Boo '' Radley ( edit ) Arthur `` Boo '' Radley is a recluse in To Kill a Mockingbird . Maycomb children believe he is a horrible person , due to the rumors spread about him and a trial he underwent as a teenager . It is implied during the story that Boo is a very lonely man who attempts to reach out to Jem and Scout for love and friendship , such as leaving them small gifts and figures in a tree knothole . Scout finally meets him at the very end of the book , when he saves the children 's lives from Bob Ewell . Scout describes him as being sickly white , with a thin mouth , thin and feathery hair , and grey eyes , almost as if he were blind . During the same night , when Boo whispers to Scout to walk him back to the Radley house , Scout takes a moment to picture what it would be like to be Boo Radley . While standing on his porch , she realizes his `` exile '' inside his house is really not that lonely . Boo Radley 's heroics in protecting the children from Bob Ewell are covered up by Atticus , Sheriff Tate , and Scout . This can be read as a wise refusal of fame . As Tate notes , if word got out that Boo killed Ewell , Boo would be inundated with gifts and visits , calamitous for him due to his reclusive personality . The precocious Scout recognizes the danger : renown would `` kill the mockingbird '' . Boo Radley is a ghost who haunts the book yet manifests himself at just the right moments in just the right way . He is , arguably , the most potent character in the whole book and as such , inspires the other key characters to save him when he needs saving . After the Tom Robinson trial , Jem and Scout have a different understanding of Boo Radley . `` Scout , I think I 'm beginning to understand something . I think I 'm beginning to understand why Boo Radley 's stayed shut up in the house all this time ... it 's because he wants to stay inside . '' ( 23.117 ) Having seen a sample of the horrible things their fellow townspeople can do , choosing to stay out of the mess of humanity does n't seem like such a strange choice . When Boo finally does come out , he has a good reason : Bob Ewell is trying to murder the Finch children . No one sees what happens in the scuffle , but at the end of it , Ewell is dead and Boo carries an unconscious Jem to the Finch house . Finally faced with Boo , Scout does n't recognize him at first , but suddenly realizes who he is . Boo Radley is played by Robert Duvall in the film . Judge John Taylor ( edit ) Judge John Taylor is a white - haired old man with a reputation for running his court in an informal fashion and an enjoyment of singing and dipping tobacco . He is unimportant to the children until he presides over the Tom Robinson trial , in which he shows great distaste for the Ewells and great respect for Atticus . Because of the judge 's sympathies for Tom , Bob Ewell breaks into the judge 's house while the judge 's wife is at church . After the trial , Miss Maudie points out to the children that the judge had tried to help Tom by appointing Atticus to the case instead of Maxwell Green , the new , untried lawyer who usually received court - appointed cases . Judge Taylor knew that Atticus was the only man who would stand a chance at acquitting Tom , or at least would be able to keep the jury thinking for more than just a few minutes . By doing this , Judge Taylor was not giving in or supporting racism . He is portrayed in the film by Paul Fix . Miss Maudie Atkinson ( edit ) Miss Maude `` Maudie '' Atkinson lives across the street from the Finch family . She had known the Finches for many years , having been brought up on the Buford place , which was near the Finches ' ancestral home , Finch 's Landing . She is described as a woman of about 50 who enjoys baking and gardening ; her cakes are especially held in high regard . However , she is frequently harassed by devout `` Foot - Washing Baptists '' , who tell her that her enjoyment of gardening is a sin . The Foot - Washing Baptists also believe that women are a sin as well . Miss Maudie befriends Scout and Jem and tells them stories about Atticus as a boy . It is strongly implied that she and Atticus have a more than platonic relationship . Also , she is one of the few adults that Jem and Scout hold in high regard and respect . She does not act condescendingly towards them , even though they are young children . During the course of the novel , her house burns down ; however , she shows remarkable courage throughout this ( even saying that she wanted to burn it down herself to make more room for her flowers ) . She is not prejudiced , though she talks caustically to Miss Stephanie Crawford , unlike many of her Southern neighbors , and teaches Scout important lessons about racism and human nature . It is important to note that Miss Maudie fully explains that `` it is a sin to kill a mockingbird '' , whereas Atticus Finch initially brings up the subject but does n't go into depth . When Jem gets older , and does n't want to be bothered by Scout , Miss Maudie keeps her from getting angry . Maudie is played by Rosemary Murphy in the film . Robert E. Lee `` Bob '' Ewell ( edit ) Robert E. Lee `` Bob '' Ewell is the main antagonist of To Kill a Mockingbird . He has a daughter named Mayella and a younger son named Burris , as well as six other unnamed children . He is an alcoholic , poaching game to feed his family because he spends whatever money they legally gain via government `` relief checks '' on alcohol . It is implied , and evidence suggests , that he was the one who abused his daughter Mayella , not Tom Robinson ( the African American man accused of doing so ) . Although most everybody in town knows that the Ewells are a disgrace and not to be trusted , it is made clear that Tom Robinson was convicted because he is a Negro whose accuser is white . Upon hearing of Tom 's death , Bob is absolutely gleeful , gloating about his success . After being humiliated at the trial , however , he goes on a quest for revenge , becoming increasingly violent . He begins by spitting in Atticus ' face , followed by a failed attempt to break into the home of Judge Taylor , then finally menacing Helen , the poor widow of Tom Robinson . Ewell later attempts to murder Jem and Scout Finch with a knife to complete his revenge . Boo Radley saves Jem and Scout and it is believed that he kills Ewell with the knife . Heck Tate , the sheriff , puts in the official report that Bob Ewell fell on his own knife and died after lying under a tree for 45 minutes . Ewell is played by James Anderson in the film . Mayella Ewell ( edit ) Mayella Violet Ewell , 19 , is the oldest of the eight Ewell children . Before the trial , Mayella is noted for growing red geraniums outside her otherwise dirty home in order to bring some beauty into her life . Due to her family 's living situation , Mayella has no opportunity for human contact or love . She eventually gets so desperate that she attempts to seduce a black man , Tom Robinson , by saving up nickels to send her siblings to go get ice cream so that Mayella can be alone with Tom . Her father sees this through a window and in punishment he beats her . Ewell then finds the sheriff , Heck Tate , and tells him that his daughter has been raped and beaten by Tom . At the trial , Atticus points out that only the right side of Mayella 's face is injured , suggesting a left - handed assailant ; Tom 's left arm is mangled and useless , but Bob Ewell is left - handed . When Atticus asks her if she has any friends , she becomes confused because she does not know what a friend is . During her testimony she is confused by Atticus ' polite speech and thinks that his use of `` Miss Mayella '' is meant to mock her . She testifies against Tom Robinson . Mayella is played by Collin Wilcox in the film . Tom Robinson ( edit ) Thomas `` Tom '' Robinson is an African - American who is put on trial for the rape of a white woman , Mayella Ewell . Atticus is assigned to defend him , and stands up to a lynch mob intent on exacting their own justice against him before the trial begins . Tom 's left arm is crippled and useless , the result of an accident with a cotton gin when he was a child . Atticus uses this fact as the cornerstone of his defense strategy , pointing out that the nature of Mayella 's facial injuries strongly suggest a left - handed assailant . Tom testifies that he had frequently helped Mayella with household chores because he felt sorry for her and the family 's difficult life - a statement that shocks the all - white , male jury . Despite Atticus ' skilled defense , the jury 's racial prejudices lead them to find Tom guilty . Atticus plans to appeal the verdict , but before he can do so , Tom is shot and killed while trying to escape the prison where he is being held . Tom Robinson is played by Brock Peters . Aunt Alexandra ( edit ) Alexandra Hancock ( née Finch ) is Atticus ' and Jack 's sister , married to James `` Uncle Jimmy '' Hancock . She has a son named Henry and a very spoiled grandson named Francis . Around the middle of the book , Aunt Alexandra decides to leave her husband at Finch 's Landing , the Finch family homestead to come stay with the Finches . Aunt Alexandra does n't consider the black Calpurnia to be a very good motherly figure for Jem and Scout ; she disapproves of Scout being a tomboy and wants to make Scout into a southern belle ( encouraging her to act more ' lady like ' ) . This is the cause of many conflicts between Scout and Alexandra throughout the course of the novel . However , as the trial progresses , Scout comes to see how much her aunt cares for her father and what a strong woman she is . This is especially evidenced by a tea party when Scout is horrified by the racism displayed , and her aunt and Miss Maudie help her deal with her feelings . By the end of the book , it 's clear that Alexandra cares very much for her niece and nephew , though she and Scout will probably never really get along . Minor characters ( edit ) Jack Finch ( edit ) John Hale `` Jack '' Finch is Atticus ' and Alexandra 's younger brother . ( He is about 40 , which is 10 years younger than Atticus . ) Jack smells like alcohol and something sweet , and is said that he and Alexandra have similar features . Jack is a childless doctor who can always make Scout and Jem laugh , and they adore him . He and Miss Maudie are close to the same age ; he frequently teases her with marriage proposals , which she always declines . Jack also has a pet cat named Rose Aylmer , who is mentioned during the Christmas visit . Francis Hancock ( edit ) Francis Hancock is the spoiled grandson of Aunt Alexandra . ( The son of her son , Henry Hancock . ) Every Christmas , Henry and his wife drop Francis at Finch 's Landing , which is the only time Scout and Jem see him . Francis lives in Mobile , Alabama , and is a bit of a tattle - tale . He gets along well with Jem , but often spars with Scout . One Christmas , Francis calls Atticus a `` nigger - lover , '' as well as insisting that he was ruining the family and the likes , which infuriates Scout and causes them to get into a fight . Francis lies about his role in it , telling Uncle Jack that Scout started it by calling him a `` whore lady '' , and Jack therefore punishes Scout . However , she explains the full story and charitably persuades her uncle not to punish Francis about it , but to let Atticus think they had been fighting about something else ( although Atticus later discovers the truth ) . Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose ( edit ) Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose is an elderly woman who lives near the Finches . She is hated by the children , who run by her house to avoid her . Scout describes Mrs. Dubose as `` plain hell . '' A virulent racist , she calls Atticus a `` nigger - lover '' to his children 's faces , and Jem flies into a rage and ravages Mrs. Dubose 's camellia bushes . As a punishment , Jem is required to read to Mrs. Dubose each day for a month . As Jem reads , she experiences a fit of drooling and twitching and does not seem to pay any attention to the words . When an alarm rings , Jem is allowed to leave for the day . She extends the punishment for one extra week and dies shortly after letting Jem go for the last time . Atticus informs him that Mrs. Dubose was terminally ill and had become addicted to morphine . By reading to her , Jem had distracted her so that she could break the addiction . In thanks , she leaves him a candy box with a camellia flower in it ; Jem burns the box in anger , but is later seen by Scout admiring the flower . Atticus tells Jem that Mrs. Dubose was the bravest person he ever knew , and she was trying to teach Jem the importance of bravery and true courage to endure anything when the situation is hopeless , as in her morphine addiction . Mr. Heck Tate ( edit ) Mr. Heck Tate is a friend of Atticus and also the sheriff of Maycomb County . He believes in protecting the innocent although he does n't usually show it . At the end of the book , the Atticus and Heck argue over whether Jem or Boo Radley should be held responsible for the death of Bob Ewell . Heck eventually persuades Atticus to accept the theory that Ewell accidentally fell on his own knife , thus saving the harmless , reclusive Boo from the public exposure of a criminal trial . Mr. Braxton Underwood ( edit ) Mr. Braxton Bragg Underwood is a news reporter and a friend of Atticus . He owns and also publishes The Maycomb Tribune . Being a racist , he disagrees with Atticus on principle . He also has a strong belief in justice , as exemplified when he defends Atticus from the Cunningham mob by having his double barrel shotgun loaded and ready to shoot them . He also demonstrates some humanity when he publishes a scathing editorial comparing the killing of Tom Robinson ( a cripple ) to `` the senseless slaughter of songbirds by hunters and children '' . Mr. Horace Gilmer ( edit ) Mr. Horace Gilmer is a lawyer from Abbottsville , and is the prosecuting attorney in the Tom Robinson case . Mr. Gilmer is between the ages of forty and sixty . Mr. Gilmer has a slight cast with one eye , which he uses to his advantage in trial . Mr. Gilmer appeared to be racist in his harsh cross-examination of Tom Robinson , but it is hinted at that he is in fact going easy on Tom . He and Atticus are not rivals and talk to each other during recesses during the case . Dr. Reynolds ( edit ) Dr. Reynolds is the Maycomb doctor . He is well known to Scout and Jem . Scout says that he `` had brought Jem and me into the world , had led us through every childhood disease known to man including the time Jem fell out of the tree house , and he had never lost our friendship . Dr. Reynolds said that if we were boil - prone things would have been different ... '' . He inspects Jem 's broken arm and Scout 's minor bruises after the attack from Bob Ewell under the tree . Dolphus Raymond ( edit ) Dolphus Raymond is a white landowner who is jaded by the hypocrisy of the white society and prefers to live among black folks . In fact , he has children with a black woman . Dolphus pretends he is an alcoholic so that the people of Maycomb will have an excuse for his behavior , but in fact he only drinks Coca Cola out of a paper bag to try to hide it . When Dill and Scout discover that he is not a drunk , they are amazed . He shows Scout how sometimes you can pretend to be someone you 're not so people will be more understanding of you . Link Deas ( edit ) Link Deas owns cotton fields and a store in Maycomb who employs Tom and later Helen because she does not get accepted by any other employers in the county due to Tom Robinson 's legal troubles . He announces to the court ( in defense of Tom ) at one point in the trial that he had n't `` had a speck o ' trouble outta him '' in the eight years Tom had been working for him , and gets sent out by Judge John Taylor for doing so . When Bob Ewell starts threatening Helen after the trial , Mr. Deas fiercely defends her and threatens to have Mr. Ewell arrested if he keeps bothering her . He is on Tom Robinson 's side during the trial and remains loyal to the family afterward . Miss Caroline Fisher ( edit ) Miss Caroline Fisher is Scout 's first grade teacher and is new to Maycomb , Alabama and its ways . She attempts to teach the first grade class using a new system which she learned from taking certain college courses ( Jem mistakenly refers to it as the `` Dewey Decimal System '' , which is really how library books are organized . ) . She is upset by Scout 's advanced reading capabilities and believes that Scout is receiving lessons from Atticus . She feels as though Scout is trying to outsmart and mock her . In an effort to standardize the class , she forbids Scout from reading with her father . Atticus asks Scout to step into Miss Caroline 's skin . However , he continues to allow Scout to read with him at night so long as she continues to go to school . Miss Caroline has good intentions but proves quite incompetent as a teacher . When Scout tells Miss Fisher that she shamed a student ( Walter Cunningham , Jr . ) by giving him lunch money , she raps Scout 's palms with a ruler ( a punishment unheard of in Maycomb ) . She is also very sensitive and gets emotionally hurt quite easily , as seen when she cries after Burris Ewell yells at her , `` Report and be damned to ye ! Ai n't no snot - nosed slut of a schoolteacher ever born c'n make me do nothin ' ! You ai n't makin ' me go nowhere , missus . You just remember that , you ai n't makin ' me go nowhere ! '' After the Burris Ewell incident , Miss Caroline is seldom seen and soon forgotten . Reverend Sykes ( edit ) Reverend Sykes is the reverend of the First Purchase M.E. African Church in Maycomb County , where most if not all of the African - American characters go to church . Reverend Sykes forces the congregation to donate 10 dollars for Tom Robinson 's family since at the time , Tom 's wife , Helen , was having trouble finding work . During the trial , when the courtroom was too packed for the children to find seats , Reverend Sykes lets the kids sit with him up in the colored balcony and even saves their seats for them . Miss Stephanie Crawford ( edit ) Stephanie Crawford is the neighborhood gossip who claimed that she saw Boo Radley from her bedroom standing outside of her cleaned window one night . Crawford is one of the first on the scene after a loud gunshot is heard behind the Radley house . Because she is the neighborhood gossip , it is unwise to think of anything that she says as true , because most of the time it is not true at all . She is a friend of Alexandra Hancock . She lets Miss Maudie live with her when Miss Maudie 's house burns down , supposedly in order to steal Miss Maudie 's Lane cake recipe . She is thrilled to pass on gossip to the kids about Boo Radley . She claimed to have witnessed Bob Ewell 's threatening Atticus at the Post Office corner as she was returning from the local Jitney Jungle grocery store . In the film , she takes the place of Rachel Haverford and is now Dill 's aunt . Miss Rachel Haverford ( edit ) Miss Rachel Haverford is Dill 's aunt and the Finches ' next door neighbor . She drank neat whiskey heavily after seeing a rattlesnake coiled in her closet , on her washing , when she hung her negligee up . Even though she can be very hard to deal with , she truly does love her nephew . Her family name , in the legends of Maycomb County , is synonymous with jackass . She is also a Southern Belle . In the film , she is not a character and Miss Stephanie takes her place as Dill 's aunt . Helen Robinson ( edit ) Helen Robinson is the wife of Tom Robinson . She is spoken about a few times . She has three children . Employed by Link Deas following the death of her husband , she is repeatedly harassed by Bob Ewell when traveling to work . Upon learning of this , Deas threatens Ewell , forcing him to stop . She is an example of how one person 's actions can have an effect on a lot of people and she elucidates the hardships that surround the Tom Robinson case . Nathan Radley ( edit ) Nathan Radley is the brother of Arthur `` Boo '' Radley and another difficult character to understand in To Kill a Mockingbird . When the children try to catch a view of `` Boo '' late one night through a window , he shoots over their heads with a shotgun ( albeit thinking he was aiming at a black person ) . Nathan also cements up the knothole in which Arthur leaves little gifts for the children . On the other hand , he helps Miss Maudie by saving some of her belongings when her house is on fire . He is more present than his brother , but equally mysterious . Jessie ( edit ) Jessie is Mrs. Dubose 's black nurse . She is the woman who shoos the children out when Mrs. Dubose has her fits , and she seems to care enormously for Mrs. Dubose . When Jem is forced to stay reading to Mrs. Dubose , Jessie kindly leads Jem and Scout to the door when Mrs. Dubose 's alarm goes off . The rumors about Mrs. Dubose concealing a gun about her person involves Jessie ; the book says `` and even if Mrs. Dubose missed , her girl Jessie would n't '' . Burris Ewell ( edit ) Burris Ewell is a son of Bob Ewell and a younger sibling of Mayella Ewell as well as the first antagonist of the novel . Burris is described as being chiefly antagonistic of Little Chuck Little and his teacher Miss Caroline Fisher . He comes to the first day of school , but departs just as everyone else in his family does . Burris is also poor . He has live lice in his hair . Burris also scared his teacher Caroline Fisher . He behaves rudely when she tells him to go home , wash his hair , and come back clean the next day . He refuses , and a student explains to Miss Caroline that Ewell children do n't attend school . All they do is show up for the first day , get marked down on the register , and then they miss the entire school year until the first day of the next year . His famous quote was , `` Report and be damned to ye ! Ai n't no snot - nosed slut of a schoolteacher ever born c'n make me do nothin ' ! You ai n't makin ' me go nowhere , missus . You just remember that , you ai n't makin ' me go nowhere ! '' As of Scout 's first year of school ( the first grade ) , Burris has repeated the first grade three times . Burris is also like his father and is very belligerent . Lula ( edit ) Lula is an African - American woman with a dislike for white people . She does n't like the idea of Calpurnia bringing Atticus Finch 's children , Jem and Scout , with her to church and tells her so but is overruled by the other congregants . According to James Zeebo , Calpurnia 's son , Lula 's said to be , `` a troublemaker from way back , with fancy ideas and haughty ways . '' She 's threatened with being `` churched '' ( subjected to church discipline ) by Reverend Sykes . Mrs. Grace Merriweather ( edit ) Mrs. Grace Merriweather is the producer of the play in which Scout plays as a ham . She tells Everett that `` the ladies of the South Maycomb Alabama Methodist Episcopal Church are behind him one hundred percent . '' She is mostly known for her devotion to the church and is widely held as the most devout lady in Maycomb ; however , like many of her peers , she is very hypocritical and loves to gossip with all the other women . Walter Cunningham , Jr. ( edit ) Walter Cunningham , Jr. is a child who is almost as old as Jem but is in Scout 's class . He lives on a farm . He is too poor to even pay off a 25 - cent debt because the Great Depression hit his poor family hard . He does n't take money because his family ca n't pay people back in cash . His father paid Atticus for his service for something a while back with some goods . Walter is invited over to the Finches ' house once , after engaging in a fight with Scout , where he covers up all of his dinner with molasses , much to Scout 's vocal dismay . This teaches Scout a lesson in humility and compassion . Walter Cunningham , Sr. ( edit ) Walter Cunningham , Sr. is Walter Cunningham Jr. 's father . He appears only twice , once at the beginning of the story when he has to pay off the debt to Atticus ( Walter Cunningham Sr. was his client ) by giving him firewood , vegetables and other supplies . He also leads the mob that comes to lynch Tom Robinson the night before the trial . Only when Scout talks to him about his son and how much he owes to Atticus does he reconsider and call off the mob . Scout innocently shames him because Scout reminds him of all the things that Atticus has done for him and for Maycomb County . After the verdict is given in the trial , Atticus tells Jem that one of the Cunninghams had changed his thoughts about Tom and pleaded that Tom was not guilty to the jury . Little Chuck Little ( edit ) Little Chuck Little is a student in Scout 's first - grade class who has the mindset of an adult . His real name is Charles . He is depicted as chiefly antagonistic of Burris Ewell . He is presented in the novel when Miss Caroline is frightened by Burris ' lice . He warned Miss Caroline that if Burris was n't released from class , he might try something that would put their classmates at risk . When Burris starts advancing on Little Chuck after his warning / veiled insult , Little Chuck 's hand moved to his pocket ( implying that he was going to pull out a knife ) while saying , `` Watch your step , Burris . I 'd soon 's kill you as look at you . Now go home . '' Scared by Little Chuck 's bravery and his implied knife , Burris retreats . From this we see , through the narrative view of Scout , his gentlemanly attitude and how it calms Miss Caroline down . Little Chuck may be even more intelligent than originally meets the eye , as he easily could have been bluffing about the aforementioned implied knife to scare Burris into retreating . Mr. Dick Avery ( edit ) Mr. Dick Avery is an overweight neighbor who tells Jem and Scout that dramatic changes in the weather are caused by disobedient and misbehaving children . After it snows , they build a snowman that resembles him . Mr. Avery can also be seen in the story pushing a mattress out of a window when Miss Maudie 's house catches fire . The kids , including Jem and Scout , always waited for him to do something interesting . For instance , Jem claims that one night he urinated from his front porch in an impressive arc . Miss Gates ( edit ) Miss Gates is a third grade teacher at Scout 's school who insists that America is n't prejudiced like Hitler 's Germany . Despite this , Scout has heard her say that the blacks need to be taught a lesson after Tom 's trial . Eula May ( edit ) Eula May is Maycomb 's most prominent telephone operator . She sends out public announcements , invitations , and activates the fire alarm . She announced the closing of schools when it snowed and announced the rabid dog that entered Maycomb . Also , Eula May knows everybody in the town because of her unique job . Cecil Jacobs ( edit ) Cecil Jacobs teases Scout and Jem at school . Scout almost gets into a fight with Cecil over the trial of Tom Robinson . Scout beats up Cecil Jacobs because he says Atticus is a `` Nigger Lover . '' He gives a current event on Adolf Hitler and later frightens Scout and Jem on their way to the Halloween pageant . He and Scout then pair up at the carnival . At the Halloween pageant afterwards , Cecil was a cow . He hints that black people are not as good as white people while talking about Hitler during current events . He also tends to take jokes too far . However importantly he shows how prejudice is passed on from parent to child . Tim Johnson ( edit ) Tim Johnson is a dog belonging to Harry Johnson ( a character in the book who is mentioned once but is never seen ) . He is infected by rabies in chapter 10 and goes mad , putting everyone in the town at risk . Atticus is forced to shoot Tim Johnson before he reaches the Radley House or attacks anyone . When Atticus shoots the dog , his excellent marksmanship is revealed to Scout and Jem ( his nickname used to be One - Shot Finch ) . The dog 's body is collected by Zeebo . Simon Finch ( edit ) Simon Finch is the founder of Finch 's Landing . He is referred to in the first chapter of the book , being a direct ancestor of Atticus . He is a Cornish Methodist , and emigrated from England to avoid religious persecution , landing in Philadelphia before settling in Alabama . He was married , with one son , eight daughters . He is also an apothecary . Maxwell Green ( edit ) Maxwell Green is the new lawyer in town . He is normally the judicially - assigned defense attorney but Judge Taylor assigned Tom Robinson 's case to Atticus to give Tom Robinson a better chance . Mr. X Billups ( edit ) Mr. X Billups who is seen only once in the book , going to the trial , is described as a `` funny man '' . X is his name , and not his initial . He was asked repeated times what his name was until he signed it . X was the name he had been given when he was born because his parents marked his birth certificate with an X instead of a name . The Barber sisters ( Miss `` Tutti '' and Miss `` Frutti '' ) ( edit ) The Barber Sisters ( Miss Sarah , nicknamed `` Tutti '' and Miss Frances , nicknamed `` Frutti '' ) are maiden sisters who live in the only house in Maycomb with a cellar . They were originally from Clanton , Alabama ; and are rumored to be Republicans . Besides their Yankee ways , both sisters are deaf ( Tutti completely deaf ; Frutti uses an ear trumpet ) , and had a Halloween prank pulled on them by some `` wicked '' schoolchildren ( Scout claims she was not included ) who put all of their furniture in their cellar . Mrs. gertrude Farrow ( edit ) Mrs. Farrow is a lady in the missionary society who visits the Finch house occasionally . Mr. Conner ( edit ) Mr. Conner is mentioned early on in the book . He was locked in an outhouse by `` Boo '' Radley and his friends . After taking the teenagers to court , Mr. Conner accused them of `` disorderly conduct , disturbing the peace , assault and battery , and using abusive and profane language in the presence and hearing of a female . '' He added the last charge after claiming that the teens had `` cussed so loud he was sure every lady in Maycomb heard them . '' Zeebo ( edit ) Calpurnia 's eldest son , Zeebo , was taught how to read by Calpurnia . Zeebo is one of just four people in First Purchase Church who can read , so he is the vocal leader , leading hymns in their church by `` lining '' -- reading a line of verse and having the congregation repeat it . He is also the garbage man of Maycomb , and took away the dead rabid dog , Tim Johnson . When Lula , a fellow church member tries to make Scout and Jem feel bad for attending church with Calpurnia , Zeebo welcomes them with open arms . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What Kids Are Reading : The Book Reading Habits of Students in American Schools '' , Renaissance Learning , Inc. , 2008 . Retrieved on July 11 , 2008 . See also `` What Kids Are Reading : The Book Reading Habits of Students in American Schools Archived 2012 - 03 - 14 at the Wayback Machine. , Renaissance Learning , Inc. 2010 . Retrieved on May 1 , 2011 . where To Kill a Mockingbird appears at number 2 . Jump up ^ `` To Kill A Mockingbird Guide at studentshare.net ; Release Year : 2017 '' . Jump up ^ `` Edmond Public Schools - Edmond Public Schools '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Minzesheimer , Bob ( December 17 , 2007 ) . `` ' Kansas ' imagines Truman Capote - Harper Lee rift '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Arthur Radley ( Boo ) in To Kill a Mockingbird '' . Jump up ^ Lee , Harper ( 1960 ) . To Kill a Mockingbird . United States of America : Warner Books . p. 81 . Harper Lee 's To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1960 ) Characters Atticus Finch Film To Kill a Mockingbird Play To Kill a Mockingbird Prequel Go Set a Watchman Other To Kill a Mockingbird in popular culture Broken Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_To_Kill_a_Mockingbird_characters&oldid=853434650 '' Categories : To Kill a Mockingbird Fictional characters from Alabama Lists of literary characters Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 19 : 35 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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how deep can you dive with padi open water certification

recreational scuba diving certification Advanced Open Water Diver ( AOWD ) is a recreational scuba diving certification level provided by several diver training agencies . Agencies offering this level of training under this title include as Professional Association of Diving Instructors ( PADI ) , and Scuba Schools International ( SSI ) . Other agencies offer similar training under different titles . Advanced Open Water Diver is one step up from entry level certification as a beginner autonomous scuba diver to the ISO24901 - 2 standard . A major difference between Autonomous diver equivalent Open Water Diver ( OWD ) certification and AOWD is that the depth limit is increased from 18 to 30 metres ( 60 to 100 ft ) .

100

Advanced Open Water Diver

advanced open water diver

recreational scuba diving certification Advanced Open Water Diver ( AOWD ) is a recreational scuba diving certification level provided by several diver training agencies . Agencies offering this level of training under this title include as Professional Association of Diving Instructors ( PADI ) , and Scuba Schools International ( SSI ) . Other agencies offer similar training under different titles . Advanced Open Water Diver is one step up from entry level certification as a beginner autonomous scuba diver to the ISO24901 - 2 standard . A major difference between Autonomous diver equivalent Open Water Diver ( OWD ) certification and AOWD is that the depth limit is increased from 18 to 30 metres ( 60 to 100 ft ) .

Prerequisite certification level for AOWD training is OWD or a recognized equivalent ( ISO24901 - 2 ) . Certification requirements for AOWD includes theory learning and assessment , practical training and assessment , and a minimum requirement for number of logged dives , that varies between agencies . SSI requires 24 logged dives . PADI requires 5 dives on course , and the prerequisite is OWD which requires 4 open water dives . No additional logged dives are specified . Scuba diving education levels as used by ISO , PADI , CMAS , SSI and NAUI Contents ( hide ) 1 Equivalent certification 2 Purpose 3 Certification standards 4 Issues 5 References Equivalent certification ( edit ) The equivalent course offered by National Association of Underwater Instructors ( NAUI ) is the Advanced Scuba Diver . As a second level qualification , the AOWD certification level is aimed somewhere between the CMAS * Diver and CMAS * * Diver qualifications , or between the British Sub-Aqua Club ( BSAC ) Ocean Diver and Sports Diver qualifications , although some differences occur . For example , BSAC Ocean Divers are trained in basic rescue skills for recreational diving , but only need five open water dives to qualify . Scuba Diving International ( SDI ) offers an Advanced Adventure Diver course similar to the Advanced Open Water Diver courses . The European international dive education system , CMAS , recognizes four main levels of dive education indicated by a one star , two star , three star , or four star designation . One star indicates an ability to dive in the company of an experienced diver , two star indicates additional skills and the ability to dive with a diver of the same grade , three star indicates the additional skill in leading a group of divers of any grade in open water , while four star divers are competent to use divers and diving in order to achieve major tasks or project objectives . Purpose ( edit ) The whole PADI training system . The AOWD is the second level qualification offered by several diving agencies following the American ANSI standard . At the first level , Open Water Diver , divers gain basic knowledge of skills , equipment and theory for diving to a recommended depth of about 18 metres ( 60 ft ) . The AOWD is described by PADI as refining these skills , allowing the diver to explore a broader variety of diving to a maximum depth of 30 metres ( 100 ft ) . Prior to starting an AOWD course , some organizations have prerequisites for a particular number of logged dives . The course usually contains some mandatory dives and knowledge while another portion of the course consists of free elective topics such as drift diving or search and recovery . Certification standards ( edit ) The PADI Advanced Open Water Diver course requires a single instance of an Underwater navigation and a Deep diving activity as well as a single instance of three of the remaining topics from a list of approximately 18 possible specialties . Until 2006 , night diving was also mandatory , but this is no longer the case . It was dropped at the request of the Scandinavian countries , for whom there is almost no night during the summer months when most of the diving is done , as it created an unreasonable restriction on certifying advanced divers ( which is a prerequisite for further training ) . Most other countries still recommend the night diver course . According to PADI , the Advanced Open Water Diver course is for divers who want to gain more underwater experience while diving with a PADI Professional , or have fun learning new things . In addition to logging more dives , the student can improve skills learned during their open water diver course , such as navigation and buoyancy . The SSI Advanced Open Water program requires training and diving experience . To be certified as a SSI AOWD one needs to have completed four specialty courses and minimum of 24 logged dives . In the absence of a logged dives requirement , it is possible to become certified as AOW with some other agencies while having less than 10 lifetime dives . Issues ( edit ) The name of this specific training level has been a topic of controversy within the diving community for many years . The crux of this debate is in the interpretation of the word ' Advanced ' in its title , and what is the proper application or use of this adjective . One school of thought on the matter defends the use of the word Advanced , explaining that it is describing the training accurately as being more comprehensive ( i.e. , more advanced ) than the basic entry level training . The opposing school of thought is that the use of the word ' Advanced ' is essentially deceptive marketing , as graduates of the class very commonly then refer to themselves as `` Advanced Divers '' . However , the training standards are not sufficient to raise a recreational diver ( particularly the novice diver to whom the class is frequently marketed ) to traditional expectations of holistic dive mastery . This is relevant because in the USA the diving community continues to equate ' advanced ' with ' expert . ' As such , while it is agreed that the training is indeed more than basic , it is insufficient to create an Advanced ( i.e. , Expert ) Diver . Specifically with regard to the PADI ' Advanced ' certification standard , a 2006 coroner 's court in the United Kingdom heard expert evidence to the effect that `` I do not believe that someone with eight dives should be classified as an advanced diver . It is madness . '' A related matter is NAUI 's name changes from `` Open Water II '' to `` Advanced Scuba Diver . '' NAUI 's program was , at the time , a 38 hr . Open Water I course , followed by a six dive Open Water II course ( aka `` Sport Diver '' ) , followed by the third course in the sequence , `` Advanced Diver . '' At the time , PADI had a similar progression . Then , PADI eliminated its upper level course ( Advanced Open Water Diver ) and repurposed the title for its middle course to gain a competitive advantage . NAUI followed suit , in an unsuccessful attempt to maintain market share . Publicly , NAUI claimed that this change was intended to address customer confusion as to the comparative rigors of training required to earn specific certifications . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` SSI Scuba Schools International '' . www.divessi.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` PADI Advanced courses : Advanced Open Water Diver '' . www.thediveacademysamui.com . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` PADI Courses for beginners : Open Water Diver '' . www.thediveacademysamui.com . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Summarised contents of Ocean Diver training programme '' ( PDF ) . British Sub-Aqua Club . February 2012 . Retrieved 18 July 2014 . Jump up ^ dernp . `` Definitions of Diver and Instructor '' . Standards & Requirements Diver and Instructor ( Version 2002 / 00 ) ( PDF ) . Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques . p. 3 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What 's the Difference Between PADI Open Water Diver and Advanced Open Water ? '' . Jump up ^ `` PADI Specialty Diver Courses - PADI '' . Jump up ^ `` Mythbusting the PADI Advanced Open Water Course '' . Jump up ^ `` Master ... Really ? '' . ScubaBoard . Jump up ^ McGrath , Ginny ( August 9 , 2006 ) . `` PADI scuba - dive course slammed '' . London : The Times . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ 1995 NAUI instructor reporting on NAUI course name change ( hide ) Diver training , certification and accreditation organisations Commercial certification authorities Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme ( ADAS ) Divers Institute of Technology Health and Safety Executive ( HSE ) South African Department of Labour Free - diving certification agencies AIDA International ( AIDA ) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques ( CMAS ) Performance Freediving International ( PI ) Scuba Schools International ( SSI ) Recreational certification agencies American Canadian Underwater Certifications ( ACUC ) American Nitrox Divers International ( ANDI ) Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée ( ANMP ) British Sub-Aqua Club ( BSAC ) Comhairle Fo - Thuinn ( CFT ) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques ( CMAS ) Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous - Marins ( FFESSM ) Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee ( FIAS ) Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas ( FEDAS ) Global Underwater Explorers ( GUE ) International Association for Handicapped Divers ( IAHD ) International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers ( IANTD ) International Diving Educators Association ( IDEA ) Israeli Diving Federation ( TIDF ) National Association for Cave Diving ( NACD ) National Academy of Scuba Educators ( NASE ) National Association of Underwater Instructors ( NAUI ) Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond ( NOB ) Professional Association of Diving Instructors ( PADI ) Professional Diving Instructors Corporation International ( PDIC ) The Sub-Aqua Association ( SAA ) Scuba Diving International ( SDI ) Scuba Educators International ( SEI ) Scottish Sub Aqua Club ( ScotSAC ) Scuba Schools International ( SSI ) Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu ( TSSF ) United Diving Instructors ( UDI ) Unified Team Diving ( UTD ) YMCA SCUBA Program Recreational certification levels Advanced Open Water Diver Autonomous diver CMAS * SCUBA Diver Divemaster Diving instructor Open Water Diver Master Instructor Master Scuba Diver Rescue Diver Supervised diver Scientific diver certification authorities American Academy of Underwater Sciences ( AAUS ) CMAS Scientific Committee Technical certification agencies Cave diving Cave Divers Association of Australia ( CDAA ) Cave Diving Group ( CDG ) Global Underwater Explorers ( GUE ) National Association for Cave Diving ( NACD ) National Association of Underwater Instructors ( NAUI ) Unified Team Diving ( UTD ) Technical Diving International ( TDI ) American Nitrox Divers International ( ANDI ) British Sub-Aqua Club ( BSAC ) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques ( CMAS ) Diving Science and Technology ( DSAT ) Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee ( FIAS ) Global Underwater Explorers ( GUE ) International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers ( IANTD ) National Association of Underwater Instructors ( NAUI ) Professional Association of Diving Instructors ( PADI ) Professional Diving Instructors Corporation ( PDIC ) Technical Diving International ( TDI ) Trimix Scuba Association ( TSA ) Technical Extended Range ( TXR ) Unified Team Diving ( UTD ) Related Divers Alert Network Diver certification European Underwater Federation ( EUF ) International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum ( IDRCF ) International Diving Schools Association ( IDSA ) International Marine Contractors Association ( IMCA ) List of diver certification organizations National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) Nautical Archaeology Society Recreational diver training World Recreational Scuba Training Council ( WRSTC ) Glossary Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Open_Water_Diver&oldid=808384630 '' Categories : Diving qualifications Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 15 : 19 . 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who turned katherine into a vampire in vampire diaries

Katherine Pierce , born Katerina Petrova ( based on Katherine von Swartzschild from the novels ) , was part of a `` Traveler '' ( or Romani ) family , and was banished to England after bearing an illegitimate child . Upon meeting Klaus and Elijah , two of the original vampires , she learns that she is a Petrova doppelgänger -- which means that she can be sacrificed to release Klaus ' werewolf side . She tricked other vampires into turning her , thereby making her useless to Klaus , then spent 500 years running and hiding to escape his wrath . She arrives in Mystic Falls , where both Stefan and Damon Salvatore fall in love with her . She escapes the burning of vampires in the town , and gives the brothers her blood so that they both turn into vampires after being shot . Damon spends 145 years trying to free Katherine from a tomb , though she is not there when he opens it . In the last episode of season one , Katherine returns to Mystic Falls .

List of the vampire Diaries characters

list of the vampire diaries characters

The Vampire Diaries is an American fantasy - drama television series which was first broadcast on The CW from 2009 to 2017 , airing 171 episodes over 8 seasons . Kevin Williamson and Julie Plec adapted the TV series from L.J. Smith 's novel series of the same name . Some of the characters appeared in the spin - off series , The Originals .

The series is set in the fictional town of Mystic Falls , Virginia . The focal points of the show are a love triangle -- involving Elena Gilbert and vampire brothers Stefan and Damon Salvatore -- and the town 's supernatural history , involving Elena 's friends and relatives . Contents 1 Main characters 1.1 Elena Gilbert 1.2 Katherine Pierce 1.3 Stefan Salvatore 1.4 Damon Salvatore 1.5 Jeremy Gilbert 1.6 Jenna Sommers 1.7 Bonnie Bennett 1.8 Caroline Forbes 1.9 Matt Donovan 1.10 Vicki Donovan 1.11 Tyler Lockwood 1.12 Alaric Saltzman 1.13 Enzo St. John 2 Recurring characters 2.1 Elizabeth Forbes 2.2 Richard Lockwood 2.3 Carol Lockwood 2.4 Sheila Bennett 2.5 Emily Bennett 2.6 Lexi Branson 2.7 Anna 2.8 Isobel Flemming 2.9 John Gilbert 2.10 Meredith Fell 2.11 April Young 2.12 Liv Parker 2.13 Luke Parker 2.14 Malachai Parker 2.15 Lillian Salvatore 2.16 Valerie Tulle 2.17 Sybil 2.18 Seline 3 Minor characters 3.1 Season one 3.2 Season two 3.3 Season four 3.4 Season five 3.5 Season six 3.6 Season seven 4 The Originals 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Main characters ( edit ) The following is a list of series regulars who appear in one or more of the series ' eight seasons . The characters are listed in the order they were first credited in the series . Key = Main cast ( actor receives `` Starring '' credit that season ) = Recurring cast ( actor appears in two or more episodes that season ) = Guest cast ( actor appears in only one episode that season ) Character Actor Seasons 5 6 7 8 Elena Gilbert Nina Dobrev Main Voice only Guest Katherine Pierce Recurring Main Recurring Main Stefan Salvatore Paul Wesley Main Damon Salvatore Ian Somerhalder Main Jeremy Gilbert Steven R. McQueen Main Guest Jenna Sommers Sara Canning Main Guest Guest Guest Bonnie Bennett Kat Graham Main Caroline Forbes Candice King Main Matt Donovan Zach Roerig Main Vicki Donovan Kayla Ewell Main Guest Recurring Recurring Recurring Tyler Lockwood Michael Trevino Main Recurring Alaric Saltzman Matt Davis Main Recurring Main Klaus Mikaelson Joseph Morgan Recurring Main Guest Guest Voice only Enzo St. John Michael Malarkey Recurring Main Jump up ^ Nina Dobrev appears as Amara in three episodes of season five . ^ Jump up to : Uncredited . Jump up ^ Paul Wesley appears as Silas in one episode of season four and eight episodes of season five and as Tom Avery in two episodes of season five . Jump up ^ Steven R. McQueen is credited as a series regular from episode 1 × 01 to 6 × 21 . In episode 6 × 22 , he is credited as a special guest star . Jump up ^ Kat Graham is credited as Katerina Graham from episode 1 × 01 to 2 × 16 . Jump up ^ Candice King is credited as Candice Accola from episode 1 × 01 to 6 × 22 . Jump up ^ Kayla Ewell is credited as a series regular from episode 1 × 01 to 1 × 08 . From episode 1 × 09 to 1 × 22 , she is not credited and does not appear . Jump up ^ Matt Davis is credited as a series regular from episode 1 × 14 to 1 × 22 . From episode 1 × 01 to 1 × 08 , he is not credited and does not appear . From episode 1 × 09 to 1 × 13 , he is credited as a special guest star . Elena Gilbert ( edit ) Main article : Elena Gilbert Played by Nina Dobrev Starring seasons : 1 -- 6 Guest starring season : 8 Nina Dobrev Elena Gilbert ( based on Elena Gilbert from the novels ) is the central character and the female lead of the series for the first six seasons . She is the biological daughter of John Gilbert and Isobel Flemming , and adopted daughter of Grayson and Miranda Gilbert . She has a younger adoptive brother named Jeremy Gilbert , who is later revealed to be her biological cousin . She has an adoptive aunt named Jenna Sommers who serves as her and Jeremy 's legal guardian in the first two seasons of the series . She is the descendant and doppelgänger of Katherine Pierce . In season one , surviving a car accident which killed her parents , Elena reluctantly returns to school for her junior year and begins dating a mysterious new student named Stefan Salvatore . It is later revealed that he is a 162 - year - old vampire . Stefan 's brother , Damon , also begins falling for Elena . After Stefan and Elena sleep together , she finds a picture of a woman named Katherine Pierce who looks exactly like her . Stefan reveals that this woman caused the brothers to feud 145 years ago , and turned them into vampires . He says that she was adopted and is actually a descendant of Katherine , and that he saved her the night of her parents ' deaths . At the end of season one , Elena meets her birth mother , Isobel , who is now a vampire , and discovers that her uncle John , who she grew up hating , is her natural father . In season two , she learns that she is a Petrova doppelgänger , exactly resembling Katherine Pierce , which means that she can be sacrificed to release Klaus ' werewolf side . The sacrifice later takes place , but Elena is saved because John sacrificed himself for her after Bonnie magically enchants him . However , her Aunt Jenna is turned into a vampire and , as part of the sacrifice , is killed by Klaus , leaving Elena without a guardian . In the season two finale , while Damon is dying from a werewolf bite , she forgives him for forcing her to drink his blood and kisses him . Damon is cured by drinking Klaus ' blood . However , in order to convince Klaus to give his blood to Damon , Stefan had to turn into his `` Ripper '' self and accompany Klaus . In season three , Elena does everything in her power to make Stefan regain his humanity , which he switched off to satisfy , and tolerate , Klaus . She grows closer to Damon while working together to save Stefan and try to defeat Klaus , eventually sharing a kiss . She later admits to Stefan that she has feelings for Damon as well , but that she never stopped loving Stefan . It is eventually revealed that Elena met Damon the night of her parents ' death , though he compelled her to forget . She eventually chooses Stefan in the season finale but before she can tell him , Elena drowns while having vampire blood in her system ; she then awakens as a vampire in transition . In season four , Elena must decide whether to die or to feed on human blood so she can fully transition into a vampire . After realizing Stefan 's desperation to keep her alive , Elena completes her transition . She claims that choosing Stefan was the best choice she 'd ever made . However , their relationship ends due to her heightened feelings for Damon . Damon later realizes there is a sire bond between them , complicating the truth behind their relationship . Damon makes Elena turn off her humanity to avoid her grief when Jeremy is killed searching for a cure for vampirism . Elena becomes ruthless without her emotions . When she turns on her emotions again , her sire bond to Damon has been broken , though she remains in love with him . During a confrontation with Katherine , Elena shoves the cure down Katherine 's throat , forcing her to become human again . In season five , Elena starts at Whitmore College after spending the summer with Damon . She is kidnapped and experimented on by Wes Maxfield , and learns that her father experimented on vampires . Later , when Katherine is about to die as a result of the past 500 years catching up with her , Katherine uses a spell to possess Elena . Elena 's friends trap Katherine when they realize this . Stefan stabbed her with the Traveler dagger , but ghost Katherine reveals to Bonnie , shortly before trying to cross into the Other Side , that she had injected Dr. Maxfield 's enhanced ripper - werewolf virus into Elena 's body , infecting her . Elena 's friends are eventually able to find an antidote . She loses trust in Damon , partly because he killed her friend Aaron , so they break up , but soon get back together . Once Markos and his Traveler army begin to take over Mystic Falls , Elena and company come up with a plan to neutralize the Travelers by killing them all at the same time , overpowering Bonnie -- who is now the anchor to the Other Side -- and creating a possible way out of the collapsing dimension . Elena and Damon cause an explosion at the Mystic Grill , killing themselves and most of the Travelers . She wakes up as a ghost and passes to the Other Side ; Elena and many others are able to pass back to the land of the living afterwards , but the spell that allows this is broken before Damon passes back through , and Bonnie is stuck as the anchor , leaving those alive mourning the loss of Damon and Bonnie . In season six , Elena begins medical school , unable to set foot in her hometown . She is unable to recover from Damon 's death and lurks at the edges of Mystic Falls -- preying on people , drinking their blood , and compelling them to forget . As spirit magic no longer works in Mystic Falls , her victims who cross into the town remember the ordeal , putting her identity as a vampire at risk . Elena begs Alaric to compel her to forget that she ever loved Damon , and he eventually succeeds . She is told of her former feelings for Damon soon afterwards , but does n't want to go back to being unhappy again , and starts dating classmate Liam . After Damon comes back to life , Elena eventually decides to have the compulsion undone , but Alaric crosses into Mystic Falls and becomes human again . Elena is then left to face Damon and see if her feelings will return . Bonnie returns from the prison world with the cure to immortality which Elena takes , hoping to have family with Damon . However , in the season finale , Kai links Bonnie 's life to Elena 's , putting her in a magical sleep until Bonnie 's dies . In season eight , Elena appears in the final episode , appearing to Bonnie when her heart stops . However , Bonnie is brought back to life and Elena 's body is then taken over by Katherine and trapped in the boiler room to die with the Hellfire . Stefan sacrifices his life to save Elena . They are briefly reunited so he can say goodbye . Bonnie eventually breaks Kai 's spell on Elena and reunites her with Damon and her friends . Elena goes to medical school and marries Damon while continuing to write in her diary , thanking Stefan for saving her life in the pilot . She and Damon live long and happy human lives together before they die . In the afterlife , Elena finds peace by reuniting with Jenna , John and her parents . Katherine Pierce ( edit ) Played by Nina Dobrev Starring seasons : 2 and 5 Recurring seasons : 1 , 3 and 4 Guest starring season : 8 Nina Dobrev Katherine Pierce , born Katerina Petrova ( based on Katherine von Swartzschild from the novels ) , was part of a `` Traveler '' ( or Romani ) family , and was banished to England after bearing an illegitimate child . Upon meeting Klaus and Elijah , two of the original vampires , she learns that she is a Petrova doppelgänger -- which means that she can be sacrificed to release Klaus ' werewolf side . She tricked other vampires into turning her , thereby making her useless to Klaus , then spent 500 years running and hiding to escape his wrath . She arrives in Mystic Falls , where both Stefan and Damon Salvatore fall in love with her . She escapes the burning of vampires in the town , and gives the brothers her blood so that they both turn into vampires after being shot . Damon spends 145 years trying to free Katherine from a tomb , though she is not there when he opens it . In the last episode of season one , Katherine returns to Mystic Falls . During season two , she tells Damon that she has always been in love with Stefan and never truly cared for Damon . It is later discovered that her real reason for returning is to appease Klaus by giving him the new doppelgänger , the moonstone , and a vampire , witch , and werewolf . Stefan and Damon lock her in the tomb when they realize her plan , and even when the spell trapping vampires in the tomb is broken , she is compelled by Elijah to stay in . Elijah temporarily dies and Katherine is freed , but chooses to help Stefan and Damon . When Klaus comes to Mystic Falls , he kidnaps her and tortures her in Alaric 's apartment . He eventually releases her , but she keeps track of Klaus and Stefan 's whereabouts . When she learns that a vampire hunter named Mikael is the key to killing Klaus , she finds and awakens him , but goes back into hiding when Mikael 's plan fails . Katherine returns in season four , allowing Jeremy to be killed by Silas so she can steal the cure . It is revealed that during her time away from Mystic Falls , she had begun a relationship with Elijah Mikaelson , having real feelings for him . She decides to give him the cure to prove that her love is real , though he eventually leaves her to be with his family in New Orleans . During a physical confrontation with Elena , Katherine is forced by Elena to drink the cure , leaving her human for the first time in 500 years . During season five Katherine struggles with being human again . She learns that her long - lost daughter , Nadia , is a vampire in Mystic Falls . Silas drains Katherine of all of her blood , to get the cure , and Katherine returns to life . However , she rapidly descends into old age from the 500 years of her existence . She uses her Traveler heritage to transfer her consciousness into Elena 's body as hers dies , eventually taking control of Elena 's body and masquerading as Elena to win Stefan 's affection . Stefan and Caroline learn her identity and Stefan stabs her with the Traveler 's Knife , releasing Katherine 's soul from Elena 's body . However , Katherine had injected Elena 's body with Dr. Wes Maxfield 's experimental `` Ripper Serum '' , to turn Elena into a vampire who feeds from other vampires along with werewolf venom . An unknown force denies Katherine access to the Other Side and she was left in a dark void . It is later revealed that Katherine was sucked into Hell , where she became a feared presence over six years . Katherine made a bet with Kai Parker , that whoever won would replace Cade as the ruler of Hell . Katherine 's manipulation resulted in Kai 's imprisonment in a Spirit Rule and her ascension as the queen of Hell . She then escaped Hell and proceeded to taunt Stefan and Caroline on their wedding day . She manipulates Kelly and Vicki Donovan into doing her bidding , resulting in Kelly nearly killing Caroline 's twins and Vicki ringing the bell . While everyone is distracted , Katherine steals Elena 's body and traps it in the boiler room to ensure Elena dies in the Hellfire . Katherine then impersonates Elena to torture the brothers . They attempt to kill her , but she continues returning from Hell . Stefan then stays with Katherine to ensure that they both finally die in the Hellfire , destroying Hell . As Stefan went to Heaven alone , Katherine 's current whereabouts is unknown . Stefan Salvatore ( edit ) Main article : Stefan Salvatore Played by Paul Wesley and Sawyer Bell ( young Stefan ) Starring seasons : 1 -- 8 The Originals special guest starring season : 3 Paul Wesley Stefan Salvatore ( based on Stefan Salvatore from the novels ) was born and raised in Mystic Falls to Giuseppe Salvatore and Lily Salvatore , who died when he was young . Stefan is the younger brother of Damon , and the two were best friends in life . However , this changed when the brothers fell in love with Katherine Pierce . Once Stefan discovered Katherine was a vampire , Stefan was both scared and repulsed by Katherine and vampirism in general . Katherine , however , compelled Stefan to not be afraid of her , to keep her secret , and to drink her vampire blood against his will . In 1864 , Stefan was turned into a vampire after being shot by his father , with Katherine 's blood in his system , and accidentally killed his father . Damon , who turned into a vampire as well , promised Stefan an eternity of misery as he was angry that Stefan had forced him to turn and jealous that Katherine had also turned Stefan . A newborn vampire with uncontrollable bloodlust , Stefan became severely out of control ( later known as the Ripper ) and addicted to the blood , killing many people . However , Stefan was taught by a vampire named Alexia `` Lexi '' Branson , who later became Stefan 's best friend or companion . After decades of absence from Mystic Falls , Stefan returned to visit his home and Zach . Stefan heard the Gilbert 's car accident at Wickery Bridge and saved Elena , who he noticed looked exactly like Katherine . Stefan and Elena begin a relationship and he reveals to her that he is a vampire . However , Damon returns to Mystic Falls and also falls in love with Elena . As the series progresses , Damon and Stefan rebuild their brotherly bonds . Stefan only drank animal blood in the beginning of the series , which left him weaker than other vampires . In season two , Stefan starts to take small amounts of Elena 's blood each day to mitigate its effect on him and to increase his strength . When Katherine returns , it is discovered that she has always been in love with Stefan and not Damon ; however , Stefan is in love with Elena and not interested in Katherine . Stefan starts to build a friendship with Caroline Forbes after she is turned into a vampire . After Klaus gives Stefan his blood to save Damon from a werewolf bite , Klaus turns Stefan into a Ripper again . As an arrangement to save Damon , Stefan works for Klaus while trying to protect Elena by keeping Klaus away from Mystic Falls . Klaus later finds out Elena is alive and compels Stefan to kill her , making Stefan turn off his humanity when he resists . Stefan is later able to get his humanity back -- seen when he saves Klaus ' life to protect Damon -- but pretends not to care about Elena . He later takes it upon himself to kill Klaus . He steals Klaus ' family and tries using them as blackmail . When that fails Stefan threatens to turn Elena into a vampire if Klaus does not get his hybrids out of town ; Klaus agrees at the last minute . Stefan and Elena get into a fight , but Elena chooses Stefan over Damon . Later , Elena and Matt are trapped underwater ; Elena makes Stefan save Matt first and she drowns with vampire blood in her system . During season four , Stefan 's relationship with Elena is tested . He becomes fixated on finding the cure to vampirism for her , which results in Damon telling him that he can only love Elena as a human . Eventually , Stefan and Elena break up as a result of her feelings for Damon , which were amplified after being turned into a vampire . Stefan then forms a casual relationship with Rebekah ( with whom he had a brief affair in the 1920s ) . After Elena eventually turns her humanity off as a result of her sire bond to Damon and Jeremy 's death , Stefan and Damon attempt to find a way to force her to turn it back on . Eventually they do , but Elena remains in love with Damon and decides to be with him . Stefan is revealed to be the doppelgänger of Silas , who locks Stefan in a large metal safe and pushes it into the bottom of a lake . Stefan is rescued by the witch Qetsiyah , who brainwashes him and he falls in love with Elena again . He later regains his memories and kills Silas . Suffering from PTSD , Stefan manages to recover with the help of Katherine . The two begin a sort of relationship before Katherine 's body fails her . It is later revealed that Katherine took over Elena 's body and attempts to seduce Stefan ; he kills her after saying goodbye one last time . Julian ( in Tyler 's body ) ripped out Stefan 's heart , killing him and sending him to the disintegrating Other Side . He reunites with Lexie , who saves him from getting sucked into Hell . Stefan manages to return to the land of the living , though Damon and Bonnie apparently die in the process . By season six , Stefan has left Mystic Falls to attempt to live a normal life with a new girlfriend . However , a visit from Caroline and Enzo results in Enzo killing his girlfriend . Stefan returns to Mystic Falls to kill Enzo , but stays after reuniting with Damon . He later helps Caroline get through her mother 's cancer and develops romantic feelings for her . In season seven , Stefan is reunited with his mother and decides to forgive her . It is revealed that Stefan had slept with Valerie , one of the Heretics , while he was human , resulting in her pregnancy . Valerie lost the baby after Julian beat her . Stefan kills Julian and later develops a relationship with Valerie that ends soon after the encounter with Rayna . By season eight , Stefan had entered into a relationship ( and later engagement ) with Caroline while he searched for Damon . Stefan later gave himself up in servitude to Cade ( alongside Damon ) in order to save Caroline 's twins . Stefan 's humanity is shut off and he goes on a murderous rampage to deliver souls to Cade . He is later sent for Elena and kills Enzo , but Bonnie injects him with the cure , rendering him human . Stefan 's guilt greatly impacts his relationship with Caroline and friendship with Bonnie . He later kills Cade to save Damon and Bonnie . He reunites with Caroline and works towards earning Bonnie 's forgiveness . Stefan and Caroline use their ' wedding ' to lure Katherine out , and are married when she fails to appear . After their marriage , Stefan and Damon search for Elena 's body , taken by Katherine . Stefan and Bonnie then realize they can redirect the Hellfire at Katherine to destroy Hell , but someone must sacrifice themselves to ensure she 's hit while in Hell . Stefan and Damon argue over who should do it , as Stefan wants to find redemption for his killings and to give Damon a chance at happiness . Damon compels the human Stefan to leave , but Stefan had been taking vervain . Stefan injected Damon with his blood , giving him the cure , then shoves a human Damon aside and sacrifices his life to kill Katherine and save Mystic Falls . Stefan reunites with Elena , getting to say goodbye , then goes to the afterlife . Years later , Stefan is reunited with Damon . Damon Salvatore ( edit ) Main article : Damon Salvatore Played by Ian Somerhalder Starring seasons : 1 -- 8 Ian Somerhalder Damon Salvatore ( based on Damon Salvatore from the novels ) is a vampire , turned by Katherine Pierce one hundred and forty - five years prior to the beginning of the main storyline . He is the son of late Giuseppe Salvatore and the older brother of Stefan Salvatore . He is portrayed as a charming , handsome and snide person who loves tricking humans , and takes pleasure in feeding on them and killing them during the early episodes of the first season . During the first season , Damon gradually becomes kinder to the other characters , showing brief moments of compassion such as erasing Jeremy 's traumatic memory of vampires . Damon apologizes for turning Vicki Donovan into a vampire and admits it was wrong . Later , he admits to Elena he came to the town wanting to destroy it but actually found himself wanting to protect it . Damon and Elena begin to kiss passionately before getting interrupted -- it is later revealed that it was n't Elena he kissed , but Katherine Pierce . In season two , Katherine tells Damon that she loved Stefan and never loved him . Elena later says something similar , leaving Damon heartbroken . He snaps Jeremy 's neck ( though Jeremy is wearing a ring which reverses damage done by supernatural creatures ) , incurring Elena 's wrath . Bonnie declares hatred for Damon when she learns his blood turned Caroline Forbes into a vampire . After saving Elena and Stefan , Damon confesses his love for Elena but then compels her to forget his selfish words . Damon joins Rose to find out why the Originals are after Elena ; they have sex , and Damon comforts Rose when she suffers a fatal werewolf bite . Elena and Damon then begin to mend fences , and Elena cares for Damon when he is bitten by Tyler at the end of the season . Expecting he will die , Elena gives him a kiss , but Damon is later cured by the blood of Klaus , the original hybrid . In the third season , Damon helps Elena bring Stefan back to Mystic Falls . He is at first reluctant to involve Elena in the rescue attempts , and employs her guardian , Alaric Saltzman , in order to conceal that Elena is alive . Stefan 's change in attitude causes a rift between Elena and Stefan while Damon and Elena grow closer . Elena 's refusal to admit this incenses Damon , who reverts to previous uncaring and reckless behavior . This continues until , in a heated moment , Elena admits to loving both brothers . Elena chooses Stefan and Damon seems to accept this decision and his death by Alaric , but rushes to the hospital when he realizes Elena has died . Damon starts season four at Elena 's bedside after learning that she died with vampire blood in her system , and is transitioning . Damon tries to kill Rebekah with a White Oak Stake , but she overpowers him and escapes . Later , Damon uses Matt as bait to draw out the deputies and Pastor Young . After dispatching the deputies , Damon is about to kill Matt when stopped by a vampiric Elena . Damon makes Elena drink his blood when she seeks his help from a new vampire hunter , which leads to a fight with Stefan over what kind of vampire Elena will become . Damon tasks Stefan with learning more about Connor , a vampire hunter , while Damon accompanies Elena to college to teach her how to hunt and erase memories from her victims . Damon declares that he loves Elena whether she 's human or vampire , and they eventually begin a relationship , though it is complicated by a sire bond between them ( his blood was used to turn her ) . Damon uses the sire bond to make Elena turn off her humanity to avoid the guilt of Jeremy 's death . Later , Damon and Stefan force her to turn it back on , at which point the sire bond has broken . However , Elena remains in love with Damon and they continue their relationship . In season six , Damon and Bonnie are trapped in a 1994 Prison World , which Damon initially believes is his own personal hell , as they continually relive a painful day from his past . While working with Bonnie to find a way back to Mystic Falls , and to take down Kai , Damon becomes friends with Bonnie . Eventually , Bonnie sends Damon back , leaving herself trapped with Kai . Damon tried to win Elena back , though she lost all her memories of their relationship . Damon is devastated when Liz dies . He reunites with Bonnie when she escapes the prison world with the cure for vampirism . Damon gave the cure to Elena -- which undoes Alaric 's compulsion -- intending to take the cure himself so they can be together as humans . However , Kai casts a spell which puts Elena into a magical sleep until the time of Bonnie 's death . In season seven , Damon travels with Bonnie and Alaric and learns to live without Elena . He refuses to forgive his mother for past mistakes on her deathbed . The guilt takes a toll on Damon , and after Julian is killed , he decides to let himself desiccate in a coffin next to Elena , waiting out the years until Bonnie dies . He 's later awakened by Stefan in order to help him fight Rayna . By season eight , Damon and Enzo have gone missing . It is revealed that the two were taken by the siren Sybil , who forces them to go on various killing sprees . Despite Sybil 's numerous attempts , Damon 's love for Elena wins out . He later is forced into servitude for Cade ; compelled to kill either Elena or Stefan , Damon instead kills himself with a piece of wood from Elena 's coffin . His life is saved by Bonnie , and Stefan manages to kill Cade . In the series finale , Damon desperately searches for Elena 's body , stolen by Katherine . Damon attempts to sacrifice his life to save Mystic Falls ( and Elena ) and kill Katherine with the Hellfire . However , Stefan injects Damon with the cure and takes his place . Damon and Elena marry and live a long and happy human life . Damon is then reunited with his brother in the afterlife . Jeremy Gilbert ( edit ) Played by Steven R. McQueen Starring seasons : 1 -- 6 Special guest starring season : 8 Steven R. McQueen Jeremy Gilbert ( loosely based on Margaret Gilbert from the novels ) is Elena Gilbert 's younger brother , later revealed to be her biological cousin . In the beginning of the series , Jeremy was emotionally damaged by the death of his parents and begins to use drugs . He was in love with Vicki Donovan , another drug user , causing a rivalry with her boyfriend , Tyler Lockwood . Vicki later breaks up with Tyler and starts a relationship with Jeremy . However , Jeremy witnesses Stefan kill Vicki ( after Damon turned her into a vampire ) . At Elena 's request , Damon makes Jeremy forget this , and Jeremy becomes more stable and stops using drugs . Jeremy then starts a relationship with a vampire named Anna , but John Gilbert , Jeremy 's uncle , kills Anna at the end of season one . Jeremy tries to become a vampire by overdosing while having Anna 's blood in his system , but he fails . He was later given John 's ring , which protects him from a death caused by anything supernatural . In season two , Jeremy falls in love with Bonnie Bennett and they start a relationship . Jeremy later loses both his aunt and uncle on the day of the sacrifice , leaving Elena and himself without a guardian . In the season two finale , Jeremy was accidentally shot to death by Sheriff Forbes , but Bonnie was able to bring him back . However , bringing Jeremy back from the dead allowed him to see and communicate with the ghosts of his former girlfriends , Anna and Vicki , whenever he thinks about them . When the doorway to the Other Side was opened , Jeremy was able to physically interact with Anna . Bonnie finds out , resulting in their break - up . When Bonnie closes the doorway to the Other Side , Jeremy and Anna decide to let each other go . After Jeremy kills a hybrid and was almost killed by Klaus , Elena asks Damon to compel Jeremy into leaving Mystic Falls in order to live a normal life . However , after Klaus and the other Originals find out where Jeremy was , Elena takes Jeremy back home . In season four , a vampire hunter , Connor , arrives in town , and only Jeremy can see his mysterious tattoos , later revealed to be a map to the cure for vampirism . When Connor is killed , Jeremy becomes part of The Five , a group of vampire hunters , and his ' hunter 's mark ' grows when he kills vampires . His urge to kill grows as well , and he attempts to murder Elena . Eventually , he finds a way to control this , and Damon trains him . After killing Kol , resulting in the death of his entire bloodline , Jeremy 's mark completes , revealing a map to the cure . However , once he and Bonnie reach Silas , Katherine reveals herself and allows Silas to feed on Jeremy in order to awaken . She steals the cure , and Jeremy is killed when Silas snaps his neck . Elena then burns the Gilbert house , creating a cover story for his death . When Bonnie drops the veil to the Other Side , Jeremy 's ghost returns , saving Elena from Kol . Bonnie performs a spell that allows Jeremy to stay alive . The spell , however , killed Bonnie in the process , though Jeremy can see her ghost . In season five , Jeremy attempts to keep Bonnie 's death a secret for her in order to preserve her friends ' happiness . However , Jeremy eventually reveals the truth to his friends . Bonnie and Jeremy are reunited after she becomes the new anchor to the Other Side , though she sacrifices her life once more in the finale to save Elena , Stefan , Enzo , Tyler and Alaric . It was revealed that Jeremy 's supernatural hunter status was inactive as a result of the anti-magic barrier around the town . In season six , Jeremy has become a drunk after Bonnie 's death , paying her cell phone bill just to hear her voicemail recording . After Kai absorbed the Travelers ' spell around Mystic Falls , Jeremy regained his hunter abilities . Later , Jeremy came to the conclusion that it was time for him to move on with his life and leave for Santa Fe , New Mexico . While nearly all of his friends and family are under the impression that Jeremy is going to art school there , in reality , Jeremy has moved there to hunt vampires , with only Alaric , who planned to feed him leads , knowing Jeremy 's true plans . Jeremy returns in the series finale , shown teaching gifted youngsters how to defend themselves against the supernatural at the Salvatore School . Jenna Sommers ( edit ) Played by Sara Canning Starring seasons : 1 -- 2 Guest starring seasons : 3 , 5 and 8 Sara Canning Jenna Sommers ( loosely based on Judith Maxwell from the novels ) was Elena and Jeremy Gilbert 's aunt . She was the sister of their mother , Miranda Sommers - Gilbert . After her sister and her sister 's husband were killed in a car crash , she took over as Elena 's and Jeremy 's legal guardian and moved into the Gilbert family home . In the beginning , Jenna had trouble coping as an authority figure , having been a partying college student , but as the series progresses she becomes better at it . She begins dating news reporter Logan Fell , who had cheated on her in the past . However , Logan was turned into a vampire by Anna and then killed by history teacher Alaric Saltzman ; Jenna was told that he had left town . She later begins a relationship with Alaric . In season two , John Gilbert begins to cause trouble between Jenna and Alaric , and Jenna suspects that Alaric is not completely honest with her . When Isobel Flemming , Alaric 's supposed dead wife , shows up at Jenna 's door , Jenna becomes angry with Elena and Alaric -- who then tell her everything about vampires . Jenna was later turned into a vampire by Klaus , to be used in the sacrifice to release his werewolf side . She attempts to kill Greta Martin , Klaus ' witch , to stop the sacrifice and saves Elena , at which point Klaus stakes her to death . In season three , Jenna is seen in the season finale , in flashbacks of the night Elena 's parents ' car went off Wickery Bridge . She is later seen as one of Katherine 's hallucinations in season five . Jenna then appears in the series finale , where she and her family reunite with Elena as she passes . Bonnie Bennett ( edit ) Played by Kat Graham Starring seasons : 1 -- 8 Kat Graham Bonnie Sheila Bennett ( based on Bonnie McCullough from the novels ) is Elena 's best friend . From season seven , she becomes one of two female leads . She is good friends with Caroline Forbes . In the beginning of the series , Bonnie discovers that she is a witch born from a line of witches . Her grandmother , Sheila Bennett , helps her learn to use her powers . When her grandmother dies , Bonnie continues training and becomes more and more powerful . In the midst of season two , she starts a relationship with Jeremy Gilbert , Elena 's younger brother . She later discovers , from warlock Luca Martin , that the only way to kill Klaus , the original vampire who wants to kill Elena , is for her to get the power of one - hundred dead witches . Once she does this , she pretends to be dead in a scheme of Damon 's to trick Klaus . But when she brings Klaus to the brink of death , Elijah does not kill him , as planned , and carries Klaus away before Bonnie could react . In the season two finale , Bonnie is able to save Jeremy from dying after she tells her dead ancestor Emily Bennett that she loves him . However , bringing Jeremy back from the dead allows him to see his dead ex-girlfriends . Bonnie later finds out that Jeremy kissed Anna when the doorway to the Other Side was temporarily opened , and she breaks up with him . Later on , Bonnie reconnects with her mother , Abby , who had abandoned her as a child , and who helps her to kill the original vampires . However , Abby is turned into a vampire by Damon and abandons Bonnie again . In the season three finale , Bonnie places Klaus ' soul into Tyler 's body , thus preventing him from being completely destroyed by Alaric and saving Tyler , Caroline , Damon , and Stefan from dying ( as part of Klaus ' bloodline ) . In the beginning of season four , Bonnie learns that there is a forbidden magic , but she is forced to use it to transfer Klaus back to his original body , as a result , angry spirits attack her grandmother 's ghost . Professor Atticus Shane mentors Bonnie in regaining her powers . However , unknown to her , this ' Art of Expression ' draws magic from the spirits of a massacre . It is revealed that Bonnie is a key component to finding the cure , as she was a descendant of the witch who entombed Silas , and is the only one who can open the tomb . During the course of the fourth season , she becomes closer to Jeremy again , hinting at a possible reunion between the two . However , upon finding the cure , Jeremy is killed by Silas . Feeling unimaginable grief , Silas , posing as Shane , manipulates Bonnie into believing that she can bring him back from the dead , but only if she brings back every supernatural creature who has died . When Bonnie drops the veil to the Other Side , she is overpowered by Silas . Bonnie manages to petrify Silas . Afterwards , Bonnie is determined to bring Jeremy back to life , despite Sheila 's warning . The spell ends up killing Bonnie , who awakens as a spirit . She eventually brings the veil back up , leaving Jeremy ( who she resurrected ) as the only one who can see her . In season five , Bonnie is resurrected -- but every supernatural who dies has to go through her to the afterlife , thus she feels the pain of their deaths . She and Damon are then trapped in another dimension together while the others think they are dead . In season six , Bonnie and Damon develop a friendship and find out from a psychotic killer , Kai , that they can get home by using her magic . However , the plan backfires when Kai tries to kill Bonnie and she sacrifices herself for Damon , which sends him back home . Later , Kai also returns to the living world , leaving Bonnie all alone . Bonnie eventually manages to come home but has a more - violent disposition . She got revenge when she left Kai in a prison world but he returned , due to the Heretics . At the end of the season , she is linked to Elena through a spell Kai made that put Elena in a coma as long as Bonnie lives . In season seven , Bonnie is more united with Damon and their relationship develops while she starts having feelings for Enzo . Her friendship with Damon ends because he left Bonnie while he desiccated himself in a coffin until Elena wakes , so Bonnie would never see him again . Three years later , she had romantic a relationship with Enzo . She discovers that the armory is looking for her so she hides with Enzo . They make a deal with Rayna , but she did not tell them that she was going to be the next huntress . When Bonnie woke up she tried to kill Damon , Enzo , and Caroline because Rayna marked them . She almost killed Enzo but Damon burned the last shaman in the armory so Bonnie was not the huntress anymore and saved Enzo . Finally , she forgave Damon . By season eight , Enzo and Damon disappeared and Bonnie could not locate them , leaving her without two of the people she most cared about . Bonnie manages to rescue Damon and Enzo from Sybil 's control using objects from the Armory , and resumes her relationship with Enzo . They plan for him to take the cure and live as humans together , but Stefan kills Enzo after his humanity shuts off . Bonnie injects him with the cure and her grief from Enzo 's death causes her to unlock her psychic abilities . She manages to forgive Stefan and uses her power to see Enzo , but she breaks off the connection in order to channel her power into saving Caroline 's twins . Inspired by her ancestors and Enzo , Bonnie gains new empowerment , saving Mystic Falls with the Hellfire . Her newfound strength allows her to break the spell over Elena and reunite with her best friend . Bonnie then fulfills her promise to Enzo to live her life , and leaves to travel the world as he watches over her . Caroline Forbes ( edit ) Played by Candice King and Mckenna Grace ( young Caroline ) Starring seasons : 1 -- 8 The Originals special guest starring season : 5 Candice King Caroline Elizabeth Forbes ( based on Caroline Forbes from the novels ) is Elena Gilbert and Bonnie Bennett 's best friend . From season seven she becomes one of two female leads . Caroline is the daughter of the Sheriff of Mystic Falls , Liz Forbes , with whom she had a troubled relationship that develops into a more - loving relationship . Her father , Bill Forbes , left her and her mother after coming out as gay . In the beginning of the series , Caroline is shown as shallow , self - absorbed and envious of Elena . However , Caroline 's character deepens and matures over the seasons . In season one , she was first attracted to Stefan but when he turns her down she pursues Damon . Damon used her in many ways , compelling her to forget much of it . During season one , she starts a relationship with Matt Donovan . At the end of season one , Caroline , Matt , and Tyler met an accident . In season two , Caroline was fed Damon 's blood to heal her injuries ; however , Katherine kills her and Caroline feeds on a bag of human blood at the hospital , turning into a vampire . Stefan helps Caroline control her bloodlust and they build a friendship . Caroline also becomes closer to Elena . She discovers that she is not able to control her bloodlust when she is around Matt , and tricks him into breaking up with her in order to protect him . When Tyler Lockwood starts his werewolf transformations , Caroline helps him and he starts to develop romantic feelings for her . However , Caroline is in love with Matt and they get back together as soon as Tyler leaves town . Matt later finds out that Caroline is a vampire ; feeling alienated and betrayed , he tells her mother . At first they do n't accept her , but when they realize that Caroline has retained her humanity , they soften . However , Matt breaks up with her , due to his aversion of the supernatural since the vampire death of his sister , Vicki . When Tyler returns to Mystic Falls , he and Caroline become closer and in the season three premiere , they sleep together . However , Carol Lockwood finds out Caroline is a vampire and contacts her father , Bill Forbes . He thinks Caroline is a monster and tries to `` fix '' her through torture , but she is saved by her mother and Tyler . Bill and Caroline eventually make amends , and she is devastated when he is killed during season three . Klaus Mikaelson takes a liking to Caroline during this season and she refuses to be wooed by him , staying loyal to her friends despite her attraction to him . In season four , Caroline helps Elena with her vampire transition . Her relationship with Tyler becomes strained with Klaus and the werewolf Hayley around . Caroline assumes something is going on between Hayley and Tyler , but Tyler denies it ( which is the truth ) . During the plan to get the cure , Caroline and Tyler watch over Klaus , who is trapped in the Gilbert home by Bonnie . They learn there is only one dose for the cure . After a talk with Klaus , it is revealed that Caroline would never take the cure , preferring herself as a vampire . When the spell wears off , Klaus tells Tyler to run , because Klaus would kill him for tormenting and teasing him . Caroline does n't want Tyler to go because she loves him but knows it is for the best . Caroline completes the Expression triangle by killing 12 witches in an attempt to save Bonnie , which opens up the gates to Other Side , letting all dead supernaturals loose in Mystic Falls . Caroline graduates high school with Bonnie , Matt , Stefan , and Elena , the ceremony interrupted by the 12 dead witches who make an attempt on Caroline 's life . She is saved by Klaus , who she had invited to the graduation , and who says goodbye and that he intended to be her last love . In season five , Caroline and Elena start college , both thinking Bonnie will come soon . Caroline assumes that Tyler will join them at Whitmore College . Outside a party , Caroline and Elena find their roommate Megan thrown from the second floor of a house with a bite mark on her neck , and realize there is another vampire at the college . Later , Caroline receives a message from Tyler that he ca n't return and they break - up when he refuses to give up his revenge upon Klaus . Klaus returns to Mystic Falls in an attempt to gloat over a dying Katherine , but is distracted by Caroline . She confesses her hidden desires for him , and they sleep together , Klaus vowing to never come back to Mystic Falls for her confession . Despite judgement from Tyler , Caroline refuses to feel guilty for her actions and builds a strange friendship with Enzo . In season six , she realizes she has feelings for Stefan , despite his attempts to ignore her all summer . She looks for ways to break the Travelers ' spell on Mystic Falls so that they can go home ( this is later accomplished when Kai absorbs the magic ) . Caroline 's mother , Liz , is diagnosed with cancer and Stefan attempts to comfort her . Caroline turns off her humanity as she ca n't deal with the pain of Liz dying . Stefan realizes that he has feelings for Caroline but is too late as her humanity is already off . Caroline asks for a year with no humanity where she promises to behave as long as they do n't attempt to trigger her humanity before then . They do not leave her alone , angering Caroline and as revenge she kidnaps Stefan and Damon 's niece , Sarah Salvatore , and blackmails Stefan to turn off his humanity . Stefan attempts to make Caroline lose control , and after numerous attempts he finally succeeds . Lily manages to trigger Stefan 's humanity , and he becomes determined to get Caroline back to normal . He pretends to Caroline that his humanity is off and they get locked up together in a bed and breakfast in Grove Hill by Damon and Elena . Caroline eventually turns her humanity back on . In season seven , Caroline and Stefan attempt to form a romantic relationship but his past with Valerie prevents this . She later discovers that the Gemini Coven had placed Alaric and Jo 's twins inside her to protect them . She gives birth to two girls , Josie and Lizzie ( named after Jo and her mother , Liz Forbes ) . Stefan decides to break - up with Caroline as he runs from the Hunter with Valerie . Caroline and Alaric move to Texas and become a family , where Caroline quickly steps into the motherly role . By season eight , Caroline is co-parenting her children with Alaric and soon becomes engaged to Stefan . Their relationship again becomes complicated when Stefan is forced to serve Cade in order to protect Caroline 's daughters . Caroline saves her kids and Alaric from the recently returned Kai and helps Alaric open a school for child witches . She and Stefan resume their engagement after he flips his switch back on , and the two stage a wedding in an attempt to draw out Katherine . Shortly after , Caroline is forced to say goodbye to Stefan when he sacrifices his life to save Elena and Damon . Caroline chooses to leave town with her daughters , though she and Stefan do get a bittersweet goodbye . Caroline and Alaric open a school for gifted supernatural children after receiving a large donation from Klaus , who praises her actions . It is implied from Alaric 's voiceover that the donation is the `` beginning of another story . '' Matt Donovan ( edit ) Played by Zach Roerig Starring seasons : 1 -- 8 The Originals special guest starring season : 3 Zach Roerig Matthew G. `` Matt '' Donovan ( based on Matthew Honeycutt from the novels ) is Elena Gilbert 's childhood friend and ex-boyfriend . Vicki Donovan is Matt 's older sister , who he takes care of as their troubled mother has left them . When Vicki dies , Matt is devastated . He is best friends with Tyler Lockwood . He is employed at the Mystic Grill as a busboy . Elena had broken up with Matt at beginning of the series , though Matt has feelings for her and wants to get back together , since Elena and Matt were each other 's `` first '' . However , he later starts a relationship with Caroline Forbes . When Caroline is turned into a vampire in season two , she tricks Matt into breaking up with her , for she ca n't control her bloodlust around him . However , they later get back together . When Matt learns that Caroline is a vampire , he suspects she had something to do with Vicki 's death . He asks her to make him forget , but he secretly has vervain in his system and only pretends to forget ; this was a plan of Sheriff Forbes . However , Matt finds out that Caroline is still the same person and tells her about the plan . He then breaks up with her due to the fact that he has too much to handle with work and school and does n't want to deal with the fact that Caroline is a vampire . In season three , Matt learns that Jeremy is able to see Vicki 's ghost ; after he drowns himself and is saved by Bonnie , he is able to see and speak to Vicki as well . She tells him that with his help , the original witch can make her come back whenever she wants without needing Matt to think about her . After he helps her , Matt finds out that the original witch wants Vicki to kill Elena in return ; with the help of Bonnie , Matt makes Vicki return to the Other Side and shuts her out of his thoughts . In season four , Matt blames himself for Elena 's vampire transformation -- Damon also blames him and wants Matt dead . Matt holds a grudge against Rebekah for trying to kill him and causing Elena 's transition . Matt later moves into the Gilbert house when Elena moves out , due to Jeremy 's urge to kill her . However , Elena moves back in , only for Jeremy to be killed soon after . Matt is shown to be devastated by the loss of his friend . He later develops a relationship with Rebekah Mikaelson and leaves Mystic Falls after graduation to travel with her . They part on good terms as she goes to New Orleans in season five . Another woman the two had encountered ( and slept with ) in Europe , Nadia , later appeared in Mystic Falls where she followed Matt . It is revealed that she is Nadia Petrova , and is searching for her mother , Katherine . Matt was possessed by a Traveler for a brief time and was involved with Nadia . Nadia later compelled him to forget that Elena was possessed by Katherine . After Nadia 's death , Matt helps his friends deal with the destruction of the Other Side with the help of Liv and Luke Parker . In season six , Matt helps Jeremy cope with the apparent death of Bonnie and the two attempt to kill Enzo . After Elena falls into a magical , coma - like slumber , Matt takes on more responsibility and eventually becomes the sheriff of Mystic Falls . During this time , Matt ejects all vampires from Mystic Falls . In season seven , Matt falls in love with his partner , Penny Ares . A vampire makes Matt kill Penny , and he becomes hellbent on getting revenge on Stefan . However , after a series of events forces Matt to try and save Bonnie from being a bloodthirsty supernatural Huntress , Matt is exhausted of the war between humans and vampires ; he decides to leave Mystic Falls and start a normal life . In season eight , Matt is reunited with his long - lost father , Peter Maxwell , who had abandoned him and Vicki when they were children . Peter reveals that Matt 's ancestors were the founders of Mystic Falls before the ' founding ' families took it over . They had built a bell in the Clock Tower , that upon being hit twelve times by a Maxwell descendant , would unleash the Hellfire and kill everyone around it . Stefan compels Matt to ring the bell , but Damon manages to stop him on the eleventh ring . This inadvertently allows several individuals to escape Hell , including Matt 's own mother and sister ( and also Cade , Katherine and Kai ) . His mother and sister later go to work for Katherine in order to stay out of Hell : Kelly injures Peter before dying again and Vicki plans on ringing the bell . Matt tells Peter about Vicki ; they all go up the clock tower and Matt watches Peter and Vicki reuniting and hugging . Matt and Peter later watch the tower erupt in flames after the twelfth ring of the bell . After Hell is destroyed , Matt continues to be sheriff and is about to run for mayor , where he 's watched over by his sister and Tyler . Vicki Donovan ( edit ) Played by Kayla Ewell Starring season : 1 Recurring seasons : 2 , 3 , 5 and 8 Kayla Ewell Vicki Donovan ( loosely based on Vickie Bennett from the novels ) was Matt Donovan 's older sister . Vicki was a troubled drug - addict , taken care of by Matt as their mother had left them . In the beginning of the series , she was dating Tyler Lockwood . Vicki and Jeremy hooked - up a few times but Vicki did n't want people to find out , since Jeremy was younger than her . Later , acknowledging that she had feelings for Jeremy , Vicki breaks - up with Tyler and starts a relationship with Jeremy . She was later turned into a vampire by Damon . She was unable to control her bloodlust and when she attacked Jeremy , Stefan kills her . Stefan and Damon make it seem as if Vicki had left town . Her body is later found by Caroline Forbes , devastating Matt and Jeremy . Later , when Jeremy is brought back to life , he was able to see and communicate with Vicki , who asks for his help . Matt learns of this and engineers a near - death experience so he can also see Vicki . She tells him that with his help , the original witch can make sure she can come back whenever she wants . However , Matt later finds out that the original witch ordered Vicki to kill Elena in return ; with the help of Bonnie , Matt makes Vicki return to the Other Side and shuts her out of his thoughts . Vicki later returns in season five , to ask Jeremy and Bonnie to tell Matt to stop sleeping with Rebekah . She reappears on the Other Side when Liz Forbes kills Matt , and is later pulled away from the Other Side in a similar way to Katherine . Vicki returns in season eight and appears in Damon 's mind , when he has flashbacks of his attack upon her in the pilot episode . It is later revealed that Vicki managed to escape Hell alongside Katherine and her mother . Vicki went on a killing spree before going to the Mystic Falls Clock Tower to ring the bell and bring the hellfire to destroy Mystic Falls . Vicki is then reunited with her brother and father and completely breaks down . She had wanted to get out of the torturous Hell by ringing the bell for Katherine , but her family inspires her to become the person she always wanted to be . She goes through with their plan to save Mystic Falls and kill Katherine . Vicki then finds peace in the afterlife with Tyler , where they continue to watch over Matt . Tyler Lockwood ( edit ) Played by Michael Trevino Starring seasons : 1 -- 6 Recurring seasons : 7 -- 8 The Originals special guest starring season : 1 Michael Trevino Tyler Lockwood ( based on Tyler Smallwood from the novels ) is the son of Mayor Richard Lockwood and Carol Lockwood . He plays for the Mystic Falls High School football team and is best friends with Matt Donovan . Tyler does not have a good relationship with his father , who sometimes acts violently towards him . However , when his father dies , Tyler is shown to be genuinely upset . In the beginning of the series Tyler is an arrogant bully . He is dating Vicki Donovan , who breaks - up with him for Jeremy Gilbert , causing them to become rivals . Tyler is shown to have a short temper and in season two Tyler learns from his uncle , Mason Lockwood , that he acts this way due to the werewolf gene . After Tyler accidentally kills Sarah , a classmate who was compelled by Katherine to provoke him , his fears come true as he has triggered the werewolf curse . Caroline Forbes , a young vampire , helps him prepare for his new life , and Tyler eventually falls in love with Caroline . A werewolf named Jules comes to town and tells Tyler that Caroline , Stefan and Damon are responsible for his uncle 's death , making Tyler feel betrayed . After Caroline is captured by a group of werewolves and Tyler hesitates to come to her rescue , Caroline breaks off their friendship . Hurt by Caroline 's decision and wishing to protect his friends , Tyler later leaves town with Jules . However , he returns when his mother is in the hospital and makes amends with Caroline , deciding to stay in Mystic Falls . Tyler and Caroline 's friendship deepens and in the season three premiere , they end up sleeping together . After his mother learns that Caroline is a vampire and kidnaps her as she is trying to sneak out , Tyler reveals that he is a werewolf by transforming in front of her . After he helps Sheriff Forbes rescue Caroline from her father , they begin an official relationship . Tyler is later turned into a hybrid by Klaus . Due to his transformation to a hybrid , he is sired to Klaus , and would do anything to protect Klaus as his master . When Tyler tells Caroline that he is okay with this , she breaks up with him . Tyler eventually realizes that the sire bond is n't in his favor , and breaks it by repeatedly turning into a werewolf . He and Caroline get back together , but in the season three finale , Bonnie places Klaus ' spirit in Tyler 's body in order to save his bloodline ( which includes Katherine , Stefan , Abby , Damon , Caroline and Tyler himself ) . It is unknown what happened to Tyler 's spirit during this time , or if he agreed to the plan . Klaus later forces Bonnie to return him to his original body ; once the transfer is complete , Tyler regains control of his body . Tyler , along with a new friend , Hayley , begin to secretly unsire all of Klaus ' hybrids . However , on learning about this , Klaus murders them all , along with Tyler 's mother . As a result , Tyler is eventually forced to leave town , knowing that Klaus will seek revenge upon him . He returns briefly for prom . Klaus later grants Caroline a graduation present , allowing Tyler to return to Mystic Falls . Later , Tyler became possessed by Julian , a Traveler . After the Travelers used the Body Sealing Spell on Tyler , Julian gained permanent control of Tyler 's body and due to Markos destroying the Traveler 's Knife that was needed to remove Passengers , Julian could not be banished . Later , Julian was captured by the Travelers and they brought Julian to Mystic Falls , where they had cast a spell that can undo magic , including vampirism . Thus , when Julian entered Mystic Falls , he lost Tyler 's vampirism and they both died , because vampirism was what kept them alive . Tyler ended up on the Other Side , but thanks to Bonnie and Damon 's sacrifices , he was able to come back to life and he discovered that he was no longer a hybrid . In season six , Tyler struggles to stay human , and develops a relationship with the witch Liv Parker . At the end of the season , Liv 's brother Kai attacks and critically injures them both , and Liv convinces Tyler to kill her in order to trigger his curse and thereby heal . Tyler reluctantly agrees , knowing that she was going to die anyway . He manages to injure Kai and save Alaric 's life . Tyler leaves Mystic Falls after saying goodbye to Elena . Tyler returns in season seven in order to take Elena 's coffin to protect her from the Heretics . He returns again in season eight and is killed by Damon. Tyler is seen in the series finale as having been reunited with Vicki , where the two find peace together and continue to watch over Matt . Alaric Saltzman ( edit ) Played by Matt Davis Starring seasons : 1 -- 3 and 6 -- 8 Recurring seasons : 4 -- 5 The Originals special guest starring seasons : 4 -- 5 Matthew Davis Alaric J. Saltzman , known as `` Ric '' ( based on Alaric K. Saltzman from the novels ) , was the history teacher at Mystic Falls High School . Alaric originally comes to town to kill Damon , to avenge his wife . However , it was later revealed that his wife , Isobel Flemming , requested that Damon turn her into a vampire . Alaric then starts to become friends with Damon . Alaric owns a Gilbert Ring , which he obtained from Isobel , which prevents him from being killed by anything supernatural . However , John Gilbert later claims the ring . Alaric starts a relationship with Jenna Sommers . In the second season , Gilbert starts causing trouble between Jenna and Alaric , and Jenna leaves when she meets Isobel and knows Alaric has been keeping secrets from her . His body was later possessed by Klaus to gain the group 's trust . Eventually Klaus releases Alaric , who gets back together with Jenna , but soon afterwards Klaus turns Jenna into a vampire and kills her for his sacrifice ritual , leaving Alaric heartbroken . In season three , Alaric moves in with Elena and Jeremy to take care of them , and represents the Gilbert family on the Founders ' Council . He later starts dating council - member Meredith Fell , a local doctor . It is later learned that Alaric was unknowingly killing people , due to the Gilbert ring giving him a vampire - hating alter ego , which was referred to as `` The Darkness '' or `` Evil - aric '' . He was later turned into an Original vampire by Esther in order to kill Klaus with an indestructible White Oak stake . In the season three finale , he dies when Elena drowns because their lives had been linked by Esther . He appears to Jeremy as a ghost to say goodbye , stating that he will always be there for them , and later at his grave where he listens to Damon lament about his responsibilities . Late in season four , Alaric 's ghost appears to Damon when Bonnie partially drops the veil to the Other Side . In the season five finale , Alaric came back to life by passing through Bonnie . Alaric is a regular in season six , having trouble adjusting to life as a vampire . He gets a job at Whitmore College as the occult studies professor . After Elena is unable to recover from Damon 's death , she begs Alaric to compel her to forget that she ever loved Damon -- which he can do as an enhanced Original . Alaric starts forming a relationship with Jo , a doctor at the college , but decides it would be best if they were n't together and attempts to compel her into thinking she did n't enjoy their time together ; this fails to work as Jo is a witch . After Damon comes back to life , Alaric tries to convince Elena to allow him to undo the compulsion . Damon and Enzo are abducted by Tripp Cooke , who plans to kill them by driving them into Mystic Falls . Alaric and Stefan attempt to save them , but Alaric passes the border and begins to succumb to the injuries that caused his death until Jo arrives to keep him alive in a human state . This prevents him from reversing his compulsion on Elena . In season six , Alaric and Jo are married and expecting a baby . Jo is killed at their wedding and in season seven he attempts to resurrect her . In season seven , it is revealed that the Gemini Coven placed Alaric and Jo 's twins inside Caroline Forbes for protection . Caroline gives birth to the twins , named Josie and Lizzie ( after Jo and Liz Forbes ) . They eventually move to Texas and become a family . Caroline and Alaric do not remain together as she begins a relationship with Stefan . In season eight , Alaric and Caroline co-parent their children , who 've begun using magic . Alaric later turns the armory into a school for kids like his daughters , to teach them to control their powers . In the series finale , Alaric opens a school for gifted youngsters with Caroline in Stefan 's name , where he and his daughters are watched over by Jo . Enzo St. John ( edit ) Played by Michael Malarkey Starring seasons : 6 -- 8 Recurring seasons : 5 Michael Malarkey Lorenzo `` Enzo '' St. John is a vampire formerly under the imprisonment of the Augustine society , where he was Damon 's cellmate in the 1950s . He and Damon later revive their friendship while he searches for his lost lover , Maggie . Enzo shuts off his humanity after Damon reveals that he was the one who killed Maggie and then killed himself by having Stefan rip his heart out . He was resurrected in the season finale . Enzo is a series regular in season six , helping Caroline discover a way to resurrect Damon and Bonnie . After they visit Stefan and learn that he had been lying about searching for a solution , Enzo kills Stefan 's human girlfriend , Ivy . In response to this , Stefan later finds Enzo , incapacitates him , and turns him over to Tripp Cooke , a vampire hunter with a familial link to Mystic Falls . It is later revealed that Enzo had made Ivy drink his blood , and she became a vampire . Enzo wo n't reveal the names of other vampires , so Tripp plans to drive him and Damon into Mystic Falls to kill them , reuniting the two friends ( in chains once again ) , who are narrowly saved by Stefan and Alaric . In season seven , out of love for Lily , Enzo allies himself with the Heretics . Eventually , he begins working for The Armory due to his interest in his past and later to learn his family 's purposes . Enzo hides Bonnie from the Armory as they need her to open a mysterious vault . He gives her pills to mute her magic and the two fall in love . Enzo pursues Damon into a vault in the Armory when discolored and long - clawed hands grab his face and pull him backward . In season eight , Enzo falls under the control of the siren Sybil , killing many humans across the country with Damon . His love for Bonnie , however , prevents him from falling completely under Sybil 's control . Bonnie rescues him and the two resume their relationship , eventually planning for Enzo to take the cure and buy a house together in New York . Enzo is murdered by Stefan ( on Cade 's orders ) , which causes Bonnie to unleash her psychic powers . She sees visions of Enzo but breaks their connection in order to channel her powers into saving Caroline 's daughters . Enzo makes her promise to live her life and swears he will see her again before she lets him go . Enzo then makes Bonnie realize her strength , and continues to watch over her as she fulfills her promise by living her life as she happily travels the world . Recurring characters ( edit ) The following is a list of characters that are , or at one time were , a recurring guest on the series ( but never starring ) . They are listed in the order that they first appeared on the show . Actor Character Season 5 6 7 8 Marguerite MacIntyre Sheriff Elizabeth `` Liz '' Forbes Recurring Guest Robert Pralgo Mayor Richard Lockwood Recurring Susan Walters Carol Lockwood Recurring Jasmine Guy Sheila Bennett Recurring Guest Recurring Guest Bianca Lawson Emily Bennett Recurring Guest Guest Arielle Kebbel Alexia `` Lexi '' Branson Guest Special Appearance Malese Jow Annabelle `` Anna '' Recurring Guest Recurring Kelly Hu Pearl Recurring Guest Mia Kirshner Isobel Flemming Recurring David Anders Johnathan `` John '' Gilbert Recurring Guest Special Appearance Taylor Kinney Mason Lockwood Recurring Guest Lauren Cohan Rose - Marie `` Rose '' Recurring Guest Daniel Gillies Elijah Mikaelson Recurring Guest Jack Coleman William `` Bill '' Forbes Recurring Claire Holt Rebekah Mikaelson Recurring Guest Sebastian Roché Mikael Recurring Persia White Abby Bennett Wilson Recurring Guest Guest Torrey DeVitto Dr. Meredith Fell Recurring Alice Evans Esther Recurring Caspar Zafer Finn Mikaelson Recurring Grace Phipps April Young Recurring David Alpay Professor Atticus Shane Recurring Phoebe Tonkin Hayley Marshall Recurring Olga Fonda Nadia Petrova Recurring Rick Cosnett Dr. Wesley `` Wes '' Maxfield Recurring Janina Gavankar Qetsiyah / `` Tessa '' Recurring Penelope Mitchell Olivia `` Liv '' Parker Recurring Chris Brochu Lucas `` Luke '' Parker Recurring Tristin Mays Sarah Nelson Recurring Guest Chris Wood Malachai `` Kai '' Parker Recurring Recurring Jodi Lyn O'Keefe Josette `` Jo '' Laughlin Recurring Special Appearance Annie Wersching Lily Salvatore Recurring Katie Lumpkin ( season 6 ) / Elizabeth Blackmore ( season 7 ) Valerie Tulle Guest Recurring Natalie Romaine ( season 6 ) / Scarlett Byrne ( season 7 ) Nora Hildegard Guest Recurring Fe Read ( season 6 ) / Teressa Liane ( season 7 ) Mary - Louise Guest Recurring Charlie Johnson ( season 6 ) / Jaiden Kaine ( season 7 ) Beau Guest Recurring Todd Lasance Julian Recurring Leslie - Anne Huff Rayna Cruz Recurring Ana Nogueira Penny Ares Recurring Nathalie Kelley Sybil Recurring Kristen Gutoskie Seline Recurring Allison Scagliotti Georgina `` Georgie '' Dowling Recurring Demetrius Bridges Dorian Williams Recurring Wolé Parks Arcadius `` Cade '' Recurring Joel Gretsch Peter Maxwell Recurring Sammi Hanratty Violet Fell Recurring Elizabeth Forbes ( edit ) Played by Marguerite MacIntyre Seasons : 1 -- 6 and 8 Elizabeth `` Liz '' Forbes is the Sheriff of Mystic Falls and the mother of Caroline Forbes . Her husband , Bill Forbes , who was a member of the town 's council , had left her for another man after revealing that he was gay . She is first introduced at a Founders Day party at Mayor Lockwood 's house . There , she is shown to have a strained relationship with her daughter . However , she does care a lot for her well - being , which is shown when she arrests a bartender after Caroline gets drunk . She is revealed to be a member of the Founders ' Council , a secret organization dedicated to protecting Mystic Falls from vampires . Liz becomes friends with Damon after he saves her from Lexi Branson , and is seen letting him know about the council 's plans . In the season one finale , she is handcuffed by John Gilbert for disagreeing with his plan to use the town as bait to capture the tomb vampires . She is later saved by Carol Lockwood , but they are unable to save Mayor Lockwood , who is burned with the vampires . Liz then finds out that her daughter has been in a car crash and goes to the hospital , where she is comforted by Damon . In season two , Carol accuses Liz of getting Mayor Lockwood killed . Liz is later informed by Mason Lockwood that Damon and Stefan are vampires , though she is skeptical , particularly regarding Damon . She tests him by slipping vervain into his drink and he reacts negatively to it . When Damon and Stefan assume Mason did it and attempt to take care of him in the woods , Liz ambushes and shoots the brothers and has them injected with vervain . Liz tortures Damon in an attempt to learn how he and Stefan can walk in the sun , but is interrupted when Elena appears , followed by Caroline , who kills the deputies . Liz is locked in the cellar at the Salvatore House so that the vervain can get out of her system and she can be compelled to forget everything . Liz asks Damon to keep Caroline away from her , but after a talk Liz eventually accepts Caroline being a vampire ; Caroline decides to compel her and Liz loses her memory of the whole ordeal . After Matt discovers the truth about vampires from Caroline , he tells Liz , who comes up with a plan to make Matt pretend to be compelled to forget , while he actually has vervain in his system . Liz then uses Matt to spy on Caroline , who she believes is a monster . Liz tries to capture and kill Damon , but accidentally shoots Jeremy instead . Believing she has killed Jeremy , she is shocked to discover that Bonnie is able to resurrect him . She finds out that Matt came clean to Caroline . After confessing that neither wanted to secretly live in fear of one another , Liz accepts her daughter for what she is . After Caroline is locked in a cellar by her father for being a vampire , Liz and Tyler come to her rescue . Liz assists her daughter and her friends throughout the series as their relationship continues to improve and she becomes closer friends with Damon , before it is revealed that she 's dying from cancer in season six . Liz is seen in the series finale watching over Caroline . Richard Lockwood ( edit ) Played by Robert Pralgo Season : 1 Richard Lockwood was Tyler Lockwood 's father , the mayor of Mystic Falls and the head of the Founders ' Council . He had a bad relationship with his son and acts very authoritative towards him . It seems that he thinks of Tyler as a disappointment and when Tyler gets into a fist - fight with Matt Donovan at a party , Richard tells him to never embarrass his family again . When Tyler gets into a fight with Jeremy , he takes them outside and tells them to fight rather than talk to solve their problems . He had an unhappy marriage with Carol Lockwood and they constantly fight ; he also flirts with Pearl . Although he seems kind and amicable to the outside world , he was actually quite selfish . In the season one finale , during Founders Day , he helps John Gilbert execute his plan to kill the tomb vampires . However , it backfires when he is affected by the device that neutralizes the vampires , due to carrying the werewolf gene . The deputies believe him to be a vampire and lock him in the basement , where he was killed by one of the tomb vampires . Carol Lockwood ( edit ) Played by Susan Walters Seasons : 1 -- 4 Carol Lockwood was the wife ( and later widow ) of Mayor Richard Lockwood and the mother of Tyler Lockwood . She was a member of The Founders ' Council and knows of the existence of vampires , but not of the existence of werewolves . Throughout season one , Carol was locked in a hostile relationship with her best friend . She acts as a bad influence on her son Tyler , with much of his negative behavior emerging as a direct result of her snobbish behavior and emotional outbursts . In the season finale she shows , for the first time , that she cares for Richard . After releasing Liz , they vainly try to save Richard from the burning basement . Carol was shaken and upset by her husband 's death and blames it on the deputies . Carol finds Tyler in his father 's study thrashing the room in an angry tantrum ; this behavior frightens her and she was further shaken after Mason Lockwood calms Tyler . Carol later informs Damon that she was replacing Richard as the mayor until the next election and asks him to lead the council , which he accepts . After Tyler has turned into a werewolf and runs away , she finds a note from Tyler . It was later revealed that Elijah , one of the original vampires , convinced Carol to stop taking vervain in order to compel her . When Elena frees Elijah , he compels Carol to let him take refuge in the Lockwood Mansion . Later , Carol was compelled to make a phone call to Tyler , saying that she was in the hospital and wanted him to come and visit ; Maddox then uses his powers to push her off the stairs , and she is hospitalized . In season three , Carol learns that Caroline Forbes is a vampire ; after Caroline sleeps with Tyler in the Lockwood Mansion , Carol shoots her with vervain darts . Carol then calls Caroline 's father , Bill Forbes , and tells him about her . The next day , Carol slips vervain in Tyler 's coffee to test if he is a vampire , and is relieved that he is n't . However , Tyler discovers this and confronts his mother , who says Caroline a monster . Tyler then shows Carol that he is a werewolf , and Carol promises that she will make sure Caroline is n't hurt . However , when she later calls Bill , she was unable to persuade him to free Caroline . When the doorway to the Other Side was opened , the ghosts of the tomb vampires decide to take revenge on the founding families and attack Carol . Caroline comes to Carol 's rescue and holds them until the doorway is closed . In the ninth episode of season four , Carol was killed by Klaus as payback for Tyler 's plan to kill him . Sheila Bennett ( edit ) Played by Jasmine Guy Seasons : 1 , 3 -- 5 and 8 Jasmine Guy Sheila Bennett was the grandmother of Bonnie Bennett and a very powerful witch . She died after overusing her magic to seal away the tomb vampires . She usually appears to Bonnie ( as a spirit ) to help guide her whenever she overuses magic or is having trouble with her powers . Sheila continues to appear throughout the series , ensuring Bonnie 's ( and indirectly Damon 's ) survival . She makes an appearance in the series finale to help Bonnie save Mystic Falls with the rest of the Bennet witches . Emily Bennett ( edit ) Played by Bianca Lawson Seasons : 1 , 2 and 5 Bianca Lawson Emily Bennett was the handmaiden of Katherine Pierce in 1864 and a powerful witch . She was a direct descendant of one of the women accused of witchcraft during the Salem Witch Trials of 1692 . Emily was an ancestor of Bonnie Bennett through Sheila Bennett . She was the one who gave Katherine , Pearl , Anna , Harper , Damon and Stefan the jewelry which enabled them to walk in the sun . Although she helped these vampires , she secretly fought against them , for she enchanted Jonathan Gilbert 's inventions , including a device which could hurt vampires . When the vampires were rounded - up by the Founding Families , she and Damon made a bargain : Damon would protect Emily 's descendants and Emily would use her grimoire to protect Katherine by entombing her with 26 other vampires under the old Fell 's Church . Emily was later burned at the stake by the Founding Families and her possessions , including her grimoire , were taken and buried in Giuseppe Salvatore 's grave . Damon rescued Emily 's children when the townspeople came for her . In season one , Emily possesses Bonnie in order to stop Damon from freeing Katherine from the tomb . In season two , Bonnie takes on the power of a hundred dead witches , including Emily , by performing a spell on the place where the witches were burned . Bonnie and Stefan later go there again to ask the witches if they know a cure for a werewolf bite ( inflicted on Damon ) . Emily possesses Bonnie and tells Stefan there is n't a cure , but when Bonnie is herself again , she tells Stefan that Emily mentioned Klaus , whose blood turns out to be the cure for a werewolf bite . When Jeremy dies , Bonnie was able to save him with help of Emily after she tells Emily that she loves him . Lexi Branson ( edit ) Played by Arielle Kebbel Seasons : 1 -- 5 and 8 Arielle Kebbel Alexia `` Lexi '' Branson was a vampire and Stefan 's best friend and companion . She had known Stefan and his brother Damon for over a century . Damon killed her to make the town council think that she was the vampire terrorizing Mystic Falls . Lexi returned as a ghost to help save Stefan . She later choked Damon for killing her but let him go . She and Stefan stayed together for the most part drinking and later parting on good terms . Through flashbacks when Damon was killing people in New York as `` Son of Sam '' , Stefan sent Lexi to help Damon . For about 6 months they hung out while Lexi would ask Damon about Katherine , trying to help him remember love . One night Damon claimed that he did n't love Katherine and that he had fallen for Lexi , and they had a night of wild sex ; the next morning he locked her on a rooftop with the sun coming up as punishment for her spying . She came back for a scene at the end of the series finale , where Stefan hugs her . Anna ( edit ) Played by Malese Jow Seasons : 1 -- 3 Malese Jow Annabelle `` Anna '' was a vampire who comes to Mystic Falls in order to free her mother from the tomb . She was in Mystic Falls in 1864 with her mother , Pearl , and wants to open the tomb to free her mother . Anna turned Noah and Ben McKittrick into vampires to make them help her save her mother , turned Logan Fell to get Honoria Fell 's diaries , and befriended Jeremy Gilbert to obtain his ancestor 's journal . Anna later kidnaps Elena and Bonnie in order to make Bonnie open the tomb , but they are saved by Stefan , who kills Ben in the process . After Bonnie opens the tomb for Damon to free Katherine , Anna succeeds in freeing her mother and bringing her back to life . Anna later reveals to Damon that she knew Katherine was n't in the tomb , but needed him to believe it in order to free her mother . Anna developed romantic feelings for Jeremy , who suspects that she was not human and tests it by forcing her to drink his blood . Anna confronts Jeremy over this , and refuses his requests to turn him into a vampire . She initially attempts to hide her involvement with Jeremy from Pearl , and Anna and Pearl eventually get into a fight . Anna agrees to turn Jeremy but learns his motive is to get over his first love , Vicki . After a short period of distance , they make up , both admitting to having used each other , but have fallen in love along the way . Anna enrolls in high school in order to spend time with Jeremy , and they begin a romantic relationship . Pearl is killed by Jeremy 's uncle John Gilbert , devastating Anna , who is consoled by Jeremy . On Founder 's Day , Anna gives Jeremy a vial of her blood , telling him that if he drinks it he will die and become a vampire . She goes to the remaining tomb vampires , then reveals their plans to Damon -- possibly to protect Jeremy . Damon warns her about the device ; she is protecting Jeremy when John Gilbert sets it off , and was immediately incapacitated . A policeman finds her with Jeremy , injects her with vervain and takes her to the Gilbert building to be burned with other vampires , repeating the 1864 plan to eradicate their kind . When John Gilbert sees Anna lying in the building with the other vampires , he stakes her ; her body is burned with the others . Damon sees this and later tells Jeremy how Anna died , regretting that he was n't able to help . Jeremy questions whether it would be better to be a vampire and Damon admits it would be easier to turn the emotions off . Later , Jeremy drinks Anna 's blood and takes all of Elena 's sleeping pills . In the season two finale , Anna and Vicki 's spirits appear to Jeremy , after he was brought back to life by a spell of Bonnie 's . In season three , Anna and Vicki appear more often to Jeremy , and Anna warns Jeremy not to trust Vicki , who asks Jeremy to help her come back to life . Later , Anna tells Jeremy that she was `` on the other side '' . She tells Jeremy that she understands he had to move on with Bonnie . They later get in an argument when Anna warns Jeremy about the darkness , popping - up at an awkward time . Jeremy shuts Anna out , leaving her alone on the Other Side . When Jeremy tells Bonnie , she asks him to no longer talk to Anna and completely shut her out . To make Anna reveal the location of Mikael , Katherine and Damon kidnap and begin hurting Jeremy . Anna and Jeremy seem to be talking again , working together to stop Vicki . Anna 's re-appearances indicate that Jeremy is thinking about her , even when he 's with Bonnie . When the doorway to the Other Side is opened , they are able to touch and secretly hang out . Elena sees them as they kiss , and Bonnie is influenced to close the doorway when she learns of this . Elena continues to fight with Jeremy and Anna over their relationship . It is revealed that Anna stole a necklace which is the key to keeping the door open , in hopes of finding her mother . Crying , she tells Jeremy she did n't meant for anyone to get hurt and she just did n't want to be alone anymore . Jeremy consoles her , and she gives him the necklace , letting him know it is alright to let her go . Before the door is closed , Anna finds her mother and they make peace . Isobel Flemming ( edit ) Played by Mia Kirshner Seasons : 1 -- 2 Mia Kirshner Isobel Flemming was Elena 's birth mother and a descendant of Katherine Pierce . When Isobel was a teenager , she had a relationship with John Gilbert , by whom she later had a baby , Elena . When Isobel was pregnant , John brought her to his brother , Grayson Gilbert , who helped her through labor . After Elena 's birth , a heartbroken Isobel gave her daughter to Grayson and his wife Miranda Gilbert . Isobel attended Duke University where she studied supernatural beings . Later in life , she met and married Alaric Saltzman . However , Isobel became obsessed with vampires and after being romantically involved with him , she asked Damon to turn her . She was assumed dead by the police and Alaric thought that she was killed by Damon after seeing them together . In season one , Alaric comes to Mystic Falls to seek revenge on Damon , who admits that he killed Isobel , but that he also turned her into a vampire on her own request . Elena reaches out when she learns that Isobel is her biological mother , but Isobel avoids contact . Isobel later shows up at the Mystic Grill , greets Alaric , and threatens to kill everyone in town if she does n't meet Elena . She is later visited by John in a loaned house , where she had two human minions , Cherie and Frank . It was revealed that Isobel , just like John , wants Jonathan 's Gilbert 's device -- because Katherine , whom she seemingly befriended , wants all the tomb vampires dead . In season two , it was revealed that Isobel wants them dead in order to protect Elena from Klaus . She asks Elena to make Damon give her the device , threatening to hurt Matt and Jeremy . Elena convinces Damon to give her the device by saying that Bonnie can despell it . However , it is later revealed that Bonnie only pretended to despell it . Elena gives Isobel the device , saying that Damon gave it out of love for her . It was revealed that Isobel cares about Elena and they plot to use the device to kill all the tomb vampires and the Salvatore brothers in order to protect her . Before leaving town , Isobel compels Alaric to get over her and tells him that she realizes it was a mistake to become a vampire . In season two , Isobel returns and introduces herself to Jenna Sommers as Elena 's mother , but Elena refuses to invite her in and slams the door in her face . However , John invites her in the next day . Isobel asks Elena to join her at a place safe from Klaus , but Elena refuses . Isobel later tells Katherine that she made a deal with Klaus for Katherine 's freedom , but she has to give Klaus the moonstone and the Petrova doppelgänger , Elena . Isobel tells Katherine to retrieve the moonstone from the Salvatore brothers . It was revealed that she asked John to break up Jenna and Alaric because she was jealous . Isobel then kidnaps Alaric and takes Elena to a graveyard where her parents placed a tombstone for her . It is revealed that Klaus compelled Isobel to devise a plan to capture Katherine and retrieve the moonstone , which was why she returned . Isobel tells Elena that as a human she dreamt of meeting her daughter , but instead Elena has only met the part of her that would betray her own flesh and blood . She then receives a message from Maddox to set Elena free and kill herself by taking off her necklace , exposing herself to sunlight and being burned to death . John Gilbert ( edit ) Played by David Anders Seasons : 1 , 2 , 5 and 8 David Anders Johnathan `` John '' Gilbert II was Grayson Gilbert 's younger brother , Elena 's biological father and Jeremy 's uncle . In their youth , Grayson taught him about the vampires through the journals of their ancestor , Johnathan Gilbert . They inherited one ring each , which prevented them from being killed by supernatural forces . John had a crush on Isobel Flemming - Saltzman and sent her to Damon when she wanted to become a vampire . After her transformation , Isobel found John and they formed a partnership to obtain a mysterious invention created by Jonathan Gilbert . John arrived in Mystic Falls for Founder 's Day and was shown as a member of the Founders ' Council . However , he knew Damon was a vampire , that there had been a tomb under the Fell 's Church , and he knew about Katherine . He tried to intimidate Damon into helping him find the invention but Damon threatened to kill him and everyone in the Council . Alaric and Damon discovered John was watching the vampires who had been in the tomb . John confronts Pearl about her possession of the invention but Pearl had already given it to Damon . When Isobel returns to town , John obtains the invention , and it is revealed Isobel and John were working for Katherine and planning to kill the tomb vampires . Unofficially , their goal was to kill the Salvatore brothers and save Elena from suffering in a life filled with vampires . John was additionally responsible for staking Pearl . John 's fingers ( including one wearing the wring ) are cut off by Katherine who stabs him , posing as Elena to gain access to the Gilbert house in the season one finale . In the season two premiere , John was rushed to hospital and was confronted by Stefan and Elena about Katherine 's attack on him . Stefan then tells John that Elena does not want him there and Stefan threatens to turn John into a vampire if he does not leave . John packs his bags and gives his ring to Jeremy , though it was not made clear whether he had actually left Mystic Falls . John later returns to Mystic Falls and tells Jenna that he was Elena 's biological father . It was revealed that he and Isobel were working together to free Katherine . Elena had trouble believing and trusting John , especially after he invites Isobel into their house ; Elena rejects them and leaves . Isobel kills John at a party at the Lockwood Mansion , but he was seen wearing his ring and was brought back to life hours later . Upon learning that Isobel had committed suicide , John comes to the conclusion that he 's no longer wanted anywhere in Mystic Falls and prepares to leave . Elena asks him to stay as he 's the only parent she had left . Later , he goes through with a spell to save Elena from turning into a vampire , at the cost of his own life . He leaves Elena his ring and a letter saying he would have loved her as a human or vampire . Meredith Fell ( edit ) Played by Torrey DeVitto Seasons : 3 -- 4 Torrey DeVitto Dr. Meredith Fell is a local doctor and a member of the Founders ' Council . She uses vampire blood to cure people and starts dating Alaric . She knows that Alaric is unknowingly killing people because of his ring and wants to help him . April young ( edit ) Played by Grace Phipps Seasons : 4 Grace Phipps April Young is a girl from Elena and Jeremy 's past ; Elena used to babysit her . She returns to Mystic Falls for her father 's memorial service . She is openly nice and befriends almost everyone . April becomes Rebekah 's first real friend . She was unaware of the existence of supernatural creatures in Mystic Falls and was visibly frightened by Connor Jordan , who attacked her twice during his vampire hunts . When Rebekah disappears , April finds her and frees her by removing the dagger . She learns about the existence of vampires in Mystic Falls from Rebekah and helps her gain information from Elena , Stefan and Caroline about the cure for vampirism . Liv Parker ( edit ) Played by Penelope Mitchell Seasons : 5 -- 6 Penelope Mitchell Olivia `` Liv '' Parker is a powerful and talented witch . She is in a coven -- one which hates everything the Travelers stand for -- that protects doppelgängers from the Travelers , especially Elena . She was a witch of the Gemini Coven and the twin sister of the late Luke Parker . Liv was the younger sister of Josette Parker , Malachai Parker , Joey Parker and three deceased unnamed siblings . She was the youngest daughter of Joshua Parker . In season five , Liv was seen attending Whitmore College . She was introduced as an inexperienced witch and sought out Bonnie Bennett to help her . However , Liv and her brother were secretly sent by their coven to stop Markos and the Travelers . After Caroline Forbes snaps Luke 's neck sending him to the Other Side , Liv was forced to perform a spell that allows the deceased to be resurrected . Luke was revived and , as Liv became weaker , he told her to stop the spell . The two then fled , leaving Damon and Bonnie trapped in the collapsing Other Side . In season six , Liv continued attending college and had developed a romantic relationship in Tyler Lockwood . She carefully watched over Tyler , doing everything to make sure his werewolf gene did n't trigger . Liv and Luke are later reunited with their long - lost sister , Jo ; they reveal that , as the twin children of the Gemini Coven 's leader , they must merge their powers on their twenty - second birthday -- the stronger of the two will become more powerful while the weaker will die . In the season six finale , Liv was killed by Tyler -- at her request -- so that he could trigger his werewolf gene in order to heal the wounds inflicted on him by Kai . Luke Parker ( edit ) Played by Chris Brochu Seasons : 5 -- 6 Lucas `` Luke '' Parker is a warlock and Liv 's twin brother . He is protective of his sister and is in the same coven as her . He is openly gay . He is a younger brother of twins Josette and Malachai Parker , Joey Parker and three unnamed deceased siblings . He was the youngest son of Joshua Parker . In season five , Luke was seen attending Whitmore College . He quickly found himself working with Elena and her friends in an effort to stop Markos and the Travelers . Luke 's neck was snapped by Caroline Forbes in order to motivate Liv to cast a spell to resurrect him , Stefan and the rest of their deceased friends on the rapidly disintegrating Other Side . Liv eventually revived Luke , and when he saw how the spell was draining her of her life force , he used his magic to force her to stop the spell . The two then fled , leaving Damon and Bonnie trapped on the Other Side when it collapsed . In season six , it was revealed that Luke felt bad for leaving Damon and Bonnie trapped on the Other Side , and started providing hallucinogenic herbs to Elena so she could communicate with Damon . Luke explained to the group about his family 's dark past and how he would eventually have to merge with his twin , Liv . He completed the merge ceremony with Kai through a loophole because he did n't want to kill Liv , nor did he want Kai to do the same to Jo and take the leadership of their coven . He went into the ceremony believing that he could win , but he ended up losing the merge ceremony and his life essence was absorbed by Kai , along with his ability to possess magic ( something Kai was not born with ) . An unintended side - effect of the merge was Kai absorbing Luke 's personality traits , such as his compassion and empathy , which have tempered his own sociopathic personality . Malachai Parker ( edit ) Played by Chris Wood Seasons : 6 and 8 Malachai `` Kai '' Parker is the twin brother of Josette , the older brother of Olivia , Lucas , Joey , and three other unnamed and deceased Parker siblings . He is a Siphoner , a witch born without the ability to generate his own magic but possessing a rare power that allows him to siphon and use magic from other sources . Because of this , Kai 's parents and the rest of the Gemini Coven ( excluding his siblings ) treated him as an abomination , which eventually caused him to go insane and kill the siblings born to replace him . The coven then harnessed the power of a solar eclipse to trap him in a purgatory dimension , which kept him trapped in a snapshot of May 10 , 1994 for 20 years . Lillian Salvatore ( edit ) Played by Annie Wersching Seasons : 6 -- 7 Annie Wersching Lillian `` Lily '' Salvatore is the mother of Stefan and Damon Salvatore and the widow of the late Giuseppe Salvatore . It has been suggested that she was kinder than her husband , Giuseppe . When Lily was very sick with consumption , she was sent away by Giuseppe . An unknown nurse ( who was assumed to have been a vampire ) fed her vampire blood while she was in the tuberculosis ward in 1858 . Lily died of consumption , triggering her transformation into a vampire . Realizing this , Lily faked her death and abandoned her family , protecting them from the threat she posed . When she fled to Europe , she succumbed to her bloodlust and became a Ripper vampire , slaughtering victims for blood in the most gruesome ways . Lily moved from city to city , killing many people , until she was encountered by the Gemini Coven in Manhattan . As a punishment for killing so many people , they trapped her in a prison world on October 31 , 1903 , where she was stuck for over a century . Valerie tulle ( edit ) Played by Elizabeth Blackmore ( season 7 ) and Katie Lumpkin ( season 6 ) Seasons : 6 -- 7 Valerie is a witch - vampire hybrid , and a member of the Heretics . She had a short romance with Stefan in 1863 , when she was human . Valerie shelters in Stefan 's house after being disowned and nearly killed by her own family . Valerie later helps Alaric find his unborn twin daughters , who had been spelled into Caroline 's vampire womb . Valerie and Stefan discover a desiccated Caroline and realize the talisman did n't work . Valerie gathers the remaining Heretics and together they perform a spell to attract the babies into being born . As others are forced to leave , Valerie stays behind , and Bonnie arrives to tell her of Beau 's death . Bonnie and Valerie then perform a spell and the babies are born . Valerie speaks to Stefan of a magical safehouse for supernatural travelers in New Orleans , though then loses contact with him and informs Bonnie about it . She works with Matt -- despite their antagonistic relationship -- to help Stefan escape from Rayna Cruz . Valerie informs Damon of the Armory 's dark intentions . While Valerie and Stefan spend three years running from Rayna , they search for a magical herb to cloak Stefan 's Hunter scar from Rayna 's tracking abilities , and later begin a romantic relationship . Damon gets Valerie to reveal that she knew all along about a cure for Stefan 's Hunter scar , but did n't want to lose Stefan to Damon or Caroline . Valerie is subdued by Damon before she can transfer the scar onto Damon , which buys Rayna enough time to stab Stefan with her sword and trap him in the Phoenix Stone . Valerie flees on an airplane , distressed about Stefan 's entrapment . Sybil ( edit ) Played by Nathalie Kelley Seasons : 7 -- 8 Sybil is a siren and the servant of Arcadius , more commonly known as the Devil . Originally , she was a human psychic who was banished from her village because of her psychic abilities , and cast into the ocean only to wash up on a deserted island . There she met and connected with another young psychic named Seline . Tricked into partaking in cannibalism by Seline to avoid starvation , Sybil threw herself off a cliff once she learned the truth and was forcibly turned into a siren against her wishes by Arcadius and at Seline 's behest . Granted immortality , beauty and youth in exchange for her service , Sybil must feast on the flesh of the wicked to keep herself beautiful and delivers to Arcadius the souls of the damned . Seline ( edit ) Played by Kristen Gutoskie Seasons : 8 Seline is the other siren and servant of the Devil . Exiled to an island to die because of her psychic abilities , Seline chose to become a cannibal to avoid starvation and deceived her `` sister - by - choice '' Sybil into becoming a cannibal against her wishes . After her sister tried to take her own life once she learned the truth , Arcadius appeared before them and offered aide in exchange for their servitude . Seline accepted on both their behalf and entered into a deal with Cade . So long as they continued to serve Arcadius , he would grant them both immortality , beauty and youth . They would feast on the flesh to keep them beautiful and he 'd reape the souls of the wicked . Minor characters ( edit ) The following is a list of minor characters who have had a story arc on the series that lasted four episodes or more . They are listed in the order that they first appeared on the show . Season one ( edit ) Zach Salvatore , portrayed by Chris William Martin , is Damon and Stefan 's great - great - great - nephew , in the first five episodes of the series before being killed by Damon after Zach locked him in a cellar . Logan Fell , portrayed by Chris J. Johnson in season one , is a news reporter who has a short romantic relationship with Jenna , but is later killed by Damon . He returns as a vampire , having been fed blood by Anna , but is eventually killed by Alaric . Harper , portrayed by Sterling Sulieman in season one , is a kind - hearted vampire that escapes from the tomb when it is opened , but he is killed by John Gilbert . Kelly Donovan , portrayed by Melinda Clarke in season one , is the mother of Matt and Vicki Donovan , who returns to Mystic Falls and learns her daughter has died . After a long absence from the series , Kelly makes a brief return in season eight . She claims to have died 2 years prior to her appearance and was sent to hell ; when Matt rings the Maxwell bell earlier in season eight he opened a door to hell and Katherine helped her and Vicki ( Kelly 's daughter and Matt 's sister ) escape in exchange for later help in destroying Mystic Falls . She almost kills Matt 's father . Season two ( edit ) Luka Martin , portrayed by Bryton James in season two , is a warlock who befriends Bonnie , but it is later found out that he and his father work for Elijah . He is burned to death by Damon 's flamethrower when he tries to invisibly save Elijah . Jonas Martin , portrayed by Randy J. Goodwin in season two , is Luka 's father . He is a warlock and is introduced as a friend of Elijah 's who can help defeat Klaus in order to save his daughter . He is later killed by Stefan . Jules , portrayed by Michaela McManus in season two , is a werewolf who comes to town looking for answers regarding Mason 's death . She helps Tyler deal with being a werewolf , but is later killed during the sacrifice . Andie Star , portrayed by Dawn Olivieri in season two and the first episode of season three , is a love - interest for Damon . He first uses her for feeding and sex , but later grows fond of her . She is killed by Stefan when he wants to prove to Damon that he is not worth saving . Maddox , portrayed by Gino Anthony Pesi at the end of season two , is a warlock who works for Klaus . He is shot by Matt in the back and killed by Damon . Dana , portrayed by Anna Enger , is a student at Mystic Falls High School who was compelled by Klaus ( in Alaric 's body ) at the decade dance to tell Elena to save the last dance for him . She makes her second and final appearance on the show in season three , when Elena and all her classmates are at prank night and Klaus compels Stefan to kill both Dana and a student named Chad . Season four ( edit ) Connor Jordan , portrayed by Todd Williams in season four , is a vampire hunter and one of `` The Five '' , a group of supernatural vampire hunters . He comes to Mystic Falls to kill all the vampires there , but is killed by Elena . He later returns as a ghost trying to cure and kill Silas , but is stopped by the ghost of Alaric . Rudy Hopkins , portrayed by Rick Worthy in season four , is Bonnie 's father and the town 's new mayor , replacing Carol Lockwood . He is killed by Silas in the season five premiere . Galen Vaughn , portrayed by Charlie Bewley in season four , is a vampire hunter and one of `` The Five '' . He attacks the group on the island to stop the waking of Silas , but gets stuck in a well and starves to death . He later returns as a ghost trying to cure and kill Silas , but is stopped by the ghost of Alaric . Season five ( edit ) Silas , portrayed by Paul Wesley in the season four finale and season five , is the first immortal being on earth . After being awakened he tries to destroy the Other Side , then take the cure so he can be with his true love , Amara . He is eventually killed by Stefan . Jesse , portrayed by Kendrick Sampson in season five , is a student at Whitmore College who likes Caroline . He gets turned into a vampire who feeds on other vampires by Professor Maxfield , but is killed by Elena when he attacks Damon . Aaron Whitmore , portrayed by Shaun Sipos in season five , is a student at Whitmore College . Professor Maxfield became his legal guardian after Damon had killed his family . He is killed by Damon , after Katherine ( in Elena 's body ) breaks up with him . Markos , portrayed by Raffi Barsoumian in season five , is the leader of the Travelers , who comes back from the dead . He wants to break the curse the witches put on the Travelers using Elena and Stefan 's blood . Damon and Elena eventually kill him and all the remaining Travelers . Season six ( edit ) Tripp Cooke , portrayed by Colin Ferguson in season six , is a vampire hunter and descendant of the Fell family . Ivy , portrayed by Emily C. Chang in season six , is first introduced as Stefan 's human girlfriend who is later turned into a vampire after a visit from Enzo and Caroline . She is killed by Tripp who drove her and other vampires across the Mystic Falls border via the Traveler 's spell . Liam Davis , portrayed by Marco James Marquez , is a medical student at Whitmore College who Elena briefly dates . Malcolm , portrayed by Kent Wagner in season six and by Justice Leak in season seven , is described as being Lily 's favorite Heretic . Oscar Addams , portrayed by Wing Liu in season six and by Tim Kang in season seven , is a Heretic . Released from the 1903 Prison World by Kai , Oscar and five other Heretics are cloaked away ( also by Kai ) . In season seven , Lily sends him on a mission to retrieve her one true love 's body . Later , it is revealed he was sent by Lily to check on Damon during his time in the war . He is described as the fun or humorous Heretic . Season seven ( edit ) Elizabeth `` Lizzie '' Saltzman , portrayed by Tierney Mumford , is a siphon , the twin sister of Josie and the daughter of Alaric Saltzman and Josette Laughlin . Josette `` Josie '' Saltzman , portrayed by Lily Rose Mumford , is a siphon , the twin sister of Lizzie and the daughter of Alaric Saltzman and Josette Laughlin . Alexandria `` Alex '' St. John , portrayed by Mouzam Makkar , is a distant cousin of Enzo and the former leader of the Armory . She is looking for a Bennett witch ( particularly Bonnie ) to undo a spell that has her sister , Yvette , trapped in the Armory 's vault . The Originals ( edit ) Main article : List of The Originals characters In 2013 , a spin - off television series based around the Mikaelson clan of vampires , called The Originals , was ordered to series by The CW . Many of the characters on The Originals initially appeared on The Vampire Diaries , including Klaus , Elijah and Rebekah Mikaelson . See also ( edit ) The Vampire Diaries Original Vampires ( The Vampire Diaries ) List of The Originals characters List of The Vampire Diaries episodes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva . `` CW picks up ' Melrose Place , ' ' Vampire Diaries ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ross , Robyn ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Matt Davis Returning to The Vampire Diaries As Series Regular for Season 6 '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ' Vampire Diaries ' : Michael Malarkey will be a series regular Inside TV EW.com Jump up ^ Kevin Bray ( director ) Sean Reycraft & Gabrielle Stanton ( writer ) ( 2009 - 08 - 10 ) . `` You 're Undead To Me '' . The Vampire Diaries . Season 1 . Episode 5 . The CW . Jump up ^ J. Miller Tobin ( director ) Andrew Chambliss ( writer ) ( 2010 - 11 - 11 ) . `` Katerina '' . The Vampire Diaries . Season 2 . Episode 09 . The CW . Jump up ^ Michael Katleman ( director ) Caroline Dries ( writer ) ( 2011 - 02 - 24 ) . `` The House Guest '' . The Vampire Diaries . Season 2 . Episode 16 . The CW . Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ( December 3 , 2010 ) . `` Casting Scoop : Meet the Newest Vampire Diaries Hottie ! '' . E ! Online . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : List of The Vampire Diaries characters Official website The Vampire Diaries on IMDb The Vampire Diaries at TV.com hide The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Night of the Comet '' `` Friday Night Bites '' `` Family Ties '' `` You 're Undead to Me '' `` Lost Girls '' `` Haunted '' `` 162 Candles '' `` History Repeating '' `` The Turning Point '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Unpleasantville '' `` Children of the Damned '' `` Fool Me Once '' `` A Few Good Men '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Let the Right One In '' `` Under Control '' `` Miss Mystic Falls '' `` Blood Brothers '' `` Isobel '' `` Founder 's Day '' Season 2 `` The Return '' `` Brave New World '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Memory Lane '' `` Kill or Be Killed '' `` Plan B '' `` Masquerade '' `` Rose '' `` Katerina '' `` The Sacrifice '' `` By the Light of the Moon '' `` The Descent '' `` Daddy Issues '' `` Crying Wolf '' `` The Dinner Party '' `` The House Guest '' `` Know Thy Enemy '' `` The Last Dance '' `` Klaus '' `` The Last Day '' `` The Sun Also Rises '' `` As I Lay Dying '' Season 3 `` The Birthday '' `` The Hybrid '' `` The End of the Affair '' `` Disturbing Behavior '' `` The Reckoning '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Ghost World '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Homecoming '' `` The New Deal '' `` Our Town '' `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Bringing Out the Dead '' `` Dangerous Liaisons '' `` All My Children '' `` The Departed '' Season 4 `` Growing Pains '' `` Memorial '' `` The Rager '' `` The Five '' `` The Killer '' `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' `` After School Special '' `` Catch Me If You Can '' `` A View to a Kill '' Season 5 `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` True Lies '' `` Original Sin '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Monster 's Ball '' `` Handle with Care '' `` Death and the Maiden '' `` Dead Man on Campus '' `` The Cell '' `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' `` 500 Years of Solitude '' `` The Devil Inside '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` No Exit '' `` Gone Girl '' `` While You Were Sleeping '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Resident Evil '' `` Man on Fire '' `` What Lies Beneath '' `` Promised Land '' `` Home '' Season 6 `` I 'll Remember '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Black Hole Sun '' `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' `` Fade Into You '' `` I Alone '' Season 7 `` Gods and Monsters '' Season 8 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Characters Elena Gilbert Katherine Pierce Stefan Salvatore Damon Salvatore Related Awards and nominations Novel series L.J. Smith Original Vampires The Originals episodes season 1 5 characters Legacies Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Vampire_Diaries_characters&oldid=853989298 '' Categories : The Vampire Diaries characters Fictional vampires Lists of science fiction television characters Lists of drama television characters Lists of fantasy television characters Lists of American television series characters Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2014 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from September 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from August 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles with multiple maintenance issues Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2017 TV.com template with ID not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano ქართული Português Русский Suomi Türkçe 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 06 : 13 ( UTC ) . 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this is your time by michael w smith

This Is Your Time ( Michael W. Smith album )

this is your time ( michael w. smith album )

This Is Your Time is Michael W. Smith 's fourteenth studio album , released in 1999 . All the songs from this album , except `` This Is Your Time '' and `` This Is Your Time ( Reprise ) '' , were originally recorded for his previous studio album Live the Life , but did not make the final cut for the album .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Track listing 3 Personnel 4 References Background ( edit ) The title track was inspired by the initial news report that Columbine shooting victim Cassie Bernall was killed for answering `` yes '' to the question `` Do you believe in God ? '' Smith co-wrote the song with Wes King , having enlisted his help knowing that he wanted to write about Columbine but did not want to exploit a tragedy . The music video features a short video clip of Bernall talking about her religious beliefs and how she wanted to spread the word of God at the beginning . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Rince De '' ( Instrumental ) Smith 1 : 30 2 . `` Hey You It 's Me '' Smith , Nik Kershaw 4 : 03 3 . `` Worth It All '' Smith , Tim Putnam , Deborah D. Smith 4 : 03 4 . `` I Will Be Your Friend '' Smith , Cindy Morgan 3 : 19 5 . `` This Is Your Time '' Smith , Wes King 4 : 29 6 . `` I Will Carry You '' Smith , Eric Laughlin 5 : 04 7 . `` She Walks With Me '' Smith , Beth Nielsen Chapman 3 : 42 8 . `` Reach Out to Me '' Smith , Dan Haseltine 3 : 59 9 . `` I Still Have the Dream '' Smith , Raymond Boyd , Kevin Jonas 4 : 18 10 . `` I 'm Gone '' Smith , Ginny Owens 4 : 31 11 . `` Anna '' Smith , Wayne Kirkpatrick 4 : 16 12 . `` Everybody Free '' Smith , Chris Rice 4 : 43 13 . `` This Is Your Time '' ( Reprise ) Smith 2 : 25 show Wal - Mart bonus track No . Title Length 14 . `` From Here On '' '' 3 : 07 Personnel ( edit ) Drums and percussion : Raymond Boyd , Eric Darken , Scott Williamson and Bryan Lenox Bass guitar : Matt Pierson and Craig Young Electric guitars : Chris Graffagnino , Mark Baldwin and Chris Rodriguez Acoustic guitars : Wes King , Michael W. Smith , Chris Graffagnino , Mark Baldwin and Chris Rodriguez Piano , Hammond B3 organ , lead vocals : Michael W. Smith Keyboards and programming : Michael W. Smith and Bryan Lenox Illyan pipes : Hunter Lee Bagpipes : Jay Dawson , Mike Orrick and Greg Cutcliff Strings by The Nashville String Machine ; Ronn Huff : string arrangements and conductor ; Carl Gorodetzsky : contractor Additional strings by The Love Sponge Strings ; arranged and contracted by David Davidson ( 5 , 8 , 10 ) Background vocals : Michael W. Smith ( 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 10 ) , John Elefante ( 2 ) , Nik Kershaw ( 2 ) , Chris Eaton ( 4 , 11 ) , Joanna Carlson ( 4 ) , Whitney and Anna Smith ( 5 ) , Lisa Bevill ( 7 , 9 ) , Bonnie Keen ( 9 ) , Mark Pouge ( 9 ) , Chris Rodriguez ( 9 ) The `` Choir '' ( 5 , 6 , 8 ) : Natalie Grant , Darwin Hobbs , Tiffany Palmer , Dwayne Starling , Terry White , Angela Cruz , Leanne Palmore and Gale Mayes - West The `` Franklin Boys Glee Club '' ( 3 ) : MWS , Bryan Lenox , Fred Paragano , Terry Flowers and Eric Elwell Production Producers : Michael W. Smith and Bryan Lenox Executive producers : Michael W. Smith and Michael Blanton Engineering and mixed by Bryan Lenox Additional engineering : Patrick Kelly , Matt Weeks , Eric Elwell and Terry Flowers . Assistant engineers : Rob Burrell , Scott Lenox , Terry Flowers and Ron Jagger . Recorded at Deer Valley Studios and The Sound Kitchen ( Franklin , TN ) . Strings recorded by Bryan Lenox at Ocean Way Nashville ( Nashville , TN ) , assisted by Chad Brown ; The Sound Kitchen ( Franklin , TN ) , assisted by Matt Weeks and Melissa Mattey . Pro Tools Engineering : Fred Paragano Mastering , editing and sequencing : Hank Williams at Master Mix ( Nashville , TN ) . Production and technical coordination : Eric Elwell for MWS Productions . Production assistants : Alicia Claxton , Mary Adcock , Morgan Daneker , Whitney Smith , Surupa Mafhi and Terry Flowers . Photography : Ben Pearson Layout : Diana Lussenden References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Allmusic review Jump up ^ Parker , Mike . `` Story Behind the Song : Michael W. Smith '' . Today 's Christian Music . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Smith , Michael W . `` '' This Is Your Time '' official music video `` . Reunion Records . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 06 . hide Michael W. Smith Studio albums Michael W. Smith Project Michael W. Smith 2 The Big Picture i 2 ( EYE ) Go West Young Man Change Your World I 'll Lead You Home Live the Life This Is Your Time Healing Rain Stand Wonder Hymns Sovereign Hymns II - Shine On Us A Million Lights Instrumental albums Freedom Glory Christmas albums Christmas Christmastime It 's a Wonderful Christmas The Spirit of Christmas Live albums The Live Set Worship Worship Again A New Hallelujah Surrounded Compilation albums The Wonder Years The First Decade ( 1983 -- 1993 ) The Second Decade ( 1993 -- 2003 ) Decades of Worship Songs `` Great Is the Lord '' `` Place in this World '' `` I Will Be Here for You '' `` Christmas Day '' `` You Wo n't Let Go '' Other Discography Rocketown Rocketown Records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=This_Is_Your_Time_(Michael_W._Smith_album)&oldid=840945081 '' Categories : Michael W. Smith albums 1999 albums Songs based on actual events Works about the Columbine High School massacre Reunion Records albums Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 May 2018 , at 02 : 24 . About Wikipedia

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who led the british army during the revolutionary war

British army during the American Revolutionary war

british army during the american revolutionary war

The British Army during the American Revolutionary War served for eight years in campaigns fought around the globe . Defeat at the Siege of Yorktown to a combined Franco - US force ultimately led to the loss of the Thirteen Colonies in eastern North America , and the concluding Treaty of Paris deprived Britain of many of the gains achieved in the Seven Years ' War . However several victories elsewhere meant that much of the British Empire remained intact .

In 1775 the British Army was a volunteer force . The army had suffered from lack of peacetime spending and ineffective recruitment in the decade since the Seven Years ' War , circumstances which had left it in a dilapidated state at the outbreak of war in North America . To offset this the British government quickly hired contingents of German mercenaries to serve as auxiliaries alongside the regular army units in campaigns from 1776 . Limited army impressment was also introduced in England and Scotland to bolster recruitment in 1778 , however the practice proved too unpopular and was proscribed again in 1780 . The attrition of constant fighting , the inability of the Royal Navy to decisively defeat the French Navy , and the withdrawal of the majority of British forces from North America in 1778 ultimately led to the British army 's defeat . The surrender of Cornwallis 's army at Yorktown in 1781 allowed the Whig opposition to gain a majority in parliament , and British operations were brought to an end . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure and recruitment 1.1 Leadership 2 Infantry 2.1 Light infantry 2.2 Tactics 2.3 Loyalists 2.4 Uniform and equipment 2.5 Colours 2.6 Daily life 2.7 Training 3 Cavalry 4 Foreign units in British service 5 Campaigns 5.1 Boston 1774 - 75 5.2 Canada 1775 - 76 5.3 New York and New Jersey 1776 5.4 Saratoga 1777 5.5 Philadelphia 1777 - 78 5.6 Raiding Operations 1778 - 79 5.7 Southern Colonies 1780 -- 81 5.8 Yorktown 1781 5.9 West Indies 1778 - 83 5.10 East Indies 1778 - 83 5.11 Gulf Coast 1779 - 81 5.12 Spanish Central America 1779 - 80 5.13 Europe 1779 - 83 6 Later History 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography Structure and recruitment ( edit ) See also : British soldiers in the eighteenth century and Recruitment in the British Army Britain had incurred a large national debt fighting the Seven Years ' War , during which the armies ' establishment strength had been increased to an unprecedented size . With the ascension of peace in 1763 the army was dramatically reduced to a peacetime home establishment of just over 11,000 men , with a further 10,000 for the Irish establishment and 10,000 for the colonies . This meant 20 regiments of infantry totaling just over 11,000 men were stationed in England , 21 regiments were stationed in Ireland , 18 regiments were stationed in the Americas , and 7 regiments stationed in Gibraltar . Alongside this the army could call on 16 regiments of the cavalry , a total of 6,869 men and 2,712 men in the artillery . This gave a theoretical strength of just over 45,000 men exclusive of the artillery . The British government deemed this troop strength to be inadequate to prosecute an insurrection in the Americas , as well as deal with defence of the rest of its territories , so treaties with German states ( mainly Hesse - Kassel and Brunswick ) were negotiated for a further 18,000 men ( half of which were stationed in garrisons to release regular British units from other theaters ) . This measure brought the Army 's total establishment strength to around 55,000 men . After the losses at the Battles of Saratoga and the outbreak of hostilities with France and Spain , the existing voluntary enlistment measures were judged to be insufficient . Between 1775 and 1781 , the regular army increased from 48,000 to 121,000 . In 1778 the army adopted some non traditional recruiting measures to further augment its strength , a system of private subscription was established , whereby some 12 new regiments totaling 15,000 men were raised by individual towns and nobles . In the same year the government passed the first of two recruiting acts which allowed a limited form of impressment in parts of England and Scotland under strict conditions , however the measure proved unpopular and both acts were repealed in May 1780 , permanently discontinuing impressment in the army . The recruiting acts of 1778 and 1779 also provided greater incentives for voluntarily joining the regular army , including a bounty of £ 3 and the entitlement to discharge after three years unless the nation remained at war . Thousands of volunteer militia battalions were raised for home defense in Ireland and England , and some of the most competent of these were embodied to the regular army . The British Government took a further step by releasing criminals and debtors from prison on the condition they joined the army . Three entire regiments were raised from this early release program . Field Marshal Jeffery Amherst served as Commander - in - Chief of the Forces from 1778 - 1782 . In Nov 1778 the establishment was set at 121,000 men , of whom 24,000 were foreigners , along with 40,000 embodied militia . This was raised the next year to 104,000 men on the British establishment , 23,000 on the Irish establishment , 25,000 foreigners ( the `` Hessians '' ) , and 42,000 embodied militia , for a total force of about 194,000 men . Although a large portion of the rank and file were lower class and the officers upper class , the army recruited from a variety of social backgrounds , both among the regular and officer ranks . According to Reid , the Georgian army through necessity drew its officers from a far wider base than its later Victorian counterpart and was much more open to promotion from the ranks . Officers were required to be literate , but there was no formal requirement on the level of education or their social standing , and most regimental officers did not come from the landed gentry , but from middle class private individuals in search of a career . Although the system of sale of commissions officially governed the selection and promotion of officers , in practice the system was considerably relaxed during wartime , with far more stringent requirements placed on promotion . Many British officers were professional soldiers rather than wealthy dilettantes and showed themselves ready to discard their drill manuals and use innovative methods and tactics . Leadership ( edit ) Main article : Military leadership in the American Revolutionary War § British Empire The Commander - in - Chief , India formally held command over crown forces in the East Indies and the Commander - in - Chief , North America commanded crown forces in the Americas . However , the British Army had no formal command structure , so British commanders often worked on their own initiative during the war . The position of Commander - in - Chief of the Forces remained vacant until 1778 when it was given to Jeffery Amherst , 1st Baron Amherst who held it until the end of the war . However his role in advising the government on strategy was limited and Amherst found himself primarily occupied with the organisation of home forces to oppose the threatened invasion in 1779 , and suppress the outbreak of severe anti-Catholic rioting in 1780 . The direction of the British war effort ultimately fell to the Secretary of State for the Colonies , George Germain , 1st Viscount Sackville . Despite holding no formal position in the army , he appointed or relieved generals , took care of provisions and supplies , and directed much of the strategic planning . While some historians argue Sackville carried out his role effectively , even brilliantly , others have argued he made several miscalculations and struggled to hold genuine authority over his subordinates in the army . In 1776 , there were 119 generals of various grades in the British Army . However , since generals never retired , perhaps a third of this number were too old or infirm to command in the field . Others were opposed to war against the colonists , or unwilling to serve for years in America . Sir William Howe , who was chosen to succeed Sir Thomas Gage as Commander in Chief in North America , was only 111th in seniority . Gage and Howe had both served as light infantry commanders in America during the French and Indian War . However , Gage was blamed for underestimating the strength of republican sympathy and was relieved in 1776 . Howe had the advantage of large numbers of reinforcements , and was the brother of Admiral Richard Howe , the Royal Navy 's commander in chief in America . The two brothers gained much success in 1776 , but failed to destroy Washington 's Army . They also tried to initiate peace talks but these came to nothing . In 1777 , General John Burgoyne was allowed to mount an ambitious campaign southwards from Canada . After early success , he pushed ahead despite major supply difficulties , and was surrounded and forced to capitulate at Saratoga , an event which precipitated intervention by Britain 's European rivals . After Howe 's Philadelphia campaign in the same year failed to achieve decisive results , Howe was recalled and replaced by Sir Henry Clinton . Clinton was regarded as one of the most studious and well - read experts on tactics and strategy . However , even before becoming commander in chief , he had been reluctant to succeed Howe . He took command when the widening of the war compelled him to relinquish troops to other theatres , and became embittered at the Government 's demands that he bring the war to a successful conclusion with fewer troops and resources than had been available to Howe . He repeatedly tried to resign , and quarrelled with the Navy 's commanders and his own subordinates . While Clinton held New York , Lord Cornwallis conducted a largely separate campaign in the southern states . Cornwallis was the one of the most aristocratic of the British generals who served in America , but had been dedicated to a military career since an early age , and insisted on sharing his soldiers ' hardships . After early victories , he was unable to destroy the American Continental armies opposing him or to raise substantial loyalist support . On Clinton 's orders , he tried to create a fortified enclave on the Chesapeake coast , but was cut off by a French fleet and forced to surrender at the Siege of Yorktown , which signalled the end of effective British attempts to retake America . The final effective British commander in chief in America was Sir Guy Carleton , who had defended Quebec in 1775 , but had been passed over in favour of Burgoyne in 1777 as a result of his perceived over-caution . As commander in chief , his main concern was to secure the safety of the many Loyalists and former slaves in the British enclave in New York . Infantry ( edit ) Grenadier of the 40th Regiment of Foot in 1767 . Infantry formed the backbone of crown forces throughout the war . Two of the most heavily engaged infantry regiments , the 23rd and the 33rd , earned enduring reputations for their competence and professionalism in the field . In the middle of the eighteenth century , the Army 's uniforms were highly elaborate , and manoeuvres were ponderous and slow , with `` innumerable words of command . '' Experience of the conditions and terrain in North America during the French and Indian War prompted changes to its tactics and dress . In battle the redcoats usually formed in two ranks rather than three , to increase mobility and firepower . The Army further adapted this formation during the American Revolution by forming and fighting in looser ranks , a tactic that was known as `` loose files and American scramble '' . Soldiers stood at a greater distance apart and three ' orders ' were used to specify the distance to be expanded or contracted as necessary ; `` order '' ( two intervals ) , `` open order '' ( four intervals ) , and `` extended order '' ( ten intervals ) . British infantry advanced at the ' trott ' and fought fluid battles primarily using the bayonet . Although this new formation increased the British army 's mobility and tactical flexibility , the abandonment of linear formation was later blamed by some British officers for defeats in the later stages of the war like the Battle of Cowpens , in which British troops engaged denser bodies of men deployed in successive lines . The hired German regiments that joined Howe 's army in 1776 also adopted the two rank formation used by the British army , but retained the traditional close order system of fighting throughout the war . Light infantry ( edit ) In 1758 Thomas Gage ( then a lieutenant colonel ) had formed an experimental light infantry regiment known as 80th Regiment of Light - Armed Foot , considered to be the first such unit to serve in the British army . Other officers , notably George Howe , the elder brother of William Howe , had adapted their regiments to serve as light infantry on their own initiative . On becoming commander - in - chief in North America in 1758 , General Jeffery Amherst ordered every regiment to form light infantry companies from their ranks . The 80th regiment was disbanded in 1764 and the other ad - hoc light infantry units were converted back to `` line '' units , but infantry regiments retained their light companies until the mid-nineteenth century . In 1771 - 72 the British army began implementing a new training scheme for light infantry companies . Much of the early training was found to be inadequate , with officers unsure how to use light companies . Many of the brightest young officers of light companies sought commissions elsewhere because being a `` light - bob '' officer lacked social prestige . In 1772 General George Townshend , 1st Marquess Townshend wrote Instructions , and Training and Equipping of the new Light Companies which was issued to regiments on the Irish establishment and offered a practical guide for training light companies and guidance for tactics such as skirmishing in broken terrain when acting independently , in sections or in large groups . Townshend also introduced a new communication method for light infantry officers when in command of loosely deployed , scattered troops ; whistle signals rather than drums would indicate movements such as advance , retire , extend or contract . In 1774 William Howe wrote the Manual for Light Infantry Drill and formed an experimental Light Infantry battalion trained at Salisbury camp . This became the pattern for all regular light infantry serving in North America . Howe 's system differed in that it focused on development composite battalions of light infantry more suited to large scale campaigning in North America , rather than individual companies . On taking command in America , Howe gave orders that every regiment which had not already done so to form a company of light infantry . These men were generally hand picked from the fittest and most proficient of the rank and file . The light infantry companies of several regiments were usually combined in composite light infantry battalions . Similar composite battalions were often formed from the grenadier companies of line regiments . Grenadiers were historically chosen from the tallest soldiers , but as with light infantry companies , were often selected from among the most proficient soldiers in their parent units . Tactics ( edit ) At the Battle of Vigie Point in 1778 a force of British infantry who were veterans of colonial fighting inflicted heavy casualties on a far larger force of regular French troops who advanced in columns . Clayton describes how `` ... the use of light infantry , well led by their officers and NCOs , was of key importance in advance as skirmishers fired on French columns from behind cover ; when the French attempted to extend they were threatened with bayonet charge ... and when the French advanced they fell back to prepare for further skirmishing and ambushes from all directions . '' Fortescue , similarly describes the action ; `` Advancing in skirmish order and keeping themselves always under cover , the light companies maintained at close range the most destructive fire on the Heavy French columns ... At last one of the enemy 's battalions fairly gave way and the light companies followed them to complete the rout with the bayonet '' . Loyalists ( edit ) Joseph Brant led Native Americans and Loyalists in the North . See also : Loyalists Fighting in the American Revolution Large numbers of scouts and skirmishers were also formed from loyalists and Native Americans . The renowned Robert Rogers formed the Queen 's Rangers , while his brother James Rogers led the King 's Rangers . Loyalist pioneer John Butler raised the provincial regiment known as Butler 's Rangers , who were heavily engaged in the Northern colonies during which they were accused of participating in massacres at Wyoming and Cherry Valley . The majority of Native Americans favoured the British cause and Mohawk leader Joseph Brant commanded Iroquois and Loyalists in campaigns on the New York Frontier . Colonel Thomas Brown led another group of King 's Rangers in the Southern colonies , defending East Florida from invasion , raiding the southern frontier and participating in the conquest of the southern colonies . Colonial Governor John Murray , 4th Earl of Dunmore raised a regiment composed entirely of freed slaves known as the Ethiopian Regiment , which served through the early skirmishes of the war . The loyalist units were vital to the British primarily for their knowledge of local terrain . One of the most successful of these units was formed by an escaped slave , and veteran of the Ethiopian Regiment known as Colonel Tye , who led the so - called Black Brigade in numerous raids in New York and New Jersey , interrupting supply lines , capturing rebel officers , and killing suspected leaders . He died from wounds in 1780 . Uniform and equipment ( edit ) See also : Red coat ( British army ) See also : List of infantry weapons in the American Revolution The standard uniform of the British army consisted of the traditional red coat with cocked hats , white breeches and black gaiters with leather knee caps . Hair was usually cut short or fixed in plaits at the top of the head . As the war progressed many line regiments replaced their cocked hats with slouch hats . The full `` marching order '' a line infantryman was expected to carry on campaign was extensive , and British soldiers often dropped much of their equipment before battle . Soldiers were also issued with greatcoats to be worn in adverse conditions , which were often used as tents or blankets . Drummers usually wore colours in reverse of their regimental colour , they carried the coat of arms of their colonel and wore mitre caps . Most German regiments wore dark blue coats , while cavalry and loyalists often wore green . Grenadiers often wore bearskin headdress and usually carried cavalry sabers as a side arm . Light infantry were issued with short coats , without lace , with an ammunition box containing nine cartridges lined up in a row for easy access worn across the stomach rather than at the side . They did not use bayonets but carried naval boarding axes ( which became known as tomahawks ) . The most common infantry weapon was the Brown Bess used with a fixed bayonet . However some of the light companies were issued with the short barrel muskets or the Pattern 1776 Rifle . The British army also conducted limited experimental use of the breech - loading Ferguson Rifle , which proved too difficult to mass - produce to be used more extensively . Major Patrick Ferguson formed a small experimental company of riflemen armed with this weapon , but this was disbanded in 1778 . In many instances , British forces relied on Jagers from among the German contingents to provide skirmishers armed with rifles . Colours ( edit ) Main article : Colours , standards and guidons British infantry regiments possessed two flags ; the King 's Colour ( the Union flag ) and their regimental colour , which displayed colour of the regiment 's facings . In 18th and 19th century warfare ' the colours ' often became a rallying point in the most bitter actions . Both regimental standards were highly regarded and a source of pride each regiment . However , because of the tactical constraints in conducting the war and the adapted mode of fighting , it is likely that British regiments only used their colours for ceremonial purposes in America , particularly the armies commanded by Howe and Cornwallis . However , in the early years of the war the Hessians continued to carry their colours on campaign , Major - General Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Lossberg wrote ; `` They ( the British ) have their colours with them only when quartered , while we carry them with us wherever the regiments go ... the country is bad for fighting . Nothing worries me more than the colours , for the regiments can not stay together in an attack because of the many walls , swamps , and stone cliffs . The English can not lose their colours , for they do not carry them with them . '' During the Saratoga campaign Baroness Riedesel , the wife of a German officer , saved the colours of the Brunswick regiments by burning the staffs and hiding the flags in her mattress . Daily life ( edit ) The harsh conditions of life in the army meant that discipline was severe . Crimes such as theft or desertion could result in hanging and punishments such as lashings were administered publicly . Soldiers spent a great deal of time cleaning and preparing their clothing and equipment . Families were permitted to join soldiers in the field . Wives often washed , cooked , mended uniforms and served as nurses in the time of battle or sickness . The army often suffered from poor discipline away from the battlefield , gambling and heavy drinking were common among all ranks . The distance between the colonies and the British Isles meant logistics were stretched to breaking point , with the army often running out of food and supplies in the field , and forced to live off the land . Training ( edit ) Training was rigorous ; firing , bayonet drills , movements , physical exercise , marching and forming were all part of the daily regimen to prepare for campaigns . Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton commanded the British Legion in the Southern colonies . During the course of the war the British army conducted large scale mock battles at Warley and Coxheath camps in southern England . The primary motivation behind this was in preparation for the threatened invasion . By all accounts the camps were massive in scale involving upwards of 18,000 men . One militia officer wrote to his friend in August 1778 : `` We are frequently marched out in considerable bodies to the heaths or commons adjacent , escorted by the artillery , where we go through various movements , manoeuvres and firings of a field of battle . In these expeditions , let me assure you , there is much fatigue , and no little danger ... the most grand and beautiful imitations of action are daily presented to us ; and believe me , the army in general are becoming greatly enamoured by war . '' The maneuvers carried out at Warley camp were subject of a painting by Philip James de Loutherbourg known as Warley Camp : The Mock Attack , 1779 . He also drew detailed illustrations of the uniforms of the light infantry and grenadiers present at the camp which are considered some of the most accurate surviving illustrations of 18th century British soldiers . Cavalry ( edit ) Cavalry played a smaller role in British armies than other European armies of the same era . Britain possessed no armoured Cuirassiers or Heavy cavalry . British doctrine tended to favour the use of medium cavalry , and light dragoons . The cavalry establishment consisted of three regiments of Household Cavalry , seven regiments of Dragoon Guards and six regiments of light Dragoons . Several hundred officers and enlisted men of cavalry regiments which remained stationed in Britain volunteered for service in America and transferred to infantry regiments . Because of the logistical limitations of campaigning in North America , cavalry played a limited role in the war . The transport of horses by ship was extremely difficult . Most of the horses died during the long journey and the ones that survived usually required several weeks to recuperate on landing . The British army primarily adopted small numbers of light dragoons who worked as scouts and were used extensively in irregular operations . One of the most successful of these units , the British Legion combined , light cavalry and light infantry and conducted raiding operations into enemy held territory . The lack of cavalry had great tactical implications on how the war was fought , it meant that British forces could not fully exploit their victories when out maneuvering Continental armies at battles like Long Island and Brandywine . Without a large cavalry force to follow up the infantry , retreating American forces could often escape destruction . Foreign units in British service ( edit ) Main article : Germans in the American Revolution Lieutenant General Wilhelm von Knyphausen commanded Hessian forces in North America . Manpower problems at the outbreak of war led to the British government employing large numbers of German mercenaries , primarily recruited from Hesse - Cassel . Units were sent by Count William of Hesse - Hanau ; Duke Charles I of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel ; Prince Frederick of Waldeck ; Margrave Karl Alexander of Ansbach - Bayreuth ; and Prince Frederick Augustus of Anhalt - Zerbst . Approximately 9,000 Hessians arrived with Howe 's army in 1776 and served with British forces through the campaigns in New York and New Jersey . In all 25,000 hired auxiliaries served with Britain in the various campaigns during the war . The German units were found to be different in tactics and approach to the regular British troops . Many British officers regarded the German regiments as slow in mobility , therefore British generals utilised them as heavy infantry . This is primarily because of the German officers ' reluctance to adopt loose formations . British Lieutenant William Hale commented on the tactical limitations of the German tactical methods : `` I believe them steady , but their slowness is of the greatest disadvantage in a country almost covered with woods , and against an enemy whose chief qualification is agility in running from fence to fence keeping up an irregular , but galling fire on troops who advance with the same pace as at their exercise ... At Brandywine , when the first line formed , the Hessian Grenadiers were close to our rear , and began beating their march at the same time as us . From that minute we saw them no more until the action was over , and only one man of them was wounded , by a random shot which came over us . '' The Hessians served in some capacity in most of the major battles of the war . Duke Karl I provided Great Britain with almost 4,000 foot soldiers and 350 dragoons under General Friedrich Adolf Riedesel . These soldiers were the majority of the German regulars under General John Burgoyne in the Saratoga campaign of 1777 , and were generally referred to as `` Brunswickers . '' The combined forces from Braunschwieg and Hesse - Hanau accounted for nearly half of Burgoyne 's army . The Jagers were greatly prized by British commanders , their skill in skirmishing and scouting meant they continued to serve in the Southern campaigns under Cornwallis until the end of the war . Soldiers from Hanover also formed part of the garrisons at Gibraltar and Minorca , and two regiments participated in the Siege of Cuddalore . Other than mercenary troops , the Company army serving in India consisted of regular British troops alongside native Indian Sepoys . Foreigners were also present among the regular British officer corps . The Swiss - born Major - General Augustine Prévost commanded the successful defense of Savannah in 1779 . The former Jacobite officer Allan Maclean of Torloisk , who had previously held commission in the Dutch service , was second in command during the successful defense of Quebec in 1775 . Another Swiss - born officer Frederick Haldimand served as Governor of Quebec in the later stages of the war . Huguenots , and exiled Corsicans also served amongst the regular and officers ranks . Campaigns ( edit ) Boston 1774 - 75 ( edit ) Main article : Boston campaign British assault on Breed 's Hill . `` The rebels have done more in one night than my whole army would have done in a month . '' -- General Howe , March 5 , 1776 British troops had been stationed in Boston since 1769 amid rising tensions between colonial subjects and the parliament in Great Britain . Fearing the impending insurrection General Thomas Gage dispatched an expedition to remove gunpowder from the powder magazine in Massachusetts on 1 September 1774 . The next year on the night of April 18 , 1775 , General Gage sent a further 700 men to seize munitions stored by the colonial militia at Concord . The Battles of Lexington and Concord were fought . The British troops stationed in Boston were inexperienced , and by the time the redcoats began the return march to Boston , several thousand militiamen had gathered along the road . A running battle ensued , and the British detachment suffered heavily before reaching Charlestown . The British army in Boston found itself under siege by thousands of colonial militia . On June 17 , British forces now under the command of General William Howe attacked and seized the Charlestown peninsula in the Battle of Bunker Hill . Although successful in his objective , the British forces suffered heavy casualties in taking the position . Both sides remained at stalemate until guns were placed on the Dorchester Heights , at which point Howe 's position became untenable and the British abandoned Boston entirely . Canada 1775 - 76 ( edit ) Main article : Invasion of Canada ( 1775 ) British regulars and Canadian militia repulse American assault on Quebec . After capturing Fort Ticonderoga , American forces under the command of General Richard Montgomery launched an invasion of British controlled Canada . They besieged and captured Fort Saint - Jean , while another army moved on Montreal . However they were defeated at the Battle of Quebec and British forces under the command of General Guy Carleton launched a counter invasion which drove the colonial forces from the province entirely and reached all the way to Lake Chaplain , however came short of recapturing Fort Ticonderoga . New York and New Jersey 1776 ( edit ) Main article : New York and New Jersey campaign `` I can not too much commend Lord Cornwallis 's good services during this campaign , and particularly the ability and conduct he displayed in the pursuit of the enemy from Fort Lee to Trenton , a distance exceding eighty miles , in which he was well supported by the ardour of his corps , who cheerfully quitted their tents and heavy baggage as impediments to their march . '' -- General Howe , December 20 , 1776 After withdrawing from Boston , Howe immediately began preparations to seize New York which was considered the ' hinge ' of the colonies . In late August , 22,000 men ( including 9,000 Hessians ) were rapidly landed on Long Island using flat bottomed boats , this would be the largest amphibious operation undertaken by the British army until the Normandy landings almost 200 years later . In the ensuing Battle of Long Island on August 27 , 1776 , the British outflanked the American positions , driving the Americans back to the Brooklyn Heights fortifications . General Howe not wishing to risk the lives of his men in a bloody frontal assault then began to lay siege works . The navy had failed to properly blockade the East river which left an escape route open for Washington 's army , which he fully exploited , managing a nighttime retreat through his unguarded rear to Manhattan Island . British forces then fought a series of actions to consolidate control of Manhattan Island , culminating in the Battle of Fort Washington which resulted in the capture of close to 3,000 Continental troops . Following the conquest of Manhattan , Howe ordered Charles Cornwallis to `` clear the rebel troops from New Jersey without a major engagement , and to do it quickly before the weather changed . '' Cornwallis ' force drove Washington 's army entirely from New Jersey and across the Delaware River . However , in the pre-dawn hours of December 26 , Washington crossed back into New Jersey and captured a garrison of Hessians at Trenton . Several days later , Washington outmaneuvered Cornwallis at Assunpink Creek and overwhelmed a British outpost at Princeton on January 3 , 1777 . Cornwallis rallied and again drove Washington away , however the defeats showed the British army had become too overstretched and Howe abandoned most of his outposts in New Jersey . Saratoga 1777 ( edit ) Main article : Saratoga campaign The surrender of General Burgoyne 's army at Saratoga . `` I fear it bears heavy on Burgoyne ... If this campaign does not finish the war , I prophesy that there is an end of British dominion in America . '' -- General Henry Clinton , July , 1777 Following the failure of the New York and New Jersey campaign to bring about a decisive victory over the Americans , the British army adopted a radically new strategy . Two armies would invade from the north to capture Albany , one of 8,000 men ( British and Germans ) under the command of General John Burgoyne , and another of 1,000 men ( British , German , Indian , Loyalists , Canadians ) under Brigadier General Barry St. Leger , while a third army under the command of General Howe would advance from New York in support . Through poor co-ordination and unclear orders the plan failed . Howe believed that he could not support a Northern army until the threat of Washington 's army had been dealt with and moved on Philadelphia instead . The early stages of Burgoyne 's campaign met with success , capturing the forts Crown Point , Ticonderoga and Anne . However part of his army was destroyed at Bennington . After winning a hard fought battle at Freeman 's Farm , bought with heavy casualties , Burgoyne complained at the inexperience of his soldiers , that his men were too impetuous and uncertain in their aim , and that his troops remained in position to exchange volleys too long , rather than switch to the bayonet . Following the battle he ordered the retraining of his army . Burgoyne did not want to lose the initiative and immediately prepared a second assault to puncture the Gates ' army scheduled for the following morning , however his subordinate General Fraser advised him of the fatigued state of the British light infantry and Grenadiers and that a renewed assault following a further night 's rest would be carried out with greater vivacity . That night Burgoyne received word that Clinton would launch his own offensive . The news convinced Burgoyne to wait , believing that the American General Gates would be forced to commit part of his own force to oppose Clinton , however Gates was being continually reinforced . Burgoyne launched the second attempt to breakthrough the American lines early in the following month which failed at Bemis Heights with losses that Burgoyne 's force could not sustain . Burgoyne was finally compelled surrender after it had become clear he was surrounded . Burgoyne 's campaign tactics were greatly criticised , the composition of his force was disjointed , and his decision to overload his army with artillery ( expecting a long siege ) meant his army could not advance rapidly enough through the difficult terrain , allowing the Americans too much time to gather an overwhelming force to oppose him . The defeat had far reaching consequences as the French ( who had already been secretly supporting the colonists ) decided to openly support the rebellion and eventually declared war on Britain in 1778 . Philadelphia 1777 - 78 ( edit ) Main article : Philadelphia campaign `` ... I do not think that there exists a more select corps than that which General Howe has assembled here . I am too young and have seen too few different corps , to ask others to take my word ; but old Hessian and old English officers who have served a long time , say that they have never seen such a corps in respect to quality ... '' -- Captain Muenchhausen , June , 1777 While Burgoyne invaded from the North , Howe took an army of 15,000 men ( including 3,500 Hessians ) by sea to attack Philadelphia . Howe rapidly outflanked Washington at the Battle of Brandywine , but most of Washington 's army managed to escape destruction . After inconclusive skirmishing with Washington 's army at the Battle of the Clouds , a battalion of British light infantry were accused of committing a massacre in a surprise assault on a rebel camp at the Battle of Paoli . All remaining resistance to Howe was eliminated in this attack , and the rest of Howe 's army marched on the rebel capital unopposed . The capture of Philadelphia did not turn the war in Britain 's favour , and Burgoyne 's army was left isolated with only limited support from Sir Henry Clinton , who was responsible for defending New York . Howe remained garrisoned in Philadelphia with 9,000 troops . He came under heavy attack from Washington but at the Battle of Germantown , Washington was driven off . After an unsuccessful attempt to capture Fort Mifflin , Howe eventually took the forts of Mifflin and Mercer . After probing Washington 's fortifications at the Battle of White Marsh , he returned to winter quarters . Howe resigned shortly afterwards , complaining that he had been inadequately supported . Command was given to Clinton who , after the French declaration of war , carried out orders to evacuate the British army from Philadelphia to New York . He did this with an overland march , fighting a large action at the Battle of Monmouth on the way Raiding operations 1778 - 79 ( edit ) See also : Mount Hope Bay raids , Grey 's raid , Tryon 's raid , and Chesapeake raid In August 1778 a combined Franco - American attempt to drive British forces from Rhode Island failed . One year later an American expedition to drive British forces from Penobscot Bay also failed . In the same year Americans launched a successful expedition to drive Native Americans from the frontier of New York , and captured a British outpost in a nighttime raid . During this period the British army carried out a series of successful raiding operations , taking supplies , destroying military defenses , outposts , stores , munitions , barracks , shops and houses . Southern colonies 1780 -- 81 ( edit ) Main article : Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War The death of General Johann de Kalb at the Battle of Camden . `` Whenever the Rebel Army is said to have been cut to pieces it would be more consonant with truth to say that they have been dispersed , determined to join again ... in the meantime they take oaths of allegiance , and live comfortably among us , to drain us of our monies , get acquainted with our numbers and learn our intentions . '' -- Brigadier General Charles O'Hara , March , 1781 The first major British operation in the Southern colonies occurred in 1776 , when a force under General Henry Clinton unsuccessfully besieged the fort at Sullivan 's Island . In 1778 a British army of 3,000 men under Lieutenant Colonel Archibald Campbell successfully captured Savannah , beginning a campaign to bring the colony of Georgia under British control . A Franco - American attempt to retake Savannah in 1779 ended in failure . In 1780 the main British strategic focus turned to the south . British planners mistakenly believed a large base of loyalism existed in the southern colonies , and based plans on the flawed assumption that a large loyalist army could be raised to occupy the territories that had been pacified by regular British troops . In May 1780 an army of 11,000 men under the command of Henry Clinton and Charles Corwnallis captured Charleston along with 5,000 of the Continental army . Shortly afterwards Clinton returned to New York leaving Cornwallis with a force of less than 4,000 men and instructions to secure control of the southern colonies . At first Cornwallis was successful , winning a lopsided victory at the Battle of Camden and sweeping most resistance aside . However failing supplies and increasing partisan activity gradually wore down his occupying troops , and the destruction of a loyalist force under Major Ferguson at King 's Mountain , all but ended any hopes of large scale loyalist support . In January 1781 Tarleton 's cavalry force was destroyed at the Battle of Cowpens . Cornwallis then determined to destroy the Continental army under Nathaniel Greene . Cornwallis invaded North Carolina and engaged in a pursuit over hundreds of miles that became known as the `` Race to the Dan '' . Cornwallis 's ravaged army met Greene 's army at Battle of Guilford Court House , and although Cornwallis was victorious he suffered heavy casualties . With little hope of reinforcements from Clinton , Cornwallis then decided to move out of North Carolina and invade Virginia . Meanwhile , Greene moved back into South Carolina and began attacking the British outposts there . Yorktown 1781 ( edit ) Main article : Yorktown campaign The surrender of General Cornwallis 's army at Yorktown . `` If you can not relieve me very soon , you must prepare to hear the worst . '' -- General Charles Cornwallis , September 17 , 1781 . In early 1781 the British army began conducting raids into Virginia . The former Continental army officer , Benedict Arnold , now a Brigadier of the British army , led a force with William Phillips raiding and destroying rebel supply bases . He later occupied Petersburg and fought a small action at Blandford . On hearing the news British forces were in Virginia and believing that North Carolina could not be subdued unless its supply lines from Virginia were cut , Cornwallis decided to join forces with Phillips and Arnold . Cornwallis 's army fought a series of skirmishes with the rebel forces commanded by Lafayette before fortifying himself with his back to the sea , believing the Royal Navy could maintain supremacy over the Chesapeake Bay . He then sent requests to Clinton to be either resupplied or evacuated . The reinforcements took too long to arrive and in September the French fleet successfully blockaded Cornwallis in Chesapeake Bay . Royal Navy Admiral Graves believed that the threat posed to New York was more critical and withdrew . Cornwallis then became surrounded by armies commanded by Washington and the French General Rochambeau . Outnumbered and with no avenue of relief or escape , Cornwallis was compelled to surrender his army . West Indies 1778 - 83 ( edit ) Main article : Anglo - French War ( 1778 -- 1783 ) In 1776 , an American force captured the British island of Nassau . After the French entry into the war , numerous poorly defended British islands fell quickly . In December 1778 a force of veteran British troops under the command of General James Grant were landed in St. Lucia and successfully captured the high grounds of the islands . Three days later 9,000 French reinforcements were landed and attempted to assault the British position , however they were repulsed with heavy casualties . Despite this victory , numerous other British islands fell during the war . On 1 April 1779 , Lord Germain instructed Grant to establish small garrisons throughout the West Indies , Grant believed this would be unwise and instead concentrated defences to cover the major naval bases . He posted the 15th , 28th , and 55th Foot and 1,500 gunners at Saint Kitts . The 27th , 35th , and 49th Foot and 1,600 gunners defended Saint Lucia . Meanwhile , the royal dockyard at Antigua was held by an 800 - man garrison of the 40th and 60th Foot . Grant also reinforced the fleet with 925 soldiers . Although Britain lost other islands , his dispositions provided the basis for the British successes in the Caribbean during the final years of the war . East Indies 1778 - 83 ( edit ) Main article : Second Anglo - Mysore War In 1778 British forces began attacking French enclaves in India , first capturing the French port of Pondicherry , and seizing the port of Mahé . The Mysorean ruler Hyder Ali , an important ally of France , declared war on Britain in 1780 . Ali invaded Carnatic with 80,000 men , laying siege to British forts in Arcot . A British attempt to relieve the siege ended in disaster at Pollilur . Ali continued his sieges taking fortresses , before another British force under General Eyre Coote defeated the Mysoreans at Porto Novo . Fighting continued until 1783 when the British captured Mangalore , and the Treaty of Mangalore was signed which restored both sides lands to Status quo ante bellum . Gulf coast 1779 - 81 ( edit ) Main article : Gulf Coast campaign From 1779 the Governor of Spanish Louisiana Bernardo de Gálvez led a successful offensive to conquer British West Florida , culminating in the Siege of Pensacola in 1781 . Spanish Central America 1779 - 80 ( edit ) Main articles : Battle of San Fernando de Omoa and San Juan Expedition ( 1780 ) Britain made two attempts to capture Spanish territory in Central America : in 1779 at the Battle of San Fernando de Omoa ; and in 1780 in the San Juan Expedition . In both cases initial British military success was defeated by tropical diseases , with the 2,500 dead of the San Juan Expedition giving it the highest British death toll of the war . Europe 1779 - 83 ( edit ) Main articles : Armada of 1779 , Battle of Jersey , Great Siege of Gibraltar , and Invasion of Minorca ( 1781 ) The defeat of the floating batteries at the Great Siege of Gibraltar . Europe was the setting of three of the largest engagements of the entire war . The unsuccessful Franco - Spanish attempt to invade England , unsuccessful attempt to capture Gibraltar and the successful Franco - Spanish campaign to capture Minorca , had by 1783 involved over 100,000 men , and hundreds of guns and ships . In September 1782 the `` Grand Assault '' on the besieged Gibraltar garrison took place , which was the largest single battle of the war , involving over 60,000 soldiers , sailors and marines . France also twice unsuccessfully attempted to capture the British channel island of Jersey , first in 1779 and again in 1781 . Later History ( edit ) See also : British Army during the Napoleonic Wars Following the Treaty of Paris , the British army began withdrawing from its remaining posts in the Thirteen Colonies . In mid-August 1783 , General Guy Carleton began the evacuation of New York , informing the President of the Continental Congress that he was proceeding with the withdrawal of refugees , freed slaves and military personnel . More than 29,000 Loyalist refugees were evacuated from the city . The British army was dramatically reduced again in peacetime . Morale and discipline became extremely poor , and troops levels fell . When the wars with France commenced again in 1793 its total strength stood at 40,000 men . In idleness the army again became riddled with corruption and inefficiency . Many British officers returned from America with the belief in the superiority of the firearm and formations adapted with a greater frontage of firepower . However officers who had not served in America , questioned if the irregular and loose system of fighting which had become prevalent in America was suitable for future campaigns against European powers . In 1788 the British army was reformed by General David Dundas , an officer who had not served in America . Dundas wrote many training manuals which were adopted by the army , the first of which was the Principles of Military Movements . He chose to ignore the light infantry and flank battalions the British army had come to rely on in North America , instead after witnessing Prussian army maneuvers in Silesia in 1784 , he pushed for drilled battalions of heavy infantry . He also pushed for uniformity in training , eliminating the ability of colonels to develop their own systems of training for their own regiments . Charles Cornwallis an experienced `` American '' officer who witnessed the same maneuvers in Prussia wrote disparagingly ; `` their maneuvers were such as the worst general in England would be hooted at for practicing ; two lines coming up within six yards of one another and firing until they had no ammunition left , nothing could be more ridiculous '' . The failure to formally absorb the tactical lessons of the American War of Independence contributed to the early difficulties experienced by the British army during the French Revolutionary Wars . See also ( edit ) List of British units in the American Revolutionary War History of the British Army Timeline of the British Army Social background of officers and other ranks in the British Army , 1750 - 1815 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Holmes ( 2002 ) , p. 21 ^ Jump up to : Fortescue ( 1902 ) , p. 172 Jump up ^ `` The British Army -- Chapter One '' . Americanrevolution.org . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The British Army 1775 -- 1783 '' ( PDF ) . orbat . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Fortescue ( 1902 ) , p. 506 Jump up ^ `` The British Army 1775 -- 1783 '' ( PDF ) . orbat / . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Hagist ( 2012 ) ^ Jump up to : Reid ( 2002 ) , p. 11 Jump up ^ Reid ( 1995 ) , p. 2 Jump up ^ O'Shaughnessy ( 2013 ) , pp. 6 - 7 Jump up ^ `` Lord George Germain and the American Colonies '' . History Today . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Shaughnessy ( 2013 ) , p. 81 Jump up ^ O'Shaughnessy ( 2013 ) , p. 86 Jump up ^ O'Shaughnessy ( 2013 ) , p. 216 Jump up ^ O'Shaughnessy ( 2013 ) , pp. 251 , 267 Jump up ^ Barnes ( 1972 ) , p. 229 ^ Jump up to : Nolan 2008 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Brumwell ( 2006 ) , p. 277 . Jump up ^ Reid ( 1997 ) , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Nolan 2008 , pp. 112 -- 113 - `` the British were unique in training their North American companies ... to march and fight in open order , essentially as light infantry . '' ^ Jump up to : Spring ( 2008 ) , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Reid ( 1997 ) , p. 45 . ^ Jump up to : Atwood ( 2002 ) , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Spring ( 2008 ) , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Bonk ( 2008 ) , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Parkman , Francis ( 1995 ) . Montcalm and Wolfe : the French and Indian War . New York : Da Capo Press . pp. 356 -- 357 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80621 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` The Very Model of a Modern Major General '' . amherstcollege . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Cusick ( 2013 ) , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Cusick ( 2013 ) , pp. 60 - 61 ^ Jump up to : Cusick ( 2013 ) , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Cusick ( 2013 ) , p. 60 . Jump up ^ `` Howe , William ( 1729 - 1814 ) '' . Dictionary of National Biography . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Bonk ( 2009 ) , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Fortescue ( 1902 ) , p. 268 ^ Jump up to : Clayton ( 2007 ) , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Fortescue ( 1902 ) , p. 269 Jump up ^ Funcken ( 1977 ) , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Reid ( 1997 ) , p. 54 . ^ Jump up to : Spring ( 2008 ) , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Funcken ( 1977 ) , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Funcken ( 1977 ) , p. 42 . Jump up ^ `` Major Patrick Ferguson 1744 - 80 '' . queensroyalsurreys . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` British Infantry Colours 1747 - 1800 '' . 62ndregiment . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Soldier of the King '' . americanrevolution . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Clayton ( 2007 ) , p. 64 . ^ Jump up to : Harrington ( 2007 ) , p. 77 Jump up ^ Harrington ( 2007 ) , p. 78 Jump up ^ Swisher ( 2007 ) , p. 156 Jump up ^ Springer ( 2008 ) , p. 270 Jump up ^ History of American Wars , history - of - american - wars , retrieved 23 September 2013 Jump up ^ Spring ( 2008 ) , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Spring ( 2008 ) , p. 148 . Jump up ^ American and British Strengths and Weaknesses , ushistorys , retrieved 24 September 2013 Jump up ^ Battle of Lexington and Concord , wpi , retrieved 24 September 2013 Jump up ^ Correspondence of Charles , first Marquis Cornwallis , archive , retrieved 9 February 2015 Jump up ^ The NARRATIVE of Lieutenant General Sir William Howe , in a committee of the House of Commons on the 29th of April 1779 , relating to his conduct during his late command of he Kings Troops in NORTH AMERICA , rootsweb , retrieved 9 February 2015 Jump up ^ Schecter , Barnet . The Battle for New York : The City at the Heart of the American Revolution . Walker & Company . New York . October 2002 . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1374 - 2 Jump up ^ Ketchum p. 111 Jump up ^ Fischer ( 2004 ) , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Fischer 2004 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Willcox , p. 157 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2010 ) , p. 33 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 84 ^ Jump up to : Grifth ( 2002 ) , p. 423 ^ Jump up to : P ; . Davis , p. 77 Jump up ^ P ; . Davis , p. 78 Jump up ^ Swisher ( 2007 ) , p. 148 Jump up ^ Logistics and the Defeat of Gentleman Johnny , almc , retrieved 22 September 2013 Jump up ^ Wickwire ; Cornwallis , the American Adventure ; p. 315 . Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 208 Jump up ^ Johnston , pp. 26 -- 28 Jump up ^ Spring ( 2008 ) , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Jaques ( 2007 ) , p. 882 Jump up ^ Boatner ( 1994 ) , p. 1184 - 1185 Jump up ^ Sudgen , John ( 2004 ) . Nelson : A Dream of Glory , 1758 -- 1797 . New York , USA : Holt . p. 173 . ISBN 0 - 224 - 06097 - X . Jump up ^ Montero ( 1860 ) , p. 356 Jump up ^ The Battle of Jersey , jersey.co.uk , retrieved 23 September 2013 Jump up ^ Chandler , p. 132 , para 1 ^ Jump up to : Clayton ( 2007 ) , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Chandler , p. 132 , para 2 ^ Jump up to : Fortescue ( 1902 ) , p. 537 ^ Jump up to : Fortescue ( 1902 ) , p. 538 Jump up ^ Sir David Dundas , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , retrieved 21 September 2013 Bibliography ( edit ) Atwood , Rodney ( 2002 ) . The Hessians . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0521 - 5263 - 7X . Barnes , Major R.M. ( 1972 ) . A History of the Regiments & Uniforms of the British Army . London : Sphere Books . Black , Jeremy . `` Could the British Have Won the American War of Independence ? . '' Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research . ( Fall 1996 ) , Vol. 74 Issue 299 , pp 145 -- 154 . online video lecture given at Ohio State in 2006 ; requires Real Player Black , Jeremy . War for America : The Fight for Independence 1775 - 1783 ( 2001 ) . Boatner , Mark M ( 1994 ) . Encyclopedia of the American Revolution . Mechanicsburg : Stackpole Books . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 0578 - 1 . Bonk , David ( 2009 ) . Trenton and Princeton 1776 - 77 : Washington Crosses the Delaware . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 18 - 460 - 3350 - 0 . Brumwell , Stephen ( 2006 ) . Paths of Glory : The Life and Death of General James Wolfe . Hambledon Continuum . ISBN 1852855533 . Chandler , David ( 2003 ) . The Oxford History of the British Army . Oxford Paperbacks . ISBN 01 - 9280 - 31 - 15 . Clayton , Anthony ( 2007 ) . The British Officer : Leading the Army from 1660 to the Present . Routledge . ISBN 178159287X . Chichester , Henry M ( 1885 -- 1900 ) . `` Howe , William ( 1729 - 1814 ) '' . Dictionary of National Biography . London : Smith , Elder & Co . Curtis , Edward E. The Organization of the British Army in the American Revolution ( Yale U.P. 1926 ) online Cusick , Ray ( 2013 ) . Wellington 's Rifles : The Origins , Development and Battles of the Rifle ... Oxford . ISBN 9781781592878 . P. Davis , Robert ( 1999 ) . Where a Man Can Go : Major General William Phillips , British Royal Artillery ... London : Praeger . ISBN 03 - 1331 - 020 - 3 . Fischer , David ( 2006 ) . Washington 's Crossing . New York : Oxford . ISBN 01 - 951 - 815 - 9X . Fortescue , John ( 1902 ) . A History of the British Army : Volume III . Oxford . Funcken , Liliane ( 1977 ) . British Infantry Uniforms : From Marlborough to Wellington . London : Wardlock . ISBN 07 - 063 - 5181 - 9 . Griffith , Samuel B. ( 2002 ) . The War for American Independence : From 1760 to the Surrender at Yorktown in ... University of Illinois Press . ISBN 025 - 20 - 70 - 607 . Hagist , Donald N ( 2012 ) . British Soldiers , American War : Voices of the American Revolution . Pennsylvania : Westholme Publishing . ISBN 15 - 941 - 616 - 74 . Harrington , Peter . `` Portraying Maneuvers and Mock Battles '' . MHQ : The Quarterly Journal of Military History 19 , no . 3 ( Spring 2007 ) ISSN 1040 - 5992 Holmes , Richard ( 2002 ) . Redcoat : The British Soldier in the Age of Horse and Musket . London : Harper Collins . ISBN 0 - 00653 - 1520 . Jaques , Tony ( 2007 ) . Dictionary of Battles and Sieges : A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity Through the Twenty - first Century . Boston : Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33536 - 5 . Johnston , Henry Phelps ( 1881 ) . The Yorktown Campaign and the Surrender of Cornwallis , 1781 . New York : Harper & Bros. OCLC 426009 . Ketchum , Richard M ( 2004 ) . Victory at Yorktown : the campaign that won the Revolution . New York : Henry Holt . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 7396 - 6 . OCLC 54461977 . Ketchum , Richard ( 1999 ) . The Winter Soldiers : The Battles for Trenton and Princeton . Holt Paperbacks ; 1st Owl books ed edition . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 6098 - 7 . Ketchum , Richard M ( 1997 ) . Saratoga : Turning Point of America 's Revolutionary War . New York : Henry Holt . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 6123 - 9 . OCLC 41397623 . Luzader , John ( 2010 ) . SARATOGA : A Military History of the Decisive Campaign of the American Revolution . New York : Oxford . ISBN 1 - 9327 - 148 - 55 . Montero , Francisco Maria ( 1860 ) , Historia de Gibraltar y de su campo ( in Spanish ) , Imprenta de la Revista Médica . Nolan , Cathal J ( 2008 ) . Wars of the Age of Louis Xiv , 1650 - 1715 . Greenwood Press . ISBN 03 - 1333 - 046 - 8 . O'Shaughnessy , Andrew ( 2013 ) . The men who lost America . London : Oneworld . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78074 - 246 - 5 . Reid , Stuart ( 1997 ) . British Redcoat 1740 - 93 . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 18 - 55325 - 54 - 3 . Reid , Stuart ( 1995 ) . King George 's Army 1740 - 1793 . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 18 - 55325 - 15 - 2 . Reid , Stuart ( 2002 ) . Redcoat Officer 1740 - 1815 . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 18 - 41763 - 79 - 9 . Schecter , Barnet ( October 2002 ) . The Battle for New York : The City at the Heart of the American Revolution . University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1374 - 2 . Spring , Matthew H ( 2008 ) . With Zeal and with Bayonets Only : The British Army on Campaign in North America , 1775 - 1783 . University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 806 - 141 - 522 . Swisher , James ( 2007 ) . The Revolutionary War in the Southern Backcountry . Pelican Publishing . ISBN 15 - 898 - 0503 - 8 . Wickwire , Franklin ( 1970 ) . Cornwallis , The American Adventure . Boston : Pelican Publishing . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Army_during_the_American_Revolutionary_War&oldid=837786596 '' Categories : 18th - century history of the British Army American Revolutionary War Hidden categories : Articles incorporating Cite DNB template CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 01 : 27 . 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who do you love ll cool j year

Loungin

loungin

`` Loungin '' is a song performed by American rapper LL Cool J and released in June 1996 . The song serves as the third and final single from his sixth studio album Mr. Smith ( 1995 ) . It was released by Def Jam Recordings on June 25 , 1996 . The LP version was written by LL Cool J and Al B. Sure ! and produced by Rashad `` Ringo '' Smith . A popular remix featuring vocals by Total and production from the Trackmasters was also released , which samples the 1985 top ten R&B hit `` Who Do You Love '' by American singer - songwriter Bernard Wright `` .

The single was a success , peaking at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 , number one on Hot Rap Singles and number four on Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs . It sold 1.3 million copies , earning a platinum certification from the RIAA . The LP version samples Al B. Sure ! 's `` Nite and Day '' and on the B - Side was `` Summer Luv '' . The song also appeared in an episode of LL 's sitcom , In The House . Contents ( hide ) 1 Music video 2 Track listing 2.1 A-Side 2.2 B - Side 3 Charts 4 References Music video ( edit ) The music video for the single included a cameo from Funkmaster Flex as well as performance shots from the group Total . The video depicts LL Cool J having an affair with a woman who is unhappy in her relationship . Track listing ( edit ) A-Side ( edit ) `` Loungin ' '' ( Radio Remix Edit ) - 3 : 45 `` Loungin ' '' ( LP Radio Edit ) - 3 : 59 B - Side ( edit ) `` Loungin ' '' ( LP Version ) - 4 : 10 `` Summer Luv '' - 4 : 38 Charts ( edit ) End of year chart ( 1996 ) Position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 21 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.discogs.com/LL-Cool-J-Loungin/release/153585 Jump up ^ LL Cool J - Loungin ' ( CD liner notes ) . PolyGram Group Distribution , Inc. 7 314575062 - 2 6 Jump up ^ `` Loungin ( Remix ) - LL Cool J feat . Total WhoSampled '' . WhoSampled . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best - Selling Records of 1996 '' . Billboard . BPI Communications Inc. 109 ( 3 ) : 61 . January 18 , 1997 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American certifications -- L.L. Cool J -- Loungin '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1996 '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . ( hide ) LL Cool J Discography Studio albums Radio Bigger and Deffer Walking with a Panther Mama Said Knock You Out 14 Shots to the Dome Mr. Smith Phenomenon G.O.A.T. 10 The DEFinition Todd Smith Exit 13 Authentic Compilations All World : Greatest Hits All World 2 Singles `` I Need a Beat '' `` I Ca n't Live Without My Radio '' `` I Can Give You More '' `` Rock the Bells '' `` You 'll Rock '' `` I 'm Bad '' `` I Need Love '' `` Go Cut Creator Go '' `` Going Back to Cali '' `` I 'm That Type of Guy '' `` Big Ole Butt '' `` One Shot at Love '' `` Jingling Baby '' `` To da Break of Dawn '' `` The Boomin ' System '' `` Around the Way Girl '' `` Mama Said Knock You Out '' `` 6 Minutes of Pleasure '' `` Who 's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf ? '' `` Strictly Business '' `` How I 'm Comin ' '' `` Back Seat ( Of My Jeep ) '' `` Pink Cookies In a Plastic Bag Getting Crushed By Buildings '' `` Stand By Your Man '' `` Hey Lover '' `` Doin ' It '' `` Loungin '' `` I Shot Ya '' `` Ai n't Nobody '' `` Hit ' Em High ( The Monstars ' Anthem ) '' `` Phenomenon '' `` 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 '' `` Father '' `` Candy '' `` Zoom '' `` Say What '' `` Deepest Bluest '' `` Hot Hot Hot '' `` Shut ' Em Down `` Imagine That '' `` You and Me '' `` Put Your Hands Up '' `` Blink Blink '' `` Luv U Better '' `` Paradise '' `` All I Have '' `` Amazin ' `` Headsprung '' `` Hush '' `` It 's LL and Santana '' `` Control Myself '' `` Freeze '' `` Cry '' `` Baby '' Featured singles `` Rampage '' `` This Is for the Lover in You '' `` Incredible '' `` Fatty Girl '' `` All I Have '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' Other songs `` Accidental Racist '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loungin&oldid=798262976 '' Categories : 1996 singles LL Cool J songs Music videos directed by Hype Williams Songs written by LL Cool J Billboard Rap Songs number - one singles Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2015 All articles needing additional references Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Audio sample to be checked Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 31 August 2017 , at 22 : 02 . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loungin

who plays all the characters in family guy

List of Family Guy cast members

list of family guy cast members

Family Guy is an American animated sitcom that features five main voice actors , and numerous regular cast and recurring guest stars . The principal voice cast consists of show creator Seth MacFarlane , Alex Borstein , Mila Kunis ( who replaced Lacey Chabert after the first season ( her last episode is `` Holy Crap , '' now marketed as the second episode of season two ) ) , Seth Green , and Mike Henry . Recurring voice actors include Patrick Warburton , Adam West , John G. Brennan , Nicole Sullivan and Jennifer Tilly , and repeat guest stars include Phyllis Diller , Charles Durning , Rush Limbaugh , and Phil LaMarr .

Many cast members provide voices for multiple characters . The voice actors , in portraying the various character personalities on the show , draw inspiration from celebrities and pop culture . Family Guy characters have been played by more than one actor , after members of the show left the series or had conflicting obligations . Kunis was nominated for an Annie Award for voicing Meg Griffin in the season 5 episode `` Barely Legal '' and MacFarlane has also won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice - Over Performance and an Annie Award for Best Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production , though no other cast member has won an award for their work on the series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current cast 1.1 Seth MacFarlane 1.2 Alex Borstein 1.3 Mila Kunis 1.4 Seth Green 1.5 Mike Henry 2 Recurring cast 3 Recurring guest voices 4 Casting changes 5 Awards and nominations 6 References Current cast ( edit ) Seth Green provides the voice of Chris Griffin . Mike Henry voices various characters in the series . Mila Kunis provides the voice of Meg Griffin . Alex Borstein provides the voice of Lois Griffin . Patrick Warburton provides the voice of Joe Swanson . The real Adam West provided the voice of Mayor Adam West . From seasons 1 to 4 , Family Guy had four main cast members . Since season 5 , there have been five main cast members . The casting of Meg Griffin changed after season 1 . Seth MacFarlane ( edit ) Seth MacFarlane voices four of the show 's main characters : Peter Griffin , Brian Griffin , Stewie Griffin , and Glenn Quagmire . MacFarlane chose to voice these characters himself , believing it would be easier to portray the voices he had already envisioned than for someone else to attempt it . MacFarlane drew inspiration for the voice of Peter from a security guard he overheard talking while attending the Rhode Island School of Design . Stewie 's voice was based on the voice of English actor Rex Harrison , especially his performance in the 1964 musical drama film My Fair Lady . MacFarlane uses his own voice while portraying Brian . MacFarlane also provides the voices for various other recurring and one - time only characters , most prominently those of news anchor Tom Tucker , Lois ' father Carter Pewterschmidt and Dr. Hartman . He is the only voice to be in every episode . Alex Borstein ( edit ) Alex Borstein voices Lois Griffin , Asian correspondent Tricia Takanawa , Loretta Brown and Lois ' mother Barbara Pewterschmidt . Borstein was asked to provide a voice for the pilot while she was working on MADtv . She had not met MacFarlane or seen any of his artwork and said it was `` really sight unseen '' . At the time , Borstein performed in a stage show in Los Angeles , in which she played a redhead mother whose voice she had based on one of her cousins . The voice was originally slower ( and deeper for the original series ) , but when MacFarlane heard it , he replied `` Make it a little less fucking annoying ... and speed it up , or every episode will last four hours . '' Mila Kunis ( edit ) Mila Kunis is the voice of the character named Meg Griffin . Kunis won the role after auditions and a slight rewrite of the character , in part due to her performance on That ' 70s Show . MacFarlane called Kunis back after her first audition , instructing her to speak slower , and then told her to come back another time and enunciate more . Once she claimed that she had it under control , MacFarlane hired her . Kunis described her character as `` the scapegoat '' . She further explained , `` Meg gets picked on a lot . But it 's funny . It 's like the middle child . She is constantly in the state of being an awkward 14 - year - old , when you 're kind of going through puberty and what - not . She 's just in a perpetual mode of humiliation . And it 's fun . '' Seth Green ( edit ) Seth Green primarily plays Chris Griffin and Neil Goldman . Green stated that he did an impression of the `` Buffalo Bill '' character from the thriller film The Silence of the Lambs during his audition . His main inspiration for Chris ' voice came from envisioning how `` Buffalo Bill '' would sound if he were speaking through a public address system at a McDonald 's . Mike Henry ( edit ) Mike Henry is the voice of Cleveland Brown , John Herbert The Pervert and other various characters . A Family Guy writer and producer , he began acting on the show as part of the recurring cast repertory ( see below ) but was promoted to main cast member in 2005 . Since the cancellation of The Cleveland Show , he also voices Cleveland 's step - son Rallo Tubbs on Family Guy . Recurring cast ( edit ) In addition to both its main cast and guest stars , Family Guy utilizes a deep bench of regularly appearing supporting voice actors . Some appear in nearly every episode each season , while others appear less frequently . Some of these actors specifically play recurring characters , while others mainly play background citizens of Quahog or characters in cutaway gags . The current supporting cast repertory includes the following actors : Actor Character ( s ) No. of Episodes ( Out of 245 produced ) Notes Benjamin , H. Jon H. Jon Benjamin Carl 14 Since 2006 Breckenridge , Alexandra Alexandra Breckenridge Various 57 Since 2005 . Currently voices most female `` extras '' not voiced by Alex Borstein . Brennan , Johnny Johnny Brennan Goldman , Mort Mort Goldman , Horace the bartender 77 Callaghan , Steve Steve Callaghan Various 37 Also the current showrunner and executive producer of Family Guy and former showrunner / EP of American Dad ! . Garman , Ralph Ralph Garman Various 138 Lakin , Christine Christine Lakin Kinney , Joyce Joyce Kinney 23 Since 2010 . LaMarr , Phil Phil LaMarr Williams , Ollie Ollie Williams and the Quahog judge 56 MacFarlane , Rachael Rachael MacFarlane Olivia and various women 54 Formerly one of the most frequent female voices . She reduced her number of appearances per season after joining American Dad ! in 2005 but still appears several times per season . Seth MacFarlane 's sister . Osment , Emily Emily Osment Various 14 Since 2012 . Richardson , Kevin Michael Kevin Michael Richardson Jerome and Cleveland Jr . 30 Since 2009 . Sheridan , Chris Chris Sheridan Various 33 Also a Family Guy writer . Smith , Danny Danny Smith Various , including Evil Monkey , Al Harrington and Ernie , the Giant Chicken 189 Also a Family Guy writer . Sulkin , Alec Alec Sulkin Christ , Jesus Jesus Christ and various others 147 Also a Family Guy writer . Tatasciore , Fred Fred Tatasciore Various 36 Tilly , Jennifer Jennifer Tilly Swanson , Bonnie Bonnie Swanson 42 Has recurred as the Griffin 's neighbor since the first season . Viener , John John Viener Various 182 Since 2005 , he has been one of the most frequently heard male voices aside from Seth MacFarlane . Also a Family Guy writer . Warburton , Patrick Patrick Warburton Swanson , Joe Joe Swanson 163 Has appeared as the Griffins ' neighbor since the first season , and usually appears in most episodes each season . Warburton is the most frequently appearing one - character actor in the supporting repertory . Wingert , Wally Wally Wingert Various 41 In addition to the above , the following actors were formerly regularly recurring voice actors in the series : Actor Character ( s ) No. of Episodes Notes Alan , Lori Lori Alan Simmons , Diane Diane Simmons 63 Left the show in season nine when her character was killed off . Was replaced in the series ' context by Christine Lakin 's Joyce Kinney Alazraqui , Carlos Carlos Alazraqui Weed , Mr.Mr . Weed 10 Peter 's first boss , Mr. Weed , was killed off early in the series ' run . Barrymore , Drew Drew Barrymore Russell , Jillian Jillian Russell 12 Played Jillian , Brian 's former girlfriend . The character still appears in background roles Cole , Gary Gary Cole Various 38 Cole appeared frequently in the earlier seasons , but still pops up now and then to play Meg and Chris ' principal , Mr. Shepherd . Hartman , Butch Butch Hartman Various 8 Henry , Mike Mike Henry Cleveland Brown , Herbert , Bruce , Consuela , and various others Was promoted to main cast in 2005 . Also a Family Guy writer . Hentemann , Mark Mark Hentemann Opie and various others 45 Recently left Family Guy to work on another Seth MacFarlane project . Also a Family Guy writer . Fisher , Carrie Carrie Fisher Angela 19 Has recurred as Peter 's boss several times per season since 2005 . Died in 2016 . Strong , Tara Tara Strong Various , as well as Meg 's singing voice 21 Appeared frequently in the first four seasons . Returned briefly in 2010 - 2012 and again for one episode in 2014 . Sullivan , Nicole Nicole Sullivan Goldman , Muriel Muriel Goldman 27 Muriel was killed off in season nine . Whitman , Mae Mae Whitman Various 10 Was a recurring younger female voice for several seasons between 2008 - 2010 . Wild , Wellesley Wellesley Wild Various 14 No longer a recurring voice ( since 2013 ) . He was a producer , but left the show . Wilhoit , Lisa Lisa Wilhoit D'Amico , Connie Connie D'Amico 15 Meg 's bully Connie has not appeared in the series since 2013 . West , Adam Adam West Mayor West , Adam Adam West 93 Played a warped version of himself as the mayor of Quahog . Died in 2017 . Recurring guest voices ( edit ) Main article : List of Family Guy guest stars The recurring guest voices include Adam Carolla as Death , Patrick Stewart as Susie Swanson , Scott Grimes as Kevin Swanson and Sanaa Lathan as Donna Tubbs Brown . Previous recurring guests included Phyllis Diller in three episodes as Peter 's Mother , Thelma , and Charles Durning as Peter 's father , Francis . Both characters have since died , but Durning returned once to play Francis as a ghost . Early in the show 's run , Fred Willard and Jane Lynch had a recurring role as a family of nudists . James Woods as James Woods . Casting changes ( edit ) Lacey Chabert voiced Meg for the first production season ( 14 episodes ) , but , because of a contractual agreement , was never credited . Chabert left the series due to time constraints with her acting role in Party of Five , as well as schoolwork . Norm Macdonald voiced the character of Death in a second season episode of Family Guy . He was subsequently replaced by Adam Carolla in all other appearances . Jon Cryer originally voiced Kevin Swanson in his first appearance , before the role was passed temporarily onto Seth MacFarlane . The character was written out of the series for several years , with Scott Grimes taking over the voice when the character returned . Fairuza Balk was the original voice of high school bully Connie D'Amico until Lisa Wilhoit took over the character in the third season . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Actor Award Category Role Result Ref . 2000 Seth MacFarlane Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Voice - Over Performance Stewie Griffin Won 2009 Seth MacFarlane Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Voice - Over Performance Peter Griffin Won 2006 Seth MacFarlane Annie Award Best Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production Stewie Griffin Won 2007 Mila Kunis Annie Award Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production Meg Griffin Won References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Graham , Jefferson ( January 29 , 1999 ) . `` Cartoonist MacFarlane funny guy of Fox 's ' Family ' Subversive voice of series is his '' . USA Today . p . E7 . ^ Jump up to : Cruz , Gilbert ( September 26 , 2008 ) . `` Family Guy 's Seth MacFarlane '' . Time . Retrieved August 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Smith , Andy ( April 30 , 2005 ) . `` A Real Family Reunion '' . Providence Journal TV . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2011 . Retrieved August 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dean , John ( November 1 , 2008 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane 's $2 Billion Family Guy Empire '' . Fox Business . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2010 . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Franklin , Nancy ( January 16 , 2006 ) . `` American Idiots '' . The New Yorker . ^ Jump up to : `` Family Guy Cast and Details '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Kirk ( November 19 , 2008 ) . `` Q&A : Alex Borstein '' . Metromix . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2012 . Retrieved August 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alex Borstein ( Lois ) Laughs at the Once - Dead Family Guy 's Longevity '' . TV Guide . November 13 , 2006 . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Family Guy -- Casting Mila Kunis . The Paley Center for Media . Retrieved September 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ De Leon , Kris ( September 25 , 2007 ) . `` Mila Kunis Talks About Working on Family Guy and Her Upcoming Movie '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved September 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Graham , Jefferson ( April 9 , 1999 ) . `` Seth Green fits right in with new Family '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Fans help ' Family Guy ' return to Fox '' . Observer - Reporter. April 29 , 2005 . p . E5 . Jump up ^ Green , Seth ( September 27 , 2005 ) . Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story : Audio Commentary ( DVD ) . Jump up ^ `` Steve Callaghan Named ' American Dad ' Showrunner '' . Jump up ^ Epstein , Daniel Robert . `` Interview with Seth MacFarlane , creator of The Family Guy '' . UGO Networks . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2007 . Retrieved November 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sonic the Horndog '' . GameSpy . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Brian Lowry ( 2000 - 08 - 28 ) . `` NBC Leads Tally of Early Emmys , Boosted by ' West Wing ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The 61st Primetime Emmy Awards and 2009 Creative Arts Emmy Awards Nominees are ... '' Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . 2009 - 07 - 16 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Annie Award Winners '' . Annie Awards . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` 34th Annual Annie Award Nominees and Winners ( 2006 ) '' . Annie Awards . 2009 - 11 - 05 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 05 . ( hide ) Family Guy Characters Griffin family Peter Lois Meg Chris Stewie Brian Other characters Quagmire Cleveland Mayor West Herbert Cleveland Jr . Production Cast members Guest stars Writers Awards Media releases The Life of Larry shorts Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story Live in Vegas Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Hallmarks Road to ... episodes Star Wars episodes Merchandise Home video Video games Family Guy Video Game ! ( 2006 ) Family Guy Online ( 2012 ) Back to the Multiverse ( 2012 ) Family Guy : The Quest for Stuff ( 2014 ) Family Guy : Another Freakin ' Mobile Game ( 2017 ) See also Criticism Night of the Hurricane The Cleveland Show American Dad ! Animation Domination `` Cartoon Wars Part I '' `` Cartoon Wars Part II '' Book Portal Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Family_Guy_cast_members&oldid=807953648 '' Categories : Family Guy Hidden categories : Featured lists Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Português Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 00 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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what language do they speak in the netherlands

Languages of Netherlands Official languages Dutch ( > 90 % ) Regional languages Official : West Frisian ( 2.50 % ) , English ( BES Islands ) , Papiamento ( Bonaire ) ; Not official : Dutch Low Saxon ( 10.9 % ) Limburgish ( 4.50 % ) ( not official ) Main immigrant languages Indonesian ( 2 % ) , Varieties of Arabic ( 1.5 % ) , Turkish ( 1.5 % ) , Berber languages ( 1 % ) See further : Immigration to the Netherlands Main foreign languages English ( 90 % ) ( excluding the BES Islands ) German ( 71 % ) , French ( 29 % ) , Spanish ( 5 % ) Sign languages Dutch Sign Language Common keyboard layouts US international QWERTY

Languages of the Netherlands

languages of the netherlands

Indonesian ( 2 % ) , Varieties of Arabic ( 1.5 % ) , Turkish ( 1.5 % ) , Berber languages ( 1 % )

See further : Immigration to the Netherlands Main foreign languages English ( 90 % ) ( excluding the BES Islands ) German ( 71 % ) , French ( 29 % ) , Spanish ( 5 % ) Sign languages Dutch Sign Language Common keyboard layouts US international QWERTY Life in the Netherlands Culture ( show ) Architecture Cuisine Culture Customs Holidays Music Religion Sport Economy ( show ) Economy Recycling Taxation Transport Society ( show ) Demographics Education Customs Languages Media Health care Government ( show ) Foreign Policy Human Rights Law Law enforcement Military Politics Policies ( show ) Gedogen Abortion Drug policy Euthanasia Pillarisation Prostitution Same - sex marriage This article is a part of a series on Dutch Languages of the Netherlands Dutch dialects Dutch Low Saxon dialects Tweants Gronings Drèents West Low Franconian dialects West Flemish / French Flemish East Flemish Zeelandic Hollandic Brabantian South Guelderish Surinamese Dutch Jersey Dutch Mohawk Dutch Stadsfries Bildts Meuse - Rhenish East Low Franconian dialects Limburgish Southeast Limburgish Low Dietsch Knowledge of foreign languages in the Netherlands , in percent of the population over 15 , 2006 . Data taken from an EU survey . Knowledge of the German language in the Netherlands , 2005 . According to the Eurobarometer : 70 % of the respondents indicated that they know German well enough to have a conversation . Of these 12 % ( per cent , not percentage points ) reported a very good knowledge of the language whereas 22 % had a good knowledge and 43 % basic German skills . The official language of the Netherlands is Dutch , spoken by almost all people in the Netherlands . Dutch is also spoken and official in Aruba , Belgium , Curaçao , Sint Maarten and Suriname . It is a West Germanic , Low Franconian language that originated in the Early Middle Ages ( c. 470 ) and was standardised in the 16th century . There are also some recognised provincial languages and regional dialects . West Frisian is a co-official language in the province of Friesland . West Frisian is spoken by 453,000 speakers English is an official language in the special municipalities of Saba and Sint Eustatius ( BES Islands ) . It is widely spoken on Saba and Sint Eustatius ( see also : English language in the Netherlands ) . The municipality of Amsterdam also recognises English as an official language but on a lower status than Dutch , meaning that communication with the municipality can be done in English , but Dutch remains the language of publications , meetings , and administration . A large majority of primary and secondary education in Amsterdam remains in Dutch only , but there are some bilingual Dutch - English schools . On Saba and St. Eustatius , the majority of the education is in English only , with some bilingual English - Dutch schools . Papiamento is an official language in the special municipality of Bonaire . It is also the native language in the autonomous state of Curaçao and Aruba . Several dialects of Dutch Low Saxon ( Nederlands Nedersaksisch in Dutch ) are spoken in much of the north - east of the country and are recognised as regional languages according to the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages . Low Saxon is spoken by 1,798,000 speakers . Another Low Franconian dialect is Limburgish , which is spoken in the south - eastern province of Limburg . Limburgish is spoken by 825,000 speakers . Though there are movements to have Limburgish recognised as an official language ( meeting with varying amounts of success , ) it is important to note that Limburgish in fact consists of a large number of differing dialects that share some common aspects , but are quite different . However , both Low Saxon and Limburgish spread across the Dutch - German border and belong to a common Dutch - German dialect continuum . The Netherlands also has its separate Dutch Sign Language , called Nederlandse Gebarentaal ( NGT ) . It is still waiting for recognition and has 17,500 users . There is a trend of learning foreign languages in the Netherlands : between 90 % and 93 % of the total population are able to converse in English , 71 % in German , 29 % in French and 5 % in Spanish . Contents ( hide ) 1 Minority languages , regional languages and dialects in the Benelux 1.1 West Frisian dialects 1.2 Low Saxon dialects 1.3 Low Franconian dialects 1.4 Central Franconian dialects 1.5 Dialects fully outside the Netherlands 2 References 2.1 Footnotes 2.2 Notations Minority languages , regional languages and dialects in the Benelux ( edit ) West Frisian dialects ( edit ) West Frisian is an official language in the Dutch province of Friesland ( Fryslân in West Frisian ) . The government of the Frisian province is bilingual . Since 1996 West Frisian has been recognised as an official minority language in the Netherlands under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages , although it had been recognised by the Dutch government as the second state language ( tweede rijkstaal ) , with official status in Friesland , since the 1950s . Westlauwers Frisian Wood Frisian Clay Frisian Noordhoeks Zuidwesthoeks Hindeloopers Westers Aasters Schiermonnikoogs Low Saxon dialects ( edit ) Gronings - East Frisian Kollumerpompsters Hoogelandsters Oldambtsters Westerwolds Veenkoloniaals Stadsgronings Noordenvelds ( Noord - Drents ) Westerkwartiers Midden - Drents Zuid - Drents Stellingwerfs Guelderish - Overijssels Urkish Sallands Achterhoeks Twents Oost - Twents Vriezenveens ( this is actually a separate dialect because of West Frisian influences ) Twents - Graafschaps Veluws Oost - Veluws West - Veluws Minority languages , regional languages and dialects in the Benelux countries Low Franconian dialects ( edit ) West Frisian Mainland West Frisian Insular West Frisian Stadsfries Midlands Amelands Bildts Hollandic Kennemerlandic Zaans Waterlandic Amsterdams Strand - Hollands Haags Rotterdams Utrechts - Alblasserwaards Westhoeks Zealandic - West Flemish ( including French Flemish ) Zealandic Burger - Zeeuws Coastal West Flemish Continental West Flemish East Flemish The Rhinelandic dialect continuum -- -- Low Franconian ( Dutch ) -- -- ( 1 ) Brabantian ( incl . South Guelderish , East Bergish ) ( 2 ) Limburgish ( incl . Low Bergish ) -- -- West Central German ( Central and Rhine Franconian ) -- -- ( 3 ) Ripuarian ( incl . South Bergish ) ( 4 ) , ( 5 ) Moselle Franconian ( incl . Luxembourgish ) ( 6 ) Rhine Franconian South Guelderish ( Kleverlands ) Rivierenlands Liemers Nijmeegs North Limburgian Brabantian Northwest Brabantian Central north Brabantian East Brabantian Kempen Brabantian South Brabantian Limburgish West Limburgish Central Limburgish Southeast Limburgish Low Dietsch Central Franconian dialects ( edit ) Ripuarian Kerkrade dialect Vaals dialect Note that Ripuarian is not recognised as a regional language of the Netherlands . Dialects fully outside the Netherlands ( edit ) Luxembourgish is divided into Moselle Luxembourgish , West Luxembourgish , East Luxembourgish , North Luxembourgish and City Luxembourgish . The Oïl dialects in the Benelux are Walloon ( divided into West Walloon , Central Walloon , East Walloon and South Walloon ) , Lorrain ( including Gaumais ) , Champenois and Picard ( including Tournaisis ) . References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Regeling - Instellingsbesluit Consultatief Orgaan Fries 2010 - BWBR0027230 '' . wetten.overheid.nl . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` wetten.nl - Regeling - Invoeringswet openbare lichamen Bonaire , Sint Eustatius en Saba - BWBR0028063 '' . Wetten.overheid.nl . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Regeling - Wet openbare lichamen Bonaire , Sint Eustatius en Saba - BWBR0028142 '' . Wetten.overheid.nl . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Taal in Nederland . : . Nedersaksisch '' . taal.phileon.nl . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EUROPEANS AND THEIR LANGUAGES '' ( PDF ) . Web.archive.org. 6 January 2016 . Archived from the original on 6 January 2016 . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` EUROPEANS AND THEIR LANGUAGES '' ( PDF ) . Ec.europa.eu . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Taal in Nederland . : . Fries '' . taal.phileon.nl . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amsterdam wordt ' Emsterdem ' '' . Telegraaf.nl . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taal in Nederland . : . Limburgs '' . taal.phileon.nl . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Rapport `` Meer dan een gebaar '' en `` actualisatie 1997 - 2001 Jump up ^ `` '' English in the Netherlands : Functions , forms and attitudes '' p. 316 and onwards '' ( PDF ) . Alisonedwardsdotcom.files.wordpress.com . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gemeente Kerkrade - Kirchröadsj Plat '' . www.kerkrade.nl . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cittaslow Vaals : verrassend , veelzijdig , veelkleurig '' . Retrieved 9 September 2015 . The PDF file can be accessed at the bottom of the page . The relevant citation is on the page 13 : `` De enige taal waarin Vaals echt te beschrijven en te bezingen valt is natuurlijk het Völser dialect . Dit dialect valt onder het zogenaamde Ripuarisch . '' Notations ( edit ) `` Taal in Nederland . : . Fries '' . taal.phileon.nl . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . `` Taal in Nederland . : . Nedersaksisch '' . taal.phileon.nl . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . `` Taal in Nederland . : . Limburgs '' . taal.phileon.nl . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Ginsburgh , Victor ; Ignacio Ortuño - Ortin ; Shlomo Weber ( February 2005 ) . `` Why Do People Learn Foreign Languages ? '' ( PDF ) . Université libre de Bruxelles . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 10 . - specifically , see Table 2 . Languages of the Netherlands Official national language Dutch Official regional languages West Frisian English Papiamento Non-official regional languages / dialects Limburgish Low Saxon Romani Yiddish Sign languages Dutch Sign Language Languages and dialects of Benelux Dutch Brabantian East Flemish Hollandic South Hollandic Utrechts - Alblasserwaards South Guelderish West Flemish Zeelandic Stadsfries Dutch Low Saxon Achterhoeks Drèents East Frisian Gronings Sallands Stellingwarfs Tweants Urkers Veluws English French Champenois Lorrain Picard Walloon German Ripuarian Limburgish Low Dietsch Luxembourgish Papiamento West Frisian Languages of Belgium Languages of the Netherlands Languages of Luxembourg Netherlands articles Part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands History Germanic tribes Roman Era Frisii , Chamavi , Batavi , Cananefates Migration Period Saxons , Frisians , Franks Dorestad , Utrecht Development urban centers Frisian Kingdom Frankish Kingdom Middle Francia Lower Lorraine Flanders , Holland , Frisian Freedom Brabant , Guelders Holy Roman Empire Burgundian Netherlands Habsburg Netherlands Renaissance Seventeen Provinces Spanish Netherlands Eighty Years ' War Dutch Republic Golden Age Batavian Revolution Batavian Republic Kingdom of Holland First French Empire Principality United Kingdom Netherlands since 1900 World War II Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands Geography Birds Cities Delta Works Earthquakes Extreme points Flood control Gas field Islands Lakes Mammals Mountains and hills Regions Rivers Rhine -- Meuse -- Scheldt delta Volcanoes Zuiderzee Works Politics Cabinet Constitution Corruption Demographics Drug policy Immigration Education Elections Health care Foreign relations Human rights LGBT Law enforcement Monarch Municipalities Mayor Passport Provinces King 's Commissioner Executive States Provincial Republicanism States General Senate House of Representatives Political parties Prime Minister Military Water boards Economy AEX index Central bank Energy Euronext Polder model Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Trade unions Transport Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Customs and etiquette Decorations and medals Language regional Literature Media Music Orders of knighthood People Netherlands names Public holidays Religion Sport Symbols Anthem Coat of arms Flag Lion Outline Portal Languages of Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_Netherlands&oldid=833889133 '' Categories : Languages of the Netherlands Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Français Gaeilge Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands Română Русский Zeêuws Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 22 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages%20of%20the%20Netherlands

who was the little kid on the partridge family

The Partridge Family

the partridge family

The Partridge Family Genre Musical sitcom Created by Bernard Slade Starring Shirley Jones David Cassidy Danny Bonaduce Susan Dey Suzanne Crough Jeremy Gelbwaks Dave Madden Brian Forster Theme music composer Diane Hilderbrand Danny Janssen Wes Farrell Opening theme `` When We 're Singin ' '' ( 1970 -- 71 ) `` C'mon , Get Happy '' ( 1971 -- 74 ) Composer ( s ) George Duning Benny Golson Warren Barker Hugo Montenegro Shorty Rogers Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 96 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Bob Claver Producer ( s ) William Bickley Paul Junger Witt Dale McRaven Larry Rosen Mel Swope Cinematography Fred Jackman , Jr . Irving Lippman Camera setup Single - camera Running time 25 minutes Production company ( s ) Screen Gems Television Distributor Columbia Pictures Television ( 1974 -- 1975 ) DFS Program Exchange ( 1984 -- 87 ) The Program Exchange ( 1987 -- 89 ) Columbia TriStar Television ( 1996 -- 2002 ) Sony Pictures Television ( 2002 -- present ) Release Original network ABC Audio format Monaural Original release September 25 , 1970 ( 1970 - 09 - 25 ) -- March 23 , 1974 ( 1974 - 03 - 23 ) Chronology Related shows Getting Together Goober and the Ghost Chasers Partridge Family 2200 A.D. The Partridge Family is an American musical sitcom starring Shirley Jones and featuring David Cassidy . Jones played a widowed mother , and Cassidy played the oldest of her five children who embarked on a music career . It ran from September 25 , 1970 , until March 23 , 1974 , on the ABC network as part of a Friday - night lineup , and had subsequent runs in syndication . The family was loosely based on the real - life musical family The Cowsills , a popular band in the late 1960s and early 1970s . Contents 1 Premise 2 History 3 Cast and characters 3.1 Notable guest stars 4 Episodes 5 Production 5.1 Music 6 Broadcast history 6.1 Ratings 6.2 Syndication 7 Reception 7.1 Awards and nominations 8 Media 8.1 Discography 8.2 Danny Bonaduce album 8.3 Ricky Segall album 8.4 Animated spin - off 8.5 Board game 8.6 Comic books 8.7 Reunion special 8.8 Reunion on Danny ! 8.9 The New Partridge Family 8.10 DVD releases 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Premise ( edit ) The Partridge Family , season 1 . L-R : Shirley Jones , Jeremy Gelbwaks , Suzanne Crough , Susan Dey , Danny Bonaduce and David Cassidy In the pilot episode , a group of musical siblings in the fictitious city of San Pueblo , California ( said to be `` 40 miles from Napa County '' in episode 24 , A Partridge By Any Other Name ) convinces their widowed mother , bank teller Shirley Partridge , to help them out by singing as they record a pop song in their garage . Through the efforts of precocious 10 - year - old Danny they find a manager , Reuben Kincaid , who helps make the song a Top 40 hit . After more persuading , Shirley agrees that the family can go on tour . They acquire an old school bus , a 1957 Chevrolet Series 6800 Superior , for touring , paint it with Mondrian - inspired patterns , and head to Las Vegas , Nevada for their first live gig at Caesars Palace . Subsequent episodes usually feature the band performing in various venues or in their garage . The shows often contrast suburban life with the adventures of a show - business family on the road . After the first season , more of the show 's action takes place in their hometown than on tour . History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Created for television by Bernard Slade , the series ' executive producer was Bob Claver . The show was inspired by and loosely based on The Cowsills , a family pop music group that was famous in the late 1960s . In the show 's early development , the Cowsill children were considered by the producers , but because the Cowsills were not trained actors and were too old for the roles as scripted , Slade and Claver abandoned that idea . Shirley Jones had already been signed as mother Shirley Partridge and star of the show . The pilot was filmed in December 1969 . This unaired pilot differs from the pilot broadcast in 1970 . In the unaired pilot , Shirley 's name is `` Connie '' and she has a boyfriend played by Jones ' real - life husband at the time , Jack Cassidy , father of David Cassidy . Laurie mentions her late father once getting drunk at a Christmas party , and the family has a different address and live in Ohio . The show proved popular , but the fame took its toll on several , if not most , of the starring cast , particularly David Cassidy . In the midst of his rise to fame , Cassidy soon felt stifled by the show and trapped by the mass hysteria surrounding his every move . In May 1972 , he appeared nude on the cover of Rolling Stone magazine in a cropped Annie Leibovitz photo . He used the article to get away from his squeaky clean image . Among other things , the article mentions Cassidy was riding around New York in the back of a car `` stoned and drunk . '' Shortly after the series ended , scriptwriter Roberta Tatum launched a lawsuit against Screen Gems concerning the creation of the show . Tatum claimed that she had submitted a similar premise to Screen Gems prior to 1970 called Baker 's Half - Dozen . The matter was resolved out of court , with Tatum receiving a reported $150,000 from Screen Gems . The Partridge Family , season 1 Cast and characters ( edit ) Shirley Jones as Shirley Partridge : vocals , keyboard , tambourine , percussion David Cassidy as Keith Partridge : lead vocals , rhythm guitar , electric lead guitar , banjo Susan Dey as Laurie Partridge : vocals , harmony , piano , Hammond organ , percussion Danny Bonaduce as Danny Partridge : vocals , bass guitar Jeremy Gelbwaks as Chris Partridge ( season 1 ) : vocals , drums Brian Forster as Chris Partridge ( seasons 2 -- 4 ) : vocals , drums Suzanne Crough as Tracy Partridge : tambourine , percussion Dave Madden as Reuben Kincaid : band manager Ricky Segall as Ricky Stevens ( season 4 ) : singer Simone , the family 's pet dog ( season 1 only ) On the show 's soundtrack and records , none of the actors actually played the indicated instruments , and only Jones and primarily Cassidy sang . The actors pretended while listening to recordings by session musicians who provided the real vocal and instrumental music attributed to The Partridge Family . Notable guest stars ( edit ) During its four - season run , many actors made guest appearances on the show . Some of them were well known at the time , such as Morey Amsterdam , John Astin , Carl Ballantine , John Banner , Edgar Buchanan , George Chakiris , Dick Clark ( who later hosted The Other Half from 2001 to 2003 with Danny Bonaduce ) , Jackie Coogan , Howard Cosell , Jodie Foster , Bernard Fox , Ned Glass , James Gregory , Margaret Hamilton , Pat Harrington Jr. , Arte Johnson , Harvey Lembeck , Art Metrano , Mary Ann Mobley , Harry Morgan , Slim Pickens , Richard Pryor , Barbara Rhoades , William Schallert , Nita Talbot , Larry Wilcox , Dick Wilson , and William Windom . Others would later become famous in other roles , such as Meredith Baxter , Richard Bull , Bert Convy , Farrah Fawcett , Norman Fell , Anthony Geary , Louis Gossett Jr. , Harold Gould , Jackie Earle Haley , Mark Hamill , Season Hubley , Ann Jillian , Gordon Jump , Cheryl Ladd , Michael Lembeck , William Lucking , Stuart Margolin , Richard Mulligan , Michael Ontkean , Noam Pitlik , Annette O'Toole , Charlotte Rae , Rob Reiner , Jack Riley , Jaclyn Smith , Vic Tayback , Nancy Walker , and Frank Welker . The Partridge Family , season 3 Country singer Johnny Cash made an uncredited cameo appearance in the pilot episode . Ray Bolger played Shirley 's father in three episodes , and Rosemary DeCamp played Shirley 's mother in four episodes . Then - Governor Ronald Reagan 's daughter , Maureen Reagan , was also featured in one episode . Future Charlie 's Angels stars Jaclyn Smith , Farrah Fawcett and Cheryl Ladd all made guest appearances on separate episodes . Bobby Sherman appeared in the last episode of the first season ( Episode 25 ) as struggling songwriter Bobby Conway . This episode led into a short - lived spinoff series on ABC , Getting Together , starring Sherman and Wes Stern as Bobby Conway 's business partner Lionel Poindexter . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Partridge Family episodes Shirley Jones and Ricky Segall , season 4 Production ( edit ) At the end of the first season , Jeremy Gelbwaks ' family moved out of the Los Angeles area , and the part of Chris was recast with actor Brian Forster . According to David Cassidy , Gelbwaks `` had a personality conflict with every person in the cast and the producers '' and especially did not get along with Cassidy or Bonaduce . A dog named Simone was featured in the first season , but it was phased out during the second season . At the beginning of the fourth season , a four - year - old neighbor , Ricky Stevens ( Ricky Segall ) , was featured and would sing a children 's song during each episode , but the character was dropped mid-season . Music ( edit ) Music recorded for the pilot episode was produced by Monkees ' producer Shorty Rogers . Songs for the ongoing series were recorded by music producer Wes Farrell . The Partridge Family songs heard in the show , and on the several Partridge Family singles and albums , were not performed as seen on - screen . Actor David Cassidy sang lead on most of the records , and actor Shirley Jones can be heard on a few . But the other voices and all the instruments were recorded by session musicians . The Partridge Family 's instrumental sound was provided by musicians informally known as The Wrecking Crew , who did many of the pop hits of the day attributed to other performers . The actors pretended to play their instruments . None of the actors sang background ; they lip - synched to recorded singing by The Love Generation , AKA The Ron Hicklin Singers , composed of brothers John and Tom Bahler , Jackie Ward ( who as Robin Ward had a # 14 hit `` Wonderful Summer '' on Dot Records in 1963 ) , and Ron Hicklin . Actor David Cassidy was originally to lip sync with the rest of the cast , but convinced Farrell that he could sing and was allowed to join the studio ensemble as the lead singer . He and his step - mother , Shirley , are the only two show actors allowed to sing for recording . The Partridge Family theme song , produced by Rogers , was shown over opening credits . More than one song was used as the theme song . Season 1 episodes feature the song `` When We 're Singin ' '' , which was replaced in subsequent seasons with `` C'mon Get Happy '' . `` Five of us , and Mom working all day , we knew we could help her if our music would pay , Danny got Reuben to sell our song , and it really came together when Mom sang along ... '' ( from `` When We 're Singin ' '' ) Later , under Farrell 's direction , the new version had new lyrics sung to the `` When We 're Singin ' '' tune . With the new chorus finalized , `` C'mon Get Happy '' showcased the new verse : `` We had a dream , we 'd go travelin ' together , We 'd spread a little lovin ' then we 'd keep movin ' on . Somethin ' always happens whenever we 're together We get a happy feelin ' when we 're singing a song ... '' ( from `` C'Mon Get Happy '' ) Broadcast History ( edit ) For its final season , ABC moved the show from its 8 : 30 pm Friday night slot ( where it rated first in its timeslot ) to Saturday at 8 : 00 pm ( opposite CBS ' top - rated All in the Family , with which it could not compete successfully ) . After the show 's popularity began to decline in the US , it began to increase in the UK . This new popularity in the UK gave them five UK Top 20 Hits , some of which were less popular in the States . After 96 episodes and eight Partridge Family albums , ABC canceled the show . Ratings ( edit ) ( Households with TV : 62,100,000 ) 1970 -- 1971 : No. 26 The Partridge Family ABC Estimated Audience 11,899,800 1971 -- 1972 : No. 16 The Partridge Family ABC Estimated Audience 14,034,600 1972 -- 1973 : No. 19 The Partridge Family ABC Estimated Audience 13,348,800 1973 -- 1974 : No. 78 Syndication ( edit ) Nickelodeon featured a run of The Partridge Family from 1993 to 1994 as part of its Nick at Nite lineup . The network used interviews and commercials featuring cast members , and created a new version of the bus for promotion . The show also aired at various times on Fox Family , Ion Television , and Hallmark Channel . As of January 2011 , it airs on Antenna TV . FETV also started airing The Partridge Family in December 2017 . The cast was reunited in 1977 on the special Thanksgiving Reunion with The Partridge Family and My Three Sons . Reunited again in the 1990s on The Arsenio Hall Show and The Danny Bonaduce Show and were featured on E ! True Hollywood Story , Biography and VH1 's Behind the Music . When the digital subchannel Antenna TV premiered in January 2011 , The Partridge Family became one of its offerings through the network 's distribution agreement with Sony Pictures Television ( parent company and successor of series producer Screen Gems ) . Reception ( edit ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Result 1971 Grammy Awards Best New Artist Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best TV Show -- Musical / Comedy Nominated 1972 Best TV Show -- Musical / Comedy Nominated 2003 TV Land Awards Quintessential Non-Traditional Family Nominated Hippest Fashion Plate -- Male to David Cassidy Won Favorite Teen Dream -- Female to Susan Dey Won Irreplaceable Replacement for Brian Forster replacing Jeremy Gelbwaks Nominated 2006 Favorite Singing Siblings Nominated The Most Irreplaceable Replacement for Brian Forster replacing Jeremy Gelbwaks Nominated 2007 Most Beautiful Braces -- Susan Dey Nominated Media ( edit ) Discography ( edit ) Main article : The Partridge Family discography The Partridge Family was produced for ABC by Screen Gems . The company promoted the show by releasing a series of albums featuring the family band , though David Cassidy and Shirley Jones , who sang background , were the only cast members who were actually featured on the recordings . As the show and other associated merchandising soared , David Cassidy became a teen idol . The producers signed Cassidy as a solo act as well . Cassidy began touring with his own group of musicians , performing Partridge songs as well as hits from his own albums , to thousands of screaming teenagers in major stadiums across the USA , UK , Europe , Japan and Australia . The Partridge Family 's biggest hit came in 1970 with the song `` I Think I Love You '' , written by Tony Romeo ( who had previously written several of the Cowsills ' hits ) , peaked at Number 1 on the Billboard charts in December of that year . It sold over five million copies , outselling the Beatles ' `` Let It Be '' , was awarded a gold disc , and made the group the third fictional artist to have a No. 1 hit ( after The Chipmunks and The Archies ) . The song 's companion LP , The Partridge Family Album , reached Number 4 in the Billboard 200 . It was also awarded a gold disc by the RIAA in December 1970 , having sold over 500,000 copies . A string of hit Partridge singles followed : `` Does n't Somebody Want to Be Wanted '' , `` I 'll Meet You Halfway '' , `` I Woke Up In Love This Morning '' , `` It 's One of Those Nights ( Yes Love ) '' , `` Am I Losing You '' , `` Looking Through the Eyes of Love '' , `` Breaking Up Is Hard to Do '' , and `` A Friend and a Lover '' . These singles were showcased on million - selling albums including Up To Date , Sound Magazine , Shopping Bag , Notebook , Crossword Puzzle , and Bulletin Board . Their holiday album A Partridge Family Christmas Card was the No. 1 selling Christmas record of 1971 . Record sales success was replicated internationally , with both The Partridge Family ( group ) and David Cassidy ( solo ) achieving huge hits in Canada , Great Britain , Europe , Japan , Australia , New Zealand and South Africa . In all , The Partridge Family released 89 songs on 9 albums between 1970 and 1973 . Danny Bonaduce album ( edit ) Though Danny Bonaduce was not part of the session band , he also got a recording contract , and released a self - titled album in 1972 , Danny Bonaduce . Though Bonaduce was credited as lead singer on all songs , he insists that he had a weak voice and that Bruce Roberts provided most of the vocals on the album . The first track , `` I 'll Be Your Magician '' , in which the 13 - year - old Bonaduce seduces a woman into having sexual intercourse with him , has developed a cult following for its campy entertainment value . The original , watered - down , version was recorded with Cassidy for the Sound Magazine album , but was discarded and never released . In fall 2010 , Cassidy dared Bonaduce to learn how to play the bass guitar lines on the songs the Partridge Family performed . Bonaduce learned the bass guitar line for `` Does n't Somebody Want to Be Wanted '' , stating that although he had no ability to read music , the song was relatively easy to learn ; Cassidy and Bonaduce subsequently performed together on rare occasions . Ricky Segall album ( edit ) In conjunction with the songs featured by Ricky Segall in the fourth season of the TV show , Bell Records released the album Ricky Segall and The Segalls in 1973 . Seven of the album 's ten tracks were featured on the TV show . Two tracks were also released as a single : `` Sooner or Later '' / `` Say Hey Willie '' ( Bell 45429 ) . Animated spin - off ( edit ) The Partridges had a brief resurgence in animated form which saw the family propelled into the future . The animated Partridges first appeared when the kids did a series of guest spots on Goober and the Ghost Chasers . That idea evolved into a CBS Saturday morning Hanna - Barbera - produced cartoon in 1974 , Partridge Family 2200 A.D. ( also called The Partridge Family in Outer Space when rerun later as part of Fred Flintstone and Friends ) . Shirley Jones and David Cassidy did not voice their animated characters and Susan Dey and Dave Madden had very limited involvement with this cartoon . Board game ( edit ) Released in 1971 by Milton Bradley , The Partridge Family Game offers a glimpse of what life on the road was like for one of TV 's favorite fictional pop bands . The back of the box explains , `` As on TV , many happenings occur to the Partridge family , this game describes one of them . They have finished playing at a local arena and must hurry to their BUS to get traveling again . On the way , they may have some delays . '' The object of the game is to be the first player to get back to the tour bus . Comic books ( edit ) Charlton Comics produced a comic book featuring The Partridge Family between March 1971 and December 1973 . It features stories about the characters , song lyrics and features about David Cassidy . The drawings were provided by Don Sherwood . Reunion special ( edit ) Three years after the show 's cancellation , Shirley Jones and other cast members gathered with cast members of My Three Sons for the ABC special Thanksgiving Reunion with The Partridge Family and My Three Sons , that aired on November 25 , 1977 . The show featured the casts discussing the histories of their shows , although other than Jones and Fred MacMurray both portraying single parents of large families , the two series had no narrative link . Reunion on Danny ! ( edit ) In 1995 , a majority of the cast appeared on Bonaduce 's talk show Danny ! , including Shirley Jones , Dave Madden , Jeremy Gelbwaks , Brian Forster , Suzanne Crough , Ricky Segall and the show 's executive producer Bob Claver . Susan Dey was working on a movie at the time but called into the show to briefly reminisce with Bonaduce . David Cassidy was also unable to appear as he was working on a new album at that time . The new Partridge Family ( edit ) In 2004 , VH1 produced a pilot for a syndicated The New Partridge Family , starring Suzanne Sole as Shirley , Leland Grant as Keith , Emma Stone as Laurie and Spencer Tuskowski as Danny . The pilot was the only episode produced . DVD releases ( edit ) Sony Pictures Home Entertainment has released all 4 Seasons of The Partridge Family in DVD Region 1 . Seasons 1 and 2 have been released in Regions 2 and 4 . On October 15 , 2013 , Sony released The Partridge Family -- The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1 . The 12 - disc set features all 96 episodes of the series as well as bonus features . The Screen Gems closing logo was removed from episodes for the first three seasons on DVD . On August 27 , 2013 , it was announced that Mill Creek Entertainment had acquired the rights to various television series from the Sony Pictures library including The Partridge Family . They subsequently re-released the first two seasons on June 24 , 2014 . On September 22 , 2015 , Mill Creek re-released Partridge Family - The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1 with the original Screen Gems logo reinstated at the end of the credits . No U.S. DVD releases contain the epilogue to episode # 25 ( which does appear on Region 2 & 4 releases ) , nor the unaired 1969 pilot , nor any episodes of the spin - off series Getting Together . DVD name Ep . # Release date The Complete 1st Season 25 May 3 , 2005 June 24 , 2014 ( re-release ) The Complete 2nd Season 24 November 8 , 2005 June 24 , 2014 ( re-release ) The Complete 3rd Season 25 October 14 , 2008 The Complete 4th Season 22 February 3 , 2009 The Complete Series 96 October 15 , 2013 September 22 , 2015 ( re-release ) See also ( edit ) United States portal Television portal 1970s portal Come On Get Happy : The Partridge Family Story Ron Hicklin Singers The Cowsills The Love Generation The Brady Bunch Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` FAQ '' . CmonGetHappy.com . ^ Jump up to : Cassidy , David ; Deffaa , Chip ( 1994 ) . C'mon , Get Happy : Fear and Loathing on the Partridge Family Bus . DBC Enterprises , Warner Books Inc . ISBN 9780446395311 . Jump up ^ `` An Interview with Bob Claver , part 2 '' . CmonGetHappy.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Partridge Family -- The Pilot '' . David Cassidy : Official Website . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Green , Robin ( May 11 , 1972 ) . `` Naked Lunch Box '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Appelton , Jerry ( April 21 , 1978 ) . `` TVQ '' . The Toronto Star . p . D3 . Jump up ^ `` Robin Ward '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Partridge Family Antenna TV -- Antenna TV '' . AntennaTV.tv . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2012 . Retrieved March 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Antenna TV 's Fall Schedule '' . Dtvusaforum.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Pavan ( July 25 , 2011 ) . `` Antenna TV Fall 2011 Schedule ; OWN and TLC Acquires Undercover Boss Repeats for Fall 2012 '' . sitcomsonline.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Antenna TV : Classic Television and Movies on KTLA 's Antenna TV 5.2 '' . KTLA.com . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2012 . Retrieved March 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Elite of the Record Industry Await the Grammy Awards '' . The Palm Beach Post-Times . March 14 , 1971 . p . B16 . ^ Jump up to : Murrells , Joseph ( 1978 ) . The Book of Golden Discs ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Barrie and Jenkins Ltd. p. 284 . ISBN 0 - 214 - 20512 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` TSORT Song Artist 592 -- The Partridge Family '' . TSORT.info . Retrieved June 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TSORT Album Artist 994 -- The Partridge Family '' . TSORT.info . Retrieved June 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 179 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ Parry , Wayne ( April 10 , 2011 ) . David Cassidy , Danny Bonaduce play Partridge song . Associated Press . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Coopee , Todd . `` The Partridge Family Game '' . ToyTales.ca . Jump up ^ Shirley , Ian ( 2005 ) . Can Rock & Roll Save the World ? : An Illustrated History of Music and Comics . SAF Publishing Ltd. p. 88 -- 89 . ISBN 0946719802 . Jump up ^ `` Partridge Family ( 1971 ) comic books '' . MyComicShop.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Don Sherwood : ( 2 September 1930 -- 6 March 2010 , USA ) '' . Lambiek Encyclopedia . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Partridge Family DVD news : Announcement for The Partridge Family -- The Complete Series '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . July 15 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2015 . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Site News DVD news : Mill Creek Licenses 52 TV Shows from Sony for Low - Cost DVD Release '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . August 27 , 2013 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Partridge Family DVD news : Release Date for The Partridge Family -- Seasons 1 & 2 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com. April 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Partridge Family DVD news : Announcement for The Partridge Family -- The Complete Series '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . August 7 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2015 . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . References ( edit ) `` The Partridge Family Album '' by Joey Green , 1994 HarperCollins Publisher Sonypictures.com Vhi.com External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Partridge Family Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Partridge Family . The Partridge Family on IMDb The Partridge Family at TV.com Unofficial fan site Whatever happened to the Partridge Family ? The Partridge Family David Cassidy Shirley Jones Danny Bonaduce Susan Dey Jeremy Gelbwaks Brian Forster Suzanne Crough Dave Madden Studio albums The Partridge Family Album Up to Date Sound Magazine A Partridge Family Christmas Card Shopping Bag The Partridge Family Notebook Crossword Puzzle Bulletin Board Other albums At Home with Their Greatest Hits The World of the Partridge Family Greatest Hits The Definitive Collection Come On Get Happy ! : The Very Best of The Partridge Family Singles `` I Think I Love You '' `` Does n't Somebody Want to Be Wanted '' `` I 'll Meet You Halfway '' `` I Woke Up in Love This Morning '' `` It 's One of Those Nights ( Yes Love ) '' `` Breaking Up Is Hard to Do '' `` Looking Through the Eyes of Love '' Related articles List of The Partridge Family episodes The Partridge Family discography David Cassidy discography Wes Farrell Goober and the Ghost Chasers Partridge Family 2200 A.D. MusicBrainz : 3376b487 - 95b4 - 42e6 - b7f4 - 71cffffcad97 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Partridge_Family&oldid=855184736 '' Categories : The Partridge Family 1970 American television series debuts 1974 American television series endings 1970s American sitcoms American Broadcasting Company network shows Bell Records artists English - language television programs Fictional families Fictional musical groups Musical television series Television series based on singers and musicians Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television shows set in California Television series about families Television programs adapted into comics Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2012 Articles needing additional references from May 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 August 2018 , at 14 : 21 ( UTC ) . 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how many feet long is an aircraft carrier

The Nimitz - class are a class of ten nuclear - powered aircraft carriers in service with the United States Navy . The lead ship of the class is named after World War II United States Pacific Fleet commander Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz , who was the U.S. Navy 's last living fleet admiral . With an overall length of 1,092 ft ( 333 m ) and full - load displacement of over 100,000 long tons , they were the largest warships built and in - service until the USS Gerald R. Ford ( CVN - 78 ) entered the fleet in 2017 .

1,092 ft ( 333 m )

Nimitz - class aircraft carrier

nimitz - class aircraft carrier

Nimitz - class aircraft carrier USS Nimitz ( CVN - 68 ) , lead ship of her class of supercarriers , at sea near Victoria , British Columbia after her 1999 - 2001 refit . Class overview Name : Nimitz - class aircraft carrier Builders : Newport News Shipbuilding Company Operators : United States Navy Preceded by : Kitty Hawk class and Enterprise class Succeeded by : Gerald R. Ford class Subclasses : Theodore Roosevelt class and Ronald Reagan class Cost : Approximately $8.5 billion USD In commission : 3 May 1975 Planned : 10 Completed : 10 Active : 10 Lost : 0 Retired : 0 General characteristics Type : Aircraft carrier Displacement : 100,000 to 104,600 long tons ( 101,600 -- 106,300 t ) Length : Overall : 1,092 feet ( 332.8 m ) Waterline : 1,040 feet ( 317.0 m ) Beam : Overall : 252 ft ( 76.8 m ) Waterline : 134 ft ( 40.8 m ) Draft : Maximum navigational : 37 feet ( 11.3 m ) Limit : 41 feet ( 12.5 m ) Propulsion : 2 × Westinghouse A4W nuclear reactors 4 × steam turbines 4 × shafts 260,000 shp ( 194 MW ) Speed : 30 + knots ( 56 + km / h ; 35 + mph ) Range : Unlimited distance ; 20 -- 25 years Complement : Ship 's company : 3,200 Air wing : 2,480 Crew : Up to 5,000 + Sensors and processing systems : AN / SPS - 48E 3 - D air search radar AN / SPS - 49 ( V ) 5 2 - D air search radar AN / SPQ - 9 B target acquisition radar AN / SPN - 46 air traffic control radars AN / SPN - 43C air traffic control radar AN / SPN - 41 landing aid radars 4 × Mk 91 NSSM guidance systems 4 × Mk 95 radars Electronic warfare & decoys : AN / SLQ - 32A ( V ) 4 Countermeasures suite SLQ - 25A Nixie Torpedo Countermeasures Armament : 16 -- 24 × RIM - 7 Sea Sparrow or NATO Sea Sparrow missiles 3 or 4 × Phalanx CIWSs or RIM - 116 Rolling Airframe Missiles Armor : 2.5 in ( 64 mm ) Kevlar over vital spaces Aircraft carried : 85 -- 90 fixed wing and helicopters The Nimitz - class are a class of ten nuclear - powered aircraft carriers in service with the United States Navy . The lead ship of the class is named after World War II United States Pacific Fleet commander Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz , who was the U.S. Navy 's last living fleet admiral . With an overall length of 1,092 ft ( 333 m ) and full - load displacement of over 100,000 long tons , they were the largest warships built and in - service until the USS Gerald R. Ford ( CVN - 78 ) entered the fleet in 2017 . Instead of the gas turbines or diesel - electric systems used for propulsion on many modern warships , the carriers use two A4W pressurized water reactors which drive four propeller shafts and can produce a maximum speed of over 30 knots ( 56 km / h ) and maximum power of around 260,000 shp ( 190 MW ) . As a result of the use of nuclear power , the ships are capable of operating for over 20 years without refueling and are predicted to have a service life of over 50 years . They are categorized as nuclear - powered aircraft carriers and are numbered with consecutive hull numbers between CVN - 68 and CVN - 77 . All ten carriers were constructed by Newport News Shipbuilding Company in Virginia . USS Nimitz , the lead ship of the class , was commissioned on 3 May 1975 , and USS George H.W. Bush , the tenth and last of the class , was commissioned on 10 January 2009 . Since the 1970s , Nimitz - class carriers have participated in many conflicts and operations across the world , including Operation Eagle Claw in Iran , the Gulf War , and more recently in Iraq and Afghanistan . The angled flight decks of the carriers use a CATOBAR arrangement to operate aircraft , with steam catapults and arrestor wires for launch and recovery . As well as speeding up flight deck operations , this allows for a much wider variety of aircraft than with the STOVL arrangement used on smaller carriers . An embarked carrier air wing consisting of up to around 90 aircraft is normally deployed on board . After the retirement of the F - 14 Tomcat , the air wings ' strike fighters are primarily F / A-18E and F / A-18F Super Hornets and F / A-18A+ and F / A-18C Hornets . In addition to their aircraft , the vessels carry short - range defensive weaponry for anti-aircraft warfare and missile defense . The unit cost was about $8.5 billion in FY 12 dollars , equal to USD $9.36 billion ( 2018 ) inflation adjusted . Contents 1 Description 1.1 Design 1.2 Construction 1.3 Propulsion 1.4 Armament and protection 1.5 Carrier air wing 1.6 Flight deck and aircraft facilities 1.7 Strike groups 1.8 Design differences within the class 2 Ships in class 3 Service history 3.1 1975 -- 1989 3.2 1990 -- 2000 3.3 2001 -- present 3.4 Refueling Complex Overhaul 3.5 Symbolic and diplomatic roles 3.6 Accidents and incidents 4 Future 5 See also 6 Notes 6.1 Footnotes 6.2 Citations 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Description ( edit ) The Nimitz - class carriers have an overall length of 1,092 ft ( 333 m ) and a full - load displacement of about 100,000 -- 104,000 long tons ( 102,000 -- 106,000 t ) . They have a beam at the waterline of 135 ft ( 41 m ) , and the maximum width of their flight decks is 251 feet 10 inches ( 76.76 m ) to 257 feet 3 inches ( 78.41 m ) ( depending on the variant ) . The ship 's company can number up to 3,200 , not including an air wing of 2,480 . Design ( edit ) An artist 's impression of a Nimitz class ship in 1968 . The George Washington Carrier Strike Group formation sails in the Atlantic Ocean . The Nimitz - class aircraft carriers were ordered to supplement the aircraft carriers of the Kitty Hawk class and Enterprise class , maintaining the strength and capability of the U.S. Navy after the older carriers were decommissioned . The ships were designed to be improvements on previous U.S. aircraft carriers , in particular the Enterprise and Forrestal - class supercarriers , although the arrangement of the ships is relatively similar to that of the Kitty Hawk class . Among other design improvements , the two reactors on Nimitz - class carriers take up less space than the eight reactors used on Enterprise . Along with a more generally improved design , this means that Nimitz - class carriers can carry 90 % more aviation fuel and 50 % more ordnance when compared to the Forrestal class . The U.S. Navy has stated that the carriers could withstand three times the damage sustained by the Essex class inflicted by Japanese air attacks during World War II . The hangars on the ships are divided into three fire bays by thick steel doors that are designed to restrict the spread of fire . This addition has been present on U.S. aircraft carriers since World War II , after the fires caused by Kamikaze attacks . The first ships were designed around the time of the Vietnam War , and certain aspects of the design were influenced by operations there . To a certain extent , the carrier operations in Vietnam demonstrated the need for increased capabilities of aircraft carriers over their survivability , as they were used to send sorties into the war and were therefore less subject to attack . As a result of this experience , Nimitz carriers were designed with larger stores of aviation fuel and larger magazines in relation to previous carriers , although this was partly as a result of increased space available by the new design of the ships ' propulsion systems . A major purpose of the ships was initially to support the U.S. military during the Cold War , and they were designed with capabilities for that role , including using nuclear power instead of oil for greater endurance when deployed in blue water , and the ability to make adjustments to the carriers ' weapons systems on the basis of new intelligence and technological developments . They were initially categorized only as attack carriers , but ships have been constructed with anti-submarine capabilities since USS Carl Vinson . As a result , the ships and their aircraft are now able to participate in a wide range of operations , which can include sea and air blockades , mine laying , and missile strikes on land , air and sea . Because of a design flaw , ships of this class have inherent lists to starboard when under combat loads that exceed the capability of their list control systems . The problem appears to be especially prevalent on some of the more modern vessels . This problem has been previously rectified by using damage control voids for ballast , but a solution using solid ballast which does not affect the ship 's survivability has been proposed . Construction ( edit ) All ten Nimitz - class aircraft carriers were constructed between 1968 and 2006 at Newport News Shipbuilding Company , in Newport News , Virginia , in the largest drydock in the western hemisphere , dry dock 12 , now 2,172 feet ( 662 m ) long after a recent expansion . Since USS Theodore Roosevelt , the aircraft carriers were manufactured in modular construction . This means that whole sections could be welded together with plumbing and electrical equipment already fitted , improving efficiency . Using gantry cranes , the modules were lifted into the dry dock and welded . In the case of the bow section , these can weigh over 1,500,000 pounds ( 680 t ) . This method was originally developed by Ingalls Shipbuilding and increases the rate of work because much of the fitting out does not have to be carried out within the confines of the already finished hull . The total cost of construction for each ship was around $4.5 billion . Propulsion ( edit ) One of the 4 propellers of the George Washington . All ships of the class are powered by two A4W nuclear reactors , housed in separate compartments . They power four propeller shafts and can produce a maximum speed of over 30 knots ( 56 km / h ) and maximum power of 260,000 bhp ( 190 MW ) . The reactors produce heat through nuclear fission which heats water . This is then passed through four turbines which are shared by the two reactors . The turbines power the four bronze propellers , each with a diameter of 25 feet ( 7.6 m ) and a weight of 66,000 pounds ( 30 t ) . Behind these are the two rudders which are 29 feet ( 8.8 m ) high and 22 feet ( 6.7 m ) long , and each weigh 110,000 pounds ( 50 metric tons ) . The Nimitz - class ships constructed since USS Ronald Reagan also have bulbous bows in order to improve speed and fuel efficiency by reducing wave - making resistance . As a result of the use of nuclear power , the ships are capable of operating continuously for over 20 years without refueling and are predicted to have a service life of over 50 years . Armament and protection ( edit ) The firing of a Sea Sparrow missile from the Theodore Roosevelt . A Phalanx CIWS is in the left of the image . In addition to the aircraft carried on board , the ships carry defensive equipment for use against missiles and hostile aircraft . These consist of either three or four NATO RIM - 7 Sea Sparrow missile launchers designed for defense against aircraft and anti-ship missiles as well as either three or four 20 mm Phalanx CIWS missile defense cannon . USS Ronald Reagan has none of these , having been built with the RIM - 116 Rolling Airframe Missile system , two of which have also been installed on USS Nimitz and USS George Washington . These will be installed on the other ships as they return for Refueling Complex Overhaul ( RCOH ) . Since USS Theodore Roosevelt , the carriers have been constructed with 2.5 in ( 64 mm ) Kevlar armor over vital spaces , and earlier ships have been retrofitted with it : Nimitz in 1983 -- 1984 , Eisenhower from 1985 -- 1987 and Vinson in 1989 . The other countermeasures the ships use are four Sippican SRBOC ( super rapid bloom off - board chaff ) six - barrel MK36 decoy launchers , which deploy infrared Flare ( countermeasure ) and chaff to disrupt the sensors of incoming missiles ; an SSTDS torpedo defense system ; and an AN / SLQ - 25 Nixie torpedo countermeasures system . The carriers also use AN / SLQ - 32 ( V ) Radar jamming and deception systems to detect and disrupt hostile radar signals in addition to the electronic warfare capabilities of some of the aircraft on board . The presence of nuclear weapons on board U.S. aircraft carriers since the end of the Cold War has neither been confirmed nor denied by the U.S. government . As a result of this , the presence of a U.S. aircraft carrier in a foreign port has occasionally provoked protest from local people , for example when USS Nimitz docked in Chennai , India , in 2007 . At that time , the Strike Group commander Rear Admiral John Terence Blake stated that : `` The U.S. policy is that we do not routinely deploy nuclear weapons on board Nimitz . '' In May 2013 , George H.W. Bush conducted the first carrier - borne end - to - end at - sea test of the Surface Ship Torpedo Defense System ( SSTDS ) . The SSTDS combines the passive detection of the Torpedo Warning System ( TWS ) that finds , classifies , and tracks torpedoes with the hard - kill capability of a Countermeasure Anti-Torpedo ( CAT ) , an encapsulated miniature torpedo designed to locate , home in on , and destroy hostile torpedoes . This increases protection against wake - homing torpedoes like the Type 53 that do n't respond to acoustic decoys . The pieces of the SSTDS are engineered to locate and destroy incoming torpedoes in a matter of seconds . Each system includes one TWS and 8 CATs . Initial operational capability ( IOC ) is planned for 2019 and all aircraft carriers are to be outfitted by 2035 . Carrier air wing ( edit ) Main article : Carrier air wing AF / A-18 Hornet launches from the flight deck of the Harry S. Truman . Other aircraft are stored on deck . In order for a carrier to deploy , it must embark one of ten Carrier Air Wings ( CVW ) . The carriers can accommodate a maximum of 130 F / A-18 Hornets or 85 -- 90 aircraft of different types , but current numbers are typically 64 aircraft . Although the air wings are integrated with the operation of the carriers they are deployed to , they are nevertheless regarded as a separate entity . As well as the aircrew , the air wings are also made up of support personnel involved in roles including maintenance , aircraft and ordnance handling and emergency procedures . Each person on the flight deck wears color - coded clothing to make his role easily identifiable . A typical carrier air wing can include 24 -- 36 F / A-18E or F Super Hornets as strike fighters ; two squadrons of 10 -- 12 F / A-18C Hornets , with one of these often provided by the U.S. Marine Corps ( VMFA ) , also as strike fighters ; 4 -- 6 EA - 18G Growlers for electronic warfare ; 4 -- 6 E-2C or D Hawkeyes for airborne early warning ( AEW ) , C - 2 Greyhounds used for logistics ( to be replaced by MV - 22 Ospreys ) ; and a Helicopter Antisubmarine Squadron of 6 -- 8 SH - 60F and HH - 60H Seahawks . Aircraft that have previously operated from Nimitz - class carriers include F - 4 Phantoms , RA - 5C Vigilantes , RF - 8G Crusaders , F - 14 Tomcats , S - 3 Vikings , EA - 6B Prowlers , A-7 Corsair II and A-6E Intruder aircraft . Flight deck and aircraft facilities ( edit ) The hangar of the George Washington during a replenishment at sea , 2009 . The flight deck is angled at nine degrees , which allows for aircraft to be launched and recovered simultaneously . This angle of the flight deck was reduced slightly in relation to previous carriers , as the current design improves the air flow around the carrier . Four steam catapults are used to launch fixed - wing aircraft , and four arrestor wires are used for recovery . The two newest carriers , Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush , have only three arrestor wires each , as the fourth was used infrequently on earlier ships and was therefore deemed unnecessary . This CATOBAR arrangement allows for faster launching and recovery as well as a much wider range of aircraft that can be used on board compared with smaller aircraft carriers , most of which use a simpler STOVL arrangement without catapults or arrestor wires . The ship 's aircraft operations are controlled by the air boss from Primary Flight Control or Pri - Fly . Four large elevators transport aircraft between the flight deck and the hangars below . These hangars are divided into three bays by thick steel doors that are designed to restrict the spread of fire . Strike groups ( edit ) Main article : Carrier strike group The George Washington carrier strike group in the Caribbean Sea , 2006 . When an aircraft carrier deploys , it takes a Strike Group , made up of several other warships and supply vessels which allow the operation to be carried out . The armament of the Nimitz class is made up only of short range defensive weapons , used as a last line of defense against enemy missiles and aircraft . An aircraft carrier , as with all surface ships , is particularly vulnerable to attack from below , specifically from submarines . An aircraft carrier is a very expensive , hard to replace and strategically valuable asset and therefore logically has a huge target value . As a result of its target value and vulnerability , aircraft carriers are always escorted by at least one submarine for protection . The other vessels in the Strike Group provide additional capabilities , such as long range Tomahawk missiles or the Aegis Combat System , and also protect the carrier from attack . A typical Strike Group may include , in addition to an aircraft carrier : up to six surface combatants , including frigates ( since retired from USN service ) , guided missile cruisers and guided missile destroyers ( used primarily for anti-aircraft warfare and anti-submarine warfare ) ; one or two attack submarines ( for seeking out and destroying hostile surface ships and submarines ) ; and an ammunition , oiler , and supply ship of Military Sealift Command to provide logistical support . The precise structure and numbers of each type of ship can vary between groups depending on the objectives of the deployment . Design differences within the class ( edit ) While the designs of the final seven ships ( beginning with USS Theodore Roosevelt ) are slightly different from those of the earlier ships , the U.S. Navy considers all ten carriers as a single class . When the older carriers come in for Refueling and Complex Overhaul ( RCOH ) , their nuclear power plants are refueled and they are upgraded to the standards of the later carriers . Other modifications may be performed to update the ships ' equipment . The ships were initially classified only as attack carriers but have been constructed with anti-submarine capabilities since USS Carl Vinson . These improvements include better radar systems and facilities which enable the ships to operate aircraft in a more effective Anti-submarine warfare role , including the fitting of common undersea picture ( CUP ) technology which uses sonar to allow for better assessment of the threat from submarines . The changes included better support for S - 3 Viking ASW patrol planes and SH - 60F Seahawk helicopters with dipping sonar systems . The Ronald Reagan in the Strait of Magellan , 2004 . USS Theodore Roosevelt and later carriers have slight structural differences from the earlier Nimitz carriers such as improved protection for ordnance stored in their magazines . Other improvements include upgraded flight deck ballistic protection , first installed on USS George Washington , and the high - strength low - alloy steel ( HSLA - 100 ) used for constructing ships starting with USS John C. Stennis . More recently , older ships have had their flight decks upgraded with a new non-slip material fitted on new - build ships , to improve safety for both crew members and aircraft . The final carrier of the class , USS George H.W. Bush , was designed as a `` transition ship '' from the Nimitz class to the replacement Gerald R. Ford class . Bush incorporates new technologies including improved propeller and bulbous bow designs , a reduced Radar cross-section and electronic and environmental upgrades. , the ship 's cost was $6.2 billion . The earlier Nimitz - class ships each cost around $4.5 billion . To lower costs , some new technologies and design features were also incorporated into USS Ronald Reagan , the previous carrier , including a redesigned island . Ships in class ( edit ) The United States Navy lists the following ten ships in the Nimitz class : Ship Hull Number Crest Laid down Launched Commissioned Refuel , Overhaul Homeport References Nimitz subclass Nimitz CVN - 68 22 June 1968 13 May 1972 3 May 1975 1998 -- 2001 Naval Base Kitsap , Bremerton , Washington Dwight D. Eisenhower ( ex-Eisenhower ) CVN - 69 15 August 1970 11 October 1975 18 October 1977 2001 -- 2005 Naval Station Norfolk , Norfolk , Virginia Carl Vinson CVN - 70 11 October 1975 15 March 1980 13 March 1982 2005 -- 2009 Naval Air Station North Island , San Diego , California Theodore Roosevelt subclass Theodore Roosevelt CVN - 71 31 October 1981 27 October 1984 25 October 1986 2009 -- 2013 Naval Air Station North Island , San Diego , California Abraham Lincoln CVN - 72 3 November 1984 13 February 1988 11 November 1989 2013 -- 2017 Naval Station Norfolk , Norfolk , Virginia George Washington CVN - 73 25 August 1986 21 July 1990 4 July 1992 2017 -- Naval Station Norfolk , Norfolk , Virginia John C. Stennis CVN - 74 13 March 1991 11 November 1993 9 December 1995 Naval Base Kitsap , Bremerton , Washington Harry S. Truman ( ex-United States ) CVN - 75 29 November 1993 7 September 1996 25 July 1998 Naval Station Norfolk , Norfolk , Virginia Ronald Reagan subclass Ronald Reagan CVN - 76 12 February 1998 4 March 2001 12 July 2003 Yokosuka Naval Base , Yokosuka , Japan George H.W. Bush CVN - 77 6 September 2003 9 October 2006 10 January 2009 Naval Station Norfolk , Norfolk , Virginia Service History ( edit ) 1975 -- 1989 ( edit ) One of the first major operations in which the ships were involved was Operation Eagle Claw launched by USS Nimitz in 1980 after she had deployed to the Indian Ocean in response to the taking of hostages in the U.S. embassy in Tehran . Although initially part of the U.S. Atlantic Fleet , Eisenhower relieved Nimitz in this operation after her service in the Mediterranean Sea . Nimitz conducted a Freedom of Navigation exercise alongside the aircraft carrier USS Forrestal in August 1981 in the Gulf of Sidra , near Libya . During this exercise , two of the ship 's F - 14 Tomcats shot down two Libyan aircraft in what became known as the Gulf of Sidra incident . In 1987 , Vinson participated in the first U.S. carrier deployment in the Bering Sea , and Nimitz provided security during the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul . 1990 -- 2000 ( edit ) USN RH - 53D Sea Stallion helicopters aboard Nimitz in early 1980 , prior to execution of Operation Eagle Claw . The two most significant deployments the Nimitz class was involved in during the 1990s were the Gulf War and its aftermath , and Operation Southern Watch in southern Iraq . All active vessels were engaged in both of these to some extent , with Operation Southern Watch continuing until 2003 . Most carriers in operation in Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm played supporting roles , with only Roosevelt playing an active part in combat operations . Throughout the 1990s and more recently , Nimitz - class carriers have been deployed as part of humanitarian missions . While deployed in the Gulf War , Lincoln was diverted to the Pacific Ocean to participate alongside 22 other ships in Operation Fiery Vigil , evacuating civilians following the eruption of Mt . Pinatubo on Luzon Island in the Philippines . In October 1993 , Lincoln deployed to Somalia to assist UN humanitarian operations there , spending four weeks flying patrols over the area around Mogadishu while supporting U.S. troops during Operation Restore Hope . The same ship also participated in Operation Vigilant Sentinel in the Persian Gulf in 1995 . Roosevelt flew patrols in support of the Kurds over northern Iraq as part of Operation Provide Comfort in 1991 . In 1996 , George Washington played a peacekeeping role in Operation Decisive Endeavor in Bosnia and Herzegovina . In 1999 , Roosevelt was called to the Ionian Sea to support Operation Allied Force alongside other NATO militaries . 2001 -- present ( edit ) Abraham Lincoln in dry dock , 1990 . Harry S. Truman 's maiden deployment was in November 2000 . The carrier 's air wing flew 869 combat sorties in support of Operation Southern Watch , including a strike on Iraqi air defense sites on 16 February 2001 , in response to Iraqi surface - to - air missile fire against United Nations coalition forces . Crew of Abraham Lincoln filling water containers while deployed to assist humanitarian efforts in the aftermath of 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami . After the September 11 attacks , Carl Vinson and Theodore Roosevelt were among the first warships to participate in Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan . Carl Vinson sailed towards the Persian Gulf intending to support Operation Southern Watch in July 2001 . This changed in response to the attacks , and the ship changed course to travel towards the North Arabian Sea , where she launched the first airstrikes in support of the operation on 7 October 2001 . Following the attacks , John C. Stennis and George Washington participated in Operation Noble Eagle , carrying out homeland security operations off the West Coast of the United States . All active ships have been involved to some extent in Iraq and Afghanistan since that time . This included the invasion in 2003 , as well as providing subsequent support for Operation Iraqi Freedom since then . The carriers have also provided aid after natural disasters . In 2005 , Abraham Lincoln supported Operation Unified Assistance in Indonesia after the December 2004 tsunami , and Truman provided aid after Hurricane Katrina later in 2005 . The Reagan Carrier Strike Group performed humanitarian assistance and disaster relief operations in the Philippines in June 2008 after Typhoon Fengshen , which killed hundreds from the central island regions and the main island of Luzon . In January 2010 Vinson operated off Haiti , providing aid and drinking water to earthquake survivors as part of the U.S. led Operation Unified Response , alongside other major warships and hospital ship Comfort . Refueling Complex Overhaul ( edit ) Main article : Refueling and Overhaul In order to refuel their nuclear power plants , the carriers each undergo a Refueling and Overhaul ( RCOH ) once in their service lives . This is also the most substantial overhaul the ships undergo while in service and involves bringing the vessels ' equipment up to the standards of the newest ships . The ship is placed in dry dock , and essential maintenance is carried out including painting of the hull below the waterline and replacement of electrical and mechanical components such as valves . Because of the large time periods between the ships ' constructions , the armament and designs of the newer ships are more modern than those of the older ships . In RCOH , the older ships are refitted to the standards of the newer ships , which can include major upgrades to the flight deck , aircraft catapults and combat systems as well as other upgrades such as improved radar systems , although precise details can vary significantly between the ships . The improvements normally take around four years to complete . The RCOH for USS Theodore Roosevelt took four years to complete ( 2009 -- 2013 ) and cost about US $2.6 billion . Planned Incremental Availability is a similar procedure , although it is less substantial and does not involve refueling of the nuclear power plants . Symbolic and diplomatic roles ( edit ) George Washington underway with the Royal Malaysian Navy Lekiu - class frigates KD Jebat ( FFG 29 ) and KD Lekiu ( FFG 30 ) during a transit of the Andaman Sea . Because of their status as the largest warships in the U.S. Navy , the deployment of an aircraft carrier can fulfill a symbolic role , not just in terms of a deterrent to an enemy , but often as a diplomatic tool , in strengthening relations with allies and potential allies . The latter of these functions can take place either as a single visit to a country , in which senior naval officers are allowed to observe the operating of the carrier and to interact with its senior officers , or as part of an international task force . This can be in combat operations , such as NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999 , or other deployments involving training , such as Exercise RIMPAC . In addition , carriers have participated in international Maritime security operations , combating piracy in the Persian Gulf and off the coast of Somalia . Accidents and incidents ( edit ) As on most large warships , there have been several incidents involving the death or injury of one or more crew members , although most have involved freak accidents or failures , such as a man overboard as a result of poor weather . One of the highest - profile incidents was on 26 May 1981 , when an EA - 6B Prowler crashed on the flight deck of Nimitz , killing 14 crewmen and injuring 45 others . Forensic testing of the personnel involved showed that several tested positive for marijuana . While this in itself was not found to have directly caused the crash , the findings of the investigation prompted the introduction of mandatory drug testing of all service personnel . In cases of ditched aircraft , pilots have been able to eject safely in several cases . However , fatal aircraft crashes have occurred ; in 1994 , Lt. Kara Hultgreen , the first female F - 14 Tomcat pilot , was killed while attempting to land on board Abraham Lincoln during a training exercise . Fires have also caused damage to the ships ; in May 2008 , while rotating through to her new homeport at Yokosuka Naval Base in Yokosuka , Japan , George Washington suffered a serious fire which cost $70 million in repairs , injured 37 sailors and led to the ship undergoing three months of repairs at San Diego ; this led to its having to miss the 2008 RIMPAC exercises and delayed the final withdrawal from service of USS Kitty Hawk . The fire was caused by unauthorized smoking in an area near improperly stored flammable refrigerant compressor oil . Future ( edit ) An artist 's impression of the Gerald R. Ford class . Nimitz - class carriers were designed to have a 50 - year service life . At the end of the service life , ships will be decommissioned . This process will first take place on Nimitz and is estimated to cost from $750 to $900 million . This compares with an estimate of $53 million for a conventionally powered carrier . Most of the difference in cost is attributed to the deactivation of the nuclear power plants and safe removal of radioactive material and other contaminated equipment . A new class of carriers , the Gerald R. Ford class , is being constructed to replace previous vessels after decommissioning . Ten of these are expected , and the first has entered service as of 22 July 2017 to replace Enterprise . Most of the rest of these new carriers are to replace the oldest Nimitz ships as they reach the end of their service lives . The new carriers will have a similar design to George H.W. Bush ( using an almost identical hull shape ) and technological and structural improvements . See also ( edit ) Book : Nimitz class aircraft carriers Gerald R. Ford - class aircraft carrier List of aircraft carriers List of naval ship classes in service List of aircraft carrier classes of the United States Navy Modern US Navy carrier air operations Naval aviation Aircraft Carrier ( Medium ) List of aircraft carriers of the United States Navy Timeline of aircraft carriers of the United States Navy United States Navy portal Notes ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The letters CVN denote the type of ship : `` CV '' is the hull classification symbol for aircraft carriers , and `` N '' indicates nuclear - powered propulsion . The number after the CVN means that this is the 68th `` CV '' , or large aircraft carrier . Jump up ^ All monetary values are adjusted for inflation to 2000s figures Jump up ^ Although there are ten carrier air wings in the U.S. Navy , they are numbered between CVW - 1 ( USS Enterprise ) and CVW - 17 ( USS Carl Vinson ) Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Polmar , p. 112 ^ Jump up to : Fontenoy , Paul E. ( 2006 ) . Aircraft carriers : an illustrated history of their impact . ABC - CLIO Ltd. p. 349 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 573 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Gibbons , Tony ( 2001 ) . The Encyclopedia of Ships . London , United Kingdom : Amber Books . p. 444 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905704 - 43 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` 25 Largest Warships In History '' . Science & Technology . April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Aircraft carriers -- CVN '' . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ CPI Inflation Calculator ^ Jump up to : Wolfson , Dianna . `` A Solution to the Inherent List on Nimitz Class Aircraft Carriers '' Defense Technical Information Center 2004 ^ Jump up to : `` USS Nimitz ( CVN 68 ) Multi-Purpose Aircraft Carrier '' . Naval Vessel Register . 2004 . Retrieved 18 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Ronald O'Rourke ( 2005 ) . `` Navy CVN - 21 Aircraft Carrier Program : Background and Issues for Congress '' . US Department of the Navy . Archived from the original on 1 December 2006 . Retrieved 18 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Polmar , p. 113 ^ Jump up to : Darwin , Robert ; Bowman , Howard ; Hunstad , Mary ; Leach , William ; Williams , Frederick ( 2005 ) . Aircraft Carrier Flight and Hangar Deck Fire Protection : History and Current Status . Defense Technical Information Center . p. 10 . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Friedman , p. 316 Jump up ^ Jim Wilson `` 21st Century Carrier Force '' Popular Mechanics October 1998 , pp. 58 -- 66 ^ Jump up to : Sandra I. Erwin ( July 2003 ) . `` 7th Fleet Experiment Probes Navy 's Near - Term Concerns '' . National Defense Industrial Association . Archived from the original on 2 December 2010 . Retrieved 31 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Patricia Kime ( September 2003 ) . `` Navy Should Bolster Crisis Planning for Theater ASW '' . Navy League of the United States . Archived from the original on 5 March 2010 . Retrieved 31 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cold War Ship -- Nimitz class '' . Royal Air Force Museum London . 2008 . Retrieved 21 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Aircraft Carriers -- CVN '' . U.S. Navy . 6 November 2009 . Retrieved 19 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CVN 78 Construction & Facilities '' . Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding . Archived from the original on 7 January 2010 . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Construction of George H.W. Bush ( CVN 77 ) '' . U.S. Navy . 8 March 2005 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` George H.W. Bush ( CVN 77 ) Christening '' ( PDF ) . Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding. 7 October 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 June 2010 . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Our Heritage : Litton Industries '' . Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding . Archived from the original on 16 March 2010 . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Information About Us '' . U.S. Navy . 14 October 2009 . Archived from the original on 3 December 2010 . Retrieved 24 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Yardley , Roland ; Schank , John ; Kallimani , James ( 2007 ) . A Methodology for Estimating the Effect of Aircraft Carrier Operational Cycles on the Maintenance Industrial Base : Technical Report . RAND Corporation . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8330 - 4182 - 1 . Jump up ^ Wertheim , p. 884 Jump up ^ Wertheim , p. 885 Jump up ^ Polmar , p. 108 Jump up ^ `` Nimitz docks off Chennai to ' build new relations with India ' '' . The Indian Express . 3 July 2007 . Retrieved 11 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NAM and Nimitz '' . Frontline. 14 -- 27 July 2007 . Archived from the original on 9 December 2010 . Retrieved 11 January 2010 . Jump up ^ First Carrier Countermeasure Anti-Torpedo Launched -- Navy.mil , 6 June 2013 Jump up ^ Navy Develops Torpedo Killing Torpedo -- News.USNI.org , 20 June 2013 Jump up ^ Navy Deploying New Anti-Torpedo Technology -- Defensetech.org , 28 October 2013 Jump up ^ US Navy Continues Work on Torpedo Warning System / Countermeasure Anti-Torpedo System -- Navyrecognition.com , 12 March 2015 Jump up ^ `` Navy Aircraft Carriers : Cost Effectiveness of Conventionally and Nuclear - powered Carriers Archived 18 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lambeth , p. 89 Lambeth , Benjamin ( 2005 ) . American Carrier Air Power at the Dawn of a New Century . RAND Corporation . p. 138 . ISBN 0 - 8330 - 3842 - 7 . Jump up ^ Stevens , p. 24 Jump up ^ Stevens , p. 24 Jump up ^ Polmar , p. 37 ^ Jump up to : `` Aircraft Carriers -- CV , CVN '' . Fact File . U.S. Navy . 12 October 2007 . Retrieved 10 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Refueling and Complex Overhaul '' . Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding . Retrieved 19 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Costing the CVN - 21 : A DID Primer '' . Defense Industry Daily . 19 December 2005 . Retrieved 27 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` USS Nimitz Flight Deck '' . Surface Technologies Corporation . Retrieved 2 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Lt. Katharine Cerezo ( 20 February 2010 ) . `` Truman Flight Deck Receives New Non-Skid '' . U.S. Navy . Retrieved 13 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release '' . Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding. 11 May 2009 . Retrieved 27 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Design Enhancements '' . Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding . Archived from the original on 13 November 2009 . Retrieved 28 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Aircraft Carrier Named the USS George H.W. Bush Commissioned '' . Fox News Channel . 10 January 2009 . Retrieved 14 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ronald Reagan ( CVN 76 ) Christening : Advanced Media Kit '' ( PDF ) . Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding . Retrieved 27 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` USS Nimitz ( CVA ( N ) - 68 ) '' . Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships . Navy Department , Naval History and Heritage Command . 8 May 2009 . Retrieved 23 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` USS Dwight D. Eisenhower ( CVN - 69 ) '' . Naval Vessel Register . 2004 . Retrieved 18 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Evans , Mark L. ( 27 September 2006 ) . `` USS Dwight D. Eisenhower ( CVN - 69 ) '' . Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships . Navy Department , Naval History & Heritage Command . Retrieved 23 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` USS Carl Vinson ( CVN - 70 ) '' . Naval Vessel Register . 2004 . Retrieved 18 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Evans , Mark L. ( 11 July 2007 ) . `` USS Carl Vinson ( CVN - 70 ) '' . Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships . Navy Department , Naval History & Heritage Command . Retrieved 23 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` USS Theodore Roosevelt ( CVN - 71 ) '' . Naval Vessel Register . 2004 . Retrieved 18 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` USS Abraham Lincoln ( CVN - 72 ) '' . Naval Vessel Register . 2004 . Retrieved 18 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Evans , Mark L. ( 13 August 2008 ) . `` Abraham Lincoln '' . Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships . Navy Department , Naval History & Heritage Command . Retrieved 23 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` USS George Washington ( CVN - 73 ) '' . Naval Vessel Register . 2004 . Retrieved 18 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` USS John C. Stennis ( CVN - 74 ) '' . Naval Vessel Register . 2004 . Retrieved 18 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` USS Harry S. Truman ( CVN - 75 ) '' . Naval Vessel Register . 2004 . Retrieved 18 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` USS Ronald Reagan ( CVN - 76 ) '' . Naval Vessel Register . 2004 . Retrieved 18 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` USS George H.W. Bush CVN - 77 '' . Naval Vessel Register . 2004 . Retrieved 18 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` USS Dwight D. Eisenhower ( CVN 69 ) Multi-purpose aircraft carrier '' . Naval Vessel Register . 2001 . Retrieved 18 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Love , Robert William ( 1992 ) . History of the U.S. Navy : 1942 -- 1991 v. 2 . Mechanicsburg , Pennsylvania : Stackpole Books . p. 755 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 1863 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 Command History '' U.S. Navy report . 6 December 1988 . Jump up ^ Offley , Ed ( 2001 ) . Pen and Sword : A Journalist 's Guide to Covering the Military . Portland , Oregon : Marion Street Press . p. 224 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9665176 - 4 - 4 . Jump up ^ Lambeth , p. 6 Jump up ^ Richelson , Jeffrey ( 1999 ) . The U.S. Intelligence Community . Boulder , Colorado : Perseus Books Group . p. 196 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8133 - 6893 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kosovo : Operation `` Allied Force '' ( PDF ) . Parliament of the United Kingdom . 29 April 1999 . p. 16 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Ship '' . USS Harry S. Truman , U.S. Navy . Retrieved 16 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` USS Carl Vinson '' . CNN . Retrieved 2 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Appendix A : Navy - Marine Corps : Crisis Response and Combat Actions '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Navy . Retrieved 31 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` DoD Briefing on Operation Unified Assistance , the Post-Tsunami Relief Effort '' . US Department of Defense . 14 January 2005 . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Burke , Heather ( 1 September 2005 ) . `` New Orleans Gets More Troops to Stop Katrina Looting '' . Bloomberg L.P. Jump up ^ `` U.S. ship coming to help retrieve victims of sea tragedy '' . GMA News . 25 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Mike Mount and Larry Shaughnessy ( 13 January 2010 ) . `` First U.S. military aid reaches quake - stricken Haiti '' . CNN . Retrieved 9 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Contracts : Navy '' . DefenseLink. 26 August 2009 . Retrieved 26 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CVN 70 Carl Vinson 's Mid-Life RCOH Refueling & Maintenance '' . Defense Industry Daily . 14 July 2009 . Retrieved 31 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Schank , John ; Arena , Mark ; Rushworth , Denis ; Birkler , John ; Chiesa , James ( 2003 ) . Refueling and Complex Overhaul of the USS `` Nimitz '' ( CVN 68 ) : Lessons for the Future . Santa Monica , California : RAND Corporation . pp. xiii -- xviii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8330 - 3288 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Upgraded Carrier Roosevelt Starts Pre-Deployment Exercises '' . USNI News . 2015 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Nimitz Begins Planned Incremental Availability '' . U.S. Navy . 1 March 2004 . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Reagan Sailors Visit Rio '' . U.S. Navy . June 2004 . Retrieved 9 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Ripley , Tim ( 2001 ) . Conflict in the Balkans , 1991 -- 2000 . Oxford , United Kingdom : Osprey Publishing . p. 92 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 290 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Aircraft Carriers -- CVN '' . U.S. Navy . Retrieved 9 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` USS Nimitz Launches First Sorties , Support Coalition Troops in Afghanistan '' . U.S. Navy . 21 September 2009 . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Kurt ; Beaty , Jonathan ( 8 June 1981 ) . `` Night of Flaming Terror '' . Time . Retrieved 2 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Coombs , Robert ; West , Louis ( 1991 ) . Drug Testing : Issues and Options . Oxford , United Kingdom : Oxford University Press . pp. 3 -- 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 505414 - 9 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Herbert ( January 1987 ) . `` Human Instability and Nuclear Weapons '' . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . p. 34 . Jump up ^ Dale Eisman ( 30 July 2008 ) . `` Two top Navy officers fired over $70 million carrier blaze '' . Virginia - Pilot . Retrieved 19 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Liewer , Steve ( 7 October 2008 ) . `` Crew Faulted in Blaze on Carrier '' . San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on 25 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Casualties : U.S. Navy and Marine Corps Personnel Killed and Injured in Selected Accidents and Other Incidents Not Directly the Result of Enemy Action '' . Naval Historical Center . Retrieved 13 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Aircraft Carriers -- CVN 21 Program '' . U.S. Navy . 6 November 2009 . Retrieved 19 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Stevens , p. 10 Jump up ^ `` CVN - 77 Delivery Moved To December , Newport News on Track For January Commissioning '' . Defense Daily . 2006 . Retrieved 23 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CVN - 78 Facts '' . Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding . Archived from the original on 7 January 2010 . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . References ( edit ) Friedman , Norman ( 1983 ) . U.S. Aircraft Carriers : An Illustrated Design History . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87021 - 739 - 5 . Lambeth , Benjamin ( 2005 ) . American Carrier Air Power at the Dawn of a New Century . Santa Monica , California : RAND Corporation . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8330 - 3842 - 5 . Polmar , Norman ( 2004 ) . The Naval Institute Guide to the Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 685 - 8 . Stevens , Ted ( 1998 ) . Navy Aircraft Carriers : Cost - effectiveness of Conventionally and Nuclear - powered Carriers : Report to Congressional Requesters . Washington , D.C. : Government Accountability Office . ISBN 1 - 4289 - 7664 - 7 . Wertheim , Eric ( 2007 ) . The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World : Their Ships , Aircraft and Systems . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 955 - 2 . Further reading ( edit ) Schank , John F. ; Mark V. Arena ; Denis Rushworth ; John Birkler ; James Chiesa ( 2002 ) . Refueling and Complex Overhaul of the USS Nimitz ( CVN 68 ) : Lessons for the Future . Santa Monica , California : Rand Corporation . ISBN 0 - 8330 - 3288 - 7 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nimitz class aircraft carriers . U.S. Navy website Discovery channel video Naval Vessel Register page for USS Nimitz Busting the speed myth of USS Enterprise and Nimitz - class nuclear - powered supercarrier , a special report by NavWeaps.Com CVN - 68 Nimitz - class Modernization -- GlobalSecurity.org Nimitz - class aircraft carriers Nimitz subclass Nimitz Dwight D. Eisenhower Carl Vinson Theodore Roosevelt subclass Theodore Roosevelt Abraham Lincoln George Washington John C. Stennis Harry S. Truman Ronald Reagan subclass Ronald Reagan George H.W. Bush Preceded by : USS Enterprise Followed by : Gerald R. Ford class List of aircraft carriers of the United States Navy Aircraft carrier classes in service Cavour Chakri Naruebet Charles de Gaulle Giuseppe Garibaldi Kiev / Vikramaditya Kuznetsov Liaoning Nimitz Queen Elizabeth Gerald R. Ford Juan Carlos I Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nimitz-class_aircraft_carrier&oldid=854117297 '' Categories : Nimitz - class aircraft carriers Active naval ships of the United States Active aircraft carriers of the United States Aircraft carrier classes Cold War aircraft carriers of the United States Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using web citations with no URL Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from January 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from May 2018 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 02 : 16 ( UTC ) . 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how big is a snooker table in meters

Snooker

snooker

Snooker ( UK : / ˈsnuːkər / , US : / ˈsnʊkər / ) is a cue sport which originated among British Army officers stationed in India in the latter half of the 19th century . It is played on a rectangular table covered with a green cloth , or baize , with pockets at each of the four corners and in the middle of each long side . Using a cue and 22 coloured balls , players must strike the white ball ( or `` cue ball '' ) to pot the remaining balls in the correct sequence , accumulating points for each pot . An individual game , or frame , is won by the player who scores the most points . A match is won when a player wins a predetermined number of frames .

Snooker gained its own identity in 1884 when army officer Sir Neville Chamberlain ( not the Prime Minister of that name ) , while stationed in Ooty , devised a set of rules that combined pyramid and life pool . The word `` snooker '' was a long - used military term used to describe inexperienced or first - year personnel . The game grew in popularity in England , and the Billiards Association and Control Club was formed in 1919 . It is now governed by the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association ( WPBSA ) . The World Snooker Championship has taken place since 1927 , with Joe Davis becoming a key figure in the early growth of the sport with 15 championship wins from 1927 to 1946 . The modern era began in 1969 after the BBC commissioned the snooker television show Pot Black and began to air the World Championship in 1978 , leading to the sport 's new peak in popularity . Ray Reardon dominated the game in the 1970s , Steve Davis in the 1980s , and Stephen Hendry in the 1990s ; Ronnie O'Sullivan has won the most world titles since 2000 . Top professional players now compete regularly around the world and earn millions of pounds . The sport has become increasingly popular in China . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Rules 3 Governance and tournaments 3.1 Organisation 3.2 Tournaments 3.3 Criticism 4 Equipment 5 Notable players 6 Variants 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of snooker Sir Neville Chamberlain , a British Army officer who devised the game and its rules in the late 19th century . The origin of snooker dates back to the latter half of the 19th century . In the 1870s , billiards was a popular activity amongst British Army officers stationed in India and several variations of the game were devised during this time . One such variation originated at the officers ' mess of the 11th Devonshire Regiment in 1875 , which combined the rules of two pocket billiards games , pyramid and life pool . The former was played with fifteen red balls and one black positioned in a triangle , while the latter involved the potting of designated coloured balls . The game developed its own identity in 1884 when its first set of rules was finalised by Sir Neville Chamberlain , an English officer who helped develop and popularise the game at Stone House in Ooty on a table built by Burroughes & Watts that was brought over by boat . The word `` snooker '' was a slang term for first - year cadets and inexperienced military personnel , but Chamberlain would often use it to describe the inept performance of one of his fellow officers at the table . The name instantly stuck with the players . In 1887 , snooker was given its first definite reference in England in a copy of Sporting Life which caused a growth in popularity . Chamberlain came out as the game 's inventor in a letter to The Field published on 19 March 1938 , 63 years after the fact . Snooker grew in popularity across the Indian colonies and the United Kingdom , but it remained a game mainly for the gentry , and many gentlemen 's clubs that had a billiards table would not allow non-members inside to play . To accommodate the growing interest , smaller and more open snooker - specific clubs were formed . In 1919 , the Billiards Association and the Billiards Control Board merged to form the Billiards Association and Control Club ( BA&CC ) and a new , standard set of rules for snooker first became official . The game of snooker grew in the latter half of the 19th century and the early 20th century , and by 1927 the first World Snooker Championship had been organised by Joe Davis who , as a professional English billiards and snooker player , moved the game from a pastime activity into a more professional sphere . Davis won every world championship until 1946 when he retired . The game went into a decline through the 1950s and 1960s with little interest generated outside of those who played . In 1959 , Davis introduced a variation of the game known as `` snooker plus '' ( see the Variations section below ) to try to improve the game 's popularity by adding two extra colours , but it never caught on . A major advance occurred in 1969 , when David Attenborough commissioned the snooker television series Pot Black to demonstrate the potential of colour television with the green table and multi-coloured balls being ideal for showing off the advantages of colour broadcasting . The series became a ratings success and was for a time the second-most popular show on BBC Two . Interest in the game increased and the 1978 World Snooker Championship was the first to be fully televised . The game quickly became a mainstream game in the UK , Ireland and much of the Commonwealth and has enjoyed much success since the late 1970s , with most of the ranking tournaments being televised . In 1985 a total of 18.5 million viewers watched the concluding frame of the world championship final between Dennis Taylor and Steve Davis . The loss of tobacco sponsorship during the 2000s led to a decrease in the number of professional tournaments , although some new sponsors were sourced ; and the popularity of the game in Asia with emerging talents such as Liang Wenbo and more established players such as Ding Junhui and Marco Fu , boosted the sport in the Far East . By 2007 , the BBC dedicated 400 hours to snooker coverage compared to just 14 minutes forty years earlier . In 2010 , promoter Barry Hearn gained a controlling interest in World Snooker Ltd. , the professional sport 's commercial arm , pledging to revitalise the `` moribund '' professional game . Under his direction , the number of professional tournaments has increased , certain tournament formats have been changed in an attempt to increase their appeal , and , by 2013 , total prize money had more than doubled from £ 3 million to more than £ 7 million . Rules ( edit ) Main article : Rules of snooker Snooker table with balls placed in their starting positions . At the start of the game , the cue ball ( white ) may be placed anywhere in the semicircle , known as the `` D '' . Game in progress on a half - size table . A red ball about to be potted . The objective of the game is to score more points than one 's opponent by potting object balls in the correct order . At the start of a frame , the balls are positioned as shown , and the players then take turns to hit shots by striking the cue ball with the tip of the cue , their aim being to pot one of the red balls into a pocket and thereby score a point , or , if this is not possible , to at least hit a red ball so as to avoid making a foul shot . If the striker pots a red ball , he or she must then pot one of the six `` colours '' ( in snooker , the term colour is understood to exclude the red balls ) . If the player successfully pots a colour , the value of that ball is added to the player 's score , and the ball is returned to its starting position on the table . After that , the player must pot another red ball , then another colour , and so on . This process continues until the striker fails to pot the desired ball , at which point the opponent comes to the table to play the next shot . The game continues in this manner until all the reds are potted and only the six colours are left on the table . At this point the colours must be potted in the order from least to most valuable ball -- that is , yellow first ( two points ) , then green ( three points ) , brown ( four points ) , blue ( five points ) , pink ( six points ) and finally black ( seven points ) , the balls not being returned to play . When the final ball is potted , the player with more points wins . If the scores are equal when all the balls have been potted , the black is placed back on its spot as a tiebreaker . A player may also concede a frame while on strike if he or she thinks there are not enough points available on the table to beat the opponent 's score . In professional snooker this is a common occurrence . Colour Value Red 1 point Yellow 2 points Green 3 points Brown 4 points Blue 5 points Pink 6 points Black 7 points Points may also be scored in a game when a player 's opponent fouls . A foul can occur for various reasons , most commonly for failing to hit the correct ball ( e.g. hitting a colour first when the player was attempting to hit a red ) , or for sending the cue ball into a pocket . The former may occur when the player fails to escape from `` a snooker '' -- a situation in which the previous player leaves the cue ball positioned such that no legal ball can be struck directly without obstruction by an illegal ball . Points gained from a foul vary from a minimum of four , to a maximum of seven if the black ball is involved . The total number of consecutive points ( excluding fouls ) that a player amasses during one visit to the table is known as a `` break `` . A player attaining a break of 15 , for example , could have reached it by potting a red then a black , then a red then a pink , before failing to pot the next red . The traditional maximum break in snooker is achieved by potting all reds with blacks then all colours , yielding 147 points ; this is often known as a `` 147 '' or a `` maximum '' . The highest possible break is a 155 break , also known as a `` super maximum '' . This is achieved via the opponent leaving a free ball , with the black being potted as the additional colour , and then potting 15 reds and blacks with the colours . Jamie Cope has the distinction of being the first player in snooker history to post a verified 155 break , achieved in a practice frame in 2005 . One game , from the balls in their starting position until the last ball is potted , is called a `` frame `` . A match generally consists of a predetermined number of frames and the player who wins the most frames wins the match . Most professional matches require a player to win five frames , and are called `` best of nine '' as that is the maximum possible number of frames . Tournament finals are usually best of 17 or best of 19 , while the world championship uses longer matches -- ranging from best of 19 in the qualifiers and the first round proper , up to 35 frames in length ( first to 18 ) , and is played over two days , extended if necessary until a winner is determined . Professional and competitive amateur matches are officiated by a referee who is the sole judge of fair play . The referee also replaces the colours on the table when necessary and calls out how many points the player has scored during a break . Professional players usually play the game in a sporting manner , declaring fouls the referee has missed , acknowledging good shots from their opponent , or holding up a hand to apologise for fortunate shots , also known as `` flukes '' . An extended spider , which can be used to bridge over balls obstructing a shot that is too far away to be bridged by hand Play media Video of a snooker break - off shot Accessories used for snooker include chalk for the tip of the cue , rests of various sorts ( needed often , due to the length of a full - size table ) , a triangle to rack the reds , and a scoreboard . One drawback of snooker on a full - size table is the size of the room ( 22 by 16 feet ( 6.7 m × 4.9 m ) ) , which is the minimum required for comfortable cueing room on all sides . This limits the number of locations in which the game can easily be played . While pool tables are common to many pubs , snooker tends to be played either in private surroundings or in public snooker halls . The game can also be played on smaller tables using fewer red balls . The variants in table size are : 10 ft × 5 ft , 9 ft × 4.5 ft , 8 ft × 4 ft , 6 ft × 3 ft ( the smallest for realistic play ) and 4 ft × 2 ft . Smaller tables can come in a variety of styles , such as fold - away or dining - table convertible . A traditional snooker scoreboard resembles an abacus , and records units , tens and hundreds via horizontal sliding pointers . They are typically attached to a wall by the snooker table . A simple scoring bead is also sometimes used , called a `` scoring string '' , or `` scoring wire '' . Each bead ( segment of the string ) represents a single point . Snooker players typically move one or several beads with their cue . Governance and tournaments ( edit ) Organisation ( edit ) See also : List of snooker tournaments and Snooker organisations The World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association ( WPBSA , also known as World Snooker ) , founded in 1968 as the Professional Billiard Players ' Association , is the governing body for the professional game . The amateur game ( including youth competition ) is governed by the International Billiards and Snooker Federation ( IBSF ) . Tournaments ( edit ) Professional snooker players can play on the World Snooker main tour ranking circuit . Ranking points , earned by players through their performances over the previous two seasons , determine the current world rankings . A player 's ranking determines what level of qualification he or she requires for ranking tournaments . The elite of professional snooker are generally regarded as the `` top 16 '' ranking players , who are not required to pre-qualify for three of the tournaments , namely the Shanghai Masters , Australian Open and the World Snooker Championship . The tour contains 96 players -- the top 64 from the previous two seasons , the 8 highest - ranked professional players on the Players Tour Championship Order of Merit who are not in the top 64 , 12 players from the Q School , and various regional , junior and amateur champions . World Snooker Championship trophy The most important event in professional snooker is the world championship , held annually since 1927 ( except during World War II and between 1958 and 1963 ) . The tournament has been held at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield , England , since 1977 , and was sponsored by Embassy from 1976 to 2005 . Since 2005 , tobacco companies have not been allowed to sponsor sporting events in the United Kingdom , and the world championship has had to find a new sponsor . It was announced in January 2006 that the 2006 -- 2010 world championships would be sponsored by online casino 888.com . The championship is currently sponsored by Betfred.com after 888.com pulled out of their five - year sponsorship deal after three years . On 15 April 2009 the World Snooker Championship website announced that Betfred.com would be the new sponsor of the world championship for the next four years . The world championship is the most highly valued prize in professional snooker , both in terms of financial reward ( £ 300,000 for the winner , formerly £ 250,000 ) as well as ranking points and prestige . The world championship is televised extensively in the UK by the BBC and gains significant coverage in Europe on Eurosport and in the Far East . The group of tournaments that come next in importance are the other ranking tournaments . Players in these tournaments score world ranking points . A high ranking ensures qualification for the next year 's tournaments , opportunities to play in invitational tournaments and an advantageous draw in tournaments . The most prestigious of these , after the world championship , is the UK Championship . Third in line are the invitational tournaments , to which most of the highest ranked players are invited . The most important tournament in this category is the Masters , which to most players is the second or third most sought - after prize . In an attempt to answer criticisms that televised matches can be slow or get bogged down in lengthy safety exchanges and that long matches cause problems for advertisers , an alternative series of timed tournaments has been organised by Matchroom Sport chairman Barry Hearn . The shot - timed Premier League Snooker was established , with seven players invited to compete at regular United Kingdom venues , televised on Sky Sports . Players had twenty - five seconds to take each shot , with five time - outs per player per match . While some success was achieved with this format , it generally did not receive the same amount of press attention or status as the regular ranking tournaments . However , this event has been taken out of the tour since 2013 , when the Champion of Champions was established . There are also other tournaments that have less importance , earn no world ranking points and are not televised . These can change on a year - to - year basis depending on calendars and sponsors . In 2015 , the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association submitted an unsuccessful bid for snooker to be played at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo . Another bid has been put forward for Paris 2024 through the newly formed World Snooker Federation . Criticism ( edit ) Several players , such as Ronnie O'Sullivan , Mark Allen and Steve Davis , have warned that there are so many tournaments that players risk burning out . In 2012 , O'Sullivan played fewer tournaments in order to spend more time with his children , and ended the 2012 -- 13 season ranked No. 19 in the world . Furthermore , he did not play any tournament in 2013 except the world championship , which he won . Equipment ( edit ) Cue - tip chalk , cue , white chalk - board chalk , and a sliding score - keeper Table The playing surface , 11 feet 8.5 inches by 5 feet 10 inches for a standard full - size table , with six pocket holes , one at each corner and one at the centre of each of the longer side cushions . For further information see Billiard table , specifically the section Snooker and English billiards tables . Cloth The fully wool cloth is usually green , with a directional nap running from the baulk end of the table towards the end with the black ball spot . The cloth is often called `` baize '' ; however baize is a much inferior type of cloth sometimes used on pool tables . The nap will affect the direction of the cue ball depending on which direction the cue ball is shot and also on whether left or right side ( spin ) is placed on the ball . Even if the cue ball is hit in exactly the same way , the nap will cause a different effect depending on whether the ball is hit down table ( towards the black ball spot ) or up table towards the baulk line . The cloth on a snooker table is not vacuumed , as this can destroy the nap . The cloth is brushed in a straight line from the baulk end to the far end with multiple brush strokes that are straight in direction ( i.e. not across the table ) . Some table men will also then drag a dampened cloth wrapped around a short piece of board ( like a two by four ) , or straight back of a brush to collect any remaining fine dust and help lay the nap down . The table is then ironed . Strachan cloth as used in official snooker tournaments is made up of 100 % wool . Some other cloths include a small percentage of nylon . Balls 22 balls ( 15 red , 6 colour balls and a white cue ball ) , 52.5 mm or 2 ​ ⁄ inches in diameter . For further information see Billiard ball , particularly the section Snooker . Cue A stick , made of wood or fibreglass , tapering to a tip , usually ending in leather , which is used to strike the cue - ball . Cue - tip chalk The tip of the cue is `` chalked '' to ensure good contact between the cue and the cue - ball . This `` chalk '' is generally a silica - based compound rather than actual chalk of the type used on blackboards . Extension A shorter baton that fits over , or screws into , the back end of the cue , effectively lengthening it , used for shots where the cue ball is a long distance from the player . Rest A stick with an X-shaped head that is used to support the cue when the cue ball is out of reach at normal extension . Rest head adaptor An attachment that slips onto a conventional rest head to make a spider or to give a slightly different bridge . Hook rest Identical to the normal rest , yet with a hooked metal end . It is used to set the rest around another ball . The hook rest is the most recent invention in snooker . Spider Similar to the rest but with an arch - shaped head ; it is used to elevate and support the tip of the cue above the height of the cue - ball . Swan ( or swan - neck spider or giraffe ) This equipment , consisting of a rest with a single extended neck and a fork - like prong at the end , is used to give extra cueing distance over a group of balls . If not available , a regular X rest can be placed on a spider so it in turn hangs the required distance beyond to provide similar support . Triangle / rack The piece of equipment is used for gathering the red balls into the formation required for the break to start a frame . Extended rest Similar to the regular rest , but with a mechanism at the butt end which makes it possible to extend the rest by up to three feet . Extended spider A hybrid of the swan and the spider . Its purpose is to bridge over large packs of reds . Is less common these days in professional snooker but can be used in situations where the position of one or more balls prevents the spider being placed where the striker desires . Half butt Usually housed underneath the side of the table , the half butt is a combination of a table length rest and cue which is rarely used unless the cue ball needs to be struck in such a way that the entire length of the table is the actual obstacle . Ball marker A multi-purpose instrument with a `` D '' shaped notch , which a referee can place next to a ball , in order to mark the position of it . They can then remove the ball to clean it ; also used to judge if a ball is preventing a colour from being placed on its spot and to judge if the cue ball can hit the extreme edge of a `` ball on '' when awarding a free ball ( by placing it alongside the potentially intervening ball ) . Notable players ( edit ) See also : List of snooker players by number of ranking titles and List of snooker players with over 100 century breaks In the professional era that began with Joe Davis in the 1930s and continues until the present day , a relatively small number of players have succeeded at the top level . Through the decades , certain players have tended to dominate the game , but none more than its original star player , Joe Davis . Davis was world champion for twenty years , retiring unbeaten after claiming his fifteenth world title in 1946 when the tournament was reinstated after the Second World War . Davis was unbeaten in world championship play , and was only ever beaten four times in his entire life , with all four defeats coming after his world championship retirement and inflicted by his own brother Fred . He did lose matches in handicapped tournaments , but on level terms these four defeats were the only losses of his entire career . He was also world billiards champion . It is regarded as highly unlikely that anyone will ever dominate the game to his level again . After Davis retired from world championship play , the next dominant force was his younger brother Fred Davis who had lost the 1940 final by a single frame . By 1947 he was deemed ready by his brother to take over the mantle but lost the world final to the Scotsman Walter Donaldson . After this setback , Davis and Donaldson contested the next four finals , Davis proving the stronger player . After the abandonment of the world championship in 1953 , with the 1952 final boycotted by British professionals , the Professional Match Play Championship became the unofficial world championship in all but name . Fred Davis won the event every year until its penultimate one , when in 1957 he did not enter . After winning three official and five unofficial world titles , his absence from the 1957 tournament was to prove vital , as its winner , John Pulman , was automatically awarded the official world title on resumption of the tournament in 1964 . Davis would try , but never regain the world title again . Ronnie O'Sullivan has won the most world titles in the 21st century ( in 2001 , 2004 , 2008 , 2012 and 2013 ) . John Pulman was the king of the 1960s , when the world championship was played on a challenge basis . However , when the tournament reverted to a knockout formula in 1969 , he did not prosper . Ray Reardon became the dominant force in the 1970s , winning six titles , with John Spencer winning three . Steve Davis ' first world title in 1981 made him only the 11th world champion since 1927 , including the winner of the boycotted 1952 title , Horace Lindrum . Stephen Hendry became the 14th in 1990 and dominated through the 1990s . Reardon won six ( 1970 , 1973 -- 1976 and 1978 ) , Davis also six ( 1981 , 1983 , 1984 and 1987 -- 1989 ) and Hendry seven ( 1990 , 1992 -- 1996 and 1999 ) . Ronnie O'Sullivan is the closest to dominance in the modern era , having won the title on five occasions in the 21st century ( 2001 , 2004 , 2008 , 2012 and 2013 ) . Mark Williams has won three times ( 2000 and 2003 , and later in 2018 ) and John Higgins four times ( 1998 , 2007 , 2009 , 2011 ) but since the beginning of the century , there has not been a dominant force like in previous decades , and the modern era has seen many players playing to a similar standard , instead of one player raising the bar . Davis , for example , won more ranking tournaments than the rest of the top 64 players put together by 1985 . By retaining his title in 2013 , O'Sullivan became the first player to successfully defend the world championship since 1996 when Hendry won the sixth of his seven titles , his fifth in a row , and then later by Mark Selby in 2017 . Variants ( edit ) See also : Snooker variants American snooker , a variant dating to 1925 , usually played on a 10 ft × 5 ft ( 3.0 m × 1.5 m ) table with 2 ⁄ in ( 54 mm ) balls , and a simpler rule set influenced by pool . ( Despite its name , the strictly amateur American snooker is not governed or recognised by the United States Snooker Association , but by the Billiard Congress of America . ) Power Snooker , a variant with only nine reds , in a diamond - shaped pack , instead of 15 in a triangle , and matches limited to 30 minutes . Sinuca brasileira , a Brazilian version with only one red ball , and divergent rules . Six - red snooker , a variant played with only six reds in a triangular pack . Snookerpool , a variant played on an American pool table with ten reds in a triangular pack . Snooker plus , a variant with two additional colour balls ( 8pt orange and 10pt purple ) , allowing a maximum break of 210 . The variation was created by Joe Davis in 1959 and used at the 1959 News of the World Snooker Plus Tournament . It failed to gain popularity . Ten - red snooker , a variant played with only ten reds in a triangle . Volunteer snooker , a variant from the early 1900s . See also ( edit ) Snooker portal Snooker season 2017 / 2018 Snooker world rankings 2017 / 2018 Snooker world ranking points 2017 / 2018 Glossary of cue sports terms -- includes key snooker - specific terminology Ladies World Snooker Championship References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Snooker bids to be included in 2020 Olympics in Tokyo '' Archived 16 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine. , BBC Sport , 22 January 2015 , ( Retrieved 28 April 2015 ) Jump up ^ `` Pronunciation of snooker '' . Macmillan Dictionary . London , UK : Macmillan Publishers . Archived from the original on 15 April 2012 . Retrieved 19 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` American pronunciation of snooker '' . Macmillan Dictionary . op . cit . Archived from the original on 12 May 2013 . Retrieved 19 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 1 June 2007 . Retrieved 3 May 2018 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , retrieved 25 February 2007 Jump up ^ Reardon , R. `` Where does Ronnie rank ? '' Archived 1 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , BBC Sport , 21 February 2005 , ( Retrieved 25 February 2007 ) ^ Jump up to : `` China in Ding 's hands '' Archived 26 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , BBC Sport , 22 January 2007 , ( Retrieved 25 February 2007 ) ^ Jump up to : Maume , Chris ( 25 April 1999 ) . `` Sporting Vernacular 11 . Snooker '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 11 February 2017 . Retrieved 25 February 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Clare , Peter ( 2008 ) . `` Origins of Snooker '' . Snooker Heritage . Archived from the original on 3 January 2017 . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shamos , Mike ( 1993 ) , The Complete Book of Billiards . ISBN 0 - 517 - 20869 - 5 Jump up ^ Hughes - Games , Martin ( 16 June 2014 ) . `` Ooty , India : back in time to the birthplace of snooker '' . The Telegraph . Archived from the original on 21 March 2017 . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Origins of the Game of Snooker '' . TitanSports.co.uk . Archived from the original on 15 December 2005 . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Gadsby & Williams 2012 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ unknown author `` Snooker Timeline '' `` Joe Davis will reinvent this after - dinner pastime and become world champion '' , cuesnviews.co.uk , unknown date , ( Retrieved 24 February 2007 ) , ( Archive Version ) Jump up ^ `` Pot Black returns '' Archived 17 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine. , BBC Sport , 27 October 2005 . Retrieved 24 February 2007 Jump up ^ Porter , H. `` Cue China '' Archived 7 October 2009 at WebCite , Time , 20 June 2008 , ( Retrieved 23 June 2008 ) Jump up ^ Callan , Frank ( 15 March 2007 ) . `` Pot Black Ratings '' . FCSnooker.co.uk . Archived from the original on 15 March 2007 . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . Surprisingly , the programme raced to second place in the BBC2 ratings '' Jump up ^ Everton , Clive `` Take snooker to the world '' Archived 25 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , BBC Sport , 5 May 2002 , ( Retrieved 24 February 2007 ) Jump up ^ unknown author `` 1978 -- The World Snooker Championships '' Archived 27 April 2006 at the Wayback Machine. , `` By 1977 , though , a new lighting system had been devised , allowing the players to be seen clearly without problems and , the following year , Aubrey Singer agreed to cover the World Championships all the way through , with an hour of highlights every day for 16 days '' , unknown date , ( Retrieved 24 February 2007 ) , ( Archive Version ) Jump up ^ MacInnes , P. `` Thatch of the day '' Archived 3 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , The Guardian , 10 February 2004 , ( Retrieved 24 February 2007 ) Jump up ^ `` 1985 : the black ball final '' Archived 24 September 2003 at the Wayback Machine . BBC sport ^ Jump up to : Anstead , M. `` Snooker finds sponsor with deep pockets '' , The Guardian , 19 January 2006 , ( Retrieved 24 February 2007 ) , ( Archive Version ) Jump up ^ `` Could Ding be snooker 's saviour ? '' Archived 27 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , BBC Sport , 4 April 2005 , ( Retrieved 25 February 2007 ) Jump up ^ `` John Spencer , 71 , Dies ; Helped Popularize Snooker '' . The New York Times . 16 July 2006 . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Barry Hearn wins vote to take control of World Snooker '' Archived 23 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , BBC Sport , 2 June 2010 Jump up ^ `` Barry Hearn : World Snooker chief on how he saved the sport '' Archived 16 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine. , BBC Sport , 27 November 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` Official Rules of the Games of Snooker and English Billiards '' ( PDF ) . The World Professional Billiards & Snooker Association Limited . November 2014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ding compiles maximum at Masters '' Archived 7 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , BBC Sport , ( Retrieved 24 February 2007 ) Jump up ^ `` World title victory delights Dott '' Archived 7 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , BBC Sport , ( Retrieved 24 February 2007 ) Jump up ^ Peter Ietswaart , `` Thurston Snooker Table makers '' , Recommended room size for full size table 22 ft × 16 ft , unknown date , ( Retrieved 25 February 2007 ) , ( Archive Version ) Jump up ^ `` What is Scoreboard in Snooker ? Definition and Meaning '' . sportsdefinitions.com . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WPBSA v TSN '' , BBC Sport , 16 February 2001 , ( Retrieved 25 February 2007 ) , ( Archive Version ) Jump up ^ `` Snooker 's biggest break '' , BBC Sport , 7 December 2000 , ( Retrieved 25 February 2007 ) , ( Archive Version ) Jump up ^ `` Snooker authorities survive bid '' , BBC Sport , 13 November 2002 , ( Retrieved 25 February 2007 ) , ( Archive Version ) Jump up ^ `` Snooker at the crossroads '' , BBC Sport , 14 November 2002 , ( Retrieved 25 February 2007 ) , ( Archive Version ) Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . IBSF.info . International Billiards and Snooker Federation . 2017 . Archived from the original on 12 August 2017 . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ WPBSA `` Professional Tour ranking points '' , World Snooker , ( Retrieved 25 January 2010 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Swail targeting place in top 16 '' , BBC Sport , 1 August 2006 , ( Retrieved 25 February 2007 ) Jump up ^ `` The Seeds of Success '' , BBC Sport , 24 November 2000 , ( Retrieved 25 February 2007 ) , ( Archive Version ) Jump up ^ `` The Tour 2010 / 2011 Season Provisional Qualifying Criteria '' . worldsnooker.com . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World title victory delights Dott '' Archived 7 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , BBC Sport , 2 May 2006 , ( Retrieved 25 February 2007 ) Jump up ^ `` Huge financial blow hits snooker '' Archived 13 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , BBC Sport , 6 August 2008 , ( Retrieved 6 August 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Crucible event gets new sponsor '' , BBC Sport , 15 January 2006 , ( Retrieved 25 February 2007 ) , ( Archive Version ) Jump up ^ World Snooker Announcements : Betfred.com Named Title Sponsor for the World Snooker Championship Archived 19 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Doherty sets out to regain greatest prize '' , The Independent , 20 April 2001 , ( Retrieved 25 February 2007 ) Jump up ^ `` World 's best ready for Crucible '' , BBC Sport , 13 April 2006 , ( Retrieved 25 February 2007 ) , ( Archive Version ) Jump up ^ `` Snooker signs five - year BBC deal '' , BBC Sport , 26 October 2005 , ( Retrieved 25 February 2007 ) , ( Archive Version ) Jump up ^ `` Eurosport pots TV snooker rights '' Archived 1 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , The Guardian , 27 April 2006 , ( Retrieved 25 February 2007 , registration or BugMeNot required ) Jump up ^ `` Snooker finds new Masters sponsor '' , BBC Sport , 13 January 2006 , ( Retrieved 25 February 2007 , ( Archive Version ) Jump up ^ Harris , N. `` An email conversation with Graeme Dott : ' We need an Abramovich to take the game to a new level '' Archived 19 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , The Independent , 15 January 2007 , ( Retrieved 25 February 2007 ) Jump up ^ Ronay , B. `` Too dull to miss '' , The Guardian , 27 October 2006 , ( Retrieved 25 February 2007 ) Jump up ^ `` Snooker bids to be included in 2020 Olympics in Tokyo '' . BBC Sport. 23 January 2015 . Archived from the original on 23 January 2015 . Retrieved 24 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Games : Snooker misses out on 2020 Tokyo place '' . BBC Sport. 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Reuters staff ( 8 November 2017 ) . `` Snooker among cue sports targeting Paris 2024 , federation chief says '' . Reuters . Retrieved 8 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` About '' . worldsnookerfederation . World Snooker Federation . Retrieved 8 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Snooker : Ronnie O'Sullivan warns of players burning out Archived 9 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine. , The Independent , 7 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Milliken Industrials Limited - Woollen Speciality Products . `` Strachan snooker cloths - WSP Textiles - Billiard and Tennis cloths '' . Archived from the original on 9 February 2016 . Jump up ^ ( Snooker ) , Cues Cues , 10 July 2013 , ( Retrieved 20 July 2013 ) , ( ( 1 ) ) Jump up ^ `` O'Sullivan in exalted company '' , BBC Sport , 10 May 2002 , ( Retrieved 25 February 2007 ) , ( Archive Version ) Jump up ^ Hunter , P. `` Putting in the practice '' Archived 15 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine. , BBC Sport , 5 November 2004 , ( Retrieved 25 February 2007 ) Jump up ^ Fred Davis Talking Snooker Jump up ^ Clive Everton The history of snooker Jump up ^ Guinness Book of Snooker History of the World Championship Jump up ^ `` World Snooker Championship -- History '' , World Snooker Official Site , ( Retrieved 9 April 2010 ) Archived 28 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Definitions of terms used in Snooker and English Billiards ( search for snooker plus ) '' . snookergames.co.uk . Archived from the original on 1 February 2014 . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Snooker Plus '' . The Glasgow Herald . 27 October 1959 . p. 10 . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . Sources Gadsby , Paul ; Williams , Luke ( 2012 ) . Snooker 's World Champions : Masters of the Baize . Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 780 - 57715 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Snooker ( category ) Look up snooker in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Cuesports. club World Snooker Limited World Professional Billiards & Snooker Association International Billiards & Snooker Federation European Billiards & Snooker Association History of Billiards in Brazil hide Cue sports Pool games Nine - ball Eight - ball Straight pool Ten - ball Blackball Artistic pool and trick shots Bank pool Baseball pocket billiards Bottle pool Bowlliards Chicago Chinese eight - ball Cowboy pool Cribbage Cutthroat Golf Honolulu Kelly pool Killer One - pocket Rotation Seven - ball Speed pool Three - ball Carom billiards Three - cushion Five - pins and goriziana Artistic billiards Balkline and straight rail Cushion caroms Four - ball Other games Snooker English billiards Russian pyramid Kaisa Danish pin billiards Bumper pool Bagatelle Bar billiards Novuss Carrom Resources Glossary Techniques Billiard table Billiard ball Billiard hall Cue stick Rack Major tournaments UMB World Three - cushion Championship World Snooker Championship champions Six - red World Championship WPA World Nine - ball Championship champions WPA World Ten - ball Championship World Straight Pool Championship WPA World Eight - ball Championship champions World Cup of Pool Mosconi Cup World Pool Masters Tournament Cue sports at the World Games Categories Cue sports Players Organizations Competitions The rules of games in italics are standardized by international sanctioning bodies . hide Snooker lists Players Champions World champions Ranking title winners Triple Crown winners Rankings World number ones Breaks Maximum break Century break Miscellaneous Players Match - fixing Nicknames Crucible curse Other Glossary of cue sports terms Referees Tournaments all ranking tournaments Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snooker&oldid=846453800 '' Categories : Snooker Individual sports Cue sports Ball games Indoor sports Pub games Sports originating in South Asia Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template webcite links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles with dead external links from September 2012 Use dmy dates from April 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2017 Articles containing video clips Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt West - Vlams 粵語 中文 62 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 21 : 43 ( UTC ) . 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do you have to identify yourself to police in california

Stop and identify statutes

stop and identify statutes

`` Stop and identify '' statutes are statutory laws in the United States that authorize police to legally obtain the identification of someone whom they reasonably suspect of having committed a crime . If there is no reasonable suspicion that a crime has been committed , is being committed , or is about to be committed , an individual is not required to provide identification , even in `` Stop and ID '' states . In the case of Utah v. Strieff ( 2016 ) , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that an officer 's stop of Edward Strieff and his demand for identification from Strieff was unlawful under Utah state law , but that the evidence collected pursuant to the stop was admissible due to the determination that Strieff was subject to a pre-existing arrest warrant . Therefore , the pre-existing warrant `` attenuated '' the unlawful stop - and - identify .

The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures and requires any warrant to be judicially sanctioned and supported by probable cause . Terry v. Ohio , 392 U.S. 1 ( 1968 ) established that it is constitutionally permissible for police to temporarily detain a person based on an articulable reasonable suspicion that a crime has been committed , and to conduct a search for weapons based on a reasonable belief that the person is armed . The question whether it is constitutionally permissible for the police to demand that a detainee provide his or her name was considered by the U.S. Supreme Court in Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada , 542 U.S. 177 ( 2004 ) , which held that the name disclosure did not violate the Fourth Amendment prohibition on unreasonable searches and seizures . The Hiibel Court also held that , because Hiibel had no reasonable belief that his name would be used to incriminate him , the name disclosure did not violate the Fifth Amendment right against self - incrimination ; however , the Court left open the possibility that Fifth Amendment right might apply in situations where there was a reasonable belief that giving a name could be incriminating . The Court accepted the Nevada supreme court interpretation of the Nevada statute that a detained person could satisfy the Nevada law by simply stating his name . The Court did not rule on whether particular identification cards could be required , though it did mention one state law requiring `` credible and reliable '' identification had been struck down for vagueness . Contents ( hide ) 1 Police -- citizen encounters 1.1 Consensual 1.2 Reasonable Suspicion 1.3 Arrest 2 Obligation to identify 2.1 Variations in `` stop and identify '' laws 2.2 Interaction with other laws 2.3 Interpretation by courts 2.4 Recommendations of legal - aid organizations 3 Other countries 4 See also 5 Notes 6 External links Police -- citizen encounters ( edit ) In the United States , interactions between police and citizens fall into three general categories : consensual ( `` contact '' or `` conversation '' ) , detention ( often called a Terry stop , after Terry v. Ohio , 392 U.S. 1 ( 1968 ) ) , or arrest . `` Stop and identify '' laws pertain to detentions . Different obligations apply to drivers of motor vehicles , who generally are required by state vehicle codes to present a driver 's license to police upon request . Consensual ( edit ) At any time , police may approach a person and ask questions . The objective may simply be a friendly conversation ; however , the police also may suspect involvement in a crime , but lack `` specific and articulable facts '' that would justify a detention or arrest , and hope to obtain these facts from the questioning . The person approached is not required to identify himself or answer any other questions , and may leave at any time . Police are not usually required to tell a person that he is free to decline to answer questions and go about his business ; however , a person can usually determine whether the interaction is consensual by asking , `` Am I free to go ? '' Reasonable suspicion ( edit ) A person is detained when circumstances are such that a reasonable person would believe he is not free to leave . Police may briefly detain a person if they have reasonable suspicion that the person has committed , is committing , or is about to commit a crime . Many state laws explicitly grant this authority . In Terry v. Ohio , the U.S. Supreme Court established that police may conduct a limited search for weapons ( known as a `` frisk '' ) if they reasonably suspect that the person to be detained may be armed and dangerous . Police may question a person detained in a Terry stop , but in general , the detainee is not required to answer . However , many states have `` stop and identify '' laws that explicitly require a person detained under the conditions of Terry to identify himself to police , and in some cases , provide additional information . Before Hiibel , it was unresolved whether a detainee could be arrested and prosecuted for refusing to disclose his name . Authority on this issue was split among the federal circuit courts of appeal , and the U.S. Supreme Court twice expressly refused to address the question . In Hiibel , the Court held , in a 5 -- 4 decision , that a Nevada `` stop and identify '' law did not violate the United States Constitution . The Court opinion implied that a detainee was not required to produce written identification , but could satisfy the requirement merely by stating his name . Some `` stop and identify '' laws do not require that a detainee identify himself , but allow refusal to do so to be considered along with other factors in determining whether there is probable cause to arrest . In some states , providing a false name is an offense . As of February 2011 , the Supreme Court has not addressed the validity of requirements that a detainee provide information other than his name , however some states such as Arizona have specifically codified that a detained person is not required to provide any information aside from their full name . Arrest ( edit ) Main article : Arrest A detention requires only that police have reasonable suspicion that a person is involved in criminal activity . However , to make an arrest , an officer must have probable cause to believe that the person has committed a crime . Some states require police to inform the person of the intent to make the arrest and the cause for the arrest . But it is not always obvious when a detention becomes an arrest . After making an arrest , police may search a person , his or her belongings , and his or her immediate surroundings . Whether an arrested person must identify himself may depend on the jurisdiction in which the arrest occurs . If a person is under arrest and police wish to question him , they are required to inform the person of his Fifth - Amendment right to remain silent by giving a Miranda warning . However , Miranda does not apply to biographical data necessary to complete booking . It is not clear whether a `` stop and identify '' law could compel giving one 's name after being arrested , although some states have laws that specifically require an arrested person to give his name and other biographical information , and some state courts have held that refusal to give one 's name constitutes obstructing a public officer . As a practical matter , an arrested person who refused to give his name would have little chance of obtaining a prompt release . Obligation to identify ( edit ) States with `` stop and identify '' laws Alabama Ala . Code § 15 - 5 - 30 Arizona Ari. Rev. Stat . Tit. 13 , § 2412 ( enacted 2005 ) & Tit. 28 , § 1595 Arkansas Ark . Code Ann . ( 1 ) § 5 - 71 - 213 - Loitering Colorado Colo . Rev. Stat. § 16 - 3 - 103 ( 1 ) Delaware Del . Code Ann. , Tit. 11 , § § 1902 , 1321 ( 6 ) Florida Fla . Stat . § 901.151 ( Stop and Frisk Law ) ; § 856.021 ( 2 ) ( loitering and prowling ) Georgia Ga . Code Ann . § 16 - 11 - 36 ( b ) ( loitering ) Illinois Ill . Comp . Stat. , ch. 725 , § 5 / 107 - 14 Indiana Indiana Code § 34 - 28 - 5 - 3.5 Kansas Kan . Stat . Ann . § 22 - 2402 ( 1 ) Louisiana La . Code Crim . Proc. Ann. , Art . 215.1 ( A ) ; La . Rev. Stat. 14 : 108 ( B ) ( 1 ) ( c ) Missouri ( Kansas City Only ) Mo . Rev. Stat. § 84.710 ( 2 ) Montana Mont . Code Ann . § 46 - 5 - 401 Nebraska Neb. Rev. Stat. § 29 - 829 Nevada Nev . Rev. Stat . § 171.123 New Hampshire N.H. Rev. Stat . Ann . § 594 : 2 , § 644 : 6 New Mexico N.M. Stat . Ann . § 30 - 22 - 3 New York N.Y. Crim . Proc. Law § 140.50 North Dakota N.D. Cent . Code § 29 - 29 - 21 ( PDF ) Ohio Ohio Rev. Code § 2921.29 ( enacted 2006 ) Rhode Island R.I. Gen. Laws § 12 - 7 - 1 Utah Utah Code Ann . § 77 - 7 - 15 Vermont Vt . Stat . Ann. , Tit. 24 , § 1983 Wisconsin Wis . Stat . § 968.24 States not listed do not have a requirement to show Identification to law enforcement officers . Some states listed have `` Stop and ID '' laws which may or may not require someone to identify themselves during an investigative detention . While Wisconsin statutes allow law enforcement officers to `` demand '' ID , there is no statutory requirement to provide them ID nor is there a penalty for refusing to , hence Wisconsin is not a must ID state . Henes v. Morrissey , 194 Wis. 2d 338 , 353 - 54 ( 1995 ) . Annotations for Wisconsin § 968.24 , however , state `` The principles of Terry permit a state to require a suspect to disclose his or her name in the course of a Terry stop and allow imposing criminal penalties for failing to do so '' , citing Hiibel as authority . Hiibel held that statutes requiring suspects to disclose their names during police investigations did not violate the Fourth Amendment if the statute first required reasonable and articulable suspicion of criminal involvement . The Wisconsin Supreme Court held in Henes v. Morrissey that `` A crime is made up of two parts : proscribed conduct and a prescribed penalty . `` The former without the latter is no crime ... In this case no statute penalizes a refusal to identify oneself to a law enforcement officer , and no penalty is set forth in the statute for refusing to identify oneself . This statute is part of Chapter 968 entitled `` Commencement of Criminal Proceedings . By its very terms sec . 968.24 empowers a law enforcement officer to stop and question `` in the vicinity where the person was stopped . '' The statute does not authorize a law enforcement officer to make an arrest . '' Additionally Henes v. Morrissey held that a detained person not providing their name is n't on its own a violation of 946.41 Resisting or obstructing officer as the act of not identifying ones self is n't a false statement with intent to mislead the officer in the performance of his or her duty . Neither is Illinois , since the Illinois Second District Appellate Court Decision in People v. Fernandez , 2011 IL App ( 2d ) 100473 , which specifically states that section 107 - 14 is found in the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 , not the Criminal Code of 1961 , and governs the conduct of police officers . The fact remains that there is no corresponding duty in the Criminal Code of 1961 for a suspect to identify himself or herself . By contrast , in Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada , 542 U.S. 177 , 181 ( 2004 ) , a Nevada statute ( Nev . Rev. Stat. § 171.123 ( 2003 ) ) specifically required that a person subjected to a Terry stop `` shall identify himself . '' The Supreme Court held that the statute was constitutional . As of February 2011 , there is no U.S. federal law requiring that an individual identify himself during a Terry stop , but Hiibel held that states may enact such laws , provided the law requires the officer to have reasonable and articulable suspicion of criminal involvement , and 24 states have done so . The opinion in Hiibel implied that persons detained by police in jurisdictions with constitutional `` stop and identify '' laws listed are obligated to identify themselves , and that persons detained in other jurisdictions are not . The issue may not be that simple , however , for several reasons : The wording of `` stop and identify '' laws varies considerably from state to state . Noncompliance with a `` stop and identify '' law that does not explicitly impose a penalty may constitute violation of another law , such as one to the effect of `` resisting , obstructing , or delaying a peace officer '' . State courts have made varying interpretations of both `` stop and identify '' and `` obstructing '' laws . Variations in `` stop and identify '' laws ( edit ) Four states ' laws ( Arizona , Indiana , Louisiana , and Nevada ) explicitly impose an obligation to provide identifying information . Fifteen states grant police authority to ask questions , with varying wording , but do not explicitly impose an obligation to respond : In Montana , police `` may request '' identifying information ; In Ohio , identifying information may be required `` when requested '' ; an obligation exists only when the police suspect a person is committing , has committed , or is about to commit a criminal offense , is witness to a violent felony offense , or is witness to an attempt or conspiracy to commit a violent felony offense ; In 12 states ( Alabama , Delaware , Illinois , Kansas , Missouri , Nebraska , New Hampshire , New York , North Dakota , Rhode Island , Utah , Wisconsin ) , police `` may demand '' identifying information . Of note , though , in New Hampshire for example ( RSA 594 : 2 ) , statutory language authorizing a ' demand ' for identity does not establish a legal requirement to provide documentation of identity ( ID ) , or even a requirement to respond in the first place . Further , a law enforcement officer is authorized to make such ' demand ' only of individuals for `` whom he has reason to suspect is committing , has committed or is about to commit a crime . '' Identifying information varies , but typically includes Name , address , and an explanation of the person 's actions ; In some cases it also includes the person 's intended destination , the person 's date of birth ( Indiana and Ohio ) , or written identification if available ( Colorado ) . Ohio does not require the person 's intended destination . Ohio requires only name , address , or date of birth . Date of birth is NOT required if the age of the person is an element to the crime ( such as underage drinking , curfew violation , etc ... ) that the person is reasonably suspected of . Indiana requires either name , address , and date of birth , or driver 's license , if on the person 's possession , and only applies if the person was stopped for an infraction or ordinance violation . Arizona law , apparently written specifically to codify the holding in Hiibel , requires a person 's `` true full name '' . Nevada law , which requires a person to `` identify himself or herself '' , apparently requires only that the person state his or her name . Texas law requires a person to provide their name , residence address and date of birth if lawfully arrested and asked by police . ( A detained person or witness of a crime is not required to provide any identifying information , however it is a crime for a detained person or witness to give a false name . ) In four states ( Arkansas , Florida , Georgia , and Rhode Island ) , failure to identify oneself is one factor to be considered in a decision to arrest . In all but Rhode Island , the consideration arises in the context of loitering or prowling . Seven states ( Arizona , Florida , Indiana , Louisiana , New Mexico , Ohio , and Vermont ) explicitly impose a criminal penalty for noncompliance with the obligation to identify oneself . As of February 2011 , the validity of a law requiring that a person detained provide anything more than stating his or her name has not come before the U.S. Supreme Court . Interaction with other laws ( edit ) In states whose `` stop and identify laws '' do not directly impose penalties , a lawful arrest must be for violation of some other law , such as one to the effect of `` resisting , obstructing , or delaying a peace officer '' . For example , the Nevada `` stop and identify '' law challenged in Hiibel did not impose a penalty on a person who refused to comply , but the Justice Court of Union Township , Nevada , determined that Hiibels refusal to identify himself constituted a violation of Nevada `` obstructing '' law . A similar conclusion regarding the interaction between Utah `` stop and identify '' and `` obstructing '' laws was reached in Oliver v. Woods ( 10th Cir. 2000 ) . Interpretation by courts ( edit ) `` Stop and identify '' laws in different states that appear to be nearly identical may be different in effect because of interpretations by state courts . For example , California `` stop and identify '' law , Penal Code § 647 ( e ) had wording similar to the Nevada law upheld in Hiibel , but a California appellate court , in People v. Solomon ( 1973 ) , 33 Cal. App. 3d 429 construed the law to require `` credible and reliable '' identification that carries a `` reasonable assurance '' of its authenticity . Using this construction , the U.S. Supreme Court held the law to be void for vagueness in Kolender v. Lawson , 461 U.S. 352 ( 1983 ) . Some courts have recognized a distinction authorizing police to demand identifying information and specifically imposing an obligation of a suspect to respond . Other courts have apparently interpreted demand to impose an obligation on the detainee to comply . Wording and interpretation by state courts of `` obstructing '' laws also varies ; for example , New York `` obstructing '' law apparently requires physical rather than simply verbal obstruction ; likewise , a violation of the Colorado `` obstructing '' law appears to require use or threat of use of physical force . However , the Colorado Supreme Court held in Dempsey v. People , No. 04SC362 ( 2005 ) ( PDF ) that refusing to provide identification was an element in the `` totality of the circumstances '' that could constitute obstructing an officer , even when actual physical interference was not employed . Utah `` obstructing '' law does not require a physical act , but merely a failure to follow a `` lawful order ... necessary to effect the ... detention '' ; a divided court in Oliver v. Woods concluded that failure to present identification constituted a violation of that law . It is not universally agreed that , absent a `` stop and identify law '' , there is no obligation for a detainee to identify himself . For example , as the U.S. Supreme Court noted in Hiibel , California `` stop and identify '' statute was voided in Kolender v. Lawson . But in People v. Long , decided four years after Kolender , a California appellate court found no constitutional impropriety in a police officer 's demand for written identification from a detainee . The issue before the Long court was a request for suppression of evidence uncovered in a search of the defendant 's wallet , so the issue of refusal to present identification was not directly addressed ; however , the author of the Long opinion had apparently concluded in a 1980 case that failure to identify oneself did not provide a basis for arrest . Nonetheless , some cite Long in maintaining that refusal to present written identification constitutes obstructing an officer . Others disagree , and maintain that persons detained by police in California can not be compelled to identify themselves . Some courts , e.g. , State v. Flynn ( Wis . 1979 ) and People v. Loudermilk ( Calif. 1987 ) have held that police may perform a search for written identification if a suspect refuses to provide it ; a later California decision , People v. Garcia ( 2006 ) strongly disagreed . Recommendations of legal - aid organizations ( edit ) Some legal organizations , such as the National Lawyers Guild and the ACLU of Northern California , recommend to either remain silent or to identify oneself whether or not a jurisdiction has a `` stop and identify '' law : And in any state , police do not always follow the law , and refusing to give your name may make them suspicious and lead to your arrest , so use your judgment . If you fear that your name may be incriminating , you can claim the right to remain silent , and if you are arrested , this may help you later . Giving a false name could be a crime . In a more recent pamphlet , the ACLU of Northern California elaborated on this further , recommending that a person detained by police should : ... give your name and the information on your drivers ' license . If you do n't , you may be arrested , even though the arrest may be illegal . Other countries ( edit ) Main article : List of national identity card policies by country Many countries allow police to demand identification and arrest people who do not carry any . Normally these countries provide all residents with national identity cards , which have the identity information the police would want to know , including citizenship . Foreign visitors need to have their passport available to show at all times . In some cases national identity cards from certain other countries are accepted . For example , in Portugal it is compulsory to carry the state ID card at all times . This card named Cartão de Cidadão - Citizen Card is an electronic card which includes biometric information , id number , social security number , fiscal information , place of birth , etc . Police can only ask for the ID card in public or a place open to public and only if there is a reasonable suspicion the person committed a crime . A certified copy of the ID card can be presented in such situations . If a citizen does not carry the ID card or its certified copy , the police will escort the person to the police department to remain detained until clear identification can be obtained . See also ( edit ) Brown v. Texas Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada Kolender v. Lawson Miranda v. Arizona Loitering Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Although police and police officer are used throughout this article , most `` stop and identify '' laws use the term peace officer ( or sometimes law enforcement officer ) . In general , peace officers are state civil officers charged with preserving the public peace and granted the authority to do so . Peace officers normally include police officers , sheriffs and sheriffs ' deputies , marshals , constables , and often many other persons ; those included vary among the states . Jump up ^ In upholding Hiibel 's conviction , the Court noted , In this case petitioner 's refusal to disclose his name was not based on any articulated real and appreciable fear that his name would be used to incriminate him ... As best we can tell , petitioner refused to identify himself only because he thought his name was none of the officer 's business . -- 542 U.S. at 190 But the Court did leave open the possibility of different circumstances : Still , a case may arise where there is a substantial allegation that furnishing identity at the time of a stop would have given the police a link in the chain of evidence needed to convict the individual of a separate offense . In that case , the court can then consider whether the privilege applies , and , if the Fifth Amendment has been violated , what remedy must follow . We need not resolve those questions here . -- 542 U.S. at 191 Jump up ^ Writing for the Court in Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada , Justice Kennedy stated , Here the Nevada statute is narrower and more precise . The statute in Kolender had been interpreted to require a suspect to give the officer `` credible and reliable '' identification . In contrast , the Nevada Supreme Court has interpreted NRS § 171.123 ( 3 ) to require only that a suspect disclose his name . -- 542 U.S. at 184 -- 185 Justice Kennedy continued , As we understand it , the statute does not require a suspect to give the officer a drivers license or any other document . Provided that the suspect either states his name or communicates it to the officer by other means -- a choice , we assume , that the suspect may make -- the statute is satisfied and no violation occurs . -- 542 U.S. at 185 Writing for the Nevada Supreme Court in Hiibel v. Dist . Ct. , Chief Justice Young said , The suspect is not required to provide private details about his background , but merely to state his name to an officer when reasonable suspicion exists . -- 118 Nev . 868 at 875 Jump up ^ Writing for the Court in Terry v. Ohio , Chief Justice Warren stated , And in justifying the particular intrusion the police officer must be able to point to specific and articulable facts which , taken together with rational inferences from those facts , reasonably warrant that intrusion . -- 392 U.S. at 21 Jump up ^ Writing for the Court in Florida v. Royer 460 U.S. 491 ( 1983 ) , Justice White stated , The person approached , however , need not answer any question put to him ; indeed , he may decline to listen to the questions at all and may go on his way . -- 460 U.S. at 497 -- 498 Jump up ^ Writing for the Court in United States v. Mendenhall , 446 U.S. 544 ( 1980 ) Justice Stewart stated , Our conclusion that no seizure occurred is not affected by the fact that the respondent was not expressly told by the agents that she was free to decline to cooperate with their inquiry , for the voluntariness of her responses does not depend upon her having been so informed . -- 446 U.S. at 555 Jump up ^ The ACLU publication Know Your Rights When Encountering Law Enforcement states , You can say , `` I do not want to talk to you '' and walk away calmly . Or , if you do not feel comfortable doing that , you can ask if you are free to go . If the answer is yes , you can consider just walking away . Do not run from the officer . If the officer says you are not under arrest , but you are not free to go , then you are being detained . Jump up ^ If the encounter is consensual , a person approached need not actually leave to terminate the encounter , but may simply ignore police . In Michigan v. Chesternut , 486 U.S. 567 ( 1988 ) , Justice Blackmun explained the Court 's holding that Chesternut had not been detained , stating that the police conduct `` would not have communicated to a reasonable person that he was not at liberty to ignore the police presence and go about his business . '' -- 486 U.S. at 569 Jump up ^ Writing for the Court in United States v. Mendenhall , 446 U.S. 544 ( 1980 ) Justice Stewart stated : We conclude that a person has been `` seized '' within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment only if , in view of all of the circumstances surrounding the incident , a reasonable person would have believed that he was not free to leave . -- 446 U.S. at 554 Jump up ^ In a concurring opinion in Terry v. Ohio , Justice White stated that a person detained can be questioned but is `` not obliged to answer , answers may not be compelled , and refusal to answer furnishes no basis for an arrest . '' This opinion , in turn , was cited in many later cases , including Berkemer v. McCarty , 468 U.S. 420 ( 1984 ) . Jump up ^ In describing the split authority among the federal appellate court circuits in Hiibel v. Dist . Ct. , the Nevada Supreme Court stated : In Oliver v. Woods , ( 209 F. 3d 1179 , 1190 ( 10th Cir. 2000 ) ) the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld a Utah statute that requires individuals to produce identification to an officer during an investigatory stop . However , in Carey v. Nevada Gaming Control Board ( 279 F. 3d 873 , 881 ( 9th Cir. 2002 ) ) , the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that NRS 171.123 ( 3 ) violates the Fourth Amendment because `` ' the serious intrusion on personal security outweighs the mere possibility that identification ( might ) provide a link leading to arrest . ' '' Jump up ^ In Hiibel v. Dist . Ct. , the Nevada Supreme Court noted that the U.S. Supreme Court declined to address the issue of identification in Brown v. Texas , 443 U.S. 47 ( 1979 ) , at 53 n. 3 ( `` We need not decide whether an individual may be punished for refusing to identify himself in the context of a lawful investigatory stop which satisfies Fourth Amendment requirements . '' ) ; and Kolender v. Lawson , 461 U.S. 352 ( 1983 ) , 361 -- 62 n. 10 ( holding that a California statute was unconstitutional on vagueness grounds , but refusing to consider whether the statute violated the Fourth Amendment ) . Jump up ^ Texas does not require a detainee to identify himself unless he has been lawfully arrested , but does make it a crime to provide a false name . Texas Penal Code § 38.02 reads , in relevant part , ( b ) A person commits an offense if he intentionally gives a false or fictitious name , residence address , or date of birth to a peace officer who has : ( 1 ) lawfully arrested the person ; ( 2 ) lawfully detained the person ; or ( 3 ) requested the information from a person that the peace officer has good cause to believe is a witness to a criminal offense . Jump up ^ California Penal Code § 841 , states , in relevant part , The person making the arrest must inform the person to be arrested of the intention to arrest him , of the cause of the arrest , and the authority to make it ... Jump up ^ In Pennsylvania v. Muniz , 496 U.S. 582 ( 1990 ) , the Court cited the Brief for United States as Amicus Curiae 12 quoting United States v. Horton , 873 F. 2d 180 , 181 , n . 2 ( CA8 1989 ) ) , the questions fall within a `` routine booking question '' exception which exempts from Miranda coverage questions to secure the `` ' biographical data necessary to complete booking or pretrial services . ' '' -- 496 U.S. at 601 -- 602 Jump up ^ The Fifth Amendment prohibits only communication that is testimonial , incriminating , and compelled ; see United States v. Hubbell , 530 U.S. 27 ( 2000 ) , at 34 -- 38 . Hiibel held that , in the circumstances of the case , a person 's name is not incriminating , and consequently is not protected by the Fifth - Amendment privilege against self - incrimination. -- 530 U.S. at 34 -- 38 Jump up ^ Texas Penal Code , Title 8 , § 38.02 ( a ) , reads A person commits an offense if he intentionally refuses to give his name , residence address , or date of birth to a peace officer who has lawfully arrested the person and requested the information . Giving false information is a related , and usually more serious offense ( under Subsection ( b ) , noted above ) , and applies to detainees as well as arrestees . Jump up ^ In People v. Quiroga ( 1993 ) 16 Cal. App. 4th 961 , the Court held that refusal to disclose one 's identity following a felony arrest constituted obstructing an officer : These statutory provisions lead to the conclusion that a refusal to disclose personal identification following arrest for a misdemeanor or infraction can not constitute a violation of ( California ) Penal Code section 148 ... Section 148 can reasonably be construed as applying to nondisclosure of identity following arrest for felonies , but not minor offenses , if this exception applies to the provisions cited above dealing with arrests for minor offenses. -- 16 Cal. App. 4th 961 , 970 Similar refusal following arrest for a misdemeanor or infraction did not violate the statute because the Legislature had `` established other ways of dealing with such nondisclosure '' . Jump up ^ In Burkes v. State ( Fla. 2d DCA 1998 ) , Case No. 97 - 00552 , the Court , in affirming the appellant 's conviction for violation of § 843.02 , Florida Statutes , `` Resisting officer without violence to his or her person '' , stated : The most compelling argument we discern for answering this question in the affirmative is that the right to remain silent means just that and has no exceptions . We , nevertheless , conclude that after an individual has been lawfully arrested , he must provide his name or otherwise identify himself when asked by law enforcement officers . Jump up ^ http://www.illinoiscourts.gov/opinions/AppellateCourt/2011/2ndDistrict/December/2100473.pdf Jump up ^ The Hiibel Court held , `` The principles of Terry permit a State to require a suspect to disclose his name in the course of a Terry stop . '' -- 542 U.S. at 187 Jump up ^ The opinion in Hiibel included a list of 21 states with `` stop and identify '' laws . For some reason , the Indiana law was not included in the list ; the Arizona and Ohio laws have been enacted since Hiibel was decided . The Texas law only applies to arrested persons . Jump up ^ `` Constitutional '' means that the law requires the officer to have reasonable and articulable suspicion of criminal involvement . See Hiibel . Jump up ^ Writing for the Court in Hiibel , Justice Kennedy stated , `` the source of the legal obligation ( to identify oneself ) arises from Nevada state law '' . -- 542 U.S. at 187 Jump up ^ In Hiibel , Justice Kennedy stated , `` In other States , a suspect may decline to identify himself without penalty . '' -- 542 U.S. at 183 Jump up ^ `` Lawriter - ORC - 2921.29 Failure to disclose personal information '' . State of Ohio Codes . Jump up ^ Assembly , Indiana General . `` Indiana Code 2016 - Indiana General Assembly , 2016 Session '' . Jump up ^ The opinion noted that Hiibel was asked to provide identification , which the Court understood as a request to produce a driver 's license or some other form of written identification , 11 different times ; however , it did not indicate that Hiibel was ever asked simply to identify himself . Jump up ^ NRS § 199.280 provides a penalty for a person who `` willfully resists , delays or obstructs a public officer in discharging or attempting to discharge any legal duty of his office '' Jump up ^ California stop - and - identify law in Penal Code § 647 ( e ) was repealed several years after 1983 and the sub-sections re-lettered , so the current Penal Code § 647 ( e ) is what used to be Penal Code § 647 ( f ) . Also , do not confuse Penal Code § 647 ( e ) with Penal Code § 647e . Jump up ^ ( voided in Kolender v. Lawson ) , read , in relevant part , Every person who commits any of the following acts is guilty of disorderly conduct , a misdemeanor : ... ( e ) who loiters or wanders upon the streets or from place to place without apparent reason or business and who refuses to identify himself and to account for his presence when requested by any peace officer so to do , if the surrounding circumstances are such as to indicate to a reasonable man that the public safety demands such identification . Jump up ^ In voiding California Penal Code § 647 ( e ) in Kolender v. Lawson , Justice O'Connor , writing for the Court , noted that Section 647 ( e ) , as presently drafted and as construed by the state courts , contains no standard for determining what a suspect has to do in order to satisfy the requirement to provide a `` credible and reliable '' identification . As such , the statute vests virtually complete discretion in the hands of the police to determine whether the suspect has satisfied the statute . -- 461 U.S. at 358 Jump up ^ Writing for the Court in People v. Love , 318 Ill. App. 3d 534 ( 2000 ) , rev 'd on other grounds , People v. Love , No. 90806 ( 2002 ) , Justice O'Brien stated , The State next argues that the officer 's order was a justifiable means of compelling defendant to state her name pursuant to section 107 - 14 , which provides that an officer making a Terry stop may `` demand the name and address of the person and an explanation of his actions . '' 725 ILCS 5 / 107 - 14 ( West 1992 ) . However , while section 107 - 14 states that an officer may `` demand '' the defendant 's name , it does not provide that the officer may compel a response . Further , the United States Supreme Court has stated in the context of a Terry stop : `` ( T ) he officer may ask the detainee a moderate number of questions to determine his identity and to try to obtain information confirming or dispelling the officer 's suspicions . But the detainee is not obliged to respond . '' ( Emphasis added . ) Berkemer v. McCarty , 468 U.S. 420 , 438 , 82 L. Ed . 2d 317 , 334 , 104 S. Ct. 3138 , 3150 ( 1984 ) . Noting Berkemer v. McCarty ( and Justice White 's concurring opinion in Terry that Berkemer quoted ) , the Hiibel Court stated , `` We do not read these statements as controlling '' ( 542 U.S. at 187 ) , so Love is probably weakened to the extent that it relies on Berkemer . Jump up ^ In Cady v. Sheahan ( 7th Cir. 2006 ) , the Court stated , In Hiibel , the Supreme Court held that states are permitted to statutorily authorize the demand for identification during a Terry stop , and to require compliance with such demand . 542 U.S. at 188 , 124 S. Ct. 2451 . Cady 's identity was relevant to the purpose of the stop and the officers did not exceed the scope of the stop by requesting identification . ( footnotes omitted ) ^ Jump up to : Writing for the Court in Oliver v. Woods , 209 F. 3d 1179 ( 10th Cir. 2000 ) , Judge Brorby stated , Section 76 - 8 - 305 does not require the use of force ; mere refusal to perform any act required by a lawful order necessary to effect the detention is sufficient to constitute a violation of § 76 - 8 - 305 . Moreover , an individual who merely refuses to refrain from performing any act that would impede the arrest or detention violates this section ... Thus , Officer Woods gave a lawful order when he told Mr. Oliver to present identification and to remain in the parking lot while he conducted the investigation . By refusing to present identification , Mr. Oliver refused to perform an act required by lawful order , necessary to effect the detention . Jump up ^ New Yorks `` obstructing '' law , NY Consolidated Laws Penal ( PEN ) § 195.05 , reads , in relevant part , A person is guilty of obstructing governmental administration when he intentionally obstructs , impairs or perverts the administration of law or other governmental function , or prevents or attempts to prevent a public servant from performing an official function , by means of intimidation , physical force or interference , or by means of any independently unlawful act Jump up ^ In People v. Offen , 408 N.Y.S. 2d 914 , 96 Misc. 2d 147 ( 1978 ) , Judge Hertz stated , An essential element of the crime of obstructing governmental administration , to be charged in an information , must be an act of either ( 1 ) intimidation or ( 2 ) physical force or interference or ( 3 ) an independently unlawful act . Plainly , ignoring an officer 's request for identification is not a crime , nor does that act supply any such element . Though it is clear that such conduct risks pursuit and arrest , no crime has been charged here . -- 96 Misc. 2d at 150 Jump up ^ See When Do You Have to Give Your Name at the RNC Protests ? under External links for an analysis of New York `` stop and identify '' and `` obstructing '' laws by Just Cause Law Collective lawyer Katya Komisaruk . Jump up ^ Colorado `` obstructing '' law , Colorado Revised Statutes § 18 - 8 - 104 ( 1 ) , reads , in relevant part , A person commits obstructing a peace officer ... when by using or threatening to use violence , force , physical interference , or an obstacle , such person knowingly obstructs , impairs , or hinders the enforcement of the penal law or the preservation of the peace by a peace officer , acting under color of his or her official authority . Jump up ^ Utah `` obstructing '' law , Utah Code § 76 - 8 - 305 , reads as follows : Interference with arresting officer . A person is guilty of a class B misdemeanor if he has knowledge , or by the exercise of reasonable care should have knowledge , that a peace officer is seeking to effect a lawful arrest or detention of that person or another and interferes with the arrest or detention by : ( 1 ) use of force or any weapon ; ( 2 ) the arrested person 's refusal to perform any act required by lawful order : ( a ) necessary to effect the arrest or detention ; and ( b ) made by a peace officer involved in the arrest or detention ; or ( 3 ) the arrested person 's or another person 's refusal to refrain from performing any act that would impede the arrest or detention . Jump up ^ In People v. Long ( 1987 ) 189 Cal. App. 3d 77 , Justice Agliano wrote , The voluntary display of identification is a routine experience for most of us . Measured against the obvious and substantial need for police recording the identity of a person suspected of having committed a crime , we find reasonable the minimal intrusion involved here in requiring the production of identification . In addition , defendant 's oral statement of his name was suspect when he insisted he had no identification while appearing to carry a wallet and , in addition , he seemed intoxicated. -- 189 Cal. App. 3d at 88 Jump up ^ In In re Gregory S. ( 1980 ) , 112 Cal. App. 3d 764 , Justice Agliano wrote We find no authority to support the court 's legal conclusion that a person who merely refuses to identify himself or to answer questions in a context similar to that before us thereby violates Penal Code section 148 or otherwise furnishes ground for arrest . The Legislature has required citizen self - identification in prescribed situations . Vehicle Code section 40302 calls for the production of a driver 's license or identification upon arrest for a violation of that code ; Vehicle Code section 12951 requires production of a driver 's license by the driver of a motor vehicle upon the request of an officer . Penal Code section 647 , subdivision ( e ) imposes a duty to identify oneself when such person loiters or wanders upon the streets or from place to place without apparent reason or business , and the surrounding circumstances reasonably indicate that the public safety demands identification . Section 647 , subdivision ( e ) was held valid in People v. Solomon ( 1973 ) 33 Cal. App. 3d 429 ( 108 Cal. Rptr. 867 ) , in which strong consideration was given to the legislatively declared governmental purpose to be served by identification when the conditions described in the statute exist . ( Id , at p. 436 ; see also California v. Byers ( 1971 ) 402 U.S. 424 ( 29 L. Ed. 2d 9 , 91 S. Ct. 1535 ) . ) None of the statutory conditions requiring identification existed in this case . -- 112 Cal. App. 3d at 779 Note : Penal Code 647 , subdivision ( e ) was voided by the U.S. Supreme Court in Kolender v. Lawson ( 1983 ) . Jump up ^ Shortly after Hiibel was decided , the Alameda County ( California ) District Attorney 's Office provided a case analysis ( PDF ) maintaining that refusal to identify oneself and provide written identification ( if available ) constitutes a violation of Penal Code § 148 ( a ) ( 1 ) , resisting , delaying , or obstructing an officer . The topic is further discussed in the 2010 edition of Point of View . Jump up ^ The California Peace Officers Legal Sourcebook ( `` CPOLS '' ; written by the office of the California Attorney General ) maintains that failure to identify oneself does not constitute a violation of California Penal Code § 148 ( a ) ( 1 ) , resisting , delaying , or obstructing a peace officer : Unlike Nevada and other states , California does not have a statute mandating that a detainee identify himself , and that obligation can not be read into Penal Code section 148 ... Hiibel does not provide a means of arresting someone for failing or refusing to identify himself . ( Revision 176 , 9 / 15 / 2014 , p. 2.14 a ; page last revised 1 / 10 ) Jump up ^ In State v. Flynn ( 1979 ) 92 Wis. 2d 427 ( 285 N.W. 2d 710 , 718 ) , cert. den . 449 U.S. 846 , the Wisconsin Supreme Court held that the Terry limitation of a search `` to an intrusion reasonably designed to discover guns , knives , clubs , or other hidden instruments for the assault of the police officer . '' ( 392 U.S. at 29 ) was limited to the specific circumstances of Terry . Chief Justice Beilfuss wrote , It is clear from the language itself that the court 's holding in Terry was limited to the precise situation before it . The court did not say that the sole justification for any search on less than probable cause is the protection of the police officer and others , but that that was the sole justification of the search in the situation then before it . The situation before us is significantly different . Jump up ^ In People v. Loudermilk ( 1987 ) 195 Cal. App. 3d 996 , Justice Low stated , Neither case ( Kolender v. Lawson or Brown v. Texas ) could be interpreted to prevent a police officer from demanding that a Terry suspect produce proof of identification . Further , nothing in those or other cases cited by defendant prevents an officer from seizing a wallet found during a lawful patdown search after that suspect has lied to the officer that he had no identification . -- 195 Cal. App. 3d at 1003 Justice Low noted the similarity to Flynn , and continued , We must emphasize that we do not hold that a suspect may be detained and searched merely because he either refused to identify himself or refused to produce proof of identification . Nor do we hold that each time an officer conducts a Terry stop he may immediately conduct a search for identification . The rule we announce does not provide officers with unfettered discretion and does not open citizens to harassment. -- 195 Cal. App. 3d at 1004 Jump up ^ In People v. Garcia ( 2006 ) 145 Cal. App. 4th 782 , Justice Yegan , noting State v. Flynn ( Wis . 1979 ) and State v. Wilcox ( N.J. 1981 ) , stated , We need not look to other jurisdictions to decide this case . We would have to indulge in legal legerdemain to justify a patdown search for identification . In fact , it would require a rewriting of Terry v. Ohio , supra , which we could not and would not undertake even if we were so inclined . Here , the record is devoid of any concern that appellant was armed and dangerous . The sole reason for the patdown was to gather evidence of identification . A fair reading of Terry v. Ohio , and its reference to the lower court opinion in State v. Terry show that the `` frisk '' allowable upon a proper showing was `` ' ... only a `` frisk '' for a dangerous weapon . It by no means authorizes a search for contraband , evidentiary material , or anything else in the absence of reasonable grounds to arrest . Such a search is controlled by requirements of the Fourth Amendment , and probable cause is essential . ' `` ( Terry v. Ohio , supra , 392 U.S. at p. 16 , fn. 12 ( 20 L. Ed . 2d at p. 903 , fn. 12 . ) Our own Supreme Court has unanimously so held . ( People v. Lawler ( 1973 ) 9 Cal. 3d 156 , 161 ( pat - down search `` only '' for weapons ) . ) If stare decisis means anything ( and it does ) and if the word only means only ( and it does ) , the trial court was required to grant this suppression motion as a matter of law . ( Auto Equity Sales , Inc. v. Superior Court ( 1962 ) 57 Cal. 2d 450 . ) -- 145 Cal. App. 4th at 788 Jump up ^ `` Know Your Rights ! What to Do if Questioned by Police , FBI , Customs Agents or Immigration Officers '' ( pdf ) . National Lawyers Guild , S.F. Bay Area Chapter ; ACLU of Northern California ; American Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee . August 2004 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Your Rights and the Police '' . ACLU of Northern California . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ www.view.pt ) , VIEW . ( info@view.pt - . `` Um cidadão traz habitualmente consigo apenas uma fotocópia do cartão de cidadão ou do bilhete de identidade . Se a autoridade lhe exigir a identificação , pode estar descansado ? - Direitos e Deveres dos Cidadãos '' . External links ( edit ) ACLU `` Bust Card '' What To Do If You 're Stopped By The Police ACLU Know Your Rights When Encountering Law Enforcement 10 Rules for Dealing with Police from FlexYourRights.org , a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) educational nonprofit organization . California Codes Colorado Revised Statutes Nevada Revised Statutes New York Legislature Source for New York State Laws Stop - and - Identify Laws from Police Chief magazine Suspects Who Refuse to Identify Themselves from Police Chief magazine The Identity Project : Hiibel When Do You Have to Give Your Name at the RNC Protests ? An analysis of New York 's `` stop and identify '' law . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stop_and_identify_statutes&oldid=825175566 '' Categories : U.S. state criminal law Search and seizure case law United States Fourth Amendment case law United States Fifth Amendment self - incrimination case law Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 February 2018 , at 22 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop%20and%20identify%20statutes

where does the phantom of the opera take place

The Phantom of the Opera ( French : Le Fantôme de l'Opéra ) is a novel by French writer Gaston Leroux . It was first published as a serialization in Le Gaulois from 23 September 1909 , to 8 January 1910 . It was published in volume form in late March 1910 by Pierre Lafitte . The novel is partly inspired by historical events at the Paris Opera during the nineteenth century and an apocryphal tale concerning the use of a former ballet pupil 's skeleton in Carl Maria von Weber 's 1841 production of Der Freischütz . It has been successfully adapted into various stage and film adaptations , most notable of which are the 1925 film depiction featuring Lon Chaney , and Andrew Lloyd Webber 's 1986 musical .

the Paris Opera

The Phantom of the Opera

the phantom of the opera

The Phantom of the Opera ( French : Le Fantôme de l'Opéra ) is a novel by French writer Gaston Leroux . It was first published as a serialization in Le Gaulois from 23 September 1909 , to 8 January 1910 . It was published in volume form in late March 1910 by Pierre Lafitte . The novel is partly inspired by historical events at the Paris Opera during the nineteenth century and an apocryphal tale concerning the use of a former ballet pupil 's skeleton in Carl Maria von Weber 's 1841 production of Der Freischütz . It has been successfully adapted into various stage and film adaptations , most notable of which are the 1925 film depiction featuring Lon Chaney , and Andrew Lloyd Webber 's 1986 musical .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Characters 3 Adaptations 4 References 5 External links Plot summary ( edit ) In Paris in the 1890s , the Palais Garnier opera house is believed to be haunted by an entity known as the Phantom of the Opera Ghost . A stagehand named Joseph Buquet is found hanged and the rope around his neck goes missing . At a gala performance for the retirement of the opera house 's two managers , a young little - known Swedish soprano , Christine Daaé , is called upon to sing in the place of the Opera 's leading soprano , Carlotta , who is ill , and her performance is an astonishing success . The Vicomte Raoul de Chagny , who was present at the performance , recognises her as his childhood playmate , and recalls his love for her . He attempts to visit her backstage , where he hears a man complimenting her from inside her dressing room . He investigates the room once Christine leaves , only to find it empty . At Perros - Guirec , Christine meets with Raoul , who confronts her about the voice he heard in her room . Christine tells him she has been tutored by the Angel of Music , whom her father used to tell them about . When Raoul , who he is skeptical , suggests that she might be the victim of a prank , she storms off . Christine visits her father 's grave one night , where a mysterious figure appears and plays the violin for her . Raoul attempts to confront it but is attacked and knocked out in the process . Back at the Palais Garnier , the new managers receive a letter from the Phantom demanding that they allow Christine to perform the lead role of Marguerite in Faust , and that box 5 be left empty for his use , lest they perform in a house with a curse on it . The managers ignore his demands as a prank , resulting in disastrous consequences : Carlotta ends up croaking like a toad , and the chandelier suddenly drops into the audience , killing a spectator . The Phantom , having abducted Christine from her dressing room , reveals himself as a deformed man called Erik . Erik intends to keep her in his lair with him for a few days , but she causes him to change his plans when she unmasks him and , to the horror of both , beholds his noseless , lipless , sunken - eyed face , which resembles a skull dried up by the centuries , covered in yellowed dead flesh . Fearing that she will leave him , he decides to keep her with him forever , but when Christine requests release after two weeks , he agrees on condition that she wear his ring and be faithful to him . On the roof of the opera house , Christine tells Raoul about her abduction , and makes Raoul promise to take her away to a place where Erik can never find her , even if she resists . Raoul tells Christine he will act on his promise the next day , to which she agrees . However , Christine sympathises with Erik , and decides to sing for him one last time as a means of saying good - bye . Unbeknownst to Christine and Raoul , Erik has been watching them and overheard their whole conversation . The following night , the enraged and jealous Erik abducts Christine during a production of Faust , and tries to force her to marry him . Raoul is led by a mysterious opera regular known as `` The Persian '' into Erik 's secret lair deep in the bowels of the opera house , but they end up trapped into a mirrored room by Erik , who threatens that unless Christine agrees to marry him , he will kill them and everyone in the Opera House by using explosives . Christine agrees to marry Erik . Erik initially tries to drown Raoul and the Persian , using the water which would have been used to douse the explosives , but Christine begs and offers to be his `` living bride '' , promising him not to kill herself after becoming his bride , as she had both contemplated and attempted earlier in the novel . Erik eventually releases Raoul and the Persian from his torture chamber . When Erik is alone with Christine , he lifts his mask to kiss her on her forehead , and is given a kiss back . Erik reveals that he has never received a kiss , not even from his own mother , nor has been allowed to give one and is overcome with emotion . He and Christine then cry together and their tears `` mingle '' . Erik later says that he has never felt so close to another human being . He allows the Persian and Raoul to escape , though not before making Christine promise that she will visit him on his death day , and return the gold ring he gave her . He also makes the Persian promise that afterwards he will go to the newspaper and report his death , as he will die soon and will die `` of love '' . Indeed , some time later Christine returns to Erik 's lair , buries him somewhere he will never be found ( by Erik 's request ) and returns the gold ring . Afterwards , a local newspaper runs the simple note : `` Erik is dead '' . Christine and Raoul ( who finds out that Erik has killed his older brother ) elope together , never to return . Passages narrated directly by the Persian and the final chapter piece together Erik 's life : the son of a construction business owner deformed from birth , he ran away from his native Normandy to work in fairs and in caravans , schooling himself in the arts of the circus across Europe and Asia , and eventually building trick palaces in Persia and Turkey . Eventually , he returned to France and , wearing a mask , started his own construction business . After being subcontracted to work on the foundations of the Palais Garnier , Erik had discreetly built himself a lair to disappear in , complete with hidden passages and other tricks that allowed him to spy on the managers and racket them . Characters ( edit ) Erik : The Phantom of the Opera , a deformed former conjuror also referred to as the Angel of Music and the Opera Ghost . He tutors and eventually becomes obsessed with Christine Daaé . Christine Daaé : A young Swedish soprano at the Paris Opera House with whom the Phantom falls in love . Vicomte Raoul de Chagny : Christine 's childhood friend and love interest . The Persian : A mysterious man from Erik 's past . Comte Phillipe de Chagny : Raoul 's older brother . Armand Moncharmin and Firmin Richard : The new managers of the opera house . Madame Giry : The opera 's box keeper . Meg Giry : Often referred to as `` Little Meg '' , Madame Giry 's only daughter , a ballet girl . Debienne and Poligny : The previous managers of the opera house Carlotta : A spoiled prima donna ; the lead soprano of the Paris Opera House . Madame Valérius : Christine 's elderly guardian . Adaptations ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Adaptations of The Phantom of the Opera . There have been many literary and other dramatic works based on Leroux 's novel , ranging from stage musicals to films to children 's books . Some well known stage and screen adaptations of the novel are the 1925 film and the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shah , Raj ( 2016 ) . `` The Publication and Initial French Reception of Gaston Leroux 's Le Fantôme de l'Opéra '' . French Studies Bulletin . 37 ( 138 ) : 13 -- 16 . doi : 10.1093 / frebul / ktw004 . Jump up ^ Shah , Raj ( 2014 ) . `` No Ordinary Skeleton : Unmasking the Secret Source of Le Fantôme de l'Opéra '' . Forum for Modern Language Studies . 50 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 29 ( 17 ; 25n11 ) . doi : 10.1093 / fmls / cqt048 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Phantom of the Opera Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Phantom of the Opera . Official Twitter account for the novel at Twitter The Phantom of the Opera at Project Gutenberg The Phantom of the Opera public domain audiobook at LibriVox ( hide ) The Phantom of the Opera by Gaston Leroux Books The Phantom of the Opera ( 1909 -- 1910 ) Phantom ( 1990 ) The Canary Trainer ( 1993 ) The Phantom of Manhattan ( 1999 ) Stage adaptations Phantom of the Opera ( 1976 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 ) Phantom ( 1991 ) Love Never Dies ( 2010 ) Film and television The Phantom of the Opera ( 1925 ) Song at Midnight ( 1937 ) Phantom of the Opera ( 1943 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1962 ) The Phantom of Hollywood ( 1974 ) Phantom of the Paradise ( 1974 ) Opera ( 1987 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1989 ) Phantom of the Mall : Eric 's Revenge ( 1989 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1990 ) The Phantom Lover ( 1995 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1998 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 ) The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall ( 2011 ) Characters Erik Christine Daaé Viscount Raoul de Chagny The Persian Carlotta Madame Giry Meg Giry Joseph Buquet Songs `` The Phantom of the Opera '' `` The Music of the Night '' `` All I Ask of You '' `` Learn to Be Lonely '' `` ' Til I Hear You Sing '' Other Don Juan Triumphant Punjab lasso Adaptations Return of the Phantom Palais Garnier VIAF : 185531503 LCCN : n86101414 GND : 4513825 - 4 SUDOC : 03506658X BNF : cb125746591 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Phantom_of_the_Opera&oldid=817759035 '' Categories : The Phantom of the Opera 1909 French novels 1910 French novels French horror fiction French novels Novels set in the 1890s Novels set in Paris French novels adapted into films Novels adapted into comics French novels adapted into plays Novels adapted into radio programs Novels adapted into television programs Novels adapted into video games Gothic novels Works originally published in Le Gaulois Novels first published in serial form Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from October 2017 All articles to be expanded Books with missing cover Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 December 2017 , at 11 : 33 . 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union underwear company inc dba fruit of the loom

Fruit of the Loom

fruit of the loom

Fruit of the Loom is an American company that manufactures clothing , particularly underwear . The company 's world headquarters is in Bowling Green , Kentucky . Since 2002 it has been a subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Company profile 2 History 3 References 4 External links Company profile ( edit ) Fruit of the Loom headquarters building in Bowling Green , Kentucky Fruit of the Loom is one of the largest manufacturers and marketers of men 's and boys ' underwear , women 's and girls ' underwear , printable T - shirts and fleece for the activewear industry , casualwear , women 's jeanswear and childrenswear . The company employs more than 32,400 people worldwide . Fruit of the Loom also controls another long - known underwear brand , B.V.D. ( Bradley , Voorhees , and Day ) . Other brands also manufactured and sold by the company are Funpals / FunGals , Screen Stars and Underoos . Brands once owned or marketed by Fruit of the Loom include Gitano , Munsingwear , Salem Sportswear , and Pro Player , which once had the naming rights to what is now Hard Rock Stadium ( originally Joe Robbie Stadium ) in Miami Gardens , Florida from 1996 to 2005 , despite bankruptcy by the parent company in 1999 . Hanes and Jockey are the main competitors of Fruit of the Loom . The company 's familiar logo comprising a red apple , leaves , green grapes , currants , and purple grapes forms a widely recognizable trademark . The company is a vertically integrated manufacturer . In TV commercials for the brand , actors play the roles of only four of the logo 's parts : the apple , green grapes , purple grapes , and leaves . The role of `` Apple '' is played by Rad Daly , and the `` Leaf '' was at one time played by Academy Award - winning actor F. Murray Abraham , and has been played by Gene Steichen since the Fruit Guys were re-introduced to the public in 2001 . `` Green Grapes '' is played by Richard Steven Horvitz . `` Purple Grapes '' is played by Wayne Wilderson . Robert Knight , founder of Fruit of the Loom Fruit of the Loom acquired Russell . Brands includes Russell Athletic , Brooks Running and Spalding among other names in athletic wear . History ( edit ) 1921 newspaper ad for Fruit of the Loom muslin fabric The Fruit of the Loom brand dates back to 1851 in Rhode Island when Robert Knight , a textile mill owner , visited his friend , Rufus Skeel . Skeel owned a small shop in Providence that sold cloth from Knight 's mill . Skeel 's daughter painted images of apples and applied them to the bolts of cloth . The ones with the apple emblems proved most popular . Mr. Knight thought the labels would be the perfect symbol for his trade name , Fruit of the Loom -- an expression referring to clothes , paralleling the phrase `` fruit of the womb '' meaning `` children '' , which can be traced back to use in the Bible ( Psalm 127 : 3 ) . In 1871 , just one year after the first trademark laws were passed by Congress , Knight received trademark number 418 for the brand `` Fruit of the Loom '' . Much of its athletic outerwear was sold under the `` Pro Player '' label , a now defunct division . The company was part of Northwest Industries , Inc. , until NWI was purchased by William F. Farley in 1985 and renamed Farley Industries , Inc . Farley served as president , chief executive officer ( CEO ) , and majority shareholder for 15 years . Fruit of the Loom 's sales revenue rose from approximately $500 million at the time of NWI 's purchase to roughly $2.5 billion nearly 15 years later . Debt financing , once seen as brilliant , proved difficult to manage even as sales revenue quintupled . On March 23 , 1987 , it sold its subsidiary General Battery to Exide Corporation . Fruit of the Loom filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in 1999 shortly after posting a net loss of $576.2 million . Its 66 million shares of outstanding common stock dropped in value from about $44 per share in early 1997 to just more than $1 by spring 2000 . Reasons for the bankruptcy are varied . A large debt load which was assumed in the 1980s , a common practice at the time , did not help . William F. Farley , the company 's former chairman , CEO , and chief operating officer ( COO ) , was forced out prior to bankruptcy in late 1999 , after having piloted the company into massive debt and unproductive business ventures , including structuring the company into an off - shore entity in the Cayman Islands to avoid taxes . The company was bought from bankruptcy by Berkshire Hathaway Corporation , controlled by investor Warren Buffett , who wanted the valuable brand . He agreed in January 2002 to purchase the company for approximately $835 million in cash . The deal was concluded on April 29 , 2002 . A condition of the purchase required that former COO and then interim CEO John Holland remain available to be the CEO for the company . The company purchased Russell Corporation , effectively taking the former competitor private , in a deal valued at $598.3 million that was completed August 1 , 2006 . The company announced the purchase of VF Corporation 's intimate apparel company named Vanity Fair Intimates for $350 million in cash on January 23 , 2007 . In 2010 , Rick Medlin was named president and CEO of Fruit of the Loom . Longtime CEO John Holland became the company 's chairman . In 2014 , the company closed its Jamestown ( Kentucky ) plant , which had once been the second manufacturing plant in the state , and laid off all 600 employees . The company said it was moving the plant 's operations to Honduras to reduce production costs . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Fruit of the Loom '' . fotlinc.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rhodes , Margaret ( March 24 , 2014 ) . `` Why Fruit Of The Loom Is Designing More Than Just Undies '' . Fast Co Design . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Northwest Industries Inc . The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago , 2005 Chicago Historical Society . Jump up ^ company - news - fruit - of - the - loom. html Jump up ^ `` Fruit of the Loom Files for Chapter 11 '' . Los Angeles Times . December 30 , 1999 . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Buffett , Warren ( February 28 , 2002 ) . `` Chairman 's letter '' . Berkshire Hathaway . Retrieved January 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Berkshire agrees to buy Russell for $598.3 M in cash '' . MarketWatch. April 17 , 2006 . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` VF Corp. sells intimate apparel unit to Fruit of the Loom '' . MarketWatch . January 23 , 2007 . Retrieved January 23 , 2007 . This company was renamed Vanity Fair Brands and is operated as a wholly owned subsidiary . Jump up ^ Maze , Brent ( August 10 , 2010 ) . `` New CEO to lead Fruit The Alexander City Outlook '' . AlexCityOutlook.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Estep , Bill ( March 21 , 2015 ) . `` Jobs gone , Fruit of the Loom 's unpaid property tax bill remains in Russell County '' . Lexington Herald Leader . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Beam , Adam ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` Fruit of the Loom to close U.S. plant , move jobs to Honduras '' . St. Louis Post Dispatch . Associated Press . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Kentucky portal Companies portal Fashion portal External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fruit of the Loom . Fruit of the Loom underwear The Fruit of the Loom Guys Creator Farley looks for Congressional help November 1 , 1999 . Berkshire Hathaway Announcement of Fruit of the Loom Acquisition April 30 , 2002 . Buffett 's Berkshire to buy Russell April 17 , 2006 . Berkshire Hathaway Board of directors Warren Buffett ( Chairman and CEO ) Charlie Munger Howard Graham Buffett Susan Decker Bill Gates David Gottesman Charlotte Guyman Donald Keough Thomas Murphy Ronald Olson Walter Scott Jr . 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DKNY Dolce & Gabbana Emporio Armani Fruit of the Loom Hanes Hugo Boss Jockey International Joe Boxer Mundo Unico Munsingwear Pringle John Smedley 's Stanfield 's Under Armour XTG Extreme Game Bowling Green , Kentucky Subject areas Attractions Economy Education Geography History Media Parks People Sports Transportation Attractions Beech Bend Park Capitol Arts Center Greenwood Mall The Historic Railpark and Train Museum Houchens Industries -- L.T. Smith Stadium Lost River Cave National Corvette Homecoming National Corvette Museum Riverview at Hobson Grove Industry Bowling Green Assembly Plant Camping World Fruit of the Loom Holley Performance Products Houchens Industries Jr . Food Stores Minit Mart Foods Inc . 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who sang the original song hooked on a feeling

`` Hooked on a Feeling '' Single by B.J. Thomas from the album On My Way B - side `` I 've Been Down This Road Before '' Released October 29 , 1968 Genre Pop Length 2 : 48 Label Scepter Records Songwriter ( s ) Mark James Producer ( s ) Chips Moman B.J. Thomas singles chronology `` The Eyes of a New York Woman '' ( 1968 ) `` Hooked on a Feeling '' ( 1968 ) `` It 's Only Love '' ( 1969 ) `` The Eyes of a New York Woman '' ( 1968 ) `` Hooked on a Feeling '' ( 1968 ) `` It 's Only Love '' ( 1969 )

Hooked on a Feeling

hooked on a feeling

`` Hooked on a Feeling '' is a 1968 pop song written by Mark James and originally performed by B.J. Thomas . Thomas 's version featured the sound of the electric sitar , and reached number five in 1969 on the Billboard Hot 100 . It has been recorded by many other artists , including Blue Swede , whose version reached number one in the United States in 1974 . The Blue Swede version made singer Björn Skifs ' `` Ooga - Chaka - Ooga - Ooga '' intro well known ( and famous in Sweden at the time ) , although it had been used originally by British musician Jonathan King in his 1971 version of the song .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart performance 1.1 Weekly charts 1.2 Year - end charts 2 Blue Swede cover 3 Chart history 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Different versions 5 In popular culture 6 References 7 External links Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1968 -- 69 ) Peak position Canada RPM New Zealand ( Listener ) 10 US Billboard Hot 100 5 US Cash Box Top 100 5 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 ) Rank Canada 31 US Billboard Hot 100 99 Blue Swede cover ( edit ) In 1974 , the Swedish pop group Blue Swede did a cover version , which included the `` ooga chaka '' introduction from Jonathan King 's 1971 cover . Their arrangement was inspired by a bootleg recording of Do You Like Worms ? from the unfinished album Smile by the Beach Boys . The Blue Swede version of the song also tweaked the lyrics to avoid a drug reference . This version reached number one in the United States . Billboard ranked it as the No. 20 song for 1974 . Original lyrics Blue Swede lyrics `` I got it bad for you , girl , but I do n't need a cure . I 'll just stay addicted and hope I can endure all the good love ... '' `` Got a bug from you , girl , but I do n't need no cure . I just stay a victim , if I can for sure All the good love ... '' Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 ) Peak position Australia KMR Canada RPM Top Singles New Zealand ( Listener ) 7 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 31 US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 ) Rank Australia 29 Canada 27 US Billboard Hot 100 20 US Cash Box 34 Different versions ( edit ) In 1971 , English musician Jonathan King recorded a cover version of the song , adding ooga chaka jungle chants . King described it as `` a reggae rhythm by male voices '' . His version reached number 23 on the UK Singles Chart in November 1971 and downloads of his original version increased both when Guardians of the Galaxy was released and again when it was shown on TV as well as when the chant was used in trailers for Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 in 2017 . In 1978 , a cover version by Canadian country music artist Carroll Baker peaked at number 1 on the RPM Country Tracks chart and number 15 Adult Contemporary . David Hasselhoff covered the song on his album Hooked on a Feeling in 1997 . Bulgarian alternative rock band Hipodil included the `` ooga chaka '' chant in the intro to their song `` Vuzbuden sum '' , from their 1998 album Nadurveni vuglishta . The band The Offspring sample the `` ooga chaka '' chorus in their song `` Special Delivery '' , from the album , Conspiracy of One ( 2000 ) . In 2013 , B. J. Thomas included `` Hooked on a Feeling '' in duet with Sara Niemietz , on The Living Room Sessions . The album includes new interpretations of many of Thomas ' greatest hits , with production and instrumental arrangements by Kyle Lehning , and was released on the Wrinkled Records label . In popular culture ( edit ) Wilson Bryan Key , author of Subliminal Seduction , claimed in 1976 that the `` ooga - chaka '' chant was actually communicating the phrase `` who got sucked off ? '' He credits the song 's success to this embedded phrase , though he offers no evidence for any of these claims . The song has been revived from time to time as a cultural touchstone of the 1970s , such as on the Reservoir Dogs soundtrack in 1992 , and as the `` dancing baby '' song in the Ally McBeal TV show . The chorus from the song was sung by Captain Hook on `` Far , Far Away Idol '' on the Shrek 2 DVD . The 2014 feature film Guardians of the Galaxy , which featured the brass fanfare and title lyrics of the Blue Swede cover version prominently in its trailers and theatrical release , resulted in a significant spike in sales for the recording ; the film 's soundtrack reached the top of the Billboard 200 chart in August 2014 . The song was also featured heavily in the teaser trailer for the 2017 sequel , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . although the song was not used in the actual film . In 2015 , the Toronto Blue Jays began using the Blue Swede rendition in a commercial featuring newly acquired David Price and Troy Tulowitzki . The song is played at the Rogers Centre before the bottom of the 8th inning , similar to the usage of `` Sweet Caroline '' at games in Fenway Park in Boston . The song is also the anthem for the Northwestern University Sailing Team The song is additionally the anthem for Zahm House at the University of Notre Dame In 2016 , the song 's cover , by Blue Swede , was featured in the documentary Holy Hell . The documentary is about the ' 80s West Hollywood cult Buddhafield and its manipulative and abusive leader . The song plays at the beginning as footage of members of the cult are shown outdoors reaching for the Sun in a euphoric and trance like state as the song 's refrain `` I 'm hooked on a feeling , I 'm high on believing '' plays on . In the spring of 2017 , this song titled as Feelin ' Hooked is featured on the Telus Mobility television commercial in Canada . A 1993 episode of the animated series Animaniacs is called Hooked on a Ceiling . This is a play - on of the song . The popular animated US sitcom Family Guy sampled the `` ooga chaka '' chant for a cutaway involving the characters Peter , Lois and Chris , where Chris has mounted his deceased parents ' heads on the wall to sing the Blue Suede version of the song . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BJ Thomas '' . Credits . AllMusic . Retrieved 6 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Blue Swede '' . Hooked on a Feeling . AllMusic. 1974 . Retrieved 6 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What does ' Ooga Chaka ' mean in these two songs ? - Quora '' . www.quora.com . Jump up ^ `` flavour of new zealand - search listener '' . www.flavourofnz.co.nz . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 2002 Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1969 / Top 100 Songs of 1969 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Randy ( April 24 , 2014 ) . `` Stagecoach 2010 : B.J. Thomas , hooked on Brian Wilson '' . The Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Sakamoto , John ( 22 August 2014 ) . `` A brief history of ' ouga chaka ' '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved 22 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 - 1992 . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 1974 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ ( Flavour of New Zealand , 1 June 1974 ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 30 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 30 . Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , April 6 , 1974 Jump up ^ `` Forum - 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 28 , 1974 Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( May 30 , 1998 ) . `` ' Chaka ' Can and ' Honestly ' Does '' . Billboard . New York . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ https://img.discogs.com/Z31eLoL364rf2vWrstgbwXSFsQo=/fit-in/300x300/filters:strip_icc():format(jpeg):mode_rgb():quality(40)/discogs-images/R-4693264-1451471138-3319.jpeg.jpg Jump up ^ `` RPM Country Singles for December 23 , 1978 '' . RPM . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . Jump up ^ `` David Hasselhoff Hooked on a Feeling '' . AllMusic. 1999 . Retrieved 6 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Jonas , Liana ( 2000 ) . `` The Offspring Conspiracy of One '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 6 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Lousararian , Lori ( 18 June 2013 ) . `` B.J. Thomas to Duet With Sara Niemietz On `` Hooked On A Feeling '' At The Grand Ole Opry `` . The Living Room Sessions . Wrinkled Records . Archived from the original on 20 July 2013 . Retrieved 20 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Thomas Erlewine , Stephen . `` The Living Room Sessions '' . Review . AllMusic . Retrieved 20 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Key , Wilson Bryan ( 1976 ) . Media Sexploitation . Prentice - Hall . pp. 116 -- 117 . ISBN 0135730066 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas ( 1992 ) . `` Reservoir Dogs ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 6 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas ( 1998 ) . `` Songs from Ally McBeal '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 21 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : Star Lord 's Walkman '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( 20 February 2014 ) . `` Blue Swede 's ' Hooked On a Feeling ' Sales Soar Thanks To ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Trailer '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Wood , Mikael ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' soundtrack shoots to No. 1 on Billboard 200 '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' Teaser Trailer Is Hooked On A Feeling Again '' . / Film . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( 19 April 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Awesome Mix Vol. 2 Tracklist Revealed , Release Date Announced '' . Jump up ^ `` Toronto Blue Jays : hooked on a feeling commercial '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` DARK SIDE OF THE POWER OF BELIEF IS BROUGHT TO LIGHT IN `` HOLY HELL '' '' Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Feelin ' Hooked YouTube video from Telus April 2017 External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Song Facts Preceded by `` Sunshine on My Shoulders '' by John Denver Billboard Hot 100 number - one single ( Blue Swede version ) April 6 , 1974 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` Bennie and the Jets '' by Elton John Preceded by `` That 's What You Do to Me '' by Charly McClain RPM Country Tracks number - one single ( Carroll Baker version ) December 23 , 1978 - December 30 , 1978 ( two weeks ) Succeeded by `` Burgers and Fries '' by Charley Pride B.J. Thomas Albums On My Way Longhorns & Londonbridges Reunion You Gave Me Love ( When Nobody Gave Me a Prayer ) Love Shines The Living Room Sessions Singles `` I 'm So Lonesome I Could Cry '' `` Hooked on a Feeling '' `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' `` I Just Ca n't Help Believing '' `` Most of All '' `` Long Ago Tomorrow '' `` Rock and Roll Lullaby '' `` ( Hey Wo n't You Play ) Another Somebody Done Somebody Wrong Song '' `` Do n't Worry Baby '' `` I Recall a Gypsy Woman '' `` Whatever Happened to Old - Fashioned Love '' `` New Looks from an Old Lover '' `` Two Car Garage '' `` Night Life '' `` As Long As We Got Each Other '' Book : B.J. Thomas Carroll Baker Notable singles `` It 's Late ( And I Have to Go ) '' `` I 've Never Been This Far Before '' `` The Hungry Fire of Love '' `` One Night of Cheatin ' '' `` Tonight with Love '' `` Why I Had to Pass This Way '' `` It 's My Party '' `` The Morning After Baby Let Me Down '' `` I Might as Well Believe ( I 'll Live Forever ) '' `` Portrait in the Window '' `` Hooked on a Feeling '' `` I 'm Getting High Remembering '' `` Hollywood Love '' `` Still Falling in Love '' `` I 'm So Excited '' `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' `` It 's Only Make Believe '' Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hooked_on_a_Feeling&oldid=812464293 '' Categories : 1968 singles 1974 singles B.J. Thomas songs Blue Swede songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Carroll Baker songs RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Songs written by Mark James ( songwriter ) 1968 songs Scepter Records singles EMI Records singles Debut singles Song recordings produced by Chips Moman 1971 singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Magyar Nederlands Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 28 November 2017 , at 00 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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who sang the original you got the love

You Got the Love

you got the love

`` You Got the Love '' is a 1986 single by Candi Staton . It was then remixed by The Source and re-released in 1991 as ' The Source and Candi Staton ' . In 2008 , the song was covered by English singer and songwriter Joss Stone for her fourth studio album , Colour Me Free ! , released in October 2009 . In November 2009 , another cover version was released as a single by English indie rock band Florence and the Machine . The Now Voyager Remix of the song was used for the theme tune of live Football League coverage on Sky Sports until the start of the 2014 -- 15 season .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Details 2 Music videos 3 Single listings 4 Florence and the Machine version 4.1 Background 4.2 Critical reception 4.3 Commercial performance 4.4 Music video 4.5 Track listings 4.6 Charts and certifications 4.6. 1 Weekly charts 4.6. 2 Year - end charts 4.6. 3 Certifications 5 You Got the Dirtee Love 5.1 Charts 6 References 7 External links Details ( edit ) The original version is a soul / disco / gospel track ( released in the UK by Streetwave in 1986 ) written by Anthony B. Stephens , Arnecia Michelle Harris and John Bellamy . It featured an a cappella version utilised by Paul Simpson for a remix of the Adeva song `` Musical Freedom '' in 1989 . The original Candi Staton track had been recorded for a video - only 1980s documentary about an obese man who was trying to lose weight . Candi said she could n't remember having recorded a song called `` You Got the Love '' . It was only later that she realised she had performed the song years earlier for the documentary . The producers of the video had selected the song for her to sing , but as they had no funds to pay her , they donated half of the copyright and publishing to Candi . The Candi Staton a cappella was originally mixed over an instrumental version of the Frankie Knuckles / Jamie Principle house song `` Your Love '' This bootleg release was a recording of Eren mixing the two pieces of vinyl together . This version was mixed in the studio by Eren Abdullah . The DJ Eren Original mix reached number 4 in the UK Singles Chart . It was remixed and re-issued in 1996 ( including the Now Voyager mix ) , this time reaching number 3 , the song 's highest position , and then re-issued again in 2006 with new mixes by the Shapeshifters among others , reaching number 7 . The 2006 mix also featured more lyrics than the first two versions . The Original Bootleg Radio Mix of the track was featured in the film Layer Cake in the club where Sidney talks to the film 's protagonist as he looks on at Sidney 's girlfriend . The `` Now Voyager mix '' ( released in 1997 ) of the track was used on the series finale of the HBO comedy dramedy series Sex and the City . In 2007 , Manchester band The Longcut recorded a version as part of their double A-Side release on Melodic Records `` Florence and the Machine '' version was released 16 November 2009 , from the acclaimed album `` Lungs '' . This version of the track was used on the series finale of the CW drama series Gossip Girl `` New York , I Love You XOXO '' . Music videos ( edit ) The 1991 video shows silhouettes of men and women dancing on a white background , sometimes as individuals , couples or in groups , intercut with a sequence of close - ups of different faces miming to the lyrics . Grainy footage of a Northern line London Underground train entering a station also appears . The 1997 video features the `` Now Voyager mix '' and portrays a man dressed like a friar carrying a cross being guided by an angel and tempted by the Devil . The 2006 version features the `` New Voyager mix '' in a black and white video . Set in London , it portrays an angelic young man ( played by broadcaster Gary Newbon 's son Neil ) watching over the poor , lonely and vulnerable in the streets , subways and gardens . Single listings ( edit ) 1989 version `` Untitled ( You Got The Love / Your Love ) '' 1991 version `` You Got the Love '' ( Extended Vocal ) `` You Got the Love '' ( Radio Edit ) `` You Got the Love '' ( Club House ) `` You Got the Love '' ( House Apella ) `` Untitled ( You Got The Love / Your Love ) '' `` You Got the Love '' ( Eren 's Bootleg Mix ) `` You Got the Love '' ( Morning Time Mix ) 1997 UK version `` You Got the Love '' ( Now Voyager Radio Mix ) `` You Got the Love '' ( Now Voyager Mix ) 2006 UK version `` You Got the Love '' ( New Voyager Radio Edit ) `` You Got the Love '' ( Shapeshifters Radio Edit ) `` You Got the Love '' ( Extended New Voyager Mix ) `` You Got the Love '' ( Shapeshifter Main Vocal Mix ) `` You Got the Love '' ( Truelove , Lys & Gigi Remix ) `` You Got the Love '' ( Paradise Soul Mix ) Enhanced video Australian version `` You Got the Love '' ( Now Voyager Radio Mix ) `` You Got the Love '' ( Original Radio Edit ) `` You Got the Love '' ( Truelove , Lys , & Gigi Remix ) `` You Got the Love '' ( Shapeshifters Main Vocal Mix ) `` You Got the Love '' ( Shapeshifters Alt . Mix ) `` You Got the Love '' ( Now Voyager Mix ) `` You Got the Love '' ( Original Mix ) `` You Got the Love '' ( Paradise Soul Mix ) `` You Got the Love '' ( Rhythm Masters Classic Vocal Mix ) `` You Got the Love '' ( Asle Bjorn Remix ) `` You Got the Love '' ( Wayne G Circuit Anthem Mix ) 2012 Hungarian version `` You 've Got The Love 2k12 '' ( House Gangsters & Mr. Tom Wave meets . F.A.T.M. remix ) 2015 official remix `` You Got The Love '' ( Yuga featuring Candi Staton ) `` You Got The Love '' ( Dr. Shiver -- Candi Staton featuring Doc M.C. ) Florence and the Machine version ( edit ) `` You 've Got the Love '' Single by Florence and the Machine from the album Lungs Released 5 January 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 05 ) 16 November 2009 ( re-release ) Format 7 '' CD digital download Genre Dance Length 2 : 48 Label Island Songwriter ( s ) Anthony B. Stephens Arnecia Michelle Harris John Bellamy Producer ( s ) Charlie Hugall Florence and the Machine singles chronology `` Drumming Song '' ( 2009 ) `` You 've Got the Love '' ( 2009 ) `` You Got the Dirtee Love '' ( 2010 ) `` Drumming Song '' ( 2009 ) `` You 've Got the Love '' ( 2009 ) `` You Got the Dirtee Love '' ( 2010 ) Music video `` You 've Got the Love '' on YouTube The song was covered by English indie rock band Florence and the Machine as `` You 've Got the Love '' and released as the fifth single from their debut album , Lungs ( 2009 ) . It was first released on 1 December 2008 as the B - side to their second single `` Dog Days Are Over '' . It was then later released as a digital download only single on 5 January 2009 in the United Kingdom only , after the mass praise it received during the release of `` Dog Days Are Over '' . After being released well before Lungs was finally recorded and released , it was later featured on the album as its bonus track . The single was given a re-release on physical format on 16 November 2009 in the United Kingdom . For the reissue a music video was shot . Background ( edit ) The track , which is significantly shorter than the original , was produced by Charlie Hugall , who also produced three other tracks on Lungs . Hugall was also involved in the bass and percussion development of the song . The track features Isabella Summers on piano , Christopher Lloyd Hayden on drums , Tom Moth on harp , Rob Ackroyd on guitar and Florence Welch on vocals . Florence Welch explained her inspiration behind covering `` one of her favourite songs ever '' : As a kid , going to clubs and raves , this song made me feel love . At Bestival last year we were top of the bill on that stage , so we were thinking of an amazing cover we could do , and I thought of Candi Staton . Even in rehearsals , playing it was just the most euphoric feeling . Then playing it live and seeing everyone 's arms in the air , and the faces -- it was the best feeling ever ! I was dressed as a genie sea - monster , and I remember looking at my guitarist as we played the first chords , and then there was the reaction and it was like tearing ourselves open and just exploding on the crowd , and then all did it back . It 's a feeling you could n't express . I 'm really excited that now in our live shows I 'm going to be playing one of my favourite songs ever , loads . `` You 've Got the Love '' is a fan favourite of the band and has been played at numerous festivals around the United Kingdom during 2008 and 2009 . Including the Bestival , Glastonbury , Way Out West , Brighton , Electric Picnic , Leeds , Smash & Grab and with an acoustic version being performed at a festival in Reading . It 's also been performed Live In Ibiza on BBC Radio 1 and at the BBC Live Big Weekend . Florence also made a guest appearance during The xx 's 2010 Glastonbury Festival performance , where they played their remix of the track . In 2013 , a children 's choir rendition of the song was used in TV spots for Coca - Cola . Critical reception ( edit ) `` You 've Got the Love '' received positive reviews who notably commented on the song in reviews of `` Dog Days Are Over '' . MusicOMH commented on the song by saying that `` Following with her tradition of some finely chosen cover versions , there 's even an excellent rendition of The Source 's You Got the Love . '' Altsounds.com reviewed the track , writing , `` You 've Got the Love '' is a standard pop number that does something in a non-standard fashion -- it is n't afraid of looking at its simplistic melodic hooks and accepting it with a touch of lyrical honesty and contemplative imprint . '' Contactmusic.com also commented on the song by saying that `` The B - side cover of The Source ft . Candi Staton 's `` You Got the Love '' is equally strong . '' Dailymusicguide.com also positively reviewed the single , writing , `` Florence + The Machine have used the format of the original remix but have certainly breathed new life into this old classic . With Florence Welch 's distinctive voice she makes this song her own . The inclusion of a harp only adds to the gentle sway effect produced by the track , bursting gently in without malice at around eighteen seconds in . The song 's lyrics are empowering : Florence 's heavenly voice has a vulnerable quality which , as it has with relatively short career so far , grows stronger through You 've Got The Love 's verse and chorus . It 's empowering , liberating and moving all at the same time , not least conveyed by the emotion in Welch 's vocals . Rating : 4 / 5 '' Commercial performance ( edit ) Upon its original release , `` You 've Got the Love '' reached number 158 on the UK Singles Chart . The song later re-entered the chart at number 124 and moved up to number 68 in the next week 's chart . The following week it fell to number 75 before dropping out of the top 100 . It then re-entered the chart , two weeks later on 22 August 2009 at number 59 , where it peaked before dropping out the top 100 again . Its re-entry pattern then continued when it re-entered three weeks later on 12 September 2009 at number 88 . The song peaked at number 16 , after the single 's actual release in 2009 . It spent a total of eight weeks within the top 100 , longer than both previous singles `` Kiss with a Fist '' and `` Dog Days Are Over '' . On 3 January 2010 , `` You 've Got the Love '' climbed 18 places to a new peak of number 13 on the UK Singles Chart and on 31 December 2009 and its use in the last episode of Gavin & Stacey on the 1 January 2010 . One week later , on 10 January 2010 , the song peaked at number five in its 34th week on the chart , becoming the band 's first top - 10 single . Following their Brit performance in February 2010 , `` You 've Got the Love '' climbed to number 12 , just missing out on the Top 10 . It has spent 30 weeks on the UK Singles Chart . On 8 January 2010 , `` You 've Got the Love '' climbed up the Irish Singles Chart , reaching a peak of number 21 , whereas before it had only reached number 30 . After falling out of the chart , on 26 February 2010 , `` You 've Got the Love '' re-entered the Irish chart , reaching a new peak of number 16 . In January , You 've got the Love entered the Australian singles ARIA Charts at number 50 , and remained within the top 50 for a large amount of time . In February and March , it was consistently increasing positions , where it eventually reached a peak of number 30 . Due to popular television shows like Domestic Blitz and MasterChef Australia using it in commercials , the song rapidly climbed to number 17 , on the 4th of April , and to its highest peak of number nine on 11 April . It has n't been released as a physical single , and has relied solely on digital sales , where it has peaked at number five . In New Zealand the single began receiving mainstream radio airplay causing it to rise to 50 on the airplay chart , however , the airplay has since dropped . Music video ( edit ) Despite originally being released as a single almost nine months earlier , the band announced on 18 September 2009 that a music video would be made for the song and would be shot on 21 September 2009 in London . It features Welch in a white , sparkly leotard dancing on a large moon - shaped platform suspended over a nightclub , an homage to Studio 54 . The video later shows many people beneath her dancing to the song . The video that will air on United Kingdom television has a different version of the song to the one on the album . Track listings ( edit ) Original release ( digital download ) `` You 've Got the Love '' -- 2 : 58 UK CD single `` You 've Got the Love '' -- 2 : 49 `` You 've Got the Love '' ( Tom Middleton Remix ) -- 7 : 51 `` Addicted to Love '' -- 3 : 20 UK 7 '' single `` You 've Got the Love '' ( Single Version ) -- 2 : 40 `` You 've Got the Love '' ( Jamie xx Re-work featuring The xx ) -- 5 : 36 Digital EP `` You 've Got the Love '' -- 2 : 48 `` You 've Got the Love '' ( Tom Middleton Remix ) -- 7 : 53 `` You 've Got the Love '' ( Steve Pitron & Max Sanna Remix ) -- 6 : 21 `` You 've Got the Love '' ( Live from Abbey Road ) -- 3 : 45 Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2009 -- 15 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 9 Australia Hitseekers ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 28 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 25 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 5 Denmark Airplay ( Tracklisten ) 7 Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) 20 France ( SNEP ) 110 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 52 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 28 Ireland ( IRMA ) 16 New Zealand Airplay ( Recorded Music NZ ) 50 Scottish Singles Chart 6 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 49 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 5 US Adult Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 21 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 34 US Rock Songs ( Billboard ) 42 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2010 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 63 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 15,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 7,500 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 700,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone You Got the Dirtee Love ( edit ) `` You Got the Dirtee Love '' Single by Florence + the Machine and Dizzee Rascal Released 17 February 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 17 ) Format Digital download Length 3 : 38 Label Island Songwriter ( s ) John P. Jr . Bellamy Anthony Stephens Arnecia Michelle Harris Nicholas Denton Dylan Mills Producer ( s ) Charlie Hugall Nicholas Denton Florence and the Machine singles chronology `` You 've Got the Love '' ( 2009 ) `` You Got the Dirtee Love '' ( 2010 ) `` Cosmic Love '' ( 2010 ) `` You 've Got the Love '' ( 2009 ) `` You Got the Dirtee Love '' ( 2010 ) `` Cosmic Love '' ( 2010 ) Dizzee Rascal singles chronology `` Dirtee Cash '' ( 2009 ) Dirtee Cash 2009 `` You Got the Dirtee Love '' ( 2010 ) You Got the Dirtee Love2010 `` Dirtee Disco '' ( 2010 ) Dirtee Disco 2010 At the 2010 BRIT Awards on 16 February 2010 , Florence and the Machine and Dizzee Rascal performed a mashup of `` You Got the Love '' and Dizzee 's song `` Dirtee Cash '' , entitled `` You Got the Dirtee Love '' . The single was released on 17 February 2010 exclusively to iTunes , one day after the BRITs performance . On 21 February 2010 , the single entered the UK Singles Chart at number two . As of May 2010 , the single had sold more than 280,000 copies in the UK . `` You Got the Dirtee Love '' is featured on the Dirtee Deluxe Edition of Dizzee Rascal 's Tongue n ' Cheek album ; the track charted in Ireland and Australia following the album 's release . It also appears on the Between Two Lungs reissue of Florence and the Machine 's album Lungs . The song was performed at Radio 1 's Big Weekend in North Wales on 22 May 2010 , and again at the Glastonbury Festival 2010 on 25 June . The song was also performed at Capital 's Summertime Ball 2010 , where Florence Welch appeared as a special guest during Dizzee 's set . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2010 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 27 Ireland ( IRMA ) 24 European Hot 100 Singles 8 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Source , The ( 7 ) Discography '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Heawood , Sophie ( 24 March 2006 ) . `` I was so drunk I fell on to the stage '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( December 18 , 2012 ) . `` Gossip Girl 's Identity Revealed : Which Cast Member Is It ? '' . UsMagazine.com . Retrieved December 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Release Schedule ( Physical ) : Monday 28 September -- BuzzJack Music Forum '' . Buzzjack.com . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Koski , Genevieve ( 27 October 2009 ) . `` Florence + The Machine : Lungs '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Florence + The Machine * -- Lungs ( CD , Album , Enh , Ltd , Dig + CD , Album , Ltd , Dig ) at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Official Website News Gigs Music Blogs -- News '' . Florence And The Machine . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TV Commercial songs '' . Sungyoung Lee . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 9 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Altsounds.com Reviews Florence and the Machine -- A Lot of Love , A Lot of Blood ( EP ) '' . Hangout.altsounds.com . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Florence and the Machine Dog Days Are Over Single Review '' . Contactmusic.com. 2008 - 12 - 09 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Florence and the Machine - You 've Got the Love ( Island ) DMG Reviews '' . Dailymusicguide.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` RadioScope100 20 December 2009 -- RadioScope New Zealand '' . Radioscope.net.nz. 20 December 2009 . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Official Website News Gigs Music Blogs -- News '' . Florence And The Machine . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Florence + The Machine -- You 've Got The Love '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 4 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report : Issue 1041 '' ( PDF ) . ARIA . Retrieved 8 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Florence + The Machine -- You 've Got The Love '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Florence + The Machine -- You 've Got The Love '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 4 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Florence + The Machine -- You 've Got The Love '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Florence + The Machine -- You 've Got The Love Hitlisten.nu '' ( in Danish ) . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ `` Florence + the Machine -- Chart history '' European Hot 100 for Florence + the Machine . Retrieved 4 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Florence + The Machine -- You 've Got The Love '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . ( ( # cite_ref - sc_Germany_Florence % B1The_Machine_23 - 0 ^ ) ) `` Musicline.de -- Florence % B1The Machine Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved 4 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 08 , 2010 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Chart Top 100 10 - 01 - 2010 - 16 - 01 - 2010 Official Charts Company '' . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Florence + The Machine -- You 've Got The Love '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Florence and the Machine : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Florence + The Machine Chart History ( Adult Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Florence + The Machine Chart History ( Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Rock Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End Of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 2010 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2015 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Certificazioni - Archivio '' ( in Italian ) . Federation of the Italian Music Industry . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Select Online , Week 26 , Year 2013 , then press Avvia la ricerca . Jump up ^ `` Latest Gold / Platinum Singles '' . Radioscope. 17 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Florence + The Machine -- You 've Got the Love '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter You 've Got the Love in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( 15 February 2014 ) . `` BRITs Critics ' Choice winners : Their biggest hits and album sales revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Trio to record charity version of Nessun Dorma at Classical Brits '' . Music Week . Intent Media . 10 May 2010 . Retrieved 11 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Florence + The Machine & Dizzee Rascal -- You Got The Dirtee Love ( Live At The BRIT Awards 2010 ) '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 23 , 2010 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . External links ( edit ) The Source Now Voyager Sound on Sound article on the recording and mixing of Florence & The Machine 's version Video ( 2 ) Kaisen Records Link Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Florence and the Machine Florence Welch Robert Ackroyd Christopher Lloyd Hayden Isabella Summers Tom Monger Mark Saunders Studio albums Lungs Ceremonials How Big , How Blue , How Beautiful Live albums Live at the Wiltern MTV Unplugged Singles `` Kiss with a Fist '' `` Dog Days Are Over '' `` Rabbit Heart ( Raise It Up ) '' `` Drumming Song '' `` You 've Got the Love '' `` You Got the Dirtee Love '' `` Cosmic Love '' `` Heavy in Your Arms '' `` Shake It Out '' `` No Light , No Light '' `` Never Let Me Go '' `` Breath of Life '' `` Spectrum ( Say My Name ) '' `` Lover to Lover '' `` What Kind of Man '' `` Ship to Wreck '' `` Queen of Peace '' `` Delilah '' Promotional singles `` What the Water Gave Me '' `` Over the Love '' Other songs `` Addicted to Love '' Concert tours Lungs Tour Ceremonials Tour How Big , How Blue , How Beautiful Tour Related articles Discography Awards and nominations Dizzee Rascal Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Boy in da Corner Showtime Maths + English Tongue n ' Cheek The Fifth Raskit Singles `` I Luv U '' `` Fix Up , Look Sharp '' `` Jus ' a Rascal '' `` Stand Up Tall '' `` Dream '' `` Off 2 Work '' / `` Graftin ' '' `` Sirens '' `` Pussyole ( Old Skool ) '' `` Flex '' `` Dance wiv Me '' `` Bonkers '' `` Holiday '' `` Dirtee Cash '' `` You Got the Dirtee Love '' `` Dirtee Disco '' `` Scream '' `` Goin ' Crazy '' `` Something Really Bad '' `` Love This Town '' `` Hype '' As featured artist `` Lucky Star '' `` Toe Jam '' `` Loca '' `` The Power '' `` Wild '' Promotional singles `` H Town '' `` Bassline Junkie '' Charity releases `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' `` Shout '' Related articles Roll Deep Must Be the Music Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You_Got_the_Love&oldid=822988260 '' Categories : 1986 singles 1991 singles 1997 singles 2006 singles 2009 singles 2010 singles 1986 songs 1991 songs Dizzee Rascal songs Electronic songs House music songs Songs about religion Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use dmy dates from August 2010 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Flanders ) Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Denmark Airplay Singlechart usages for Billboardeuropeanhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKchartstats Singlechart usages for Billboardadultalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for UK Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Македонски Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 29 January 2018 , at 17 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%20Got%20the%20Love

what episode did kelso and jackie first kiss

Jackie Burkhart

jackie burkhart

Jacqueline `` Jackie '' Beulah Burkhart ( born September 24 , 1961 ) is a fictional character portrayed by Mila Kunis on the Fox Network sitcom That ' 70s Show . Jackie is one of the three female leads throughout the show 's life , and a love interest of Steven Hyde .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Personality 2 Friendships 3 Relationships 4 Footnotes Personality ( edit ) Jackie is a self - centered , spoiled member of a wealthy family who can be rather insensitive to the needs and feelings of others , though is regarded by many as attractive and fashionable , about which she can be quite vain . She is one of the program 's most conceited characters , and can behave quite selfishly . She looks down upon those of lower status in her school and has been said to treat them unfairly , and on the occasions she has treated them with respect she has not continued to do so for very long or only did it knowing that she could be rewarded for behaving in such a manner , such as when she ran for the title of `` Snow Queen '' but was utterly disappointed when she loses the election . For the most part , Jackie only cares about herself , and fashion is among one of the few other things that she is concerned about . She believes herself to be very beautiful and appealing and has been involved in romantic relationships with Michael Kelso , Steven Hyde , and Fez at different points in the series . She starts to change when she starts dating Hyde and by doing so , becomes cemented as a member of the group . Even after her break up with Hyde , they remained good friends and she continued hanging around . She also becomes less shallow and cares about others . In the season 8 episode `` Fun It '' , it is revealed she has had coulrophobia ( an irrational fear of clowns ) ever since her seventh birthday party . Friendships ( edit ) Jackie 's friendships tend to be complicated . While people might be endeared to her good heart and her triumphs over major life upheavals , her habit of being condescending to others keeps them at a distance . Although she frequently criticizes Donna 's dress , physique and feminism , she repeatedly calls herself Donna 's best friend . Even though she thinks Donna is boring and unattractive when compared to herself , she believes Donna could do much better than Eric . Despite their extremely different personalities , Donna serves as Jackie 's de facto big sister and often tries to look out for her when she feels Jackie is making a mistake , more often than not due to lack of common sense . After her father is sent to prison in the middle of season five , Jackie moves in with the Pinciottis after the Formans learn that she has secretly been living with Hyde in his basement room . Jackie is also defensive of Donna ; she displays this often by insulting or kicking Eric for doing something stupid , for example Eric makes a sexist comment so Jackie kicks him in the shin in the episode `` Wo n't Get Fooled Again . '' Although both girls often tease one another they show genuine friendship . In the episode `` Squeeze Box '' Donna shows how much she trusts Jackie when she runs in to talk about Eric . Jackie also demonstrates her level of care for Donna when she helps pay for Donna 's wedding ring in the episode `` No Quarter '' . Of the group , Jackie and Eric seemed to dislike each other the most in the beginning , though as the series progresses , they develop a friendship . Throughout the series , the two have a clear `` frenemy '' relationship . They demonstrate their annoyance with each other , but show compassion for each other many times , and through it all , are close . In the beginning of the series , Jackie admits to trusting and liking Eric , confiding in him that she might be pregnant . In `` The Pill '' , for example , she says to Eric 's surprise , `` Look , I 've always been able to trust you -- and , God , you are such a nice guy . '' Later in the episode , once Kelso threatens to break up with Jackie , Eric yells at him , having developed protective feelings towards her . This proves that their burning of each other throughout the show is only for laughs and friendly bickering , as none of their hostility is ever serious . Eric is consistent in ignoring Jackie as an object of sexual desire , but this changes in `` What Is and What Should Never Be '' where Hyde helps Eric realize that Jackie is `` hot . '' After this , Eric has shown to have a sexual attraction to her , as shown in many episodes . Jackie is sometimes demeaning towards Eric due to his effeminate qualities , dorkiness and physical weakness . They have been known to occasionally help each other out . In the episode `` Jackie 's Cheese Squeeze , '' Eric admits that they are `` friends , '' as long as they do n't refer to each other as such in public , and in the season seven finale , Jackie calls Eric from Chicago and admits that she 's always cared for him and that he was always very special to her . Early on , Red remarks she was the favorite of Eric 's friends for her ability to hold a flashlight on a car . Jackie has run crying into Red 's arms no fewer than three times , all of which left him baffled and uncomfortable . Red finds Jackie as annoying as everyone else , but she still loves him because he 's the closest thing she has to a father . Relationships ( edit ) When the show premieres , Jackie is dating Michael Kelso , a good - looking , brainless goofball . She decides to finally lose her virginity to him when he is released from jail after being mistakenly arrested for driving a stolen car . Jackie gets on Kelso 's friends ' nerves on a daily basis and Kelso repeatedly says that he is going to break up with her . However , in the first season it is Jackie who ends the relationship -- twice . First , after Kelso is caught kissing Pam Macy ( they get back together in the very same episode ) and again after a pregnancy scare . However , admitting that they miss each other , they get back together at the Junior Prom . In season 2 , Kelso is seduced by Eric 's promiscuous and manipulative sister , Laurie , who later on begins a physical affair with him . Later in the season , Jackie eventually discovers his repeated infidelities and breaks up with him without realizing that Kelso has told Laurie that he is done with her since he only loves Jackie . After this breakup she is openly hostile to Kelso and many things clearly remain unfinished between them . She often insults him in front of his friends to get his attention and just for the sake of bringing him up . By season 3 , she does eventually warm up to him . Following Kelso 's breakup with Laurie , Kelso apologizes to Jackie for cheating on her because now he knows how it feels to be cheated on as Laurie cheated on him , except he states that what happened to him and Jackie was different because they were actually really in love . After this , Jackie begins to notice that Kelso has matured somehow , so Jackie devises a series of `` tests '' for Kelso to see if they should reconcile . He passes her tests and they get back together . Kelso remains loyal to Jackie after that and stays with her throughout season four , and they enjoy a happier , more loving relationship . However , towards the end of season 4 , Jackie 's father tells her that if she stays with Kelso , he will cut her off financially . She ends up choosing Kelso , and gets a job . Later , Kelso begins to spend less time with Jackie as a result of his joining a modeling agency and she is caught kissing her boss by Eric . This event spurs a period of discovery for Jackie and Kelso . After reading Cosmopolitan , Kelso realizes that the reason he cheated on Jackie with Laurie was because Jackie has always bossed him around and made him feel bad about himself . Following this revelation , he breaks up with her ( true to form , the breakup does n't stick and they reunite one episode later ) . In the season four finale , Jackie and Kelso both agree that they do n't want to stay broken up . So , Jackie has Kelso choose to kiss any girl at The Hub to make things even between them and they can move on and be together again . Kelso surprises Jackie when he pretends to look around the room , but ends up choosing to kiss her . Jackie decides that it 's time for Kelso to really choose her . Without warning , she brings up marriage to Kelso and decides that they 're getting married . Kelso , feeling overwhelmed , flees to California . When he returns in the beginning of season five , he ( along with the others ) is horrified to learn that she has begun dating Hyde . Jackie continues to date Hyde for most of the season , but when Kelso introduces Annette to the gang , Jackie finds herself clearly jealous and tells Donna that Michael is still supposed to pine over her . Later in the episode , she claims to not be jealous anymore , but the moment she sees Annette kissing Kelso , she screams , `` Get off my boyfriend ! '' For the rest of the season , Kelso is clearly not over Jackie and does n't realize that he 's indirectly trying to win her back . Towards the end of season five , as Jackie comforts Kelso , he states that no one understands him like she does . In the finale , Kelso and Hyde make Jackie choose between the two of them and she chooses herself . By the beginning of season six , Kelso claims that he is happy and genuinely enjoying their new friendship . He spends the rest of the season trying to move on with his life , joins the police academy and impregnates a girl named Brooke and spends the rest of season 6 and 7 taking care of the baby . Towards the end season seven , however , Kelso drives Jackie to Chicago after her break - up with Hyde , and Jackie asks him to spend some time with her before he leaves . He is later seen entering Jackie 's hotel room in only a towel , implying that he and Jackie were about to sleep together , but runs off nude into the night when he sees that Hyde has come to the hotel to get Jackie back . In the beginning of season eight , with Hyde married to a stripper , Jackie figures out her own life . Kelso considers marrying Jackie and states that the happiest time of his life was with Jackie and claims he still loves her . When Fez tells Jackie what Kelso intends , she considers the proposal and decides that if he asks , she will accept . However , he gets offered a job out of town and realizes he can move on with his life , but Fez reveals to him that he has already told Jackie of the proposal . Kelso grows angry , and states that he loves Jackie and that he knows in the future , they will be together , but now is not the right time , but since Fez has implied that Kelso will lose all of his chances with Jackie if he does n't propose now , Kelso ends up proposing at Red and Kitty 's anniversary party , though , she turns him down giving practically the same reasons as Kelso , which is that she loves him , but he has a lot of maturing to do and she has her own life to figure out so now is not the right time for them yet . They both feel an unexpected relief , and end on good terms . Jackie and Steven Hyde are , from the beginning of the show , polar opposites and even enemies . She is disgusted by his poverty and crass behavior , he scorns her superficiality and materialism . They strongly dislike each other during the first season , but begin to form a bond when Hyde helps Jackie cope with her breakup with Kelso in season two . This leads to a brief period in which Jackie is infatuated with Hyde , but her feelings gradually fade . It is n't until season five , when Kelso is in California , that their romance begins . After watching The Price Is Right together all summer , the two begin making out every time they have a moment alone . When their friends discover the relationship , they each insist that they are not dating and that it is purely physical , but finally give in and admit that what they have goes deeper than just sex . They date for most of season five until Jackie sees Kelso kissing Annette and yells `` Get off my boyfriend ! '' Hyde reacts angrily to this and grows suspicious of Jackie . When he sees Jackie holding Kelso in her arms , knowing Jackie and Kelso 's long history and on - off relationship , Hyde assumes that something must be going on between her and Kelso again . Despite her pleas that she was only comforting him and that nothing untoward happened , he does n't believe her and he takes revenge by spending the night with another woman . When he realizes that Jackie has been telling the truth , he confesses his infidelity . A heartbroken Jackie ends the relationship immediately . In the beginning of season six , Kelso and Hyde are in competition to get Jackie back because they both still love her . She decides she needs time to think about it , leaving them to wait and agonize , but chooses Hyde in the end . Their relationship goes on until Jackie is offered a job in Chicago . She is torn between her relationship and her professional ambition , but tells Hyde that she will stay if he can gives her the merest hope that they will eventually get married . Hyde has no immediate answer , and when he finally decides , he is upset to realize that she has already gone ( or so he thinks ) . Jackie has no way out of Point Place , and in a final attempt to get an answer out of Hyde , she goes to the basement . Hiding his hurt and anger that she `` left '' him , Hyde tells her to have a good trip . Hyde decides he still wants her , and goes to her Chicago hotel to persuade her to take him back . During his conversation with Jackie , Kelso walks into the hotel room with a towel around his waist and a bucket of ice in his hands and implying that he and Jackie were about to have sex . Hyde goes to Las Vegas . When he comes back to Point Place , he has impulsively married a stripper named Samantha and she follows him back to Wisconsin . This effectively ends his and Jackie 's relationship . Throughout season eight , Jackie remains single . She and Hyde , no longer together , have since remained good friends . However , their friendship somewhat reverts to how it was in the earlier seasons as they sometimes bicker and tease one another . Fez tells Jackie that Kelso intends to propose to her , and she decides that she will accept , but after considering it , she turns him down claiming that though she loves Kelso , he still has a lot of maturing to do , and now is not the time for them to be together . Feeling that she is in a low point in her life , Jackie decides to find someone that would be perfect for her and writes out a list of what she wants in a man . She is surprised to find out that Fez matches everything on the list . She denies this at first , but quickly comes around to the idea and decides to wait for Fez to come to her . Fez , however , is clueless of her attraction to him and is instead seeing other women at the time , which makes it hard for her . Jackie then chooses to go to him . She kisses him and asks if they can be together because he is the one good thing in her life right now , but Fez turns her down , feeling that she is treating him as a last resort , citing how she has already dated both Kelso and Hyde . Jackie then goes to the bathroom and cries , but immediately after vows revenge on Fez . She flushes his toothbrush , microwaves his lotion , and ruins his car with graffiti . To get back at Jackie , Fez dyes her hair green , and says that now she is ugly on the outside like she is on the inside . Hurt by Fez 's words , Jackie decides to move out . However , she later learns through one of his friends that he loves her and wishes that he had never said those things . They eventually reconcile and in the final episode , Fez and Jackie finally get together and kiss atop the water tower . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Career Day '' . That ' 70s Show . Season 1 . Episode 18 . 1999 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Stolen Car '' . That ' 70s Show . Season 1 . Episode 14 . January 24 , 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Ski Trip '' . That ' 70s Show . Season 1 . Episode 13 . 1999 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Prom Night '' . That ' 70s Show . Season 1 . Episode 19 . 1999 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Kiss of Death '' . That ' 70s Show . Season 2 . Episode 20 . 2000 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Trials of Michael Kelso '' . That ' 70s Show . Season 3 . Episode 18 . 2001 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Everybody Loves Casey '' . That ' 70s Show . Season 4 . Episode 26 . 2002 - 05 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Till the Next Goodbye '' . That ' 70s Show . Season 7 . Episode 24 . 2005 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Misfire '' . That ' 70s Show . Season 8 . Episode 5 . 2005 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` I Ca n't Quit You , Baby '' . That ' 70s Show . Season 5 . Episode 2 . 2002 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Nobody 's Fault But Mine '' . That ' 70s Show . Season 5 . Episode 23 . 2003 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Join Together '' . That ' 70s Show . Season 6 . Episode 2 . 2003 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Short and Curlies '' . That ' 70s Show . Season 7 . Episode 23 . 2005 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' . That ' 70s Show . Season 8 . Episode 1 . 2005 - 11 - 02 . ( hide ) That ' 70s Show Characters Teenagers Eric Forman Donna Pinciotti Steven Hyde Michael Kelso Jackie Burkhart Fez Adults Kitty Forman Red Forman Midge and Bob Pinciotti Leo Seasons 6 7 8 Related articles Home video That ' 80s Show Days Like These Point Place Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jackie_Burkhart&oldid=833723850 '' Categories : Fictional cannabis users Fictional characters from Wisconsin Fictional characters introduced in 1998 Fictional cheerleaders That ' 70s Show characters Female characters in television Teenage characters in television Hidden categories : Articles with topics of unclear notability from September 2017 All articles with topics of unclear notability Articles lacking reliable references from October 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Articles that may contain original research from October 2015 All articles that may contain original research Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 02 : 55 . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie%20Burkhart

who gets the first pick in the 2018 nba draft

The 2018 NBA draft will be held on June 21 , 2018 at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn , New York . National Basketball Association ( NBA ) teams will take turns selecting amateur U.S. college basketball players and other eligible players , including international players . It will be televised nationally by ESPN . This draft will be the last to use the original weighted lottery system that gives teams near the bottom of the NBA draft better odds at the top three picks of the draft while teams higher up had worse odds in the process ; the rule was agreed upon by the NBA on September 28 , 2017 , but would not be implemented until the 2019 draft . With the last year of what was , at the time , the most recent lottery system ( with the NBA draft lottery being held in Chicago instead of in New York ) , the Phoenix Suns won the first overall pick on May 15 , 2018 , with the Sacramento Kings at the second overall pick and the Atlanta Hawks at third overall pick . The Suns ' selection is their first No. 1 overall selection in franchise history .

the Phoenix Suns

2018 NBA draft

2018 nba draft

The 2018 NBA draft will be held on June 21 , 2018 at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn , New York . National Basketball Association ( NBA ) teams will take turns selecting amateur U.S. college basketball players and other eligible players , including international players . It will be televised nationally by ESPN . This draft will be the last to use the original weighted lottery system that gives teams near the bottom of the NBA draft better odds at the top three picks of the draft while teams higher up had worse odds in the process ; the rule was agreed upon by the NBA on September 28 , 2017 , but would not be implemented until the 2019 draft . With the last year of what was , at the time , the most recent lottery system ( with the NBA draft lottery being held in Chicago instead of in New York ) , the Phoenix Suns won the first overall pick on May 15 , 2018 , with the Sacramento Kings at the second overall pick and the Atlanta Hawks at third overall pick . The Suns ' selection is their first No. 1 overall selection in franchise history .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Draft selections 2 Combine 3 Draft lottery 4 Eligiblity and entrants 4.1 Early entrants 4.1. 1 College underclassmen 4.1. 2 International players 4.2 Automatically eligible entrants 5 Trades involving draft picks 5.1 Pre-draft trades 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Draft selections ( edit ) PG Point guard SG Shooting guard SF Small forward PF Power forward Center * Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All - Star Game and All - NBA Team Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All - Star Game Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All - NBA Team Denotes player who never played in the NBA regular season or playoffs Rnd . Pick Player Pos . Nationality Team School / club team Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Atlanta Hawks Memphis Grizzlies 5 Dallas Mavericks 6 Orlando Magic 7 Chicago Bulls 8 Cleveland Cavaliers ( from Brooklyn via Boston ) 9 New York Knicks 10 Philadelphia 76ers ( from L.A. Lakers via Phoenix ) 11 Charlotte Hornets 12 Los Angeles Clippers ( from Detroit ) 13 Los Angeles Clippers 14 Denver Nuggets 15 Washington Wizards 16 Phoenix Suns ( from Miami ) 17 Milwaukee Bucks 18 San Antonio Spurs 19 Atlanta Hawks ( from Minnesota ) 20 Minnesota Timberwolves ( from Oklahoma City via Utah ) 21 Utah Jazz 22 Chicago Bulls ( from New Orleans ) 23 Indiana Pacers 24 Portland Trail Blazers 25 Los Angeles Lakers ( from Cleveland via Portland and Cleveland ) 26 Philadelphia 76ers 27 Boston Celtics 28 Golden State Warriors 29 Brooklyn Nets ( from Toronto ) 30 Atlanta Hawks ( from Houston via L.A. Clippers ) 31 Phoenix Suns 32 Memphis Grizzlies 33 Atlanta Hawks 34 Dallas Mavericks 35 Orlando Magic 36 Sacramento Kings 37 New York Knicks ( from Chicago via Oklahoma City ) 38 Philadelphia 76ers ( from Brooklyn ) 39 Philadelphia 76ers ( from New York ) 40 Brooklyn Nets ( from L.A. Lakers via Orlando and Toronto ) 41 Orlando Magic ( from Charlotte via Memphis and Phoenix ) 42 Detroit Pistons 43 Denver Nuggets ( from L.A. Clippers via New York ) 44 Washington Wizards 45 Brooklyn Nets ( from Milwaukee ) 46 Houston Rockets ( from Miami via Memphis ) 47 Los Angeles Lakers ( from Denver via Utah and Chicago ) 48 Minnesota Timberwolves 49 San Antonio Spurs 50 Indiana Pacers 51 New Orleans Pelicans ( previously from Chicago via New Orleans , Miami , and New Orleans ) 52 Utah Jazz 53 Oklahoma City Thunder 54 Dallas Mavericks ( from Portland via Denver ) 55 Charlotte Hornets ( from Cleveland via Brooklyn and Philadelphia ) 56 Philadelphia 76ers 57 Oklahoma City Thunder ( from Boston ) 58 Denver Nuggets ( from Golden State ) 59 Phoenix Suns ( from Toronto ) 60 Philadelphia 76ers ( from Houston ) Combine ( edit ) Main article : NBA Draft Combine The invitation - only NBA Draft Combine was held in Chicago from May 16 to 20 . The on - court element of the combine took place on May 18 and 19 . A total of 69 players were invited for this year 's NBA Draft Combine , with two top talents in Deandre Ayton and Luka Dončić declining invitations for the event this year , with the latter player being involved with the 2018 EuroLeague Final Four at the time . Draft lottery ( edit ) Main article : NBA draft lottery The NBA draft lottery took place during the playoffs on May 15 , 2018 . This year will be the last time it uses what was originally the updated system for the NBA draft lottery to upgrade draft odds for teams in the lower regions of the NBA . Starting in 2019 onward , the newer updated draft lottery will give the bottom 3 teams equal odds for the No. 1 pick , while some of the teams higher up the NBA draft would get an increased chance for a top - four pick instead of a top - three pick like in this year , thus hoping to discourage teams from potentially losing games on purpose for higher draft picks ( and potentially better talent in the process ) . There were also two tiebreakers involved for lottery odds this season ; the first involved the Dallas Mavericks having one more result favoring them having the No. 1 pick over Atlanta after splitting the odds together , while the second tiebreaker had the Chicago Bulls splitting odds with the Sacramento Kings , resulting in the Bulls having slightly better odds on their end in the process . Denotes the actual lottery result Team 2017 -- 18 record Lottery chances Lottery probabilities 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th Phoenix Suns 21 -- 61 250 . 250 . 215 . 178 . 358 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Memphis Grizzlies 22 -- 60 199 . 199 . 188 . 171 . 319 . 124 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Dallas Mavericks 24 -- 58 138 . 138 . 142 . 145 . 238 . 290 . 045 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Atlanta Hawks 24 -- 58 137 . 137 . 142 . 145 . 085 . 323 . 155 . 013 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Orlando Magic 25 -- 57 88 . 088 . 096 . 106 -- . 262 . 359 . 084 . 004 -- -- -- -- -- -- Chicago Bulls 27 -- 55 53 . 053 . 060 . 070 -- -- . 440 . 331 . 045 . 001 -- -- -- -- -- Sacramento Kings 27 -- 55 53 . 053 . 060 . 070 -- -- -- . 573 . 226 . 018 . 000 -- -- -- -- Brooklyn Nets 28 -- 54 28 . 028 . 033 . 039 -- -- -- -- . 725 . 168 . 008 . 000 -- -- -- New York Knicks 29 -- 53 17 . 017 . 020 . 024 -- -- -- -- -- . 813 . 122 . 004 . 000 -- -- Los Angeles Lakers 35 -- 47 11 . 011 . 013 . 016 -- -- -- -- -- -- . 870 . 089 . 002 . 000 -- Charlotte Hornets 36 -- 46 8 . 008 . 009 . 012 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 908 . 063 . 001 . 000 Detroit Pistons 39 -- 43 7 . 007 . 008 . 010 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 935 . 039 . 000 Los Angeles Clippers 42 -- 40 6 . 006 . 007 . 009 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 960 . 018 Denver Nuggets 46 -- 36 5 . 005 . 006 . 007 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 982 ^ 1 : The Brooklyn Nets ' pick was automatically conveyed to the Cleveland Cavaliers this year . ^ 2 : The Los Angeles Lakers ' pick was conveyed to the Philadelphia 76ers since the pick turned unprotected for them this year and was n't in the Nos. 2 - 5 range . ^ 3 : The Detroit Pistons ' pick was conveyed to the Los Angeles Clippers since it was outside the top 4 . Eligiblity and entrants ( edit ) Main article : Eligibility for the NBA draft The draft is conducted under the eligibility rules established in the league 's 2017 collective bargaining agreement ( CBA ) with its player 's union . The previous CBA that ended the 2011 lockout instituted no immediate changes to the draft , but called for a committee of owners and players to discuss future changes . All drafted players must be at least 19 years old during the calendar year of the draft . In terms of dates , players who are eligible for the 2018 draft must be born on or before December 31 , 1999 . Since the 2016 draft , the following rules , as implemented by the NCAA Division I council for that division , are : Declaration for the draft no longer results in automatic loss of college eligibility . As long as a player does not sign a contract with a professional team outside the NBA , or sign with an agent , he will retain college eligibility as long as he makes a timely withdrawal from the draft . NCAA players now have until 10 days after the end of the NBA Draft Combine to withdraw from the draft . Since the combine is held in mid-May , the current deadline is about five weeks after the previous mid-April deadline . NCAA players may participate in the draft combine , and are allowed to attend one tryout per year with each NBA team without losing college eligibility . NCAA players may now enter and withdraw from the draft up to two times without loss of eligibility . Previously , the NCAA treated a second declaration of draft eligibility as a permanent loss of college eligibility . The NBA has since expanded the draft combine to include players with remaining college eligibility ( who , like players without college eligibility , can only attend by invitation ) . Early entrants ( edit ) Players who are not automatically eligible have to declare their eligibility for the draft by notifying the NBA offices in writing no later than 60 days before the draft . For the 2018 draft , the date fell on April 22 . After that date , `` early entry '' players are able to attend NBA pre-draft camps and individual team workouts to show off their skills and obtain feedback regarding their draft positions . Under the CBA a player may withdraw his name from consideration from the draft at any time before the final declaration date , which is 10 days before the draft . Under current NCAA rules , players have until May 30 ( 10 days after the draft combine ) to withdraw from the draft and retain college eligibility . A player who has hired an agent forfeits his remaining college eligibility regardless of whether he is drafted . College underclassmen ( edit ) A record - high 236 underclassed draft prospects ( i.e. , players with remaining college eligibility ) had declared by the April 22 deadline , with 181 of these players being from college . Names in bold mean they have hired an agent , or have announced that they plan to do so . Currently , 68 players have declared their intentions to enter the draft with an agent at hand . / Deng Adel -- F , Louisville ( junior ) Rawle Alkins -- G , Arizona ( sophomore ) Mike Amius -- F , Western Carolina ( junior ) / Kostas Antetokounmpo -- F , Dayton ( freshman ) Deandre Ayton -- C , Arizona ( freshman ) Marvin Bagley III -- F / C , Duke ( freshman ) Mohamed Bamba -- C , Texas ( freshman ) Keita Bates - Diop -- F , Ohio State ( junior ) Tyus Battle -- G , Syracuse ( sophomore ) Tashawn Berry -- G , Dakota College ( sophomore ) Leron Black -- F , Illinois ( junior ) Brian Bowen -- G , South Carolina ( freshman ) Jordan Brangers -- G , South Plains College ( sophomore ) Mikal Bridges -- F , Villanova ( junior ) Miles Bridges -- F , Michigan State ( sophomore ) Bruce Brown Jr . -- G , Miami ( sophomore ) Troy Brown Jr . -- F , Oregon ( freshman ) Jalen Brunson -- G , Villanova ( junior ) Elijah Bryant -- G , BYU ( junior ) Tony Carr -- G , Penn State ( sophomore ) Wendell Carter -- F / C , Duke ( freshman ) Kameron Chatman -- G / F , Detroit ( junior ) Tyler Cook -- F , Iowa ( sophomore ) Bryant Crawford -- G , Wake Forest ( junior ) Eric Davis -- G , Texas ( junior ) / Tyler Davis -- C , Texas A&M ( junior ) Marcus Derrickson -- F , Georgetown ( junior ) Hamidou Diallo -- G , Kentucky ( freshman ) Noah Dickerson -- F , Washington ( junior ) Donte DiVincenzo -- G , Villanova ( sophomore ) Dikembe Dixson -- F , UIC ( sophomore ) Trevon Duval -- G , Duke ( freshman ) Drew Eubanks -- F , Oregon State ( junior ) Jacob Evans -- G , Cincinnati ( junior ) Dextor Foster -- G , ASA College ( junior ) Robert Franks -- F , Washington State ( junior ) Tremaine Fraiser -- G , Westchester CC ( sophomore ) Melvin Frazier -- G , Tulane ( junior ) / Wenyen Gabriel -- F , Kentucky ( sophomore ) Kaiser Gates -- F , Xavier ( junior ) Shai Gilgeous - Alexander -- G , Kentucky ( freshman ) Michael Gilmore -- F , Florida Gulf Coast ( junior ) D.J. Hogg -- F , Texas A&M ( junior ) Aaron Holiday -- G , UCLA ( junior ) Kevin Huerter -- G , Maryland ( sophomore ) DeAngelo Isby -- F , Utah State ( junior ) Jaren Jackson Jr . -- F , Michigan State ( freshman ) Justin Jackson -- F , Maryland ( sophomore ) Justin James -- G , Wyoming ( junior ) Ismaila Kane -- F , Atlanta Metropolitan State College ( freshman ) Devonte Klines -- G , Montana State ( junior ) Kevin Knox -- F , Kentucky ( freshman ) Terry Larrier -- F , Connecticut ( junior ) Marquez Letcher - Ellis -- F , Nevada ( sophomore ) Victor Lewis II -- G , West Texas A&M ( junior ) Makinde London -- F , Chattanooga ( junior ) / Matur Maker -- F , Mississauga Prep ( postgraduate ) Caleb Martin -- F , Nevada ( junior ) Cody Martin -- G , Nevada ( junior ) Charles Matthews -- F , Michigan ( sophomore ) Brandon McCoy -- C , UNLV ( freshman ) Jalen McDaniels -- F , San Diego State ( freshman ) De'Anthony Melton -- G , USC ( sophomore ) Chimezie Metu -- F , USC ( junior ) Shake Milton -- G , SMU ( junior ) Shelton Mitchell -- G , Clemson ( junior ) Max Montana -- F , San Diego State ( junior ) Doral Moore -- C , Wake Forest ( junior ) Jordan Murdock -- G , Friends ( junior ) Malik Newman -- G , Kansas ( sophomore ) Josh Okogie -- G , Georgia Tech ( sophomore ) Ajdin Penava -- F , Marshall ( junior ) Keanu Peters -- G , Salt Lake Community College ( sophomore ) Jontay Porter -- F , Missouri ( freshman ) Michael Porter Jr . -- F , Missouri ( freshman ) Marcquise Reed -- G , Clemson ( junior ) Trayvon Reed -- C , Texas Southern ( junior ) Cody Riley -- F , UCLA ( freshman ) Jerome Robinson -- G , Boston College ( junior ) Mitchell Robinson -- C , Western Kentucky ( freshman ) Brandon Sampson -- G , LSU ( junior ) Corey Sanders -- G , Rutgers ( junior ) Micah Seaborn -- G , Monmouth ( junior ) Collin Sexton -- G , Alabama ( freshman ) Landry Shamet -- G , Wichita State ( sophomore ) Tavarius Shine -- G , Oklahoma State ( junior ) / Yankuba Sima -- F , Oklahoma State ( junior ) Anfernee Simons -- G , IMG Academy ( postgraduate ) Fred Sims -- G , Chicago State ( junior ) Zhaire Smith -- G , Texas Tech ( freshman ) Ray Spalding -- F , Louisville ( junior ) Omari Spellman -- F , Villanova ( freshman ) Khyri Thomas -- G , Creighton ( junior ) Gary Trent Jr . -- G , Duke ( freshman ) Allonzo Trier -- G , Arizona ( junior ) Jarred Vanderbilt -- F , Kentucky ( freshman ) LaGerald Vick -- G , Kansas ( junior ) Moritz Wagner -- F , Michigan ( junior ) Lonnie Walker IV -- F , Miami ( freshman ) P.J. Washington -- F , Kentucky ( freshman ) Lindell Wigginton -- G , Iowa State ( freshman ) Robert Williams -- F / C , Texas A&M ( sophomore ) Trae Young -- G , Oklahoma ( freshman ) International players ( edit ) International players that had declared this year and did not previously declare in another prior year can drop out of the draft about 10 days before the draft begins on June 11 . Initially , there were 55 players who originally expressed interest in entering the 2018 draft , one of which was a player who came directly out of high school from Canada . Berke Atar -- C , Bandırma Kırmızı ( Turkey ) Romaric Belemene -- F , Unión Financiera Oviedo ( Spain ) Laurynas Beliauskas -- G , Neptūnas ( Lithuania ) Rihards Bērziņš -- F , Betsafe Liepāja ( Latvia ) Laurynas Birutis -- C , Šiauliai ( Lithuania ) Goga Bitadze -- C , Mega Bemax ( Serbia ) Isaac Bonga -- G , Frankfurt Skyliners ( Germany ) Etienne Ca -- C , Élan Chalon ( France ) / Sigfredo Casero - Ortiz -- G , GET Vosges ( France ) Emanuel Cățe -- C , CB Prat ( Spain ) Vassilis Charalampopoulos -- F , P.A.O.K. Thessaloniki ( Greece ) Luka Dončić -- G / F , Real Madrid ( Spain ) Yago dos Santos -- G , Club Athletico Paulistano ( Brazil ) Berkan Durmaz -- F , Tofaş S.K. ( Turkey ) Aleksander Dziewa -- C , Śląsk Wrocław ( Poland ) Martynas Echodas -- F , Lietuvos Rytas ( Lithuania ) Ibrahima Faye -- F , Élan Chalon ( France ) Gabriel Galvanini -- F , Sendi / Bauru ( Brazil ) Stephane Gombauld -- F , Lille Métropole ( France ) Melvyn Govindy -- C , Cholet Basket ( France ) / Yoan Granvorka -- G , BBC Monthey ( Switzerland ) Tryggvi Hlinason -- C , Valencia Basket ( Spain ) Karim Jallow -- G / F , Bayern Munich ( Germany ) Matas Jogėla -- F , Žalgiris - 2 ( Lithuania ) Georgios Kalaitzakis -- G / F , Panathinaikos Superfoods ( Greece ) Michał Kolenda -- F , Trefl Sopot ( Poland ) Antonios Koniaris -- G , P.A.O.K. Thessaloniki ( Greece ) Leon Kratzer -- C , s. Oliver Würzburg ( Germany ) Arnoldas Kulboka -- F , Betaland Capo d'Orlando ( Italy ) Rodions Kurucs -- F , FC Barcelona Lassa ( Spain ) Xabier López - Arostegui -- F , Divina Seguros Joventut ( Spain ) Vanja Marinković -- G , Partizan Belgrade ( Serbia ) William McDowell - White -- G , Brose Bamberg ( Germany ) Blaž Mesiček -- G , Enel Brindisi ( Italy ) Adam Mokoka -- G , BCM Gravelines - Dunkerque ( France ) Shekinah Munanga -- F , AS Monaco Basket ( France ) Džanan Musa -- F , Cedevita Zagreb ( Croatia ) Muhaymin Mustafa -- G , Anadolu Efes ( Turkey ) William Narace -- SLUC Nancy Basket ( France ) Amine Noua -- F , ASVEL Basket ( France ) Élie Okobo -- G , Élan Béarnais Pau - Lacq - Orthez ( France ) Viny Okouo -- C , Unicaja Málaga ( Spain ) Louis Olinde -- F , Brose Bamberg ( Germany ) Erxhan Osmani -- F / C , Bandırma Kırmızı ( Turkey ) Jean - Marc Pansa -- F , Nanterre 92 ( France ) Darel Poirier -- F / C , Étoile Charleville - Mézières ( France ) Marcel Ponitka -- G , Asseco Gdynia ( Poland ) Issuf Sanon -- G , Olimpija Ljubljana ( Slovenia ) Tadas Sedekerskis -- G / F , Nevėžis Kėdainiai ( Lithuania ) Leonardo Totè -- PF , Scaligera Verona ( Italy ) Martynas Varnas -- G , Pieno Žvaigždės ( Lithuania ) / Michael Uchendu -- C , Sendi / Bauru ( Brazil ) Filip Zagrajski -- G , Vrijednosnice Osijek ( Croatia ) Automatically eligible entrants ( edit ) Players who do not meet the criteria for `` international '' players are automatically eligible if they meet any of the following criteria : They have completed four years of their college eligibility . If they graduated from high school in the U.S. , but did not enroll in a U.S. college or university , four years have passed since their high school class graduated . They have signed a contract with a professional basketball team not in the NBA , anywhere in the world , and have played under that contract . Players who meet the criteria for `` international '' players are automatically eligible if they meet any of the following criteria : They are at least 22 years old during the calendar year of the draft . In terms of dates , players born on or before December 31 , 1996 are automatically eligible for the 2018 draft . They have signed a contract with a professional basketball team not in the NBA within the United States , and have played under that contract . Other automatically eligible players Player Team Note Ref . LiAngelo Ball Vytautas Prienai -- Birštonas ( Lithuania ) Removed himself from UCLA in 2017 . Darin Johnson Delaware 87ers ( NBA G League ) Left Cal State Northridge in 2017 ; playing professionally since 2017 -- 18 season . Billy Preston Igokea Laktaši ( Bosnia & Herzegovina ) Removed himself from Kansas in 2018 . Maverick Rowan Lakeland Magic ( NBA G League ) Left NC State in 2017 ; playing professionally since 2017 -- 18 season . Trades involving draft picks ( edit ) Pre-draft trades ( edit ) Prior to the day of the draft , the following trades were made and resulted in exchanges of draft picks between the teams below . ^ Jump up to : July 12 , 2013 : Brooklyn Nets to Boston Celtics Boston acquired Gerald Wallace , Kris Humphries , Keith Bogans , MarShon Brooks , Kris Joseph , a 2014 first - round pick , a 2016 first - round pick , the option to swap 2017 first - round picks , and a 2018 first - round pick Brooklyn acquired Paul Pierce , Kevin Garnett , Jason Terry and D.J. White ; Brooklyn also acquired Boston 's 2017 second - round pick for compensation after the 2015 -- 16 season ended . August 30 , 2017 : Boston Celtics to Cleveland Cavaliers Cleveland acquired Isaiah Thomas , Jae Crowder , Ante Žižić , the Brooklyn Nets ' 2018 first - round pick , and the Miami Heat 's 2020 second - round pick ( latter pick added as compensation for Thomas ' failed physical ) Boston acquired Kyrie Irving ^ Jump up to : July 7 , 2012 : Los Angeles Lakers to Phoenix Suns Phoenix acquired a 2013 first - round pick , a 2013 second - round pick , a 2014 second - round pick , and an unprotected 2018 first - round pick L.A. Lakers acquired Steve Nash February 19 , 2015 : Phoenix Suns to Philadelphia 76ers ( three - team trade with Milwaukee ) Philadelphia acquired the L.A. Lakers ' 2018 first - round pick from Phoenix Phoenix acquired Brandon Knight and Kendall Marshall from Milwaukee Milwaukee acquired Michael Carter - Williams from Philadelphia , Miles Plumlee and Tyler Ennis from Phoenix ^ Jump up to : January 29 , 2018 : Detroit Pistons to Los Angeles Clippers L.A. Clippers acquired Avery Bradley , Tobias Harris , Boban Marjanović , and a top - 4 protected 2018 first - round pick Detroit acquired Blake Griffin , Brice Johnson , and Willie Reed Jump up ^ February 19 , 2015 : Miami Heat to Phoenix Suns ( three - team trade with New Orleans Pelicans ) Phoenix acquired John Salmons from New Orleans , Danny Granger , a top - 7 protected 2018 first - round pick , a 2021 unprotected first - round pick , and a traded player exception from Miami Miami acquired Goran Dragić and Zoran Dragić from Phoenix New Orleans acquired Norris Cole , Shawne Williams , Justin Hamilton , and cash considerations from Miami Jump up ^ February 10 , 2015 : Minnesota Timberwolves to Atlanta Hawks Atlanta acquired a lottery protected 2018 first - round pick Minnesota acquired Adreian Payne Jump up ^ February 19 , 2015 : Oklahoma City Thunder to Utah Jazz ( three - team trade with Detroit Pistons ) Utah acquired a 2017 second - round pick from Detroit , Kendrick Perkins , Grant Jerrett , the player rights to Tibor Pleiß , and a lottery protected 2018 first - round pick from Oklahoma City Oklahoma City acquired Enes Kanter and Steve Novak , D.J. Augustin , Kyle Singler , and a 2019 second - round pick from Detroit Detroit acquired Reggie Jackson June 30 , 2017 : Utah Jazz to Minnesota Timberwolves Minnesota acquired a lottery protected 2018 Oklahoma City first - round pick Utah acquired Ricky Rubio ^ Jump up to : February 1 , 2018 : New Orleans Pelicans to Chicago Bulls Chicago acquired Tony Allen , Jameer Nelson , Ömer Aşık , a top - 5 protected 2018 first - round pick , and the rights to swap 2021 second - round picks New Orleans acquired Nikola Mirotić and reacquired their 2018 second - round pick once again Jump up ^ February 18 , 2016 : Cleveland Cavaliers to Portland Trail Blazers Portland acquired Anderson Varejão and a 2018 protected first - round pick Cleveland acquired a 2020 second round pick January 6 , 2017 : Portland Trail Blazers to Cleveland Cavaliers Cleveland reacquired their rights to that 2018 protected first - round pick ( protections removed ) Portland acquired a 2017 first round pick February 8 , 2018 : Cleveland Cavaliers to Los Angeles Lakers L.A. Lakers acquired Isaiah Thomas , Channing Frye and a top - 3 protected 2018 first - round pick Cleveland acquired Jordan Clarkson and Larry Nance Jr . ^ Jump up to : July 13 , 2017 : Toronto Raptors to Brooklyn Nets Brooklyn acquired DeMarre Carroll , a lottery protected 2018 first - round pick , and the worst 2018 second - round pick between Orlando and the L.A. Lakers Toronto acquired Justin Hamilton Jump up ^ June 28 , 2017 : Houston Rockets to Los Angeles Clippers L.A. Clippers acquired Patrick Beverley , Sam Dekker , Montrezl Harrell , Darrun Hilliard , DeAndre Liggins , Lou Williams , Kyle Wiltjer , and a top - 3 protected 2018 first - round pick Houston acquired Chris Paul July 7 , 2017 : Los Angeles Clippers to Atlanta Hawks ( three - team trade with Denver Nuggets ) Atlanta acquired Jamal Crawford , Diamond Stone , a top - 3 protected 2018 Houston first - round pick and cash considerations from the L.A. Clippers L.A. Clippers acquired Danilo Gallinari from Denver Denver acquired the Washington Wizards ' 2019 second - round pick from Atlanta Jump up ^ February 23 , 2017 : Chicago Bulls to Oklahoma City Thunder Oklahoma City acquired Taj Gibson , Doug McDermott , and a 2018 second round pick Chicago acquired Joffrey Lauvergne , Anthony Morrow , and Cameron Payne September 25 , 2017 : Oklahoma City Thunder to New York Knicks New York acquired Enes Kanter , Doug McDermott , and Chicago 's 2018 second round pick Oklahoma City acquired Carmelo Anthony ^ Jump up to : December 11 , 2014 : Brooklyn Nets to Philadelphia 76ers Philadelphia acquired Andrei Kirilenko , Jorge Gutiérrez , the right to swap 2018 second - round picks between Cleveland and Brooklyn , a 2020 second - round pick , and cash considerations Brooklyn acquired Brandon Davies and the Cleveland Cavaliers ' 2018 second - round pick ^ Jump up to : October 27 , 2014 : New York Knicks to Philadelphia 76ers Philadelphia acquired Travis Outlaw , the right to swap 2018 second - round picks between New York and the L.A. Clippers , and a 2019 second - round pick New York acquired Arnett Moultrie Jump up ^ August 10 , 2012 : Los Angeles Lakers to Orlando Magic ( four - team trade with Philadelphia and Denver ) Orlando acquired Arron Afflalo , Al Harrington , a 2013 second - round pick , and the worse of Denver 's and New York 's 2014 first - round picks from Denver ; Nikola Vučević , Maurice Harkless , and a 2015 conditional first - round pick that was conveyed in 2017 for the Sacramento Kings from Philadelphia ; Josh McRoberts , Christian Eyenga , a 2015 protected second - round pick , and the Lakers ' 2017 protected first - round pick ( converted to the Lakers ' 2017 second - round pick and 2018 second - round pick ) from the L.A. Lakers L.A. Lakers acquired Dwight Howard , Earl Clark , and Chris Duhon from Orlando Philadelphia acquired Jason Richardson from Orlando and Andrew Bynum from the L.A. Lakers Denver acquired Andre Iguodala from Philadelphia May 25 , 2017 : Orlando Magic to Toronto Raptors Toronto acquired the worse 2018 second - round pick between Orlando and the L.A. Lakers ; Orlando acquired the contractual release of Toronto general manager Jeff Weltman , whom the Magic immediately signed as the their new president of basketball operations ^ Jump up to : February 16 , 2016 : Charlotte Hornets to Memphis Grizzlies ( three - team trade with Miami ) Memphis acquired P.J. Hairston , a 2018 second - round pick , and Brooklyn 's 2019 second - round pick from Charlotte ; Chris Andersen , a 2018 second - round pick , and a top - 55 protected 2019 second - round pick from Miami Charlotte acquired Courtney Lee and cash considerations from Memphis Miami acquired Brian Roberts from Charlotte Jump up ^ September 22 , 2017 : Memphis Grizzlies to Phoenix Suns Phoenix acquired Troy Daniels and a 2018 second - round pick for the middle choice between Charlotte , Memphis , and Miami Memphis acquired a top - 55 protected 2018 Phoenix second - round pick ( which would not be conveyed ) February 8 , 2018 : Phoenix Suns to Orlando Magic Orlando acquired a 2018 second - round pick for the middle choice between Charlotte , Memphis , and Miami Phoenix acquired Elfrid Payton Jump up ^ February 20 , 2014 : Los Angeles Clippers to Philadelphia 76ers Philadelphia acquired Byron Mullens and a 2018 second - round pick ( which would later be swapped with the New York Knicks ) L.A. Clippers acquired a protected 2014 second - round pick ( which ultimately was n't conveyed ) ^ Jump up to : February 8 , 2018 : Denver Nuggets to Dallas Mavericks ( three - team trade with New York ) Dallas acquired Doug McDermott and the Portland Trail Blazers ' 2018 second - round pick from Dallas Denver acquired Devin Harris from Dallas and the L.A. Clippers ' 2018 second - round pick from New York New York acquired Emmanuel Mudiay from Denver Jump up ^ February 5 , 2018 : Milwaukee Bucks to Brooklyn Nets Brooklyn acquired Rashad Vaughn and a 2018 protected second - round pick Milwaukee acquired Tyler Zeller Jump up ^ June 22 , 2017 : Memphis Grizzlies to Houston Rockets Houston acquired the worst 2018 second - round pick between Charlotte , Memphis , and Miami Memphis acquired the draft rights to Dillon Brooks ^ Jump up to : July 10 , 2013 : Utah Jazz to Denver Nuggets ( three - team trade with Golden State ) Utah acquired a 2018 second - round pick from Denver , Andris Biedriņš , Richard Jefferson , Brandon Rush , a 2014 first - round pick , a 2016 second - round pick , a 2017 first - round pick , a 2017 second - round pick , and cash considerations from Golden State ; Denver acquired Randy Foye from Utah and a 2018 second - round pick from Golden State ; Golden State acquired Andre Iguodala from Denver via sign - and - trade and Kevin Murphy from Utah Jump up ^ February 18 , 2016 : Utah Jazz to Chicago Bulls ( three - team trade with Atlanta ) Chicago acquired Justin Holiday from Atlanta and a 2018 second - round pick from Utah ; Utah acquired Shelvin Mack from Atlanta ; Atlanta acquired Kirk Hinrich from Chicago July 7 , 2016 : Chicago Bulls to Los Angeles Lakers L.A. Lakers acquired José Calderón , Denver 's 2018 second - round pick , and Chicago 's 2019 second - round pick ; Chicago acquired the player rights to Ater Majok Jump up ^ February 18 , 2016 : New Orleans Pelicans to Miami Heat Miami acquired a top - 55 protected 2018 second - round pick New Orleans acquired Jarnell Stokes and cash considerations July 10 , 2016 : Miami Heat to New Orleans Pelicans New Orleans reacquired their own 2018 second - round pick ( protections removed ) Miami acquired Luke Babbitt September 1 , 2017 : New Orleans Pelicans to Chicago Bulls Chicago acquired Quincy Pondexter , a 2018 second - round pick , and cash considerations New Orleans acquired the player rights to Ater Majok Jump up ^ February 12 , 2017 : Portland Trail Blazers to Denver Nuggets Denver acquired Mason Plumlee , the least favorable 2018 second - round pick between Portland and Sacramento , and cash considerations Portland acquired Jusuf Nurkić and Memphis ' 2017 first - round pick Jump up ^ September 27 , 2014 : Cleveland Cavaliers to Philadelphia 76ers Philadelphia acquired Keith Bogans and a 2018 second - round pick Cleveland acquired a conditional 2015 second - round pick ( that ultimately was n't conveyed ) Jump up ^ June 25 , 2015 : Brooklyn Nets to Charlotte Hornets Charlotte acquired the least valuable 2018 second - round pick between Brooklyn and Cleveland , a 2019 second - round pick , and cash considerations Brooklyn acquired the draft rights to Juan Pablo Vaulet Jump up ^ July 14 , 2015 : Boston Celtics to Oklahoma City Thunder Oklahoma City acquired a top - 55 protected 2018 second - round pick Boston acquired Perry Jones , a 2019 second - round pick , and cash considerations Jump up ^ February 23 , 2017 : Toronto Raptors to Phoenix Suns Phoenix acquired Jared Sullinger , a 2017 second - round pick , and a 2018 second - round pick Toronto acquired P.J. Tucker Jump up ^ June 28 , 2017 : Houston Rockets to Philadelphia 76ers Philadelphia acquired a 2018 second - round pick and cash considerations Houston acquired Shawn Long Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nationality indicates the player 's national team or representative nationality . If a player has not competed at the international level , then the nationality indicates the national team which the player is eligible to represent according to FIBA rules . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ AP ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` 2018 NBA Draft Lottery leaving New York Area heading to Chicago '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Benjamin ; Mather , Victor ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` N.B.A. Draft Lottery 2018 : Phoenix Suns Get Top Pick '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Complete Trade With Brooklyn Nets '' . NBA.com . July 12 , 2013 . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Acquire Four - Time All - Star Kyrie Irving '' . NBA.com . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Cavs add 2nd - round pick from Celtics to complete Kyrie Irving - Isaiah Thomas trade '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marc Stein ( July 5 , 2012 ) . `` Steve Nash headed to Lakers '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ `` Suns Acquire Brandon Knight in Three - Team Trade '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 19 , 2015 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Pistons acquire Blake Griffin , Willie Reed , Brice Johnson from L.A. Clippers Pistons send Avery Bradley , Tobias Harris , Boban Marjanovic , draft picks to Clippers '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . January 30 , 2018 . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Suns trade Goran Dragic to Heat '' . ESPN.com . February 19 , 2015 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WOLVES ACQUIRE FORWARD ADREIAN PAYNE FROM ATLANTA '' . NBA.com . February 10 , 2015 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Young , Royce ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Reggie Jackson dealt to Pistons '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PG Ricky Rubio acquired by Jazz for 2018 protected first - rounder '' . ESPN.com . July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Martel , Brett ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Chicago Bulls trade Nikola Mirotic to New Orleans Pelicans '' . NBA.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Trail Blazers Acquire Future First - Round Draft Pick , Anderson Varejao From Cleveland '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trail Blazers Acquire Unprotected 2017 First Round Pick from Cleveland '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers Acquire Jordan Clarkson and Larry Nance Jr . From Lakers '' . NBA.com . February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BROOKLYN NETS ACQUIRE DEMARRE CARROLL AND DRAFT PICKS FROM TORONTO '' . NBA.com . June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rieken , Kristie ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` LA Clippers trade Chris Paul to Houston Rockets '' . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Hawks Acquire First - Round Pick , Diamond Stone and Jamal Crawford '' . NBA.com . July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Thunder Acquires Gibson , McDermott and Draft Pick '' . NBA.com . February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Knicks Trade Carmelo Anthony To Oklahoma City '' . NBA.com . September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nets Acquire Brandon Davies '' . NBA.com ( Press release ) . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . December 11 , 2014 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Knicks Complete Trade with Philadelphia Jump up ^ `` Magic Acquire Six Players , Five Draft Picks in Howard Trade '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . August 10 , 2012 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Raptors receive 2018 2nd - round pick for Weltman ; ca n't trade with Magic for a year '' . RaptorsRepublic . Raptors Republic Inc . May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hornets Acquire Lee from Memphis in 3 - Team Trade '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 16 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Suns Acquire Troy Daniels From Memphis '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . September 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix Suns acquire Elfrid Payton from Orlando Magic '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . May 25 , 2018 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CLIPPERS FINALIZE TRADES WITH HAWKS AND 76ERS '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 20 , 2014 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Knicks acquire Emmanual Mudiay in 3 - team trade '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BUCKS ACQUIRE TYLER ZELLER FROM BROOKLYN NETS '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Grizzlies acquire draft rights to Ivan Rabb and Dillon Brooks '' . NBA.com . June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Acquire Andre Iguodala from Denver Nuggets as Part of Three - Team Trade '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . July 10 , 2013 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jazz Acquire Shelvin Mack from Atlanta '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 18 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bulls trade Jose Calderon to Los Angeles Lakers '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` HEAT Trade Stokes to New Orleans '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 18 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Heat acquire Luke Babbitt '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . July 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bulls acquire Quincy Pondexter & future draft pick from Pelicans '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . September 1 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nuggets trade Jusef Nurkic to Blazers for Mason Plumlee '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 13 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cavs Complete Trade with Philadelphia '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . September 27 , 2014 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nets acquire Juan Pablo Vaulet from Hornets '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 25 , 2015 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Thunder Acquires Trade Exception and Protected Second Round Draft Pick '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . July 14 , 2015 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Raptors acquire Tucker from the Suns '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rockets Acquire Nine - Time All - Star Chris Paul '' . NBA.com . June 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://sports.yahoo.com/complete-2018-nba-draft-combine-list-211843026.html Jump up ^ Goodman , Jeff ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` College players given extra time to mull NBA draft decision '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ Katz , Andy ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` NCAA proposes new NBA draft rule to allow early entrants back in school '' . ESPN.com . ^ Jump up to : http://www.nba.com/article/2018/04/24/nba-announces-early-entry-candidates-2018-nba-draft ^ Jump up to : http://collegebasketball.nbcsports.com/2018/03/21/2018-nba-draft-early-entry-list-who-declared-who-is-returning-who-are-we-waiting-on/ ^ Jump up to : https://www.si.com/college-basketball/2018/03/03/sean-miller-deandre-ayton-arizona-nba-draft Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/DraftExpress/status/976904741677621250 Jump up ^ https://clutchpoints.com/nba-draft-news-marvin-bagley-declares-draft/ Jump up ^ `` Mohamed Bamba entering NBA draft after one season '' . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/22916723/ohio-state-buckeyes-forward-keita-bates-diop-enter-nba-draft Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/Sportando/status/987381839789780992 Jump up ^ http://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/college/ct-spt-illinois-leron-black-leaving-20180315-story.html Jump up ^ https://www.cbssports.com/college-basketball/news/nba-draft-2018-ex-louisville-recruit-brian-bowen-enters-nba-draft-but-wants-to-play-at-south-carolina/ Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/wojespn/status/983669344600231936 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/MilesBridges01/status/978999804100534272 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/DraftExpress/status/976865552277884928 Jump up ^ https://sports.yahoo.com/oregon-guard-troy-brown-jr-204544220.html Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/wojespn/status/984041122757578752 Jump up ^ https://www.blackshoediaries.com/2018/4/2/17189410/penn-state-basketball-tony-carr-nba-draft-point-guard-mock-draft Jump up ^ http://www.newsobserver.com/sports/college/acc/duke/duke-now/article209001909.html Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/GoodmanESPN/status/976500191107977216 Jump up ^ https://www.landof10.com/iowa/iowa-basketball-tyler-cook-stats-bio-nba-draft ^ Jump up to : https://www.bloggersodear.com/2018/3/30/17182166/bryant-crawford-doral-moore-declare-for-nba-draft-without-agents-wake-forest-basketball-acc-wfu Jump up ^ http://collegebasketball.nbcsports.com/2018/03/28/texas-sg-eric-davis-jr-turns-pro/ Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/DraftExpress/status/979365293368766464 Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/sports/wp/2018/04/09/georgetowns-marcus-derrickson-to-enter-nba-draft/?noredirect=on Jump up ^ https://247sports.com/college/kentucky/Bolt/Kentucky-basketball-Hamidou-Diallo-to-enter-the-2018-NBA-Draft-117301071 Jump up ^ https://www.seattletimes.com/sports/uw-husky-basketball/noah-dickerson-testing-nba-draft-waters/ Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/NovaMBB/status/986978481295806464 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/UICFlamesMBB/status/974038220504748032 Jump up ^ http://collegebasketball.nbcsports.com/2018/04/04/duke-loses-point-guard-trevon-duval-to-2018-nba-draft/ Jump up ^ http://www.oregonlive.com/beavers/index.ssf/2018/03/drew_eubanks_declares_for_nba.html Jump up ^ http://www.sportingnews.com/nba/news/cincinnati-jacob-evans-declares-2018-nba-draft-stats-news-ncaa-tournament/z2cz0wm94xwi1qwt25h61hgyz Jump up ^ http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2766716-robert-franks-declares-for-2018-nba-draft-after-3-seasons-at-washington-state Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/GoodmanESPN/status/978646863766278144 Jump up ^ Goodman , Jeff ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Kentucky 's Wenyen Gabriel enters NBA draft , wo n't hire agent '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/OhVarsity/status/988890932748615680 Jump up ^ https://www.aseaofblue.com/2018/4/9/17159778/uk-basketball-shai-gilgeous-alexander-declares-2018-nba-draft Jump up ^ Hardwig , Greg ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` College basketball : Michael Gilmore leaving FGCU '' . Naples Daily News . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Texas A&M forward D.J. Hogg signing agent and entering NBA draft '' . NBC Sports . April 9 , 2018 . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/story/_/id/22925961/aaron-holiday-ucla-bruins-forgo-last-year-nba-draft Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/Sportando/status/987380315172884480 Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/story/_/id/23003634/jaren-jackson-jr-michigan-state-spartans-enter-nba-draft Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/22947056/justin-jackson-maryland-terrapins-forward-enter-nba-draft Jump up ^ `` Wyoming junior guard Justin James to test NBA waters '' . Casper Star Tribune . March 26 , 2018 . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.saturdaydownsouth.com/kentucky-football/watch-kevin-knox-explains-decision-declare-2018-nba-draft/ Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/NeillOstrout/status/968619052162691072 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/GoodmanESPN/status/988886352992325633 Jump up ^ `` Matur Maker hoping to follow older brother Thon Maker 's prep - to - pros route to the NBA '' . Zagsblog . January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Matur Maker to skip college , enter NBA draft '' . ESPN . January 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.rgj.com/story/sports/college/nevada/2018/04/03/nevada-basketballs-jordan-caroline-martin-twins-test-nba-draft-waters/481923002/ Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/umichbball/status/987368353403686913?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Etweet Jump up ^ http://collegebasketball.nbcsports.com/2018/03/27/unlv-freshman-brandon-mccoy-enters-2018-nba-draft/ Jump up ^ https://eastvillagetimes.com/2018/03/sdsus-jalen-mcdaniels-to-declare-for-the-nba-draft-wont-hire-an-agent/ Jump up ^ http://www.dailynews.com/2018/02/21/deanthony-melton-withdraws-from-usc-to-enter-nba-draft/amp/ Jump up ^ https://www.ocregister.com/2018/03/22/usc-junior-chimezie-metu-declares-for-nba-draft/ Jump up ^ http://sportsday.dallasnews.com/college-sports/collegesports/2018/03/26/source-smu-guard-shake-milton-declaring-nba-draft-not-hiring-agent-just-yet ^ Jump up to : https://www.independentmail.com/story/sports/college/clemson/basketball/2018/04/02/clemsons-marcquise-reed-shelton-mitchell-declare-nba-draft-wont-hire-agents/479285002/ Jump up ^ Zeigler , Mark ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` Aztecs ' Max Montana to skip his final college basketball season '' . San Diego Union - Tribune . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` KU 's breakout NCAA Tournament star Malik Newman declares for NBA Draft '' . KansasCity.com . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/jeffborzello/status/974316574571024384 Jump up ^ Landon , Chuck ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` Penava Not Returning to Marshall '' . The Herald - Dispatch . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.rockmnation.com/missouri-tigers-basketball/2018/4/5/17203884/jontay-porter-nba-draft-2018-declare-no-agent Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/story/_/id/22923640/missouri-tigers-forward-michael-porter-jr-declared-nba-draft Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/GoodmanESPN/status/982040499895795712 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/TheBigDisco/status/988887647832571904 Jump up ^ https://www.diehards.com/boston-college/boston-college-jerome-robinson-ky-bowman-draft Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/story/_/id/20743631/five-star-recruit-mitchell-robinson-leaves-western-kentucky-hilltoppers-focus-nba-draft Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/GoodmanESPN/status/983842087358615552 Jump up ^ http://www.nj.com/rutgersbasketball/index.ssf/2018/03/corey_sanders_makes_nba_draft_decision_what_it_mea.html Jump up ^ `` Monmouth basketball : Seaborn will declare for NBA Draft without agent '' . app.com. April 19 , 2018 . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zenitz , Matt ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` Alabama 's Collin Sexton plans to enter NBA draft '' . AL.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.kwch.com/content/news/Landry-Shamet--478309223.html ^ Jump up to : Webb , Cade ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` Yankuba Sima , Tavarius Shine to leave Oklahoma State , pursue pro careers overseas '' . SB Nation . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/21459634/anfernee-simons-top-10-prospect-2018-high-school-class-considering-nba-draft Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/GoodmanESPN/status/983096105868161024 Jump up ^ http://collegebasketball.nbcsports.com/2018/04/04/zhaire-smith-declare-nba-draft-texas-tech/ Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/NovaMBB/status/986222883931291649 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/GoodmanESPN/status/983440162142195714 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/gtrentjr2/status/982625510495793159 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/jeffborzello/status/987375398295089157 Jump up ^ `` Another KU basketball player declares for the NBA Draft '' . Kansas.com . Jump up ^ https://www.si.com/college-basketball/2018/04/14/michigan-moritz-wagner-declares-nba-draft Jump up ^ https://www.stateoftheu.com/2018/4/4/17195002/miami-hurricanes-g-lonnie-walker-iv-declares-for-nba-draft-will-hire-agent-he-gone-seeya-bye Jump up ^ https://www.aseaofblue.com/kentucky-wildcats-basketball/2018/4/3/17185380/pj-washington-2018-nba-draft Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/DraftExpress/status/976286630414712832 Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/story/_/id/22877785/robert-williams-texas-aggies-enter-nba-draft Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Oklahoma freshman guard Trae Young to enter NBA draft '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/DraftExpress/status/987405871016808448 ^ Jump up to : `` Išankstiniame NBA naujokų biržos kandidatų sąraše -- 7 lietuviai ir LiAngelo Ballas '' . DELFI. April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rihards Bērziņš pieteicies NBA draftam '' ( in Latvian ) . Tvnet.lv. April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/DraftExpress/status/985930909437321216 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/Sportando/status/984396235237920769 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/DraftExpress/status/987823508590915584 Jump up ^ Givony , Jonathan . `` NBA draft tracker : Who 's in , and who 's testing ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/DraftExpress/status/987401907575709696 Jump up ^ https://basketball.realgm.com/wiretap/249475/Vasilis-Charalampopoulos-Declares-For-2018-NBA-Draft Jump up ^ https://clutchpoints.com/nba-draft-news-luka-doncic-mother-says-son-declare/ ^ Jump up to : https://twitter.com/DraftExpress/status/987744542232281088 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/DraftExpress/status/987062325621424128 ^ Jump up to : https://twitter.com/DraftExpress/status/986968098703060992 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/DraftExpress/status/985897568348590081 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/Sportando/status/984794497962868737 Jump up ^ `` Lithuanian forward Matas Jogela entering NBA draft '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/22913797/georgios-kalaitzakis-greece-declare-nba-draft Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/DraftExpress/status/987052282117345281 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/DraftExpress/status/987733092944236544 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/DraftExpress/status/986600935131701248 Jump up ^ `` ZVANIČNO Vanja Marinković izlazi na NBA draft ! '' . Sport Blic ( in Serbian ) . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/22967831/australian-guard-william-mcdowell-white-declares-2018-nba-draft Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/Sportando/status/986892852105043968 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/Sportando/status/986522519573291008 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/Sportando/status/984395009742041089 Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/blog/nba/post/_/id/32676/turkish-wing-muhaymin-mustafa-entering-nba-draft Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/DraftExpress/status/986350821565714432 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/DraftExpress/status/984082438916722688 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/DraftExpress/status/986668220626231296 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/DraftExpress/status/987809816943919104 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/DraftExpress/status/988076422924300290 Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/23025540/ukrainian-guard-issuf-sanon-entering-2018-nba-draft Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/DraftExpress/status/987037136745648129 Jump up ^ http://www.basketuniverso.it/leonardo-tote-ci-prova-lala-della-scaligera-si-dichiara-eleggibile-per-il-draft-nba Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/DraftExpress/status/988084056540794880 ^ Jump up to : `` Article X , Section 1 '' ( pdf ) . National Basketball Players Association . January 19 , 2017 . p. 273 . Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/22930807/ex-ucla-player-liangelo-ball-declaring-nba-draftaft External links ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal Official site NBA drafts Draft lottery Draft Combine Eligibility Territorial picks First overall picks High school draftees Undrafted players Supreme Court case WNBA draft 1976 ABA Dispersal Draft 1940s 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 2000s 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Expansion drafts 1961 1966 1967 1968 1970 1980 1988 1989 1995 2018 -- 19 NBA season by team Draft Summer League All - Star Game Playoffs Finals Transactions G League Eastern Atlantic Boston Brooklyn New York Philadelphia Toronto Central Chicago Cleveland Detroit Indiana Milwaukee Southeast Atlanta Charlotte Miami Orlando Washington Western Northwest Denver Minnesota Oklahoma City Portland Utah Pacific Golden State L.A. 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what are two prefixes that mean one or single

Number Latin prefixes Greek prefixes * * Sanskrit Cardinal Multiple Distributive Ordinal Cardinal Multiple Proportional Quantitative Ordinal 0 nulli - -- meden - , ouden - -- ⁄ unci - -- For the fractions Greeks were using the ordinals ( i.e. dodecato - ) -- ⁄ octant - -- -- -- As above ; ogdoö -- -- ⁄ sextant - -- -- -- As above ; hecto -- -- ⁄ quadrant - -- -- -- As above ; tetarto -- -- ⁄ trient - -- -- -- As above ; trito -- -- ⁄ semi - -- demi - -- hemi - ( mn . half ) e.g. hemisphere -- -- ⁄ dodrant - -- -- -- -- -- uni - e.g. universe , unilateral sim - singul - prim - mono - `` one '' , `` alone '' e.g. monogamy holo - ( entire / full ) e.g. holocaust , holography hen - rare mono - ( `` one , alone '' ) hapax - ( `` once '' ) haplo - ( single ) monad - ( `` one of a kind / unique / unit `` ) prot - e.g. proton , protozoa eka - 1 ⁄ quasqui - 1 ⁄ sesqui - du - bi - , bis - bireme , bilingual , bipolar , bipartisan bin - second - di - , dy - , duo - , dyo - dis - ( `` twice '' ) common dyakis - ( `` twice '' ) rare diplo - ( `` double '' ) dyad - ( two of a kind ) deuter - e.g. Deuteron / ium Deuteronomy deuteraio - ( ( every ) second day ) dvi - tri - e.g. trireme ter - tern - , trin - terti - tri - e.g. triathlon , Tripolis tris - ( `` thrice '' ) common triakis - ( `` thrice '' ) rare triplo - ( `` triple '' ) triad - ( three of a kind ) trit - ( `` third '' ) e.g. Triton / ium tritaio - ( ( every ) third day tri - quadri - , quadru - quater - quatern - quart - tetra - , tessara - tetrakis - ( four times ) tetraplo - ( quadruple ) tetrad - ( four of a kind ) ie . tetrahedron tetarto - ( fourth ) tetartaio - ( ( every ) fourth day ) chatur - 5 quinque - -- quin - quint - penta - pentakis - pentaplo - pentad - e.g. pentahedron pempt - pemptaio - pancha - 6 sexa - -- sen - sext - hex - hexakis - hexaplo - hexad - e.g. hexahedron hect - hectaio - shat - 7 septem - , septi - septen - septim - hepta - e.g. heptathlon heptakis - heptaplo - heptad - hebdomo - ( 7th ) hebdomaio - ( `` seventh day '' ) hebdomas ( `` week '' ) sapta - 8 octo - e.g. October -- octon - octav - octo - e.g. octopus octakis - octaplo - octad - e.g. octahedron ogdoö - ogdoaio - ashta - 9 novem - e.g. November noven - nona - ennea - enneakis - enneaplo - ennead - enat - enataio - navam - 10 decem - , dec - den - decim - deca - e.g. decathlon , Decapolis deca / kis / plo / d - e.g. decahedron , decagon decat - decataio - dasham - 11 undec - unden - undecim - hendeca - hendeca / kis / plo / d - hendecat - / o / aio - ekadasham - 12 duodec - duoden - ie . duodenum duodecim - dodeca - e.g. dodecadactylum dodeca / kis / plo / d - e.g. dodecahedron dodacat - / o / aio - dvadasham - 13 tredec - treden - tredecim - tria ( kai ) deca - , decatria - ie . triakaidekaphobia tris ( kai ) decakis - , decatria / kis / plo / d - decatotrito - etc . trayodasham - 14 quattuordec - quattuorden - quattuordecim - tessara ( kai ) deca - , decatettara , decatessara - tetra ( kai ) decakis - , decatetra / kis / plo / d - ie . tetradecahedron / decatetrahedron decatotetarto - chaturdasham - 15 quinquadec - , quindec - quinden - quindecim - pente ( kai ) deca - , decapente - penta ( kai ) decakis - , decapentakis - etc . decatopempto - panchadasham - 16 sedec - , sexdec - ( but hybrid hexadecimal ) seden - sedecim - hexa ( kai ) deca - , hekkaideca - , decahex - hexa ( kai ) decakis - , decahexakis - etc . decatohecto - shodasham - 17 septendec - septenden - septendecim - hepta ( kai ) deca - , decahepta - hepta ( kai ) decakis - , decaheptakis - etc . decatohebdomo - saptadasham - 18 octodec - octoden - octodecim - octo ( kai ) deca - , decaocto - octa ( kai ) decakis - , decaoctakis - etc . decatoogdoö - ashtadasham - 19 novemdec - , novendec - novemden - novemdecim - ennea ( kai ) deca - , decaennea - ennea ( kai ) decakis - , decaenneakis - etc . decatoenato - navadasham - 20 * viginti - vicen - , vigen - vigesim - ( e ) icosi - eicosa / kis / plo / d - ie . ( e ) icosahedron eicosto - vimshati - 22 duovigint - ( e ) icosidyo - , dyo ( e ) icosi - rare ie . docosa - hexaenoic acid a pejoration of dyoicosa - hexanoic ( e ) icosidyakis - ( e ) icosidiplo - ( e ) icosidyad - eicostodeutero - 24 quattuorvigint - ( e ) icositettara - , ( e ) icosikaitettara - rare ( e ) icositetrakis - ( e ) icositetraplo - ( e ) icositetrad - ie . ( e ) icositetragon eicostotetarto - chaturvimshati - 25 quinvigint - ( e ) icosipente - ie . eicosapenta - enoic acid ( e ) icosipentakis - ( e ) icosipentaplo - ( e ) icosipentad - eicostopempto - 30 triginti - tricen - trigesim - triaconta - triacontakis - etc . ie . triacontahedron triacosto - trimshat - 31 untriginti - triacontahen - triacontahenakis - triacontahenaplo - triacontahenad - triacostoproto - triacostoprotaio - 40 quadraginti - quadragen - quadragesim - tettaraconta - , tessaraconta - tettaracontakis - , tessaracontakis - etc . tessaracosto - chatvarimshat - 50 quinquaginti - quinquagen - quinquagesim - penteconta - ie . penteconter pentecontakis - etc . pentecosto - ie . pentecost panchashat - 60 sexaginti - sexagen - sexagesim - hexeconta - hexecontakis - etc . hexecosto - shasti - 70 septuaginti - ie . Septuagint septuagen - septuagesima - hebdomeconta - hebdomecontakis - etc . hebdomecosto - saptati - 80 octogint - octogen - octogesim - ogdoëconta - ogdoëcontakis - etc . ogdoëcosto - ashiti - 90 nonagint - nonagen - nonagesim - eneneconta - enenecontakis - etc . enenecosto - navati - 100 centi - centen - centesim - hecato ( n ) - hecatontakis - hundred times hecatontaplo - hundred - multiple hecatontad - hundred of a kind also abbreviated in hec ( aton ) tad - hecatosto - hundredth hecatostaio - the hundredth day shata -- 120 viginticenti - hecaton ( e ) icosi - hecaton ( e ) icosakis - etc . hecatostoeicosto - 200 ducenti - ducen - , bicenten - ducentesim - diacosia - diacosakis - etc . diacosiosto - -- 300 trecenti - trecen - , tercenten - , tricenten - trecentesim - triacosia - etc . triacosakis - triacosaplo - triacosad - triacosiosto - -- 400 quadringenti - quadringen - , quatercenten - , quadricenten - quadringentesim - tetracosia - tetracosakis - etc . tetracosiosto - 500 quingent - , quincent - quingen - , quingenten - , quincenten - quingentesim - pentacosia - pentacosakis - etc . pentacosiosto - 600 sescenti - , sexcenti - sescen - , sexcenten - sescentesim - hexacosia - hexacosakis - etc . hexacosiosto - 700 septingenti - septingen - , septingenten - , septcenten - septingentesim - heptacosia - heptacosakis - etc . heptacosiosto - 800 octingenti - octingen - , octingenten - , octocenten - octingentesim - octacosia - octacosakis - etc . octacosiosto - -- 900 nongenti - nongen - nongentesim - ennacosi - derived from en ( n ) iacosia - , a pejoration of enneacosia - enneacosakis - etc . enacosiost - , alt . spelling en ( n ) iacosiost ( o ) - a pejoration of enneacosiosto - -- 1000 milli - millen - millesim - chili - , kilo - chiliakis - chiliaplo - chiliad - chiliost - sahasra -- 2000 duomilli -- - - dischili - dischiliakis - etc . dischiliosto - -- 3000 tremilli - trischili - trischiliost - -- 5000 quinmilli -- pentacischili - 10 000 decamilli -- myria - , e.g. myriapoda decakischilia - myriakis - myriaplo - myriad - decakischiliakis - etc . myriast - , decakischiliosto - ayuta -- 80 000 octogintmilli -- octacismyri - 10 centimilli ; -- decakismyria - , hecatontakis chilia - decakismyriakis - , hecatontakis chiliakis - etc . 10 million - -- hecatommyria - hecatommyriakis - ( `` a million times '' ) hecatommyriaplo - ( million - multiple ) hecatommyriad - ( a million of a kind ) hecatommyriosto - ( ranked millionth ; also one piece of a million ( fraction ) see above in fractions ) hecatommyriostaio - ( `` the millionth day '' ) 10 billion - -- dis hecatommyria - dis hecatommyriakis - etc . 10 trillion - -- tris hecatommyria - tris hecatommyriakis - etc . 10 quadrillion - -- tetrakis hecatommyria - tetrakis hecatommyriakis - etc . 10 decillion - -- decakis hecatommyria - decakis hecatommyriakis - etc . 10 centillion - -- hecatontakis hecatommyria - hecatontakis hecatommyriakis - etc . 10 -- chiliakis hecatommyria - chiliakis hecatommyriakis - etc . 10 -- myriakis hecatommyria - myriakis hecatommyriakis - etc . 10 -- decakismyriakis hecatommyria - and so on - virtually endless decakismyriakis hecatommyriakis - etc . Many ( > 1 ) multi - ie . multilingual , multiple pluri ie . plural wife , pluralism -- poly - ie . polyhedra , polygamy , polypod , polyglot , polymath pollakis - ( many times ) pollaplo - ( multiple ) plethos , plethora ( many of a kind ) pollosto - ( rank / order of many ( manieth ) ) bahu --

Numeral prefix

numeral prefix

Numeral or number prefixes are prefixes derived from numerals or occasionally other numbers . In English and other European languages , they are used to coin numerous series of words , such as unicycle -- bicycle -- tricycle , dyad -- triad -- decade , biped -- quadruped , September -- October -- November -- December , decimal -- hexadecimal , sexagenarian -- octogenarian , centipede -- millipede , etc . There are two principal systems , taken from Latin and Greek , each with several subsystems ; in addition , Sanskrit occupies a marginal position . There is also an international set of metric prefixes , which are used in the metric system , and which for the most part are either distorted from the forms below or not based on actual number words .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Table of number prefixes in English 2 Occurrences 3 Cardinal Latin series 4 Distributive Latin series 5 Greek series 6 Mixed language series 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading Table of number prefixes in English ( edit ) In the following prefixes , a final vowel is normally dropped before a root that begins with a vowel , with the exceptions of bi - , which is bis - before a vowel , and of the other monosyllables , du - , di - , dvi - , tri - , which are invariable . The cardinal series are derived from cardinal numbers , such as the English one , two , three . The multiple series are based on adverbial numbers like the English once , twice , thrice . The distributives originally meant one each , two each or one by one , two by two , etc. , though that meaning is now frequently lost . The ordinal series is based on ordinal numbers such as the English first , second , third . For numbers higher than 2 , the ordinal forms are also used for fractions ; only the fraction ⁄ has special forms . For the hundreds , there are competing forms : those in - gent - , from the original Latin , and those in - cent - , derived from centi - etc. plus the prefixes for 1 -- 9 . Number Latin prefixes Greek prefixes * * Sanskrit Cardinal Multiple Distributive Ordinal Cardinal Multiple Proportional Quantitative Ordinal 0 nulli - -- meden - , ouden - -- ⁄ unci - -- For the fractions Greeks were using the ordinals ( i.e. dodecato - ) -- ⁄ octant - -- -- -- As above ; ogdoö -- -- ⁄ sextant - -- -- -- As above ; hecto -- -- ⁄ quadrant - -- -- -- As above ; tetarto -- -- ⁄ trient - -- -- -- As above ; trito -- -- ⁄ semi - -- demi - -- hemi - ( mn . half ) e.g. hemisphere -- -- ⁄ dodrant - -- -- -- -- -- uni - e.g. universe , unilateral sim - singul - prim - mono - `` one '' , `` alone '' e.g. monogamy holo - ( entire / full ) e.g. holocaust , holography hen - rare mono - ( `` one , alone '' ) hapax - ( `` once '' ) haplo - ( single ) monad - ( `` one of a kind / unique / unit `` ) prot - e.g. proton , protozoa eka - 1 ⁄ quasqui - 1 ⁄ sesqui - du - bi - , bis - bireme , bilingual , bipolar , bipartisan bin - second - di - , dy - , duo - , dyo - dis - ( `` twice '' ) common dyakis - ( `` twice '' ) rare diplo - ( `` double '' ) dyad - ( two of a kind ) deuter - e.g. Deuteron / ium Deuteronomy deuteraio - ( ( every ) second day ) dvi - tri - e.g. trireme ter - tern - , trin - terti - tri - e.g. triathlon , Tripolis tris - ( `` thrice '' ) common triakis - ( `` thrice '' ) rare triplo - ( `` triple '' ) triad - ( three of a kind ) trit - ( `` third '' ) e.g. Triton / ium tritaio - ( ( every ) third day tri - quadri - , quadru - quater - quatern - quart - tetra - , tessara - tetrakis - ( four times ) tetraplo - ( quadruple ) tetrad - ( four of a kind ) ie . tetrahedron tetarto - ( fourth ) tetartaio - ( ( every ) fourth day ) chatur - 5 quinque - -- quin - quint - penta - pentakis - pentaplo - pentad - e.g. pentahedron pempt - pemptaio - pancha - 6 sexa - -- sen - sext - hex - hexakis - hexaplo - hexad - e.g. hexahedron hect - hectaio - shat - 7 septem - , septi - septen - septim - hepta - e.g. heptathlon heptakis - heptaplo - heptad - hebdomo - ( 7th ) hebdomaio - ( `` seventh day '' ) hebdomas ( `` week '' ) sapta - 8 octo - e.g. October -- octon - octav - octo - e.g. octopus octakis - octaplo - octad - e.g. octahedron ogdoö - ogdoaio - ashta - 9 novem - e.g. November noven - nona - ennea - enneakis - enneaplo - ennead - enat - enataio - navam - 10 decem - , dec - den - decim - deca - e.g. decathlon , Decapolis deca / kis / plo / d - e.g. decahedron , decagon decat - decataio - dasham - 11 undec - unden - undecim - hendeca - hendeca / kis / plo / d - hendecat - / o / aio - ekadasham - 12 duodec - duoden - ie . duodenum duodecim - dodeca - e.g. dodecadactylum dodeca / kis / plo / d - e.g. dodecahedron dodacat - / o / aio - dvadasham - 13 tredec - treden - tredecim - tria ( kai ) deca - , decatria - ie . triakaidekaphobia tris ( kai ) decakis - , decatria / kis / plo / d - decatotrito - etc . trayodasham - 14 quattuordec - quattuorden - quattuordecim - tessara ( kai ) deca - , decatettara , decatessara - tetra ( kai ) decakis - , decatetra / kis / plo / d - ie . tetradecahedron / decatetrahedron decatotetarto - chaturdasham - 15 quinquadec - , quindec - quinden - quindecim - pente ( kai ) deca - , decapente - penta ( kai ) decakis - , decapentakis - etc . decatopempto - panchadasham - 16 sedec - , sexdec - ( but hybrid hexadecimal ) seden - sedecim - hexa ( kai ) deca - , hekkaideca - , decahex - hexa ( kai ) decakis - , decahexakis - etc . decatohecto - shodasham - 17 septendec - septenden - septendecim - hepta ( kai ) deca - , decahepta - hepta ( kai ) decakis - , decaheptakis - etc . decatohebdomo - saptadasham - 18 octodec - octoden - octodecim - octo ( kai ) deca - , decaocto - octa ( kai ) decakis - , decaoctakis - etc . decatoogdoö - ashtadasham - 19 novemdec - , novendec - novemden - novemdecim - ennea ( kai ) deca - , decaennea - ennea ( kai ) decakis - , decaenneakis - etc . decatoenato - navadasham - 20 * viginti - vicen - , vigen - vigesim - ( e ) icosi - eicosa / kis / plo / d - ie . ( e ) icosahedron eicosto - vimshati - 22 duovigint - ( e ) icosidyo - , dyo ( e ) icosi - rare ie . docosa - hexaenoic acid a pejoration of dyoicosa - hexanoic ( e ) icosidyakis - ( e ) icosidiplo - ( e ) icosidyad - eicostodeutero - 24 quattuorvigint - ( e ) icositettara - , ( e ) icosikaitettara - rare ( e ) icositetrakis - ( e ) icositetraplo - ( e ) icositetrad - ie . ( e ) icositetragon eicostotetarto - chaturvimshati - 25 quinvigint - ( e ) icosipente - ie . eicosapenta - enoic acid ( e ) icosipentakis - ( e ) icosipentaplo - ( e ) icosipentad - eicostopempto - 30 triginti - tricen - trigesim - triaconta - triacontakis - etc . ie . triacontahedron triacosto - trimshat - 31 untriginti - triacontahen - triacontahenakis - triacontahenaplo - triacontahenad - triacostoproto - triacostoprotaio - 40 quadraginti - quadragen - quadragesim - tettaraconta - , tessaraconta - tettaracontakis - , tessaracontakis - etc . tessaracosto - chatvarimshat - 50 quinquaginti - quinquagen - quinquagesim - penteconta - ie . penteconter pentecontakis - etc . pentecosto - ie . pentecost panchashat - 60 sexaginti - sexagen - sexagesim - hexeconta - hexecontakis - etc . hexecosto - shasti - 70 septuaginti - ie . Septuagint septuagen - septuagesima - hebdomeconta - hebdomecontakis - etc . hebdomecosto - saptati - 80 octogint - octogen - octogesim - ogdoëconta - ogdoëcontakis - etc . ogdoëcosto - ashiti - 90 nonagint - nonagen - nonagesim - eneneconta - enenecontakis - etc . enenecosto - navati - 100 centi - centen - centesim - hecato ( n ) - hecatontakis - hundred times hecatontaplo - hundred - multiple hecatontad - hundred of a kind also abbreviated in hec ( aton ) tad - hecatosto - hundredth hecatostaio - the hundredth day shata -- 120 viginticenti - hecaton ( e ) icosi - hecaton ( e ) icosakis - etc . hecatostoeicosto - 200 ducenti - ducen - , bicenten - ducentesim - diacosia - diacosakis - etc . diacosiosto - -- 300 trecenti - trecen - , tercenten - , tricenten - trecentesim - triacosia - etc . triacosakis - triacosaplo - triacosad - triacosiosto - -- 400 quadringenti - quadringen - , quatercenten - , quadricenten - quadringentesim - tetracosia - tetracosakis - etc . tetracosiosto - 500 quingent - , quincent - quingen - , quingenten - , quincenten - quingentesim - pentacosia - pentacosakis - etc . pentacosiosto - 600 sescenti - , sexcenti - sescen - , sexcenten - sescentesim - hexacosia - hexacosakis - etc . hexacosiosto - 700 septingenti - septingen - , septingenten - , septcenten - septingentesim - heptacosia - heptacosakis - etc . heptacosiosto - 800 octingenti - octingen - , octingenten - , octocenten - octingentesim - octacosia - octacosakis - etc . octacosiosto - -- 900 nongenti - nongen - nongentesim - ennacosi - derived from en ( n ) iacosia - , a pejoration of enneacosia - enneacosakis - etc . enacosiost - , alt . spelling en ( n ) iacosiost ( o ) - a pejoration of enneacosiosto - -- 1000 milli - millen - millesim - chili - , kilo - chiliakis - chiliaplo - chiliad - chiliost - sahasra -- 2000 duomilli -- - - dischili - dischiliakis - etc . dischiliosto - -- 3000 tremilli - trischili - trischiliost - -- 5000 quinmilli -- pentacischili - 10 000 decamilli -- myria - , e.g. myriapoda decakischilia - myriakis - myriaplo - myriad - decakischiliakis - etc . myriast - , decakischiliosto - ayuta -- 80 000 octogintmilli -- octacismyri - 10 centimilli ; -- decakismyria - , hecatontakis chilia - decakismyriakis - , hecatontakis chiliakis - etc . 10 million - -- hecatommyria - hecatommyriakis - ( `` a million times '' ) hecatommyriaplo - ( million - multiple ) hecatommyriad - ( a million of a kind ) hecatommyriosto - ( ranked millionth ; also one piece of a million ( fraction ) see above in fractions ) hecatommyriostaio - ( `` the millionth day '' ) 10 billion - -- dis hecatommyria - dis hecatommyriakis - etc . 10 trillion - -- tris hecatommyria - tris hecatommyriakis - etc . 10 quadrillion - -- tetrakis hecatommyria - tetrakis hecatommyriakis - etc . 10 decillion - -- decakis hecatommyria - decakis hecatommyriakis - etc . 10 centillion - -- hecatontakis hecatommyria - hecatontakis hecatommyriakis - etc . 10 -- chiliakis hecatommyria - chiliakis hecatommyriakis - etc . 10 -- myriakis hecatommyria - myriakis hecatommyriakis - etc . 10 -- decakismyriakis hecatommyria - and so on - virtually endless decakismyriakis hecatommyriakis - etc . Many ( > 1 ) multi - ie . multilingual , multiple pluri ie . plural wife , pluralism -- poly - ie . polyhedra , polygamy , polypod , polyglot , polymath pollakis - ( many times ) pollaplo - ( multiple ) plethos , plethora ( many of a kind ) pollosto - ( rank / order of many ( manieth ) ) bahu -- Sesqui - is used in Latin combinations for 1 ⁄ ( e.g. sesquicentennial ) and quasqui - for 1 ⁄ ; multi - and poly - are used in Latin and Greek combinations , respectively , for ' many ' ( multilateral , polygon ) . * For Latinate 21 , 22 , etc. , the pattern for the teens is followed : unvigint - , duovigint - , etc . For higher numbers , the reverse order may be found : 36 trigintisex - . For Greek , the word kai ( ' and ' ) is used : icosikaihena - , icosikaidi - , pentacontakaipenta - , etc . In these and in the tens , the kai is frequently omitted , though not in triskaidekaphobia . ( The inconsistency of triskaidekaphobia with the table above is explained by the fact that the Greek letter kappa can be transliterated either `` c '' or `` k '' . ) The same suffix may be used with more than one series : primary secondary tertiary quartary quintary sextary -- -- nonary -- singulary binary ternary , trinary quaternary quinary senary septenary octonary novenary denary In chemical nomenclature , 11 is generally mixed Latin - Greek undeca - , and the 20s are based on - cos - , for example tricos - for 23 . Similarly , numerical bases shift systems between binary , trinary , senary and octal , decimal , vigesimal . * * The full numbering adjectives in Greek are inflectional for grammatical gender ( ie . there is monos ( masculine for single / alone ) , mone ( feminine for single / alone ) and monon ( neuter for single / alone ) ) , grammatical case ( ie . nominative , genitive etc . ) and grammatical number ( singular / plural ) . The prefixes are produced from the default grammatical type ( masculine / nominative / singular ) . Occurrences ( edit ) Numerical prefixes occur in 19th - , 20th - , and 21st - century coinages , mainly the terms that are used in relation to or that are the names of technological innovations , such as hexadecimal and bicycle . Also used in medals that commemorate an anniversary , such as sesquicentennial ( 150 years ) , centennial ( 100 years ) , or bicentennial ( 200 years ) . They occur in constructed words such as systematic names . Systematic names use numerical prefixes derived from Greek , with one principal exception , nona - . They occur as prefixes to units of measure in the SI system . See SI prefix . They occur as prefixes to units of computer data . See binary prefixes . They occur in words in the same languages as the original number word , and their respective derivatives . ( Strictly speaking , some of the common citations of these occurrences are not in fact occurrences of the prefixes . For example : millennium is not formed from milli - , but is in fact derived from the same shared Latin root -- mille . ) Because of the common inheritance of Greek and Latin roots across the Romance languages , the import of much of that derived vocabulary into non-Romance languages ( such as into English via Norman French ) , and the borrowing of 19th and 20th century coinages into many languages , the same numerical prefixes occur in many languages . Numerical prefixes are not restricted to denoting integers . Some of the SI prefixes denote negative powers of 10 , i.e. division by a multiple of 10 rather than multiplication by it . Several common - use numerical prefixes denote vulgar fractions . Words containing non-technical numerical prefixes are usually not hyphenated . This is not an absolute rule , however , and there are exceptions ( for example : quarter - deck occurs in addition to quarterdeck ) . There are no exceptions for words comprising technical numerical prefixes , though . Systematic names and words comprising SI prefixes and binary prefixes are not hyphenated , by definition . Nonetheless , for clarity , dictionaries list numerical prefixes in hyphenated form , to distinguish the prefixes from words with the same spellings ( such as duo - and duo ) . Several technical numerical prefixes are not derived from words for numbers . ( mega - is not derived from a number word , for example . ) Similarly , some are only derived from words for numbers inasmuch as they are word play . ( Peta - is word play on penta - , for example . See its etymology for details . ) The root language of a numerical prefix need not be related to the root language of the word that it prefixes . Some words comprising numerical prefixes are hybrid words . In certain classes of systematic names , there are a few other exceptions to the rule of using Greek - derived numerical prefixes . The IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry , for example , uses the numerical prefixes derived from Greek , except for the prefix for 9 ( as mentioned ) and the prefixes from 1 to 4 ( meth - , eth - , prop - , and but - ) , which are not derived from words for numbers . These prefixes were invented by the IUPAC , deriving them from the pre-existing names for several compounds that it was intended to preserve in the new system : methane ( via methyl which is in turn from the Greek word for wine ) , ethane ( from ethyl coined by Justus von Liebig in 1834 ) , propane ( from propionic which is in turn from pro - and the Greek word for fat ) , and butane ( from butyl which is in turn from butyric which is in turn from the Latin word for butter ) . Cardinal Latin series ( edit ) unicycle , bicycle , tricycle , quadricycle uniped , biped , triped , quadruped , centipede , millipede Distributive Latin series ( edit ) unary , binary , trinary , quaternary , quinary , senary , ... vicenary ... centenary ... denarian , vicenarian , tricenarian , quadragenarian , quinquagenarian , sexagenarian , septuagenarian , octogenarian , nonagenarian , centenarian , ... millenarian Greek series ( edit ) monad , dyad , triad , tetrad , pentad , hexad , heptad , ogdoad , ennead , decad , ... triacontad , ... hecatontad , chiliad , myriad digon , trigon , tetragon , pentagon , hexagon , heptagon , octagon , enneagon , decagon , hendecagon , dodecagon , ... enneadecagon , icosagon , triacontagon , ... chiliagon , myriagon trilogy , tetralogy , pentalogy , hexalogy , heptalogy monopod , dipod , tripod , tetrapod , hexapod , octopod , decapod Mixed language series ( edit ) pentane , hexane , heptane , octane , nonane , decane , ... icosane See also ( edit ) List of numeral systems List of numbers in various languages List of commonly used taxonomic affixes Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : See Mendeleev 's predicted elements for the most common use of Sanskrit numerical prefixes . Jump up ^ Demi - is French , from Latin dimidium . Jump up ^ sim - ( sin - ) is found in the words simplex , simple . ^ Jump up to : The Greek prefix for ' one ' is normally mono - ' alone ' . Hen - ' one ' is only used in compound numbers ( hendeka - 11 ) and a few words like henad ( = monad ) . Haplo - ' single ' is found is a few technical words such as haploid . Jump up ^ πρῶτος . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project Jump up ^ δύο Jump up ^ δίς Jump up ^ δεύτερος Jump up ^ τρίς Jump up ^ τρίτος ^ Jump up to : The forms related to quattuor `` four '' , like the previous three integers , are irregular in Latin and other Indo - European languages , and the details , while presumably a form of assimilation , are unclear . Andrew Sihler , New comparative grammar of Greek and Latin , p. 412 , and Carl Darling Buck , Comparative grammar of Greek and Latin . In particular , quadri - has the alternate form quadru - before p in some Latin words , such as quadruple . Jump up ^ `` quăter '' . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` quăterni '' . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` quartus '' . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` quinque '' . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` quīni '' . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` quintus '' . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ πέμπτος ^ Jump up to : Sometimes Greek hexa - is used in Latin compounds , such as hexadecimal , due to taboo avoidance with the English word sex . Jump up ^ `` sēni '' . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` sextus '' . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ ἕξ Jump up ^ ἕκτος Jump up ^ `` septēni '' . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ ἑπτά Jump up ^ `` octōni '' . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` octāvus '' . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ ἐννέα Jump up ^ ἔνατος Jump up ^ `` dēni '' . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` dĕcĭmus '' . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ δέκα Jump up ^ δέκατος Jump up ^ `` undēni '' . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` undĕcĭmus '' . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ ἕνδεκα Jump up ^ ἑνδέκατος Jump up ^ δώδεκα Jump up ^ δωδέκατος Jump up ^ `` quindĕcim '' . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` quindēni '' . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` quindĕcĭmus '' . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` sēdĕcim '' . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` quinquāginta '' . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` quinquāgēni '' . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` quinquāgēsĭmus '' . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` quingenti '' . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` quincenti '' . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` quingēni '' . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` quingentēsĭmus '' . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ ἐννακόσιοι Jump up ^ ἐνακοσιοστός Jump up ^ χίλιοι Jump up ^ χιλιοστός Jump up ^ δισχίλιοι Jump up ^ τρισχίλιοι Jump up ^ τρισχιλιοστός Jump up ^ πεντακισχίλιοι Jump up ^ μυρίος Jump up ^ μυριαστός Jump up ^ ὀκτακισμύριοι Jump up ^ In organic chemistry , most prefixes are Greek but the prefix for 9 is Latin . References ( edit ) Oxford English Dictionary , 2nd edition Buck , Carl Darling , Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin Sihler , Andrew Littleton , A New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin , Oxford University Press 1995 ISBN 0195083458 Further reading ( edit ) Stephen Chrisomalis . `` Numerical Adjectives , Greek and Latin Number Prefixes '' . The Phrontistery . Christine Bauer - Ramazani ( April 2008 ) . `` Prefixes -- Amount , Relationship , Judgment , Other Prefixes '' . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Numeral_prefix&oldid=799833609 '' Categories : Prefixes Numeral systems Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska اردو Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 03 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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